29Metaphors Expressing Emotions ….. (Novi Liana Ko; Menik Winiharti) METAPHORS EXPRESSING EMOTIONS IN LISA KLEYPAS’S RAINSHADOW ROAD NOVEL Novi Liana Ko; Menik Winiharti English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Bina Nusantara University Jln. Kemanggisan Ilir III, No. 45, Kemanggisan – Palmerah, Jakarta Barat 11480 mwinih@gmail.com ABSTRACT Metaphors have been always interesting to explore since they are able to represent many things, one of which is feelings. Article examined the metaphorical sentences which expressed emotions found in Lisa Kleypas’s the Rainshadow Road. Library research was conducted to find the kinds of emotions which were expressed by the metaphorical sentences. It was also done to figure out what the metaphors refered to. Another objective was to reveal the most dominant emotion which appeared through the metaphors expressed in the novel. The analysis used metaphor theory to compare the dictionary meaning and the metaphorical one. The result shows that there are various emotions which are expressed through the metaphorical sentences. Happiness is found as the most dominant emotion which appears in the novel. Keywords: technology use, translation, testing effect, language learning ABSTRAK Metafor selalu menarik untuk dibahas karena mampu mengekpresikan dan mewakili banyak hal, salah satunya adalah rasa. Artikel mengupas kalimat metafora yang mengekspresikan emosi dalam novel Rainshadow Road karya Lisa Kleypas. Studi pustaka dilakukan untuk mengetahui jenis emosi yang diekspresikan melalui kalimat metafora. Hal ini dilakukan juga untuk mengetahui makna yang dituju metafora tersebut. Tujuan lain adalah untuk mengungkapkan jenis emosi yang paling dominan yang diekspresikan melalui metafora yang terdapat dalam novel. Analisis data menggunakan teori metafor untuk membandingkan makna kamus dan makna metafora. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat bermacam emosi yang diekspresikan melalui kalimatt metafor dalam novel tersebut. Rasa bahagia (happiness) adalah emosi yang paling dominan yang muncul. Kata kunci: metafor, kalimat metafor, emosi 30 Jurnal LINGUA CULTURA Vol.8 No.1 May 2014 INTRODUCTION Generally, there are two meanings of a language, literal and non-literal meaning. According to Palmatier (2000), literal language is “something what it says”, while non-literal language is “something other than what it says.” In other words, literal meaning refers to the real or concrete thing, and non-literal meaning refers to something unreal or abstract (Knowles & Moon, 2006). Knowles and Moon (2006) point out that literal meaning is “the basic and physical meaning”, while non- literal meaning associates some kind of comparison or identification, and if it is interpreted literally, it would be nonsensical, impossible or incorrect. Metaphor is one kind of figurative languages or non-literal meaning. According to Knowles and Moon (2006), metaphor is “the use of language to refer to something other than what it was originally applied or make a connection between two things”. In other words, metaphor is used to refer to the original thing or to refer the literal meaning with the non-literal meaning. In addition, people choose metaphors to communicate what they think and how they feel about something, and to explain what a specific thing is like, or to deliver a meaning in a creative way (Knowles & Moon, 2006). To analyze metaphors, there are three elements needed: vehicle, topic, and ground. (Knowless & Moon, 2006:9-10). Topic is the intended meaning of the metaphor (not the literal meaning), while the vehicle is the metaphor (words or phrases). Additionally, the ground is the connection between the literal and the metaphorical meaning that provide the key to how effective the vehicle is. They also argue that by examining the ground, it can be seen how the metaphor works, like in which meaning is being conveyed or in which particular features of the literal meaning of the vehicles are being transferred to the topic. The example in analyzing the metaphor can be seen below. Context: Be prepared for a mountain of paper work Metaphor/vehicle: Mountain Meaning/topic: A large amount Connection/ground: Ideas of size, being immovable and difficult to deal with (Knowless & Moon, 2006) In the example, the ground of the metaphor is mountain which has the idea of size or being immovable, but there may be some other features which might have been drawn on mountain, such as cold, rocky, snow capped, or infertile. (Knowless & Moon, 2006:10) Furthermore, Dewi (2008) has done a study about metaphors that express emotions in a Sidney Sheldon’s novel The Sands of Time. She has found that the emotions that the metaphors mostly express are anger, happiness, and sadness. In addition, Yuditha (2010) has done the research about metaphors related to anger that are expressed by Indonesian speakers and how they deal with their anger. She has found that Indonesian speakers see the dangerous side of anger that they need to guard and they prefer to hold back their anger inside by swallowing it or corporate with it. According to Pettinelli (2012), emotions and feelings are similar in the nature, but emotions are stronger and deeper than feelings, and feeling is more like sensations. Besides, according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, emotion is “a strong feeling such love, fear, or anger; the part of a person’s character that consists of feelings.” Drummond (2012) classifies emotions into 10 types, i.e. happiness, caring, depression, inadequateness, fear, confusion, hurt, anger, loneliness, and remorse. On the other hand, Kövecses (2000) groups emotions into anger, love, fear, lust, pride, surprise, happiness, sadness, and shame. These emotions can be expressed through metaphors. This study explores emotions which are expressed in metaphors. It tries to discover the types of emotions and the meaning of the metaphorical expressions. METHOD The data are metaphorical sentences that express emotions. There are thirty three metaphorical expressions which are collected from Lisa Kleypas’s the Rainshadow Road (2012). The data are analyzed using the theories of metaphors and emotions to know the kinds of emotions that the metaphors express. Then, they are analyzed based on the meaning that they want to convey using Knowless and Moon’s (2006) framework of analyzing metaphors. The connection between the literal and metaphorical meaning is analyzed to find what the metaphors actually refer to. Personal interpretations are also included to get the meaning of the metaphorical sentences. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Meaning of Metaphorical Sentences There are eleven kinds of emotions which are expressed through thirty three metaphorical sentences. However, the discussion in article is limited to eleven metaphorical sentences, each of which represents one type of emotions. Anger Context: Instantfury sent hot blood to his face. Vehicle: Hot blood Topic: A very strong anger In this case, there is a man whose name is Sam. Sam is asked by Justine to take care of Lucy, who has just gotten an accident in his house, but Sam doesn’t want to do it, and then Justine says that she will ask his boyfriend and his friends who are the bikers to take care of Lucy. Again, Sam does not agree with Justine’s second idea. Within this context, the writer of the novel says “Instantfury sent hot blood to his face”. Hot blood is used to describe anger in the metaphorical sentence above. It consists of “hot” and “blood”. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, “hot” means a high temperature and producing heat, while blood is “the red liquid that flows through the bodies of humans and animals.” As stated in the context 31Metaphors Expressing Emotions ….. (Novi Liana Ko; Menik Winiharti) above, fury has already describe anger, but there is hot blood that comes in the metaphorical term which means a very strong anger until it appears on the face. In addition, when people get angry, usually their body or blood temperature will get higher, and based on the meaning of “hot” which is a high temperature producing heat, so it means that the blood of Sam is in a high temperature when he is very angry. Therefore, “sent hot blood to his face” means that the very strong anger is obviously seen on his face. In this context, instead of handing Lucy to the bikers, Sam angrily accepts for taking care of her in his house. Sam’s angry look is so obvious because when he sees Lucy, Lucy says that he looks angry. Hurt Context: “And Lucy would have to swallow her hurtpride and get over it.” Vehicle: Swallow Topic: Acceptance The story tells that Alice is thinking about her wedding with Kevin because when she gets married to Kevin, it will solve some problems which are getting financial support, proving to Alice that Kevin loves her most, and she and her mother will plan the wedding together. Then, she thinks that “Lucy would have to swallow her hurt pride and get over it.” This metaphorical sentence shows the emotion of hurt because it is true that Lucy feels hurt remembering that Kevin has cheated with her sister – Alice – but her sister doesn’t feel sorry at all, and now they are going to get married. Swallow in the dictionary means “to make food and drink go down throat into stomach” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). In the metaphorical sentence above, swallow means acceptance because it is impossible to swallow hurt because hurt is not concrete. The connection between the literary and metaphorical meaning of swallow is the idea of acceptance or putting something inside. The further meaning of acceptance is that Lucy has to accept or put inside herself the hurt she feels because sooner or later, Kevin will be one of their family members. Trust Context: “Your lack of trust wounds me.” Vehicle: Wounds Topic: Being hurt emotionally Based on the story in the novel, “your lack of trust wounds me” is the Sam’s respond when Lucy says that she does not trust Sam to pick a T-shirt for her while she is in the closet-sized bathroom to clean herself after being spilled with beer by some drunks. Lucy is afraid that Sam will pick the T-shirt with skull picture, stupid saying or dirty language. Lucy also says that she does not know Sam well enough and does not really trust him considering their meetings happen only for several times. As stated in the Merriam Webster Learner’s Dictionary, wound means “to injure (someone or something) by cutting or breaking the skin.” The context meaning is not the lack of trust that injures the person physically because trust or the lack of trust is abstract, but the lack of trust of someone can cause an emotional pain to a person. In this case, Sam feels hurt emotionally because Lucy does not have enough trust to him, as what has explained previously. The metaphor clearly shows the emotion of hurt because wound in the metaphorical sentence above expresses the emotional hurt that Sam feels. Anxiety Context: He had been seized with grim anxiety. Vehicle: Seize Topic: Feeling the emotion suddenly and strongly He in the metaphorical sentence above refers to Sam. In this case, Sam has been seized with grim anxiety from the moment he has gotten a call from Justine and Justine tells him that Lucy has an accident. The metaphor expresses the emotion of anxiety using the word of seized which means “to take somebody/ something in your hand suddenly and using force.” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2011) The meaning of the metaphorical sentence above must not be that Sam has suddenly been taken forcibly and physically by anxiety. Based on the context, he suddenly and strongly feels anxious when he receives a call from Justine telling him about Lucy’s condition. This metaphorical sentence and the context clearly shows the emotion of anxiety because of the word of anxiety itself and after Sam has received the call from Justine, he goes straight to the clinic in fifteen minutes. Depression Context: “Wait until he hits bottom”. Vehicle: Bottom Topic: Reaching the deepest depression The metaphorical sentence above is talking about Alex (One of Sam’s brother) who feels depressed after his divorce with his wife. Alex’s wife has taken almost Alex’s money away, so Alex has run out of cash and drinking alcohol is the only way that makes Alex survive. Then, Sam asks Mark about what they should do to help their brother, Alex. Mark says “wait until he hits bottom.” The metaphorical sentence shows the emotion of depression because bottom indicates the “the lowest part of something” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). In this context it means the deepest depression, not that Alex reaches the lower part of depression physically. Therefore, when Alex has reached the deepest part of his depression and he doesn’t know what to do to survive, then it is the time for Sam and Mark to decide what they should do to help their brother. Shame Context: She looked so thoroughly guilty and red- faced with worry that it actually gave weight to the crazy idea that had entered Sam’s mind. Vehicle: Red Topic: Feeling blushed because of shame 32 Jurnal LINGUA CULTURA Vol.8 No.1 May 2014 Lucy and Holly are watching television in the living room while drinking a glass of juice. While holding the small ruby red antique juice glass, Holly talks about how to get the color of the glass and about hand-made glass. Then, Lucy teaches Holly how to make sun catcher, and the first step is to create a design in a paper. Watching Holly drawing her sun catcher, Lucy is busy with her mind, daydreaming. Lucy thinks about having an art class for children in her studio while playing with her juice glass. Suddenly, her fingers turn hot, and the glass begins to change shape in her hand. Then the glass disappears, becoming a hummingbird. Holly is surprised. While they are trying to get the red humming bird out, Holly calls Sam. After Sam helps them, Sam asks them about how the bird gets into the house. Holly says it is because of Lucy. Lucy makes the bird out of the juice glass. Then, Lucy looks so thoroughly guilty and red-faced with worry that it actually gives weight to the crazy idea that had entered Sam’s mind. Red is used in the context to describe the face that indicates shame. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, red is “having the color of blood or fire.” The meaning of the metaphor is not that Lucy’s face is full of blood, but it means that her face becomes red indicating blushed. Lucy is blushed because she is ashamed. As stated in chapter two that shame is “the feelings of sadness, embarrassment and guilt that you have when you know that something you have done is wrong or stupid” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary), Lucy feels the shame because of what she has done by creating the hummingbird out of glass. She feels guilty to Sam for showing the magic in front of Holly because it is wrong, and she shouldn’t do it in front of a kid. That’s why she is blushed and showing the emotion of shame. Hope Context: The woman who pinned all of her hopes on Sam would almost certainly end up with a broken heart. Vehicle: Pinned Topic: To really hope something will be achieved Sam is a man who does not do the long term relationship because he does not believe in the marriage. His vision of marriage comes from his parents who have unhappy marriage because his parents are alcoholic, they usually scream in front of their children and anyone, fight with no boundaries, and theydo not hesitate to broadcast secrets. That is why Sam does not want to have a marriage. Then, when Lucy is thinking about Sam that she wants to tell him that he is more than he thinks, the writer of the novel writes “the woman who pinned all of her hopes on Sam would almost certainly end up with a broken heart.” Pinned comes from the word pin which is a small thin piece that is made from metal with a point at one end, and it is used to hold pieces of cloth together temporarily. (Cambridge Dictionary Online) According to Merriam Webster Learner’s dictionary, pin means “a thin piece of wood, metal, or plastic that is used for holding things together or for hanging one thing from another.” However, as stated in Merriam Webster Dictionary, pin as a verb means to fasten, to join, or to secure something using a pin, and “to hold fast or immobile.” The vehicle means “to really hope something will be achieved” because when hopes are pinned to something, it means that there is a feeling of being secure, holding tight on the hopes and having a wish that it will be achieved. The metaphor clearly shows the emotion of hope because in the metaphorical sentence, it talks about the women who really hope that someday Sam might be able to love someone and might change his mind to be in the long-term relationship. However, that kind of hope will never come true because Sam does not believe in marriage including the long-term relationship. So, if the women who hung out with Sam, and have these expectations or wishes, they will end up with a broken heart. Lust Context: The glassy softness aroused him instantly, filling him with hard - charging heat. Vehicle: Hard - charging heat Topic: A very strong sexual desire When Lucy and Sam are having lunch, Lucy sees Kevin and Alice. Lucy is panic and she is not ready yet to see them. Not knowing what to do, Lucy asks Sam to kiss her. While they are kissing, Sam thinks that he has wanted Lucy during lunch and wants to take Lucy to do something more than kissing, and then the writer of the novel writes “The glassy softness aroused him instantly, filling him with hard - charging heat.” As stated in Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, hard means “solid, firm or stiff and difficult to bend or break.” According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, charge means “to lay or put a load on or in” and “to restore the active materials in (a storage battery) by the passage of a direct current through in the opposite direction to that of discharge.” However, according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, heat means “the quality of being hot, the level of temperature, and a strong feeling.” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary) Metaphorically, hard - charging heat means feeling a very strong desire or a strong sexual passion, because “hard” and “heat” indicate strong according to the literal meaning, while “charging” which means filling in indicates “feeling.” Therefore, the metaphor means that Sam feels a strong or a passionate sexual desire. When Sam is kissing Lucy, and the touch of Lucy’s softness makes Sam feels the strong desire of sexual excitement and want to do something more than just kiss. Love Context: “I want you to find a man who thinks you’re the sun and the moon.” Vehicle: The sun and the moon Topic: Important and precious Lucy’s mother calls Lucy after she hears surprised news from Alice. It is that Alice, her second daughter is having a relationship with Kevin, Lucy’s former boyfriend. They have a conversation about how Alice and Kevin hurt 33Metaphors Expressing Emotions ….. (Novi Liana Ko; Menik Winiharti) Lucy and about her mother who becomes the second wife of her father. At the end of the conversation, her mother says “I want you to find a man who thinks you’re the sun and the moon” to Lucy. Even though the background of the context does not show the emotion of love, but the metaphorical sentence which is said by Lucy’s mother shows the emotion of love that she wants her daughter to find a man that really loves her daughter and thinks that her daughter is the sun and the moon. The metaphorical sentence uses the word sun to express the emotion of love which according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary means “a star that shines in the sky during the day and it gives earth heat and light.” The metaphorical sentence also uses the word moon which means “the round object that moves around the earth once every 27½ days and shines at night by light reflected from the sun.” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary) The metaphorical sentence above refers to love, that it happens when people think that you shine them during the day, give heat and light to them, and also think that you give them light at night. However, the real meaning is not like that because human cannot shine, cannot give people heat and light. Therefore, the meaning of that metaphorical sentence is a person who is being loved will be very important and precious to someone, as human thinks that sun and moon are important to the earth. Lucy’s mother wants Lucy to find a man who thinks that Lucy is very important to him and who thinks that he really needs her, cannot live without her, like the earth that needs the sun and the moon. Happiness Context: It was heaven, sitting there while Sam worked the shampoo through her hair, his strong fingers rubbing her scalp. Vehicle: Heaven Topic: Feeling Happy Since Lucy has gotten an accident, she is being taken care by Sam. When she is taking bath, she wants to wash her hair, but she cannot do it by herself because she is injured. Then, when she tries to reach the shampoo, she feels hurt in her body. So, she asks Sam to help her washing the hair. According to Cambridge Dictionaries Online, heaven means “in some religions, the place, sometimes imagined to be in the sky, where God or the gods live and where good people are believed to go after they die, so that they can enjoy perfect happiness.” The metaphorical sentence clearly shows the emotion of happiness as stated in the dictionary that heaven is a place where people feels happy, and in the novel, Lucy feels happy at that time. Therefore, it is not about Lucy who is in heaven, but it is about happiness that she feels happy as she is in the heaven, a place where people enjoy the perfect happiness. Lucy feels happy because when she is injured and cannot do many things by herself, including washing her long hair, Sam is willing to help her. She is so happy that Sam wants to help her wash her hair, and when Sam is washing her hair it feels like she is in heaven. Fear Context: A cold feeling settled into Sam’s chest and at the back of his neck. Vehicle: Cold Topic: Afraid The day after the window that Lucy has made for Sam’s house has installed, the magic happens in Sam’s vineyard. The vineyard is greener than usual, and the soil is also richer than before. Both Alex and Sam know that it is because of the stained window that Lucy has made for their house. Sam thinks that it is because of love. Then, Sam thinks about his past, his parents. He thinks that he can be with Lucy if he just lets everything go, lets his past go. Without talking to Alex, Sam grabs the key of his truck and goes to Lucy’s condo. Unfortunately, he does not find her there. Then, he goes to Lucy’s studio and does not find her, too. Suddenly a cold feeling settles into Sam’s chest and at the back of his neck. Cold is the metaphor which is used in the metaphorical sentence above. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, cold is “having a relatively low temperature or one lower than normal or expected” and “marked by a lack of the warmth of normal human emotion, friendliness, or compassion.” The metaphorical sentence above does not mean that Sam is feeling cold physically, but he is feeling cold emotionally. The cold that he feels is not unfriendliness, but it is meant in the metaphor or the context above that he is feeling afraid. The cold feeling indicates the emotion of fear because Sam has already come to both Lucy places, but he cannot find her anywhere. When the cold feeling settles to his chest and neck, the situation makes him feel afraid. Sam feels the fear in his body when he cannot find Lucy because at that time Sam is afraid that Lucy has gone to New York before he confesses his love to her. The Frequency of Occurrence There are various kinds of emotions which are expressed in the metaphorical sentences in the Rainshadow Road novel. They are anger, hurt, trust, anxiety, depression, shame, hope, lust, love, happiness, and fear. The number of metaphors that express these types of emotions vary. Therefore, the distribution of the types of emotions that the metaphorical sentences express is summarized in the following table. Table 1 Frequency of Occurrence of Metaphorical Sentences Expressing Emotions No Types of Emotion Numbers of Metaphorical Sentences 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Anger Hurt Trust Anxiety Depression Shame Hope Lust Love Happiness Fear 5 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 5 9 1 Total 33 34 Jurnal LINGUA CULTURA Vol.8 No.1 May 2014 Table 1 shows that there are five kinds of emotions that only have one metaphorical sentence for each of them. They are trust, anxiety, hope, shame, and fear. Meanwhile, there are three metaphorical sentences that indicate hurt, depression, and lust. Furthermore, anger and love are each indicated through five metaphorical sentences. However, the dominant emotion that appears in the novel is happiness. It is expressed through nine metaphorical sentences. On the contrary, the least dominant emotions appear in the novel are trust, anxiety, hope, shame, and fear. Each of this emotion is only described by one metaphorical sentence. CONCLUSION Article presents three points of finding. The first finding deals with the types of emotions which are expressed by the metaphorical sentences. There are eleven kinds of emotions, i.e. anger, hurt, trust, anxiety, depression, shame, hope, lust, love, happiness, and fear. The indicated emotions are also supported by the story of each character in the Rainshadow Road novel, whose topic is about love and betrayal. In total, there are thirty three potential metaphorical sentences that express emotions. The second finding deals with the meaning of the metaphors. It is concluded that people can express their emotion through metaphors. The metaphors that refer to the emotions actually describe the characters in the novel, for example, “I want you to find a man who thinks you’re the sun and the moon.” This metaphorical sentence expresses love. It is said by Lucy’s mother to her daughter that she wants her to find a man that thinks she is important to him, like the sun and moon that is important to earth. The third finding deals with the most dominant kind of emotion that appears in the novel. There are five emotions that only have one metaphorical sentence for each of them. They are trust, anxiety, hope, shame and fear. Furthermore, there are three metaphorical sentences that indicate each kind of emotion of hurt, depression, and lust. anger and love are each indicated through five metaphorical sentences. However, there are nine metaphorical sentences that indicate happiness. Therefore, it is concluded that the most dominant kind of emotion which is expressed by metaphors in the novel is happiness. On the contrary, there are five emotions which are found the least dominant emotions. They are trust, anxiety, hope, shame and fear. It can be generally said that people usually use metaphors to express feeling or specific things in their conversation. This result supports Knowless and Moon idea (2006) that people choose metaphors to communicate what they think and how they feel about something, and to explain what a specific thing is like, or to deliver a meaning in a creative way. REFERENCES Dewi, I. I. (2008). Analyzing the English metaphors and metonymies indicating emotions. Proceedings from the Fifth Conference on English Study, 197–201. Jakarta: PKBB Unika Atmajaya. Drummond, T. (2012). Vocabulary of Emotions. Retrieved April 2, 2013 from http://www.sba.pdx.edu/faculty/ mblake/448/FeelingsList.pdf Kleypas, L. (2012). Rainshadow Road. UK: St. Martin’s Paperbacks-Macmillan. Kövecses, Z. (2000). Metaphor and Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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