Copyright©2018 P-ISSN: 1978-8118 E-ISSN: 2460-710X 203 Lingua Cultura, 12(2), May 2018, 203-208 DOI: 10.21512/lc.v12i2.3962 MORPHEME {BUN-}: AN EXAMPLE OF MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS THROUGH AFFIXATION IN BIDAYUH-SOMU LANGUAGE Eusabinus Bunau1; Rohani Mohd Yusof2 1Department of Languages and Arts Education, Faculty of Teacher Training, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak Jl. Profesor Dokter H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat 78115, Indonesia 2Academy of Malay Studies, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Jl. Universiti, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1eusabunau@yahoo.com; 2hanis687@gmail.com Received: 29th September 2017/Revised: 15th January 2018/Accepted: 19th January 2018 How to Cite: Bunau, E., & Yusof, R. M. (2018). Morpheme {buN-}: An example of morphological process through affixation in Bidayuh-Somu language. Lingua Cultura, 12(2), 203-208. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v12i2.3962 ABSTRACT The goals of this research were to identify the allomorph of morpheme {buN-}, describe its affixation process, and determine the function of the allomorphs. The qualitative method was applied to gather the data from an informant who was done by recording technique on the field research. The informant was a Bidayuh-Somu language native speaker. The collected data included the derivational words derived from free morpheme that was root, base, and bound morpheme. The free and bound morpheme were then sorted into nominal and verbal class, as well as described qualitatively. Affixation as one of the morphological processes to derive complex derivational word in Bidayuh-Somu Language involved free and bound morpheme. Morpheme {buN-} was chosen as an example to describe the process of affixation in deriving complex derivational word of the language. It is found that the morpheme {buN-} is a prefix and verbal, affixed to the verb, and noun and adjective. Therefore, it functions both as class-maintaining and class-changing. Moreover, it is identified that the morpheme {buN-} has five allomorphs, namely /bu-/ with its alternant /bur-/ and /b-/, and /bum-/, /bun-/, /buN-/ and /bu -/. The morpheme {buN-} is affixed to free morpheme which is initiated with all consonant and vowel phonemes. The morpheme {buN-}also bears meanings. Keywords: affixation, morpheme and allomorph, Bidayuh-Some language INTRODUCTION For Bidayuh-Somu people, the word of Bidayuh- Somu refers to bi ‘people’, dayuh ‘land’ and somu ‘uphill’ (of the hill) or upstream’ (of the river). Therefore, Bidayuh- Somu means the people of the uphill or upstream land. As an ethnic, the Bidayuh-Somu is the sub-ethnic of Bidayuh. As a big ethnic, the Bidayuh can be found in Indonesian Kalimantan and Malaysian Sarawak Borneo. Other sub- ethnics of Bidayuh to mention are Bidayuh-Bakati in district Bengkayang and Bidayuh-Simpang in district Ketapang. For Bidayuh-Somu people, the word of Bidayuh- Somu refers to bi ‘people’, dayuh ‘land’ and somu ‘uphill’ (of the hill) or upstream’ (of the river). Therefore, Bidayuh- Somu means the people of the uphill or upstream land. As an ethnic, the Bidayuh-Somu is the sub-ethnic of Bidayuh. As a big ethnic, the Bidayuh can be found in Indonesian Kalimantan and Malaysian Sarawak Borneo. Other sub- ethnics of Bidayuh to mention are Bidayuh-Bakati in district Bengkayang and Bidayuh-Simpang in district Ketapang. The Bidayuh-Somu people use their language to create terminologies in naming their traditional shifting- cultivation activity, ritual, and festival (Bunau, 2013). The terminology is the combination of the free and bound morpheme. The terminology is as follows: 1. /nowu?/ is an activity to clear bush and other small plantations and trees of the cultivation land. 2. /rɔbɔ?/ is an activity to cut down bigger diameter- sized of trees of the cultivation land. It is done after /nowu?/. 3. /nicual/ is an activity to burn the cut trees, cleared bush and other small plantations of the cultivation land. This activity is done after /rɔbɔ?/. 4. /nurua?/ is an activity to plant paddy seeds grain. This is done after /nicual/. 5. / obu/ is an activity to weed wild bush and grass in cultivation land that blocking paddy to grow. This weeding activity is done after /nurua?/. 204 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 12 No. 2, May 2018, 203-208 6. /Nat↔p/ is an activity to harvest paddy crops. The activity is done after / obu/. 7. /mpokat bay/ is a ritual to feed the spirit of culti- vation utensils or tools like axe, short machete or chopping knife and stone sharpener. The ritual is done before /nowu?/. 8. /nsaNi punowu?/ is a ritual to bless and launch the cultivation series of activities. It is done before / nowu/. 9. /mpokat bi ɔ?/ is a ritual to feed the spirit of paddy seeds grain. This ritual is done before /nurua?/. 10. /mpokat sukuh/ is a ritual to feed the spirit of preg- nancy of paddy trees for fruiting best paddy crops. The ritual is done before /Nat↔p/. 11. /nsaNi jurua/ is a ritual to bless and secure the barn to store paddy crops. It is done before /mpori? sɔwɔ?/. 12. /mpori? sɔwɔ?/ is a festival to celebrate the end of one-year shifting-cultivation activities. Figure 1 Map of Bidayuh-Somu Peoples and their Language in District Sanggau, Kalimantan Barat (Source: http://www.mapsofworld/indonesia/ provinces/kalimantan-barat.html//) The underlined phonemes indicate that the nasalization and affixation is a process to free morpheme that is involved to form the derivational complex word by employing allomorph nasal /m-/, /n-/, /N-/ and / -/, and allomorph /pun-/ to the first phoneme of the free morpheme. It shows that the bound morpheme of the language is firstly formed through nasalization before its prefixation process. In general, the complex word formation covers affixation, reduplication, compound and acronym. Nevertheless, the limitation of this research is affixation involving a bound morpheme found in the Bidayuh-Somu Language, that is {buN-}. The problems in this research are; (1) What are allomorphs of morpheme {buN-}?, (2) What is their function? Meanwhile, the objective of the research is to identify the allomorph of morpheme {buN-}, describe its affixation process, and determine the function of the allomorphs. In brief, the objective of this research is to describe the process of complex word formation employing morpheme {buN-} to root word of the Bidayuh-Somu Language. The approach that referred for this research is structural (Booij, 2007). Based on the structural approach, a word is a form that has meaning. The form is simple and complex. Therefore, the complex word particularly derivational word is the form that has meaning (Kieffer & Lesaux, 2007). This research is on general linguistic that is focused on morphology. Furthermore, morphology is a study of complex word formation process that employing free and bound morpheme (Adejumo & Bade, 2014). It means the process of morphology to form the complex word that are involving combination or arrangement of free and bound morpheme, in general, consists of affixation, reduplication, and compounding. Based on the structural approach, the complex word derived from the process of morphology is a structure or construction of free and bound morpheme (Booij, 2007). Thus, the complex word based on its structure consists of at least one free and one bound morpheme, one free and one free morpheme, or one bound and one free morpheme, or one bound, one free, and one bound morpheme (Omar, 2009). In the structure of the word, the morpheme is recognized as prefix, infix, suffix, and circumfix (Tambusai et al., 2016). It indicates that based on word structure or construction, the presence of the prefix is situated before free morpheme, while infix is between first consonant and vowel phoneme of the free morpheme. The presence of suffix is after the free morpheme (Herman, 2015), while the presence of circumfix is before and after free or root morpheme (Yurtbasi, 2015). Hence, the morpheme is an analysis unit to recognize the structure of the word and its classification (Omar, 2009). Since morphology as a word formation is a relation between form and meaning, therefore the form is a combination of free and bound morpheme, while meaning is to function as class-maintaining or class- changing (Booij, 2007). This research is on morphemes and their structures to word formation involving affixation. Affixation is a process of forming the derivational word by affixing affixes to free morpheme (Zainuddin, 2016). In other words, affixation is a process of attaching affixes to free and/or bound morpheme (Denham & Lobeck, 2010). Furthermore, the morpheme is an element that establishes word (Omar, 2009). In connection with the morpheme, the free morpheme may stand alone as the word while the bound morpheme requires other morphemes to stand as the word (Yusof, 2016). Moreover, the morpheme is determined from allomorph, and the morpheme has at least one allomorph (Anderson, 2009). And the addition, “Allomorph is morpheme in its real usage” (Omar, 2009). In addition, allomorph is pronunciation by context (Anderson, 2009). By this context, the pronunciation may differ based on the consonant and vowel phoneme sounds of the initial or final word or syllable. Based on its type, allomorph is divided into two types; those are positional and free. The positional allomorph is conditioned phonologically, grammatically, and lexically. Free allomorph or free alternant, according to Omar (2013), is a variation which occurrence is not constrained by any conditions and its exchange does not change the meaning of word derived. Besides the free allomorph, positional allomorph of morpheme {buN-} in this Bidayuh-Somu language research also covers an allomorph that is conditionally phonological. To determine a morpheme, a base allomorph should be chosen to symbolize the morpheme. If a morpheme has more than one allomorphs, one of them should be chosen to represent the list of allomorphs as a symbol of the morpheme (Omar, 2009). The base allomorph, as stated by Omar (2009), is determined based on its occurrence frequency, 205Morpheme {Bun-}:.... (Eusabinus Bunau; Rohani Mohd Yusof) productivity, and form of similarity. Meanwhile, allomorph is determined based on its characteristics, that is similar in term of phonology, function and meaning (Omar, 2009). METHODS The Bidayuh-Somu language is only spoken and not written. Therefore, the method applied to gather the data for this research is a field research or field linguistics. The upstream field research is a method to study language or dialect that has never been studied (Omar, 2008). The data that are taken from Bidayuh-Somu people oral tradition and oral utterance is gathered by implementing recording technique. The data are the complex derivational word that consists of free and bound morpheme and its allomorph recorded from Bidayuh-Somu language informant. The informant is selected to gather the data for language that have never been studied from the native speaker of the language (Omar, 2008). The informants are female and male native speaker of age ranging from 48 to 55 years old. According to Omar (2009), complex word classification is nominal and verbal. Therefore, the collected data of this research are sorted into multiple word class that are nominal and verbal. For this research concern, the complex word class is verbal. Since the language is still oral, the data are transcribed phonemically to provide its sound symbol. The technique of data analysis is descriptive that is applied to describe the structure or construction of the language features (Omar, 2013), that is morpheme {buN-} and its allomorphs. The area of the community that speaks the Bidayuh-Somu Language is too wide. So, for this study purpose, the data are taken from Village Sebuduh in Sub- district Kembayan, District Sanggau, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The distance of the village from Pontianak, the capital city of West Kalimantan province, is about 240 kilometers and can be reached by road. The map of the region is shown in Figure 1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The result shows that the bound morpheme {buN-} is prefix and verbal. The morpheme is class-changing as well as class-maintaining. The morpheme is class-maintaining when it enters verbs, and class-changing when it enters nouns and adjectives. The morpheme {buN-} generally derives from intransitive verbs. The intransitive verb is a verb that does not require an object to stand as a verb. The presence or absence of the object is situational, depending on the context of the sentence. In the process of its affixation, the morpheme {buN-} is affixed to be free morphemes which are verbs, nouns, and adjectives that begin with all consonant and vowel phonemes. The result of the analysis shows that morpheme {buN-} has five allomorphs. They are; (1) Allomorph /bu-/ and alternant /bur-/ and /b-/, (2) Allomorph /bum-/, (3) Allomorph /bun-/, (4) Allomorph / buN-/, (5) Allomorph /bu -/. The list of allomorphs indicates that morpheme {buN-} has distinctive allomorphs. The distinction is on the presence and/or absence of nasals and retroflex sound after phoneme /u/, the difference of nasals and retroflex sound of phoneme /m/, /n/, /N/, / / and /r/, and the covert or ellipse of sound /u/ in allomorph /bu-/ when it is affixed to free morpheme begun with phoneme /u/. The five allomorphs are conditionally phonological, meanwhile the /bur-/ and /b-/ are alternant to allomorph /bu-/. The occurrence of conditionally phonological allomorph is determined by its adjacent sounds or phonological features. Moreover, free allomorph is an allomorph that freely alternates with another allomorph of the same morpheme-based on language use context, and it does not change the meaning. Allomorph /bu-/+N, where N is nasalization, is a base allomorph that taken to represent morpheme {buN-}. Allomorph /bu-/ and its alternant /bur-/ and /b-/, allomorphs /bum-/, /bun-/, /buN-/ and /bu -/ are members of the morpheme {buN-}. The determination of allomorph /bu-/+N as base allomorph is based on criteria of determining base allomorph, that is its frequency, productivity of occurrence, and its harmonious phonological shape. Furthermore, the process of affixation indicates that nasalization occurs by its initial phoneme of free morpheme before accepting the morpheme {buN-}. Nasalization is a process of prefixing nasal phoneme or nasal sound to initial phoneme of the free morpheme. Its prefixation is both replacive and additive. It means that the replacive prefixation is a process to replace the first phoneme of free morpheme using nasal phoneme. Meanwhile, the additive prefixation is a process to add nasal phoneme to the first phoneme of the free morpheme. Moreover, the nasalization is present by initial phoneme of free morpheme before accepting other prefixes in particular condition of the phoneme (Yusof, 2016). Therefore, the process of the nasalization is replacive and additive, and in general, it forms active verbs. In allomorph /bu-/ and its alternant /bur-/ and /b-/, the process of affixation identifies that this allomorph is both class-maintaining (see examples No. 1-5) and class- changing (see examples No. 6-15). The data show that this allomorph is affixed to free morpheme which are verbs, nouns, and adjectives begun with all consonant and vowel phonemes. Based on the analysis, allomorph /bu-/ generally derives intransitive verbs. The affixation process of allomorph /bu-/ to free morpheme is as follows: a. Allomorph /bu-/ as class-maintaining: 1. /birih/ = ‘to buy’ /bubirih/ = ‘buy’ 2. /doNah/ = ‘to gain’ /budoNah/ = ‘gain’ 3. /goyap/ = ‘to hang out’ /bugoyap/ = ‘hang out’ 4. /kayuah/ = ‘to row’ /bukayuah/ = ‘row’ 5. /tere/ = ‘to toast’ /butere/ = ‘toast’ b. Allomorph /bu-/ as class-changing: 6. /noga/ = ‘beside’ /bunoga/ = ‘to be beside’ 7. /mora/ = ‘yam’ /bumora/ = ‘to have yam’ 8. /coli/ = ‘disease’ /bucoli/ = ‘to have disease’ 9. /jora?/ = ‘deer’ /bujora?/ = ‘to have deer’ 10. /silowar/ = ‘pant’ 206 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 12 No. 2, May 2018, 203-208 /busilowar/ = ‘to wear pant’ 11. /honda/ = ‘motorcycle’ /buhonda/ = ‘to ride motorcycle’ 12. /lompok/ = ‘leak’ /bulompok/ = ‘to leak’ 13. /roya/ = ‘drool’ /buroya/ = ‘to drool’ 14. /warok/ = ‘shop’ /buwarok/ = ‘to have shop’ 15. /yayaN/ = ‘darling’ /buyayaN/ = ‘to call darling’ The examples of affixation process imply that alternant /bur-/ and /b-/ is considered together or identical. They are affixed to free morphemes which are nouns that start with vowel phonemes. Nevertheless, alternant /b-/ is affixed only to free morphemes that initiated with vowel /u/. They can freely replace or alternate to each other. Free alternation as seen in examples below are influenced by the alternation of language use, from formal to informal, language style of the speaker, and as language variation or dialects (Omar, 2009). Moreover, it is found out that the affixation of allomorphs /bu-/, /bur-/, and /b-/ to free morpheme begin with vowel phonemes does not change the meaning of the word. The examples of affixation of allomorphs /bur-/ (see examples No. 1-5) and allomorph /b-/ (see examples No. 6-7) as alternant of allomorph /bu-/ to free morpheme begin with vowel phonemes are as follows: a. Allomorph /bur-/ as alternant /bu-/: 1. /anok/ = ‘towel’ /buanok/ } = ‘to have towel’/buranok/ 2. /eNey/ = ‘carrier’ (made of rattan) /bueNey/ } = ‘to have carrier’/bureNey/ 3. /ikat/ = ‘fish’ /buikat/ } = ‘to have fish’/burikat/ 4. /oma/ = ‘father’ /buoma/ } = ‘to have father’/buroma/ 5. /ontah/ = ‘light’ /buontah/ } = ‘to lighten’/burontah/ b. Allomorph /b-/ as alternant /bu-/: 6. /uta?/ = ‘upstream’ (of river) /buuta?/ } = ‘to have upstream’/buruta?/ /buta?/ 7. /ula?/ = ‘bay’ (of river) /buula?/ } = ‘to have bay’/burula?/ /bula?/ The process of affixation in Bidayuh-Somu language identifies that allomorph /bum-/ is class-changing. It is affixed to free morphemes which are nouns. The derived words that resulted from the affixation of this allomorph are intransitive verbs. It is found out that before accepting the morpheme {buN-}, the free morpheme firstly undergoes nasalization process using nasal /m-/ to initial phoneme of the free morpheme. It is an additive nasalization process. Consequently, the first phoneme of the free morpheme is overt. The first phoneme of the free morpheme that is overt results double homorganic nasal-oral form at the beginning of free morpheme (Yusof, 2016). The double homorganic nasal-oral form of the free morpheme is /mp/. The examples of affixation show that allomorph /bum-/ are affixed to free morpheme begun with plosive /p/. The examples of the process of affixation of allomorph /bum-/ are as follows: 1. /picua?/ = ‘corner’ /bumpicua?/ = ‘to have corner’ 2. /par↔h/ = ‘leaf (for spice)’ /bumpar↔h/ = ‘to have spice (of leaf)’ 3. /parɔ?/ = ‘table (for offering)’ /bumparɔ?/ = ‘to have table to offer’ 4. /paNey/ = ‘watch-tower (in the middle of cultivation)’ /bumpaNey/ = ‘to have watch-tower’ Based on the examples of affixation process in Bidayuh-Somu language, it is implied that allomorph / bun-/ is class-changing (please see examples No. 1-3) as well as class-maintaining (please see examples No. 4-5). The examples also show that this allomorph is affixed to free morphemes which are verbs and nouns. Data of this research show that the verbs of this allomorph derived are intransitive. Based on the analysis, it is found that before it is affixed to free morpheme, the allomorph firstly undergoes nasalization process additively using nasal /n-/ to initial phoneme of the free morpheme. Apparently, first phoneme of the free morpheme is overt. It means that the process of nasalization creates double homorganic nasal-oral form at the beginning of free morpheme, that is /nt/, /nc/, and /ns/. Moreover, the examples indicate that allomorph /bun-/ is affixed to free morpheme started with plosive /t/, affricate /c/ and fricative /s/. Here are the examples: 1. /torat/ = ‘holder’ /buntorat/ = ‘to have holder’ 2. /tirat/ = ‘place to lay egg’ /buntirat/ = ‘to have place to lay egg’ 3. /turu/ = ‘egg’ /bunturu/ = ‘to lay egg’ 4. /ciat/ = ‘to defense’, ‘to cover’ /bunciat/ = ‘defense’, ‘cover’ 5. /siut/ = ‘to speed’ /bunsiut/ = ‘speed’ The data analysis of this research implies that the verbs resulted from the process of affixation of allomorph / buN-/ is intransitive. The examples indicate that allomorph /buN-/ is class-changing (see examples No. 1-2) and class-maintaining (see examples No. 3-4). The process of affixation in Bidayuh-Somu Language shows that the allomorph is affixed to free morpheme which are nouns 207Morpheme {Bun-}:.... (Eusabinus Bunau; Rohani Mohd Yusof) and verbs initiated with plosive /k/. The examples indicate that this allomorph undergoes additive nasalization process before it is affixed to free morpheme by adding nasal /N-/ to initial phoneme. Obviously, first phoneme of the free morpheme is overt. Like allomorph /bum-/ and /bun-/, the nasalization process of this allomorph /buN-/ also results double homorganic nasal-oral form at the beginning of free morpheme, that is /Nk/. The examples are as follows: 1. /kar↔h/ = ‘ginger plant’ (in the wood) /buNkar↔h/ = ‘to have ginger plant’ 2. /kala?/ = ‘fruit plant’ (in the wood) /buNkala?/ = ‘to have fruit plant’ 3. /kɔnɔ?/ = ‘to enjoy’ /buNkɔnɔ?/ = ‘enjoy’ 4. /korot/ = ‘to suffer’ /buNkorot/ = ‘suffer’ The examples of affixation process in Bidayuh- Somu language shows that allomorph /bu -/ is class- maintaining (examples No. 1-3) as well as class-changing (example No. 4). The data analysis identifies that allomorph /bu -/ is affixed to free morpheme which are verbs and nouns started with fricative /s/. Analysis of the data also finds out that the derived words resulted from the process of affixation using this allomorph is intransitive verbs. The process of affixation indicates that allomorph /bu -/ undergoes replacive nasalization process before it is affixed to free morpheme by replacing its initial phoneme with / -/. Consequently, the initial phoneme of the free morpheme is covert. In other word, first phoneme of free morpheme is replaced. The examples are as follows: 1. /sae/ = ‘to tweet’ /bu ae/ = ‘tweet’ 2. /sa iat/ = ‘to hamper’ /bu a iat/ = ‘hamper’ 3. /serek/ = ‘to trail’ /bu erek/ = ‘trail’ 4. /sowa?/ = ‘pain’ (inside chest) /bu owa?/ = ‘to have chest pain’ 1. Meaning of morpheme {buN-} In general, a verb with prefix functions to word formation indicates that there is an action (Omar, 2009). The meaning of the prefix morpheme {buN-} is determined by the action. Therefore, the meanings of the morpheme {buN-} are to result or come up, to possess, to alight, to go to or forward, to do, reciprocal, imperative, to experience. The affixation of morpheme {buN-} to free morpheme, intransitive verbs it derives, and its meaning are as in the following sentences: 1. Meaning ‘to result, ‘to come up’: /sampey bumpiret idɔ?/si? kay o NopikN↔h/ until-neck vein (out)-speak-even-not-people-hear. Even you speak until the neck vein comes up, no one listens. 2. Meaning ‘to possess’: /ma? a? tutuarN↔h/ oma budi burode? Nan oy- awati/ if-use-its-story-Budi’s father-sibling-with- wati’s mother. Based on the family-tree, Budi’s father is sibling to Wati’s mother. 3. Meaning ‘to alight’: /jaja?-jaja? at yoh agal busubi/ cakes-that-all-full of ants All that cake is mobbed by ants. 4. Meaning ‘to go to’, ‘forward’: /bu erek so? soju? nik sɔbɔ? nih kɔjɔ?N↔h/ track-from-upstream-to-downstream-the trace- footprint The trace of the footprint is tracking from upstream to downstream. 5. Meaning ‘reciprocal’: /pusatN↔h jeh osik o bugawey/ tao? dege? m↔g↔iyu o butere/ although-was-over-people-paddy thanksgiving fes- tival-but-stil-sound-people-toast Although paddy thanksgiving festival was over but still it sounds that people is keeping to toast. 6. Meaning ‘to result’: /jimpat no? raNkat koyuh yoh man kayN↔h bura- rah no? jorat/ arrange-in-stack-firewood-that-in order to-not-scat- tered-by-road Please arrange the firewood in the stack in order not to be scattered by the road. 7. Meaning ‘to do’: /kuat babey juaka/ kay o kɔlɔ? buponu o bu- rode?/ porih/ said-granddad Juaka-not-people-ever-marry-peo- ple-sibling taboo Granddad Juaka said, “people never marry to their sibling, it’s taboo.” 8. Meaning as an ‘imperative’. /buraso mat babeymu?/ jorat bek/ slow down-take-your granddad-the path-not good Slow down your walk when taking granddad, the path is not good. 9. Meaning ‘to undergo’. /m↔d↔ap buNkorot/ ap koyuh di?ad↔ah/ life-suffering-nothing-is-available Life is suffering, nothing is available to count on. Based on the analysis of the examples of word formation process, the rule and function of morpheme {buN-} affixation to first phoneme of free morpheme in Bidayuh-Somu language are (1) Allomorph /bu-/ is affixed before all consonant and vowel phonemes, and functions as class-maintaining and class-changing. Alternant /bur-/ and /b-/ is affixed before vowel /u/ and is found out to function as class-changing only. (2) Allomorph /bum-/ is affixed before plosive /p/ consonant and the presence of phoneme /p/ is overt. This allomorph functions as class-changing. (3) Allomorph /bun-/ is affixed before plosive /t/, affricate /c/ and fricative /s/ consonant. These three phonemes are overt. The allomorph /bun-/ is identified to function as class- maintaining and class-changing as well. (4) Allomorph /buN- 208 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 12 No. 2, May 2018, 203-208 / is affixed before plosive /k/ consonant and the phoneme /k/ is overt. This allomorph functions as class-maintaining. (5) Allomorph /bu -/ is affixed before fricative /s/ consonant. The presence of phoneme /s/ is covert. This allomorph is found out to function as both class-maintaining and class- changing. Based on the description, it can be said that the bound morpheme {buN-} of the Bidayuh-Somu Language is similar with the bound morpheme {be-} found in Iban Language (see Omar, 2013). Its similarity is primarily observable in term of its function and meaning. The function of morpheme {buN-}, if it is compared to morpheme {be-}, is also class-maintaining and class-changing. The morpheme {buN-}, like morpheme{be-}, is verbal since it enters verbs and nouns. Although the two bound morphemes are different in form, but they are similar in meaning. Please have a look the following bound morpheme {be-} usage in Iban Language as in Omar (2013): 1. /jalay/ = ‘to walk’ /bejalay/ = ‘walk’ 2. /jaku/ = ‘to speak’ /bejaku/ = ‘speak’ 3. /langkau/ = ‘hut’ /belangkau/ = ‘to have hut’ 4. /huma/ = ‘cultivation’ /behuma/ = ‘to have cultivation’ CONCLUSIONS The morpheme {buN-} is prefix and verbal. The examples show that morpheme {buN-} functions are more as class-changing compared to class-maintaining. It means that this morpheme {buN-} enters free morpheme of the Bidayuh-Somu language that is nouns and adjectives that frequently compared to verbs. The affixation process of morpheme {buN-} mostly derives intransitive verbs depending on the presence of the object in the sentence. The morpheme {buN-} is affixed to free morphemes which are verbs, nouns, and adjectives. The allomorph of morpheme {buN-} is /bu-/ and its alternant /bur-/ and /b-/, allomorphs /bum-/, /bun-/, /buN-/, and /bu -/. In the process of affixation, the morpheme {buN-} is affixed to free morphemes begun with all consonant and vowel phonemes. The process of affixation of morpheme {buN-} indicates that the process of nasalization to root morpheme occurs before accepting the morpheme {buN-}. The nasalization is both additive and replacive. The additive nasalization process results in double homorganic nasal- oral at the beginning of free morpheme. Meanwhile, the replacive nasalization process causes the first phoneme of the free morpheme covert or replaced. The morpheme {buN-} bears meanings. The meaning, as it is found in the context of Bidayuh-Somu language sentence is to result or come up, to possess, to alight, to go to or forward, to do, reciprocal, imperative, and to experience. This research is limited for it only covers one bound morpheme of the Bidayuh-Somu Language, that is {buN-}. It is only describe an example of process of affixation using one verbal prefix. 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