Lingual: Journal of Language & Culture (Volume 13, No.1, May 2022) English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Udayana University 34 CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING FOUND IN THE SHALLOW STUFF’S UTTERANCE Kadek Rina Desiyana Putri, Ni Made Verayanti Utami, Ni Nyoman Deni Ariyaningsih Faculty of Foreign Languages, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar rina.desiyana25@gmail.com, verayanti.utami@unmas.ac.id, deni@unmas.ac.id Abstract This study aims to determine the types and functions of code switching and code mixing between Indonesian and English that occur in the utterance made by one of Indonesia's beauty vlogger, Shallow Stuff in three videos from her YouTube channel. The analysis is using three different theories, a theory proposed by Poplack in Romaine (1995) to analyze the types of code switching, the second theory is proposed by Muysken (2000) to analyze the types of code mixing, and a theory proposed by Marasigan (1983) to analyze the functions of code switching and code mixing. The direct observation method is used by transcribing and note-taking the utterance that contains code switching and code mixing from the video. The results indicate that the most frequent code switching in Shallow Stuff's utterance is intra-sentential switching because she often switches her utterance using English sentences, on the other hand, the result found the most frequent code mixing is the insertion. Keywords: code switching, code mixing, beauty vlogger I INTRODUCTION Communication is important in human life. Through communication, ideas thought, humans feeling, or information is delivered. In communication, there should have media or tools which as language. Language is used to deliver all of the information, or ideas in communication. Language is different in each country and very diverse. Due to there being many different languages, Grosjean:1982 stated that the function of language is as the identity of each social group and also as a symbol of group membership and solidarity. The variety of languages currently exist affects people these days who learn or use more than one language, a phenomenon is known as bilingualism or multilingualism. Bilingualism refers to the ability to use and communicate in two different languages, whereas multilingualism refers to the ability to use and communicate in two or more distinct languages at the same time. People with this ability can change their language while speaking. The use of more than one language while speaking or writing is known as code switching and code mixing. This phenomenon often occurs in bilinguals, for example, Indonesian people who are accustomed to using Indonesian and the local language while speaking. Public figures or content creators on social media, especially YouTube, also often do code switching and code mixing using a foreign language. Shallow Stuff is an Indonesian bilingual YouTuber that simultaneously does code switching and code mixing in her utterance. Shallow Stuff is a content creator who reviewed beauty. This study aims to investigate deeper analyze the types and functions of Indonesian-English code switching and code mixing. The Shallow Stuff videos were analyzed because some of her utterances in the three videos used as data sources contained code-switching and code-mixing of the Indonesian-English language. The researcher is extremely driven to do a study entitled "Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in the Shallow Stuff’s Utterance" II MATERIALS AND METHOD 2.1 THEORIES The theory used in this research is divided into three parts; they were the types of code switching, the type of code mixing, and the function of code switching and code mixing. The first theory is proposed by Poplack in Romaine (1995) in the book entitled Bilingualism Second Edition. This theory is about the type of code switching, where this theory is used to answer the first problem. The second theory is proposed by Muysken (2000) in the book Bilingual Speech a Typology of Code-Mixing about the type of code mixing. The last theory used in this research is the theory about the function of code switching and code mixing proposed by Marasigan (1983). According to Poplack as cited in Romaine (1995), there are three types of code switching; tag switching, intra-sentential switching, and inter-sentential switching. Tag switching is simply defined as adding a tag in a different language to an utterance whose language is completely different. Tag mailto:rina.desiyana25@gmail.com mailto:verayanti.utami@unmas.ac.id mailto:deni@unmas.ac.id Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in the Shallow Stuff’s Utterance | 35 switching is extremely uncomplicated and can be positioned at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence or utterance. Its syntactic nature makes this type of code-switching low risk of occurrence of grammatical violations of rules. You know, I mean, etc. is an example of tag switching. Intra-sentential switching occurs when a clause or sentence is switched. A clause or sentence from another language is incorporated into the language being used. Inter-sentential switching can also arise within speaker rounds, according to Romaine (1995:122-123). However, inter-sentential switching refers to switching that occurs at a sentence limit or clause (Poplack in Romaine, 1995: 122-123). The preacher begins in their first language and then changes to other languages. This means that one utterance will utilize one language, followed by another utterance or statement in a completely different language. Speakers must be fluent in both participating languages utilized when communicating to engage in inter-sentential switching. Apart from the type of code switching, code mixing also has three types as developed by Muysken (2020). The theory proposed by Muysken (2000) isolated the type of code mixing into three; Insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. The explanation of each type is clearly explained as follows: According to Muysken (2000), insertion is the merging of words, sentences, or lexical objects from one language into the structural arrangement of another. The code-mixing system is envisioned as something akin to borrowing. People commonly utilize code mixing when they do not know a word or term, or a phrase in their first language, therefore they mix a code in a sentence or utterance. Alternation arises when the speaker mixed the language that is used with a phrase from a completely different language. Alternation happens between structures from two languages present. According to Muysken (2000), alternation occurs in a single round speech or a single sentence. According to Muysken, congruent lexicalization occurs when two languages share a grammatical structure that can be filled lexically with elements from either language (2000). Congruent lexicalization is influenced by dialect in a person, which impacts language use. The occurrence of code switching and code mixing has certain functions in communication. Marasigan (1983) presents code switching and code-mixing functions; Quotations, addressee specifications, message qualifications, repetitions, interjections, personalization and objectivization, and facility of expressions are all included. These seven functions are explained descriptively as follows: 2.1.1 QUOTATIONS Marasigan (1983:73) explains that the aim of quoting themselves or another person by the topic, either directly or indirectly, is to appear more trustworthy to the recipients. She stated quote acts as evidence of a saying that is a reality that the addressee must believe. A quotation cannot be made up or fabricated. 2.1.2 ADDRESSEE SPECIFICATIONS Marasigan (1983: 76) discovered the addressee specification is used to direct the message to a specific person. 2.1.3 MESSAGE QUALIFICATIONS According to Marasigan (1983: 84), message qualification represents the idea of time. 2.1.4 REPETITIONS According to Marasigan (1983: 79) repeating a message in another code has the purpose to emphasize the message, to make the statement or message by the speaker more clearly and easier to understand, or mark a joke. 2.1.5 INTERJECTIONS Marasigan (1983: 81) an interjection is applied to switch the intercommunication may either be from the "we" code to the "they" and vice versa. 2.1.6 PERSONALIZATION AND OBJECTIVIZATION Marasigan (1983) explains the function of personalization and objectivization refers to someone's opinion, feeling, or knowledge about something. This function is subjective because the speaker expresses fact or argument. 36 | Kadek Rina Desiyana Putri, Ni Made Verayanti Utami, Ni Nyoman Deni Ariyaningsih Lingual (Vol. 13, No.1, 2021) 2.1.7 FACILITY OF EXPRESSIONS According to Marasigan (1983: 90), code switching and code mixing occur when the speaker is having difficulties finding new or acceptable terms in their first language, so happens code change to another language. This situation is categorized as a facility of expression. 2.2 RESEARCH METHODS In the process of analyzing and collecting data, several methods were used. The method used in this research will be a guide in analyzing the data obtained. The data of this research will be collected from three different beauty video vlogs on the Shallow Stuff YouTube channel. Shallow Stuff is a beauty vlogger from North Sumatra Indonesia who starts her career on YouTube in 2017. She can speak more than two languages simultaneously. Besides being fluent in using English, she also can speak German. The three videos which used as a data source such as; the video entitled "Caraku nampak awet muda (kelen yang bilang). Skincare routine luar + dalam" which was published on November 18, 2020. A video entitled “Swatch tanpa makeup base 12 warna Makeover Hydrastay Smooth Lip Whip” was published on March 31, 2021, and the last video entitled “Alasan aku nggak punya Instagram, Twitter, Facebook dan TikTok” was published on June 28, 2021. The reason for choosing those three videos because all the utterances she made are contained code switching and code mixing. In those three videos, mostly she uses Indonesian but sometimes she changes the language to English. This proves that the speaker is bilingual and that shows that there is a relation between the data source and existing phenomena. The data for this research was gathered directly from three videos using the direct observation method. Transcription and note-taking are the techniques used to collect data, and a qualitative method is used to analyze the data. The collected data were analyzed using three different theories. First, a theory from Poplack in Romaine (1995) was used to analyze the data of the type of code switching. Furthermore, Muysken's (2000) theory was used to analyze the type of code mixing found in the utterance of Shallow Stuff. Lastly, the function of code switching and code mixing was examined using Marasigan's theory (1983). III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION According to the findings of the data, there were 76 data that can be classified as a type of code switching, in addition, there were 82 data that can be classified as a type of code mixing that was contained in the utterance made by Shallow Stuff. The table below clearly shows the types of code switching and code mixing discovered. Table 1: Type of Code Switching in the Utterance of Shallow Stuff According to the table, 51 data of intra-sentential code switching happened in the three videos, with 67,09% percentage. Due to Shallow Stuff frequently switches the code within a sentence in her utterance, intra-sentential switching dominated and occurred in all videos. There are also 15 data from inter-sentential switching (19,52%) observed in Shallow Stuff utterances. Meanwhile, tag switching is the smallest occurrence of code switching discovered because her utterance has only 10 data (13,14%). Video Type of Code Switching Tag Switching Intra-sentential Switching Inter-sentential Switching Occurrence % Occurrence % Occurrence % Video 1 3 3,94% 13 17,10% 3 3,94% Video 2 6 7,89% 27 35,52% 6 7,89% Video 3 1 1,31% 11 14,47% 6 7,89% Total 10 13,14% 51 67,09% 15 19,52% Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in the Shallow Stuff’s Utterance | 37 Table 2: Type of Code Mixing in the Uttrenace of Shallow Stuff From the table above, it can be seen that the most dominant code switching in the utterance of Shallow Stuff is insertion. It is shown that there were 59 data (71,93%) that indicates insertion. The difficulty of finding an appropriate word and a lack of Shallow Stuff's knowledge of the Indonesian word is the reason why insertion often occurs in her utterance. For alternation, only 18 data (21,93%) were found. Meanwhile, for congruent lexicalization, only 5 data (6,08%) were found. After the data is presented in the table above, an in-depth explanation of the data analysis that has been found is described in the sentence below. 3.1 TYPE OF CODE SWITCHING According to the theory proposed by Poplack in Romaine (1995), type of code switching is divided into three; tag switching, intra-sentential switching, and inter-sentential switching. 3.1.1 TAG SWITCHING Tag switching is defined as inserting tags from one language into utterances that are entirely in another language. When someone wants to highlight an utterance, they can incorporate a word from another language into their statement or speech. The data is presented below. Data 1 Alright, jadi aku sudah memutuskan mulai dari video ini memutuskan, memutuskan. (Alright, so I have decided starting from this video decided, decided.) As shown in the data above, there is a tag switching from English to Indonesian. An English tag here is shown in the use of the word "Alright" at the beginning of the utterance. According to the data, Shallow Stuff begins her utterance with "Alright" and then continues the utterance in Indonesian. In this case, "Alright" is an English tag, which means "Baiklah" in Indonesian. The word "Alright" is usually used in non-formal or informal contexts. This word expresses agreement or acceptance. According to the analysis, the insertion of the English tag at the beginning of the utterance, as shown in the data above, can be classified as tag switching. The code switching in Shallow Stuff's utterance above also has a function. Shallow Stuff used the English word "Alright" to commence what she wanted to say and do. The speaker is accustomed to using the word "Alright". In this context, she frequently uses that English word while speaking, and has become her habit speaking. The word "Alright" was classified as a facility of expression in this context. 3.1.2 INTRA-SENTENTIAL SWITCHING According to Poplack's theory about intra-sentential switching, as cited in Romaine (1995:122- 123), intra-sentential switching occurs when a clause or sentence from a completely other language is incorporated into the language being spoken and occurs among speaker rounds. From fifty-one data found, one of the data is explained in detail below. Data 2 I'm not ready to reveal my age just yet, tapi kalo udah nyampe ke umur tertentu dan itu udah bentar lagi hmm aku pasti bakal kasih tahu aku udah umur berapa sebenarnya. Video Type of Code Mixing Insertion Alternation Congruent Lexicalization Occurrenc e % Occurrenc e % Occurrence % Video 1 23 28,04% 6 7,31% 0 0 Video 2 31 37,80% 7 8,53% 4 4,87% Video 3 5 6,09% 5 6,09% 1 1,21% Total 59 71,93% 18 21,93% 5 6,08% 38 | Kadek Rina Desiyana Putri, Ni Made Verayanti Utami, Ni Nyoman Deni Ariyaningsih Lingual (Vol. 13, No.1, 2021) (I'm not ready to reveal my age just yet, but if I reach a certain age and it's been a while hmm I'll definitely let you know how old I really am.) From the one utterance round above, it can be seen that Shallow Stuff used two different languages where she started by using English, and the rest used Indonesian. As a consequence of there being a sentence in a different language that occurs in Indonesian utterance in one speaker round as stated from Poplack in Romain (1995), the data above is classified as intra-sentential switching. English sentence "I'm not ready to reveal my age just yet" has function as a message qualification because from her statement it can be interpreted that now she does not want everyone to know her age. It shows that there is a concept of time in her statement. As stated by Marasigan (1983: 84), the concept of time is represented by message qualification. 3.1.3 INTER-SENTENTIAL SWITCHING Inter-sentential switching occurs when a speaker begins using their first language and then switches to another language, according to Poplack (1995), as cited in Romain (1995: 122). This means that one utterance will utilize one language, followed by another utterance or statement in a completely different language. From the fifteen data, some of the data are explained in detail as follows. Data 3 So today we're going to talk about why I don't have an Instagram or Facebook or Twitter account. Kalau twitter sama facebook aku memang gak punya dari tahun 2010, jadi aku sempat punya tapi udah 11 tahun gak punya, dan kalau untuk TikTok sama Instagram dari dulu emang engga pernah punya. (So today we're going to talk about why I don't have an Instagram or Facebook or Twitter account. For Twitter and Facebook, I don't have had that since 2010, so I used to have but I had not it already for 11 years, and TikTok and Instagram, I've never had one.) The data above is found in the video entitled "Alasan aku nggak punya Instagram, Twitter, Facebook dan TikTok". It can be seen that two different sentences used two different languages. In the first complete sentence, the speaker used English, then the second sentence used Indonesian. According to the Poplack theory as cited in Romaine (1995: 122) the data above is classified as inter sentential switching. From the data above, the speaker uses English to inform the audience what they will talk about on that occasion. To explain when the event occurred, the speaker inserts the word "today" to make the statement clear. Due there is a concept of time in the utterance above, the data has function as message qualification. 3.2 TYPE OF CODE MIXING On three videos from the Shallow Stuff YouTube channel, code mixing is frequently used in the utterance of Shallow Stuff. Muysken (2000) classified code mixing into three types: insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. 3.2.1 INSERTION According to Muysken (2000), Insertion occurs when a word, phrase, or lexical object from one language is merged into the structural arrangement of another. From fifty-nine data of insertion found, one data in-deep explained as follows: Data 4 Ketika pegang tangan kayak gini, kaya aku rub kayak gini ini dia oke ternyata lebih soft juga (When I hold my hand like this, just like I rub like this, okay it's softer too) The utterance above contains two English words. The code mixing here is "rub" and "soft". In Indonesian "rub" means "gosok" then "soft" can be interpreted as "lembut". All those English words appear in the middle of the utterance. Due to there being English words inserted in Indonesian utterances, the data above is categorized as insertion. The code mixing with an English word in the utterance above has function as the facility of expressions because the speaker is having difficulty finding an appropriate word due to a lack of Indonesian vocabulary. 3.2.2 ALTERNATION According to Muysken (2000) alternation occurs when there is a switching between structures from two languages present in a single round utterance or sentence using a phrase from another Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in the Shallow Stuff’s Utterance | 39 language. From three videos that were analyzed, it was found that eighteen data contain alternation. One of them is explained descriptively below. Data 5 Ini kayak true red gitu sih. (It's like a true red.) From the data above, it can be seen that there is a code mixing in the middle of the utterance. Code mixing here is the English phrase "true red" which has meaning in Indonesia as "merah nyata". Due to there being a mixing of English phrases in the Indonesian sentence, the data is classified as alternation. Alternation occurs between phrases in a single sentence or a single round speech, according to Muysken's (2000) theory of alternation. Shallow Stuff in the utterance above talked about the color of the lip product she reviewed, she used an English phrase because it is easier to make the audience understand what she means, and she has difficulty finding suitable terms. Therefore, the code mixing that arose above has to function as a facility of expressions. 3.2.3 CONGRUENT LEXICALIZATION According to Muysken (2000), congruent lexicalization occurs when two languages have a grammatical structure that may be filled lexically with elements from either language. From the three videos on the Shallow Stuff YouTube channel analyzed, only 5 data were found that contained congruent lexicalization code-mixing. One of them is explained below. Data 6 Setelah aku biarkan nge-set dia menurut aku masih kayak pink gitu (After I let it set, I think it's still pink) From the data above, code mixing occurs in the middle. It can be seen that there is a combination of grammatical and lexical elements between Indonesian and English. English verb "set" is combined with the Indonesian prefix "nge-". Therefore, the code mixing in the data above is categorized as congruent lexicalization. The data are shown above also contains a code-mixing function. If the speaker is speaking Bahasa, the word "nge-set" is difficult to explain because it has no corresponding definition in Bahasa. She combines code with English to make it easier for the audience to comprehend what she is saying. As a result, the code mixing described above refers to the facility of expression. IV CONCLUSION After analyzing the type and function of code switching and code mixing, it could be concluded that from seventy-six data of code switching, intra-sentential switching is the highest occurrence in the utterance by Shallow Stuff with fifty-one data (67,09%) because she frequently switches Indonesian to English by using a sentence in one speaker round. In contrast, fifteen data (19,52 %) were classified as this type of code switching for inter-sentential switching. Meanwhile, tag switching had the lowest percentage with only ten data (13,14 %) because in emphasize something, the speaker does not use English. Furthermore, for the type of code mixing, eighty-two data were found from three videos, which included code mixing. Fifty-nine (71,93%) data from the Shallow Stuff utterance were classified as insertion. Due to she frequently inserts English words into her utterances, hence insertion became the most common code mixing appears. Eighteen data (21,93%) are identified for the alternation. Meanwhile, only five data (6,08%) were identified as congruent lexicalization this is because Shallow Stuff rarely shares an Indonesian grammatical structure when change the code into English According to the findings, the most common function of code switching and code mixing is facility expression, and personalization and objectivization. Function facility expression is dominant because, in three videos analyzed, she frequently changes the Indonesian to English because she had difficulty finding an appropriate word in Indonesian and her insufficiency knowledge of Indonesian vocabulary, so she changes the language to English to make herself easier to comprehend and the audience easier to understand. 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