*Corresponding Author P-ISSN: 1978-8118 E-ISSN: 2460-710X 51 Lingua Cultura, 16(1), July 2022, 51-59 DOI: 10.21512/lc.v16i1.7667 TRANSPOSITION OF ENGLISH ZERO DERIVATION FROM NOUNS TO INDONESIAN VERBS IN TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD Hana Fauziah* Translation Studies, Magister Program of Social and Cultural Studies, Gunadarma University Jl. Margonda Raya 100, Pondok Cina, Depok 16424, Indonesia hanafauziah11@gmail.com Received: 24th August 2021/Revised: 14th March 2022/Accepted: 16th March 2022 How to Cite: Fauziah, H. (2022). Transposition of English zero derivation from nouns to Indonesian verbs in To Kill a Mockingbird. Lingua Cultura, 16(1), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v16i1.7667 ABSTRACT The research aimed to discuss and analyze the translation of English zero derivation or conversion from nouns to Indonesian verbs using transposition strategy. The research was carried out through the qualitative method by having the constant comparative analysis whose data were collected from Harper Lee’s novel ‘To Kill a Mocking- bird’. The data collection was obtained by sampling to support the description based on the classification, includ- ing morphological and syntactic categories. The findings show an obvious difference between source and target languages. This occurs when the translation of English zero derivation relies on the affixes more frequently than any other criteria. Furthermore, the overall result proves that the transposition of English conversion from nouns into Indonesian verbs can be analyzed from the verb base that can be converted into nouns, which is then called a deverbal noun, and the noun base that can be converted into a verb. The translation of English zero deverbal noun is possible to be transposed into the target language verb. In a part of formal properties, the identification of English verb base converted into noun could be characterized by the irregular verb, stress pattern, intransitive verb, and semantic complexity, at the same time when the English noun base is transposed into Indonesian verb by considering the verbal interpretation and frequency of occurrence. Keywords: zero derivation, English conversion, transposition strategy, deverbal noun, noun base INTRODUCTION The translation is a kind of communication tool that can make people from over the world easily interact with others. As once Bravo (2021) has reported, translation is a type of communication that aims to truly communicate the original message, attending to its meaning. This can happen because of the variety of languages in each demographic area where people speak differently. For that reason, the act of translating one language into another language is necessary to do. Basically, translation is the process of delivering the meaning of the text from the source text into the target text. Because of this, readers can understand what is meant by the text. Since translation is defined as the act of sending the message from the information source into the target and ensuring that the meaning can be delivered accurately without any addition or omission, translators must be good at adjusting the grammatical structure in accordance with the translated text correctly. Therefore, the most important element in the translation process is paying attention to the accuracy, readability, and acceptance of the target text. The accuracy, readability, and acceptance are the essential elements that the translator should retain for the translation to be processed well. These essential elements are introduced by Nababan (cited by Umam, 2018), who states that these are used to value the quality of translated text by identifying the structure of a sentence, the number of new word formation, and the complexity of grammatical change. This is agreed by other experts, such as Catford, who has stated that translation is a process of substituting a text in one language for another (Hendrawati & Budiarta, 2017). Here, the substitution of a text from the source language 52 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 16 No. 1, July 2022, 51-59 (SL) into the target text is defined as the reproduction in receptor language using the close equivalence. In translating the source text, it is necessary for translators to arrange the target language (TL) properly. Therefore, translators need to know many ideas about how the target text could be well structured and under- stood by the TL readers. Words, phrases, clauses, and sentences are grammatical forms that have to be considered in the process of translation. Changing these grammatical forms is essential in order to retain the essential elements of translation. Thus, the main purpose of translation is to transfer the message from the source text into the receptor language completely since either literal or nonliteral translation should be adapted in accordance with each language to avoid the different interpretations between both texts (Umam, 2018). The smallest part of the language in the grammatical structure is a word, and its replacement in the sentence at least consists of subject and predicate. When a sentence includes both subject and predicate, new information is created. The wordclass in the subject is not only a pronoun but also a noun that has the derivational process and a verb in the predicate. In the source language, the der-ivational process not only consists of affixes such as prefix and suffix but also has variant conversion like zero derivation. This kind of derivational process is also an important point that has to be reminded for translators to make the translation understandable. The research aims to discuss the translation of English zero derivation in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird from a noun into an Indonesian verb. The research is also purposed to find out how effective the transposition strategy is to have the accuracy, readability, and acceptance exist in the translated text of the novel. Besides, the goal of this discussion is to notice what probabilities are obliged to make the transposition of English conversion from a noun into Indonesian verbs necessary to be carried out, as well as to know what other grammatical changes are possible to occur in the target text when the transposition from noun to a verb is used. There are several factors why the translation of both English zero deverbal noun and noun base is transformed into a verb in the target text. The replacement of English nouns into Indonesian verbs is one of the examples for translation as the process of systematic change from one language to another. According to Duff (in Agistiawaty, 2019), a principle of translation should accurately reflect the original text’s meaning. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though occasionally, part of the meaning can be ‘transposed’. In this statement, Duff has highlighted that the occasion to transpose the meaning is necessary because this case is frequently found when the text is not translated naturally. The literal translation, such as word-for-word or following the exact form, happens to make the readability of the text difficult for target readers. Somehow, the use of literal translation is not always helpful for readers to accurately receive the target text’s information. Less accurateness of the target text results in the translation works more correction. On this occasion, the necessity of the translation process is to put the concern on finding the closest equivalence between the source language and the target language. This importance can possibly raise a translator’s awareness to ensure that the TL’s sentence structure is known by readers and the meaning is grasped accurately (Ekasani et al., 2018). This concern proves the necessity of rearranging or transposing the grammatical structure in order to get the naturalness in the translated text since translation is not only the act of transferring the meaning but also significantly related to the process of restructuring the text. The action of reproducing the target language after being transferred from the source language is one of the translation procedures that Vinay and Darbelnet have introduced as ‘transposition’. This method involves replacing oneword class with another without changing the meaning of the message (Pratama & Hartono, 2018). Furthermore, Chesterman (in Mizher, 2016) has added that transposition is used to nean any change of wordclass, e.g., from noun to verb. This kind of translation strategy is used not only to involve the structural changes but also to isolate the word class. This strategy would help to make the translation text accurate. The transposition of conversion or zero derivation from English noun to Indonesian verb occurs when it is hard to find the same derivational process. Another reason is that the readability does not sound natural when using the same derivation. In a morphological study, the derivation is explained as the process of creating a new word class from any base through affixes, as what is previously explained by Fon (cited by Dehham, 2016) that affixes are bound morphemes that function to modify the word base. Haspelmath and Sims (2010) have explained that the derivational process is called transpositional when it changes the word class of the base lexeme. They also classify the transpositional derivations into the transpositional noun, the transpositional verb, the transpositional adjective, and the transpositional adverb. In some English words, the transpositional nouns can be formed from the verb and adjective bases, called deverbal and deadjectival nouns. For example, ‘arrival’ and ‘efficiency’ are the English transpositional nouns derived from the verb base ‘arrive’ and the adjective base ‘efficient’. Meanwhile, ‘memorize’ and ‘sharpen’ are the denominal and deadjectival verbs that come from ‘memory’ and ‘sharp’, as well as the transpositional adjective ‘central’ derived from the noun base ‘centre’ and the deverbal adjective, ‘annoyed’ derived from ‘annoy’. The transpositional adverb ‘easily’ is also the result of a derivational process from the adjective base ‘easy’. Therefore, the transpositional derivation is formed when a base word is connected with lexeme 53Transposition of English Zero .... (Hana Fauziah) or bound morpheme as classified in the previous paragraph. However, in some cases, Haspelmath and Sims (2010) have also added that the derivational process, which constantly changes the word class, is still pos-sible to be conducted, even when the base word is needed to retain the free morpheme. It means that the replacement from a one-word class into another still occurs, although the transpositional derivation is formed with-out adding any suffix. For instance, the transpositional noun ’a call’ is derived from the verb base ‘to call’, in the same case when the adjective base ‘be poor’ is transposed into a noun by retaining the free morpheme into ‘the poor’. The denominal verb ‘to bottle’ is also the result of derivation prosses from the base ’a bottle’ without adding any suffix, as well as the zero transpositional verb ‘to better’ is derived from the adjective base ‘be better’. Meanwhile, some examples from Indonesian words such as jalan, telepon, and cangkul, which belong to the target language, function as both Indonesian nouns and verbs. For instance, the sentence by using jalan in Bahasa Indonesia can be ’Nama jalan ini apa?’ as noun and ’Mari kita jalan saja’ as verb, at the same time the Indonesian noun gunting is examplified in sentence ’Potonglah kain itu dengan gunting’ and the Indonesian verb in sentence ’Guntinglah kain itu’. The native speaker from the target language at least has the basic idea that jalan in sentence 1 is a noun, and the other one in sentence 2 is a verb, at the same time, he/she easily notices gunting in sentence 3 as a noun and verb as in sentence 4. This case can occur because verbs in the target language are created not only from the affixational process but also from the word base. However, affixes for the target language’s transpositional process are still necessary for formal and academic usage. The Indonesia word formation, according to Chaer (in Hardyanti, Warigan, & Utami, 2017), should include the elements such as word base, affix, and grammatical result. The previous research is conducted by Tiswaya and Hamid (2019). Their research aims to describe the construction of noun subject constituents, the changes from grammatical levels, and other elements. The result shows that the whole process of transposing a verb into a noun in the subject is triggered by the prioritization of the comment stated by the speaker of the utterance. The other research by Fikri (2017) proposes identifying the affixes that occur through the inflectional and derivational process in Sasak Language’ Ngeno- Ngene’ Dialect (SLND) and identifying the verbs which occur through zero affixation. In the zero derivational verbs, for example, the result shows some similar words in SLND with a different meaning, function, and word class category. For instance, several words can have the function both as noun and verb, and their translation also uses the closest equivalent for the target text. Those researches in 2017 and 2019 basically discuss the morphological study for translation analysis. Both pieces of research are purposed to identify the derivational process in different word classes such as noun and verb. There are a lot of transpositional changes received by the receptor language, and the study case about a conversion or zero derivation occurs in another language. The research also uses a similar discussion about how frequently the use of transpositional changes from an English noun with zero affixation into an Indonesian verb. On the one hand, the important point in the translation analysis of the derivational process that the previous studies have not conducted more is the lack of theoretical review about the transposition from oneword class to another. Besides, the morphological study about a conversion or zero derivation in the translation analysis is not specifically detailed. For that reason, the research will cover the gaps to make it more complete by giving more explanation about transposition as the translation strategy and the classification of the zero derivational processes. The significance of the research is analyzing the transposition of English conversion from nouns into Indonesian verbs. As previously discussed by Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), transposition is the process of replacing oneword class with another. This can occur since accuracy is an important element in making the process of translating text have a good result. Catford has mentioned translation as the replacement of textual material from the source language into another by using the equivalence based on the target text (Nugraha, Nugroho, & Rahman, 2017). The transposition strategy is also mentioned by Grassilli as the first technique or step towards oblique translation or free translation. In this context, this kind of translation strategy means that a translator can be flexible to attain any probability of making the translation work more literary in character that is matched to the whole context. More explanation is paraphrased by Amarashinghe (2020) that oblique translation is another term for free translation where the translator exercises his/her freedom to attain equivalence. It operates at the grammatical level and consists of the replacement of a word class with another word class without changing the meaning. The grammatical changes that should be required are listed by Newmark (cited in Anggraeni, Mujiyanto, & Sofwan, 2019). The rules involve (1) the automatic transposition caused by the difference in the grammatical structure of a language and making the translator have no choice; (2) the change of words’ position due to no existence of the exact source language as the target language; (3) the change of word class owing to the unnatural usage of target language when following the similar word formation of the source text; (4) the adjustment and replacement of words as semi or a complete change of SL sentence into the new composition of TL with equal meaning to complete lexical gap. Based on those four lists that mention the requirement for using the transposition strategy, the transpositional derivation from English noun to Indonesian verb is suitable to point number three. It 54 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 16 No. 1, July 2022, 51-59 is obvious that zero derivation as an English noun in the source text cannot always be predicted that the translation will be accurate if it follows the exact word formation as the source language. This case usually happens because it is probably the English noun as the result of transpositional derivation from the verb as the base word. Another factor might be the English noun which has a semantic meaning related to the action. Therefore, using this strategy to replace English nouns with zero conversion into the Indonesian verbs could complete the important elements in the translation process. The research is expected to be one of the helpful alternative sources of morphology information for translation study, especially related to the transposition of wordclass in zero derivational processes. After concerning some of these aspects, the translation of English conversion from noun to Indonesian verb is classified into the types of verbs according to the categories of semantics, syntax, and morphology. METHODS A qualitative method is applied for conducting the research by having a constant comparative analysis. According to Strauss and friends (as cited by Mandal, 2018), the process not only includes the data collection but also breaks down the data into simpler parts. By using the constant comparison, it means that the parts of the data are then conducted to note and find the similarities and dissimilarities. After that, each piece of data is classified into several categories. For this method to be conducted well, the research has followed some steps that include collecting all the data of English conversion as nouns used as the source text and its translation into Indonesian verbs used as the target text. The primary data source for the research is taken from To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel authored by Harper Lee as the English source text. This novel was first published in 1990 by J.B. Lippincott & Co., then was translated by Femmy Syahrani, and first published by Qanita in 2008. With the same title in the Indonesian version, the researcher will use it as the target text. The researcher prefers to choose this novel as the source of data because the English book used as the source text has 285 pages, and it is assumed that to make the choices of words more variant and collective; the author also used a lot of English zero affixation as noun and verb. Moreover, the target language has to consider the readability of the choice of word, so it is possible for the translator to make it transposed. The similarity and dissimilarity in the translated text are known from whether the target language uses the same zero transpositional forms or derivational affixes; meanwhile, the categories of collected data are classified into syntactic and morphological criteria. Then, the transposition of zero derivation or conversion from English nouns into Indonesian verbs is analyzed according to the criteria of deverbal noun criteria of noun base that can be converted into a verb called as a denominal verb. For example, one of the English nouns is transposed into an Indonesian verb since the English zero transpositional noun in the source text belongs to the verb base; the English noun base, which can be converted into a zero denominal verb, contains the verbal interpretation in the source text. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS When the recent researches discuss zero derivation as the new word formation that is constructed without any additional affixes, and the transposition from oneword class into another creates some adapted structures and grammatical orders. The research also proves that English conversion from zero transpositional wordclass influences some morphological and syntactic changes in the process of translation. After looking for the whole chapters of To Kill a Mockingbird, the research has found at least seventyfive English conversions as nouns that are transposed into Indonesian verbs. Then, the Indonesian verb category, according to Alwi et al. (in Hardyanti, Warigan, & Utami, 2017), is classified into syntactic criteria; transitive (T) and intransitive (IT) verbs. Table 1 shows the percentage of frequent uses between the transitive and intransitive verbs in the translated text. Table 1 The Frequent Uses of Indonesian Verbs based on Syntactic Criteria No Syntactic Criteria Frequency % 1 Transitive Verb 45 60 2 Intransitive Verb 30 40 Total 75 100 Table 1 indicates that the target language mostly uses this syntactic criterion to make the sentence well-structured. In addition, the usage of transitive and intransitive verbs in the target language is to help readers gain the information clearly. Therefore, morphological criteria such as base (B), transposition (T), affixation (A), reduplication (R), and compound (C) are also considered. These other results are shown to vary the frequent uses of morphological processes in the target language. Table 2 The Frequent Uses of Indonesian Verbs based on Syntactic Criteria No Morphological Criteria Frequency % 1 Verb Base 4 5,3 2 Transposition 1 1,3 3 Affixation 65 86,66 4 Reduplication 3 4 5 Compound 2 2,66 Total 75 100 55Transposition of English Zero .... (Hana Fauziah) Table 2 clearly shows the marked difference in the rate of Indonesian verb criteria. Compared to the source language, the verb formation in the target language frequently relies on the affixational addition. Meanwhile, the transposition of a denominal verb is less frequently used. Even the number of transpositions used is the least. The other morphological criteria should also be prioritized because each has an important role in the grammatical structure of the target text. Furthermore, the target language has similar syntactic criteria as the source language for the rest. However, the one thing which has to be noticed is that the transitive and intransitive verbs are always adjusted based on the morphological process. In addition, the zero derivational processes of noun and verb construction discussed in the research are more elaborated that those word formations can be identified from the divisions of base words. In this part, the transposition from English noun to Indonesian verb is affected by the differences between the structures of sentences for each language. Moreover, the translator justifies the sentence of the target language written as effectively as possible to make sure that the readability is accurately accepted by target language readers. The consistency kept in order to create an effective sentence is by including the subject and predicate in the verbal element. The data analysis is presented by dividing them into the transposition of deverbal nouns and denominal verbs. This division aims to identify where each word is converted from so that it can be concluded which noun can be converted into a verb and which noun is converted from a verb. These confusions can be solved by observing the important identification that will be discussed. These confusions are the major theoretical problems raised by the conversion. According to Plag (2003), one of the helpful ways of determining these confusions can be reviewed according to the directionality of conversion. Based on this review, the identification of English conversion from noun to Indonesian verb is decided based on the formal properties. These examples are so easily identified that these deverbal nouns are due to these factors. Table 3 Deverbal Noun from Irregular Verb Source Language “Well, it was all slung about, like there was a fight.” (Lee, 1960: 175) Target Language “Berantakan, seperti baru ada yang berkelahi.” (Lee, 2008: 334) Table 4 Irregular Verb Base Source Language “Too proud to fight, you nigger lovin‘bastard?” (Lee, 1960: 219) Target Language “terlalu sombong untuk berkelahi, keparat pencinta nig- ger?” (Lee, 2008: 413) This shows that ‘fight’ in Table 3 functions as a noun, and this is not difficult to assume that ‘fight’ in the first line is the deverbal noun since it has irregular past participle verb ‘fought’. In this source language, the component used in the sentence consists of the linking verb followed by the noun ‘a fight’ as a compliment. Then, the target text also requires the verbal component in the sentence. At this point, the acceptable decision to translate the text is by transposing the deverbal noun ‘fight’ into the Indonesian verb’ berkelahi’. At the same time, the translator consistently has translated this verb base ‘fight’ into an Indonesian verb, as mentioned in Table 4. Table 5 Deverbal Noun from Stress Pattern Source Language Aunt Alexandra was fanatical on the subject of my attire. (Lee, 1960: 81) Target Language Bibi Alexandra sangat gemar membahas pakaianku. (Lee, 2008:163) The stress pattern of ‘subject’ between noun and verb is definitely dissimilar. From this kind of category, it is also simple to argue that its function is the deverbal noun. The replacement of English zero conversion from noun ‘subject’ into the Indonesian verb ‘membahas’ is due to the translator translating the previous word ‘fanatical’ into ‘gemar’. In the target language, the use of ‘gemar’ in a sentence is mostly followed by the derivational affix of a verb. For that reason, the translation of ‘subject’ in the phrase ‘on the subject’ is transposed into the verb ‘membahas’. The identification based on the systematic difference is another alternative way that can be used to recognize whether the word is basically the base noun or a deverbal noun. According to Centarowska (in Plag, 2003), any verb used intransitively can give the effect under nominalization by conversion. Table 6 Deverbal Noun from Intransitive Verb Source Language Mrs. Dubose was correcting him at every turn, when there was a knock on the door. (Lee, 1960: 110) Target Language Mrs. Dubose mengoreksinya setiap kali, ketika seseorang mengetuk pintu. (Lee, 2008: 213) In Table 6, the word ‘knock’ of the source language is literally a conversed English noun from Table 4 Irregular Verb Base (Continued) 56 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 16 No. 1, July 2022, 51-59 an intransitive verb. That can be shown in the other example of ‘knock’ as the English verb in Table 7. The English verb ‘knock’ is used to make a sentence intransitively as attached, so it is simply to say that the word is a verb base that can be converted into a noun. At this point, reproducing the English zero deverbal noun into the Indonesian verb is also caused by the use of a linking verb in ‘there was a knock’ in the source text. However, the translator included the subject ‘seseorang’ as the replacement of ‘there was’, so the subject ‘seseorang’ in the target text should be followed by the predicate. Then, the suitable word to translate the English noun ‘knock’, in ‘there was a knock’ is into the Indonesian verb ‘mengetuk’ in ‘seseorrang mengetuk’. Table 7 Intransitive Verb Base Source Language Jem, armed with Ivanhoe and full of superior knowledge, knocked at the second door on the left. (Lee, 1960: 107) Target Language Jem yang dipersenjatai Ivanhoe dan pengetahuannya yang luas, mengetuk pintu sebelah kiri. (Lee, 2008: 207) Another way that can be done to solve the directionality of the problem is by concerning the semantic complexity. This is also im-portant since translation is the process that should contain accurate meaning. Semantics in the analysis of translation will be very helpful. Table 8 Deverbal/Action Noun Source Language “No,” said Atticus, “putting his life’s history on display for the edification of the neighborhood.” (Lee, 1960: 48) Target Language “Bukan,” kata Atticus, “mempertontonkan sejarah hidupya untuk menghibur para tetangga.” (Lee, 2008: 102) Table 9 Verb Base Source Language Mr. Cunningham displayed no interest in his son. (Lee, 1960: 153) Target Language Mr. Cunningham tidak memperlihatkan minat pada anaknnya. (Lee, 2008: 295) The example in Table 8, the translator converts the English noun ‘display’ into the Indonesian verb ‘mempertontonkan’, while the translator uses a similar equivalence when translating the English verb version in Table 9 as closely. At this point, the transposition of zero English conversion from noun to Indonesian verb is because the translator follows the literal meaning of the English noun ‘display’ as ‘the act of showing and performing something’. The meaning has indicated that ‘display’ in the source language functions as a deverbal noun/action noun, so its translation is transposed from a noun into a verb. Besides, to keep the sentence of the target text efficient, the translator does not include the words ’putting ... on’ to be translated because this ‘display’ has already emphasized the verbal action in the sentence. This example also shows that the transposition from one-word class to another can affect another word to be reduced when the other one already reflects the meaning. This kind of translation technique is called reduction, as stated by Molina and Albir (as cited by Lurisari, 2019) that the use of it is to restrain information or exactly to let it untranslated, but still to make sure that the whole message of the SL will be fully delivered to the TL. The next category is the English zero derivation as a noun that can be transposed into a verb. In this case, English derivation in the source text is what is assumed that its position is as the noun base. In the previous part, the transposition from English deverbal noun to Indonesian verb is conducted, and one of the factors is that the translator follows the first word formation, namely verb. It is no wonder that the translator converts the deverbal nouns into verbs in the target language. Meanwhile, when the English zero derivation as the noun base is translated into a verb, that is because the word has a verbal interpretation according to the target language readers. Table 10 Noun Base with Verbal Interpretation Source Language “Have you come for a visit, Aunty?” I asked. (Lee, 1960: 126) Target Language Bibi sedang berkunjung? tanyaku. (Lee, 2008: 245) The word ‘visit’ in the source language of Table 10 is simply argued that it belongs to a noun since according to the syntactic place, its position is in the phrasal noun that comes after the article ‘a’ in ’a visit’. At this point, the replacement of ‘visit’ as a noun into the Indonesian verb ‘berkunjung’ is due to the verbal interpretation that most translators receive. Moreover, the most frequent ex-istence of ‘visit’ is written as a verb. On the one hand, retaining the derivational process by translating it into the Indonesian noun ‘kunjungan’ still provides its meaning that refers to the action. The example in Table 11 emphasizes that ‘lunch’ has a verbal interpretation ‘makan siang’. The only way to translate the English noun ‘lunch’ is by transposing it into the Indonesian compound verb ‘makan siang’ in the target language. As attached in Table 12, there is no other closest equivalence to translating the English 57Transposition of English Zero .... (Hana Fauziah) denominal verb into an Indonesian verb. Table 11 Noun Base with Verbal Interpretation (Example 2) Source Language Miss Caroline watched the class file out for lunch. (Lee, 1960: 20) Target Language Miss Caroline segera mengawasi anak-anak yang berbaris keluar untuk makan siang. (Lee, 2008: 51-52) Table 12 Denominal Verb Source Language “Everybody who goes home to lunch hold up your hands,” (Lee, 1960: 17) Target Language “Yang harus pulang untuk makan siang, tolong acungkan tangan,” (Lee, 2008: 46) Table 13 Noun Base with Verbal Interpretation (Example 3) Source Language But while no one with a grain of sense trusted Miss Stephanie. Lee, 1960: 43) Target Language Tetapi, sementara tak ada satu pun orang yang berakal sehat akan percaya pada Miss Stephanie. (Lee, 2008: 93) The word ‘sense’ in Table 13 functions as the English noun initially that comes before it is able to be converted into the denominal verb. The English noun ‘sense’ means ‘good understanding of what is sensible or practical behaviour’. The translator then retains the meaning but replaces the form of the English noun into the Indonesian verb ‘berakal’. Here, the ‘sense’ is constructed from the phrase ‘with a grain of sense’, and the translator equivalently refers ‘with’ to ‘having something’, so he/she translates the whole phrase ‘with a grain of sense’ into ‘ber-akal’ whose ‘-ber’ in the source language is an affix to show the possessive meaning. In addition, the transposition from noun to verb also influences how the sentence is restructured, just like the target language consists of one independent clause, whereas the target language turns out into one independent clause and one dependent clause. It can be seen here: main clause: tak ada satu pun orang akan percaya pada Miss Stephanie sub clause: tak ada satu pun orang berakal The change of restructuring sentences from the source language and the target language is also discussed by Chesterman (in Rahayu, Sedeng, & Indrawati, 2020). It is said that this group of strategies affects the structure of the sentence unit in so far as it is made up of clause units. Included are changes between mainclause and subclause status, changes in sub-clause types, etc. This statement is approved that not only the structure of phrase and clause but also the structure of a sentence can affect how the translation should be. Whether the sentence uses only the main clause or with subclause, the translation of each clause is possible to be different. Another way that can be used to convert English nouns into Indonesian verbs is by putting a concern on the frequency of occurrence. In this case, the conversion from noun to a verb can be conducted by holding the overt analogue criterion. It means that according to the converted verb, the meaning can be discerned by paraphrasing it. Thus, once the denominal verb in the English conversion is paraphrasing the meaning, the transposition from noun to a verb is very possible to be conducted. Table 14 Noun Base with Locative Meaning Source Language I told Atticus I didn’t feel very well and didn’t think I’d go to school any more if it was all right with him. (Lee, 1960: 27) Target Language Kubilang kepada Atticus, aku merasa tidak enak badan, dan kurasa aku tidak akan bersekolah lagi kalau dia tidak keberatan. (Lee, 2008: 65) The word ‘school’ in Table 14 as a noun base has a locative type of meaning. Then, when converted into a verb, the meaning can be paraphrased into ‘to put (in) to’. Thus, when it is transposed into an Indone-sian verb, the translation of ‘school’ becomes ‘bersekolah’ derived from ‘sekolah’, which refers to ‘the location where students are put into to get knowledge’. The prefix’ ber-’ in the target language indicates that its use is to make the formality of the Indonesian language, which necessarily gives the additional affix in any word formation. Table 15 Noun Base with Causative Meaning Source Language He gave a snort and looked away. (Lee, 1960: 190) Target Language Dia mendengus dan berpaling. (Lee, 2008: 359) Table 16 Denominal Verb snort Source Language The boy snorted and slouched leisurely to the door. (Lee, 1960:26) Target Language Anak itu mendengus dan melenggang ke pintu. (Lee, 2008:62) 58 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 16 No. 1, July 2022, 51-59 The ‘snort’ in Table 16 from Oxford Learner’s Dictionary means ’a loud sound from breathing air out noisily through the nose’. Furthermore, when the word is re-placed by the verb, the meaning is discerned as ‘to make a loud sound from breathing air out noisily through the nose’, whose function is the type of causative meaning. Thus, the transposition from noun to a verb is owing to the English noun base ‘snort’ in ‘gave a snort’ translated into the Indonesian verb ‘mendengus’ to indicate that the information in the phrase has a causative meaning. Here, the TL’s verb ‘mendengus’ is the derivation from the Indonesian noun base ‘dengus’ as ‘the kind of sound created from the breathingout air’, and the Indonesian prefix’ me-’ used as the additional morpheme that also has causative meaning. The result shows that the translation has succeeded in the closest equivalence in both the source and target languages. Table 17 Noun Base with Inchoative Meaning Source Language He had been a comfort to me, so I said it looked lovely, but I didn’t see anything. Lee, 1960: 227) Target Language Dia sudah menghiburku, jadi kukatakan bulu itu bagus sekali, tetapi aku tidak mengatakan apa-apa. (Lee, 2008: 428) Table 18 Denominal Verb comfort Source Language “Don’t worry, Scout,” Jem comforted me. (Lee, 1960: 16) Target Language “Jangan khawatir, Scout,” Jem menghiburku. (Lee, 2008: 44) The English noun base ‘comfort’ shown in Table 17 is explained as ‘the state of being relaxed and not worried so much’. And then, when it is converted into a verb, the meaning is paraphrased as ‘to make somebody who is worried feel better’. Thus, the substitution of the English noun ‘comfort’ into the Indonesian verb ‘menghibur’, whose base is ‘hibur’ shows the exact equivalence since the target language’s prefix’ me-’ contains the inchoative meaning at the same time ‘hibur’, ‘menghibur’, and ‘hiburan’ are the acts of making someone feel comfortable. Therefore, the most appropriate to translate the English noun ‘comfort’ into the inchoative Indonesian verb ’menghibur’. Table 19 shows that ‘charge’ is the English noun base that refers to ‘the amount of money somebody asks to be paid for a good or service’. When it is transformed into a verb, in order to retain the meaning, this can be paraphrased into ‘to use the amount of money to pay for a good or service’. In this converted verb, there is a connection with something such as a tool, or this could be called the instrumental meaning. So, the whole sentence transfers the meaning of ‘charge’ that is received by the target language as ‘the tool that is used to pay’. That is why the translator translates it into the verb ‘membayar’ as the replacement of ‘the ain’t no change into tak perlu membayar’. Table 19 Noun Base with Instrumental Meaning Source Language She said, ‘I reckon I’ll hafta give you a nickel, won’t I?’ and I said, ’No ma’am, there ain’t no charge.‘ (Lee, 1960: 192) Target Language Katanya, ‘Kukira, aku harus memberimu lima sen ya?’ dan saya bilang, ‘Tak usah, Ma’am, tak perlu membayar.’ (Lee, 2008: 364) CONCLUSIONS Based on the result and discussion on the analysis of English conversion from noun to Indonesian verb in To Kill a Mockingbird, it can be concluded that the transposition of zero derivation as English noun into Indonesian verb is caused by at least two factors. The first is because the English noun, as a result of the derivational process of a verb, is called the deverbal noun. The second is due to the English noun belonging to the noun base that can be converted into a verb (denominal verb) for some reasons, such as having the verbal message and being able to be paraphrased into verbal meaning in the text. The use of predicate in TL’s text is necessary for the appropriate component in a sentence, especially when the source text uses the structure of linking verb ‘be’ that is followed by a noun as a complement. For instance, it is hard to find the close equivalence to translate a sentence with ‘there is/ are’ instead of including a subject and predicate in the target text. Furthermore, the readability of the text in order to sound natural by this transposition strategy is influenced by the basic word formation functioning as a verb. All the deverbal nouns in the data are categorized as action nouns and based on the syntax categories such as irregular verbs; they show that those words are initially as the verb base. For that reason, it is appropriate when the translator receives the verbal interpretation of the deverbal nouns. On the one hand, the English noun base that can be transposed into a verb without any affix (denominal verb) focuses on the overt criteria analogue in order for the transposition of English from noun to be converted accurately into the Indonesian verb. By putting the notice on syntactic distribution, the translator can realize that those nouns contain the verbal interpretation for the target language readers, especially when the English noun bases could be paraphrased into verbs with the analogue criteria. Locative, causative, inchoative, and instrumental mean-ings are the analogue criteria whose message 59Transposition of English Zero .... (Hana Fauziah) provides more natural acceptance for TL’s readers when the translation of those noun bases becomes verbs. In addition, paraphrasing English nouns into Indonesian verbs also requires some grammatical changes, such as from phrase to word or from two clauses into one cause. This translation strategy usage gives more attention to another notice, as well. Overall, the criteria and classifications used for analyzing the transposition strategy to translate a wordclass into another one become the appropriate consideration so that the target text will provide the important elements of translation. The grammatical changes based on the word formation are important points for the accuracy and readability of the translation process. This importance is useful for gaining the readers’ acceptance of the target text. Moreover, the zero derivation from noun to a verb or the zero deverbal nouns, both of which often appear in the source text, tend to confuse the target language readers in identifying whether the English conversion functions as noun or verb. 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