LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Learning http://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/LLT Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 37 IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR INDONESIAN SUBTITLES IN THE GOOD DOCTOR TV SERIES Patricia Tyasrinestu and Priyatno Ardi Sanata Dharma University, Indonesia patriciatyasrint@gmail.com and priyatnoardi@usd.ac.id correspondence: priyatnoardi@usd.ac.id DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2020.230104 received 22 October 2019; accepted 13 January 2020 Abstract Idiomatic expressions are used to describe things or conditions that cannot be described by plain words. They carry more impacts than non-idiomatic expressions due to their close identification with a particular language and culture. This research investigates idiomatic expressions and their Indonesian subtitles in The Good Doctor TV series. Two research questions are addressed in this study, namely (1) what types of idiomatic expressions are found in The Good Doctor TV series? and (2) how are the idiomatic expressions in the TV series translated into Indonesian? The researchers employed content analysis. The steps of data collection and analysis included taking the transcript and identifying the idiomatic expressions, identifying their meanings and validating them, and comparing the meanings of the two idiomatic expressions. The results revealed that, first, The Good Doctor TV series contained five types of idiomatic expressions, namely substitutes, proper names, English phrasal compound, figure of speech, and slang. Abbreviation was not found in the TV series. Second, there existed six translation strategies to translate idiomatic expressions in English into Indonesian. Keywords: types of idiomatic expressions, translation strategies Introduction Nowadays, learning English is needed to survive in this era of globalization (Tochon, 2009). As English consists of fixed expressions, it is important to understand them. Idiomatic expression is one of the fixed expressions, which is also called ‘idioms’, ‘idiomatic phrase’, ‘fixed phrases’, and ‘phraseological units’ (Dąbrowska, 2018). The expression is important to be learned due to several reasons. First, it represents different reality, different sources, and components (Poshi & Lacka, 2016). It means that idiomatic expressions have a double meaning; they have a literal meaning and an idiomatic meaning. Second, according to Gaines (1986, p. vii), “Idiomatic expressions give English its color and vitality. They are crucial to the daily speech of the people and the language of newspapers and books, television and movies.” Third, idiomatic expressions add grace and exactness to the language (Dixson, 1983). Idiomatic expressions are used to describe things or conditions that cannot be described by using plain mailto:patriciatyasrint@gmail.com LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 38 words. Lastly, idiomatic expressions are also important in communication in order to learn a new culture (Tochon, 2009). Idiomatic expressions can be defined as a number of words which have different meaning from the individual meanings of each word (Siedl & McMordie, 1988). They are considered as multiword expressions whose meanings are not predictable from their component parts (Makkai, 1972). The meaning of the idiomatic expressions is different from the words when they are taken separately. The sentences containing idioms do not get their meanings from the usual compositional rules to the usual meaning of their constituents (Egan, 2008). Idiomatic expressions are used in daily conversations. They can also be found in movies and TV series. For non-native speakers, subtitles are usually available when a series is played. According to Coelh (2003), a subtitle is an audio-visual translation where one language as a source language is transferred into another language. Through the daily conversation that is in the TV series, idiomatic expressions become a part of the subtitle translation. According to Shojaei (2012), the processes of translating idioms and fixed expressions from one language into another are a fine work which obliges a good knowledge of the languages and cultures that are being shared. Idioms and idiomatic expressions also cannot be neglected when translating a set expression from one language to another because they deal with the notion of fixness from linguistic and cultural perspectives (Horvathova & Tabackova, 2018). It means that the translation of idiomatic expressions is based on the translators’ understanding about the idiomatic expressions which later leads to different expressions. Studies on the translation of idiomatic expressions have been conducted so far. Shojaei (2012) analysed the strategies and difficulties in the translation of idioms and fixed expressions. The results showed that there were four problems which were encountered in different situations, namely no TL idiomatic expressions equivalence, similar counterpart but different meaning, the usage of idiomatic expressions’ literal and idiomatic senses, and different contexts usage of idiomatic expressions. Second, Jabbari (2016) analysed the translation strategies which were employed by the Persian translator of the selected rendering idiomatic expressions. He also analysed the Persian translations of English idiomatic expressions rendering the exact degree of idiomaticity. The results showed that only 6 strategies were more frequent than the others, namely expansion, literal translation, functional equivalents, reduction, cultural equivalent, and descriptive equivalent. Another study was conducted by Poshi and Lacka (2016). They analysed the problems and explored the methods, strategies and techniques related to the translation of idioms and fixed expressions. The findings showed that in order to translate idiomatic expressions as correctly as possible, a number of factors should be taken into consideration, such as culture, translator’s understanding about the language, and use of neologism by employing paraphrase techniques. Fourth, Ren and Yu (2013) analysed whether translating English idioms into Mandarin can employ literal translation only or not. The findings showed that in order to translate English idioms, the culture had to be taken into full consideration. Lastly, Ali and Sayyiyed Al-Rushaidi (2016) analysed the difficulties encountered by Omani undergraduate students majoring in English language teaching and LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 39 literature when translating idiomatic and culturally-bound expressions from English to Arabic. The findings showed the difficulties that the students faced included their inability to find a suitable equivalence, misinterpretation of the meaning of the idiom, usage of literal translation which did not convey the meaning, and omission of the whole or some parts of the idioms. The researchers find idiomatic expression as an interesting issue to be investigated further because idioms “carry more impact than non-idiomatic expressions because of their close identification with a particular language and culture” just as Nida (2001, p. 28) stated. This study focuses on the translation of idiomatic expressions in The Good Doctor TV series. The researchers use the TV series because it contains both common and uncommon idiomatic expressions in daily life. The Good Doctor itself is a TV series which is taken from Park’s Good Doctor (2013). The Good Doctor was published on 25 September 2017 by Sony Pictures Television. It is a medical drama which focuses on the main character, Shaun Murphy, who has autism. The subtitles of the series contain an unusual and unique form of translation because of its cohabitation with the original text and “its asymmetric endeavour of rendering original speech into written target text” (Diaz-Cintas, 2008, p. 186). Besides, according to Díaz Cintas (2008), the subtitles help to travel across linguistic borders which increase the number of viewers. Idiomatic expressions have several meanings which make them difficult for translators to translate. Since they are colloquial or slang, idiomatic expressions cannot be translated using word by word strategies. It is difficult to find the equivalence in the target language. In order to translate idiomatic expressions, several factors must be considered by the translators. The research questions addressed in this research are: 1) What types of idiomatic expressions are found in The Good Doctor TV series? 2) How are the idiomatic expressions in the TV series translated into Indonesian? Method This research employed content analysis. Content analysis is a method that identifies categories by selecting utterances from a text, which are then classified and grouped together (Heigram & Crocker, 2009, p. 307). According to Weber (1990), content analysis is a research method that uses a set of procedures to make valid inferences from texts. The data used in this study were idiomatic expressions in the utterances. The utterances mean specific events, the intentional acts of a speaker at certain times and places, typically involving language (Silalahi, 2016). The utterances refer to sentences and phrases. The utterances were from the subtitles of The Good Doctor TV series. The subtitles were taken from isubtitles.info. It was created on June 5th, 2016 and has a global traffic rank of #5, 906 in the world. To gather the data, the researchers followed the steps proposed by Cacciari and Tabossi (1993). The first step was taking the transcripts from isubtitles.info. After that, the researchers identified the idiomatic expressions. The researchers verified the idiomatic expressions by using the theories from Hockett (1958) and crosschecked them with Gaines’ (1986) Idiomatic American English and LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 40 Hornby’s (2010) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (8th Edition). The second step was identifying the meanings of the words of both variant and original idioms and validating them. The third step was comparing the word meanings of the two idiomatic expressions. Fourth, the researchers inputted the translation of the subtitles taken from the subtitles into Table 1. Table 1. List of idiomatic expressions No Idiomatic Expressions Source Validator The researchers made two tables; one table contains Hockett’s (1958) types of idioms and the other table contains Vinay and Darbelnet’s (2000) strategies of translation. In the process, the researchers did coding. Coding means to label or give names to passages within the text which express a particular idea or refer to an event (Heigram & Crocker, 2009). Table 2. List of Types of Idioms Utterance Episode dura- tion Types Justification Sub PN Abb EPC FoS Sla Abbreviations: Sub : Substitutes PN : Proper Names Abb : Abbreviations EPC : English Phrasal Compounds FoS : Figure of Speech Sla : Slang words LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 41 Table 3. The Strategies of translation Utterance Episode, duration Strategies NT Justifi- cation SL TL Bo Ca Lit Tra Mo Eq Ad Findings and discussion Types of Idiomatic Expressions in The Good Doctor TV series Based on the findings, there were 253 idiomatic expressions. One utterance could be included in more than one type. Table 4 shows that there were 265 types of idiomatic expressions from The Good Doctor TV series. The most frequent type of idiomatic expressions found in The Good Doctor TV series was English phrasal compound with 37.35% of the total percentage. It was followed by figure of speech and substitutes with 31.69% and 26.41%. The next types were slang words and proper names with only 3.39% and 1.13% of the total percentage. Table 4. Types of idiomatic expressions in The Good Doctor TV series No Types of Idiomatic Expressions Frequency Percentage 1. Substitutes 70 26.41% 2. Proper Names 3 1.13% 3. Abbreviations 0 0% 4. English Phrasal Compounds 99 37.35% 5. Figure of Speech 84 31.69% 6. Slang words 9 3.39% TOTAL 265 100% Substitutes Substitutes have to do with the replacement of one item by another (Halliday & Hasan, 1976). According to Hockett (1958), substitutes are divided into anaphoric substitutes and numbers. Anaphoric substitutes mean an expression that refers to something mentioned earlier in the context. The numbers in substitutes also show a similar variation of a specific reference. In this research, 70 utterances were included in substitutes. The example is as follows: Abbreviations: Bo : Borrowing Ca : Calque Lit : Literal Translation Tra : Transposition Mo : Modulation Eq : Equivalence Ad : Adaption LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 42 1) We’re gonna cut your chest open, we’re gonna stop your heart, repair it and restart it. (Episode 1, duration 09:35-09:39) Doctor Browne was explaining how the procedure of the surgery to her patient by saying, “We’re gonna cut your chest open, we’re gonna stop your heart, repair it and restart it.” The bold word ‘it’ is idiomatically a noun that refers to the heart that was going to be stopped, then repaired. Therefore, it is counted as anaphoric substitutes. Another example is from Episode 4: 2) We’re gonna assist Andrews when he drains it first thing in the morning. (Episode 4, duration 12:01-12:03) There were 2 major surgeries that Doctor Melendez’s team handled. The first one was a surgery for a pregnant woman with a tumour next to her unborn child. The second one was a surgery on a young lady who had a tumour on her genital which made the surgeons needed to cut the nerve on the genital area. Doctor Browne told Doctor Melendez that she and Doctor Murphy would assist Doctor Andrews in the surgery since it was not the usual STD. In this utterance, Doctor Browne said, “We’re gonna assist Andrews when he drains it first thing in the morning.” The word ‘he’ is idiomatically a noun which refers to Doctor Andrews. Thus, this idiomatic expression counted as an anaphoric substitute. The next example is from Episode 5: 3) Yeah, 911? (Episode 5, duration 01:41-01:42) There were two patients that Doctor Melendez’s team took care of. One of the patients was an old man who had tapeworms in his body. The old man’s son who found out his father had collapsed called 911, “Yeah, 911?” There was no further explanation of ‘911’ in the conversation, but ‘911’ itself refers to American emergency telephone number. The vagueness of the idiomatic ‘911’ makes ‘911’ counted as numbers in substitutes. The last example is from Episode 6: 4) Can I have four pancakes instead of three? (Episode 6, duration 42:07- 42:09) The story began when several patients came into the E.R. from the bus wreck. Melendez’s team had the opportunity to handle the patients by themselves. By the end of the hectic day, Murphy was in the cafeteria with Doctor Glassman. He asked, “Can I have four pancakes instead of three?” There was no further elaboration from Murphy of what ‘three’ means. However, ‘three’ here refers to the pancakes that was mentioned before. In order to not have repetition on the word ‘pancakes', it could be omitted so the word ‘three' does not necessarily need a follow-up explanation. It makes the word ‘three' counted as numbers in substitutes. LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 43 Proper Names Proper Names is idiom-creating events called naming. The naming can be used for people, places, individual animals, spirits, or vehicles (Hockett, 1958). Proper names are a symbol which designates an entity of which there is only one. 3 utterances were included in Proper Names. The example is presented below. 5) I’m in pain, 28, all the time. (Episode 7, duration 16:40-16:43) Doctor Kalu had to take care of an old grumpy man who kept running away from the medication. Some ups and downs made Kalu feel devastated yet at the same time he learnt something new. The old grumpy man said to Doctor Kalu, "I'm in pain, 28, all the time.” In the conversation before this, Doctor Kalu mentioned his age when the old man asked. He did not believe that Doctor Kalu could be a resident surgeon at his young age. Then, the old man started using Doctor Kalu’s age instead of his name to call Doctor Kalu. The word ‘28’ itself is idiomatically a noun that refers to Doctor Kalu’s age. English Phrasal Compound A phrasal compound is the use of two or more words to form a single thought (Jorgensen, n.d.). Phrasal compound is divided into phrasal verbs and phrasal adjectives. Phrasal verbs, which are commonly known as compound verbs, can be formed by combining a verb with a preposition, with an adverb, or with both. Meanwhile, phrasal adjectives, known as compound adjectives, come from multiple types of combinations. They are nouns and participles, adjectives and participles, or nouns and adjectives. There were 99 utterances with English phrasal compound as their type of idiomatic expressions. The example is presented below. 6) Not only that, I think he looks up to you. (Episode 7, duration 20:11- 20:12) Doctor Browne consoled Doctor Murphy about his autistic patient. She tried to boost Doctor Murphy's confidence in his patient by saying, "Not only that, I think he looks up to you.” The words ‘looks up’ mean to admire (Hornby, 2010). It is counted as a phrasal verb with the formula: look (verb) + up (adverb). The second example is from Episode 8: 7) It is and you’re gonna make sure he stays that way. (Episode 8, duration 12:20-12:22) The story started when Murphy accidentally got in the middle of robbery which ended up with a girl being shot and the gunman getting hit on his head. Murphy and Melendez did surgery on the girl and took care of her since there was a complication. On the other side, Doctor Browne assisted Doctor Lim to take care of the gunman. Doctor Lim made Doctor Browne keep an eye on the gunman by saying, "It is and you’re gonna make sure he stays that way." The words ‘make sure' means to see something yourself (Gaines, 1986). ‘Make sure’ is LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 44 counted as phrasal verb with the formula: make (verb) + sure (adverb). The words ‘make sure’ means to “ensure that something is done”. Some synonyms include “make certain, confirm, check.” The third example is from Episode 16: 8) When you lose their respect, no matter what you do, no matter how many wins you chalk up, you’ll never get it back. (Episode 16, duration 16:36-16:41) The story focused on two surgeries. The first one was Doctor Murphy and Doctor Browne’s patient who was paralyzed from waist to below. The second one was Doctor Kalu and Doctor Reznick’s patient who suffered from an infection in her plastic surgery. Doctor Reznick told Doctor Kalu, “When you lose their respect, no matter what you do, no matter how many wins you chalk up, you’ll never get it back.” ‘Chalk up’ here is the idiomatic expression of to score (Gaines, 1986). In this case, ‘chalk up’ is counted as a phrasal verb with the formula: chalk (verb) + up (adverb). Another example is from Episode 16: 9) Sometimes, it’s tough to actually get out of those doors. (Episode 16, duration 22:27-22:30) The story focused on Doctor Murphy and Doctor Browne’s patient and also Doctor Kalu and Doctor Reznick’s patient. Doctor Murphy and Doctor Browne’s patient was paralyzed from the waist to below. Doctor Melendez was consoling the disabled man’s wife when he said, “Sometimes, it’s tough to actually get out of those doors.” ‘Get out of’ is idiomatically a phrasal verb with the formula: get (verb) + out (adverb) + of (preposition). ‘Get out of’ means to withdraw or leave (Gaines, 1986). Figure of Speech Figure of speech corresponds to mental "figures" that are grounded in cognition (Gibbs, 1994). Figures of speech can be found in primitive oral literature, such as prose and poetry, and everyday speech. In everyday contexts, most figures of speech are formed by extending the vocabulary of what is already familiar and better known to what is less known. There were 84 utterances which used figure of speech as the type of idiomatic expressions. The example is as follows. 10) Is this the chairman’s version of a pep talk? (Episode 3, duration 04:30-04:32) The story focuses on three events. One of them is Doctor Andrews' patient who had irritation from her plastic surgery. Doctor Andrews was about to perform surgery when suddenly Allegra Aoki came to talk to him about his 4 pm patient. She wanted to access this since the patient was close to making the foundation his tax relief. She wanted the surgery to go well and referred to Doctor Melendez as LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 45 Doctor Andrews' second man by saying that it would help the hospital. Doctor Andrews got offended and asked whether it was the chairman's version of pep talk. The keyword of ‘Pep talk’ is the word ‘talk’. ‘Pep talk’ itself refers to an expression of a talk to arouse enthusiasm (Gaines, 1986). The second example is from Episode 3: 11) Without the rules, we’re playing God. (Episode 3, duration 32:56- 32:57) The story was about a patient who needed a new liver. There were several complications, for example the liver patient who was not supposed to drink decided to drink a glass of wine at his daughter's graduation party. It postponed the surgery. The board had a meeting about whether or not they should perform the surgery since it would be very dangerous due to the alcohol the man drank. Doctor Andrews had a heated argument with Doctor Melendez who claimed that the man's alcohol level was low and he could still perform the surgery. Then, Doctor Andrews replied by saying that there are rules for a reason. He said, "Without the rules, we're playing God.” The idiom ‘playing God’ refers to the figure of expression to behave as if you control events or people’s life. In this context, if they perform the surgery, it means they are playing with the man’s life. The third example is from Episode 9: 12) So, what was the point of this dog and pony show? (Episode 9, duration 18:33-18:34) Doctor Melendez and Doctor Murphy met with the hospital’s vice president. They presented Murphy’s idea to her. When the vice president asked about the risks, Doctor Melendez told her that the surgery might not work. She then asked them the point of the ‘dog and pony show’. ‘Dog and pony show’ is an expression of selling an idea in order to impress people and get their support. Another example is from Episode 11: 13) In one day, I taught you how to play hooky from work, how to drive, how to drink, and how to totally rock the house in karaoke. (Episode 11, duration 28:09-28:16) One story was about Murphy’s trip where he needed space from Doctor Glassman who was being pushy. On the night after Murphy and his roommate finished their drink, they walked back to their motel. His roommate, Leah, told him, “In one day, I taught you how to play hooky from work, how to drive, how to drink, and how to totally rock the house in karaoke.” The keyword of ‘play hooky’ is the word ‘play’. ‘Play hooky’ itself refers to an expression that means missing school or work without permission (Gaines, 1986). LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 46 Slang words Slang words are a very informal words and expressions that are commonly used by young people (Hornby, 1995). Their nature is clear. Slang words depend on the effect of the striking and far-fetched nature of their semantic overtones and their secondary associations. There were 9 utterances which used slang as the type of idiomatic expressions. 14) But, if you want to tell people that you’re screwing me, go for it. (Episode 1, duration 08:05-08:10) Doctor Browne, a surgical resident, was disagreeing with Doctor Melendez, her mentor. Doctor Kalu, another surgical resident, brought up the topic that he and Doctor Browne were sleeping together. It made Doctor Browne offended. She said by the end of the argument, "But, if you want to tell people that you’re screwing me, go for it.” The word ‘you’re screwing me’ refers to a slang expression of having sex with someone (Hornby, 2010). In this case, ‘you’re screwing me’ means that Doctor Kalu had sexual intercourse with Doctor Browne. The second example is from Episode 6: 15) Kiss ass. (Episode 6, duration 00:56-00:57) It was the first time for Doctor Melendez’ team to have a night shift. They were introduced to Doctor Lim. By the beginning of their night shift, Doctor Kalu gave his hand-made coffee to his subordinates. When he gave the last one to Doctor Lim, she replied, “Oh. Kiss ass.” The term ‘kiss ass’ refers to a slang expression of being very nice to someone in order to persuade them to help or give you something (Hornby, 2010). In this case, Doctor Lim thought Doctor Kalu was trying to make a good first impression by giving the coffee to her. Another example is from Episode 7: 16) Tell them to go screw themselves. (Episode 7, duration 25:35-25:37) The story was about two patients, namely a boy with autism and an old man who did not want to live any longer. Murphy had to take care of the boy and Kalu had to take care of the old man. The story became more complicated when the patients did not comply with the treatment. Doctor Murphy was the one who found out what was wrong with Liam, the autistic boy. However, Liam's parents did not want Murphy to be on the team that would perform the surgery for their son. They thought that there was no way an autistic person could perform surgery. Doctor Melendez was upset about this and asked for Doctor Glassman's advice. Doctor Glassman then gave him advice to either let (them stomp on his shoes and everything went smooth?) or tell them to go screw themselves and gave a recommendation for another hospital. ‘Screw themselves’ here refers to a slang expression of an offensive way of showing that you are extremely annoyed by someone and you want them to go away. “Screw it” can also mean that the person who say that does not care about something. Since Doctor Melendez was upset, he LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 47 was annoyed with the parents for deciding who should or should not be on his team. Strategies of Translation in The Good Doctor TV Series Based on the findings, there were 253 utterances gathered by the researchers. One utterance could have more than one translation strategy. Table 4.2 shows that there were 256 utterances strategies of translation from The Good Doctor TV series. The most frequent strategy of translation which could be found in The Good Doctor TV series was Equivalence with 72.65% of the total percentage. Then, it was followed by literal translation with 16.40%. There are other findings with 6.64%. These other findings are counted as not translated. The next one is borrowing and adaptation with 1.56%. The last two are transposition and modulation with 0.78% and 0.39%. Table 5 shows the strategies of translation found in The Good Doctor: Table 5. Strategies of translation in The Good Doctor TV series No Strategies of Translation Frequency Percentage 1. Borrowing 4 1.56% 2. Calque 0 0% 3. Literal Translation 42 16.40% 4. Transposition 2 0.78% 5. Modulation 1 0.39% 6. Equivalence 186 72.65% 7. Adaption 4 1.56% 8. Not Translated 17 6.64% TOTAL 256 100% Borrowing Borrowing means borrowing a word or expression from Source Language (Vinay & Darbelnet, 2000). Borrowing is applied in two situations: either discussing a new technical process where the term does not exist in the Target Language or maintaining a word from Source Language for stylistic effect. There were 4 utterances which used borrowing as the translation strategy. The example is presented below. 17) Episode 5 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle Yeah, 911? Ya, 911? There were two major surgeries that Doctor Melendez’s team took care of. The first one was an old man who had tapeworms in his body. He was found unconscious by his son. Then, his son called 911 immediately. 911 itself is the American emergency telephone number. In this example, the translator used the LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 48 American emergency telephone number instead of using Indonesian emergency telephone number which is 119. The act of keeping the original term, which in this case is the American emergency number, is called Borrowing. Literal translation Literal translation is translating the Source Language literally (Vinay & Darbelnet, 2000). Translating word by word to maintain the original meaning is considered acceptable in literal translation. There were 42 utterances which used literal translation. The example is as follows: 18) Episode 4 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle We’re gonna assist Andrews when he drains it first thing in the morning. Kami akan mendampingi Andrews saat dia menyedotnya besok pagi. Doctor Melendez’s team was split into two to handle two major surgeries. Doctor Browne was explaining to Doctor Melendez their current patient’s situation. In this case, ‘dia’ is the literal meaning of ‘he’. The second example is presented below. 19) Episode 4 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle And if either of you needs anything, even just to talk, my door’s always open. Jika kalian butuh sesuatu, atau mau bicara, pintuku selalu terbuka. Doctor Browne and Doctor Murphy successfully assisted Doctor Andrews in surgery. Doctor Andrews praised them while mentioning that he knew Doctor Melendez rarely praised them. He also mentioned that ‘his door’s always open’ for both of the residents. In this case, ‘my door’s always open’ was translated literally into ‘pintuku selalu terbuka’. LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 49 The third example is presented below. 20) Episode 8 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle I know your behaviour is not completely in your control, but I also know it’s not completely out of your control. Sikapmu tidak benar-benar ada dalam kendalimu, tapi sikapmu juga tidak benar-benar ada di luar kendalimu. Doctor Murphy was at the crime scene where a robbery happened. Unfortunately, a girl was shot because of his action. Doctor Glassman was lecturing Doctor Murphy on his behaviour, but Doctor Murphy denied that it was his fault. Getting angry, Doctor Glassman told Doctor Murphy that his action was not completely ‘out of his control’. In this case, ‘out of your control’ had been translated literally into ‘di luar kendalimu’. Another example is presented below. 21) Episode 9 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle Good for you. Bagus untukmu. Doctor Andrews and Doctor Browne were handling the woman who might have cancer. In order to know for sure, they took a sample to test it. However, the sample went missing. The hospital did not want to apologize because the woman could take it to the court. Doctor Browne was sorry for her, so that she decided to follow her heart and apologize to the woman. Doctor Melendez witnessed this event and told her, "Good for you." In this case, "bagus untukmu" is the literal translation of "good for you". Transposition Transposition is changing the word class or grammatical structure without changing the meaning of the message (Vinay & Darbelnet, 2000). It is counted in oblique translation. Based on the findings, there are two types of transposition. They are adverb-verb and verb-noun. There were 2 utterances which used transposition. The example is as follows: LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 50 22) Episode 5 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle We’ve just never been on the same page, you know. Kami cuma tidak pernah sependapat. The man with tapeworms in his body was prepared for surgery. His son was seeking comfort from Doctor Kalu. He said that his father was a good man, it was just that they had never been ‘on the same page'. ‘On the same page' is an adverb phrase that turned into ‘sependapat’ (verb) when it was translated. This transposition used the adverb-verb type. Another example is presented below. 23) Episode 9 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle Because I will be damned if I’m gonna have my voice box removed just because somebody screwed up. Karena aku akan marah jika pita suaraku diangkat, cuma karena kesalahan orang lain. The woman who might have cancer got mad at Doctor Andrews and Doctor Browne because they did not want to apologize for losing the sample for the test. She said, "because I will be damned if I'm gonna have my voice box removed just because somebody screwed up.” ‘Somebody screwed up’ is based on verb phrase which translated to ‘kesalahan orang lain’ (noun phrase). This transposition used verb-noun type. Modulation Modulation changes the point of view or cognitive category in relation to the source language (Vinay & Darbelnet, 2000). Based on the findings, there is one type of modulation. It is a negative contrast in explanatory modulation type. There was an utterance that used modulation as the strategy of translation. The example is presented below. 24) Episode 1 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle The day that the rain smelled like ice cream, my bunny went to heaven in front of my eyes. The Hari di mana hujan berbau seperti es krim, kelinciku pergi ke surge di depan mataku. Hari di mana pipa LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 51 day that the copper pipes in the old building smelled like burnt food, my brother went to heaven in front of my eyes. I couldn't save them. It's sad. Neither one had the chance to become an adult. tembag di Gedung tua berbau seperti makanan panggang, adikku pergi ke surge di depan mataku. Aku tidak bisa selamatkan mereka. Menyedihkan. Mereka tidak dapat kesempatan untuk menjadi dewasa. The board of the hospital had an argument related to the acceptance of Doctor Murphy in the hospital. The vice president of the hospital then asked Murphy the reason he wanted to be a doctor. He replied by telling the story where he lost both of his brother and his rabbit at a young age. Neither of them had the chance to grow up. ‘Neither of them' is a negative construction which then rendered into ‘mereka'. The word ‘mereka' is a positive one. Therefore, this case is counted as the negative contrast of modulation. Equivalence Equivalence means finding the words from the target language which have the same equivalence with the source language (Vinay & Darbelnet, 2000). Equivalence is also counted as oblique translation. 186 utterances used equivalence as the translation strategy. The example is presented below. 25) Episode 2 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle I went out on a limb for him. Aku mengambil resiko untuk dia. Doctor Murphy had to work with his nurse assistant as Doctor Melendez did not want to be disturbed by Doctor Murphy's behaviour. He had to check on the lab result that Doctor Kalu and Doctor Browne's patient had. The patient had a Leiomyosarcoma. Doctor Kalu and Doctor Browne felt devastated since they could not think of a way to help him. However, Doctor Murphy had an idea and Doctor Kalu presented the idea to Doctor Melendez. Doctor Kalu then took the credit for the successful surgery they performed. Doctor Browne did not like that, and Doctor Kalu defended himself by saying that he went out on a limb for Doctor Murphy. ‘Out on a limb' itself means that the person is in a dangerous, exposed position when one's ideas are openly known (Gaines, 1986). It is equal to ‘resiko’. LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 52 The second example is presented below. 26) Episode 5 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle Just tell him to “come clean,” “honesty is the best policy,” “a lie is a stone in your heart.” Suruh saja dia untuk jujur, “kejujuran adalah kebijakan terbaik,” “kebohongan bagaikan batu dalam hatimu.” When Doctor Kalu and Doctor Browne were taking care of the man with tapeworms, Doctor Kalu told Doctor Browne that the man’s son was hiding something from his father. He did not think helping him was relevant medically, but Doctor Browne lectured him by saying that Doctor Kalu had to tell him to ‘come clean’. ‘Come clean’ means telling the truth (Gaines, 1986). In this case, ‘come clean’ equals to ‘jujur’. The third example is presented below. 27) Episode 5 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle Coast is clear? Tidak ada orang? Doctor Murphy's patient, Evan Gallico, looked exactly the same as his late brother. Murphy felt attached to Gallico and decided to help him diagnose his sickness. It turned out Gallico had cancer and could not be cured. Murphy felt horrible, but the decision to not perform a surgery on the boy was on Gallico's parents. By the end of Gallico's last day in the hospital, Murphy visited him. Gallico smiled at him and asked whether the coast was clear or not. When Gallico said ‘coast is clear’, he referred to his parents who opposed Murphy’s attempt to heal him. In this case, ‘coast is clear’ equals to ‘tidak ada orang’. Another example is presented below. 28) Episode 7 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle The minute I catch my breath, I’m gonna walk out of here, so you can just leave. Saat pernapasanku normal, aku akan pergi dari sini, jadi kau boleh pergi. LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 53 Doctor Kalu's patient was an old man who needed surgery to save his life. Unfortunately, the old man did not like the idea of living any longer and kept escaping his room. When Doctor Kalu found his patient, the old man told him to leave. He said that he would walk away after ‘catching his breath'. In this case, ‘catch my breath' equals to ‘pernapasanku normal'. Adaptation Adaptation is a shift in cultural environment when something specific to one language culture is unknown in the target language. The cultural shift usually is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to other language culture. 4 utterances used adaptation as the translation strategy. The example is presented below. 29) Episode 8 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle Thank God for that. Puji Tuhan untuk itu. Lea Dilallo was Murphy's neighbour. She came to his flat early in the morning whining about Armen who cut her electricity power the night before. She expressed that if she was in ventilation, she would be suffocated. Murphy stated that she was not in ventilation, and Dilallo sarcastically answered by saying ‘thank God for that'. In Indonesia, ‘thank God' becomes ‘Puji Tuhan'. Another example is presented below. 30) Episode 9 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle Good luck. Semoga beruntung. Doctor Melendez and Doctor Murphy were practicing for heart surgery. After several attempts, they did well in the simulation. Doctor Murphy said good luck to Doctor Melendez so he would perform successfully. In this case, ‘good luck’ becomes ‘semoga beruntung’ in Indonesian. Not translated Idiomatic expressions are often omitted in the target text. It happens because it has no equivalence in the target language, the meaning of the idiom cannot be paraphrased easily, or for stylistic reasons (Baker, 1991). According to Newmark (1988), the translator is likely to under-translate, to use general words in the interest of clarity and simplicity, which makes him omit the translated words altogether. Newmark also states that the purpose of omitting is partly phatic. They LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 54 are used partly to maintain reader's or listener's interest. Seventeen utterances were not translated. 31) Episode 1 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle We’re gonna cut your chest open, we’re gonna stop your heart, repair it and restart it. Kami akan membelah dada anda, menghentikan jantung anda, memperbaiki dan menjalankannya. Doctor Browne was explaining the procedure of the surgery to her patient. There is a repetition in the usage word ‘it’ as in “repair ‘it’ and restart ‘it’”. In order to make it simpler, the translator omitted the first ‘it’ word and combined the verbs together. The second example is presented below. 32) Episode 5 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle Uncle Jim, if he figure out how to stop swearing. Paman Jim, jika dia berhenti bersumpah. Gallico was having a moment with his parents after his failed surgery. He was encouraging his parents that he would not be alone after he died. He still had his family, and also his uncle, Jim, if the man figured out how to stop swearing. The expression ‘figure out’ was not translated because its meaning cannot be paraphrased easily into Bahasa Indonesia. The third example is presented below. 33) Episode 6 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle That is sort of what I was going for, yeah. Itu yang kupikirkan. Doctor Kalu was visited by a woman with some third-degree burns on her body. She was too frustrated with her condition, so Doctor Kalu brought her movies to pick. She got offended and sarcastically said that she could relax by LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 23, No. 1, April 2020, pp.37-57 55 watching a movie. Kalu then answered her by saying, "That is sort of what I was going for, yeah." The expression ‘sort of' was omitted because it has no equivalent in the target language and rather hard to translate. Another example is presented below. 34) Episode 9 Transcript Indonesian Subtitle And we were probably gonna wind up coming to you anyway. Karena kami mungkin akan tetap mendatangimu. Doctor Melendez and Doctor Murphy were consulting with the hospital’s vice president about Murphy’s idea When Doctor Melendez explained that the idea might not work, the vice president started to protest, but Melendez cut her off by saying that they were probably going to ‘wind up’ coming to her anyway. The expression ‘wind up’ was omitted because it is rather hard to paraphrase into Bahasa Indonesia. Conclusions In this research, 253 idiomatic expressions utterances were taken from The Good Doctor TV series. Then, the data were classified into the types of idiomatic expressions and the strategies of translation. Five out of six types of idiomatic expressions from Hockett’s (1958) theory, namely substitutes, proper names, English phrasal compound, figure of speech, and slang, were found in the TV series. English phrasal compounds were the most frequently used idiomatic expressions. Then, it was followed by figure of speech, substitutes, slang words, and proper name. The researchers found that six out of seven translation strategies proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) were used in the TV series. Equivalence was the most frequently used translation strategy. The least strategy used was modulation. The researchers also found that literal translation was often used in the subtitle of the TV series. The researchers also found that some idiomatic expressions did not fit in any translation strategies. The idiomatic expressions within the utterances were not translated. References Adelnia, A. & Dastjerdi, H. V. (2011). Translation of idioms: A hard task for the translator. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 1(7), 879-883. Ali, H. I. & Sayyiyed Al-Rushaidi, S. M. (2016). Translating idiomatic expressions from English into Arabic. Arab World English Journal, 7(4), 187-201. Baker, M. (1991). In other words. London: Routledge. Bandirali, L. & Terrone, E. (2012). Filosofia delle serie TV: Dalla sena del crmine al trono di spade. Milan: Mimesis. 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