A STUDY ON THE COMPLETENESS, FINITE VERB TENSE,
AND VOICE OF COCONUT RESEARCH ABSTRACTS
Muhartoyo
English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Bina Nusantara University
Jl. KemanggisanIlir III no.45, Kemanggisan/Palmerah, Jakarta Barat 11480
ymuhartoyo@yahoo.com
Received: 1st March 2016/ Revised: 1st April 2016/ Accepted: 20th April 2016
How to Cite: Muhartoyo. (2016). A Study on the Completeness, Finite Verb Tense, and Voice
of Coconut Research Abstracts. Lingua Cultura, 10(1), 49-55.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v10i1.879
ABSTRACT
Abstract is a secondary source of scientific information which can help scientists to get the gist of relevant information
needed for their study. Scientific article usually provides informative abstracts to facilitate readers to know the essential
content of the article. The quality of an abstract depends on the accuracy and completeness of abstract components or
elements. This research was intended to find out the completeness of abstract elements, finite verb tenses, and the voice of
coconut research abstracts. A total of 34 abstracts from the last three-year issues of CORD journal were analyzed. The result
of the analysis showed that there were two categories i.e. indicative abstracts (21%) and comprehensives abstracts (79%).
The most complete informative abstracts consisting of 5 elements accounted for 23%, the informative abstracts with four
elements had the highest amount which was 41%, and the informative/comprehensive abstracts with three elements had the
least amount which is 15%. It can be concluded that most informative/ comprehensive abstracts contain four elements which
are background (introduction), objectives, methodology, and result. Four tenses are usually used in abstract writing; they are
simple present, simple past, present and past perfect tense. Both active and passive voices are used in writing abstracts.
Keywords: indicative abstract, informative abstracts, finite verbs, active voice, passive voice
INTRODUCTION
Scientific communication is an essential part of
research and development. This type of communication is
usually carried out through publications. Both paper-based
and on-line scientific publications play equally important
roles in keeping the flow of information exchange among
scientists. The important role of scientific publications is
signified by the number of research articles published in
various international, peer-reviewed journals. According
to Ware and Mabe (2012), the annual published scientific
articles around the world reach 1.8 million titles. To keep up
with this huge number of scientific publications, scientists
should keep themselves updated with the latest development
of their disciplines. It is highly unlikely to read all those
scientific publications, besides too costly it will be too
time-consuming. One of the easier ways that can be taken
by scientists to keep themselves updated is by subscribing
abstracts of relevant publications.
An abstract is a representation of a larger work in
the form of a self-contained, short, and powerful statement.
The components of abstracts vary depending on discipline.
For a social science or scientific work, the abstracts may
comprise of the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the
work. For a humanities work, the abstract may include the
thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. It
should be noted that an abstract is neither a review nor an
evaluation of the work being abstracted. While it contains
keywords found in the larger work, the abstract is an original
document rather than an excerpted passage.
Bailey (2011) has described briefly that abstract is
usually located at the beginning of peer-reviewed journal
articles. The function of abstract is giving a kind of summary
so that researchers can decide if the full article is worth
reading. Abstracts consist of Background position, Aim
and thesis of the article, Method of research, and Result of
research.
According to the University of North Carolina
(UNC) abstracts are generally categorized into two different
categories i.e. descriptive and informative abstracts. A
descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found
in the work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor
does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does
incorporate keywords found in the text and may include
the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. The term
‘descriptive abstract’ is interchangeable with ‘indicative
abstract’.
Lingua Cultura, 10(1), May 2016, 49-55
DOI: 10.21512/lc.v10i1.879
49 Copyright©2016
P-ISSN: 1978-8118
E-ISSN: 2460-710X
50 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol.10 No.1, May 2016, 48-54
This kind of abstract can be used to represent a less-
structured document like essay, editorial, or book. Indicative
abstracts may cover three elements: scope, argument, and
conclusion. The first element is used to explain the coverage
and the main focus of the original document. For example,
an essay on Shakespeare’s comedy, the Scope element
of this abstract will state that the focus of the easy is on
the Bard’s comedies.Essentially, the descriptive abstract
describes the work being abstracted. Meanwhile, the
Argument element of the abstract will describe the primary
arguments and counter-arguments contained in the essay
(original document). If arguments and counter-arguments
do not exist in the original document, this element of the
indicative abstract will outline analysis or plot progression.
Some people consider it an outline of the work, rather than a
summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short—100
words or less.
Being the representation of the original documents
(research papers, books, theses, dissertations, and articles)
abstracts should be written accurately. It means what is
stated in the abstract is coherent with what it is stated in the
original documents. Discrepancies in abstract writing will
mislead the potential readers of the original documents.
The majority of abstracts included in the scientific
documents are informative. While they still do not critique
or evaluate work, they provide concise and comprehensive
information. A good informative abstract acts as a
surrogate for the work itself. That is, the writer presents
and explains all the main arguments and the important
results and evidence in the complete article/paper/book.
An informative abstract includes the information that can
be found in a descriptive abstract (purpose, methods, and
scope) but also includes the results and conclusions of the
research and the recommendations of the author. The length
varies according to discipline, but an informative abstract is
rarely more than 10% of the length of the entire work. In the
case of a longer work, it may be much less (UNC, 2014).
Birmingham City University (BCU) has given a complete
component of informative abstracts; they are background,
aim(s), methods, results, and conclusions (BCU, 2015). The
later will be used as the basis of analyzing the completeness
of abstract components in this study.
The accuracy of information contained in abstracts
is quite instrumental for potential readers to get unbiased
information. Biased information of the abstracts may lead
to incorrect understanding for the readers. According
to the results of a study published in PLOS Medicine the
“exaggerated and inappropriate coverage of research
findings in the news media” is ultimately related to
inaccurately reporting or over-interpreting research results
in many abstract conclusions. A study published in JAMA
concluded that “inconsistencies in data between abstract
and body and reporting of data and other information solely
in the abstract are relatively common and that a simple
educational intervention directed to the author is ineffective
in reducing that frequency. Other studies comparing the
accuracy of information reported in a journal abstract with
that reported in the text of the full publication have found
claims that are inconsistent with, or missing from, the body
of the full article (Pitkinet. al., 1999).
As previously mentioned abstracts are parts of
scientific journal articles, they should be written based on
academic writing standard which includes the target reader,
content, style, organization, grammar, and vocabulary. The
target reader is academics; the content contains serious
thought, the style of writing uses complex sentences showing
considerable variety in construction. The organization
is clear and well planned and is likely to be error free in
grammar. It tends to use accurate technical and academic
language. Passive voice, the objective and impersonal
point of view are more frequently used in academic writing
(Hamp-Lyons, 2010).
METHODS
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy
of coconut research abstracts compared to the original
documents or articles. It will also look into finite verb tenses
and voices in various components of the abstracts.
The data for this study are derived from CORD, an
international journal of coconut research and development.
The abstracts of scientific articles published in CORD for
the period of last three years (2012-2014) were selected
and analyzed. A total of 34 abstracts were collected from
35 scientific articles. Those abstracts were selected because
they were published in the most recent issues of the journal
at the time of data selection process. The analysis includes
the completeness of abstract components, accuracy of
the information, voice and finite verb tenses used in the
abstracts.
CORD is an International Journal on Coconut
Research and Development published by Asian and Pacific
Coconut Community since 1985. This journal is widely
circulated among coconut researchers all over the world. All
articles published in this journal have been scrutinized by
members of the Editorial Board who are prominent experts
from Indonesia, Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
Australia, and the USA.
Most articles published in this journal present research
results conducted by scientists from various countries
including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, India,
Sri Lanka, Australia, and France. Occasionally some review
articles by prominent experts in the field were included in
the publication.
As mentioned in section 2, there are 34 abstracts
taken from the last three-year issues of the CORD journal
which will be analyzed in this study. The abstracts were
systematically numbered which began from the latest
issue of the journal (Vol. 30 No. 2, 2014). As indicated
in the Introduction, most abstracts fall under the category
of informative abstracts which contain full elements of
abstracts as given by Birmingham City University and
the University of North Carolina, such as background,
aims, method, results, conclusion and recommendation.
The analysis was focused on the identification of abstract
elements. The analysis found seven abstracts that belong to
indicative abstracts; they are abstracts no. 4, 12, 1,15, 22. As
an example, abstract no 4 (Novarianto et al., 2014) is given.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4) Production Technology for Kopyor Coconut
Seednuts and Seedlings in Indonesia
Hengky Novarianto1, Ismail Maskromo1, 2,
Dini Dinarti2, and Sudarsono2
ABSTRACT
Kopyor coconut is a naturally-occurring mutant
having fluffy solid endosperm instead of the
normal one. A similar type of coconut has been
found in several other Asian countries, with
51A Study on The Completeness, Finite Verb Tense, .... (Muhartoyo)
their distinct local names, such as Macapuno
(Philippines), Ma phraoKathi (Thailand), Dikiri
Pol (Sri Lanka), Thairu Thengai (India). It is
a delicacy coconut to Indonesian and sells as
much as ten times higher than normal coconut.
In nature, three types of kopyor coconut exist
in Indonesia: kopyor tall, kopyor dwarf, and
kopyor hybrid. There are three kopyor dwarf
varieties (‘PatiKopyor Green Dwarf ’, ‘Kopyor
Yellow Dwarf ’ and ‘Kopyor Brown Dwarf ’)
officially released, and one registered tall variety
(‘Puan Kalianda Kopyor Tall’). In general,
kopyor fruit yield under natural conditions
is only < 25% of the total harvested fruits for
both the tall and the dwarf types. Traditionally,
Indonesian farmers harvest kopyor fruits at ten
months after pollination while normal fruits
at 11 months. They use the harvested normal
fruits for propagation but cannot guarantee
whether or not they would produce korpyor
fruit. Adoption of kopyor seedling production
through embryo culture has been done.
However, the seedling production is slow, while
the price is very expensive, thus unaffordable
to common farmers. Indonesian Palm Research
Institute and Bogor Agricultural University
have collaborated to develop alternative
approaches to increase kopyor fruit production
through the production of seedling that would
ensure to produce korpyor fruit through control
pollination. Initiated since 2010, the activities
successfully overcome uncertainty in kopyor
seedling production. Moreover, hybridization
among local superior coconut varieties and
known kopyor one have been done to broaden
genetic background of kopyor trait and to
develop breeding population for new kopyor
varieties in the future. Overview and update of
research progress on korpyor in Indonesia are
presented in this paper.
Keywords: Coconut mutant, abnormal
endosperm, controlled pollination, breeding
population
The abstract only indicates the scope of the subject to
be discussed without giving specific details of the research
methodology and results. It does not provide conclusion
and recommendation either. Therefore, this abstract is
categorized as indicative or descriptive abstract.
The remaining 27 abstracts can be categorized into
informative abstracts with various degrees of completeness.
There are seven abstracts with complete five elements, 14
abstracts with four elements, and six abstracts with three
elements. Abstract number 12 (Limphapayom, 2013) is an
example of abstract containing five element s.
12) Study on Chocolate Production
from Coconut Oil and Palm Oil Shortening
Wilaisri Limphapayom
ABSTRACT
Chocolate is a well-known dessert all over the
world. The original chocolate is made from
cocoa products: cocoa bean and cocoa butter.
Research and Development on the low-fat
chocolate process were conducted for value
addition of coconut oil and Thai fruit. This
chocolate processing study composed of
(1) coconut oil fractionation, (2) chocolate
formulation and (3) shelf-life storage
determination. Accordingly, fatty acids
composition of the blend of coconut fat and
palm oil shortening were determined. It
was found that the said product composed
of Caproic acid0. 47±0.12%, Caprylic acid
5.65±0.31%, Capric acid 5.14±0.14%, Lauric
acid 42.56±0.28%, Myristic acid 16.31±0.18%,
Stearic acid 14.55±0.13%, Oleic acid
9.26±0.17%, and Linoleic acid 2.16±0.35%.
The saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty
acids found in this product were 88.57±0.14%
and with 11.42±0.81%, respectively. The range
of melting point is 260C-330C and oxidative
stability is 14.2 to 16.7 hours. The chocolate
formula of pale and dark chocolate 1kg
composed of coconut fat, palm oil shortening,
and lecithin as emulsifier in same amounts such
as 250g, 100g, and 0.5g. However, icing sugar
and defatted cocoa powder are in different
amounts; the icing sugar in pale chocolate
and dark chocolate is 350g and 450g while the
defatted cocoa powder in pale chocolate and
dark chocolate is 200g and 300 g, respectively.
These chocolate products have physical
properties similar to the chocolate products
produced from cocoa butter. The shelf life of
these products is three months.
Keywords: chocolate, fractionate coconut oil,
medium chain fatty acids
The first sentence of the previous abstract above gives
a background (introduction) which is element 1. Element 2
which is the aim or purpose of the Research is revealed in
the second sentence. Next, research methodology (element
3) starts from the third sentence. The results (element 4)
begin from “It was found that…”. Finally, theconclusion
(element 5) starts from “These chocolate products…..”
The less comprehensive informative abstract is the
one with four elements in it. The abstract no. 1(Karouw et.
al., 2014) is an example of this abstract.
1) Fatty Acids Profile, Oxidative and Hydrolysis
Stability of Virgin Coconut Oil and Palm Stearin
Based Human Milk Fat Analog
Steivie Karouw, Suparmo,
Pudji Hastuti, and TyasUtami
ABSTRACT
Value and the objectives of the research are
to evaluate fatty acids profile, oxidative and
hydrolysis stability of human milk fat (HMF)
analog by using virgin coconut oil (VCO)
and palm stearin as raw materials. The HMF
analog was synthesized through enzymatic
interesterification catalyzed by lipase from
Rhizomucormiehei. The fatty acid profiles of
interesterification products were monitored
52 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol.10 No.1, May 2016, 48-54
using gas chromatography. The oxidative
stability test was carried out for up to 72 hours
at 60oC. The peroxide value was measured
during 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours of storage
duration. Hydrolysis stability test was held for
up to 8 days at room temperature. The free fatty
acid content was monitored during 0, 2, 4, 6 and
eight days of storage. The results showed that
the resulted HMF analog had a high percentage
of palmitic acid in the sn-2 position, similar to
that of HMF. The palmitic acid content in the
sn-2 position was around 39.71%. The MCFAs
were esterified in the sn-1 and sn-3 position,
and the main fatty acid constituent was lauric
acid of 39.37%. The obtained HMF analog was
stable to oxidative and hydrolysis deterioration
asindicated by the peroxide free fatty acid
content during storage.
Keywords: interesterification, gas,
chromatography, peroxide value, lauric acid,
palmitic acid
Abstract number 1 starts with the aims or objectives
(element 1) which begin with the first sentence. The second
element which is the research methodology is given by
the second sentence, while the third element is results, it
begins from “The results showed…” This abstract does not
mention either the research background/ introduction nor
the conclusion.
The least comprehensive informative abstract in this
study is the one with three elements in it as it can be seen in
sample abstract number15 (Gallego et al., 2013).
15) Some Biological and Behavioral Studies of
theTetrastichus sp.(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae),
a Pupal Parasitoid of BrontispalongissimaGestro
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Vivencio C. Gallego, ma. Cynthia E. Gallego
and Ivorie J. dela Torre
ABSTRACT
The Tetrastichus sp. was identified as a pupal
parasitoid indigenous to the Philippines. The
total development period of Tetrastichus sp.
from egg to adult was 16 days under laboratory
conditions. The average incubation, larval
and pupal periods were 3.5, 4.8, and 7.4 days,
respectively. The average adult longevity was
5.5 (male) and 6.4 (female). Upon emergence
of an adult wasp from the host pupa, mating
took place shortly and the female look for
suitable host pupa of Brontispalongissima for
oviposition.Tetrastichus sp. is an endogregarious
parasitoid. From one parasitized pupa of
Brontispalongissima, around 6 - 66 individual
wasps emerged with a mean of 22.4 while
parasitized pupae collected from the field
yielded 4-21 individuals with a mean of 12.7.
The majority of the wasps emerged in the
morning (70%) while 30% emerged in the
afternoon. The sex ratio of male and female
was 1:5.4 in laboratory condition while 1:3.7
under field condition with females outnumbered
the males. Tetrastichus sp. was observed in
some cases to reproduce parthenogenetically.
Longevity of Tetrastichus sp. can be enhanced
to a mean of 7.3 and 6.0 days by feeding on
sugar and honey, respectively while water and
coconut pollen resulted in the longevity of 3.3
and 2.4 days, respectively. Adults without food
lived only one day. Parasitism efficiency ratio
of 10 parasitoids: 10 host pupae resulted in
90% parasitism. One to two-day old pupa of
B. longissima was preferred by Tetrastichus
sp. for oviposition with a mean of 86.7%
parasitism. Percent pupal parasitism in the field
ranged 25.7-42.3% with an average of 27.6%
in selected areas in Mindanao. Tetrastichus sp.
was found to control B. longissima effectively
under field condition. The study indicated that
Tetrastichus sp. is an effective control agent of
B. longissima and could be used in the field to
prevent economic damage of the palms by the
pest.
Keywords: Behavior, biology, biological control,
Brontispalongissima, Parasitism, Tetrastichus
sp.
The first element in the sample abstract no.15 begins
with the background of the research which is given in the
first sentence of the abstract. After background, the second
sentence goes on with the research result without describing
the aim of the research. The research results are elaborately
explained, and finally, the abstract ends with conclusion
beginning from “The study indicated…” .
One of the items to be analyzed in this study is
finite verb tenses used in the abstracts. According to Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, finite
verb is a verb that agrees with a subject in number andperson
(Hornby, 1980).Meanwhile, University College London
(UCL) defines finite verbs as “Verbs which have the past or
the present form are called FINITE verbs. Verbs in any other
form (infinitive, -ing, or -ed) are called nonfinite verbs. This
means that verbs with tense are finite, and verbs without
tense are nonfinite. The distinction between finite and non-
finite verbs is a very important one in grammar since it
affects how verbs behave in sentences” (UCL, 2016). Unlike
finite verbs which can function or fill the position of the
predicate in a sentence, nonfinite verbs cannot. In a sentence
construction, non-finite verbs which are also called verbals
usually function as modifiers. However when combined
with a modal, an auxiliary verb, nonfinite verbs can fill the
position of the predicate . According to Huddleston&Pullum
(2005), finite verbs are verbs bound by temporal and spatial
bounds while non-finite verbs are on the other way around.
They further explain the way infinity has no temporal or
spatial bounds induces the traditional notions ‘finite’ and
‘non-finite’ arose.
It can be summed up that the finite verbs are verbs
that agree with number of subject and person as well as with
the tenses or time signals.Finite verbs are the main verbs in
a clause or sentence construction. Finite verbs indicate the
existence of predicate of a clause or a sentence therefore,
the role of these verbs is very essential. Without this kind
of verbs, a string of words cannot be categorized as a clause
or a sentence.
Based on the above description, auxiliary verbs can
be categorized into finite verbs as they will have to agree
53A Study on The Completeness, Finite Verb Tense, .... (Muhartoyo)
with tenses of the clause or sentence. Even some of them
agree with the number of subjects, such ‘shall, will, has,
and have.’
The data analysis shows that there are four types
of tenses used in finite verbs i.e. Simple Present, Simple
Past, Present, and Past Perfect tenses. The most frequently
used tense is simple past tense (55 occurrences), followed
by simple present tense (38 occurrences), and present
perfect tense (11 occurrences). The least used tense is past
perfect tense with only one occurrence. The distribution
of the tenses in the abstracts is as follows: simple past
tense is mostly used in Method and Result elements of the
abstracts. The use of simple present tense is mostly used
in the Introduction (21 occurrences), Recommendation (6
occurrences), Conclusion (5 occurrences), Objectives (4
occurrences), and Result (2 occurrences). Present perfect
tense is mostly used in Introduction (8 occurrences).
The comprehensive abstract number 22 (sample no.22)by
Perera et al., (2013 ) gives an example of three tenses in
different elements of the abstract.
22) Screening Coconut Cultivars for Tolerance to
Infestation by the Coconut Mite, Aceriaguerreronis
(Keifer) in Sri Lanka
L. Perera1, S.R. Sarathchandra2
and I.R. Wickramananda3
ABSTRACT
The coconut mite (AceriaguerreronisKeifer) is
a tiny pest which severely damages the nuts of
the coconut palm (Cocosnucifera Linnaeus). At
present, there is no appropriate control method
for this pest in Sri Lanka. Field observations
have revealed the difference in the severity of
A.guerreronis mite infestation among selected
and improved coconut cultivars in Sri Lanka.
This difference has not been studied in depth
and therefore the present study was conducted
to investigate the levels of tolerance in selected
and improved coconut cultivars and, if
differences were demonstrated, to understand
the mechanism behind the tolerance. A
replicated trial in Thammenna Estate (TE)
in Puttalam district in Sri Lanka, where the
mite infestation was natural and severe, was
selected for this study. The trial was planted
in 1983 and consisted of two improved coconut
cultivars; Sri Lanka Yellow Dwarf x Sri Lanka
Tall (YDT) and Sri Lanka Green Dwarf x Sri
Lanka Tall (GDT) and the selected Sri Lanka
Tall cultivar (TT) which has, green (TTG)
and russet coloured (TTR) forms. Population
assessment of mites on immature nuts, damage
initiation of the fourth bunch and harvest
records were obtained. Further, characters that
were thought to influence tolerance, such as nut
shape as measured by ratio of length to breadth,
the tightness of perianth to the nut surface and
some changes in the affected tissues were also
recorded. Yield data were collected perfect
to estimate the crop loss due to coconut mite
damage. The results revealed that out of the
cultivars tested in this trial, YDT had the lowest
incidence of mite colonization and the smallest
mite population size and symptom initiation
compared to others. The distance between the
perianth and nut surface, the least in YDT, is
suggested as the most probable morphological
feature that would impart tolerance to mite
infestation.
Keywords: Coconut, Cocosnucifera Linnaeus,
tolerance, resistance, mite infestation,
Aceriaguerreronis Keifer
This comprehensive abstract uses simple present
tense for the introduction part of the abstract“The coconut
mite (AceriaguerreronisKeifer) is a tiny pest which severely
damages the nuts of the coconut palm (Cocosnucifera
Linnaeus)”. At present, there is no appropriate control
method for this pest in Sri Lanka. Present perfect tense was
used to present previous study “Field observations have
revealed the difference in the severity of A. guerreronis
mite infestation among selected and improved coconut
cultivars in Sri Lanka”. Simple past tense is used to explain
research objectives “…the present study was conducted to
investigate the levels of tolerance in selected and improved
coconut cultivars and, if differences were demonstrated, to
understand the mechanism behind the tolerance. A replicated
trial in Thammenna Estate (TE) in Puttalam district in Sri
Lanka, where the mite infestation was natural and severe,
was selected for this study”. This kind of tense is also used
to explain research methodology such as “The trial was
planted in 1983 and consisted of two improved coconut
cultivars; Sri Lanka Yellow Dwarf x Sri Lanka Tall (YDT)
and Sri Lanka Green Dwarf x Sri Lanka Tall (GDT) and the
selected Sri Lanka Tall cultivar (TT)…”. Likewise, research
result is presented using simple past too, for example, “The
results revealed that out of the cultivars tested in this trial,
YDT had the lowest incidence of mite colonization and
the smallest mite population size and symptom initiation
compared to others”. Recommendation or suggestion which
is the last element of the abstract is usually presented using
simple present tense, for example “The distance between the
perianth and nut surface, the least in YDT, is suggested as
the most probable morphological feature that would impart
tolerance to mite infestation.”
The location distribution of tenses is as follows: it
was found that out of 26 abstracts which have Introduction
element, only one abstract (sample no 5) uses simple past. It
means 96%Introduction element of the abstract usessimple
present tense. Sometimes, present perfect tense is used
in the introduction element of the abstract. All sample
abstracts (100%) which have Research Method element
of the abstracts use simple past tense to explain research
methodology. Simple past is also frequently used in the
Result element of the abstracts in which 88% occurrences
are in simple past, and each simple present and present
perfect has 6% occurrences. All five sample abstracts
(sample no.2, 6, 8, 9, 22) which have recommendations use
simple present tense.
Unlike other languages such as Latin and Mongolian
which have five voices, English only have two voices i.e.
active and passive voice. Voice is defined as the relation
between the subject or object of the action or state expressed
by verb in the clause or sentence construction. In academic
writing passive voice is preferred than active voice because
it allows the writer to focus on person or event receiving or
experiencing the action by placing it at the beginning of the
clause or sentence.
54 LINGUA CULTURA, Vol.10 No.1, May 2016, 48-54
Based on the analysis, passive voices are used to
express Research Methodology element of the abstract.
All (100%) sample abstracts analyzed in this study which
contains research methodology use passive voice. It
complies with academic writing theory which gives more
emphasis on the use of passive voice than active voice. An
example of research methodology using passive voice can
be seen in sample abstract no. 2 “The experiment was laid
down as Complete Randomized Block Design replicated
three times”. On the other hand Result element of the
abstracts mostly uses active voice (82%), the remaining 18%
use passive voice. The all other elements of Introduction,
Conclusion, and Recommendation use active voice with
third person point of view. In academic writing, the third
person point of view is also more recommended than the
first person point of view.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the completeness of abstract elements, the
abstracts under this study can be divided into two categories
i.e. indicative abstracts (21%) and comprehensive/
informative abstracts (79%). The completeness of
informative/comprehensive abstracts varies. The most
complete informative/comprehensive abstracts consisting
of five elements account for 21%, the comprehensive
abstracts with four elements have the highest amount
which is 41%, and the comprehensive abstracts with three
elements also have the least amount which is 1 7%. It can be
concluded that most comprehensive abstracts contain four
elements which are background (introduction), objectives,
methodology, and result.
Table 1 The Summary of Abstract
Element Completeness
Type of Abstacts Abstract Number Frequency
Informative abstracts
with 5 elements 6,12,13,22,31,32,33 7 = (21%)
Informative abstracts
with 4 elements
3,8,11,14,17,18,19,20,2
5,26,27,28,29,30 14 = (41%)
Informative abstracts
with 3 elements 6 = (17%)
Indicative abstracts 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 16, 24 7 = (21%)
Total 34 = (100%)
The tenses of finite verbs commonly used in abstract
writing consist of four tenses, they are Simple Present tense,
Simple Past tense, Present Perfect, and Past Perfect tenses.
The most frequently used tense is Simple Past tense with
55 occurrences, followed by Simple Present tense with 38
occurrences, and Present Perfect tense with 11 occurrences.
The least used tense is Past Perfect tense with only one
occurrence. The distribution of the tenses in the abstracts is
as follows: simple past tense is mostly used in Method and
Result elements of the abstracts. The use of simple present
tense is mostly used in the Background or Introduction
(21 occurrences), Recommendation (6 occurrences),
Conclusion (5 occurrences), Objectives (4 occurrences),
and Result (2 occurrences). Present perfect tense is mostly
used in Introduction (8 occurrences), as seen in Table 1.
Table 2 The Summary of Finite Verb Tenses
Type of Tenses Location Occurrence
Simple Present In the elements of Introduction,
Objective, Result, Conclusion, and
Recommendation 38
Simple Past In the elements of Method and
Result 55
Present Perfect In the elements of Introduction/
Background 11
Past Perfect In the elements of Introduction/
Background 1
Total 105
Table 2 represents terms of voice of verbs in which
both Active and Passive Voices are used in abstract writing.
Passive voices are used to express Research Methodology
element of the abstract. All sample abstracts in this study
use passive voice to state research methodology.On the
other hand, Result element of the abstracts mostly uses
active voice (82%), the remaining 18% use passive voice.
The all other elements of Introduction, Conclusion, and
Recommendation use active voice with third person point of
view which is in compliance with academic writing theory.
REFERENCES
Bailey, S. (2011). Academic Writing: A handbook for
international students. New York: Routledge.
Birmingham City University. (2015). Writing abstract.
Retrieved January 6th, 2015 from http://library.bcu.
ac.uk/learner/writingguides/1.28.htm.
Gallego, V.C., Gallego, M.C.E., & Torre, I. (2013).
Some biological and behavioral Studies of the
Tetrastichussp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a
Pupal Parasitoid of Brontispalongissima Gestro
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). CORD,29(2), 37-45.
Hamp-Lyons, L, & Heasly, B. (2010). Study writing: A
course in writing skills for academic purposes.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hornby, A.S. (1980). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
of Current English. New York: Oxford University
Press .
Huddleston, R. & Pullum, G. K. (2005). A student’s
Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Karouw, S., Suparmo, H. P., & Utami , T. (2014). Fatty acids
profile, oxidative and hydrolysis stability of virgin
coconut oil and palm stearin based human milk fat
analog. CORD, 30(2), 1-9
Limphapayom, W. (2013). Study on chocolate production
from coconut oil and palm oil shortening. CORD
29(2), 13-18
Novarianto, H., Maskromo, I., Dinarti, D., & Sudarsono.
(2014). Production technology for kopyor coconut
seednuts and seedlings in Indonesia. CORD, 30(2),
31-40
Perera, L., Sarathchandra, S. R., & Wickramananda, I. R.
(2013). Screening coconut cultivars for tolerance to
55A Study on The Completeness, Finite Verb Tense, .... (Muhartoyo)
infestation by the coconut mite, Aceriaguerreronis
(Keifer) in Sri Lanka.CORD,29(1), 25-34
Pitkin, R.M., Branagan, M.A., Burmeister, L.F. (1999).
Accuracy of data in abstracts of published research
articles. The Journal of American Medical
Association (JAMA), 281 (12), 1110-1111.
University College London.(2016).Finite Verbs and Non-
Finite Verbs. Retrieved March 24th,2016 fromhttp://
www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/verbs/finite.htm
University of North Carolina.(2014). Abstract. Retrieved
from http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/
abstracts/
Ware, M., & Mabe, M. (2012). The STM (Scientific, Technical
and Medical Publishers) report: An overview of
scientific and scholarly journal publishing. The
Hague, Netherlands: STM Publisher.