D:\sbornik\...\Paper_2.DVI


Mathematical Problems of Computer Science 41, 55{62, 2014.

E ngineer ing Competence Fr amewor ks and T opic

M odelling

Tig r a n R . To p c h ya n

Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia

e-mail: tigran@topsoft.am

Abstract

Engineering education is often presented as frameworks made up of intended com-
petences based on product lifecycle step models. Such are the Conceiving-Designing-
Implementing-Operating(CDIO) syllabus and the European e-Competence Framework
(e-CF). In this article we analyze the correlation between the expert created com-
petences implemented in these models and the job market requirement quali¯cations
represented as topics extracted with probabilistic topic models.

Keywords: LDA, Topics, Quali¯cation, Competence, Framework.

1 . In t r o d u c t io n

U n ive r s it ie s a r e r e s p o n s ib le fo r im p r o vin g t h e qu a lit y o f e d u c a t io n a n d s h o u ld a d d r e s s t wo
c e n t r a l qu e s t io n s [1 ]:

² W h a t is t h e fu ll s e t o f kn o wle d g e , s kills , a n d a t t it u d e s t h a t e n g in e e r in g s t u d e n t s s h o u ld
p o s s e s s a s t h e y le a ve t h e u n ive r s it y, a n d a t wh a t le ve l o f p r o ¯ c ie n c y?

² H o w c a n we d o b e t t e r a t e n s u r in g t h a t s t u d e n t s le a r n t h e s e s kills ?

N o r m a lly, a t e n g in e e r in g u n ive r s it ie s , t h e in t e r n a l qu a lit y a s s u r a n c e p r o c e s s e s u s e t h e
m e t h o d o f s t a ke h o ld e r fo c u s g r o u p s c o m p r is e d o f e n g in e e r in g fa c u lt y, s t u d e n t s , e m p lo ye r s a s
in d u s t r y r e p r e s e n t a t ive s , u n ive r s it y r e vie w c o m m it t e e s , a lu m n i, a n d s e n io r a c a d e m ic s . Th e
fo c u s g r o u p p a r t ic ip a n t s a r e a s ke d qu e s t io n s d e s ig n e d t o a d d r e s s t h e s e is s u e s . Th is fo c u s
g r o u p a n d s u r ve y m e t h o d is fu n d a m e n t a l, b u t h a s a n u m b e r o f is s u e s a ®e c t in g t h e o ve r a ll
p r o c e s s s c a la b ilit y a n d o u t c o m e qu a lit y.

Fir s t , in c o n t e xt o f g lo b a liz a t io n , o r g a n iz in g wid e a r e a s u r ve ys is ve r y e xp e n s ive a n d is
im p r a c t ic a l t o c a r r y o u t o n a r e g u la r b a s is . S e c o n d , e ve n if t h e n e c e s s a r y d a t a is p r e s e n t ,
it c a n b e d i± c u lt t o r e c o g n iz e t h e d yn a m ic s o f la t e n t p r o c e s s e s o f c h a n g e s in m a r ke t r e -
qu ir e m e n t s . Th ir d , e m p lo ye r s a r e n o t h ig h ly m o t iva t e d t o p a r t ic ip a t e in t h is s u r ve ys a s it
d e m a n d s e ®o r t a n d e xp e n s e s o n t h e ir p a r t a n d t h e r e a r e n o s h o r t -t e r m o u t c o m e s . Fo u r t h ,
t h e u n ive r s it ie s c a n b e b ia s e d a n d s o t h e o ve r a ll d a t a c a n b e s u b je c t ive .

In o u r p r e vio u s wo r k [2 ] we a p p lie d t h e p r o b a b ilis t ic t o p ic m o d e ls t o a n a lyz e a jo b
d e s c r ip t io n c o r p u s , g a t h e r e d fr o m o n -lin e jo b h ir in g s it e s , t o r e c o g n iz e t h e qu a li¯ c a t io n

5 5



5 6 Engineering Competence Frameworks and Topic Modelling

r e qu ir e m e n t s s o u g h t b y e m p lo ye r s b y e xt r a c t in g t h e u n d e r lyin g t o p ic s p r e s e n t in t h e d a t a .
Th e s e t o p ic s t r e a t e d a s qu a lī c a t io n s p r o ve d t o b e u s e fu l a n d p r o vid e d va lu a b le in s ig h t in t o
t h e jo b m a r ke t . Th is m e t h o d s t ill r e qu ir e s a n o p e r a t o r fr o m t h e a c a d e m ia t o m a n u a lly s ift
t h r o u g h t h e d a t a in o r d e r t o b e n c h m a r k t h e c u r r e n t qu a lī c a t io n r e qu ir e m e n t s o f kn o wle d g e
a n d s kills a n d wh a t a m e n d m e n t s c a n b e d o n e t o t h e c u r r e n t c u r r ic u lu m . Th is a p p r o a c h
c a n b e e ®e c t ive , b e c a u s e it is le s s e xp e n s ive , c a n b e u s e d in a c o n t in u o u s m a n n e r in o r d e r
t o r e c o g n iz e t h e d yn a m ic s o f m a r ke t a n d it d ir e c t ly r e la t e s t o t h e e m p lo ye r s m o t iva t io n t o
s e a r c h fo r n e w t a le n t s .

P o s s ib le d r a wb a c ks o f t h is m e t h o d in c lu d e t h e c o m p le xit y o f g a u g in g t h e va lid it y o f t h e
m o d e l a n d t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e h u m a n fa c t o r in t h e m o d e l a n a lys is . To a d d r e s s b o t h t h e s e
p r o b le m s we p r o p o s e c o n n e c t in g o u r a p p r o a c h t o t h e e xis t in g c o m p e t e n c e s b a s e d m o d e ls ,
s u c h a s t h e CD IO a n d e -CF fr a m e wo r ks [1 , 3 ]. Th is wa y t h e va lid it y o f t h e m o d e l c a n
b e g a u g e d in t h e c o n t e xt o f h o w we ll it m a p s t o t h e e xp e r t c r e a t e d m o d e ls . A d d it io n a lly,
t h e la b e llin g o f t h e e xt r a c t e d t o p ic s wit h s p e c ī c c o m p e t e n c e s p r o vid e s a m o r e d e t a ile d ye t
s im p le a p p r o a c h t o a n a lyz in g t h e m o d e l.

2 . To p ic Mo d e llin g fo r Co m p e t e n c e A n a lys is

In o u r p r e vio u s wo r k we r e s e a r c h e d t h e is s u e o f in fe r r in g qu a li¯ c a t io n s a n d a n a lyz in g t h e m
fr o m u n s t r u c t u r e d d a t a . To t h is e n d , we e xp e r im e n t e d wit h p r o b a b ilis t ic t o p ic m o d e ls fo r
kn o wle d g e e xt r a c t io n , m o r e s p e c ī c a lly we u s e d L a t e n t D ir ic h le t A llo c a t io n ( L D A ) [4 ] t o
e xt r a c t t h e u n d e r lyin g t o p ic a l s t r u c t u r e o f a d a t a s e t o f jo b d e s c r ip t io n s . Th e t r a in e d m o d e l
wa s a b le t o e ®e c t ive ly e xt r a c t m e a n in g fu l t o p ic s fr o m t h e d a t a s e t , wh ic h c o u ld b e m a p p e d t o
r e qu ir e m e n t s a n d qu a li¯ c a t io n s t h a t t h e jo b e m p lo ye r s we r e lo o kin g fo r in p o t e n t ia l e m p lo y-
e e s . W e o u t lin e d t h e p o we r a n d ° e xib ilit y o f t h e e xt r a c t e d m o d e l a n d p r o p o s e d a n u m b e r o f
wa ys t o a n a lyz e jo b d e s c r ip t io n d a t a s e t s , wh ic h c o u ld b e u s e fu l in t h e c o n t e xt o f qu a li¯ c a t io n
a n a lys is .

In t h is wo r k we a im t o e xt e n d u p o n t h e s e r e s u lt s a n d r e s e a r c h t h e c o n n e c t io n b e t we e n o u r
e xt r a c t e d c o m p a c t r e p r e s e n t a t io n s o f a la r g e a m o u n t o f jo b d e s c r ip t io n s a n d t h e e s t a b lis h e d
c o m p e t e n c y a n d qu a li¯ c a t io n o n t o lo g ie s a c c e p t e d a s a n in d u s t r y s t a n d a r d . Fo r t h is we a g a in
u s e L D A a s o u r m a in m e t h o d fo r t o p ic e xt r a c t io n a n d b e lo w we p r e s e n t a s h o r t d e s c r ip t io n
o f t h e ke y c o n c e p t s we a im t o e xp lo it in o u r a n a lys is .

3 . L D A P r im e r

L D A m a p s c o lle c t io n o f d o c u m e n t s in t o a m o r e c o m p a c t t o p ic b a s e d fo r m . To p ic s in t h is
c a s e a r e p r o b a b ilit y d is t r ib u t io n s o ve r a ¯ xe d vo c a b u la r y o f t e r m s . E a c h d o c u m e n t in t u r n
c a n b e vie we d a s a ve c t o r o f a s u b s e t o f t o p ic s . Th e s e t o p ic s r e p r e s e n t t h e t h e m a t ic s t r u c t u r e
o f a ll t h e d o c u m e n t s .

L D A m o d e ls t h e t h e m a t ic s t r u c t u r e u s in g h id d e n r a n d o m va r ia b le s a n d t r ie s t o u s e t h e s e
va r ia b le s t o c r e a t e a m o d e l t h a t b e s t ¯ t s t h e c o lle c t io n o f d o c u m e n t s b e in g a n a lyz e d . Th is
c a n b e vie we d a s a g e n e r a t ive p r o c e s s o f e xt r a c t in g t o p ic s wh ic h b e s t m a t c h t h e d o c u m e n t s
in t h e d a t a s e t . Th is p r o c e s s is o u t lin e d b e lo w.

1 . Fo r e a c h t o p ic k in K s a m p le a d is t r ib u t io n ¯k o ve r t h e ¯ xe d vo c a b u la r y

2 . Fo r e a c h d o c u m e n t d in c o lle c t io n ( D ) :



T. Topchyan 5 7

( a ) Ch o o s e a d is t r ib u t io n o ve r K e le m e n t s µd fo r t h e p e r -d o c u m e n t t o p ic p r o p o r t io n s

( b ) Fo r e a c h wo r d w in d:

i. S a m p le a t o p ic a s s ig n m e n t zn fr o m µd , wh e r e zn lie s in [1 ; K]

ii. Ch o o s e a wo r d wn fr o m zn-t h t o p ic ¯zn

Th e ke y va r ia b le s we c a n u s e fo r o u r a n a lys is a r e t h e p e r -d o c u m e n t t o p ic p r o p o r t io n s
( µd ) , t h e wo r d -t o p ic s p r o p o r t io n s ( ¯k ) a n d p e r -t o p ic wo r d a s s ig n m e n t s ( zn ) . In t h is p a r t ic u la r
c a s e a s we a im t o e xp lo r e t h e r e la t io n b e t we e n t h e t o p ic s a n d e xis t in g c o m p e t e n t o n t o lo g ie s ,
s o we fo c u s o n ¯k a n d zn. E s s e n t ia lly t h e y wo u ld s u p p ly u s wit h a ¯ xe d n u m b e r o f t o p ic s
d e s c r ib in g t h e jo b d e s c r ip t io n s a n d t h e p r o p o r t io n s t h a t e a c h wo r d a p p e a r s in e ve r y t o p ic .

Th e wo r k in [5 ] o u t lin e s va r io u s m e t h o d s t h a t a r e u s e d t o in fe r t h e m o d e l b a s e d o n t h is
p r o c e s s , in t h is c a s e we u s e [3 ] a s we a r e b u ild in g o n s ys t e m o f c o n t in u o u s e xt r a c t io n o f n e w
jo b d e s c r ip t io n s a n d it wo u ld a llo w fo r m o r e c o n ve n ie n t a n d fa s t u p d a t e s t o t h e m o d e l.

4 . Co m p e t e n c e Fr a m e wo r ks

In t h is wo r k we a r e in t e r e s t e d in t h e r e la t io n a n d m a p p in g b e t we e n o u r e xt r a c t e d qu a l-
i¯ c a t io n s s o u g h t b y t h e e m p lo ye r s a n d t h e m o r e a b s t r a c t r e p r e s e n t a t io n o f qu a lī c a t io n s
d e s c r ib e d in t h e e xis t in g c o m p e t e n c e o n t o lo g ie s . H e r e we r e vie w t wo o f t h e m o r e p r o m in e n t
e n g in e e r in g e d u c a t io n c o m p e t e n c e s - CD IO a n d e -CF [1 , 6 ]. Th e s e fr a m e wo r ks u s e a life -c yc le
a p p r o a c h , wh ic h is t h e c lo s e s t t o e m p lo ye r s ' r e qu ir e m e n t s , a s t h e c o m p e t e n c e a r e a s a r e la t e n t
b y d e ¯ n it io n o f t h e wo r k o r g a n iz a t io n .

CDI O. A n a p p r o a c h t h a t is c u r r e n t ly d o m in a n t in t h e e n g in e e r in g ¯ e ld is CD IO, wh ic h is
b a s e d o n r e s e a r c h o f t h e in d u s t r y a n d s u r ve y d a t a a n d d e s c r ib e s qu a lī c a t io n s a s c o m p e t e n c e
a r e a s , wh ic h c o n t a in c o m p e t e n c e s d e s c r ib in g t h e a r e a . Th e CD IO s ylla b u s in d e s c r ib e d in
Ta b le 1 .

Ta b le 1 : CD IO c o n d e n s e d s ylla b u s

1. Conceiving and E ngineer ing 2. Designing
1. Setting System Goals and Requirements 1. The Design Process
2. De¯ning Function, Concept and 2. The Design Process Phasing and

Architecture Approaches
3. Modelling of System and Ensuring 3. Utilization of Knowledge in Design

Goals Can Be Met
4. Development Project Management 4. Disciplinary Design

5. Multidisciplinary Design

3. I mplementing 4. Oper ating
1. Designing the Implementation Process 1. Designing and Optimizing Operations
2. Hardware Manufacturing Process 2. Training and Operations
3. Software Implementing Process 3. Supporting the System Lifecycle
4. Hardware Software Integration 4. System Improvement and Evolution
5. Test, Veri¯cation, Validation, 5. Disposal and Life-End Issues

and Certi¯cation
6. Implementation Management 6. Operations Management

e-CF. A n o t h e r fr a m e wo r k fo r qu a lī c a t io n is E u r o p e a n Co m p e t e n c e Fr a m e wo r k ( e -CF) ,
wh ic h fo c u s e s o n t h e IT in d u s t r y. e -CF is a we ll e s t a b lis h e d fr a m e wo r k t h a t is b a s e d o n



5 8 Engineering Competence Frameworks and Topic Modelling

r e s e a r c h o f t h e in d u s t r y a n d m o d e ls qu a lī c a t io n s a s ¯ ve c o m p e t e n c e a r e a s e a c h c o n t a in in g
d e s c r ip t ive c o m p e t e n c e s :

1 . P lan: c o n t a in s n in e c o m p e t e n c e s

2 . B uild: c o n t a in s s ix c o m p e t e n c e s

3 . Run: c o n t a in s fo u r c o m p e t e n c e s

4 . E nable: c o n t a in s t we lve c o m p e t e n c e s

5 . M anage: c o n t a in s n in e c o m p e t e n c e s

5 . Fr o m To p ic s t o Co m p e t e n c e s

U s in g t h e t e c h n iqu e s fr o m o u r p r e vio u s wo r k [2 ] we c a n e xt r a c t t h e t o p ic s t h a t d e s c r ib e t h e
t h e m a t ic s t r u c t u r e o f t h e jo b d e s c r ip t io n s . W e p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e s e t o p ic s c a n b e t a ke n a s
r e p r e s e n t a t io n s o f qu a li¯ c a t io n s m o s t s o u g h t a ft e r b y e m p lo ye r s . A s a lr e a d y d is c u s s e d , we
wa n t t o ¯ n d t h e c o n n e c t io n b e t we e n t h is e xt r a c t e d qu a lī c a t io n s a n d t h e a b o ve -m e n t io n e d
c o m p e t e n c e fr a m e wo r ks . Th is kin d o f a n a lys is is u s e fu l a s it c a n a llo w u s t o g a u g e t h e
a c c u r a c y a n d c o h e r e n c e o f t h e e xt r a c t e d t o p ic s in t h e c o n t e xt o f e xp e r t c r e a t e d fr a m e wo r ks .
S u c h a m a p p in g c a n b e u s e d t o a n a lyz e t h e fr a m e wo r k a n d t h e jo b m a r ke t in t h e c o n t e xt
o f t h e fr a m e wo r ks . S u c h a m a p p in g c a n b e u s e d t o ¯ n d t h e m o s t p r o m in e n t c o m p e t e n c e
c u r r e n t ly s o u g h t a ft e r in t h e m a r ke t a n d o t h e r u s e s , wh ic h b e c o m e s a g r id fo r p r a c t ic a l
c o m p e t e n c e s m o s t fo c u s e d b y e m p lo ye r s .

It is u s e fu l t o ¯ n d t h e c o n n e c t io n b e t we e n a t o p ic a n d e a c h o f t h e s e p a r a t e c o m p e t e n c e
a r e a s d e s c r ib e d in t h e fr a m e wo r ks . Th is will p r o vid e a n in d ir e c t la b e llin g o f t h e t o p ic s b a s e d
o n wh ic h a r e a t h e y a r e m o s t p r o b a b le t o b e in c lu d e d in . E a c h a r e a o f a fr a m e wo r k is u n iqu e ly
d ivid e d in t o c o m p e t e n c e s , wh ic h a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y c o n c is e t e xt u a l d e s c r ip t io n s ( Ta b le 1 ) .
Th e s e le n d t h e m s e lve s we ll t o b e c o m p a r e d t o o u r t o p ic s , wh ic h a r e d is t r ib u t io n s o ve r wo r d s .

5 .1 Ma p p in g

A s m e n t io n e d a b o ve we s e e k t o ¯ n d t h e p r o b a b ilit y o f e a c h t o p ic b e in g p a r t o f a s p e c i¯ c
c o m p e t e n c e . Th is p r o b le m c a n n o t b e e ± c ie n t ly s o lve d b y a s u p e r vis e d le a r n in g a p p r o a c h a s
it wo u ld r e qu ir e a o n e -t o -m a n y la b e llin g b y a n e xp e r t . Th is wo u ld b e im p r a c t ic a l a s we a im
fo r a c o m p le t e ly a u t o m a t e d p r o c e s s . S o t o d e ¯ n e t h e m a p p in g we s o u g h t t o ¯ n d a n e m p ir ic a l
wa y t o t r a n s fo r m a t o p ic in t o t h e c o n t e xt o f a c o m p e t e n c e fr a m e wo r k. Fo r e xa m p le , wit h in
t h e CD IO fr a m e wo r k we s e e k t o m a p t h e ve c t o r r e p r e s e n t in g t h e t o p ic in t o a c o m p a c t ve c t o r
o f a d is t r ib u t io n o ve r t h e CD IO c o m p e t e n c e a r e a s . Th e r e fo r e , fo r t o p ic ¯k:P

aab + ¯

¯k = [( w1; p1 ) ; :::; ( wl; pl ) ] Ã! Ck = [( ck1 ; p¤1 ) ; :::; ( ckareas; p¤areas ) ] fo r l 2 [0 ; n]; ( 1 )

wh e r e Ck is t h e ve c t o r o f p a ir s o f t h e c o m p e t e n c e s c p r o p o r t io n s p
¤.

To ¯ n d Ck we n e e d t o ¯ n d h o w s im ila r e a c h wo r d in t o p ic s k is t o e a c h c o m p e t e n c e a r e a .
A s e a c h c o m p e t e n c e a r e a is d e ¯ n e d b y s e p a r a t e c o m p e t e n c e s , wh ic h a r e d e ¯ n e d b y wo r d s ,
we c a n t r e a t t h e wo r d s d e s c r ib in g t h e c o m p e t e n c e s a s t e xt d a t a we h a ve t o c o m p a r e t o e a c h



T. Topchyan 5 9

wo r d w in t o p ic s ¯k. H e r e we n e e d t o ¯ n d h o w s im ila r e a c h wo r d is t o e ve r y c o m p e t e n c e
a r e a , b y c o m p a r in g h o w s im ila r it is t o s e t s o f wo r d s d e s c r ib in g e ve r y c o m p e t e n c e .

S o , t h e fo r wo r d w we will ¯ n d t h e c o m p e t e n c e a r e a cw o f t h a t wo r d b y:

cw = m a x
i2(0;areas)

0
BBB@

pP
j=1

wnsim ( w; ci;j )

p

1
CCCA : ( 2 )

A s in t h e p r e vio u s wo r k wnsim is a s im ila r it y fu n c t io n d e ¯ n e d o ve r t h e W o r d N e t g r a p h ,
wh ic h c o m p a r e s t h e s h o r t e s t d is t a n c e b e t we e n t wo wo r d s o n t h e g r a p h [7 ]. U s in g E q.2 we
c a n ¯ n d t h e c o m p e t e n c e a r e a s o f a ll t h e wo r d s ( ckw1 ; :::; ckwl ) fo r t h e t o p ic k a n d u s in g t h a t
we c a n ¯ n d t h e p r o b a b ilit y o f c o m p e t e n c e a r e a ci u s in g :

p¤ci =
³X

pjj8j : ckwj = ci
´
: ( 3 )

S o we c a n ¯ n d a ll t h e p r o p o r t io n s ( p¤1; :::; p
¤
areas ) . W e c a n s u m u p t h e p r o p o r t io n s o f a ll

t h e wo r d s m a p p e d t o t h e s a m e c o m p e t e n c e a s we wo u ld h a ve a r r ive d a t t h e s a m e L D A m o d e l
if we h a ve in it ia lly s u b s t it u t e d t h a t wo r d b y t h e c o m p e t e n c e a r e a . Th is is d u e t o L D A o n ly
c o n s id e r in g d o c u m e n t s wo r d b y wo r d .

Th e r e fo r e , we c a n a r r ive a t a ve c t o r r e p r e s e n t a t io n Ck fr o m E q.1 , wh ic h will g ive u s t h e
r e p r e s e n t a t io n o f t h e t o p ic o n t h e s p a c e o f c o m p e t e n c e s . Th is m e t h o d is t h e s a m e fo r o t h e r
c o m p e t e n c e fr a m e wo r ks a n d t h e a n a lo g o u s c a lc u la t io n s fo r e -CF wo u ld h o ld .

6 . A n a lys is

U s in g t h e m e t h o d d e s c r ib e d in t h e p r e vio u s s e c t io n , we c a n p r o je c t a ll t h e t o p ic s t o c o m p e -
t e n c e s p a c e a n d e xp lo r e e ve n fu r t h e r . To t h is e n d , we t r a in e d a n L D A m o d e l o f 1 5 0 t o p ic s
o n a n e xt e n d e d d a t a s e t o f 1 0 ,0 0 0 jo b d e s c r ip t io n s g a t h e r e d in p e r io d fr o m Ma r c h -A p r il 2 0 1 4 .
Th e d a t a s e t c o n t a in s p r e p r o c e s s e d [2 ] jo b d e s c r ip t io n d a t a fo r t h e IT a n d E n g in e e r in g in -
d u s t r ie s . W e t h e n u s e t h e d e s c r ib e d m e t h o d t o p r o je c t t h o s e t o p ic s in t o t h e CD IO a n d e -CF
c o m p e t e n c e s p a c e s . Fo r e a c h o f t h e 1 5 0 t o p ic s we b u ild a c o m p a c t ve c t o r r e p r e s e n t a t io n .
W e t h e n t r a in a s im p le N e a r e s t N e ig h b o u r ( N N ) m o d e l [8 ] o n t h a t d a t a in o r d e r t o fa c ilit a t e
t h e r o b u s t a n a lys is in -o r d e r t o r e ve a l r e la t io n s h ip s in t h e d a t a . Th is wo u ld a llo w u s t o qu e r y
fo r t o p ic s o f a r b it r a r y p r o p o r t io n s . Th e r e s u lt s o f t h e a n a lys is a r e p r e s e n t e d b e lo w.

CDI O. U s in g o u r N N m o d e l we fo u n d t h e c lo s e s t t o p ic s fo r e a c h o f t h e c o m p e t e n c e s in
CD IO, wh ic h a r e d e p ic t e d in Ta b le 2 . It c a n b e s e e n t h a t t h e e xt r a c t e d t o p ic s a r e in d e e d
a c e r t a in r e p r e s e n t a t io n o f e a c h c o m p e t e n c e . W h ile n o t id e a l, it p r o ve s t h a t a t o p ic m o d e l
c a n b e m a p p e d t o c o m p e t e n c e s in a n e ®e c t ive m a n n e r .

W h e n a n a lyz in g t h e CD IO m a p p in g we fo u n d t h a t m o s t t o p ic s a r e c lo s e r t o t h e \ Im p le -
m e n t in g " c o m p e t e n c e , a s illu s t r a t e d in Fig . 1 . On e c a n vie w t h is a s a lo g ic a l r e s u lt , a s it
wo u ld r e ° e c t t h e g e n e r a l r e qu ir e m e n t s fo r p r a c t ic a l qu a lī c a t io n s in t h e jo b m a r ke t . B u t it
m a y a ls o b e c a u s e d b y a b ia s wh e n s c o r in g c o m p e t e n c e s a r e b a s e d o n W o r d N e t d is t a n c e , a s
t h is a p p r o a c h d o e s n o t t a ke c o n t e xt in t o a c c o u n t . Th is is s u e will b e in ve s t ig a t e d in d e p t h
in o u r fu t u r e wo r k.



6 0 Engineering Competence Frameworks and Topic Modelling

Fig. 1. The \Implementing" competence seems to be much more popular.

Ta b le 2 : To p ic s p e r c o m p e t e n c e fo r CD IO

1. Conceiving and E ngineer ing 2. Designing
knowledge interpret procedures e®ectively manufacturing quality engineering tooling
skills basic responsibilities concepts statistical skills procedures environment
environment personnel mathematical abili- programs management manufacture
ties analyze respond diagram policies technical reduction techniques developing
worker quali¯cations travel techniques achieve analyze tool knowledge leadership

3. I mplementing 4. Oper ating
architect functional consultant analyst develops knowledge performs complex
¯nance implementation environment participates assignments applies implements
reporting client phases technology plan- maintains analyzes engineering functional
ning global objectives guiding technical tests conducts evaluates identi¯es technical
stability programs ensures objective coordinates demonstrates creates

Ta b le 3 : To p ic s p e r c o m p e t e n c e fo r e -CF.

1. P lan 2. B uild

automation testing java auto- technology solutions technologies
mated test framework quality teams technical platforms engineering
functional scripts plan architects management infrastructure

3. Run 4. E nable

procedures management skills technical management javascript
policies supervision knowledge java solutions customers
personnel technical responsibi- developer agile visual developers
lities engineering

5. M anage

architect functional consultant align analyst ¯nance
implementation environment reporting client



T. Topchyan 6 1

E -CF. W e c a r r ie d o u t t h e s a m e a n a lys is fo r t h e e -CF c o m p e t e n c e fr a m e wo r k a n d c a lc u -
la t e d t h e c lo s e s t t o p ic s fo r e a c h a r e a ( Ta b le 3 ) . It is e vid e n t t h a t t h e t o p ic s c lo s e s t t o t h e
c o m p e t e n c e s a r e n o t ve r y d e s c r ip t ive fo r t h is c a s e . W e a t t r ib u t e t h is t o t h e d e s c r ip t io n s o f
e a c h a r e a in e -CF b e in g g e n e r a l a n d va g u e if t a ke n a s in d ivid u a l wo r d s . A s m e n t io n e d a b o ve
we a r e wo r kin g o n ¯ n d in g m e t r ic s fo r s im ila r it y t h a t t a ke c o n t e xt in t o a c c o u n t .

7 . S u m m a r y

W e p r e s e n t e d a m e t h o d fo r a n a lyz in g t h e qu a lī c a t io n s e xt r a c t e d fr o m jo b d e s c r ip t io n d a t a in
t h e c o n t e xt o f e xis t in g c o m p e t e n c e fr a m e wo r ks . Th e e n c o u r a g in g p r e lim in a r y r e s u lt s s h o we d
t h a t t h e t o p ic s e xt r a c t e d u s in g t h e t o p ic m o d e llin g c a n , in d e e d , b e m a p p e d t o e xp e r t c r e a t e d
c o n c e p t s fo r qu a li¯ c a t io n s a n d c o m p e t e n c e s . It p r o vid e s a n o ve l a p p r o a c h fo r r e s e a r c h e r s t o
a n a lyz e t h e jo b m a r ke t . Th is c a n b e a n in va lu a b le t o o l fo r c o m p e t e n c e a n d qu a li¯ c a t io n
r e s e a r c h in t h e fu t u r e .

Refer ences

[1 ] E . F. Cr a wle y, J. Ma lm qvis t , W . A . L u c a s a n d D . R . B r o d e u r , \ Th e c d io s ylla b u s v2 .
0 . a n u p d a t e d s t a t e m e n t o f g o a ls fo r e n g in e e r in g e d u c a t io n " , In P roceedings of 7th
International CD IO Conference, Co p e n h a g e n , D e n m a r k, 2 0 1 1 .

[2 ] T. To p c h ya n , \ Jo b Ma r ke t r e qu ir e m e n t s a n d qu a lit ie s e xt r a c t io n fo r qu a lī c a t io n a n a ly-
s is " , Transactions of IIAP NAS R A, M athematical P roblems of Computer Science, vo l.
4 1 , p p . 5 { 1 4 , 2 0 1 4 .

[3 ] M. D . H o ®m a n , D . M. B le i a n d F. R . B a c h , \ On lin e le a r n in g fo r la t e n t d ir ic h le t a llo -
c a t io n " , Neural Information P rocessing Systems (NIP S), Cu r r a n A s s o c ia t e s , In c ., p p .
8 5 6 { 8 6 4 , 2 0 1 0 .

[4 ] D . M. B le i, A . Y . N g a n d M. I. Jo r d a n , \ L a t e n t d ir ic h le t a llo c a t io n " , J ournal of M achine
L earning R esearch, vo l. 3 , p p . 9 9 3 { 1 0 2 2 , Ma r c h 2 0 0 3 .

[5 ] D . M. B le i. J.D . L a ®e r t y, \ To p ic Mo d e ls " , Text M ining: Classi¯cation, Clustering, and
Applications, ed. Ashok Srivastava and M ehran Sahami. L ondon, E ngland: Taylor and
F rancis, p p . 7 1 { 9 4 , 2 0 0 9 .

[6 ] " E u r o p e a n e -Co m p e t e n c e Fr a m e wo r k 3 .0 " , 2 0 1 4 .

[7 ] A . B u d a n it s ky a n d G. H ir s t , \ E va lu a t in g wo r d n e t -b a s e d m e a s u r e s o f le xic a l s e m a n t ic
r e la t e d n e s s " , Computational L inguistics, vo l. 3 2 , n o . 1 , p p . 1 3 { 4 7 , Ma r c h 2 0 0 6 .

[8 ] S . A r ya a n d D . M. Mo u n t , \ A lg o r it h m s fo r fa s t ve c t o r qu a n t iz a t io n " , P roceedings of the
IE E E D ata Compression Conference, p p . 3 8 1 { 3 9 0 , 1 9 9 3 .

Submitted 26.12.2013, accepted 28.02.2014.



6 2 Engineering Competence Frameworks and Topic Modelling

Ö³ñï³ñ³·Çï³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý ã³÷áñáßÇãÝ»ñ ¨ ûٳݻñÇ
ÙṻɳíáñáõÙ

î. Âá÷ãÛ³Ý

²Ù÷á÷áõÙ

Ö³ñï³ñ³·Çï³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý ã³÷áñáßÇãÝ»ñÁ Ñ³×³Ë Ï³éáõóíáõÙ »Ý ³ñï³¹ñ³Ï³Ý
·áñÍÁÝóóÇ ³ÙµáÕç³Ï³Ý ßñç³÷áõÉÇ ÑÇÙùÇ íñ³: ²Û¹åÇëÇ ã³÷áñáßÇãÝ»ñ »Ý
ѳݹÇë³ÝáõÙ Øï³ÑÕ³óáõÙ-Øß³ÏáõÙ-Æñ³Ï³Ý³óáõÙ-áñͳñÏáõÙ (CDIO) ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ñÇ
Ùá¹»ÉÁ ¨ îî-ÎáÙå»ï»ÝódzݻñÇ ºíñáå³Ï³Ý Þñç³Ý³ÏÁ (e-CF): Ü»ñϳ۳óíáÕ
³ß˳ï³ÝùáõÙ Ù»Ýù í»ñÉáõÍáõÙ »Ýù ÷áñÓ³·»ïÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ùß³Ïí³Í ã³÷áñáßÇãÝ»ñáõÙ
Ý»ñϳ۳óí³Í ÏáÙå»ï»ÝódzݻñÇ ¨ ѳí³Ý³Ï³Ý³ÛÇÝ Ã»Ù³Ý»ñÇ Ùá¹»ÉÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ
¹áõñë µ»ñí³Í áñ³Ï³íáñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ »Õ³Í ϳåÁ:

Èíæåíåðíûå îáðàçîâàòåëüíûå ñòàíäàðòû è òåìàòè÷åñêîå
ìîäåëèðîâàíèå

Ò. Òîï÷ÿí

Àííîòàöèÿ

Èíæåíåðíûå îáðàçîâàòåëüíûå ñòàíäàðòû ÷àñòî ñòðîÿòñÿ íà îñíîâå êîì-
ïòåíöèé íåîáõîäèìûõ íà ýòàïàõ ïîëíîãî æèçíåííîãî öèêëà ïðîäóêòà
ïðîèçâîäñòâà. Òàêîâûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ Çàäóìêà-Ïðîåêò-Ðåàëèçàöèÿ-Ýêñïëóàòàöèÿ
(CDIO) è Åâðîïåéñêàÿ Ðàìêà ÈÊÒ-Êîìïåòåíöèé (e-CF). Â äàííîé ñòàòüå
ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ àíàëèç ñâÿçè ìåæäó ñîçäàâàåìûìè ýêñïåðòàìè ðàìîê êîìïåòåíöèé
è êâàëèôèêàöèîííûìè òðåáîâàíèÿìè, âûäåëåííûìè ñ ïîìîùüþ âåðîÿòíîñòíîé
ìîäåëè òåì.