key: cord-280123-44206n7t
authors: Lucey, Michael R.; Stanfield, Dylan
title: The Heightened Risk of Fatty Liver Disorders in the Time of COVID-19
date: 2020-10-22
journal: Mayo Clin Proc
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.020
sha: 
doc_id: 280123
cord_uid: 44206n7t

nan

The pre-covid reasons for the growth in obesity/metabolic syndrome on the one hand, and alcohol use disorder (AUD) on the other are complex, but the trends are unequivocal. Median BMI, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus, both markers for nonalcohol related fatty liver disorders have been increasing for the past 30 years [1] . There is an undeniable link between socioeconomic status and the risk of obesity [2] . One study from the University of Michigan Health System demonstrated that for every 1 percent increase in prevalence of persons with low-income status there was a 1.17 percent increase in rates of overweight/obese students within their population [3] . Data taken from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions showed that between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013, harmful levels of drinking have been on the rise. Furthermore, the growth in high-risk drinking and DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) was seen in women, older-adults, racial/ethnic minorities, and lower income/educational levels [4] . Tapper and Parikh have shown that the greatest increases in alcohol-associated liver deaths between 2009 and 2016 occurred in drinkers in the 25-34 years age range.

The advent of COVID-19 is likely to exacerbate, albeit indirectly, the prevailing fatty liver diseases. One reason is the age-old tendency to eat and drink more when facing adversity. But more than that, we need to consider how chronic stress and deteriorating psychosocial health are the consequence of quarantine without a predictable end. When combined with financial hardship from loss of income in the face of COVID-19, we have created the environment for alcohol-and non-alcohol-related hepatic steatosis. Indeed, while the quarantines and lockdowns persist, alcohol sales both online and in retail stores have continued to spike. One poll administered early on in the pandemic to 2,200 adults revealed nearly one in five individuals was drinking more alcohol than prior to COVID-19, and this rate was even higher among younger populations [5] .

Proceedings. [6] They used the Mayo Clinic Biobank to ask the question: how do alcohol consumption, body mass, and fatty liver disorder interact? After removing patients with known hepatic steatosis, and those with incomplete data, they were left with 18,506 subjects, enrolled from April 9, 2009 through March 31, 2016. In a median follow-up of nearly 6 years, 684 developed fatty liver. From this dataset, they were able to look at the associations between steatosis, body mass and alcohol use. Their analysis shows that increased body mass and alcohol, particularly with heavy alcohol use, interact in the path to fatty liver, whereas moderate alcohol consumption by persons with normal BMI and overweight is associated with lower mortality.

How should we interpret these data? The apparent protective benefit of low dose alcohol consumption by persons with normal or moderately elevated BMI is counterintuitive, although there are some prior data for a protective effect [7] . Conversely, the thrust of the more recent world literature has been to discourage alcohol consumption [8] [9] [10] . For example, the conclusion of a panel of experts in 2016 was that 'the level of consumption (of alcohol) that minimizes health loss is zero' [11] . The present study reiterates the harm caused by a combination of excessive consumption of alcohol and obesity. Given what we know about the heightened risks of eating and drinking to excess in the time of COVID-19, Peeraphatdit et al. have sounded a timely warning, and given us compelling reasons for increased vigilance against a pandemic of fatty liver disorders.

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