LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Learning http://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/LLT Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 387 PERSONAL DEIXIS USED IN MALCOLM X’S “THE BALLOT OR THE BULLET” SPEECH Fakhirah Gobel1, Kartin Lihawa2, and *Hasanuddin3 1,2,3Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Indonesia gfakhirah@gmail.com1, lihawa.kartin@yahoo.com2, and hasanuddin@ung.ac.id3 *correspondence: hasanuddin@ung.ac.id3 https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v26i1.4268 received 23 January 2022; accepted 26 April 2023 Abstract This study aims to observe and describe the types of personal deixis used in Malcolm X’s “The Ballot or The Bullet” speech using the theory of Yule (1996). In collecting the data, this qualitative descriptive method was used by watching the video documentation, downloading the transcript, and reading the script that contain personal deixis in the speech. The theory of Miles and Huberman (1994) was used in this study as the steps to analyze the data which consists of data reduction, data display, and data drawing. The result of this study found out there was 662 deixis that consisted of three types of person deixis which are first-person, second-person, and third-person divided into 14 types of personal deixis use, i.e 222 first-person deixes, 211 second-person deixis, and 229 third-person with second- person deixis You (174 times use), They (84 times use) and We (79 times use) as the most often used type in the speech. In addition, Malcolm X used personal deictic expressions as a way to motivate and influence the African-American community in empowering the important philosophy of black nationalism against the racism issue of the African-American community in the 20th-century era. Keywords: Malcolm X, personal deixis, reference, the ballot or the bullet speech Introduction Humans used language to communicate with one another. Through language, human transfers ideas and thoughts in every job in life. Moreover, in a situation of uttering human thoughts, it constantly depends on the contexts of utterance use and sentence meaning that what is being talked about on every occasion. Furthermore, communication will be clearly understood between the speaker and listener if the occasion and context of the utterance are appropriate. Also, the study of the context of utterance, sentence meaning, and its relations among them are called Pragmatics. Concurring to Levinson (1983, p.1), pragmatics is the ponder of the interpretation of a language and the setting in which they are being utilized. According to Levinson (1983, p.9-10), pragmatics study is divided into 5 following subparts, namely deixis, presuppositions, speech acts, and conversational implicatures. One of the issues within the pragmatics study is deixis. Deixis is an important component in linguistics particularly in pragmatics. As a result, it is crucial to observe deixis because, in the way of interaction between mailto:gfakhirah@gmail.com mailto:lihawa.kartin@yahoo.com mailto:hasanuddin@ung.ac.id mailto:hasanuddin@ung.ac.id https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v26i1.4268 LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 388 the speaker and listener, the contextual information is necessary and all the speaker’s and listener’s utterances must be clearly understood. However, if the listener could not discover the contextual information of the speaker, the listener could be misinterpreted which may cause misunderstood information of the speaker. Importantly, the researcher is intended observing Malcolm X’s speech as the object of this research. Here, the researcher is interested to find out how the use of personal deixis by Malcolm X as one a famous figure and activist of the African- American rights movement in delivering his thoughts on the topic of discrimination of racial problems in America. Then, the researcher chooses The Ballot or The Bullet speech by Malcolm X because this speech proposed a revolution in the way to live better lives of the African-Americans by giving his sees and thinks to solve the term of human rights problem. The researcher also found an issue regarding the use of personal deixis the researcher needs to listen to the speech several times and look for the background information of the African-American civil rights movement that is related to the speech to identify the deixis reference of the speech. By this understanding, it could be said that the issue of deixis while listening to a speech the misinterpreted because of devoid regard for the contextual information of an utterance such as the speaker, the addresses, the time, and the place of utterance could have happened. So, the listener of the speech should discover the context of utterances such as the speaker, the address, time and place, or even several factors that are related whether it's historical, social, or political factors. Thus, the researcher decided to conduct this research entitled 'Personal deixis used in Malcolm X’s “The Ballot or The Bullet” Speech. Every paragraph should be single-spaced with indentation in each paragraph. This section also elaborates on the literature reviews/theoretical construct of the research. You should tell readers the kinds of research, journal articles and books you use in analysing your data. Pragmatics Pragmatics bargains with the meaning of the expression in verbal interaction between the speaker and the audience. To outline, within the interaction of individuals the speaker and the audience convey ideas, data, and messages within the words or expressions within the articulation. Hence, in this circumstance, pragmatics takes apart the consideration of the relevant meaning and the elucidation of individuals, how specific setting influence the meaning, and how the audience draw reference approximately what is said within the articulation. Also, Griffith in Ilmi et.al. (2018, p. 13) defines that pragmatics stand as a piece of equipment in significative communication. Moreover, pragmatics is the study of how a modification setting of articulation may alter the meaning of the articulation itself. Another, the study of pragmatics was clarified by (Morris, 1938, as cited in Szabó et al., 2005, p. 8) who said that pragmatics is the connection between the subject, the setting, and the expression of language. Also, pragmatics is the study of humans’ utterance meaning that seems similar to semantics. However, they are in contrast to the principle rules of nature. According to Yule (1996, p. 9), one traditional distinction between pragmatics and semantics which Semantics is the study of conventional linguistics LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 389 forms and truth-conditional things in the world. On the other hand, Pragmatics is a context-dependent relation between linguistics forms and the users that are related to its linguistics forms. In addition, Gazdar in Gutzmann et al. (2014, p. 7) gives the captured concept differentiation between Semantic and Pragmatic through the Gazdar-formula in Table 1. The conventional, constant and truth-conditional are concerned with semantics. However, pragmatics deals with conversational, context-dependent and non-truth-conditional problems. Therefore, in uttering speech, the researcher concludes that pragmatics is the study of human language that relies on the sense of utterance and that contrasts with the philosophy of semantics. Table 1. Concept differentiation Semantic Pragmatic Conventional Conversational Constant Context-dependent Truth-conditional Non-truth-conditional Source: (Gazdar in Gutzmann et al., 2014) The Nature of Deixis The expression of pronouns, like you, he, we, and adverb like now, here, there are clearly cannot look at the reference meaning to the real concrete expression of circumstance. Since of this, the meaning of articulation depends on the setting of articulation, however, the meaning is dynamistic. Jaszczolt in Farah et al. (2018, p. 74) states that deixis is a grammatical word used to pointing a person, time, and place that comes from the Old Greek language. Moreover, according to Grundy (2013, p. 23) deictic are lexical items which encode context. Furthermore, linguistics form to pointing an object is called deictic expression which is also known as indexical. According to Yule (1996, p. 9) all deictic expressions’ interpretation depends on the speaker and listener context of utterance. Types of Deixis There are five categories of deixis that states by Verschueren (2004) which are Person Deixis, Place deixis, Time deixis, Discourse deixis, and Social deixis. While Grundy (2000) has the same opinion and defines types of deixis into 5 categories, as follows person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse, and social deixis. Besides, Lyons (2000) categorizes deixis only into two types which are discourse deixis and social deixis. Personal Deixis Personal deixis is the utterance that shows personal pronouns, it could depend on who the speaker is. Additionally, individual deixis is the deictic expression that underlines the first and second personal pronoun (Verhaar, 1993, as cited in SriAgung et al., 2017, p. 4). Other than Yule in Purba et al. (2015, p. 3) clarifies that individual deixis comprises of three parts division such pronoun for, to begin with first-person (I), second-person (You), and third-person (She, he, it). Examples: I went to the hospital yesterday LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 390 You must go now! Based on the example above, the word "I" indicates the speaker of utterance categorised as the first person, and the word "you" is categorised as the second person which indicates someone who was pointed out by the speaker in the conversation. First-person Hutauruk in Astria, et al. (2019, p. 4) focuses that, to begin with, the first- person deixis is the grammaticalization of the speaker that referents to himself or both speaker and a bunch of individuals with the speaker who communicates in plural pronouns. The first-person deixis is divided into personal pronouns, namely singular pronouns (I, Me, Myself, Mine) and plural pronouns (We, Us, Ourselves, Ours). Examples: We must go now! I have a class today The pronoun we and I are the first-person deixis, the word I refers to the speaker that points out back to himself and we can be referred to as the speaker and addresser only or speaker with other(s) such as in speech. Yule (1996, p. 11) divides the situation into 2 kinds in indicating the word "we" which are called "inclusive we" and "exclusive we". To begin with, "inclusive we" implies that the reference refers to the speaker and addresser who is being pointed out, and secondly, "exclusive we" implies that the addresser is not included. To conclude, first-person deixis may be a syntactic term used throughout the discourse to pose as the speaker Second-person Yule (1996, p. 11) characterizes second-person deixis as utilized in indicating the speaker's reference to the addresser within the discourse. The pronoun "you" is the pronoun that is frequently utilized to coordinate the second-person deixis. Moreover, yourself, yourselves, your, yours are also identified as an addressee of second person deixis. Example: You are invited to my birthday party tomorrow. The word “you” is the second person that communicates indirectly with the speaker or someone who invited the listener to talk with the person. Third-person Levinson in Kusumanigrum, et al. (2016, p. 76) states that the third-person of deixis is the reference to not one or the other speaker nor addresser of articulation. The deictic expression of third-person deixis is essentially referenced as the speaker or addresser that more often than not suggests the sexual orientation that the articulation refers to. It incorporates the pronoun he, she, him, himself, her, herself, it, and theirs. It can be seen by Gedutytė in Asri, et al. (2019, p. 4) who said that third-person deictic is the determinative individual pronouns which are They, She, He, and It. LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 391 Example: She is the most beautiful girl who I ever met. The word “she” is third-person deixis and the person who is being addressed in the utterance by the first and second person. Place Deixis Place deixis selects with the expression of the area or participant's place within the discourse occasion (Levinson, 1983, as cited in Kusumanigrum et al., 2016, p. 76). According to Buhler in Purba, et al. (2015, p. 5) Place deixis is characterized by the indicative language, particularly a place or location. "There are a few deictic words that are "here, there, this, and that." Here and this indicates that the articulate region of the speaker is similar to the speaker or it is called proximal and "there and that" suggests that the speaker's area is far from the speaker or distal. The example of spatial deixis that is the most utilised are "this" and "here" for indicating close things, and "that" and "there" for indicating distant things., Grundy in Sari, et al. (2015, p. 4) explains many more examples of place deictic words, as follows: here, there, where, hence, thither, whither, whence, hither, left, right, up, down, above, below, in front, behind, come, go, bring, and take. Examples of place deixis can be seen in the following: That is my book Look at this branded bag I am happy to be here He lived here last month Here is the proximal term of place deixis, here means the current location of the speaker. The interpretation of here could be different in different contexts which depends on who the speaker is and the place utterance been uttered. As a result, place deixis is a grammatical word that is used to show the participant's place in the speech event. Time Deixis Time deixis suggests that the deictic expression point via language demonstrates time within the expression. Time deixis too known as temporal deixis. Buhler in Purba, et al. (2015, p.4). There are several examples of time deictic expressions: "now, then, tomorrow, this time, that time, seven days ago, two weeks from now, last week, and next April". In addition, (Levinson, 1983, as cited in Kusumanigrum et al., 2016, p. 4) state that time deixis is the moment of the utterance being utter, to begin with, is some time recently the minute of articulation, the moment is at the time of expression and the final is after the time of articulation. In addition, Yule in Sari, et al. (2015, p. 5) states that the present tense is the proximal shape of temporal deixis, other than the past tense is the distal form of temporal deixis. In English, these three sorts of time deixis are called by tense which shows present tense, past tense, and future tense. Examples: I will leave tomorrow LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 392 She lives here now We live there then Based on the example above, it could be explained that “now”, “then”, and “tomorrow” as the illustrations of adverbial time according to Yule in Rahayu et al. (2015, p. 3). Discourse Deixis Levinson in Kusumanigrum, et al. (2016, p. 5) explains that discourse deixis is concerned with the use of expression within some utterance to refer to some discourse that contains in the utterance. Moreover, (Levinson, 1983, as cited in Kusumanigrum et al., 2016, p. 5) states that discourse deixis is the encoding of the reference discourse in the utterance of speaking taking place. Moreover, Schiffrin (1990, p. 247) states discourse deixis as the expressions that show the articulation that contains in the discourse could be a reaction to or a continuation of, some parcel of the earlier discourse'. Examples of such words and phrases of deictic expressions are but, therefore, in conclusion, to the contrary, still, however, anyway, well, besides, actually, all in all, so, after all, etc. Levinson in Abdullah, et al. (2015, p. 6) explains that discourse deixis provides backward or forward expression in utterance to another reference, for example, ‘the concert was amazing’. The way using of expression to mention earlier entities in the utterance has the same concept as anaphora. However, Schiffrin (1990, p. 245-246) defines the differentiation between deixis and anaphora as from the situation in which is pointing. Deixis appears in an internal talk (non-linguistics world) which is known as context. Meanwhile, anaphora anchors in an internal talk (linguistics world) which is known as text. For example: I was born in America and I have lived here/there all my life. Based on the example above, “here” and “there” is proximity vs. distance: here could be a proximal deictic, showing that the Speaker is found in America at the time of speaking; there's a distal deictic, demonstrating that the Speaker isn't found in America at the time of talking. Reference Yule (1996, p. 17) Reference of linguistic forms known as reference expressions have been split into several instances, such as proper pronouns, definite or indefinite noun words, and pronouns. According to French (1979, p. 8), a reference is a description to enable the audience to point out to a person or a thing in a conversation. Besides, Suyono in Rosmawaty, et al. (2013, p. 58) Argues that whether the relation or reference/reference shift depends on who the speaker, time, and word was pronounced, a word is said to be deixis. It can be assumed that the movement of a reference deixis depends on the environment. Speech LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 393 Mulyana in Purba, et al. (2015, p. 6) states that speech is an articulation of somebody in front of individuals with a great structure and way in arrange to convey a piece of information expecting to impact, illuminate, to influence a certain topic. According to Gregory cited in Purba, et al. (2015, p. 6) there are several types of speeches, which are: a. Entertaining speech for the assembly of people offers amusement or division. It should be pleasant, agreeable, and comfortable to tune in to. b. An introduction speech is a strategy for showing a modern person to a bunch of people. c. Presentation speech includes basic facts, requirements, and accomplishments, d. An acceptance speech is tricky since it will sound grateful without being syrupy and sound laudable without being self-centred. e. Praise speech or promotes an individual, meeting, instinct or opportunity. More often than not, it does have fantastic vibes. f. Inspirational speech is about combining optimistic emotions to make people feel stimulated, empowered, and motivated. Additionally, there are two more sorts of speech to impact and speech to motivate (Gregory, 1990, as cited in Purba et al., 2015, p. 6Speech to influence the way of thinking is to encourage the listener through the speaker of speech himself to have the same thoughts. Too, according to Gregory in Purba, et al. (2015, p. 6), There are two kinds of specifically prominent discourse classification that impact people in the manner of embracing such knowledge and motivational speech to offer few more spirits or action to inspire them to do or avoid doing specific tasks. Method This research utilized a qualitative descriptive method which to observe the types and reference meaning of personal deixis in Malcolm X’s “The Ballot or The Bullet” Speech. The sources of data in this research are in the transcript speech of Malcolm X’s “The Ballot or the Bullet” which was downloaded from the internet. The data of the research are collected by doing the following steps 1) downloading the transcript of the speech, 2) watching the video documentation, and 3) reading the transcription of the speech. In analyzing the data, the researcher used the theory of Miles and Huberman (1994) which consists of data reduction, data display, and data drawing. This research will be focused on an inspirational speech in the 20th century delivered by Malcolm X entitled The Ballot or the Bullet. Equally important, "The Ballot or the Bullet" speech was delivered on April 12, 1964, at King Solomon Baptist Church, Detroit, Michigan by human rights activist Malcolm X that known for his strong argument towards the discrimination of white men in the African- American community. Because of that, he was renowned as a radical figure against white liberal society and moderate black leaders. Therefore, the researcher decided to choose that speech to be the object of study because the selected speech was interesting and delivered by a famous radical African-Americans activist figure that tried to utter his thought about racism in America. Findings and Discussion LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 394 After the researcher collected the data by watching, reading, observing, and classifying the types of personal deixis used in the script of Malcolm X’s speech in the 20th century titled The Ballot or the Bullet, here are the tabulation used the types of personal deixis which appears in Malcolm X’s The Ballot or The Bullet speech, as indicated in Table 2. Table 2. Personal deixis frequency in Malcolm X’s “The Ballot or The Bullet” speech Table 2 shows that Malcolm X was most dominant used second-person You, a total of 174 times appear, next followed by the deictic word they total of 84 times used, last, the deictic word We in third position as the most dominant deixis word used with 79 times used despite the use of another type a deictic word in the speech. Therefore, it could be seen that Malcolm X first emphasized the speech throughout the second-person You or the addresser in the speech which was the African- American minister. It is because the speaker was delivering the speech to the listener to show inequality due to racial discrimination that happened to the African- Americans community. In delivering this speech, Malcolm X also described their enemy in this case was described as the third participant in the speech that used the deictic word they. As the second dominant used by Malcolm X, the deictic word they show their competitor due to the issue of racism. Moreover, the speaker used the deictic word we as the third dominant used in this speech to show that the issue of racism happened in his community of African-Americans which means he also got the supremacy of the white man in America. He wanted to say that they feel the same struggles no exception for him and to bring out their affinity as in the same community who got the discrimination in America to fight for their rights. The researcher finds out in Malcolm X’s “The Ballot or The Bullet” Speech used a deictic personal word that consisted of first-person, second-person, and third- person. Based on the table in research findings, the researcher discovered the deictic word second-person You, Third-person They and first-person We as the most frequently used in the speech. First-person Deixis (I) Types of personal deixis Deictic Words Frequency of time used Total First-person I 60 222 Me 16 My 14 We 79 Us 22 Our 31 Second-person You 174 211 Your 37 Third-person She 3 229 He 60 Him 21 They 84 Them 14 It 47 Total 662 LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 395 “I am a Muslim minister”. (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par.4/L.1/) The pronoun I above is determined as a deictic word that is determined as subject singular first-person. According to the theory of Azar (2002, p. 132), the deictic word I applies as a subject singular pronoun that pointed to the speaker himself. Further, the deictic word I in the first data above, considering the speaker of utterance that the speaker was Malcolm X, then it could be seen that the deictic word I indicates that the speaker of the speech refers to himself which is Malcolm X. Malcolm X was representative and obey Muslim African-American minister that is the majority in the society, this can be seen from the previous discourse where he mentioned his personal belief was Islam. Therefore, the function of the word I in the sentence above is as a subject singular form of the first-person deixis. It is because the deictic word is placed at the beginning of the utterance and stands before a verb, it also refers to one only person which is the speaker who is Malcolm X. First-person Deixis (Me) “How you gonna tell Me you’re a second-class citizen? They don’t have second- class citizenship in any other government on this Earth”. (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par.27/L.6) The word me indicates a first-person singular that stands as an object in the sentence according to the theory of Azar (2002, p. 132). Moreover, me in Data 05 above described the representative of the Black American community who got discrimination against in America that pointing over himself in the speech which is Malcolm X. Malcolm X as the speaker in the speech was asking the listener here indicates as the Negros to describe to him what the term second-class citizen was. Because he believed that there is no such term in any other community on this Earth. Similar to that statement, Malcolm realized that the African-American community was being this second-class citizenship in America which refined the term of 20th- century slave. So, he was using the deictic word me in pointing back over himself which becomes the representative of the African-American community followed by the verb “tell” that was preceded by the subject you in the utterance. First-person Deixis (My) “The senators who are filibustering concerning your and my rights, that’s government”. (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par.60/L.4) The utterance above is said by Malcolm X who stands as the speaker of the speech. My is categorized as a singular possessive adjective according to the theory by Azar (2002), this deictic expression belongs to the first-person deixis in the form of the first pronoun I. The deictic word my considered a deictic expression whenever it is pointing over someone’s belongings particularly the ownership of the speaker in the utterance. Because of that, the deictic word my in the data above refers to Malcolm X’s rights as the speaker of the speech who got taken his and African- American community rights as a human being in America. Malcolm X was pointing LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 396 out the government as being filibuster towards the listeners’ rights, but not excepting his rights as an African-American. Malcolm criticized the government of America regarding the rights of the citizen and that every citizen must get fair services without seeing their race, religion, status, and colour. Hence, all citizens deserved freedom of speech and must be protected rather than being filibustered by the government of America. First-person Deixis (We) “We own and operate at least the business in our community”. (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par.11/L.2) The deictic word we above applied as deictic expression inclusive we that pointing to the speaker and the audience who attend the speech which is the African- American community. The speaker used inclusive we rather than exclusive we, it is because based on the contexts of utterance use, the speaker pointed to himself and the listener who attend the speech the African-American community; to show they were a union of the African-American race. Malcolm X wanted to acknowledge himself as also the listener who comes from his race the African-American that they were a group of people who do not have their own business in the community. Because of that, he wanted the race to start empowering the economic philosophy of black nationalism by building a business in their community. As a result, the reference meaning of the deictic word we above refers to the speaker and the audience who has the same community as the listener which is the African- American community that did not have their own business in the form of first- person subject plural (Azar, 2002). First-person Deixis (Us) “We have a fight that’s common to all of us against an enemy who is common to all of us.” (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par.5/L.3) In observing the utterance, the deictic word us that said by the speaker which is Malcolm X, it is referred to the audience or people whom the speaker has been talking with including the speaker himself. Moreover, from the context of utterance used it could be seen that the speaker declined Malcolm X and the audience of the speech which is the African-American community that their race had an enemy who was familiar to them which was the white man. Further, the application of the deictic word us in the data above seems like pointing to the addresser including the speaker himself as in the same community as the addresser and receiving the verb “fight” in the utterance. Therefore, it could be considered that the deictic word us pointing towards more than one addresser as in the form of plural personal deixis also functioned as the object in the discourse. The speaker was telling the addresser about their African-American community problem which the racism issue where this problem seems to be a common thing in their community that was done by people whom they know which is the Americans. LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 397 First-person Deixis (Our) “But if we keep our religion at home, keep our religion in the closet, keep our religion between ourselves and our God”. (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par.5/L.3) In the utterance above, the speaker applied the deictic word our in pointing to religion that belongs to the listener who attends the speech also including the speaker himself that believes in God. However, in this case, the addresses are not having the same religion as the speaker because the speaker was a Muslim minister, meanwhile, the listeners of the speech are the Christian minister. Moreover, the speaker tended to use the deictic word our to refer to the religion of every person who attend the speech including himself although they have an indifferent religious background. Despite this, the speaker and the addresser are having a common thing which is their belief in God. Because of this, the speaker applied the deictic word our in order pointing their common thing which is their belief towards the God whom they believe. Second-person Deixis (You) “You can’t sing up on freedom. But you can swing up on some freedom”. (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par.21/L.1) In considering the context of utterance use, the utterance was represented by the African-American community. From the data above, it could be seen that the deictic expression you in the data refers to the person whom the speaker talking to. The deictic word you was used by the speaker to describe the Black Americans that they were not gaining their freedom as citizens in America. Thus, Malcolm X persuaded the listener of African-Americans to do some swinging. Then, it could be determined that the deictic word you in the utterance above is a second-person deictic you that pointed to the address of discourse according to the theory of Yule (1996, p. 10). Again, it is applied as a subject since the deictic word is placed at the beginning of the utterance, also referent to the addresser of the speech was the audience that more than one person who comes from the African-American community. Malcolm X was telling to the listener, therefore, that the deictic word is in the form of subject plural personal deixis. Second-person Deixis (Your) “It was the fact that you threw 80 percent of your votes behind the Democrats that put the Democrats in the White House”. (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par. 40/L.4) The context of utterance used determined that the deictic word your pointing to the voice of an African-American minister who got fooled by the legislation where they were practised gave 80% of their voices to the American politicians which the Democrats. Despite this, the practice of vote promotion by African- Americans prejudices them in the Constitution. It is because the Democrats only seek their vote in the election. After got their benefits, they explicitly executed filibustering in political rights for the black Americans in the constitution to keep LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 398 the African-American minister as uncivilized people practiced racial discrimination in America. Third-person Deixis (She) “…Because she is hypocritical power behind it”. (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par. 27/L.3) The utterance above was uttered when the speaker was talking about American colonialism due to the second-class citizenship which the African- American community. Then, the speaker which is Malcolm X used the deictic word she is pointing to America and symbolized America as a Motherland or a country that has controlled power due to the issue of hypocritical in Black American ministers. American government played hypocrisy on the promise of the Independence Declaration that all human kinds have the same equality, however in reality they were like nothing in the society of America. In observing the utterance above, the researcher found out that the deictic word she in the utterance came before a verb, then it could be determined that the deictic word she above functioned as the subject of utterance. Besides, the deictic word she in the utterance above also functioned in a singular form. It is could be seen by the address that refers to America which stands for the whole country. Third-person Deixis (He) “He created problem. He’s the criminal!” (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par.61/L.6-7) The deictic word he functioned as third-person deixis because it is pointing to the other participant in the utterance. The utterance above was uttered by Malcolm X that referring to the United States of America as the control power of the racial discrimination issue towards the African-America. Malcolm has explicitly criticized the Americans for that problem. For this reason, Malcolm X used the deictic third-person word he to replace the antecedent noun, Uncle Sam. Thus, it can be said that the deictic third-person word he used in the second utterance above refers to Uncle Sam as denoting The United States of America. Third-person Deixis (Him) “But singing didn’t help him to become the heavyweight champion of the world. Swinging helped him”. (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par.21/L.2-3) The deictic word him above is indicated as a third-person deictic word, it is because it points to an address to the third parties of gender male in the utterance. Also, it denoted an object in the utterance, it can be known from the position of the verb “helped” that stands before the deictic word him. Moreover, the information of the deictic word in the utterance above describes anaphorically in the previous line (lines 1-2): “you can’t sing up on freedom. But you can swing up on some freedom. [cheering] Cassius Clay can sing. But singing didn’t help him to become the heavyweight champion of the world. Swinging helped him. [applause]” LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 399 In the discourse above, we can see that the noun pronoun is Cassius Clay or known as Muhammad Ali. Hence, the deictic word him denotes the antecedent in the utterance that refers to Cassius Clay or Muhammad Ali. Muhammad Ali was an African-American professional boxer who successfully got his freedom until he becomes the heavyweight champion of the world. Because of that, the speaker of the speech triggered the listener by giving a speech that the African-American race shall give some standing for their liberty Third-person Deixis (They) “They’re not getting it by singing, ‘We Shall Overcome’. No, they’re getting it through nationalism.” (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par.26/L.2) Malcolm X used the deictic word they in referring to people in Africa and Asia who got their independence by doing nationalism, not by singing the song “We Shall Overcome” to gain their independence in their country. Hence, Malcolm criticized the listener the African-Americans to bring out their freedom by expressing their Black philosophy of nationalism. Third-person Deixis (Them) “You put them first and they put you last.” (The Ballot or The Ballot, Par.41/L.5) Based on the context of the utterance above, it is addressee to the Democrats that unfair in threatening the African-American community whom they always got discrimination in the society of America. This information is described anaphorically in the previous discourse (line 2): “The Democrats have been in Washington, D.C. only because of the Negro vote. They’ve been down there four years. And they’re – all other legislation they wanted to bring up they’ve brought it up and gotten it out of the way, and now they bring up you”. From the discourse above, it could be determined that the word them refers to The Democrats that had been living in Washington, D.C. Indeed, the speaker used the deictic word them in referring to the Democrats in the government of America, it is because the Democrats were consisted of more than one person inside the Democrats itself and functioned as the third party in the utterance who are not the speaker nor listener of the speech. Also, the deictic word them in the utterance above also functioned as an object of utterance, it could be seen from the position of the word them placed after the verb “put” that will be received by the object them in utterance as an object third-person in plural form according to Azar (2002). Because of that, the speaker used deictic words them in pointing out the Democrats that chomped the black Americans for their goods in election time. The Black Americans gave their support by giving their vote, however, at last, they would be thrown away by the white politician of Democrats. LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 400 Third-person Deixis (It) “And it expanded and it expanded until today it’s where it is right now”. (The Ballot or The Bullet, Par.15/L.3) In utterance above, it is referent to the gender-neutral thing that needs to settle up into large operation. The information about the deictic word it above mentioned in the discourse below: “Now this is what you and I – General Motors, the same way, it did not start out like it is. It started out just a little rat-race type operation.” Based on the discourse the word It referent to General Motors, known as a distributor vehicle corporation in America that was considered as one of an underestimated businesses, but the business continues to grow rapidly until become a famous one today. Deictic word it utterance above is considered as a subject of third-person deixis expression since it is used to describe gender-neutral that is in the form of singular. It could be seen by the deictic expression stand it in the first utterance and applied in describing General Motors as one corporation which means it is a singular subject in the discourse. Hence, the speaker tends to use the deictic word it to describe something in this case General Motors that need to be set up into a large corporation. Conclusion Based on the result of analyzing data that has been done, the researcher found out that Malcolm X used personal deixis, such as first-person (222 data), second- person (211), and third-person (229) as many in total 662 data in whole speech for about 52:47 minutes. So, it could be defined that among three kinds of personal deixis analyzed by the researcher, second-person deixis expressions you are the most dominant used in Malcolm X’s “The Ballot or The Bullet” speech and followed by deictic word they as the second dominant use, lastly deictic word we as the third dominant deictic word used by the speaker. The researcher considered that Malcolm X more dominant used second- person you deixis more in delivering his speech because the speaker wanted the listener the African-American community to realize the problem of equal rights in their community against the Americans and asked them for doing some standing to fight for it. And, the use of the deictic word they by the speaker is to describe the third parties in the speech in this case is the most pointing to their enemy which is the Americans. Further, the deictic word we in the speech is in inclusive we which means it is pointing to the speaker himself including the other participant whom the listener in this case is they were in the same community which the African- American community. Equally important, deixis takes part in the study of pragmatics which is the way to interpret deictic expression that relates to the context of utterance used such as who the speaker is, when the utterance has been uttered, who the listener is, and where the utterance taking place. Indeed, interpreting the meaning of a deictic word depends on context since the different contexts of utterance use will determine different meanings. For this reason, the researcher realized some similar deictic words be able to referent towards different objects in discourse, yet interpreted has LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 401 a different referent. Then, it is important to notice the contextual information in determining deictic words in discourse. After conducting this research, the researcher suggests that other researchers who are interested in conducting research regarding the same topic about deixis expression fill the gap by observing the other objects such as in a comic, in an interview, or in a conference to make a different object from other previous research that usually in a song, in a novel, and a movie. Also, the researcher suggests the next researcher who wants to conduct a topic about deixis used a pragmatic approach to observe the denotative and connotative meaning of its deixis by discussing the other types of deixis whether place, time, social, or discourse. References Abdullah, M. (2015). Deixis: A pragmatics analysis. Language in India, 15(12), 3- 9. Agung, W. K. S. (2017). Personal deixis as addressing system to express solidarity at campus community. Journal of Linguistics, Literature & Language Teaching, 3(1), 11-29. Astria, A., Mujiyanto, J., & Rukmini, D. (2019). The realization of deixis in students’ writing at Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Muhammadiyah Pringsewu Lampung. English Education Journal (EEJ), 9(4), 517 – 526. https://doi.org/10.15294/EEJ.V9I4.32170 Azar, B. S. (2002). Understanding and using English grammar with answer key (3rd Ed.). New York: Pearson Education. French, P. A., Uehling Jr., T. E., & Wettstein, H. K. (Eds.). (1979). Contemporary perspectives in the philosophy of language. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Grundy, P. (2013). Doing pragmatics. London: Routledge. Gutzmann, D. (2014). Semantics vs. pragmatics. In D. Gutzmann, L. Matthewson, C. Meier, H. Rullmann, & T. E. Zimmerman (eds.), The Wiley Blackwell companion to semantics. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118788516.sem049 Ilmi, H. Z. (2018). Deixis analysis on the song lyrics of Ed Sheeran "Divide" album (Undergraduate Thesis). Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia. http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/id/eprint/13169 Kusumaningrum, W. R. (2016). Deixis analysis on Indonesian Shakespeare’s comics strip of Julius Caesar. Transformatika, 12(2), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.31002/transformatika.v12i2.191 Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. New York: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Lyons, J. (2000). Pengantar teori linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia. Miles, M. B., Huberman. A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd Ed.). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Novianty, F., Saleh, N. J., & Sukmawati. (2018). A comparative study on personal deixis of English. ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies on Humanities, 1(2), 226-231. https://doi.org/10.34050/els-jish.v1i2.4394 Purba, R. (2015). Deixis in inauguration speech of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Jurnal Mantik Penusa, 17(1), 75-85. Retrieved from https://e- jurnal.pelitanusantara.ac.id/index.php/mantik/article/view/125 https://doi.org/10.15294/EEJ.V9I4.32170 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118788516.sem049 http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/id/eprint/13169 https://doi.org/10.31002/transformatika.v12i2.191 https://doi.org/10.34050/els-jish.v1i2.4394 https://e-jurnal.pelitanusantara.ac.id/index.php/mantik/article/view/125 https://e-jurnal.pelitanusantara.ac.id/index.php/mantik/article/view/125 LLT Journal, e-ISSN 2579-9533, p-ISSN 1410-7201, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 387-402 402 Rahayu, K. (2015). The use of person deixis in Mata Najwa Talk Show (Doctoral dissertation). Diponegoro University, Semarang. Rosmawaty. X. (2013). Analysis the use of the kind of deixis on ‘Ayat-Ayat Cinta’ novel by Habiburrahman El-Shirazy. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(17), 57-66. Retrieved from https://www.ijhssnet.com/journal/index/2066 Sari, R. (2015). Deixis analysis through the interaction among the sstudents with different culture. Transformatika, 11(2), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.31002/transformatika.v11i2.208 Schiffrin, D. (1990). Between text and context: Deixis, anaphora, and the meaning of then. Text-Interdisciplinary Journal for The Study of Discourse, 10(3), 245-270. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1990.10.3.245 Szabó, Z. G. (2005). The distinction between semantics and pragmatics. In E. Lepore & B. C. Smith (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy (pp. 361- 390). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0017 Verschueren, J. 2004. Understanding pragmatics. London: Arnold. Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.ijhssnet.com/journal/index/2066 https://doi.org/10.31002/transformatika.v11i2.208 https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1990.10.3.245 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0017