key: cord-288009-8i3gsq9p
authors: Javor, S.; Salsano, A.
title: Why not consider an endothelin receptor antagonist against SARS‐CoV‐2?
date: 2020-04-25
journal: Med Hypotheses
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109792
sha: 
doc_id: 288009
cord_uid: 8i3gsq9p

nan

Medical Hypotheses journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mehy

Why not consider an endothelin receptor antagonist against SARS-CoV-2? Background On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization named a new 2019-nCoV as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1] . About 15% of cases progress to a life-threatening severe phase with lung inflammation and a cytokine storm, driven by interleukin (IL)-6 [2, 3] . Bilateral interstitial pneumonia in chest computed tomography were found in 98% of cases [1] and high percentage of patients develop lung fibrosis after recovery from respiratory syndrome [4] . Since there are no registered vaccines for the disease, the straight control of the sources of infection remains crucial. Antivirals and anti-malarian drugs have been proved to be effective for 2019-nCoV treatment. Chinese guidelines in the latest 6th edition, recommend: interferon (IFN)-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, chloroquine phosphate, arbidol [5] [6] [7] [8] . In addition, tocilizumab has been used as a new therapeutic opportunity results targeting IL-6 [9] .

In the last two decades, many publications have shown that Endothelin-l (ET-1) has a key role in inflammatory cascade [10] . Bosentan is a dual endothelin-receptor antagonist approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in New York Heart Association functional classification (NYHA) II-IV and in scleroderma patients [10] . Bosentan significantly reduced profibrotic and proinflammatory cytokines: IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-γ levels in scleroderma patients, slowing progression to fibrosis and vascular damage [10] . IL-6 has been identified as the main cytokine in the genesis of PAH lesions, even in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients [11] . Bosentan was also studied for its antiviral effect. An important reduction of viral RNA copy number (70-90%) was detected in human umbilical vein endothelial cells pretreated with 56 cmax Bosentan or 106 cmax Valsartan, even with low dosages [12] . Guo et al [13] described a case of 57-year-old man with influenza A (H7N9) virus infection initially treated with empirical antibacterial therapy and oseltamivir with progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome and mechanical ventilation. After bosentan administration patient's right ventricular systolic pressure improved rapidly with successful weaning from mechanical ventilation [13] . In patients with HIV infection, PAH is a life-threatening complication [14] . These patients present high levels of ET-1 that also correlates with severity of the disease [14] . Ritonavir and lopinavir, given together to sup-press HIV-replication, have been associated with bosentan to treat PAH in HIV-infected patients without dosage adjustment of protease inhibitors with good tolerability [14] . In conclusion, we think bosentan could be considered, in association with other approved drugs, in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 to improve hemodynamics, potentiate antiviral effects and to prevent lung fibrosis.

None.

Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence

Covid-19 infection: the perspectives on immune response

Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Follow-up chest radiographic findings in patients with MERS-CoV after recovery

First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States

Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro

Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

New therapeutic opportunities for COVID-19 patients with Tocilizumab: Possible correlation of interleukin-6 receptor inhibitors with osteonecrosis of the jaws

Evaluation of the effect of bosentan treatment on proinflammatory cytokine serum levels in patients affected by systemic sclerosis

Pulmonary arterial hypertension related to HIV: is inflammation related to IL-6 the cornerstone?

Antiviral effect of Bosentan and Valsartan during coxsackievirus B3 infection of human endothelial cells

Bosentan as rescue treatment in refractory hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension in a patient with ARDS and H7N9 influenza virus infection

Mutual pharmacokinetic interactions between bosentan and lopinavir/ritonavir in healthy participants

The authors have no funding sources to disclose.

The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships with other people or organisations that could inappropriately influence this work.
