Linguistic, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal Volume 4 Nomor 1, Juli-Desember 2020 e-ISSN :2597-3819 p-ISSN:2597-9248 DOI : https://doi.org/10.31539/leea.v4i1.1354 13 AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN AVENGER INFINITY WAR MOVIE Dessy Permata Sari 1 Universitas Putera Batam (UPB) Zakrimal 2 Universitas Putera Batam (UPB) pb161210035@upbatam.ac.id 1 Submit, 04-07-2020 Accepted, 20-07-2020 Publish, 21-07-2020 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to find out the types of deixis and the most dominant deixis that appeared in the Avengers Infinity War Movie. This study applied descriptive qualitative research. For collecting data, the researcher used non- participatory technique and observational method. The data in this study applied the theory from Levinson. The utterances of the speaker is used as the data in this study. The researcher found 168 data of deixis. The data were analyzed into person, temporal, place, discourse, and social deixis. The result showed that there are 87 person deixis, 31 temporal deixis, 14 place deixis, 21 discourse deixis, and 15 social deixis. Based on 168 data, the most dominant types of deixis is person deixis because most of all the character in the movie used person deixis. Keywords: Deixis, Linguistic, Pragmatic, INTRODUCTION In everyday life, being able to speak is essential. Speaking is the delivery of language through more speaker and hearer. In speaking, the term whether or not to speak is determined by the participant. Participants can have a good conversation if the speaker and listener pay attention to the conversation. It can be started from the speaker who gives the best possible speech. On the other hand, the listener can contribute by understanding speech. Speaking that is done well by the speaker and listener has a good impact on the conversation. As during conversation, a lot of words or sentences which have been misinterpreted by hearer. For instance, people who heard sentence „he walks in the park.‟ If the hearer does not understand the context of „he‟ or which it refers to, it will rise the ambiguity. In doing conversation, there are many words that used to refer to something. It refers to place, person, time, social, and etc. According to Birner (2012) the term deixis denotes the phenomenon of using a linguistic expression to “point” to some contextually available discourse entity or property. Deixis itself can be assumed as the pointed meaning Riemer (2010) mailto:pb161210035@upbatam.ac.id1 2020. Linguistics, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal 4 (1):13-24 14 explained that deixis is a those which make reference to some aspect of the context of utterance as an essential part of their meaning. Moreover, according to Levinson (1983) deixis is categorized into five types, these are person, time, place, discourse, and social deixis. Deixis is the topic that the researcher interested to. This research is done to analyze types of deixis. Deixis consists of person, time, place, discourse, and social deixis. This research focused to analyze deixis which proposed by Levinson (1983). By analyzing these types of deixis, people can know easily about pointed meaning in speaker‟s utterance. Deixis is related to pointing. It means that it makes easier to decide which utterance pointed to place, time, person, discourse, and social in the right way. It makes listener knows the clear meaning about who, what, where of the utterance. In deixis, context is needed in order to understand deixis. Context is used to interpret situation when the utterance is spoken. Listener cannot understand the deixis without context. Learning deixis is important because it helps reader to understand in pointed meaning in an utterance. Vaysi & Salehnejad (2016) discussed the spatial and temporal deixis in English and Persian and this research conclusion is that the most economical means is used to describe certain place and time is applied in order to make the exact interpretation of the time and place expression. Saputri (2016) there are 4 types of maxim found in the movie script that consisted of personal deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis and social deixis. Ekowati & Sofwan (2014) the result showed in this research that person deixis is the most dominant deixis and person deixis appeared 234, Discourse deixis was 47. Place deixis was 16. Time deixis was 15, and social deixis appeared 12. Wibowo & Nailufar (2018) the research identified from this research that deixis appeared 676 in the first chapter in the novel, person deixis appeared 569 times, spatial deixis appeared 85 times, and 22 temporal deixis appeared 22 times. Anggara (2017) the result found in this research that the dominant types in this research is person deixis. Wahyudi (2012) the result of this research is that there are five types of deixis and two references found in this journal. Putri & Budiarsa (2018) the researcher found that there are three types of deixis found in this research and the types are person, spatial, temporal deixis. Nasution, et al (2018) the result of this research is that all songs are found in all songs of Ed Sheeran album. Pangaribuan, et al (2015) the result of this research showed that there are five types found in business brochures text which is 16,33% person deixis, 5,71% spatial deixis, 5.31% temporal deixis, 63.27% discourse deixis, and 9.39% social deixis. Patmo (2017) the result of this research is that deixis is used in the daily activity by English teachers and students and the most dominant types of deixis used is person deixis. This research discussed about deixis in Avenger Infinity War 2020. Linguistics, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal 4 (1):13-24 15 Movie. The deixis was found 168. Person deixis appeared 87 times. Temporal deixis appeared 31 times, Place deixis appeared 14 times, discourse deixis appeared 21 times, social deixis appeared 15 times. The researcher decided to analyze this topic because it helps people in understanding meaning in effective way to point something. As it is known that deixis cannot be separated from language and society. Especially in Avenger Infinity War Movie, deixis can be found in the movie so that people can get more understanding through this movie. The function of deixis is to assist the hearer and speaker in understanding and comprehending the meaning in speaking. In the previous research most the data is from song and textbook. In this research used movie which is popular in the world so that people can watch movie while learning deixis. The advantage of this research is because this research used the newest data from previous researches so the data is easy to be accessed by the reader. The data is from movie entitled Avenger Infinity War. The movie contains many utterances about deixis which worth to be analyzed. LITERATURE REVIEW In compose the research, the researcher uses pragmatic approach. In order to comprehend the meaning of pragmatic, it is better to know the definition of pragmatic. As Birner (2012) stated that pragmatics may be roughly defined as the study of language use in context. Based on the quotes that has been described by Birner, it is concluded that pragmatic is the study of meaning which deals with context. It is different with semantic which discusses only about meaning as what have been explained, the researcher analyzed the meaning of utterances based on its context. It is different with semantic which means the study of literal meaning independent of context Birner. In this theory, it is obviously explained that pragmatic focuses on the context meanwhile. By doing this research, the researcher focuses to the utterances depend on its context. Deixis is linguistic aspect which studies about word and phrases which the meaning can be interpreted if there is context. That is why deixis is in pragmatic approach since deixis needs context to be understood. Moreover, in explicit way Levinson (1983) stated that the single most obvious way in which the relationship between language and context is reflected in the structures of languages themselves, is through the phenomenon of deixis. In deixis, it is also called as pointing because some words and phrases pointed to person, time, place, discourse, and social. Levinson has categorized deixis into some aspects. The deixis 2020. Linguistics, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal 4 (1):13-24 16 Person Deixis Personal deixis is related to the understanding of the participants in the speech discussion in which the speech is made. The category of personal deixis is divided into three parts: the category is the first person is the grammar of the speaker's own reference. The second person is understanding the speaker's reference to one or more goals. The third person is a reference source for the people and entities of speakers and speakers. For example, the use of the first person pronouns is the speaker reference for the speaker for himself, the second person to point in one direction or more of the speaker, while the third person to designate other than the speaker and the speaker. Temporal Deixis Temporal Deixis Temporal deixis refers to the relative time at which the conversation or conversation takes place. Temporal deixis is very easy to know if the speaker and speaker understand the time of the conversation and the conversation as well as the purpose of the conversation. There are several words that include time deixis, including: now, yesterday, tomorrow, today, months, afternoon, etc. Place Deixis Based on Levinson explanation about place deixis, it refers to the location that being spoken. It usually comes with the explanation of which place that is spoken in the conversation. There are many words that indicate place. In demonstrative pronoun, there are words „this and that‟. In adverbs of place also can be found words that indicates place (there and here). Place deixis is known as the pointing of place. According to Cruse (2000) Spatial deixis manifests itself principally in the form of locative adverbs such as here and there, and demonstratives/determiners such as this and that. It means that place deixis concerned with here and there as the words which shows the place. Discourse Deixis By looking at Levinson‟s theory, discourse deixis is an expression which refers to some parts in a discourse. Moreover, there is also reference in the text of discourse. According to Levinson (1983). Discourse deixis has to do with the encoding of reference to portions of the unfolding discourse in which the utterance (which includes the text referring expression) is located For example: Kento: Don‟t close the door, the kitty keeps crying Dessy: This has nothing to do with that. 2020. Linguistics, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal 4 (1):13-24 17 Based on the example, the word “this” is deixis. That word means that the closing of the door has no relation with the crying kitty. Social Deixis Social deixis is a deixis that refers to the status and relation between participants. The social status can be known by two speakers in the deixis. Social deixis shows differences in social characteristics between speaker and addressee or speaker with the topic or reference referred to in the conversation RESEARCH METHOD This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The researcher focused on the types of deixis and the most dominant types contained in the movie. The data was conducted from the utterances said by the character in Avengers Infinity War Movie. The theory of type‟s deixis was based on Levinson theory. For the collecting data, the researcher used observational method and for technique, the researcher used non-participatory. The main theory that used in this research is the theory from Levinson (1983). FINDINGS Based on the analysis of deixis in Avenger Infinity War movie, the result showed that there are 87 person deixis, 31 temporal deixis, 14 place deixis, 21 discourse deixis, and 15 social deixis. The types of deixis are discussed in the data below. Table 1. Forms of Deixis No Types of Deixis Total Amount 1 Person Deixis 87 2 Temporal Deixis 31 3 Place Deixis 14 4 Discourse Deixis 21 5 Social Deixis 15 TOTAL 168 Person Deixis Data 1 Tony: “He means get lost.” In the dialogue said by Tony Stark above, Tony talked to Ebony and interpreted what Wong said and told Ebony to just go away. Tony mocked Ebony. The utterance above is spoken by Tony Stark. There is a person deixis “He” in the 2020. Linguistics, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal 4 (1):13-24 18 utterance above is categorized as person deixis. It refers to the first and plural subject. Data 2 Natasha: “We don‟t wanna kill you.” Based on the utterance, Natasha and her friends fought with their enemy and Natasha said that Natasha with her friends do not have any desire to kill the enemies. That dialogue is said by Natasha. The subject “we” in the dialogue refers to Natasha, Captain America, and Wanda Maximoff. It is a second person. Data 3 Peter Parker: “Ned, hey. I need you to cause a distraction.” By looking at the utterance, Peter explains that he needs his friend to cause a distraction to distract the passenger from the alien. The utterance is said by Peter. There is a person deixis “I” in the dialogue. It is known as the first and singular person. Data 4 Ebony Maw: “Hear me, and rejoice. You have had the privilege of being saved by the Great Titan.... You may think this is suffering... no. It is salvation. Universal scales tip toward balance because of your sacrifice. Smile…” In the dialogue said by Ebony Maw above, Ebony tells inhabitants of the earth to feel rejoice about their coming. There is a person deixis “You” in the utterance above is categorized as person deixis. It refers to the second and singular person. Data 5 Peter Quill: “Oh, boy. Stepfather. Technically, she hates him as much as you do. [Thor softens a bit.]” Based on the utterance, Quill tells Thor that Thanos is Gamora‟s stepfather and Gamora also hates her stepfather as much as Thor. That dialogue is said by Quill. The subject “She” in the dialogue refers to Gamora. It is a third and singular person. Temporal Deixis Data 6 Tony: “Earth is closed today.” As the utterance, it said that tony and his friends do not welcome the guest in the earth. It means that the alien is prohibited to enter the earth that day. It is 2020. Linguistics, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal 4 (1):13-24 19 spoken by Tony Stark. The deixis that contains in the utterance is temporal deixis. “Today” shows that the time happens at that day when the utterance is spoken. Data 7 Bruce Banner: “We have to find him now.” In the utterance, Bruce, Tony, Dr Strange, and Wong have to find someone as soon as possible at that moment. Temporal deixis exists in the utterance. There is “now”. It refers to the time which means that action has to be done at that moment when Bruce, Tony, Dr Strange, and Wong were having conversation. Data 8 Tony: “Gotta get that stone outta here, now.” As the utterance, it said that Tony wants that stone to be taken out from that place. It means that the stone has to be taken at that moment when they speak. It is spoken by Tony Stark. The deixis that contains in the utterance is temporal deixis. “Now” shows that the time happens at that moment when the utterance is spoken. Data 9 Gamora: “Then we have to go to Knowhere now.” In the utterance, Gamora said that they have to go to Knowhere where Thanos is at that moment. Temporal deixis exists in the utterance. There is “now”. It means that time which they speak has to be done at that moment when Gamora speaks with her team. Data 10 Vision: “[Struggling to sit up and slide off the exam table] it‟s too late. We need to destroy the stone now.” As the utterance, it said that Vision wants the stone directly destroyed from his head because it is already late. It said that the stone has to be destroyed at that moment when they speak in the conversation. It is spoken by Vision. The deixis that exists in the utterance is temporal deixis. “Now” shows that the time happens at that moment when the utterance is spoken. Place Deixis Data 11 Bruce: “I need to concentrate here for second.” The utterances above happened when Bruce Banner wanted to transform into a hulk but he could not. So, he told Tony that he needs to concentrate at there. 2020. Linguistics, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal 4 (1):13-24 20 “Here” in the sentence is deixis of place. “Here” refers place that Bruce stands for that time. Data 12 Rocket: “I would very much to go there.” Gamora asks her team to go Knowhere to Thanos location, but the Thor refuses to go there and suggests to Nidavelir. Nidavelir is a place where Thor‟s weapon was made. Then, Rocket said that he would very much like to go there. “There” in the sentence means to Nidavelir. It is categorized as a deixis of place. Data 13 Tony Stark: “[Echoing the familiarly defiant 2008 Tony Stark] I'm sorry, Earth is closed today. You better pack it up and get outta here.” The utterances above happened when Ebony comes to the earth. So, Tony tells Ebony to get outta here. “Here” in the utterance is deixis of place. “Here” means earth or place which Ebony stands. Data 14 Peter Parker: “Mr. Stark, it smells like a new car in here!” Peter and Tony Stark are in enemy‟s ship and then at that ship Peter said that the ship smells like a new car at there. “Here” in the sentence means to enemy‟s ship. It is categorized as a deixis of place. Data 15 Peter Quill: “[Voice now normal] No. Knowhere? It's a place. We've been there. It sucks. Excuse me, that's our food. [To Thor as he rummages through their food stores.]” The utterances above happened when Thor suggests to go to Knowhere because that is the location of Thanos. Then, Quill said we‟ve been there. “There” in the sentence is deixis of place. “There” means Knowhere. Discourse Deixis Data 16 Tony Stark: “I'm glad you brought this up, 'cause it's nothing. It's just a housing unit for nano particles.” Based on the utterance, Tony said that Tony glad Pepper brought “this” up. “This” in the utterance indicates discourse deixis. Discourse deixis exists in the utterance. It means Tony stated that his business has no relation with having a kid. Overall, Tony‟s business does not bother their plan in having a kid. 2020. Linguistics, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal 4 (1):13-24 21 Data 17 Sam Wilson: “I hope you're right about this, Cap. Or we're gonna land a lot faster than you want to.” In the utterance, Sam wilson said that he hopes Steve Rogers right about this. “This” in the utterance is categorized as the discourse deixis. It means that Sam hopes Steve sure about his decision by telling the pilot to land in 2600 heading 0-3-0. Data 18 Gamora: “Please don't do this.” Based on the utterance, Gamora begs to Thanos to not do “this”. “This” in the utterance shows discourse deixis. Discourse deixis exists in the utterance. Thanos wants to hurt Nebula, Gamora begs Thanos to not do that. “This” in the utterance means hurt Nebula. That‟s why Gamora said please don‟t do “this”. Data 19 Thor: “NO!!! [After Thanos kills Heimdall] You're going to die for that!” Thanos comes to Thor‟s planet and takes force the infinity stone and he also kills Thor‟s best friend Heimdall. In the utterance, Thor screams you‟re going to die for that. “That” in the utterance is known as the discourse deixis. It means that Thor cursed Thanos for killing Heimdall Data 20 Tony Stark: “I didn't lose him. He's more than that. He's evolving.” Bruce asked Tony where Vision is and Tony said that Vision has turned off his transponder. Bruce tells that Tony has lost his Superbot. Tony responses by saying He‟s more than that. Based on the utterance, “That” in the utterance indicates discourse deixis. Discourse deixis exists in the utterance. It means Vision is more than Superbot. Social Deixis Data 21 F.R.I.D.A.Y.: “Boss, incoming call from Miss Potts” As the utterance, it said that F.R.I.D.A.Y calls his boss Tony Stark. In the call, F.R.I.D.A.Y tells Tony that there is a call from Miss Pots. Based on the utterance, since Tony is his boss, F.R.I.D.A.Y calls Tony‟s wife Miss Pots to show respect as his wife‟s boss. It is also known as social deixis. 2020. Linguistics, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal 4 (1):13-24 22 Data 22 Thor: “Only Eitri the dwarf king can make me the weapon I need. I assume you're the captain, sir?” By the utterance above, Thor calls the Rocket by saying sir. “Sir” is known as the social deixis. In the utterance, Thor is the guest in the ship. As the newcomer, Thor shows his respect to the captain of the ship. The captain is the rocket. In this situation, Rocket has higher position than Thor. That‟s why Thor calls Rocket sir. Data 23 James Rhodes: “You know they're only criminals because you've chosen to call them that, right, sir?” James Rhodes talks with Secretary Ross. In the conversation, James Rhodes calls Secretary Ross “sir”. It is because Secretary Ross has higher position than James Rhodes. To respect Secretary Ross, James Rhodes calls him “sir”.This is known as social deixis. Data 24 Bruce Banner: “Uh, sir, I think you can expect quite a big assault.” Bruce comes to Wakanda to start assault to enemies. There Bruce meets King T'challa or known as Black Panther. King T‟challa is the leader of Wakanda and has higher position than Bruce. That is the reason Bruce calls King T‟challa “sir”. The using “sir” in the utterance is called as social deixis. Data 25 Peter Parker: “Hey, man. What's up, Mr. Stark?” Peter helps Tony Stark which fights with an alien. Then, Peter comes to help Tony Stark. Peter said what‟s up Mr Stark. Since Tony Stark is older than Peter and has higher position than Peter, Peter calls him “Mr” to respect him. It is known as social deixis. DISCUSSION Based on the analysis of the data above, it can be found that all types of maxim include in the data in Avenger Infinity War Movie. As it is known that according to Levinson (as cited in Sasmita, Hardiah & et al., 2018) that all types of deixis consist of person deixis, temporal deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. The theory used in this research is from Levinson (1983).The types of deixis have many kinds. The dominant types appeared in this research is person deixis. Person deixis related to the encoding in the speaking that contained in the utterance 2020. Linguistics, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal 4 (1):13-24 23 Levinson (1983). The use of person deixis showed by the using of first, second, and third person. For the first person, there are “I and we”. The second person, there is “you”. The last for the third person, there are “he,she,it,they”. Person deixis is functioned to make easy in pointing person in the utterance. The least dominant types of deixis is social deixis. As it is known that social deixis is a deixis that refers to the status and relation between participants (Levinson, 1983). In social deixis also exposes the social rankings different in society (Retnowaty, 2019). Miss and sir are usually used to respect someone that higher than us. For the social deixis there 15 data find in the movie. Deixis is useful as the pointing language. 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