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CONTACT:  

Fitriani,        fitriani.1984@fmipa.unila.ac.id         Department of Mathematics, Universitas Lampung, 

Indonesia 

 

       The article can be accessed here. https://doi.org/10.15642/mantik.2022.8.1.45-52 

The Implementation of Rough Set on a Group Structure  
 

 

Ananto Adi Nugraha1, Fitriani1*, Muslim Ansori1, Ahmad Faisol1 

  1Department of Mathematics, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia 

 

 

Article history: 

Received Jul 6, 2021 

Revised, May 9, 2022 

Accepted, May 31, 2022 

 

Kata Kunci:  

aproksimasi bawah, 

aproksimasi atas, 

himpunan rough, grup 

rough, sentralizer 

 

Abstrak. Diberikan himpunan tak kosong U dan relasi ekuivalensi 

R pada U. Pasangan berurut (𝑈, 𝑅) disebut ruang aproksimasi. 
Relasi ekuivalensi pada U membentuk kelas-kelas ekuivalensi 

yang saling asing. Jika 𝑋 ⊆ 𝑈, maka dapat dibentuk aproksimasi 
bawah dan aproksimasi atas dari 𝑋. Pada penelitian ini 
dikonstruksi grup rough, subgrup rough pada ruang aproksimasi 

(𝑈, 𝑅) terhadap operasi biner yang bersifat komutatif maupun 
non-komutatif.  

 

 

Keywords:  

lower approximation, 

upper approximation, 

rough set, rough group, 

centralizer. 

 

 

 

 

Abstract. Let 𝑈 be a non-empty set and 𝑅 an equivalence relation 
on 𝑈. Then, (𝑈, 𝑅) is an approximation space. The equivalence 
relation on 𝑈 forms disjoint equivalence classes. If 𝑋 ⊆ 𝑈, we 
can form a lower approximation and an upper approximation of 

𝑋. If X⊆U, then we can form a lower approximation and an upper 
approximation of X. In this research, rough group and rough 

subgroups are constructed in the approximation space (𝑈, 𝑅) for 
commutative and non-commutative binary operations. 

  

How to cite: 

A. A. Nugraha, Fitriani, M. Ansori, and A. Faisol, “The Implementation of Rough Set on a 

Group Structure”, J. Mat. Mantik, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 19-26, Jun. 2022. 

 

 

 

  

Jurnal Matematika MANTIK 

Vol. 8, No. 1, June 2022, pp.45-52 

 

ISSN: 2527-3159 (print) 2527-3167 (online) 

mailto:fitriani.1984@fmipa.unila.ac.id
https://doi.org/10.15642/mantik.2021.7.1.9-19
http://u.lipi.go.id/1458103791


Jurnal Matematika MANTIK 

Vol. 8, No. 1, June 2022, pp.45-52 

 

46 

1. Introduction  
 

Zdzislaw Pawlak [1] first introduced the rough set theory in 1982 as a mathematical 

technique to deal with vagueness and uncertainty problems. Various studies have 

discussed this theory and the possibility of its applications, for example, in data mining 

[2] and some algebraic structures. In [3], Biswaz and Nanda introduce the rough group 

and rough ring. Furthermore, Miao et al. [4] improve definitions of a rough group and 

rough subgroup and prove their new properties. In [5], Jesmalar investigates the 

homomorphism and isomorphism of the rough group. Furthermore, in [6], Bagirmaz and 

Ozcan give the concept of rough semigroups on approximation spaces. Then, Kuroki in 

[7] gives some results about the rough ideal of semigroups. In [8], Davvaz investigates 

roughness in the ring, and in [9], Davvaz and Mahdavipour give a roughness in modules. 

In [10], Isaac and Neelima introduce the concept of the rough ideal. Moreover, in [11], 

Zhang et al. give some properties of rough modules. Davvaz and Malekzadeh give 

roughness in modules [12]. They use the notion of reference points. Furthermore, Ozturk 

and Eren give the multiplicative rough modules [13]. Then, Sinha and Prakash introduce 

the rough exact sequence of rough modules [14]. They also give the injective module 

based on rough set theory [15]. In [16], Kazancı and Davvaz give the rough prime in a 

ring. Jun in [17] investigate the roughness of ideals in BCK-algebras. Moreover, Dubois 

and Prade [18] define the rough fuzzy sets. 

This research focuses on the algebraic aspects by applying a rough set theory to 

construct a rough group and its subgroups on an approximation space. Moreover, in this 

research, we discuss the centralizer and the center of a rough group. 

 

2. Preliminaries 
 

In this section, there will be several definitions and theorems that can be helpful for 

this article. Those definitions are written as follows: 

 

Definition 1 [19] Define 𝐶𝐺 (𝐴) = {𝑔 ∈ 𝐺 | 𝑔𝑎𝑔
−1 = 𝑎 for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴}. This subset of 𝐺 is 

called the centralizer of 𝐴 in 𝐺. Since 𝑔𝑎𝑔−1 = 𝑎 if and only if 𝑔𝑎 = 𝑎𝑔, 𝐶𝐺 (𝐴) is the 
set of elements of 𝐺 which commute with every element of 𝐴. 
 

Definition 2 [19] Define 𝑍(𝐺) = {𝑔 ∈ 𝐺 | 𝑔𝑥 = 𝑥𝑔 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐺}, the set of elements 
commuting with all the elements of 𝐺. This subset of 𝐺 is called the center of 𝐺. 
 

Definition 3 [20] Let 𝑅 be an equivalence relation on 𝐴 and 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴. Then the equivalence 
class of 𝑎 under 𝑅 is [𝑎]𝑅 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑎𝑅𝑥}. In other words, the equivalence class 
of 𝑎 under 𝑅 contains all the elements in 𝐴 to which 𝑎 is related by 𝑅. 

 

Definition 4 [3] Let (𝑈, 𝑅) be an approximation space and 𝑋 be a subset of 𝑈, the sets, 

𝑋 = {𝑥 | [𝑥]𝑅 ∩ 𝑋 ≠ ∅}                   (1) 
𝑋 = {𝑥 | [𝑥]𝑅 ⊆ 𝑋}       (2) 

are called upper approximation and lower approximation of 𝑋.  
 

Definition 5 [1] Let 𝑅 be an equivalence relation on universe set 𝑈, a pair (𝑈, 𝑅) is called 

an approximation space. A subset 𝑋 ⊆ 𝑈 can be defined if 𝑋 = 𝑋, in the opposite case, if 

𝑋 − 𝑋 ≠ ∅ then 𝑋 is called a rough set. 



A. A. Nugraha, Fitriani, M. Ansori, and A. Faisol 

The Implementation of Rough Set on a Group Structure 

47 

 

Definition 6 [3] Let 𝐾 = (𝑈, 𝑅) be an approximation space and ∗ be a binary operation 
defined on 𝑈. A subset 𝐺 of universe 𝑈 is called a rough group if the following properties 
are satisfied: 

i. ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐺, 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐺; 

ii. Association property holds in 𝐺; 

iii. ∃𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 such that ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐺, 𝑥 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑒 ∗ 𝑥 = 𝑥; 𝑒 is called the rough identity element 
of 𝐺; 

iv. ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐺, ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐺 such that 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 = 𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 = 𝑒; 𝑦 is called the rough inverse element 
of 𝑥 in 𝐺. 

 

We will give the example of rough group in Section 3. 

 

The following theorem gives the characteristics of a rough group. 

Theorem 1. [3] A necessary and sufficient condition for a subset 𝐻 of rough group 𝐺 to 

be a rough subgroup is that: 

(i) ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐻, 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐻; 

(ii) ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐻, 𝑥−1 ∈ 𝐻. 

 

Several steps will be taken to achieve the objectives of this research. Those steps are 

written as follows: 

1. Determine a set 𝑈, where 𝑈 ≠ ∅. 
2. Define a relation 𝑅 on 𝑈. 
3. Shows that a relation 𝑅 is the equivalence relation on 𝑈. 
4. Determine equivalence classes on 𝑈. 
5. Determine a set 𝐺, where 𝐺 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝐺 ≠ ∅. 

6. Determine the approximation space, lower approximation on 𝐺 (𝐺), and upper 

approximation on 𝐺 (𝐺). 

7. Determine a rough set 𝐴𝑝𝑟(𝐺) = (𝐺, 𝐺). 
8. Determine a binary operation ∗ on the set 𝐺. 
9. Shows that 〈𝐺,∗〉 is a rough group in the approximation space that has been 

constructed. 

10. Determine a rough subgroup 〈𝐻,∗〉 from a rough group 〈𝐺,∗〉.  
 
 

3. Rough Group Construction 
 

3.1 Commutative Rough Group Construction 

In this section, we will give the construction of commutative rough group. 

Example 3.1. Given a non-empty set 𝑈 = {0,1,2,3, … ,99}. We define a relation 𝑅 on 
the set 𝑈, that is, for every 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑈 apply 𝑎𝑅𝑏 if and only if 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 7𝑘 where 𝑘 ∈ ℤ. 
Furthermore, it can be shown that relation 𝑅 is reflexive, symmetrical, and transitive. So, 
relation 𝑅 is an equivalence relation on 𝑈. As a result, relation 𝑅 produces some disjoint 
partitions called equivalence classes. The equivalence classes are written as follows: 

 𝐸1 = [1] = {1,8,15,22,29,36,43,50,57,64,71,78,85,92,99}; 
𝐸2 = [2] = {2,9,16,23,30,37,44,51,58,65,72,79,86,93}; 
𝐸3 = [3] = {3,10,17,24,31,38,45,52,59,66,73,80,87,94}; 
𝐸4 = [4] = {4,11,18,25,32,39,46,53,60,67,74,81,88,95}; 
𝐸5 = [5] = {5,12,19,26,33,40,47,54,61,68,75,82,89,96}; 



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48 

𝐸6 = [6] = {6,13,20,27,34,41,48,55,62,69,76,83,90,97}; 
𝐸7 = [0] = {0,7,14,21,28,35,42,49,56,63,70,77,84,91,98}. 
 

Given a non-empty subset 𝑋 ⊆ 𝑈 that is 𝑋 = {10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90}. 
Because the set 𝑈 ≠ ∅ and 𝑅 is an equivalence relation on 𝑈, a pair (𝑈, 𝑅) is the 
approximation space. Furthermore, it can be obtained the lower approximation and upper 

approximation of 𝑋, that is: 
𝑋 = ∅. 

𝑋 = 𝐸1 ∪ 𝐸2 ∪ 𝐸3 ∪ 𝐸4 ∪ 𝐸5 ∪ 𝐸6 ∪ 𝐸7 = 𝑈. 
After determining the lower approximation and upper approximation of 𝑋, then 

given a binary operation +100 on 𝑋. Here is given Table Cayley of 𝑋 with the operation 
+100. 

Table 1. Table Cayley of 𝑋 with the operation +100 
+𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟑𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟓𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟕𝟎 𝟖𝟎 𝟗𝟎 
𝟏𝟎 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 
𝟐𝟎 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 
𝟑𝟎 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 
𝟒𝟎 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 
𝟓𝟎 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 
𝟔𝟎 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 
𝟕𝟎 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 
𝟖𝟎 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 
𝟗𝟎 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 

 

i. Based on Table 1, it is proved that for each 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋, apply 𝑥(+100)𝑦 ∈ 𝑋. 
ii. For each 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑋, the associative property that is (𝑥(+100)𝑦)(+100)𝑧 =

𝑥(+100)(𝑦(+100)𝑧) holds in 𝑋. The operation +100 is associative in 𝑋. 

iii. There is a rough identity element 𝑒 ∈ 𝑋 that is 0 ∈ 𝑋 such that for each 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, 
𝑥(+100)𝑒 = 𝑒(+100)𝑥 = 𝑥. 

 
Table 2. Table of element inverse of the set 𝑋 

𝒙 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 

𝒙−𝟏 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 

 

iv. For each 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, there is a rough inverse element of 𝑥 that is 𝑥−1 ∈ 𝑋 such that 
𝑥(+100)𝑥

−1 = 𝑥−1(+100)𝑥 = 𝑒. Based on Table 2, it can be seen that each 
element 𝑥 in the set 𝑋, then the inverse element 𝑥−1 is also in 𝑋. 

Since those four conditions have been satisfied, then 〈𝑋, +100〉 is a rough group. 
 

3.2 Non-Commutative Rough Group Construction 

    In this section, we will give the construction of non-commutative rough group. 

Example 3.2. Given a permutation group 𝑆3 to the operation of permutation 
multiplication " ∘. " For example, take a subgroup 𝐺 = {(1), (12)} of the group 𝑆3. For 
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆3, define a relation 𝑅 that is 𝑥𝑅𝑦 if and only if 𝑥 ∘ 𝑦

−1 ∈ 𝐺. Furthermore, it can 
be shown that relation 𝑅 is reflexive, symmetrical, and transitive. So, relation 𝑅 is an 
equivalence relation on 𝑆3. As a result, relation 𝑅 produces some disjoint partitions called 
equivalence classes. Suppose 𝑎 is the element in 𝑆3, the equivalence class containing 𝑎 
defined as follows: 
[𝑎]𝑅 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑆3 | 𝑥𝑅𝑎}  

 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑆3 | 𝑥 ∘ 𝑎
−1 ∈ 𝐺}  



A. A. Nugraha, Fitriani, M. Ansori, and A. Faisol 

The Implementation of Rough Set on a Group Structure 

49 

= {𝑥 ∈ 𝑆3 | 𝑥 ∘ 𝑎
−1 = 𝑔, 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺}  

= {𝑥 ∈ 𝑆3 | 𝑥 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑎, 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺}  
    = {𝑔 ∘ 𝑎 | 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺}         (3) 

Based on the Equation (3), this is corresponding to the definition of the right coset of 

𝐺 in 𝑆3 that is 𝐺𝑎 = {𝑔 ∘ 𝑎 | 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺}. Thus, the right cosets of 𝐺 in 𝑆3 as follows: 

𝐺 ∘ (1) = 𝐺 ∘ (12) = {(1), (1 2)}; 
𝐺 ∘ (1 3) = 𝐺 ∘ (1 2 3) = {(1 3), (1 2 3)}; 
𝐺 ∘ (2 3) = 𝐺 ∘ (1 3 2) = {(2 3), (1 3 2)}. 

Given a non-empty subset 𝑌 ⊆ 𝑆3 that is 𝑌 = {(1), (1 2), (1 2 3), (1 3 2)}. 
Furthermore, it can be obtained the lower approximation and upper approximation of 𝑌, 
that is: 

𝑌 = {(1), (1 2)}. 

𝑌 = {(1), (1 2)} ∪ {(1 3), (1 2 3)} ∪ {(2 3), (1 3 2)} = 𝑆3. 

After determining the lower approximation and upper approximation of 𝑌, then we 
give a permutation multiplication " ∘ " on 𝑌. We give a Table Cayley of 𝑌 with the 
operation of permutation multiplication as follows. 

 
Table 3. Table Cayley of 𝑌 with the operation of permutation multiplication 

∘ (1) (1 2) (1 2 3) (1 3 2) 
(1) (1) (1 2) (1 2 3) (1 3 2) 

(1 2) (1 2) (1) (2 3) (1 3) 

(1 2 3) (1 2 3) (1 3) (1 3 2) (1) 

(1 3 2) (1 3 2) (2 3) (1) (1 2 3) 

 

i. Based on Table 3, it is proved that for each 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌, apply 𝑥 ∘ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌. 
ii. For each 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑌, the associative property that is (𝑥 ∘ 𝑦) ∘ 𝑧 = 𝑥 ∘ (𝑦 ∘ 𝑧) holds in 

𝑌. The operation ∘ is associative in 𝑌. 

iii. There is a rough identity element 𝑒 ∈ 𝑌 that is (1) ∈ 𝑌 such that for each 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌,          
𝑦 ∘ 𝑒 = 𝑒 ∘ 𝑦 = 𝑦. 

 
Table 4. Table of inverse element of 𝑌 

𝒚 (1) (1 2) (1 2 3) (1 3 2) 

𝒚−𝟏 (1) (1 2) (1 3 2) (1 2 3) 

 

iv. For each 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌, there is a rough inverse element of 𝑦 that is 𝑦−1 ∈ 𝑌 such that 𝑦 ∘
𝑦−1 = 𝑦−1 ∘ 𝑦 = 𝑒. Based on Table 4, it can be seen that each element 𝑦 in the set 
𝑌, then the inverse element 𝑦−1  is also in the set 𝑌. 
Since those four conditions have been satisfied, then 〈𝑌,∘〉 is a rough group. 

 

4. Subgroup Construction of the Rough Group 
 

After constructing a commutative rough group and a non-commutative rough group, 

we will construct subgroups of each of the previously constructed rough groups. 

 

4.1 Subgroup Construction of Commutative Rough Group 
 

Before it has been obtained, a commutative rough group 𝑋 with the operation 
" +100 ". Furthermore, we will construct several subgroups that can be formed from the 
rough group 𝑋. Based on Theorem 1, we can obtain several subgroups from the rough 
group 𝑋 that written as follows: 



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50 

1. 〈{20,30,40,50,60,70,80}, +100〉; 
2. 〈𝑋, +100〉. 

After determining several subgroups from the rough group 𝑋 that is commutative, 
then we will determine the centralizer and the center of subgroups in rough group 𝑋. 
Suppose all subgroups of rough group 𝑋 above are denoted by 𝐴. Based on Definition 1, 
the centralizer 𝐴 in 𝑋 is the set where is the element of 𝑋 is commutative with each 
element of 𝐴. Here is given the table that shows the centralizer of subgroups 𝐴 in rough 
group 𝑋. 

 
Table 5. Table of the centralizer of subgroups 𝐴 in rough group 𝑋 

𝑨 𝑪𝑿 (𝑨) 
{20,30,40,50,60,70,80} 𝑋 

𝑋 = {10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90} 𝑋 

 

Since the operation +100 of rough group 𝑋 is commutative, the centralizer of 
subgroups in rough group 𝑋 is 𝑋 itself. 

 

Based on Definition 2, the center of 𝑋 is the set of elements that is commutative with 
all elements of 𝑋. Because rough group 𝑋 using commutative operation, the center of 
rough group 𝑋 is 𝑋 itself, or it can be written as 𝑍(𝑋) = 𝑋. 

 

Using Theorem 1, we will show that the center of rough group 𝑋 that is 𝑍(𝑋) = 𝑋 is 
a rough subgroup of rough group 𝑋. 
i. Based on Table 1, it is proved that for each 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑍(𝑋) = 𝑋, apply 𝑥(+100)𝑦 ∈

𝑍(𝑋) = 𝑋 = 𝑈. 
ii. For each 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍(𝑋) = 𝑋, there is an inverse element of 𝑥 that is 𝑥−1 ∈ 𝑍(𝑋) = 𝑋. 

Based on Table 2, it can be seen that if each element 𝑥 in the set 𝑋 then the inverse 
element of 𝑥 also in the set 𝑋. 

 

Two conditions on Theorem 1 have been satisfied, so it is proved that the center of 

rough group 𝑋 that is 𝑍(𝑋) = 𝑋 is a rough subgroup of rough group 𝑋. 
 

4.2 Subgroup Construction of Non-Commutative Rough Group 
 

Before it has been obtained a non-commutative rough group 𝑌 with the operation of 
permutation multiplication " ∘. " Furthermore, we will construct several subgroups that 
can be formed from the rough group 𝑌. Based on Theorem 1, we can obtain several 
subgroups from the rough group 𝑌 that written as follows: 
1. 〈{(1)},∘〉; 
2. 〈{(1), (1 2)},∘〉; 
3. 〈{(1), (1 2 3), (1 3 2)},∘〉; 
4. 〈{(1 2), (1 2 3), (1 3 2)},∘〉; 
5. 〈𝑌,∘〉. 

 

After determining several subgroups from the rough set 𝑌 that are non-commutative, 
then we will determine the centralizer and the center of subgroups in rough group 𝑌. 
Suppose all subgroups of rough group 𝑌 above are denoted by 𝐵. Based on Definition 1, 
the centralizer 𝐵 in 𝑌 is the set where is the element of 𝑌 is commutative with each 
element of 𝐵. Here is given the table that shows the centralizer of subgroups 𝐵 in rough 
group 𝑌. 

 
Table 6. Table of the centralizer of subgroups 𝐵 in rough group 𝑌 



A. A. Nugraha, Fitriani, M. Ansori, and A. Faisol 

The Implementation of Rough Set on a Group Structure 

51 

𝑩 𝑪𝒀(𝑩) 
{(1)} 𝑌 

{(1), (1 2)} {(1), (12)} 
{(1), (1 2 3), (1 3 2)} {(1)} 

{(1 2), (1 2 3), (1 3 2)} {(1)} 
𝑌 = {(1), (1 2), (1 2 3), (1 3 2)} {(1)} 

 

Based on Definition 2, the center of 𝑌 is the set of elements that is commutative with 
all elements of 𝑌. From the Definition 2, the center of rough group 𝑌 is an identity 
element, or it can be written as 𝑍(𝑌) = {(1)}. 

 

Using Theorem 1, we will show that the center of rough group 𝑌 that is 𝑍(𝑌) =
{(1)} is a rough subgroup of rough group 𝑌. Previously, determine the upper 

approximation of 𝑍(𝑌) that is 𝑍(𝑌) = {(1), (1 2)}. 

i. For (1) ∈ 𝑍(𝑌), apply (1) ∘ (1) = (1) ∈ 𝑍(𝑌). 
ii. For (1) ∈ 𝑍(𝑌), there is an inverse element of (1) that is (1) ∈ 𝑍(𝑌). 

 

Based on Theorem 1, because the two conditions have been satisfied, it is proved 

that the center of rough group 𝑌 that is 𝑍(𝑌) = {(1)} is a rough subgroup of rough group 
𝑌. 

 

5 Conclusions 
 

Based on the results,  we construct a rough group, a rough subgroup in the case of 

the commutative and non-commutative binary operation. Furthermore, the centralizer of a 

commutative rough subgroup is also a rough group. In comparison, the centralizer of the 

subgroup of a non-commutative rough group must contain the identity element and the 

center. The center of each rough group, both commutative and non-commutative, are 

subgroups of each rough group. 

 

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