# Dodic_G Petkovic A Dokic V Vasic:tipska.qxd 1 Goran Petković, Aleksa Dokić*, Vladimir Vasić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Economics, Serbia Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies Forthcoming How Does Organisational ICT Implementation Affect E-Commerce Potential? Empirical Evidence from Serbia DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2021.0037 Abstract: 1. Introduction As the market paradigm shifts towards Industry 4.0 (Ibarra et al., 2018), digitalisation of activities and processes behind online customer touchpoints is set to become a vital predisposition in achieving organi- sational efficiency and efficacy (Iyanda & Ojo, 2008). Businesses are constantly being challenged to create seamless customer experience, driven by modern market demands (Picot-Coupey et al., 2016). These mar- ket shifts are especially difficult to cope with for companies operating in transition economies (Nowinski and Rialp, 2013). As more and more businesses are developing digital sales channels, market success is being determined by the level of synergy between physical and digital resources (Kabadayi, 2008). COVID-19 pandemic has only accelerated the already present trend of moving customers away from contact with the seller, to a safer, digital shopping channel (Li et al., 2020). Nowadays, businesses have ample digital resources at their disposal for facilitating market demand for on- line purchasing. These include some common ones, such as PC, internet, intranet and mobile phones (On- gori & Migiro, 2010); more developed ones, such as various software, as well as complex internet * Corresponding author: Aleksa Dokić, e-mail: aleksa.dokic@ekof.bg.ac.rs Research Question: This study investigates both direct and indirect effects of employee ICT skills on business e-commerce potential, evaluated through e-commerce website functionality. Motivation: The study aims at expanding the existing knowledge regarding organisational ICT implementation by investigating the relation with e-commerce potential. Idea: The main idea of the paper is to understand how e-commerce potential can be improved by developing the digital skills of employees, mainly in the context of the implementation of cloud computing, portable technologies and e-commerce outsourcing. Data: A sample of 238 businesses from Serbia was considered. Responses were gathered by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, using EUROSTAT-based questionnaire. Tools: Confirmatory factor analysis and covariance- based structural equation modelling were employed for data analysis. Baron-Kenny approach was used for assessing the mediation effects in the model. Findings: Employee ICT skills showed no direct influence, but were found to have an indirect effect on e-commerce website functionality, which is manifested through organisational implementation of cloud computing and portable technologies. Findings to a certain extent suggest that certain differences between companies from transition and developing economies exist, especially regarding cloud technology adoption. Outsourcing of certain e-commerce activities showed no link with employee ICT skills, but was identified as the most influential factor in website e-commerce facilitation. Contribution: This study contributes to ICT use and e-commerce development literature, as it is the first one to investigate the direct and indirect relation between organisational ICT implementation and website e-commerce potential. Keywords: e-commerce potential, organisational ICT implementation, e-commerce website functionality JEL Classification: L22, M15, M54 applications, like websites and e-shops (Mwantimwa, 2019). Consequently, information communications technologies (ICTs) are constantly gaining in organisational importance, especially when complemented by “big data” (Ibarra, et al., 2018). Organisational capacity is very important in this context, since resource lim- itations usually dictate the potential of various ICT applications (Kabongo & Okpara, 2014). Effective and efficient conduct of digital activities implies not just the availability of ICTs, but also the inten- sity of their usage (Dittes et al., 2019). The majority of contemporary literature which analyses ICT-related fac- tors influencing website features and functionality does so from either a technology-oriented or a customer-oriented standpoint (Chen et al., 2017). The organisational aspect is oftentimes neglected in this context, even though it is essential for implementing digital technologies in modern businesses (Giotopou- los et al., 2017). Implementation of ICTs represents a modern development driver in transition economies (Nowinski & Rialp, 2013), which is why digitalisation of commercial activities is especially important for businesses coming from transition markets. Market reality has led to corporate website becoming an unavoidable part of every digital marketing mix, evolving from a promotional instrument to a significant online revenue driver (Chiou et al., 2010). Websites and e-shops are oftentimes the main facilitators of B2C and B2B e-commerce trans- actions (Nilashi et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2017). For a vast number of companies operating in transitioning markets, e-commerce represents a go-to digital business model, in which functionality of e-commerce web- sites has been identified as the key market success predictor (Ramayah et al., 2016). Website e-commerce potential is denoted by the presence of certain features, such as personalisation, customisation, order pro- cessing and tracking capacity at an organisational level (Cullen & Taylor, 2009). Research on e-commerce activities and related ICT implementation is present in literature (Saffu, Walker and Hinson, 2008), although lacking in terms of e-commerce potential, more specifically e-commerce web- site functionality. This gap is especially emphasized for papers oriented towards transition markets. This paper addresses the identified research gap, and investigates the effect of organisational ICT implementa- tion, observed through both the human and technological perspective, on business e-commerce potential. The aim of the study was to examine the relation between organisational ICT implementation, including both ICT presence and the intensity of usage, and the capacity of B2B and B2C websites to facilitate e-com- merce activities. Employee digital skills were identified as the key human aspect of organisational ICT im- plementation (Yunis et al., 2012; Colombo et al., 2019) affecting the corporate e-commerce website functionality. In order to incorporate the organisational perspective into the analysis, the levels of usage of various modern ICTs, such as cloud computing, portable technologies and e-commerce outsourcing were introduced into the conceptual model and observed as potential mediators. Analysis was performed on hard data provided by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (SORS), bearing in mind that Serbia is recognized as a characteristic example of a market in transition (Kapoulas & Ratkovic, 2015). The contribution of this paper is twofold, having both theoretical and practical implications. First, the exist- ing knowledge is extended, as this research, to the best of our knowledge, represents the only paper em- pirically investigating the effect of organisational ICT implementation on website e-commerce potential. The paper also provides a significant theoretical contribution in the sense that it covers both direct and indirect effects of employee digital skills on developing business e-commerce potential, as well as organisational roles of various ICTs within this process. Second, derived results also possess practical value as they pro- vide a useful insight for managers into which ICT implementation directions yield highest benefits in terms of facilitating website e-commerce activities, depending on the company size. Additionally, the paper also opens certain discussion points regarding the differences between businesses from transition economies and developed markets in terms of ICT implementation approach and corresponding effect on e-commerce website functionality. The paper is structured as follows. First, an insight into the contemporary literature is provided, followed by the research design. The next section covers the derived results, which are then later discussed. The final section of the paper contains concluding remarks, as well as research limitations. 2. Literature Review Businesses located in transition economies are striving to switch from mono to multiple-channel business models by integrating digital channels into existing physical store networks in order to cope with the com- petitors from developed economies and their superior levels of e-commerce performance (Salciuviene et al., 2 Goran Petković, Aleksa Dokić, Vladimir Vasić Forthcoming 2011). In this sense, brick-and-click and pure-click companies from transition markets are under pressure to fully utilise their ICT potential when developing respective e-commerce business models. ICTs can be defined as a compilation of data gathering, analysis and dissemination technologies (Ongori & Migiro, 2010; Hanclova et al., 2014). For businesses to fully reap the potential benefits of ICT use, they must go beyond attaining the newest ICTs, equally focusing on their organisational adoption (Mwantimwa, 2019). This however should not be taken lightly, since ICT implementation in an existing organisational structure poses a significant challenge, due to many internal barriers and obstructions (Kabongo & Okpara, 2014), especially for businesses operating in transition markets (Nowinski and Rialp, 2013). 2.1. Approaches to organisational ICT implementation Contemporary literature on ICT implementation is plentiful and highly diversified. In their research on ICT adoption, Shiels et al. (2003) analysed technical (ICT tools) and operational (ICT introduction) aspects. Polder et al. (2018), on the other hand, observed the relation between ICT intensity (ICT capital) and pro- ductivity. Similarly, Lefophane and Kalaba (2021) also investigated the effect of ICT intensity on productiv- ity, employment in South Africa. Other authors approached the topic by analysing the human aspect of ICT adoption and use (Giotopoulos et al., 2017). An important step in a comprehensive analysis of relevant ICT implementation aspects was taken by Cuevas-Vargas et al. (2016) by making a clear distinction between or- ganisational, human and relationship aspects when observing ICT use. Similarly, Ongori and Migiro (2010) distinguished between human component and infrastructure as two most important aspects in ICT adoption by SMEs. Although not as numerous, papers on ICT adoption in developing countries also approach the topic from different angles, such as motivation for ICT implementation in Botswana (Iyanda & Ojo, 2008) or ICT possession in Congolese SMEs (Kabongo & Okpara, 2014). The present literature heterogeneity regarding organisational ICT implementation is summed up by findings by Cuevas-Vargas et al. (2016) and Ongori and Migiro (2010), who show us that it is important to differenti- ate between the human and infrastructural (technological) aspects of an overall organisational ICT imple- mentation. It is generally accepted that ICT implementation in organisations improves information exchange with other stakeholders (Ongori & Migiro, 2010), especially during marketing, promotion and sales of prod- ucts and services (Mwantimwa, 2019). In this sense, from the human perspective of ICT implementation, em- ployee ICT skills are seen as the ability and potential of employees to use available ICT tools for data exchange and communication (Colombo et al., 2019). Although certain authors, such as Colombo et al. (2019) and Giotopoulos et al. (2017), use the term ICT skills, the term employee digital skills can also be found in the literature. Hence, we will use both terms as synonyms. This is important, as a significant portion of contemporary literature observes organisational ICT implemen- tation through certain digital skills. Colombo et al. (2019) investigated different types of employees’ digital skills (information brokerage, basic, applied/management and technical ICT skills) and their influence on dig- ital automation of business processes. Similarly, organisational ICT use was also found to be denoted by dig- ital skills and competences of employees in the context of national ICT use (Yunis et al., 2012). In this sense, relevant indicators can be related to the number of staff trained for handling ICTs (Cuevas-Vargas et al., 2016), the percentage of personnel with ICT skills (Giotopoulos et al., 2017) or work-related use of ICTs after hours (Lee et al., 2021). On the other hand, one of the fundamental characteristics of overall organisational ICT implementation is the level of usage of different digital technologies in business conduct (Karimikia, Singh and Joseph, 2020). Cloud computing, as one of the most complex ICTs (Becker et al., 2018), represents a web-based solution for depositing and disseminating data (Vasiljeva et al., 2017) provided by an external service provider, often on a pay-per-use basis (Raut et al., 2018). The main business use of this technology is internal information organisation and management (Ho et al., 2017). Reliance on cloud technology to supplement internally managed non value-crating business activities and processes (Chen & Tseng, 2013) is oftentimes closely linked to the concept of organisational agility (Liu et al., 2018). Introduction of cloud computing into an or- ganisation can be achieved through three operational modes: software as a service, platform as a service and infrastructure as a service (Grilo & Jardim-Goncalves, 2011). In recent years, cloud computing has at- tracted considerable research interest, which varies significantly from an empirical standpoint, but consen- sually recognises the relation between overall organisational ICT implementation and cloud computing adoption (Raut et al., 2018). 3 Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies Forthcoming Competitive, high-paced business environment also requires a business to provide their employees with in- stant remote access to relevant software (Mwantimwa, 2019), emails, files and documents (Dittes et al., 2019). Devices that allow this kind of remote access are categorised as portable technologies (Wangemann et al., 2003). Nowadays, many businesses are integrating smartphones and similar devices into their busi- ness processes and activities (Dittes et al., 2019). Many authors investigated the ways in which remote ac- cess to certain ICTs via smartphones improves organisational business performance (Mwantimwa, 2019). Such is the case with Iyanda & Ojo (2008), who observed portable technologies, such as PDAs and laptops, alongside organisational use of software, emails and database servers, in the context of applicability and productivity. Covering the intensity of different ICT components, Becker et al. (2018) focused on portable de- vices that provided a mobile connection to internet and allowed access to corporate email, relevant business software and databases. Finally, increased organisational ICT implementation opens up businesses towards more extensive use of available outsourcing options (Kotabe et al., 2008), especially regarding IT assets (Agrawal et al., 2006). Through outsourcing, companies can attain necessary ICT resources and capabilities required for running a successful e-commerce business (Gunasekaran et al., 2002). The summary of the analysed literature, in the context of the two observed dimensions of organisational ICT implementation is shown in Table 1. Table 1: Analysed ICT implementation literature 4 Goran Petković, Aleksa Dokić, Vladimir Vasić Forthcoming References Organisational ICT implemetation Observed ICT implementation relation Human ICT implementation aspect Technological ICT implemenation aspect Agrawal et al., 2006 Outsourcoing of e-business projects, relating to their intent, swiftness and complexity Effect of e-business outsourcing on abnormal positive organizational returns Becker et al., 2018 Significance of connection to internet as subcriterion of ICT usage Significance of e-commerce, e-business and website and social media usage as subcriteria of ICT usage Evaluation and ranking of national ICT usage in Central European countires Chen and Tseng, 2013 Implementation of cloud technology in leisure restaurants Exploring potential effects of cloud technology on creating competitive advantage Colombo et al., 2019 Analysis of different kinds of ICT skills Evaluating the probability of job automation, depending on the employee skillset Cuevas- Vargas et al., 2016 Use of ICT in different business processes Effect of ICT use on improving business performance Giotopoulos et al., 2017 Personnel with ICT skills as a factor of human capital Avaliable ICT resources, such as information resource management system, information systems manager, computer room and security back up plan for information systems Significance of human capital in determining the organizational level of e-sales, interent integration, ICT infrastructure and ICT intentions Iyanda and Ojo, 2008 ICT use through different portable technologies and computer software Observing the relation between ICT facilities and ICT adoption Kabongo and Okpara, 2014 Used and implemented types of ICTs The level of ICT adoption by SMEs On the basis of presented literature, we focus on exploring how organizational ICT implementation affects e-commerce potential of businesses, from both the human and technological perspectives. 2.2. Reaching e-commerce potential through ICT use Businesses with the capacity to undertake organisational adaptations are more likely to yield higher bene- fits from ICT implementation and invest more in ICT infrastructure. An important part of evaluating the effects of ICT implementation is establishing measurable and controllable links between specific ICT aspects and analysed phenomena (Cuevas-Vargas et al., 2016). 5 Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies Forthcoming References Organisational ICT implemetation Observed ICT implementation relation Human ICT implementation aspect Technological ICT implemenation aspect Karimikia et al., 2020 Overal and specific ICT use within an organization The effect of ICT use on job- related stress, moderated via job autonomy Kotabe et al., 2008 Approaches to e-commerce outsourcing Positive and negative effects of e-commerce outsourcing in terms of business performance and competitiveness Lefophane and Kalaba, 2021 Differentiating between high and low ICT intensity industries based on ICT intensity index Effect of ICT intensity on employee productivity, and organizational output Lee et al., 2021 Specific focus on work-related use of ICTs after hours Investigating the causal relationship with employee fatigue Liu et al., 2018 Cloud infrastructure capability observed through flexibility and integration Effect on organizational agility, moderated by cloud computing spending Mwantimwa, 2019 Availability of certain types of ICT to employees ICT ownership and frequency of use ICT use in different business processes Ongori and Migiro, 2010 Differentiating between available ICT tools Analysis of ICT tools in the context of ICT adoption, along with barriers, strategies and outcomes Polder et al., 2018 Analysis of ICT usage intensity through market share, efficiency and performance distribution Relation between ICT intenisty, industry-related productivity and firm dynamism Raut et al., 2018 Usage of technology as a factor of influence on cloud technology adoption Analysis of cloud computing adoption and its effect on business performance Shiels et al., 2003 Exploring ICT adoption through different business integration processes Analyzing the effects of ICT adoption on SMEs from a multi- dimensional integration perspective Yunis et al., 2012 Identifying ICT usage within the ICT maturity indicator Exploring the direct and indirect effects of ICT maturity on global competitiveness Organisational implementation intensity of various ICTs influences to a certain extent the Internet integration potential, as well as efficiency and effectiveness of corresponding e-commerce activities (Giotopoulos et al., 2017). Such a deduction is based on the fact that e-commerce, in its essence, represents market-oriented application of different ICTs (Yasin et al., 2014). Also, the use of ICT, the Internet technology in particular, strongly influences corporate e-commerce efforts (Rahayu & Day, 2017). However, contemporary literature is lacking in terms of investigating the effects of ICT implementation on e-commerce potential, especially in the context of transition economies. One of the main prerequisites of a successful e-commerce business is a well-developed and functional cor- porate website (Yavuz & Welch, 2014), regardless of whether the e-transactions are B2B or B2C in nature (Ongori & Migiro, 2010). Corporate website functions and characteristics are especially interesting in this con- text, since they are identified as one of the most important e-commerce success factors (Cullen & Taylor, 2009). Therefore, an important aspect of e-commerce potential of a B2B or B2C business lies in its capac- ity to facilitate e-commerce activities through its website. To bridge the gap between ICT implementation and e-commerce potential, the focus of the paper is on examining the relation between organisational ICT im- plementation and e-commerce website functionality. Special attention is given to businesses operating in transition markets, as digital prowess successfully translated into e-commerce potential provides a basis for evening the ground in terms of competing with businesses from developed markets. Zaidan (2017), identified the lack of IT skilled employees and infrastructural readiness as being key barriers to organisational internet adoption. Achieving and maintaining a critical mass of “up-to-date” employees in terms of ICT skills and resources has become the pivotal point for many businesses. It is almost impossible to run and maintain a well-functioning e-commerce website without a proper human and infrastructural sup- port. To that end, Ramayah et al. (2016) show that employee internet skills and knowledge are relevant or- ganisational proxies for testing the influence on website continuance intentions. Becker et al. (2018) analysed the number of employees using computers with www. access and portable devices as relevant organisational characteristics, in parallel with the number of enterprises having a website, corporate e-sales and e-pro- curement activities. Businesses from developing and transitioning countries with ICT skilled employees are most likely to im- plement ICT for business purposes in their respective markets (Mwantimwa, 2019). Unfortunately, only few papers specifically analysed businesses from transition economies, although without an empirical angle. In their analysis of strategic value of e-commerce for SMEs from transition markets, Saffu et al. (2008) ob- served organisational readiness in the context of e-commerce adoption, theoretically implying the link be- tween ICT implementation and e-commerce potential. In the context of ICT use in companies from transition economies, Gerguri-Rashiti et al. (2017) investigated the relation between specific ICT implementation mo- ments, such as Internet connectivity, B2B digital communication and ICT investments, and firm perform- ance, more specifically labour productivity and innovation activities. The literature review shows that organisational ICT implementation is a success predisposition of a business with e-commerce pretensions. Many B2B and B2C e-businesses rely strongly on well-functioning websites facilitating e-commerce activities. As we have shown that organisational ICT implementation has both human and technological perspective, the proposed conceptual model must take this distinction into account when defining the relations between e-commerce website functionality and ICT implementation. How we ap- proached the model development is shown in the following section. 3. Conceptual Model and Hypotheses Development We have seen that contemporary literature examines the relations between certain employee ICT intensity indicators and specific B2B and B2C website aspects. However, the existing research has not investigated e-commerce website functionality in the wider context of organisational ICT implementation. The main con- tribution of this paper is the examining of the effect of ICT implementation on businesses’ e-commerce po- tential, from both the human and technological (infrastructural) perspectives. On the basis that the lack of employees with digital skills proved to be a key obstacle to internet adoption within a company (Zaidan, 2017), we formulate our first research hypothesis. H1: Businesses benefit from higher levels of employee ICT skills in terms of developing e-commerce website functionality. 6 Goran Petković, Aleksa Dokić, Vladimir Vasić Forthcoming Recent research also showed that companies with well-equipped employees skilled in ICT use were more likely to organisationally adopt and integrate newest ICTs (Kabongo & Okpara, 2014). These predominantly include complex technologies for data capturing, storage, processing, communication, display, integration and collaboration (Ibem & Laryea, 2014). Organisational implementation of different ICTs has a varying in- fluence on corporate e-commerce development (Yasin et al., 2014) and web technology integration (Giotopoulos et al., 2017). Therefore, in the context of analysing the e-commerce potential of businesses, it is also important to account for potential indirect effects of employee digital intensity on website e-com- merce functionality. Theoretical foundations derived from contemporary literature combine into a conceptual model in which two main dimensions of organisational ICT implementation, employee ICT skills and technological aspect of ICT implementation, are coupled with corporate e-commerce website functionality. One of the funda- mental characteristics of overall organisational ICT implementation is the level of usage of different ICTs in business conduct, sometimes referred to as organisational ICT maturity (Yunis et al., 2012). For this reason, modern ICTs were observed in more detail, as potential mediators. In this light, the implementation of latest ICTs, such as cloud computing, portable technologies and digital outsourcing, outlines the overall digital ca- pacity and potential of today’s businesses (Yavuz & Welch, 2014). Cloud technology can to a certain extent be used to facilitate e-commerce solutions (Grilo & Jardim- Goncalves, 2011), especially in conjunction with other technologies (Chen and Tseng, 2013). As an emerg- ing ICT innovation (Liu et al., 2018), cloud technology provides IT infrastructure, such as networks, servers, storage, applications and services, which represent essential supporting elements in creating a modern, well-functioning website (Charif & Awad, 2016). Therefore, the effect of cloud technology implementation on website e-commerce functionality potential was further investigated in our paper. H2: Organisational cloud technology usage level influences e-commerce website functionality level. In the wake of shifting market paradigm, companies are pressured into making certain organisational adap- tations in order to address the requirements of today’s digital markets, in which the lack of e-commerce re- sources represents a significant market obstacle (Yasin et al., 2014). The lack of technical resources, such as the availability of portable technologies (Yasin et al., 2014), represents a significant internal barrier to or- ganisational e-commerce adoption (Kabongo & Okpara, 2014). Contemporary research suggests that the efficiency and efficacy of certain e-commerce website features, such as integrated product tracking system, remote accessibility, security and instant availability of relevant information can be improved by organisational implementation of portable technologies (Ilbahar & Cebi, 2017). Existing studies also propose similar expectations for portable technology implementation in the do- main of data and software management (Dittes et al., 2019; Mwantimwa, 2019). However, research dedicated to empirically investigating the link between organisational portable technol- ogy usage and business e-commerce potential is lacking. Building on the existing knowledge, the paper ad- dresses the identified gap by comprehensively investigating the implementation of portable technologies in a wider organisational context, as the mediating factor between labour ICT intensity and corporate website e-commerce potential. Based on this, the following hypothesis is proposed. H3: Organisational portable technology usage level influences e-commerce website functionality level. As more and more companies transition from single to multiple-channel business models, the need for out- sourcing certain e-commerce functions becomes more apparent, especially those like website hosting and design, content development and order processing (Pentina & Hasty, 2009). Outsourcing of various e-commerce activities is receiving research attention, as an important organisational ICT component which allows businesses to focus on their core competences, whilst maintaining necessary digital market presence (Lee et al., 2003). This implies that the overall level of e-commerce activity exter- nalised by organisations can influence certain internal ICT assets, such as website features, which are closely related to business e-commerce potential (Cullen & Taylor, 2009). Based on this, the final research hypoth- esis can be formulated. H4: Organisational e-commerce outsourcing level influences e-commerce website functionality level. 7 Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies Forthcoming 4. Research Design and Methodology 4.1. Sample data The analysis conducted in this paper is based on the secondary data on the ICT usage in Serbia in 2018, which was kindly provided by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. The sample is representative in terms of the company size and the level of economic activity for the entire Republic of Serbia. The total sample size was 1,781 companies (response rate was 63.6%). The surveying was conducted in 2018, dur- ing April, via telephone interview. The surveying process, which has been organised annually since 2007, is conducted according to the methodology and instruments (questionnaire) defined by EUROSTAT. The analy- sis was conducted on the survey micro-data, provided by SORS. For the purposes of conducted research, only companies that implemented some form of cloud and portable technologies were analysed. The observed stratum within the total sample numbered 238 companies in total. The structure of the analysed sample is shown in Table 2. Table 2: Research sample structure Findings from papers on similar or related topics are based on similarly-sized samples. Liu et al. (2018) ob- served 183 companies in total, whereas Ramayah et al. (2016) conducted their research on 108 businesses. The minimum sample size depends on the type and complexity of the developed statistical model. In this paper, a structural equation model with 5 constructs was used. Item extraction communalities are expected to be .6 or higher. Derived data modelling results provided the minimum value of extraction communalities of .655. For structural equation models with that statistical trait, the minimum sample size of 100 is charac- teristic (Hair et al., 2018). Thus, the analysed sample of 238 companies is both theoretically and thematically acceptable. 4.2. Measurement of variables Drawing upon previously analysed literature, employee ICT (digital) skills were chosen as the main ex- planatory variable in the research model. It was conceptualised as a formative latent variable comprised of items depicting the share of employees using computers for business purposes, share of employees using portable devices that allow internet connection via mobile network for business purposes (Becker et al., 2018) and share of employees using internet for business purposes (Shiels et al., 2003). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to create the latent variable (Brown, 2015). Assumptions, such as multivariate normality and the absence of multivariate extreme values, were verified prior to the applica- tion of CFA (Harrington, 2008). Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s α, with the threshold value being .7 8 Goran Petković, Aleksa Dokić, Vladimir Vasić Forthcoming �������� �� ��� ������� ������ �� � �������� ����� ��� � ��� ������� ������� ���� �� ���� ������ ��� ������ ������������ �!��"� ��������#����� $�� ��� ��� ��������#������ ������� ��� ���������#��%��� ������������ %����������� ��� ������ &'��"#�!� ��'���(#���'��� ���� ��� ��� ) �(#��(�#!*���"*�"#�����'������(�'��#��'�'��"� !+�,�#���"� !*� "�,������ ��� � ���� -�'"#��(#��'�� ����������� ./� �"� ���'����#�� � ������ ���� 0��'" ��#�#��'��'��"#������� ��� � ���� 1((������#��'��'�������"��2�(���(#�2�#��"�� �%��������� &'�����#��'��'��(����'�(�#��'�� ������������ 3�� ��"#�#�+� ����""��'� *�"(��'#���(��'��#�(/'�(� ��(#�2�#��"� ����$� ���� 1���'�"#��#�2���'��"� ��#�"��2�(���(#�2�#��"+��� �������(�� �#��"� ���� ������ (Kim et al., 2015). Convergent validity was evaluated using construct reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE), with acceptable values being higher than .7 and .5, respectively. Since all indicator values were higher than accepted thresholds and all item loadings being higher than .6 (Loukis et al., 2013), a strong internal consistency was concluded (Fornell and Larcker, 1981). Measurement validation statistics for employee digital skills construct are shown in Table 3. Table 3: Measurement validation statistics for employee ICT skills construct Since the main predisposition of a successful e-commerce business is a well-designed and functional web- site (Hernandez et al., 2009), the potential of corporate websites to facilitate e-commerce activities was cho- sen as the dependent variable in the proposed model. Following this line of reasoning, e-commerce website functionality level was used as a proxy variable and was estimated by the number of present websites fea- tures essential for successful e-commerce conduct. Informational capacity, personalisation, customisation, online order processing, tracking capabilities, and linkage with corporate social media profiles were ob- served as relevant website e-commerce functions (Table 4). Table 4: Properties of e-commerce website functionality aggregate construct Contemporary literature also suggests the existence of certain indirect effects of employee digital skills on corporate e-commerce website functionality. These effects are underlined by the fact that organisational willingness to adopt new ICTs increases with more ICT adept employees (Giotopoulos et al., 2017). These indirect effects were evaluated through mediators representing the usage level of cloud computing, portable technologies and e-commerce outsourcing. Recent years have seen ample research on the topic of differ- ent uses of cloud and portable technologies. Consequently, these two mediating variables were introduced into the model as the number of different types of cloud computing (Table 5) and portable technologies (Table 6) employed by an organisation. 9 Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies Forthcoming � ������ �� � ��� �� �� � ����� �� ������ ����� ������� ��� ���� �������� � ����� ���������������� ���������������������� �������� ����� ����� ����� ����� �������� � ����� ������������ �� �!������ ���� ����������������������� !������� ��������"�������������� ��������� �������� ����� �������� � ����� ������������������� ������������������ �������� ����� � ������ �� � ������ ���� �� ����� �������� ��� ��� � ���� ���������� ��� ������ � ��������� ��� ��������������������� ��������� ������!�� ������ ������"��#��� �$�! �������%��&!������� ���'����� �(!�� ������)��� ���� ���������*��+����� ���� �&� ��,�����-��(���� � ���������-��.�!�� ���������/� 0������ 1�������� �������� �� ���� �������������� ����!�� ������������"��#��� �$�! �������%��&!������� ��$���� � ���������*��'����� �(!��������+����� ���� �&� ��,�����-�� (����� ���������-��.�!�� ���������/� 0������ ��� !� � ������� �! �,� � ������ ��� � ��������� ��� ����������������!�� ������������.�!�� ���������/� 0������ 1� ��� �������� ����!�� ������������'����� �(!������� 0������ ��� ����� � ������� 2�� � ����� �� � ��������� ��� ��������������������� ��������� ������!�� ������ ������$����� ���������*��)��� ���� ���������*��+����� ���� � &� ��,�����-� 0������ '��� � ��������� �� ������,� ���������� � ����!�� ������������"��#��� �$�! �������%��&!������� ��$���� � ���������*� 0������ Table 5: Properties of cloud technology usage level aggregate construct Table 6: Properties of portable technology usage level aggregate construct Outsourcing digital activities and processes represents a common market occurrence and an increasingly viable option for many businesses trying to develop and optimise their e-commerce activities (Agrawal et al., 2006). This is especially true for companies with employees skilled in ICT use, which tend to see outsourc- ing as an opportunity to acquire important digital resources, otherwise unattainable using internal means (Kotabe et al., 2008). In the narrow research context, the overall level of e-commerce externalisation de- pends on the scope and share of e-commerce activities being outsourced (Kedia & Mukherjee, 2009). On this basis, the effect of e-commerce outsourcing level was modelled using a 4-point nominal scale (Table 7). Table 7: Organisational e-commerce outsourcing level Items from the survey questionnaire, which constituted the observed model variables, do not represent the preferences or perceptions of the respondents, but mostly binary answers to specific technical questions. This reduces the potential for the occurrence of common method bias. However, as the single response per company provided answers to both independent and dependent items, the occurrence of common method bias in this context is possible. Therefore, we employed Harman’s single factor test to examine the possibility of common method bias occurrence (Tehseen et al., 2017). The conducted analysis showed that the highest covariance explained from a single component was 15.2%, which is less than half of the variance, indicating that common method bias is not present in this research (Jakobsen & Jensen, 2015). 10 Goran Petković, Aleksa Dokić, Vladimir Vasić Forthcoming ������� �� � ������ ���� ������� ������� ��� �� ����� ��� ������������ ���� �� ��������������� �� ��� � �����!"�������#$��� ������%� �������&$� ����� ��� ������������ ���� �� '�� ���� �� � ��� � �����!"�������#$��� ������%� �������&$�(�)� ����������*$� ����� ��� ������������ ���� �� + �� ��� �"� � ��� � �����!"�������#$��� ������%� �������&$�(�)� ����������*$� ����� ��� ������������ ���� �� '��������,����)������ �� �"� � ��� � �����!"�������#$��� ������%� �������&$�(�)� ����������*$� ����� ��� ������������ ���� �� �-.��� �"� � ��� � �����!"�������#$��� ������%� �������&$�(�)� ����������*$� ����� ��� ������������ ���� �� ���/)�����/�" � (�)� ����������*$� ����� ��� ������������ ���� �� ������� �� � ������ ���� ������� ��������� ��� ���� ������� ���� ������������ �� � ������������� ��� ��� �������� ���� ��� ����� �������� �� �� ��� �� � ����� ������� ���� ������������ �� � ������������� ��� ��� �������� ������� !������������" ��� �#$��� ���%���������&���� �� � ������������� ��� ��� ������ � ����� ��� �� ����� �� ��� �� ����� ���� � ���� ��� ���� ��� �� ��������� ������ �� ����� �� ��� ��� � � ���� ��� ��� � ��� �� �� ��������������������� � �� ����� �� ��� ��� � � � ��� ��� � �� � ��� �� � � ��� ��������� ������������ �� ��������� � �� ����� �� ��� ��� � � � ��� ��� � �� � ��� �� � � ��� ����� �������� �� � ���������� ��������� � 5. Results The research model analysed certain mediation effects, which is why model estimation was performed using covariance-based structural equation modelling (SEM) (Hair et al., 2014). All calculations were made using AMOS 23 software. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate unknown parameters, since pre- conditions for using this method, such as multivariate normality and the absence of multivariate extremal val- ues, were met (Byrne, 2013). In SEM, evaluating the validity of the proposed model includes testing several types of indices. The initial mandatory step in basic goodness-of-fit reporting implies calculating the chi-square statistic, along with as- sociated degrees of freedom and p-value. No clear scientific consensus exists on which indices should be analysed when reporting model fit in SEM. The main body of literature distinguishes between absolute fit in- dices and relative fit indices, sometimes also referred to as incremental fit indices (Hooper et al., 2008). Re- porting absolute fit indices usually includes goodness of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and standardized root mean residual (SRMR) (Bollen & Long, 1993). Relative fit indices encompass comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker Lewis index (TLI), normed fit index (NFI) and incremental fit index (IFI) (Hair et al., 2014). In terms of relative model fit, NFI, TLI, CFI and IFI indicator values are all higher than .95, indicating accept- able fit to the data (Schreiber et al., 2006). For absolute model fit values, both GFI and AGFI are higher than .95, SRMR is lower than 0.08 and RMSEA is lower than 0.03, indicating excellent model fit (Hooper et al., 2008). Calculated model fit measurements are shown in Table 8. Table 8: Model fit measurements for the proposed research model Since general model fit parameters have been satisfied, subsequent model calculations were performed. The modelling approach used is similar to those implemented by Andreu et al. (2010) and Yunis et al. (2012). Summarised model findings are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Statistical model with standardised regression weights, significant at *.1, **.05 and ***.01 levels (Haas et al., 2004) Findings show that employee digital skills have no direct effect on e-commerce website functionality level of businesses. This led to the rejection of H1. In terms of indirect effect of employee ICT skills, the analysis confirmed that cloud and portable technologies represent important ICT components for translating em- ployee ICT intensity into website e-commerce potential. This confirmed H2 and H3. In terms of e-commerce outsourcing, its direct effect on e-commerce website functionality has been identified both as the strongest and most significant one. However, the relation between employee ICT skills and e-commerce outsourcing level has not been confirmed, which ultimately led to the rejection of H4. 11 Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies Forthcoming Chi-square DF p-value NFI IFI TLI CFI GFI AGFI SRMR RMSEA 12.995 11 .294 .981 .997 .994 .997 .984 .960 .043 .028 As an additional proofing step, the analysis of hypothesised mediatory effects of observed ICT components was performed using the approach proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986) with bootstrapping technique (Shrout & Bolger, 2002). For this calculation 5000 bootstrap samples with bias-corrected confidence inter- vals were used. The results confirmed the aforementioned conclusions entirely (Table 9). Table 9: Results of indirect effect testing using Baron-Kenny approach Note: significant at *.1, **.05 and ***.01 levels (Haas et al., 2004) The standardised indirect (mediated) effect of labour ICT intensity, via cloud technology usage level, on e- commerce website functionality level is .023 and is significantly different from zero at **.05 level (p-value of .022). This implies that when employee ICT skills increase by a standard deviation, the e-commerce web- site functionality level consequently increases by .023 standard deviations. Additionally, a mediated effect of employee digital skills, via portable technology usage level, on e-commerce website functionality level is .025 and is significantly different from zero at **.05 level (p-value of .048). This effect causes an increase in e-commerce website functionality level by .025 standard deviations upon a positive change of a single unit of standard deviation in employee ICT skills. These two combined effects amount to the total standardised indirect model effect of **.062. As the large portion of contemporary literature focuses specifically on examining SMEs in the context of ICT implementation (Shiels et al., 2003; Ongori & Migiro, 2010; Kabongo & Okpara, 2014; Ramayah et al., 2016; Giotopoulos et al., 2017; Vasiljeva et al., 2017), the analysis was consequently expanded so as to include busi- ness size differentiation. For this, the critical ratio analyses regarding differences between path coefficients of small, medium and large enterprises were performed (Ho, 2014). The results are shown in Table 10. Table 10: Pairwise comparison of critical ratios for differences between analysed path coefficients, in terms of company size The comparison value of -2.075 represents the difference between the estimate of path coefficient of cloud technology usage level and website functionality level (for large enterprises) and the same estimate of path coefficient for medium enterprises, divided by an estimate of standard error of the difference. We can con- 12 Goran Petković, Aleksa Dokić, Vladimir Vasić Forthcoming ������� ��� ������ ������ ������� �������� � ���� ������ ������ ���� �������� � ���� ��� ����� �� � ������ ������ �� ����� �� � ���� �������� �� ���� � ����� ���������� � ��� ����� � �� �������� ��� ��� ���������� ������������� ����� �� ! "���#$ � % "�& &$ � &!'' "� &&$ �������� �� ���� � (������� ���������� � ��� ����� � �� �������� ��� ��� ������������� ����� �� ! "���#$ � #) "�&& $ � &*'' "� +%$ �������� �� ���� � ���������� ��� ������� ����� � ���������� ��� ��� ������������� ����� �� ! "���#$ � #, "��)&$ � &# "�!% $ ����� ��� �� ���� �� ��� ������ ��� ������ ������� ��� �� ������� ����� ���� ������������������ ������ ����� ����� ��������� �������������������� �������!� ���� ������������ "���#� ��������� ����"� ������� ��� �� �������$�������� ���� ������������������ "�%��� ����� "��#�� $������������ �������������������� �������!� ���� ������������ "����� ����� ������� &���''�������������� ���������� �������!� ���� ������������ �"(�� �"��("� �"�%��� � clude that this parameter is statistically significant at the **.05 level (<±1. 96, p < .05). Correct modelling approach implies, under suitable assumptions, that this critical ratio or z-statistic has a standard normal dis- tribution. The analysis also indicated that one of the pairwise comparisons between path coefficients of portable tech- nology usage level is significant (<±1. 645, p < .1). The value of 1.812 represent the difference between the estimate of path coefficient of large enterprises and the same estimate of path coefficient for small busi- nesses, divided by an estimate of the standard error of the difference. The presented findings were further confirmed via path coefficient difference test at the *.1 level. 6. Discussion In the discussion part, we elaborate on theoretical and managerial implications of the derived results. As the empirical findings were based on a sample from the Serbian market, certain comments regarding transition economies will be provided, as a starting point for future research and discussions. The conducted research shows that no significant direct relationship between employee ICT skills and e- commerce website functionality level exists. Similar findings were reported by Ramayah et al. (2016), where employee IS knowledge showed no influence on website continuance intentions in Malesyia, and Nurmi- laakso (2009), who identified no link between website and labour productivity in European businesses. An additional comment based on the analysed sample could be that businesses operating in transition markets follow the similar pattern regarding organisational ICT implementation as their counterparts from developed markets, in the context of developing e-commerce potential. For companies operating in transition economies, equipping and training employees for ICT use is vital in keeping up with the digital pace of mod- ern markets. This does not have direct repercussions on corporate website capacity to facilitate e-com- merce, but it does provide a basis for utilising organisational ICT components to develop e-commerce potential. The findings suggest that businesses with good ICT infrastructure access and adequate employee ICT knowledge are more likely to utilise the potential of cloud computing for optimising activities, such as net- working, data storing and software usage (Charif & Awad, 2016). This positively influences organisational implementation of website features aimed at enabling e-commerce, such as online ordering, tracking, per- sonalisation and customisation , especially in the early stages of e-business development (Cullen & Taylor, 2009). This conclusion is in contrast with that of Raut et al. (2018), who found a negative relation between the usage of technology and cloud computing adoption in India. This can be attributed to the fact that small transition economies provide more potential for implementing relatively standardised cloud-based solutions, rather than developing specific, internal solutions, which are more adapted to local requirements of large de- veloping economies, such as India. The presented results also show that the organisational implementation of portable technologies helps de- velop e-commerce website functionality, especially when coupled with a high level of employee ICT skills. This implies that intensive use of portable devices in everyday business activities enables employees to in- crease the overall responsiveness related to providing actual, real time data on the corporate website, which is essential for efficient functioning of services, such as online ordering, shipment tracking and communi- cation with website visitors (Ilbahar & Cebi, 2017). The strongest link identified in the developed model was between the e-commerce outsourcing level and the e-commerce website functionality level. With the externalisation of certain e-commerce activities, the e-com- merce website functionality level consequently increases, due to improvements of existing website services and the acquisition of the new ones (Gunasekaran et al., 2002). On the contrary, the e-commerce out- sourcing level does not appear to be a significant mediator in the proposed model, as the data show no link with the employee ICT skills. In terms of organising e-commerce activities, no single best solution exists. Companies focused on physical sales can benefit from externalising e-sales, but the same can be true for certain ICT-intensive businesses with other core competences aside from sales, such as product innova- tiveness or technological prowess. Businesses from transition economies can reap significant benefits when utilising well-established digital solutions through outsourcing. The presented findings also possess certain managerial implications. As shown previously, employee ICT skills are more important in the indirect context, rather than the direct one, especially in terms of defining web- site e-commerce potential. This implies that it is not so important to possess ICTs as to possess the right kind 13 Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies Forthcoming of ICT, and being able to implement it in the right way. Research findings indicated two interesting differences in organisational ICT implementation, depending on the size of the company. Cloud technology has proven to be very important for medium-sized enterprises when it comes to devel- oping e-commerce website functionality, especially in comparison with large enterprises. This implies that medium-sized businesses benefit from focusing their human resources on developing core competences, while implementing internet-based solutions, primarily for non-value adding activities. On the contrary, large companies possess the resource pool, which enables them to tackle the majority of business activities in- ternally, thus increasing controllability and adjustability. In terms of investing in portable technologies, large companies have been shown to benefit the most from enabling their employees instant and customised access to relevant data, coupled with increasing process controllability. In comparison, small businesses lack resources and economy of scale to reap significant benefits in terms of e-commerce website functionality development, and should thus focus their employee engagement on attaining available digital pre-made online solutions. 14 Goran Petković, Aleksa Dokić, Vladimir Vasić Forthcoming The capacity of employees to use different ICTs, referred to in this paper as employee ICT (digital) skills, represents a pre- condition in achieving competitiveness in the eyes of digitally advanced customers. E-commerce, although still a devel- oping process, is already considered a must-have marketing channel, even for businesses operating in transition markets (Saffu et al., 2008). As such, it is highly dependent on the quality of always-improving websites and their e-commerce ca- pabilities (Berman & Thelen, 2018). In order to contribute to the existing literature, both direct and indirect effects of em- ployee ICT skills on website capacity to facilitate e-commerce activities were examined. The assumption that employee ICT proficiency is a standalone factor influencing the capacity of website to support e- commerce activities is not supported by presented findings. Results show that businesses need an integrated, syner- getic approach which utilises other digital resources, besides ICT seeking work environment, to develop a well-functioning website with e-commerce capabilities. The paper theoretically expands contemporary literature as cloud computing has been confirmed as a significant ICT me- diating the effect of employee digital skills on website e-commerce potential. This contrasts findings by Raut et al. (2018), who identified a negative relation between the usage of technology and the cloud computing adoption. This finding can represent an interesting starting point for future research, as it implies that certain differences between companies from transition markets and those from developing countries exist in terms of cloud computing usage. Additionally, the use of portable technologies was also identified as a significant mediator. High levels of employee ICT skills showed to be a key precondition for successful organisational adoption of portable technologies and their implementation in advancing e- commerce capabilities of corporate websites. Relevant managerial implications are closely related to differentiating organisational ICT implementation regarding the size of the business. Medium-sized businesses have been identified as most proficient in utilising cloud computing in the context of e-commerce potential creation, especially in comparison with their larger counterparts. On the other hand, large enterprises draw most of the website e-commerce potential from investing in portable technologies, especially when com- pared to small businesses with limited resources. These findings provide a unique insight into which ICTs are the most im- portant, depending on the phase of business development. E-business managers should focus limited organizational resources upon adopting and implementing ICTs with the highest yield in terms of e-commerce returns. This study has certain limitations that are worth mentioning. The research model was based on the stratum of observed companies from Serbia, which is recognized as a representative transition economy (Kapoulas & Ratkovic, 2015). Al- though presented findings are unambiguous and internationally applicable, national specificities should still be mentioned. The potential for conclusions generalisation is mainly limited to countries undergoing transition. 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Analysis of ICT usage patterns, benefits and barriers in tourism SMEs in the Middle Eastern countries: The case of Dubai in UAE. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 23(3), 248–263. DOI:10.1177/1356766716654515 [80] Zhu, Y., Basil, D. Z., & Hunter, M. G. (2009). The extended website stage model: A study of Canadian winery websites. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences de l’Administration, 26(4), 286–300. DOI:10.1002/cjas.118 Received: 2021-06-03 Revisions requested: 2021-07-27 Revised: 2021-08-23 Accepted: 2021-10-17 Goran Petković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Economics, Department for Business Economics and Management, Serbia goran.petkovic@ekof.bg.ac.rs Goran Petković teaches Marketing Channels, Trade Management and Marketing on bachelor, master and PhD levels. He is engaged on the Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade since 1987, being promoted to full time professor in 2005. He is a Fulbright alumni from 2002, when he implemented research on Zarb School, Hofstra University, NY. As a member of Supervisory Board in Metalac A.D., Gornji Milanovac, he was re- engaged since 2013. In the period from 2007-2013 served as the State secretary in Government of the Republic of Serbia, in charge of Tourism. Goran Petković is the author of two books (Positioning of trade companies and Models for decision making in trade), co-author of sections in 6 relevant books and author of many chapters in other books and proceedings. Also, he is the author or co-author of more than fifty articles in domestic and international scientific journals. 18 Goran Petković, Aleksa Dokić, Vladimir Vasić Forthcoming About the Authors 19 Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies Forthcoming Aleksa Dokić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Economics, Department for Business Economics and Management, Serbia aleksa.dokic@ekof.bg.ac.rs Aleksa Dokić is a teaching assistant at the Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade. He completed his bachelor studies in 2015, after which he continued his education at the Technical University in Munich (TUM), where in 2017 he earned the M.Sc. degree in Sustainable Resource Management. He obtained his second M.Sc. degree in Trade – Sales and Supply Chain Management in 2019, graduating at the Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade. In 2018 he enrolled in a PhD programme of Business Management at the Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade. At the bachelor studies level, he currently teaches the courses in Marketing Channels, Trade Management, Trade Marketing and Sales Management, E-commerce and Customer Relationship Management. He also teaches the subjects: Principles of Marketing, Strategy and Core Management Concepts at London School of Economics bachelor programme in Business and Management. His fields of scientific research are e- procurement, e-commerce, omni-channel retail and sustainable resource management. He participated in many projects in the fields of marketing, corporate management, marketing channels, as well as projects for the Government. Vladimir Vasić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Economics, Department for Statistics and Mathematics, Serbia vladimir.vasic@ekof.bg.ac.rs Vladimir Vasić was born in Belgrade in 1969. He graduated from the Faculty of Economics in 1994, completed a Master course in Statistical Analysis in 1999 and acquired a PhD title in Statistics at the Faculty of Economics in 2003. He is employed as assistant professor at the University of Belgrade – Faculty of Economics (Department of Statistics and Mathematics) at the courses: Multivariate Analysis, Nonparametric Statistical Methods. He deals with the implementation of data mining and data science in business economics. He is involved in many commercial projects in the region. He is the author of over 20 papers in journals on the SCI and SSCI lists. << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /All /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Warning /CompatibilityLevel 1.4 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy /LeaveColorUnchanged /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments false /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 300 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /CreateJDFFile false /Description << /ARA /BGR /CHS /CHT /CZE /DAN /DEU /ESP /ETI /FRA /GRE /HEB /HRV /HUN /ITA /JPN /KOR /LTH /LVI /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken voor kwaliteitsafdrukken op desktopprinters en proofers. 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