ABSTRACT English Participial Clauses… (Menik Winiharti) 1 ENGLISH PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES AND THE STRATEGIES APPLIED IN THEIR INDONESIAN TRANSLATIONS Menik Winiharti English Department, BINUS UNIVERSITY Kampus Kijang, Jl. Kemanggisan Ilir III No. 45, Kemanggisan/Palmerah Jakarta Barat 11480, menikwiniharti@yahoo.com ABSTRACT This study analyses the English participial clauses and how they are translated into Indonesian as appearing in Sidney Sheldon’s novel Morning, Noon and Night (1995) which is translated by Hendarto Setiadi as Pagi, Siang dan Malam (1996). This study tries to find out the distribution of the types and the syntactic functions of the participial clauses appearing in the novel and answer the question of what the strategies applied in the translations are. To reach these objectives, this study employs an exploratory-interpretive design since the data are collected non- experimentally, the type of data collected is qualitative, and the type of analysis is interpretive. Keywords: clauses, participial clauses, translation, source language, target language ABSTRAK Penelitian ini menganalisis klausa partisipial dalam bahasa Inggris dan bagaimana klausa ini diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Klausa partisipial yang diteliti diambil dari sebuah novel Morning, Noon and Night (1995) karya Sidney Sheldon yang diterjemahkan oleh Hendarto Setiadi dengan judul Pagi, Siang dan Malam (1996). Penelitian ini berusaha untuk menemukan distribusi tipe dan fungsi sintaktik klausa partisipial yang muncul dalam novel dan menjawab pertanyaan tentang strategi apa yang dipakai untuk menerjemahkan klausa partisipial tersebut. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode desain exploratory-interpretive karena data dikumpulkan secara non-eksperimental, tipe data yang dikumpulkan adalah kualitatif dan tipe analisisnya adalah interpretive. Kata kunci: klausa, klausa partisipial, terjemahan, bahasa sumber, bahasa sasaran Jurnal LINGUA CULTURA Vol.1 No.1 Mei 2007: 1-10 2 INTRODUCTION Most grammarians, Quirk et al. (1985), Sinclair (1990), Swan (1995), Greenbaum (1996), Biber et al. (1999), and Brinton (2000), agree that participial clauses are included in non-finite clauses which are one type of subordinate clauses. A non-finite clause is a clause that has a non-finite verb, i.e. without person and tense markers. In this case, Brinton (2000: 238) states “By definition, nonfinite clauses are always dependent, or embedded, since a main clause must have a finite verb.” The participial clauses are classified into –ing participles and –ed participles. The first one is a clause whose verb is in the –ing form. It is called present participle. The second one is a clause whose verb is in the –ed form. This is called past participle. According to Biber et al. (1999: 199-200) –ing clauses may occupy several syntactic roles. They are: subject (1.1), extraposed subject (1.2), subject predicative (1.3), direct object (1.4), prepositional object (1.5), adverbial (1.6), part of noun phrase (1.7), part of adjective phrase (1.8), and complement of preposition (1.9). The examples are as follows: (1.1) Having a fever is pleasant, vacant. (1.2) It’s very difficult getting supplies into Sarajevo. (1.3) The real problem is getting something done about the cheap imports. (1.4) I started thinking about him. (1.5) No one could rely on his going to bed early last night. (1.6) Having established the direction of the line, we now wish to find some point on the line. (1.7) The man making the bogus collections was described as middle aged. (1.8) She is very busy preparing the dinner. (1.9) He thanked the boys for helping him. However, Quirk et al. (1985: 1202) mention another function of –ing clauses which is not mentioned by Biber et al. (1999). This function is of object complementation as in (1.10). (1.10) I saw him lying on the beach. Biber et al. (1999: 200) also classify –ed clauses into several syntactic roles: direct object (1.11), adverbial (1.12), and part of noun phrase (1.13): (1.11) The two-year-old boy will have his cleft palate repaired. (1.12) When told by police how badly injured his victims were he said, “Good, I hope they die.” (1.13) This is the course chosen by a large minority of households. From these examples, it can be seen the –ing clauses have ten syntactic functions, whereas –ed clauses are classified into three syntactic functions. These syntactic functions are those that I would apply in the analysis. Yet, participles are one construction that not every language has. They exist in English but not in Indonesian. Thus, it might not be easy to translate a construction that exists in one language but not in the other. The translator might find some problems when he or she is translating a text whose construction exists in the source language (SL) but not in the receptor language (RL). He or she will not translate a form that is acceptable in one language to the same form that is unacceptable in another one. What he or she might do is finding the strategies that are properly applied in the translations. Nida (1964:209) states, “The most acute problem in clause correspondence occurs when a clause type that is important in the source language simply does not exist in the receptor language.” Then she proposes three main processes in which clauses are joined: parataxis, hypotaxis, and prostaxis. In this case, the participial clauses can be included in hypotaxis, a term used to characterize a grammatical system that combines clauses by means of subordination. (Nida 1964: 210) She further suggests that since many English Participial Clauses… (Menik Winiharti) 3 languages prefer parataxis or prostaxis to hypotaxis, the complex sentences of a source language must be often broken down into parts using parataxis construction (1964: 210). On the other hand, Nida and Taber (1969) propose another argument to deal with the problems in the translation. They argue that when a translation encounters a problem, the SL expressions may be broken down into their basic structural elements, namely kernel sentences. (1969: 39) In this case, an expression is analyzed and broken down into its basic kernels which are joined to develop the surface structure of the sentence. Then the relationships of these kernels are stated explicitly in a form which is to be transferred into the RL. In other words, the implicit elements should be made explicit in order to complete the analysis (1969: 51). Based on the reason above, I would like to elaborate the distribution of the types and syntactic functions of the English participial clauses occurring in Sidney Sheldon’s Morning, Noon and Night (1995), and investigate the strategies applied in translating such clauses into Indonesian. RESEARCH METHOD According to Grotjahn (1987) as cited by Nunan (1992: 4), “ . . . in analysing actual research studies, it is necessary to take into consideration the method of data collection (whether the data have been collected experimentally or non- experimentally); the type of data yielded by the investigation (qualitative or quantitative); and the type of analysis conducted on the data (whether statistical or interpretive).” This study utilizes an exploratory-interpretive design since the method of data collection is non-experimental, the type of data collected is qualitative, and the type of analysis is interpretive (Nunan 1992:4-6). The data is collected from Sidney Sheldon’s novel entitled Morning, Noon and Night (1995) and its Indonesian version entitled Pagi, Siang dan Malam (hereinafter referred to as MNN and PSM respectively). They are used to see how the English participial construction is translated into Indonesian. Table 1 provides the number of the data collected for this study. Table 1 The Data Corpus of English Participial Clauses Types of Clauses Occurrence -ing 443 -ed 111 Total 554 DISCUSSION