*Corresponding Author P-ISSN: 1978-8118 E-ISSN: 2460-710X 117 Lingua Cultura, 16(1), July 2022, 117-131 DOI: 10.21512/lc.v16i1.7770 A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF CHINESE AND INDONESIAN NOMINAL SENTENCES Ayu Trihardini* Mandarin Language Education Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Jakarta State University Campus A, Jl Rawamangun Muka, Pulo Gadung, Jakarta Timur 13220, Indonesia ayu.trihardini@gmail.com Received: 15th October 2021/Revised: 07th February 2022/Accepted: 09th February 2022 How to Cite: Trihardini, A. (2022). A contrastive analysis of Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences. Lingua Cultura, 16(1), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v16i1.7770 ABSTRACT The comparative study aimed to describe the characteristics of Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences. The research contributed to teaching Chinese as a second language and the field of translation as well. Chinese was being studied all over the world, and Indonesia was no exception. Nevertheless, contrastive analysis between Chinese and Indonesian in the field of syntax were still limited. Nominal sentences are one of the classifications of sentences based on the predicate form. Accordingly, Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences have similar definitions but differed in the words or phrases that form the predicate. The data in the contrastive analysis study were Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences from short stories, novels, other literary works, and examples of related grammatical works. The data were analyzed using the James procedure and the contrastive analysis method with four steps described by Di Pietro. The finding of the contrastive analysis indicates that in both languages, nominal sentence usage is limited under certain conditions; some Chinese nominal sentences will become verb sentences when translated into Indonesian. Also, Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences differ in their negative forms. The error analysis indicates that Indonesian students still lack knowledge of Chinese nominal sentences and characteristics. Keywords: contrastive analysis, Chinese, Indonesian, nominal sentences, error analysis INTRODUCTION In the research, Chinese refers to Mandarin Chinese as expressed by Trihardini (2020). Mandarin Chinese is a language used by the People’s Republic of China as the national language, which is spoken using Beijing’s pronunciation with modern vocabulary from Chinese literature and grammar from the north Chinese region as its standard. According to its predicate form, the Chinese sentence structure consists of verbal, adjectival, subject-predicate, and nominal sentences. Meanwhile, Indonesian sentences can be divided into five categories: verbal, adjectival, nominal, numeral, and prepositional sentences. The research mainly discusses a comparison between nominal sentences in Chinese and Indonesian. Zhang and Zheng (2015) have mentioned that nominal sentences usually express an equivalent or generic meaning; judgment sentences also often use the form of nominal sentences. These nominal equivalent sentences by some linguists are also interpreted as sentences whose subject and predicate belong to the same category. By definition, Xiong and Yu (2018) have described a nominal sentence is "sentence whose predicate is nouns, including nouns and nominal phrases." Alwi (2003) has stated that in Indonesian, nouns (including pronouns) or lined-up nominal phrases can form nominal sentences as long as the conditions for the subject and predicate are met. The conditions for these two elements are important because if they are not fulfilled, the sequence of nouns will not form a sentence. Because of the Chinese lack of morphological changes, the word order is relatively fixed; the subject comes first, the predicate comes after; the predicate comes first, and the object comes later. The word order of Indonesian is the same as that of Chinese. In word order typology, Indonesian and Chinese both belong to 118 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 16 No. 1, July 2022, 117-131 SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) languages. Therefore, the first noun/nominal phrase is the subject, while the second is the predicate. Thus, the word order of Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences is SP (subject + predicate). However, Alwi (2003) has said that in Indonesian, if the first noun/nominal phrase takes a particle, it becomes the predicate, while the second noun/nominal phrase becomes the subject. This is due to the fact that in the overall structure of the Indonesian language, particles generally mark the predicate, as in the following example. Dia guru saya. Dialah guru saya. “He (is) my teacher.” In the first sentence, Dia guru saya, the subject is Dia “He”, and the predicate is guru saya “my teacher”. While in the second sentence: the first nominal phrase is accompanied by the particle “lah”, therefore, Dialah becomes the predicate, and the subject is guru saya. A subject is typically a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun which is initial in the clause (Swick in Shalehoddin & Roulina, 2018). These parts of speech, such as single nouns and noun phrases, can also be the predicate, both in Chinese and Indonesian. Moreover, Chinese parts of speech have multiple functions. When nouns act as different syntactic components, the word form and part of speech remain unchanged. Accordingly, Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences might have similar definitions but differ in structure. This gives rise easily to a wrong perception among Indonesian students studying Chinese, thus leading to complications and errors in the course of Chinese syntax acquisition in general. The research aims to describe the characteristics of Chinese and Indonesian syntax, mainly about nominal sentences. Although recently, Chinese language teaching has much developed, the contrastive analysis between Chinese and Indonesian sentences is still infrequent. In accordance with Gao (2020), the previous research on Chinese nominal sentences mainly focuses on the Chinese language and relatively ignores cross-lingual evidence. Therefore, research on both in the field of syntax is very well needed to strengthen students’ understanding. As Sarosdy (in Shalehoddin & Roulina, 2018) has also mentioned, students must recognize which part of speech fits which part of the sentence. Mother tongue transfer is not the only source of students’ errors; therefore, it cannot be only relied on the comparative analysis of the mother tongue and the target language to explain the various errors of students in second language teaching. Qin and Pratomo (2019) have reported that besides negative transfer from mother tongue grammatical rules, the reasons for Indonesian students’ errors include limited language practice from within the book. As for Indonesian, Uktolseja, Sujaja, and Matinahoru (2019) have mentioned that the language used in Indonesian is varied up to 748 languages. Therefore, though the Indonesian language is understood and spoken by more than 90% of Indonesians, most speakers’ mother tongue is not always Indonesian. Nevertheless, according to Adiantika (2020), contrastive analysis is one method that can lead to knowing the difficulties in the language learning process by finding some differences and similarities between the source language and target language. Qin and Pratomo (2019) have also mentioned that the contrastive analysis of the grammar of the Chinese and Indonesian languages has a significant role and can contribute to the teaching and learning of both languages in each country. In the language teaching literature, Corder distinguishes between ‘mistake’ and ‘error’. Mistakes are not systematic. They are caused by performance problems, that is, absent-mindedness, hunger, emotional agitation, and others. After appearing, the speaker has the ability to correct. According to Bochari, Basri, and Arid (2019), it is impossible for a student not to make mistakes and produce correct language in the process of language learning. Error is systematic and regular, and it is a problem of ability. After it appears, the speaker is unable to take measures and correct them. In other words, in the process of language teaching and learning, the error is a kind of feedback, and the learner’s error represents the current language level of the student and will find out the knowledge that the student needs to learn. Khansir and Pakdel (2019) have stated that contrastive analysis, along with error analysis as the linguistic approach to the study of errors, can also be valuable approaches in helping syllabus designers with the preparation of teaching materials and helping language teachers with the use of fruitful learning strategies to teach language learners in second language learning. METHODS Contrastive analysis is a form of the method used to study and compare two different language structures, namely the structure of the language studied with the source language, then identify the similarities and differences between the two languages. Contrastive analysis can be used to find the difficulties faced by students in learning grammar in order to find the right method to overcome them (Brown in Misdawati, 2019). The research uses the Carl James procedure in contrasting the components of the two languages being compared, as well as the contrastive analysis method with four steps described by Di Pietro (in Nur, 2016). The first step is collecting the intended data object. The data in the contrastive analysis study are Chinese nominal sentences from Chinese short stories from the book Zhongguo Xiandangdai wenxue Zuopinxuan (Selected Works of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature), consisting of 90 works by 61 Chinese authors. The other literary works 119A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese .... (Ayu Trihardini) and examples of related grammatical works include Xiandai Hanyu (Modern Chinese) by Xing Fuyi, Xiandai Hanyu (Modern Chinese) by Fan Xiangang, and Xiandai Hanyu (Modern Chinese) by Zhou Yimin. The data collected can be seen in Table 1. Table 1 Data of Chinese Nominal Sentences No Data Source Page Total 1. S1: Ah Q Zhengchuan by Lu Xun 11, 13, 14 3 2. S1: Zhufu by Luxun 44 1 3. S1: Li Shui by Luxun 72 1 4. S1: Diqiu, Wo de Muqin! By Guo Moruo 102 1 5. S1: Pan Xiansheng Zai Nanzhong by Ye Shengtao 138 1 6. S1: Chunfeng Chenzui de Wanshang by Yu Dafu 176, 178 3 7. S1: Lin Jia Puzi by Mao Dun 228 1 8. S1: Huawei Xiansheng by Zhang Tianyi 292 1 9. S1: Hehua Dian by Sun Li 343 1 10. S1: Zuzhibu Laile Ge Nianqingren by Wang Meng 395, 400 2 11. S2 317, 323, 334, 335 6 12. S3 195, 196, 209, 210 1 13. S4 337, 346, 360, 369, 376 12 Total 34 Table description: S1: Source 1 (Zhongguo Xiandangdai wenxue Zuopinxuan) S2: Source 2 (Xiandai Hanyu by Xing Fuyi) S3: Source 3 (Xiandai Hanyu by Fan Xiangang) S4: Source 4 (Xiandai Hanyu by Zhou Yimin) The data of Indonesian nominal sentences are from Indonesian short stories from the book Jangan Main-main by Djenar Maesa Ayu and the novel Ayat- Ayat Cinta by El Shirazy. The data collected can be seen in Table 2. Table 2 Data of Indonesian Nominal Sentences No Data Source Page Total 1. S5: Moral by Djenar Maesa Ayu 25, 28, 32 4 2. S5: Menyusu Ayah by Djenar Maesa Ayu 36, 38 2 3. S5: Cermin by Djenar Maesa Ayu 46, 51 3 4. S5: Staccato by Djenar Maesa Ayu 64, 77 2 No Data Source Page Total 5. S5: Penthouse 2601 95 1 6. S6 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 41, 43, 47, 48, 50, 56, 60, 64, 65, 74, 79, 85, 87, 90, 91, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 104, 108, 118, 120, 154, 156, 159, 161, 166, 169, 172, 173, 176, 183, 195, 199, 203, 205, 206, 208, 215, 221, 233, 234, 235, 237, 245, 248, 266, 271, 276, 281, 283, 285, 293, 294, 296, 298, 303, 309, 310, 311 113 Total 125 Table description: 12 S5: Source 5 (Zhongguo Xiandangdai wenxue Zuopinxuan) S6: Source 6 (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy) The second step is presenting the comparison in the same lingual unit in another language. The comparison in the research is illustrated based on lingual units in both Chinese and Indonesian languages, namely single words and phrases that act as predicates. The third step is identifying existing contrast variants. Chinese and Indonesian single nouns and phrases as predicates are being contrasted, accompanied by sentence examples and explanations that lead to the similarities and differences between nominal sentences in both languages. The last stage is formulating the contrasts in the rules. When comparing two languages, certain patterns appear. These patterns are described in terms of findings. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In Chinese and Indonesian, the parts of speech often used as predicates are verbs and adjectives; meanwhile, nouns can be used as predicates under Table 2 Data of Indonesian Nominal Sentences (Continued) 120 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 16 No. 1, July 2022, 117-131 certain conditions. When a noun acts as a predicate, it is not the omission of certain words or components. According to Xu, Sang, and Pang (2021), the Chinese language can form a nominal sentence by combining two noun components directly, without the help of copulas. When comparing the nominal sentences in the two languages of Chinese and Indonesian, it should be noted that Chinese nominal sentences refer to sentences with nominal words as predicates, including single nouns, noun phrases, pronouns, numerals, quantitative phrases, and DE word phrases. The Indonesian nominal sentences have a smaller scope, including single nouns, noun phrases, and pronouns. As for numerals and quantitative phrases, Indonesians belong to the numeral sentence, which is an independent sentence pattern. The research explores the similarities and differences of nominal sentences through lingual units in both languages, namely single words and phrases that act as predicates. There are similarities between Chinese- Indonesian single nouns as predicates. The first is the single nouns that describe the date, time, weather, occupation, and attributes that can be used as predicates. In both languages, a single noun can be used as a predicate but is limited to nouns that indicate certain things. Shen (in Xiong & Yu, 2018) has stated that unlike English and other Indo-European languages, Mandarin single nouns can be directly used as predicates. Single nouns in Mandarin which can be used as predicates are limited to describing hometown, age, time, weather, and others (Xiong & Yu, 2018). (1) Shi yue yi ri guoqingjie. (Xiandai Hanyu by Zhou, p. 346) Satu Oktober hari kemerdekaan. “First October (is) Independence Day.” (2) Jintian guoqingjie. (Xiandai Hanyu by Fan, p. 209) Hari ini hari kemerdekaan. “Today (is) Independence Day.” The two sentences (1) and (2) describe time. In Chinese, the single noun guoqingjie can be used as a predicate. Single nouns that describe weather can also appear as predicates like in sentence (3). (3) Mingtian qingtian. (Xiandai Hanyu by Xing, p. 317) Besok cerah. “Today (is) sunny.” There is also a single noun that can be a predicate but is used in a limited manner according to context, like in sentence (4). (4) Wo shouhuoyuan. (Xiandai Hanyu by Zhou, p. 346) Saya pramuniaga. “I am (a) shop assistant.” Chinese nominal sentence (4) can only appear in the context of answering the question, “What do you do for a living?”, otherwise, wo shouhuoyuan will be better known as a noun phrase with a different meaning, namely “my shop assistant.” In Indonesian, it is not limited to context; it is still be considered a nominal sentence because the noun phrase has a different structure, pramuniaga saya. (5) Aku Maryam. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazi, p. 113) Wo Maliya. “I am Maria.” Indonesian nominal sentence (5) is commonly used, especially when introducing yourself or others. While this sentence is in Chinese, it depends on the context and can only appear in the context of answering the question, “Who are you?”, otherwise it is better known as a noun phrase, namely “my Maria.” This common can be seen in the Indonesian nominal sentences found in sentences (6) - (12). (6) Nama saya Nayla. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 36) Wo jiao Naila. (7) Namaku Abdur Rauf. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 235) Wo de mingzi (shi) Abodulei Laofu. “My name (is) Abdur Rauf.” (8) Namamu Maria. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 8) Ni de mingzi (shi) Maliya. “Your name (is) Maria.” (9) Namanya Noura. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 47) Ta de mingzi (shi) Nuola. “Her name (is) Noura.” (10) Namanya Bayu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 91) Ta de mingzi (shi) Bayou. “His name (is) Bayu.” (11) Namanya Subhan Tibi. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 183) Ta de mingzi (shi) Subhan Tibi. “His name (is) Subhan Tibi.” (12) Namanya Khaleda. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.195) Ta de mingzi (shi) Khaleda. “Her name (is) Khaleda.” (13) Nama lengkapnya Syaikh Ahmad Taqiyyuddin Abdul Majid. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.14) Ta de quanmingzi (shi) Syaikh Ahmad Taqiyyuddin Abdul Majid. 121A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese .... (Ayu Trihardini) “His full name is Shaykh Ahmad Taqiyyuddin Abdul Majid.” Based on these sentences, the single nouns describing the date, time, weather, occupation, and attributes in Chinese and Indonesian can be used as predicates alone. The second similarity between Chinese- Indonesian single nouns as predicates is that Chinese and Indonesian pronouns are rarely used as predicates. It can be seen in sentences (14) - (16). (14) Nimen zenmeyang? (Li Shui by Lu Xun, p. 72) Kalian bagaimana? “How are you?” (15) Kau bagaimana? (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 245) Ni zenmeyang? “How are you?” (16) Fanqian duoshao? (Chunfeng Chenzui de Wanshang by Yu Dafu, p. 176) Biaya makan berapa? “How much is the meal?” There are differences between Chinese- Indonesian single nouns as predicates. The first is that in Indonesian sentences, the particles generally mark the predicate. When the first noun is accompanied by the particle lah, it becomes the predicate, and the subject is the second noun. Sentences (17) to (20) are using particle lah. (17) Inilah hariku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 169) Zhe shi wo de yitian. “This is my day.” (18) Inilah cinta. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 294) Zhe jiushi ai. “This is love.” (19) Akulah Penthouse 2601. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.95) Wo shi gelou 2601. “I am the Penthouse 2601.” (20) Kaulah orangnya. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.173) Ni shi wei yi. “You’re the one.” (21) Kaulah imamku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 208) Ni shi wo de mushi. “You’re my leader.” Thus, in all the Indonesian nominal sentences, from sentences (17) to (21), the predicate is the noun at the beginning of the sentence. The equivalent of the sentences in Chinese actually shows the opposite; the predicate is at the end of the sentence. In addition, all nominal sentences in Chinese require the verb shi. This situation shows that there are different types of sentences. In Indonesian, sentences containing particles lah are nominal sentences, while in Mandarin, they belong to verbal sentences. The second difference is that in Indonesian, a sentence with a pronoun as the subject can be accompanied by a single noun as the predicate. Whereas in Mandarin requires a verb shi or jiushi. It can be seen in sentences (22) to (31). (22) Itu pamanku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.65) Na shi wo shushu. “That’s my uncle.” (23) Itu analisaku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.266) Zhe jiushi wo de fenxi. “That’s my analysis.” (24) Itu impianku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.293) Na shi wo de mengxiang. “That’s’ my dream.” (25) Itu kitab-kitabku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 203) Na xie shi wo de shu. “Those are my books.” (26) Itu Maria. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.79) Na shi Mali. “That’s Mary.” (27) Ini pesta! (Moral by Djenar Maesa Ayu, p.32) Zhe shi yi ge juhui! “It’s a party!” (28) Ini surga. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.309 Zhe shi tiantang. “This is heaven.” (29) Ini Babur Rayyan. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.309 Zhe shi Babur Rayyan. “This is Babur Rayyan.” (30) Ini Babush Shalat. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.309) Zhe shi Babush Shalat. “This is Babush Salah.” (31) Ini Babuz Zakat. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.310) Zhe shi Babuz Zakat. “This is Babuz Zakat.” Likewise, this also happens with the subject of a sentence that contains a pronoun, which means 122 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 16 No. 1, July 2022, 117-131 ownership in Indonesian words such as –ku (first person singular), -mu (second person singular), -nya (third-person singular). In Mandarin, it requires the verb shi or jiushi. It can be seen in sentences (32) to (50). (32) Ceritanya begini. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 206) Gushi shi zheyang de. “The story is like this.” (33) Dukamu dukaku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Ni de beishang shi wo de beishang. “Your sorrow is my sorrow.” (34) Dukaku dukamu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Wo de beishang shi ni de beishang. “My sorrow is your sorrow.” (35) Sukamu sukaku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Ni de xihuan shi wo de xihuan. “Your fondness is my fondness.” (36) Sukaku sukamu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Wo de xihuan shi ni de xihuan. “My fondness is your fondness.” (37) Cita-citamu cita-citaku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Ni de mubiao jiushi wo de mubiao. “Your goals are my goals.” (38) Cita-citaku cita-citamu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Wo de mubiao jiushi ni de mubiao. “My goals are your goals.” (39) Senangmu senangku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Ni de kuaile shi wo de kuaile. “Your happiness is my happiness.” (40) Senangku senangmu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Wo de kuaile shi ni de kuaile. “My happinees is your happiness.” (41) Bencimu benciku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Ni de chouhen shi wo de chouhen. “Your hatred is my hatred.” (42) Benciku bencimu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Wo de chouhen shi ni de chouhen. “My hatred is your hatred.” (43) Kurangmu kurangku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Ni de quedian shi wo de quedian. “Your flaw is my flaw.” (44) Kurangku kurangmu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Wode de quedian shi ni de quedian. “My flaw is your flaw.” (45) Kelebihanmu kelebihanku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Ni de youdian shi wo de youdian. “Your strength is my strength.” (46) Kelebihanku kelebihanmu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Wo de youdian shi ni de youdian. “My strength is your strength.” (47) Milikmu milikku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Ni de jiushi wo de. “Yours is mine.” (48) Milikku milikmu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Wo de jiushi ni de. “Mine is yours.” (49) Hidupmu hidupku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Ni de shengming jiushi wo de shengming. “Your life is my life.” (50) Hidupku hidupmu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 205) Wo de shengming jiushi ni de shengming. “My life is your life.” Third, in Indonesian, when single nouns are used as predicates, pronouns are often used between the subject and the predicate. It can be seen in sentences (51) to (55). (51) Ibumu itu pelacur. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 38) Ni mama shi ge biaozi. “Your mother is a whore.” (52) Kau ini siapa? (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 23, 97) Ni shi shui? “Who are you?” (53) Aku ini siapa? (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 166, 176) Wo shi shui? “Who am I?” (54) Kita ini turis. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 90) 123A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese .... (Ayu Trihardini) Women shi youke. “We are tourists.” (55) Wajah dan kulit mereka kemerahan. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.21) Tamen de lian he pifu shi hong hong de. “Their faces and skin are red.” Fourth, in Chinese, only polysyllable numerals can be used as predicates. The use of Chinese numerals and quantifiers as predicates can only be regarded as a rare occurrence (Li, 1995). When Chinese numerals are used as predicates, they are generally composed of two or more syllables. Chinese single-syllable numerals cannot be directly used as predicates. Indonesian numerals can be used as predicates alone, without considering the number of syllables. For example: Ta airen ershiliu. Istrinya duapuluh enam. “His wife is twenty-six (years old).” That Chinese nominal sentence that Li mentioned also appears in the context of answering, “How old is his wife?”. Other than this context, in Indonesian, it can also be interpreted as “He has 26 wives.” Li has also mentioned: Ta sanshi. Dia tiga puluh. “He (is) thirty.” Gege shi. (*) Kakak sepuluh (tahun). “Big brother is ten (years old). The number san shi ‘thirty’ in a Chinese nominal sentence is a double syllable. It can directly serve as a predicate in a specific context. While the other Chinese nominal sentence is not valid, mainly because the number shi ‘ten’ is a single syllable. The data found related to this feature can be seen in sentences (56) to (57). (56) Aku anak tunggal. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy) Wo dushengzi. “I’m an only child.” (57) Qinglong si bai. (Ah Q Zheng Chuan by Lu Xun, p. 13) Naga hijau empat ratus. “Green dragon four hundred.” The number si bai “four hundred” in the sentence (57) is used as a predicate in the context of the novel. Numerals in Indonesian sentences (56) to (57) can be used as predicates based on the context of certain texts. Anaknya dua. Ta haizi liang (ge). (*) “She (has) two children.” The former kind of saying is very common in Indonesian, which implies the meaning of “to have.” However, in Chinese, this structure is not grammatically correct. The quantifiers in Indonesian (except for the measurement words) can be omitted and directly combined with nouns that describe things. For example, dua “two” can be directly combined with dokter “doctor” to form dua dokter “two doctors”, and beberapa “few” can be directly combined with buku “book” to form beberapa buku “a few numbers.” The existence of quantifiers is necessary to express an indefinite number of things in Chinese. It can be seen that in modern Chinese, measuring words has an important position. In Indonesian, the quantifier can be omitted. It can be simply said that Indonesian numerals can be used as predicates alone, also due to the omission of quantifiers. Fifth, Indonesian numerals are used as predicates belonging to numeral sentences. Based on the explanation, it can be seen that Chinese numerals used as predicates are very infrequent and part of nominal sentences. While in the Indonesian language, numerals used as predicates are very common, but it belongs to numeral sentences. There are similarities of Chinese-Indonesian phrases as predicates. First, nominal sentences in both languages often use a comma between the subject and the predicate. It can be seen in sentences (58) - (63). (58) Huichang shang, yi pai jieri de qifen. (Xiandai Hanyu by Zhou Yimin, p. 369) Di venue, suasananya meriah. “Festive atmosphere at the venue.” (59) Chuntian, wanwu fusu de jijie. (Xiandai Hanyu by Zhou Yimin, p. 369) Musim semi, musim kebangkitan segala sesuatu. “Spring is the season of revival of all things.” (60) Yuanzi li, yi ke qiannian de gubai. (Xiandai Hanyu by Zhou Yimin, p. 369) Di halaman, (ada) sebuah pohon cemara berusia 1000 tahun. “There is a thousand-year-old cypress in the yard.” (61) Chuang qian, yi pian yueguang. (Xiandai Hanyu by Fan Xiangang, 187) Di depan jendela, (terdapat) sebentang cahaya bulan. “There is a moonlight infront the window.” (62) Buku kontemporer, bahasanya lebih mudah. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 43) Dangdai shuji, yuyan geng rongyi, “Contemporary books, the language is easier.” (63) Buku pertama, Women in Islam. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 303) Di yi ben shu, Women in Islam. The first book, Women in Islam. Second, the nominal phrase that describes 124 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 16 No. 1, July 2022, 117-131 identity and time can be used as predicates. These types of nominal sentences are more commonly used in everyday language. The nominal phrases that describe identity can be seen in sentences (64) - (77). (64) Lu Xun Shaoxing ren. (Xiandai Hanyu by Zhou Yimin, p. 337) Luxun orang Shaoxing. “Lu Xun man from Shaoxing.” (65) Ta Zhejiang ren. (Xiandai Hanyu by Xing Fuyi, p. 323) Dia orang Zhejiang. “He (is) a man from Zhejiang.” (66) Kami asli Mesir. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 27) Women yuanchan yu Aiji. “We are native to Egypt.” (67) Ayahnya asli Jerman. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 64) Ta fuqin laizi Deguo. “Her father is German.” (68) Ibunya asli Turki. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 64) Ta muqin laizi Tu’erqi. “Her mother is Turkey.” (69) Ta Guangxi Daxue de. (Xiandai Hanyu by Fan Xiangang, p.210) Dia dari Universitas Guangxi. “He is from Guangxi University.” (70) Dia puteri sulung Tuan Boutros Rafael Rigis. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 8) Ta shi Boutros Rafael Rigis Xiansheng de da nv’er. “She is the elder daughter of Mister Boutros Rafael Rigis.” (71) Perempuan itu pemain biola terkenal dari Romania. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.94) Zhe wei nvshi shi Luomaniya zhuming de xiaotiqinjia. “The woman is a famous violinist from Romania.” (72) Cermin itu pemberian Puteri. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.46) Zhe ge jingzi shi Putri song de liwu. “The mirror was a gift from Putri.” (73) Mereka teman baik Paman Eqbal dan Bibi Sarah. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.183) Tamen shi Eqbal Shushu he Sarah Shenshen de haopengyou. “They were good friends with Uncle Eqbal and Aunt Sarah.” (74) Mereka bertiga tamu kalian. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 27) Tamen san ge shi nimen de keren. “The three of them are your guests.” (75) Mereka semua mahasiswa Al Azhar dari Indonesia. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 283) Tamen dou shi laizi Yindunixiya de Al Azhar xuesheng. “They are all Al Azhar students from Indonesia.” (76) Itu semua rekayasa belaka. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 298) Na xie doushi caozong. “It's all mere manipulation.” (77) Ini nomor telepon rumahnya. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 56) Zhe shi ta jiating de dianhua haoma. “This is her home phone number.” The description of identity also includes profession, such as in sentence (78). (78) Dia pekerja malam. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 50) Ta shi yeban gongren. “She is a night worker.” While those stating time can be seen in sentences (79) - (80). (79) Ini malam Sabtu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.120) Xianzai Xingqiliu wanshang. “It’s Saturday night.” (80) Magrib sekitar pukul lima empat lima. (Ayat- ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 281) Riluo wu dian san ke zuoyou. “Maghrib around five fourty five.” Third, there are similar patterns of subordinate phrases with attributive-head structure (numeral- quantifier structure modifies a noun or numeral phrases) as predicates. When numeral phrases are used as predicates, it has a similar pattern both in Chinese and Indonesian. It can be seen in sentences (81) - (84). (81) Xiaoming ershi sui le. A X (Xiandai Hanyu by Zhou Yimin, p. 360) Xiaoming dua puluh tahun. A X “Xiaoming is twenty years old.” (82) Niuroumian san kuai ba. A X (Xiandai Hanyu by Zhou Yimin, p. 346) Mie sapi tiga yuan delapan mao. A X “Beef noodle (costs) three yuan eight cents.” (83) Harganya seribu rupiah. A X (Moral by Djenar Maesa Ayu, p. 25) Ta de jiage yiqian yinnibi. A X 125A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese .... (Ayu Trihardini) “The price is one thousand rupiah.” (84) Mei ren liang ben shu. A X Setiap orang dua buah buku. A X “Two books per person.” As mentioned, the attributive is placed in the front, and the head of the phrase is placed behind (A refers to the attributive, and X refers to the head of the phrase). Fourth, Chinese and Indonesian subordinate phrase of the attributive-head structure has at least one of these characteristics: (a) the head of the phrase is a noun or predicative word; (b) the attributive is a noun or predicative word. Fifth, there are similar pattern of subordinate phrases with adverbs modifies noun structure (which states the time and amount) as predicates. (85) Mei ren ganghao liang ben shu. A X Setiap orang tepat dua buah buku. A X “(There are) exactly two books per person.” (86) Jintian dou xingqisan le. A X (Xiandai Hanyu by Xing Fuyi, p. 323) Hari ini sudah hari Rabu. A X “Today is already Wednesday.” (87) Women xiaozu zhenghao wu ge ren. A X (Xiandai Hanyu by Fan Xiangang, p. 195) Kelompok kami tepat lima orang. A X “Our group is exactly five people.” (88) Umur saya sudah dua puluh lima tahun. A X (Moral by Djenar Maesa Ayu, p. 28) Wo yijing ershiwu sui le. A X “I am already twenty five years old.” (89) Anak beliau baru dua. A X (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 118) Ta zhiyou liang ge haizi. A X “He has only two children.” (90) Tebalnya cuma 65 halaman. A X (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 303) Ta zhiyou 65 yehou. A X “It’s only 65 pages thick.” In Chinese, when nouns that describe time and locative nouns are used as predicates alone, they can be preceded by adverbs such as gang, cai, you, dou, yijing, etc. They can also be modified by the modifier le in the back. Commonly used adverbs in Indonesian are baru, sudah, juga, hanya and so on. Sixth, in some sentences, the subject and predicate can change places without changing the meaning. (91) Yi jin baicai san jiao qian. (Xiandai Hanyu by Xing Fuyi, p.334) Satu kati sawi putih berharga tiga jiao. “A pound of cabbage (costs) 3 cents.” (92) San jiao qian. Yi jin baicai. (Xiandai Hanyu by Xing Fuyi, p.334) Satu kati sawi putih berharga tiga jiao. “A pound of cabbage (costs) 3 cents.” (93) Kau yang anak anjing. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 234) Ni cai shi xiaogou. “You’re the puppy.” (94) Kau yang anak pelacur. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 234) Ni cai shi jinv de erzi. “You’re the son of a whore.” Seventh, there are not many examples of coordinate phrases as predicates in Chinese and Indonesian languages. Eighth, Thus, it can be concluded that Chinese and Indonesian nominal predicates are relatively colloquial and are generally in affirmative form. There are differences in Chinese-Indonesian phrases as predicates. First, as what happens with singular nouns as predicates, when the first nominal phrase is accompanied by particle lah, it becomes the predicate, and the subject is the second nominal phrase. Sentences (95) to (97) are examples using the particle lah. (95) Itulah kunci surga. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 311) Na shi tongwang tiantang de yaoshi. “That’s the key to heaven.” (96) Inilah keindahan Islam. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.156) Zhe jiushi Yisilanjiao de meili. “This is the beauty of Islam.” (97) Dialah yang mendalangi semua ini. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 271) Ta shi zhe yiqie de muhou heishou. “He’s the one behind all of this.” Second, as what happens with singular nouns as predicates, in Indonesian, when phrases are used as predicates, pronouns are often used between the 126 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 16 No. 1, July 2022, 117-131 subject and the predicate. All of these sentences (98 to 101) will change into a verbal sentence with the verb shi when translated into Chinese. (98) Dia itu gadis yang tidak pernah jatuh cinta. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.104) Ta shi yi ge cong wei zhuiru aihe de nvhai. “She was a girl who never fell in love.” (99) Aku ini mahasiswa yang miskin. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.161) Wo shi ge qiong xuesheng. “I am a poor student.” (100) Aku ini orang Jawa. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.176) Wo shi Zhaowa ren. “I am Javanese.” (101) Aku ini orang paling besar cemburunya di dunia. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 237) Wo shi shijieshang zui jidu de ren. “I am the most jealous person in the world.” Third, when the subordinate phrase is not a numeral phrase, in Chinese, the attributive is placed in the front, and the head of the phrase is placed behind. While in Indonesian, it is the other way around. Shaoxing ren A X orang Shaoxing X A Shaoxing ren “man from Shaoxing” consists of the attributive Shaoxing placed in the front and the head of the phrase ren “man/person” placed behind. malam Sabtu X A Xingqiliu wanshang A X Subordinate phrase with AX pattern Xingqiliu wanshang “Saturday night” consists of the attributive wanshang “night” placed in the front and the head of the phrase Xingqiliu “Saturday” placed behind. Fourth, a subordinate phrase that describes a particular object, location, or person by using adjectives has a different structure in both languages. If a Chinese subordinate phrase is used after a subject, an object, or a preposition, then it might also use the particle de. It can be seen in sentences (102) to (105). (102) Laoren huabai de toufa. A Part. X (Xiandai Hanyu by Zhou Yimin, p. 3 Orang tua, rambut(nya) putih. X A “Old man (has) white hair.” (103) Na ge zhanshi tinggao de ger. A Part. X (Xiandai Hanyu by Xing Fuyi, p. 323) Prajurit itu perawakan(nya) tinggi. X A “That soldier is very tall.” (104) Zhe ge ren hao benshi. A X (Xiandai Hanyu by Xing Fuyi, p. 323) Orang ini kemampuannya baik. X A “This guy (has) good skill.” (105) Ta zhege ren man xingzi. A X (Xiandai Hanyu by Zhou Yimin, p.346) Dia ini, orangnya lambat. X A He is a slowcoach. Subordinate phrase with A + Particle de + X pattern huabai de toufa “white hair”, tinggao de ger “very tall”, hao benshi “good skill”, man xingzi “slowcoach”; when translated into Indonesian subordinate phrase will need to add pronouns that declare ownership -nya “his/her” between the XA pattern formed. Subordinate phrase with A + Particle de + X pattern pinqiong de jiating “poor family”, when translated into Indonesian subordinate phrase will need to add conjunction yang “that/which” between the XA pattern formed. (106) Kami keluarga susah. X A (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 108) Women pinqiong de jiating. A Part. X “We (are) the poor family.” Chinese subordinate phrase with adverbial structure (adjective modifies nouns) has an AX pattern. In Indonesian, it has an XA pattern. Moreover, when translated into Indonesian subordinate phrases will need to add conjunction yang “that/which” between the XA pattern formed. (107) Guilin hao difang. A X (Xiandai Hanyu by Xing Fuyi, p. 323) Guilin tempat (yang) bagus. X (Conj.) A “Guilin, a good place.” (108) Maria gadis yang unik. X Conj. A (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 8) Maliya du yi wu er de guniang. A Part. X “Maria (is) a unique girl.” 127A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese .... (Ayu Trihardini) Subordinate phrase with A + Particle de + X pattern du yi wu er de guniang “unique girl”, in Indonesian subordinate phrase needs a conjunction yang “that/which” between the XA pattern formed. Sentences (109) to (118) are data regarding Indonesian nominal sentences which contain the conjunction yang. (109) Hasan anak yang penurut. X Conj. A (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 159) Hashan shi ge tinghua de haizi. A Part. X “Hasan is an obedient child.” (110) Kakek orang yang bijaksana dan berpandangan jauh ke depan. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 206) Yeye shi ge ruizhi er you yuanjian de ren. “Grandfather was a white and farsighted man.” (111) Dia murid Syaikh Utsman Abdul Fattah yang X Conj. terkenal itu. A (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 25) Ta shi zhuming de Syaikh Utsman Abdul Fattah de A Part. xuesheng. X “He was a student of the famous Syaikh Utsman Abdul Fattah.” (112) Dia mahasiswi yang baik. X Conj. A (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 172) Ta shi ge hao xuesheng. A X “She is a good student.” (113) Ia gadis yang sangat cerdas. X Conj. A (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 10) Ta shi yi ge feichang congming de nvhai. A Part. X “She is a very smart girl.” (114) Ia gadis yang baik hatinya. X Conj. A (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 48) Ta shi yi ge xindi shangliang de nvhai. A Part. X “She is a kind hearted girl.” (115) Ia seorang perempuan yang lunak hatinya dan X Conj. A bersih nuraninya. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 276) Ta shi yi ge xindi rouruan, wencin wukui de nvren. A Part. X “She is a woman with a soft heart and a clean conscience.” (116) Mereka berdua orang-orang yang baik dan X Conj. A berhati lembut. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 100) Tamen lia dou shi shanliang er xinruan de ren. A Part. X “They are both kind and soht hearted people.” (117) Ini restaurant yang besar. X Conj. A (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 91) Zhe shi yi jia da canting. A X “It is a big restaurant.” (118) Nurul dan teman-temannya orang yang jujur dan amanah. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 41) Nurul he ta de pengyoumen dou shi chengshi shouxin de ren. “Nurul and her friends are honest and trustworthy people.” Fifth, some Indonesian nominal sentences cannot be translated into Chinese nominal sentences but must be turned into verbal sentences. The Chinese verbs used are shi, zai, and you. (119) Dia gadis manja dan kaku. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 104) Ta shi yi ge bei chonghuai de jiangying de nvhai. “She is a spoiled and stiff girl.” (120) Yang ia mainkan sekarang ini karya Bethoven. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 94) Ta xianzai yanzou de shi Beiduofen de zuopin. “What he is playing now is Bethoven's work.” (121) Rumah kami dua tingkat di atasnya. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 237) Women de fangzi zai ta shangmian liang ceng lou. “Our house is two stories above it.” (122) Ini belantara manusia. (Moral by Djenar Maesa Ayu, p. 32) Zhe shi renlei de kuangye. “This is the wilderness of humans.” (123) Itu komputer bututku! (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 203) Na shi wo de jiu diannao! “That’s my old computer!” (124) Memasak, mencuci, mengepel semua tanggung jawab Noura. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 96) Zuofan, xiyi, tuodi shi Noura de suoyou zhize. “Cooking, washing, mopping all of them are Noura’s responsibilities.” (125) Siapa gadis itu? (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.154) 128 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 16 No. 1, July 2022, 117-131 Na guniang shi shui? “Who is that girl?” (126) Siswanya ratusan ribu bahkan jutaan anak. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 9) Ta de xuesheng shi ji shi wan wan shenzhi bai wan haizi. “His students are hundreds of thousands and even millions of children” (127) Jiwanya jiwa pejuang sejati. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 195) Ta de linghun shi yi ge zhenzheng zhanshi di linghun. “His soul is the soul of a true warrior.” (128) Wajahmu hitam penuh dosa. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 234) Ni de lian shi heise de, chongmanle zui’e. “Your face is black full of sin.” Sixth, subordinate phrase with adverbial structure (adverbs modifies noun) has a different structure in both languages. In Indonesian, the pattern of the predicate will be adverbs + nouns. Commonly encountered adverbs include memang, pasti, juga, and sama-sama. Whereas in Mandarin, between adverbs and nouns must use the verb shi. (129) Awal-awal Agustus memang puncak musim panas. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 2) Ba yuechu queshi shi shengxia de gaofeng qi. “The beginning of August is indeed the peak of summer.” (130) Ini memang puncak musim panas. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 12) Zhe queshi shi shengxia. “This is indeed the height of summer.” (131) Kau memang suami yang kuidamkan. (Ayat- ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.199) Ni queshi shi wo xiangyao de zhangfu. “You are the husband I want.” (132) Kau memang suami yang baik. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 215) Ni queshi shi ge hao zhangfu. “You are a good husband.” (133) Dia memang muslimah yang baik. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 221) Ta queshi shi ge hao musilin. “She is indeed a good Muslim.” (134) Dia memang polisi kurang ajar. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 248) Ta queshi shi ge houyanquchi de jingcha. “He is indeed a brazen cop.” (135) Ia memang gadis koptik yang aneh. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 10) Ta queshi shi yi ge qiguai de kepute nvhai. “She is indeed a strange coptic girl.” (136) Dia memang gadis yang malang. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 85) Ta queshi shi yi ge kelian de nvhai. “She is indeed a poor girl.” (137) Syaikh Sya’rawi memang seorang ulama yang sangat merakyat. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 27) Syaikh Sya’rawi queshi shi yi wei feichang mincui zhuyi de xuezhe. “Shaykh Sya'rawi is indeed a very populist scholar.” (138) Dia pasti Aisha. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 60) Ta yiding shi Aisha. “She must be Aisha.” (139) Namanya juga party. (Staccato by Djenar Maesa Ayu, p. 64) Mingzi jiushi paidui. “It’s a party by its name.” (140) Saya juga teman yang baik. (Staccato by Djenar Maesa Ayu, p. 77) Wo ye shi hen hao de pengyou. “I am also a good friend.” (141) Kita sama-sama mahasiswa. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 74) Women dou shi xuesheng. “We are both students.” (142) Nama-nama itu semuanya nama kawasan Elite. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p.19) Na xie mingzi dou shi jingying diqu de mingcheng. “The names are all Elite region names.” The same pattern also occurs in nominal phrases with adjectives as modifier. (143) Putri satu-satunya pemberi kekuatan hidup. (Cermin by Djenar Maesa Ayu, p. 46) Putri shi weiyi shengmingli de jiyuzhe. “Putri is the only life force.” (144) Dia benar-benar anak pelacur sial. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 87) Ta zhenshi ge daomei de biaozi yang de. “He's really the son of an unlucky bitch.” (145) Dia benar-benar anak setan! (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 87) Ta zhenshi ge mo tong! “He really is a devil child!” (146) Dia benar-benar gadis shalihah yang pemalu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 176) Ta zhende shi yi ge haixiu de shalihah nvhai. “She is really a shy shalihah girl.” (147) Noura sungguh gadis yang tidak tahu diri. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 296) 129A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese .... (Ayu Trihardini) Noura zhenshi ge wuzhi de nvhai. “Noura is really an ignorant girl.” Seventh, the negation of Chinese nominal sentences using verb bushi, belongs to verbal sentences. (148) Ta bushi Luzhen ren. (Zhufu by Lu Xun, p.44) Dia bukan orang Luzhen. “He is not from Luzhen.” (149) Jintian bushi xingqitian. (Xiandai Hanyu by Fan Xiangang, p. 196) Hari ini bukan Hari Minggu. “Today is not Sunday.” The Indonesian adverb bukan, which is the equivalent of Chinese bushi “not”, modifies the noun phrase orang Luzhen, forming a noun phrase. It can be seen that the negative form of the Indonesian nominal sentence still belongs to the nominal sentence, while the Chinese one belongs to the verbal sentence. (150) Tubuhnya bukan bentuk. (Cermin by Djenar Maesa Ayu, p. 51) Ta shenti bushi xingshi. “The body is not a form.” (151) Kami bukan keluargamu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 47) Women bushi ni de jiaren. “We are not your family.” (152) Aku bukan pelaku pemerkosaan itu, Kapten! (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 233) Wo bushi qiangjian de zhaoshizhe, Chuanzhang! “I'm not the perpetrator of the rape, Captain!” (153) Aku bukan gadis yang mudah terkesan dengan seorang pemuda. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 285) Wo bushi yi ge rongyi bei nanren dadong de nvhai. “I’m not a girl who is easily impressed by a young man.” (154) Saya bukan seorang pemburu burung hantu. (Ayat-ayat Cinta by El Shirazy, p. 105) Wo bushi maotouying lieren. “I am not an owl hunter.” Figure 1 Chinese Nominal Sentences with Linking Verbs’ Structure Figure 2 Indonesian Nominal Sentences with Linking Verbs’ Structure Table 3 Contrastive Analysis Between Chinese and Indonesia Nominal Sentences No Chinese Nominal Sentence Indonesian Nominal Sentence 1 Describe festivals, time, weather, occupation, age, category of nouns can be used as predicates √ √ 2 Subcoordinative phrase can be used as predicates √ When a numeral phrase is used as a predicate, some must add a verb to become a predicate 3 Coordinative phrase can be used as predicates √ √ 4 Between subject and predicate The head of phrase refers to is an inseparable part of the person or thing referred to by the subject When t he head of phrase is an inseparable part of the subject, the suffix ber- should be added to the noun, and the sentence pattern is transformed into a verb-predicate sentence 5 Negation form The negation of nouns is "not", which belongs to the verb-predicate sentence Belongs to nominal sentence 130 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol. 16 No. 1, July 2022, 117-131 Eight, in Indonesian, nominal and adjective sentences sometimes use the linking verb adalah (to be) to separate the subject and the predicate. However, in a sentence with adalah, the verb is regarded as the predicate in the sentence, and the noun or adjective after it is regarded as the complement (Alwi, 2003). Figures 1 and 2 are a comparison of Immediate Constituent (IC) analysis of nominal sentences and sentences with the use of linking verbs in both languages. Ninth, when a nominal phrase in Chinese is used as a predicate, the object referred to by the head must be an inseparable part of the person or object referred to by the subject (Zhu, 2007). In Indonesian, if the subject and the head have a close relationship, then the head must be appended with the suffix ber- to express its affiliation. After adding the affix to the noun, it becomes a verb, and its sentence pattern also becomes a verbal predicate. (155) Xiaoling xinyanr hao. (Xiandai Hanyu by Xing Fuyi, p. 335) Xiaoling berhati yang baik. “Xiaoling has a good heart.” Chaer (2012) has pointed out that ber- contains the meaning of “to have”, and ber- is also one of the signs of Indonesian verbs. From that, it can be seen that Chinese has a nominal phrase with the structure of Adjective + Noun, while sometimes Indonesian has a verbal structure. Finaly, the research shows the finding on the contrated analysis between Chinese and Indonesia Nominal Sentences, as shown in Table 3. CONCLUSIONS Based on these descriptions, it is clear that through contrastive analysis, it is possible to know the contrasting aspects of the two languages being compared. There are similarities in the definitions of predicates in the Chinese and Indonesian languages, and they are both considered to be statements of the subject. However, structural comparison found that the composition of predicates in Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences differ. Finaly, the research shows the finding on the contrated analysis between Chinese and Indonesia Nominal Sentences (Table 3). Through the comparison mentioned in Table 3, it can be concluded that, first, in Chinese and Indonesian, the two parts of speech that are often used as predicates are verbs and adjectives, and nouns can be used as predicates under certain conditions. Second, Indonesian nominal sentences are more limited than Chinese. Some Chinese nominal sentences have to be added with verbs in the Indonesian translation and become verb-predicate sentences, such as when Indonesian numeral phrases are used as predicates. Third, Chinese and Indonesian nominal sentences differ in their negative forms. The negative form of Chinese uses bushi, which belongs to the verb sentence; the negative form of Indonesian uses bukan, which belongs to the nominal sentence. Fourth, based on these data, the AX pattern (noun modifies noun) in Chinese will perform as an XA pattern in Indonesian; the AX pattern (numeral-quantifier structure modifies a noun or numeral phrases) in Chinese will also have an AX pattern in Indonesian. As for adverbial structure, will have some conditions: AX pattern in Chinese will perform as X + yang + A pattern in Indonesia; A + Particle de + X in Chinese will perform as X + nya + A or X + yang + A in Indonesian. The research has some limitations. Although it has more sources, the data obtained in Chinese are less than in Indonesian. However, the research cannot be based on this as a whole and conclude that Chinese nominal sentences are more limited in their use. Considering that the researcher only has limited sources and has not researched all the works of short stories and novels by Chinese or Indonesian authors. 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