INTERFERENCE IN THE SHORT TEXT OF BESAKIH
TEMPLE
Ni Made Kajeng Martha Puspita
Udayana University
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the four types of interferences; syntax, semantics, copula,
and redundant found in “Besakih Temple” short text. The data were collected through library
research with the necessary note-taking and documentation. The method used in analyzing
this study is qualitative method. The result showed that interferences found in the text are
covering linguistic aspects. It is furthermore called the negative transfer due to the result of
contact with another language. The most common source of errors is lack of knowledge of
the speaker about the language being used.
Keywords: interference, copula, redundant.
I INTRODUCTION
It is commonly said that due to the differences in culture between one and
another language, the interference may occur.
Based on “A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics” (Crystal, 1991:80),
“Interference is a term used in Sociolinguistics and Foreign Language Learning
to refer to the errors a speaker introduces into one language as a result of contact
with another language. It is also called negative transfer”.
According to Weinreich (1953), “Language interference is the effect of a
langauge learner’s first language on their production of the language they are
learning. The effect can be on any aspect of language: grammar, vocabulary,
accent, spelling, etc”.
In the book “Interferensi Pengaruh Bahasa Indonesia Dalam Bahasa
Inggris”, the interference occurs because of the lack of information on each
person in communicating in foreign language. According to Weinreich (1968)
in his book Life with Two Language 1982:289), “the term interferencereferes to
any different that may exist between the speech of a monolingual and that of a
bilingual”.
In order to thoroughly understand, the problem of interference attract me
to find out with the question “What types of interference are found in the short
text?”
II MATERIALS AND METHODS
A short text “Besakih Temple” was taken from
http://www.balistarisland.com/Bali-Interesting-Place/Besakih-Temple.htm as
the source of this article. The decision to use this material because the short text
“Besakih Temple” consists of challenging types of interferences to be
reconsidered. The data was collected through Observation and Reading to
understanding the content. The theories of interferences used in analyzing the
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problems is based on the book “Interferensi: Pengaruh Bahasa Indonesia Dalam
Bahasa Inggris” (Sudipa,et al 2011). The method used in analyzing the data was
qualitative method. This qualitative method used in analyzing the data in the
form of words, sentences, discourse, pictures, daily records, memorandum, or
even tape recorder (Subroto, 1992:7).
III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The discussions are in the range of the interferences found in Besakih
Temple short text. The types of interferences found in short text Besakih Temple
are in the aspects of Syntax, Semantics, Copula, and Redundant. Below are the
analysis of the types of interferences found in short text “Besakih Temple”.
3.1 SYNTAX
The interference in the term of syntax usually occurs because of the lack
of understanding in morphological aspects. Here, I have found six sentences that
belong to interference in syntax.
(3-1) It owns beautiful view from the top of temple area where we can see the
wide nature panorama until to the ocean so that way this temple is many
visited by tourists from all over the world.
From the sentence above, it can be seen that the interference occurs in
the word nature should be replaced into adjective natural, the words so that way
should be replaced into so that’s why, and the words many visited by should be
replaced into visited by many. The correct sentence should be: It owns beautiful
view from the top of temple area where we can see the wide natural panorama
until the ocean, so that’s why this temple is visited by many tourists from all
over the world.
(3-2) He also commands to build the Blanjong Monument that is located in
Sanur Village.
The word commands should be replaced by commanded because this
sentence belongs to past tense, and the conjunction that is can be omitted. The
correct sentence should be: He also commanded to build the Blanjong
Monument located in Sanur Village.
(3-3) Besakih Temple beside as the altar for Hindu people in Bali, it is also as
tourist destination which is a lot of visited by tourist.
In the sentence above, it is found that the interference found is in the terms
of syntax, especially in preposition and conjunction aspect and also in the verb
aspect. Here, the word beside should be placed in the beginning of the sentence
and the words a lot of visited by tourist should be replaced into visited by a lot
of tourists. The correct sentence should be: Besides as the altar for Hindu people
in Bali, Besakih Temple also as tourist destination which is visited by a lot of
tourists.
(3-4) In Hindu philosophy, Panca Dewata is manifestation of Siwa God.
Interference in the Short Text of Besakih Temple | 3
The article the need to be added between the words is and manifestation.
The correct sentence should be: In Hindu philosophy, Panca Pandawa is the
manifestation of Siwa God.
(3-5) It is situated in cool area with the light breeze and unique temple
buildings spread out in the temple complex will create the peaceful
atmosphere.
The word which should be placed between the words buildings and spread,
and the word will also need to be placed between the words complex and will.
The correct sentence is: It is situated in cool area with the light breeze and
unique temple buildings which spread out in the temple complex that will create
the peaceful atmosphere.
(3-6) It is ideally for the people who did the meditation and now, the Besakih
Temple is opened for tourist and it is the great place to visit in Bali.
The interference found in the sentence above is in the term of siyntax,
where the verbs are important to be repaired into the correct form. The verb did
should be replaced into do, the word now should be placed between is and
opened and the words to visit should be replaced with to be visited. In order to
create a good sentence, the sentence above should be replaced into: It is ideally
for the people who do the meditation, and the Besakih Temple is now opened
for tourist and it is the great place to be visited in Bali.
The negative influence that caused by the interferences in the type of
syntax is the lack of understanding in morphological aspects, for examples in
the terms of noun, adjective, verb, and adverb.
3.2 SEMANTICS
In this case, the interferences found in the short text “Besakih Temple” are
the interferences found in semantics way. I have found ten interferences from
the aspect of semantics.
(3-7) It is because pursuant to Agung Mount confidence is holiest and highest
mount in Bali Island.
The use of the words pursuant and confidence are based on the meaning
found in dictionary and they need to be changed into another proper words. The
words pursuant and confidence can be replaced into another words, they are
appropriate and belief and the article the can be added. The correct sentence
should be: It is appropriate to the belief that Mount Agung is the holiest and
highest mount in Bali Island.
(3-8) It seems, the Besakih is coming from very old era which is far before
the existence of Hinduism influence.
The words it seems can be replaced with it can be seen, and the words
which is far can be omitted. The correct sentence should be: It can be seen that
Besakih comes from the very old era before the existence of Hinduism
influence.
(3-9) The Besakih Temple complex is built pursuant to cosmos balance.
4 | Ni Made Kajeng Martha Puspita Lingual (Vol. 6, No.1, 2016)
The word pursuant is based on the meaning from the dictionary, to make
a better sentence, the word pursuant can be replaced with in order, and the words
to cosmos balance can be replaced into to balance the cosmos. The correct
sentence should be: The Besakih Temple complex is built in order to balance
the cosmos.
(3-10) It is based on the nature conception which is disseminating the
fundamental temple complex that is arranged to pursuant of the way
direction.
The words nature conception can be replaced into natural concept, where
the word nature is changed into adjective natural. the words is disseminating are
replaced into present continuous tense disseminates. the verb be also placed
between the words to and pursuant, and the word way is replaced with route.
The correct sentence should be: It is based on the natural concept which
disseminates the fundamental temple complex that is arranged to be pursuant
with the route direction.
(3-11) So, this building can deputize nature as symbolic of the world balance
existence.
The word deputize is based on the meaning in dictionary, and it should be
replaced with another better word from dictionary, represent. The adjective
symbolic can be replaced with noun symbol, and the words world balance
existence can be replaced with existence of world balance. The word can also
can be omitted. The correct sentence is: So, this building represents nature as
symbol of the existence of world balance.
(3-12) Besakih Temple is located in the plateau area which is covered by the
cool atmosphere and Mount Agung as a back drop.
The interference found in the sentence above is the article a which should
be replaced into article the and the word backdrop is replaced into background.
The correct sentence should be: Besakih Temple is located in the plateau area
which is covered by the cool atmosphere and Mount Agung as the background.
(3-13) From the top of temple building, we can see the beautiful panorama of
nature from the temple area to the ocean.
The words panorama of nature are based on the dictionary and need to be
changed into the better translated words. Here, the word nature as a noun can be
replaced into adjective natural. The sentence should be: From the top of temple
building, we can see the beautiful natural panorama from the temple area to the
ocean.
(3-14) Like Penataran Agung Temple as center, we find in its courtyard
conception show the solidarity conception between the original Indonesia
culture namely tradition megalithic in form of Punden Berundak-undak with
the Hinduism concept.
The sentence above are totally translated based on the dictionary or
electronic dictionary and need to be repaired. The word solidarity can be
replaced with similarity. Beside that, the writer also changes the verbs in the
sentence that influences the reader in reading and understanding the text. The
Interference in the Short Text of Besakih Temple | 5
correct sentence is as followed: Like Penataran Agung as center, we found its
courtyard concept shows the similarity between the Hinduism concepts with the
Indonesian original culture namely megalithic tradition in the form of Punden
Berundak-undak.
(3-15) It is very easy to find this temple in Bali where most of the people
have known it in particular the Balinese Hindu.
In order to make a better sentence, the word particular which based on the
meaning in dictionary can be replaced with the word especially. The correct
sentence is as followed: It is very easy to find this temple in Bali where most of
the people have known it especially the Balinese Hindu.
(3-16) You may join the Besakih Temple Tour, the exciting tour package to
visit the places of interest on the way to this temple.
The use of the words places of interest can be replaced with interesting
places. so, the sentence can be changed into: You may join the Besakih Temple
Tour, the exciting tour package to visit the interesting places on the way to this
temple.
The negative influence of the analysis of interference in semantic way is
the lack of understanding or miss understanding occurs toward the readers in
terms of meaning. For example is the sentence number (3-14). There must be a
different meaning between the words solidarity and similarity.
3.3 COPULA
In the book Interferensi Pengaruh Bahasa Indonesia dalam Bahasa Inggris,
copula can be devided into three, they are the copula in terms of noun, verb, and
adjective. Below are the analysis of interferences in the type of copula.
(3-17) Besakih Temple is the biggest Hindu temple in Bali which the local
people call Pura Besakih.
In order to make the better sentence, the verb call should be replaced into
is called. The sentence then can be replaced into: Besakih Temple is the biggest
Hindu Temple in Bali which is called Pura Besakih by the local people.
(3-18) The Besakih’s name is come from the word of Basuki, the old
language from Sanskrit Wasuki, and then it become the Ancient Java
language.
In the sentence above, the copula in the words The Besakih’s can be
omitted and changed into The Besakih. The preposition of can be omitted. The
verb is come also should be replaced into comes, and the the word become in it
become should be replaced with becomes. Based on this analysis, the sentence
should be replaced into: The Besakih name comes from the word Basuki, the
old language from Sanskrit Wasuki, and then it becomes the Ancient Java
Language.
(3-19) In mythology of Samudramanthana has mentioned that Basuki is a
dragon that twines the Mount Mandara.
The article the can be added between the word in and the word mythology,
and verb been can be added after has. The correct sentence should be: In the
6 | Ni Made Kajeng Martha Puspita Lingual (Vol. 6, No.1, 2016)
mythology of Samudramanthana has been mentioned that Basuki is a dragon
that twines the Mount Mandara.
The negative influence found in interference in the type of copula is the
lack of understanding or miss understanding in the type of copula, especially in
the terms of noun, verb, and adjective toward the readers. In even can cause miss
of understanding or even information toward the readers.
3.4 REDUNDANT
Redundant is used in interference in order to simplify the sentence by
omitting the unnecessary word or words. Below are the redundants found in the
short text Besakih Temple.
(3-20) In this Sanskrit, the Basuki means congratulation.
The article the before the word Basuki can be omitted in order to simplify
the sentence. Here, the word congratulation was translated based on the
dictionary. so, in order to find the proper meaning, the word congratulation
should be replaced with the word safe. The sentence then changed into: In this
Sanskrit, Basuki means safe.
(3-21) It is about 2 hours away from Bali’s International Airport by car to the
east part of Bali and right located in Besakih Village, Rendang – Karangasem
Regency.
The word Bali’s can be changed into Bali, and the word right can be
omitted in order to simplify the sentence. Based on this analysis, the sentence
can be changed into: It is about 2 hours awaf from Bali International Airport by
car to the east part of Bali and located in Besakih Village, Rendang –
Karangasem Regency.
The negative influence occurs based on the interferences analysis in the
terms of redundant is that the reader will feel weary to read too much and too
long sentences in order to get the points. Number (3-20) is for example. The
article the in sentence “In this Sanskrit, the Basuki means congratulation” can
be omitted in order to simplify the sentence.
IV CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis on the Besakih Temple short text, there are total 21
examples based on four types of interference found in the short text. There are
four types of interferences found in the short text “Besakih Temple”, they are in
the term of syntax, semantics, copula, and redundant. The first analysis is in the
term of syntax, which consists of six analysis, the second analysis is semantics
which consists of ten analysis, the third is copula which consists of three
analysis, and the last is redundant, which consists of two analysis.
REFERENCES
Sudipa, I Nengah. 2013. Abstrak Berbahasa Inggris Publikasi Ilmiah. Denpasar:
Udayana University Press.
Interference in the Short Text of Besakih Temple | 7
Sudipa, I Nengah, dkk. 2011. Interferensi Pengaruh Bahasa Indonesia Dalam
Bahasa Inggris. Denpasar: Udayana University Press.
http://www.balistarisland.com/Bali-Interesting-Place/Besakih-Temple.htm.
APPENDICES
Besakih Temple
Karangasem Bali
(http://www.balistarisland.com/Bali-Interesting-Place/Besakih-Temple.htm)
Besakih Temple is the biggest Hindu temple in Bali which the local people
call Pura Besakih. It owns beautiful view from the top of temple area where we
can see the wide nature panorama until to the ocean so that way this temple is
many visited by tourists from all over the world. Besakih Temple is located in
Besakih countryside, Rendang sub district, Karangasem regency, east part of the
island. It is located in southwest side bevel of mount Agung, the biggest mounts
in Bali. It is because pursuant to Agung Mount confidence is holiest and highest
mount in Bali Island.
BESAKIH IN MYTHOLOGY
The Besakih's name is come from the word of Basuki, the old language
from Sanskrit Wasuki, and then it become the Ancient Java Language. In this
Sanskrit, the Basuki means congratulation. In mythology of Samudramanthana
has mentioned that Basuki is a dragon that twines the Mount Mandara. The
omission has come from tradition megalithic which had been indicated that it
had to be sanctified place. It seems, the Besakih is coming from very old era
which is far before the existence of Hinduism influence.
http://www.balistarisland.com/Bali-Interesting-Place/Besakih-Temple.htm
http://www.balistarisland.com/Bali-Interesting-Place/Besakih-Temple.htm
8 | Ni Made Kajeng Martha Puspita Lingual (Vol. 6, No.1, 2016)
Hereinafter, an Ancient Bali king of Sri Kesari Warmadewa found the
Merajan Selonding Temple in this temple complex area. He also commands to
build the Blanjong Monument that is located in Sanur Village. The Besakih
Temple complex is built pursuant to cosmos balance. It is based on the nature
conception which is disseminating the fundamental temple complex that is
arranged to pursuant of the way direction. So, this building can deputize nature
as symbolic of the world balance existence.
BESAKIH TEMPLE IN HINDU'S PHILOSOPHY
As we familiarize, that the point direction way like East, South, West,
North, and middle as center point and each direction is named by Mandala. In
Hindu philosophy, Panca Dewata is manifestation of Siwa God. Like Penataran
Agung Temple as center, we find in its courtyard conception show the solidarity
conception between the original Indonesia culture namely tradition megalithic
in form of Punden Berundak-undak with the Hinduism concept. The ancient
omissions which is existing in Besakih Temple complex can be classified into 2
types those are omission pertained by megalithic tradition and classic era.
Besakih Temple beside as the altar for Hindu people in Bali, it is also as tourist
destination which is a lot of visited by tourists.
BESAKIH, PLACE TO VISIT IN BALI
Besakih Temple is located in the plateau area which is covered by the cool
atmosphere and Mount Agung as a back drop. From the top of temple building,
we can see the beautiful panorama of nature from the temple area to the ocean.
It is situated in cool area with the light breeze and unique temple buildings
spread out in the temple complex will create the peaceful atmosphere. It is
ideally for the people who did the meditation and now, the Besakih Temple is
opened for tourist and it is the great place to visit in Bali.
HOW TO LOCATE BESAKIH TEMPLE?
It is very easy to find this temple in Bali where most of the people have
known it in particular the Balinese Hindu. It is about 2 hours away from Bali's
International Airport by car to the east part of Bali and right located in Besakih
Village, Rendang – Karangasem Regency. You may join the Besakih Temple
Tour, the exciting tour package to visit the places of interest on the way to this
temple.