ACTION VERBA OF “MEMELENG” IN SASAKNESE A METALANGUAGE APPROACH Bohri Rahman Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Qamarul Huda Bagu-Lombok Tengah bohri.rahman@gmail.com Abstract In Sasak language , memeleng 'cut' has several forms such as the following variations: gecok , melekés , mépés , ngawas , beréngge , munggel , nyacak , ngawis : the meaning of memeleng in the corpus represents a transitive verb of prototype. This selection is intended to provide a brief overview of the semantic structure. Lexicon memeleng ‘cutting' describes the semantic structure of the sub - component" X doing something", "something bad happened" and "X do something", "something good happens." Lexicon with each variation do the concepts of representations. The verb of memeleng ‘cut ' the mapping component "X did something to Y" because" something happened to Y". Memeleng lexicon based on the tools, motion model, an entity that is subject to section treatment and final results are expected to be achieved. Keywords: Action Of Verb, Sasaknese, Natural Semantic Metalanguage. I INTRODUCTION Sasak language is one of the local languages in the archipelago that has similarities with other languages around him, such as Balinese, Javanese and Samawanese in Sumbawa. This similarity can be seen from the pattern of sentence structure and word classes that are central and complex. It is also seen that the central nature of semantic verb always appears in the narrative, as a determinant of argument verbs, and verbs have a semantic role in determining the ability of each arguments that accompany the verb. Although there are similarities with other languages that are in the Sasak language environment, there are many striking differences, namely in terms of the wealth of SV variants. This is caused by Sasak language, sasak language is the language that have been influenced from Balinese and Javanese language and Milky Samawa. Semantically SV can be grouped based on the time stability (Givon 1984: 52), based on the time -scale stability VBS can be divided into; (a) verb statement; (b) verb and (c) action verbs. Verbs are considered the most stable state in the sense of time does not change. Verbs are less stable over time because the process moves from one state to the other state. Action verbs are not stable over time. II MATERIALS AND METHOD The data was taken from the daily conversation with friends in informal situation. The data was collected by note-taking and observation during the mailto:bohri.rahman@gmail.com 28 | Bohri Rahman Lingual (Vol. 7, No.2, 2016) conversation. There are a number of data-corpus to be selected randomly and furthermore analyzed through the matalanguage (Allan, 2001:3). Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) is the study of the semantic approach that considered gives an adequate analysis meaning. The notion of technique can produce analytical explication of the meaning of language semantics approach postulates. This theory believes that one form has one meaning and one meaning for one form. This comprehension explain the lexicon can hold one meaning or the meaning of expressed in the lexicon, so unimpressed that the granting of the meaning is a rotating against a lexicon (Sudipa , 2012: 1). Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) is designed to explicate all meaning, either lexical meaning, illocutionary meaning and grammatical meaning. In this theory, the explication of meaning framed in a metalanguage that is sourced from a natural language that is generally understood by all native speakers (Wierzbicka , 1996: 10 and the band. Mulyadi, 1998: 34). The basic assumption of this theory is related to the principle which states that the semiotic analysis of meaning will be discrete and complete, in the sense that any compound can be explained without spin and without residue in combination other discrete meanings (Goddard, 1996: 24; Wierzbicka, 1996 : 10; Sutjiati Beratha, 1997: 10, Mulyadi, 1998: 35). There are a number of important theoretical concepts in the NSM theory, namely: the semantic prime, polysemy, Alolexi, alence choice v, and syntax NSM. The relevant concepts to support the analysis of data was taken from the Sasak language of verbs. Semantic prime can not be changed due to human inherited from birth (Goddard, 1996: 2; Mulyadi, 1998: 35). The meaning of this is a reflection of a fundamental human mind. Semantic prime includes a broad realm of language typologically and genetically. Primetive meaning to the earliest meaning is understood by speakers. Semantic prime became the starting point or base to understand the changes of meaning that emerge later. Polysemy is a form of single lexicon that expresses two different original meanings. In this case, there is no relationship between the composition of the exponents and other exponents of exponents because it has a different grammatical structure. Wierzbicka introduce Syntax NSM which is an extension of the original meaning of the system. Wierzbicka states that the meaning has a very complex structure, meaning not only made up of simple elements, such as: someone, wants, and know, but the complex structure of the components. Syntax NSM consists of a combination of original meaning universal lexicon that form a simple proposition in accordance with the morph syntax. For example: will want to have certain universal rules in context: I want to do this (Wierzbicka, 1996: 19). NSM theory regard as the three forms of the verb categories: (a) The state verbs; (b) The process verbs and (c) action verbs. This study will specifically on action verbs Sasak language. Action verbs (actions) can be Action Verba of “Memeleng” in Sasaknese a Metalanguage Approach | 29 identified by two characteristics: (a) may be the answer to the question: What is done by the subject, (b) can be used as a command -forming sentences. examples: ( 1 ) Andi swim earlier. ( 2 ) We have not slept since yesterday. Words in italics in the above sentence is the action verb. Said swimming can be used to answer the question: What does Andi? The word sleep is the answer of the question: What we have not done since yesterday? In addition, the word can be used in a sentence as a command in the following sentence: Sleep! Swim (was) at will you! III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In every language, including Sasak language, verbs are divided into three types, namely (a) verb of statement; (b) The process verbs and (c) action verbs. The focus of the following study is action verbs, the verb is a verb which is used to perform, with polysemy: doing and happening. The combination of doing and happening influence by undergone to revealed a relatively high because the class includes verbs transitive verb prototype. Transitive verbs have the subject as an agent prototype and direct object as a patient (Wierzbicka, 1996: 421). In Sasak language, verb of memeleng ' cut ' prototype represents a transitive verb in the corpus of this study. This selection is intended to provide a brief overview of the semantic structure and not spinning. Lexicon memeleng 'cutting' describes the semantic structure of the sub - component "X doing something", "something bad happened to Y" and "X do something". "something good happened" . Lexicon with each variation as do the concepts of representation and the case. If the memeleng ' cut ' the mapping component "X did something to Y" and because "something happened to Y". lexicon Memeleng based on the tools, motion model, an entity that is subject to section treatment and final results are expected to be achieved or agent. Lexicon memeleng shape variations as follows: gecok, melekés, mépés, ngawas, beréngge, munggel, nyacak, ngawis, begunting: cutting gecok : cut thinly melekés : cut with two hands mépés : cutting branches of trees that have fallen or dry ngawas : cut shrubs gillnets : cutting branches or sticks that are still standing munggel : cut shoot of beans example bean plants nyacak : cut something into small ngawis : cut grass for fodder begunting : a haircut or a shave begorok : slaughtering or butchering animals dampol : cutting trees that are still alive 30 | Bohri Rahman Lingual (Vol. 7, No.2, 2016) Mépés, ngawas, gillnets, dampol, munggel and ngawis: This lexicons have reference to an entity form part of the plant. the difference of Meaning caused by the lexicons are distinguished by the state or what happened to Y. Mépés used to describe the act of X to Y, the state Y is not alive anymore. For example, the following sentence: Andi mépés kayuk lek kebon (Andi cut wood in the garden) When a person hears the speech the audience will immediately understand that the subject (X) cut wood that has fallen branches or twigs of wood that has been dried with using machetes. It is certain that X uses a machete and do not use saws, sickles, axes or knives to perform actions against Y. Ngawas used to declare cut shrubs that grow in the fields. When Inspectors can be ascertained that the X cut the bushes with machetes. X action aimed at cleaning up the farm of the sagebrush. X is not going to cut down trees or cut branches when X do ngawas. Likewise X is not going to cut a small plant shoots with his hand. Ngawas used in the following sentence Amaq Andi ngawas lek kebon (of Andi’s father cutting bushes in the garden) Aku jak lalo nagawas lemak aru (I'll go cutting bushes tomorrow morning) The second sentence describes the use of a lexicon ngawas. In the lexicon of usage, although equally meaningful cut however ngawas can not be replaced with another lexicon. As berengge, bedampol, or others. Gillnet and second dampol lexicon has the same reference is cutting the tree that is still alive and standing. The difference is if gillnet then X will cut wood branches that grow laterally left or right of the main tree, while dampol, X will cut the main tree that grows upward. If gillnet intended to make the tree grow up to the top of the dampol intended that the trees do not grow up, but be shady as it grows laterally. Both the lexicon is demanding X to use the same tools to perform actions, although Y will get perbeda treatment of X. Almost the same as the verb dampol meaningful munggel cutings plant shoots as a meaning verb of dampol. The difference is dampol used for large trees then munggel used for small plants like beans and the like. Munggel also do not want X to use tools to cut, because cutting munggel using fingers (thumb and index finger). Munggel also do not want X to climb to do so. In meaning, though dampol and munggel had the same original meaning cut, but both are very different from the reference and the way to do it. Lexicon ngawis still has a plant cutting entities. Lexicon ngawis formed from the noun Awis (sickle), the addition of the prefix "ng" the noun "Awis" change the class that word into a verb. Ngawis be semantically meaningful cut. This variation is typically used with less meaning cutting grass for cattle, buffalo, horses, or other grazing livestock. Ngawis use tool Awis (sickle) to cut. The Ways in which X is also different from other lexicons default meaningful cut, like dampo, Pepes, gillnets and others in this discussion. Examples of its use in a sentence like the following. Andi lalo awisan sampi (Andi went mowing grass for cows). Action Verba of “Memeleng” in Sasaknese a Metalanguage Approach | 31 Gecok and cacak, the lexicon is meaningful default cut. Examples of the use of this lexicon as follows: Cacak kedebong tie Andi (Andi cut the banana tree) Gecok bawang tie sari (sari cut the onion) From these examples it looks lexicon gecok use of vertical and different. Cacak used to Y is greater. Cacak will not be used for small Y as onions, vegetables, and fruits. Cacak requires X do tools such as machetes to perform different actions on the vertical Y. Gecok used for Y are small, gecok also do not want X to use energy and machetes to perform actions. Gecok desired tool is a knife or a tool like that do not use much power to do so. Melekés has cut the original meaning. But in melekés X does not use a tool to take action to Y. Tools needed only two hands. Melekés a Y cut in the form of bars for example pens, sticks, pencils, plastic ruler and anything that can be held, lightweight, and easily broken. Melekés not require a lot of energy to do it, X will easily do it to Y, since Y is an object that is easily broken. Example for speech that uses the lexicon melekés: Girangn melekés dengan tie (the men cut) IV CONCLUSION Based on the results of the analysis using analytical techniques paraphrase/explication, mapping with natural language sentences in a canonical form, with supporting data on Sasak language, verbs memeleng 'cut' can be analyzed thorough the theory of metalanguage. This study has given a clear enough picture of the technical explication stating one form or lexicon to one meaning and one meaning for one form or lexicon. REFERENCES Allan, Keith. 2001. Natural Linguistic Semantics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Goddard, Cliff. 1996. Semantic Theory and Semantic Universal (Cliff Goddard Convensor) Cross Linguistic Syntax from Semantic Point of View (NSM Approach) 1-5 Australia. Sudipa, I Nengah. 2004. “Verba Bahasa Bali, sebuah Kajian Metabahasa Semantik Alami” Disertasi Doktor Linguistik-Denpasar. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1996. Semantics: Prime and Universal. Oxford: Oxford University. Mulyadi, 1998. “Struktur Semantis Verba Bahasa Indonesia” Tesis S2, Linguistik Denpasar. Sutjiati, Beratha, NI, 1997. “Basic Concepts of a Universal Semantic Metalanguage” Linguistika 110-115. Denpasar: Program Magister Linguistik UNUD.