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Mathematical Problems of Computer Science 35, 116--127, 2011. 

 
116 

 

 
 

Effective, Secure and Robust CDMA Digital Image 
Watermarking in YCbCr Channel Using DWT2 

 
Mehdi Khalili

1
 and  David G. Asatryan

2
 

 
1
Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems of  NAS RA 

2
Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University 

e-mail: Khalili@ipia.sci.am
1
,
 
dasat@ipia.sci.am

2
   

 
 

Abstract 
 

  Digital watermarking has been widely used in digital rights management 
and copyright protection. In this paper, a new cryptographic CDMA watermark 
scheme is proposed. Compared to the existing watermarking techniques, this 
proposed watermarking scheme combine transparency, security and robustness that 
none of the existing schemes can do. In this paper, a wavelet-based watermarking 
approach for hiding watermark image in color host images is proposed. The 
experimental results show that the proposed approach provides extra imperceptibility, 
security and robustness against JPEG compression and different noise attacks such as 
Gaussian and “Salt & Pepper” compared to the similar proposed methods such as [7]. 
Moreover, the proposed approach has no need of the original image to extract 
watermarks. 

 

References 
[1] Jian. Ren, “A cryptographic watermarking technique for multimedia signals”, Springer 

Science, Business Media, August 2008. 
[2]   S.-H. Wang and Y.-P Lin, “Wavelet tree quantization for copyright protection 

watermarking”, IEEE Trans, Image Process , vol.13, no. 2, pp. 154–165, 2004. 
[3] H.S. Malvar,  D.A.F Florêncio, “Improved spread spectrum: a new modulation technique for 

robust watermarking”, IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 898–905,  2003.  
[4] X.G. Xia, C. G. Boncelet and G. R. Arce, “Wavelet transform based watermark for digital 

images”, Optics Express, vol. m, no. 12, pp.497-511,   1998. 
[5] M. Khalili, “A comparison between digital images watermarking in two different color 

spaces using DWT2”, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science 
and Information Technologies, pp. 158-162, Yerevan, Armenia, 2009. 

[6] M. Khalili and D. Asatryan, “Effective digital image watermarking in YCbCr color space 
accompanied by presenting a novel technique using DWT”, Mathematical Problems of 
Computer Science, vol. 33, pp. 150—161,  2010. 



M. Khalili,  D. Asatryan
 
 

 
117 

[7] Y. Fang, J. Huang and Yun Q. Shi, “Image watermarking algorithm applying CDMA”, 
IEEE, 2003.  

[8] Qian-Chuan Zhong, Qing-Xin, Ping- Li- Zhang, “A Satial Domain Color Watermarking 
Scheme Based on Chaos”,  IEEE, 2008. 

[9] X.G. Xia, C. G. Boncelet and G. R. Arce, “Wavelet transform based watermark for digital 
images”, Optics Express, vol. m, no. 12, pp.497-511,   1998. 

[10] C. Lin, “Face detection in complicated backgrounds and different illumination conditions by 
using YCbCr color space and neural network”, Elsevier, Pattern Recognition Letters 28 
(2007), pp. 2190–2200, 2007. 

[11] M.-S. Hsieh, “Wavelet-based image watermarking and compression”, Ph-D Thesis, Institute 
of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Central University, Taiwan, 
2001. 

[12] A. William and Irizarry-Cruz, “FPGA implementation of a video watermarking algorithm”,, 
M.S. Thesis, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus, 2006. 

[13] F. A. P. Petitcolas, “Watermarking schemes evaluation” IEEE Signal Processing, vol. 17, 
no. 5, pp. 58–64, 2000. 

[14] Arvind Kumar Parthasarathy, “Improved content based watermarking for images”, M.S. 
Thesis, Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural 
and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements,  2006.  

 

 

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Ø.  ʳÉÇÉÇ ¨ ¸.  ²ë³ïñÛ³Ý 

 
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²é³ç³ñÏí³Í çñ³ÝßÙ³Ý ëË»Ù³Ý Ñ³Ù³ÏóáõÙ ¿  ó÷³ÝóÇÏáõÃÛ³Ý, íëï³Ñ»ÉÇáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ 
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çñ³ÝßÙ³Ý ë˻ٳݻñÇó áã Ù»ÏÁ: êáõÛÝ Ñá¹í³ÍáõÙ ·áõݳíáñ å³ïÏ»ñÝ»ñáõÙ çñ³ÝÇßÇ 
ï»Õ³Ï³ÛÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ³é³ç³ñÏí»É ¿  í»ÛíÉ»ïÝ»ñÇ ÏÇñ³éÙ³Ý íñ³ ÑÇÙÝí³Í Ùáï»óáõÙ,: öáñÓÇ 
ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ óáõÛó »Ý ï³ÉÇë, áñ ³é³ç³ñÏí³Í Ùáï»óáõÙÁ ÝٳݳïÇå ³ÛÉ Ù»Ãá¹Ý»ñÇ (ÇÝãå»ë 
ûñÇݳÏ` [7])  Ýϳïٳٵ  ³å³ÑáíáõÙ ¿ Éñ³óáõóÇã  Ã³÷³ÝóÇÏáõÃÛáõÝ, íëï³Ñ»ÉÇáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ 
ϳÛáõÝáõÃÛáõÝ JPEG ë»ÕÙÙ³Ý ¨ ï³ñµ»ñ å³ï³Ñ³Ï³Ý ³ÕÙáõÏÝ»ñÇ, ÇÝãå»ë ûñÇݳÏ` ·³áõëÛ³Ý, 
“³Õ ¨ åÕå»Õ” ï»ë³ÏÇ, Ýϳïٳٵ: ²í»ÉÇÝ, ³é³ç³ñÏí³Í Ùáï»óáõÙÁ çñ³ÝÇßÇ ³ñï³ÍÙ³Ý 
ѳٳñ ãÇ å³Ñ³ÝçáõÙ çñ³ÝÇßÇ µÝûñÇݳÏÇ ³éϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ: