MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL 2021 FEBRUARY, VOL 05 (01)  

 

 
 

 

 

THE ROLE OF TEA TREE OIL AS A SKIN ANTIMICROBIAL : A 

LITERATURE STUDY 

Kathleen Aldora
1,2

, Dian Ardiana*
1,2

, Eka Narayana
1
 

1,2
 Faculty of Medicine, Hang Tuah University, Surabaya, Indonesia 

 1 
Dermatology and Venereology Department, Dr. Ramelan Naval Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia 

*Correspondence: dian.ardiana@hangtuah.ac.id 
 
ARTICLE INFO 
 

Article history: 

Received  

February 06, 2021 
Accepted  

February 25, 2021 

 

 

Keywords:  

Tea tree oil, Melaleuca  
alternifolia, skin  

infection,  

microorganism. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

Backgroud: Skin disease due to microorganism infection are still widely 

found in community. The infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, 

fungi, and parasite. Tea tree oil often used as a herbal medicine in the 

treatment of skin diseases due to microorganisms. This literature study is 

conducted to review the role of tea tree oil as an antimicrobial in skin 

infections.  

Methods: Fifteen indexed journals published from 2015 to 2020 about tea 

tree oil and skin infections, were included. From 15 journals, 9 journals 

discuss antibacterial activity of tea tree oil, 2 journals discuss antiviral 

activity, 9 journals discuss antifungal activity, and 1 journal discusses 

antiparasitic activity. All journals state that tea tree oil has an antimicrobial 

effect on microorganisms that cause skin infections.  

Results: From 9 journals, it was found that A. baumanni, P. aeruginosa, 

and C. acnes were the most sensitive bacteria to tea tree oil in terms of 

MIC and S. epidermidis was the most sensitive bacteria, seen from their 

inhibition zone. Eight journals state variations with significant differences 

in the activity of tea tree oil as an anti-fungal. Tea tree oil has stronger 

antibacterial activity than antifungal activity. It also has antiviral activity 

against HSV and antiparasitic on S. scabiei.  

Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that tea tree oil has 

antimicrobial activity against microorganisms that cause skin disease, 

including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasite. 

Medical and Health Science Journal 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION  

Skin is the largest organ in the human body with a 

surface area of 2 m
2
. Skin has 2 main functional 

layers, epidermis and dermis, and underneath 

there is hypodermis or subcutis layer. As the 

outermost layer of the human body, the most 

important function of the skin is as a mechanical 

barrier for first defense. The skin is home to 

commensal microorganisms that will play a role 

in preventing invasion from foreign pathogens. 

When the barrier is damaged by trauma or when 

the balance between commensal microorganisms 

and pathogens is disturbed, skin disease or even 

systemic disease may occur. The entry of 

pathogens that penetrate the skin will trigger an 

immunological reaction from the body.  

Microorganisms that enter through the skin are 

associated with the pathophysiology of 

dermatological infectious diseases. Wound 

infections are generally caused by the 

microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. 

Staphylococcus aureus itself is commonly found 

in atopic dermatitis. Another example is the 

fungus Malassezia which causes many skin 

conditions pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic 

dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis 

(McLoone, Warnock & Fyfe, 2016). Apart from 

bacteria and fungi, viruses can also cause skin 

infections such as molluscum contagiosum which 

is caused by the Molluscum contagiosum virus 

(MCV) from the family Poxviridae.
1
 

REVIEW ARTICLE 

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mailto:dian.ardiana@hangtuah.ac.id


 

 
 

 

MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL 2021 FEBRUARY, VOL 05 (01) 

 

Globally, skin problems and diseases are 

common, and because of their visibility, often 

result in severe distress and stigma for sufferers. 

Therefore, many dermatological therapies have 

been developed, both herbal, conventional 

(chemical) and technological therapies. One of the 

many herbal therapies used for skin infections is 

tea tree oil (Melaleuca oil). The content of  tea 

tree oil is a mixture of components such as 

monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and alcohol that 

contribute to various activities (analgesic, 

antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, 

anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer). 

Tea tree oil has a tendency to be very minimal 

resistant and can overcome the development of 

resistance to conventional drugs in skin infections 

caused by microorganisms.
2
 

Tea tree oil is an essential oil obtained by steam 

distillation of the native Australian plant 

Melaleuca alternifolia. Tea tree oil has been used 

for centuries by Australians as medicine, 

especially for wound care in 1920.
3
 Long-term use 

of herbal therapy tea tree oil has a lower incidence 

of side effects, irritation or allergic reactions when 

compared to conventional therapy. Tea tree oil in 

topical use will have the added advantage of being 

cost effective and easy to use.
4
 Seeing the 

potential and advantages of tea tree oil therapy, 

the development of this therapy needs to be 

improved in both the cultivation and 

pharmacology sectors. Therefore, the authors 

intend to review the role of tea tree oil as an 

antimicrobial in skin infections. 
 

METHODS 

The research design used is descriptive research. 

The method used is literature study to review the 

role of tea tree oil as skin antimicrobial. Database 

searched was Google Scholar. Search terms used 

were ‘tea tree oil as antibacteria, tea tree oil as 

antivirus, tea tree oil as antifungi, tea tree oil as 

antiparasit, role of tea tree oil as antimicroba, tea 

tree oil as antimicroba in vitro’. Limitations 

included ‘published between 2015-2020’ and 

‘indexed by Scimago or SINTA (Science and 

Technology Index)’. This research was conducted 

in Surabaya from May to September 2020. This 

research get approval from the Ethics 

Commission for Health Research, Faculty of 

Medicine, Hang Tuah University. 

 

RESULT  

The results of the study are taken from 15 

international journals indexed by Scimago about 

the role of tea tree oil as a skin antimicrobial. 

Nine journals discuss the activity of tea tree oil 

against bacteria, two journals discuss the activity 

of tea tree oil against virus, eight journals discuss 

the activity of tea tree oil against fungi, and one 

journal discuss the activity of tea tree oil against 

parasite.  

Antibacterial activity 

Research in the journal states the antimicrobial 

effect seen from the minimum inhibitory 

concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal 

concentration (MBC), imaging through electron 

microscopy, and the zone of inhibition. The 

bacteria studied in the journal include 

Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus 

epidermidis, Cutibacterium acnes, Pseudomonas 

aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Acinetobacter 

baumannii, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella 

pneumoniae, and various other gram-positive and 

negative bacteria. The bacteria were cultured on 

Mueller-Hinton agar and given tea tree oil with 

different concentrations. The method used is the 

liquid microdilution method. After that, the 

bacteria will be observed for MIC, microscopic 

image, and zone of inhibition to determine the 

antimicrobial effect of tea tree oil. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

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MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL 2021 FEBRUARY, VOL 05 (01) 

 

Table 1 MIC of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa by 10 types of tea tree oil products 
5
 

Product S. aureus P. aeruginosa 

Tea tree oil 1 2.5 2 

Tea tree oil 2 0.5 0.25 

Tea tree oil 3 1 2 

Tea tree oil 4 0.5 0.5 

Tea tree oil 5 0.75 1.5 

Tea tree oil 6 0.5 0.5 

Tea tree oil 7 2.5 2 

Tea tree oil 8 2 2 

Tea tree oil 9 0.5 0.25 

Tea tree oil 10 0.75 1 

 

Table 2 The number of P. aeruginosa that are inhibited by tea tree oil 
6
 

Tea tree oil 0.03% 0.06% 0.125% 0.25% 0.5% 1% 2% 

Inhibited bacteria 0 0 0 4 2 7 7 

 

Table 3 MIC and MBC of tea tree oil and rosemary oil against acne-causing bacteria 
7
 

Bacteria Tea tree oil Rosemary oil 

MIC MBC MIC MBC 

S. aureus 0.78 0.78 1.56 1.56 

S. epidermidis 0.78 0.78 1.56 1.56 

C. acnes 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 

 

Table 4  MIC of essential oil against bacteria 
8
 

Bacteria Basil Oregano Tea tree Thyme Chamomile 

A. baumanni 0.5-1.25 0.25-0.37 0.12-0.25 0.25-.0.5 >4 

K. pneumoniae 1.5-3 1 0.5-0.75 0.5-1.5 >4 

P. aeruginosa >4 2-4 1-1.5 4 >4 

 

Table 5 MIC of essential oil against S. epidermidis and P. acnes 
9
 

Essential Oil S. epidermidis P. acnes 

Oregano 0.67 0.34 

Thyme 1.3 0.65 

Lemongrass 1.22 1.22 

Tea tree 1.27 1.28 

Lavender 2.52 2.52 

Mentha 5.28 2.6 

Chamomile 6.22 3.18 

 

Ziółkowska-Klinkosz et al. conducted a study on 

193 anaerobic bacteria which were given tea tree 

oil and the result was that anaerobic bacteria were 

more sensitive than gram negative. 
10

 

 

 

 

 

Li et al conducted a study that showed normal cell 

growth in control media and bacterial growth 

treated with tea tree oil were viewed using a 

microscope. The results for normal cell growth 

showed normal characteristics of cocci bacteria 

such as cell walls and cell  

 

 

 

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MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL 2021 FEBRUARY, VOL 05 (01) 

 

membranes that were attached to the 

peptidoglycan layer and normal cytoplasmic 

membrane. In addition, the cytoplasm appears to 

have a homogeneous electron density. Meanwhile, 

the bacteria that were given tea tree oil showed a 

clear morphological change in which the density 

of the cytoplasm became heterogeneous and some 

of them were seen leaving the cell. The separate 

distance between the cytoplasmic membrane and 

the cell wall is also seen. 
11

 

 

 

Table 6 Zone of inhibition of tea tree oil against bacteria (in mm) 

 S. aureus S. epidermidis C. acnes P. acnes S. pyogenes 

Esmael et al 
7
 15.5 21.02 20.85   

Taleb et al 
9
  9 – 15  9 – 18  

Ramadan et al 
12

 19.2 ± 0.44 21.7 ± 0.58   19.2 ± 0.19 

 

Antiviral activity 

The viruses tested in this study were herpes 

simplex viruses (HSV) 1 and 2. The method used 

was to use vero cells that were infected with HSV 

and given tea tree oil. Tea tree oil's antiviral  

 

activity can be seen from its PFU (plaque-forming 

unit) and viral titer. Brun showed the results of his 

research where after being exposed to tea tree oil, 

the PFU of the HSV 1 was reduced compared to 

before.
5
 

 

Table 7 HSV titers before and after being given tea tree oil 
12

 

 Pre-test Post-test Reduction 

HSV 1 7.5 6.32 15.6% 

HSV 2 7.66 6.11 20.23% 

 

Antifungal activity 

Eight journals discussed the activity of tea tree oil 

as an antifungal. All of them stated that tea tree oil 

acts as an antifungal in terms of MIC, MFC 

(minimum fungicidal inhibition), confocal 

features, and also the zone of inhibition. The fungi 

studied from 8 journals were Candida sp., 

Aspergillus niger, and Trichophyton 

mentagrophytes. Before being exposed to tea tree 

oil, the fungus is cultured in dextrose agar. The 

method used is the same as for bacteria, namely 

with liquid micro-dilution. 

 

Table 8 MIC C. glabrata on 10 types of tea tree oil products 
5
 

Product MIC of C. glabrata 

Tea tree oil 1 2.5 

Tea tree oil 2 1.5 

Tea tree oil 3 2.5 

Tea tree oil 4 1 

Tea tree oil 5 2 

Tea tree oil 6 0.75 

Tea tree oil 7 2.5 

Tea tree oil 8 2.5 

Tea tree oil 9 1 

Tea tree oil 10 1.5 
 

 

 

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Table 9 MIC and MFC C. krusei against tea tree oil and MPP 
13

 

 10
3
 cfu/mL 10

6
 cfu/mL 

Tea tree oil 

MIC 0.5 1 

MFC 0.5 1 

MPP 

MIC 0.25 1 

MFC 0.5 1 

 

The research conducted by Francisconi showed a 

confocal picture of Candida  

 

albicans before and after being given tea tree oil. 

The results showed that many of the fungi that 

had been given tea tree oil died.
14

 

Table 10 Zone of inhibition of tea tree oil against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes 

 
Candida albicans Trichophyton 

mentagrophytes 

Narang et al (1g) 
15

 
±38 mm  

Ramadan et al (25µg dissolved in 

0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide) 
12

 

20.3 ± 0.44 mm 21.1 ± 0.44 mm 

Patturaja and Geetha et al 
16

 

250 µg/mL 

500 µg/mL 

1000 µg/mL 

 

14 mm 

20 mm 

37 mm 

 

 

Antiparasitic activity 

Fang et al. conducted research on S. scabiei which 

was given 10 types of essential oils (lavender, 

bitter orange, geranium¸ tea tree, clove, 

eucalyptus, manuka, cade, Japanese cedar, and 

palmarosa). This research was conducted using 2 

methods, namely contact bioassays and 

fumigation bioassays. With the contact bioassays 

method, essential oils were diluted with paraffin 

to obtain a concentration of 1.5, 10%, then 

S.scabiei was viewed by stereomicroscope in 10, 

20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes after 

exposure. tea tree oil. The result is that clove oil is 

the most effective essential oil where with 1% 

clove oil all S.scabiei dies in 20 minutes. 

Meanwhile, with tea tree oil, all S.scabiei died  

 

 

 

 

after 90 minutes of exposure to 5% tea tree oil and 

30 minutes with 10% tea tree oil. The bioassays 

fumigation method was carried out with 100 µL 

of pure essential oil dripped on filter paper and 

then S.scabiei was inspected by stereomicroscope 

for the first 5 minutes, then every 5 minutes for 1 

hour. The result is that tea tree oil is the most 

effective essential oil as an antiprotozoa followed 

by clove oil and eucalyptus oil.  
17

 

DISCUSSION  

Based on 15 journals, it can be concluded that tea 

tree oil has antimicrobial activity in skin 

infections, both antibacterial, anti-fungal, 

antiviral, and also antiparasitic activities. The 

level of effectiveness of tea tree oil is different for  

 

 

 

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MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL 2021 FEBRUARY, VOL 05 (01) 

 

each type of microbe seen from MIC, MBC, 

MFC, virus titer number, zone of inhibition, and 

survival time. Each type of bacteria has a different 

sensitivity to tea tree oil. Seven of the nine 

journals comparing the MICs of bacteria exposed 

to tea tree oil revealed a variation of the MIC of 

0.12% to 2.5%. The most sensitive bacteria are A. 

baumanni with an MIC of 0.12%
8
, followed by P. 

aeruginosa with an MIC of 0.25% 
5,6

, C acnes 

with an MIC of 0.39% 
7
, S. aureus with an MIC of 

0.5% 
5
, and S. epidermidis with an MIC of 0.78% 

(Esmael et al. , 2020). Of the 193 anaerobic 

bacteria that were exposed to tea tree oil, gram-

positive anaerobic bacteria are more sensitive than 

gram-negative ones 
10

. Judging from the 

microscopic image, the bacteria exposed to tea 

tree oil showed clear morphological changes such 

as cytoplasmic density changing to heterogeneous 

and some visible out of the cell, as well as visible 

distances between the cytoplasmic membrane and 

the cell wall.
11

 Three journals that looked at the 

zone of inhibition as a parameter of tea tree oil 

activity stated that S. epidermidis has the most 

extensive inhibition zone, namely 15 - 21.7 mm 

compared to other bacteria with the same tea tree 

oil concentration. 
7,9,12

 

Two journals discussing the antiviral activity of 

tea tree oil against HSV stated that tea tree oil can 

inhibit and kill the growth of the virus which is 

seen from the PFU and its titer virus. 
5,12

 HSV 2 

was found to be more sensitive to HSV 1 seen 

from the decrease in viral titer before and after 

exposure to tea tree oil with a decrease of 15.6% 

for HSV 1 and 20.23% for HSV 2. 
12

 

Five of the eight journals compared the fungal 

MIC to look at the antifungal activity of tea tree 

oil. The five journals states that the variation in 

MIC was quite significant, namely from 0.06% to 

8.96% for Candida sp. When compared with 

bacterial MIC, tea tree oil activity is more 

effective as an antibacterial than antifungal.
5
 In 

addition, other essential oils that are more 

effective for Candida were also found, namely 

MPP (mentha of pancalieri) oil. 
13

 The confocal 

image also shows the presence of antifungal 

activity of tea tree oil where a red color is seen 

which indicates microbial death.
14

 Three of the 

eight journals that observed their zone of 

inhibition stated that there was anti-fungal activity 

of tea tree oil with different areas depending on 

the concentration of tea tree oil given. 
12,15,16

 

The journal that discusses the antiparasitic activity 

of tea tree oil against S.scabiei states that its 

effectiveness is seen from the survival time of 

S.scabiei. With different methods, the results 

found are different, namely that clove oil was 

more sensitive than tea tree oil with the contact 

bioassays method, while with the fumigation 

bioassays method, it was found that tea tree oil 

was the most sensitive followed by clove oil. 
17

 

 

CONCLUSION  

Tea tree oil is an essential oil that can be used as a 

treatment for skin infections caused by 

microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of tea 

tree oil is supported by its composition, namely 

terpinen-4-ol, 𝛾-terpinen, 1,8-cineol, 𝛼-terpinen, 

𝛼-terpineol, p-cymen, and 𝛼-pinen which are 

lipophilic. Tea tree oil that enters the cells of 

microorganisms will result in inhibition of 

metabolism and cell death of microorganisms. 

The death of microorganisms can help the healing 

process of wound infections caused by 

microorganisms. Based on the results of the 

discussion of 15 journals that examined the effects 

of tea tree oil on microorganisms in vitro, it was 

concluded that tea tree oil has antimicrobial 

activity against microorganisms that cause skin 

infections. Nine journals stated antibacterial 

activity in terms of MIC (minimum inhibitory 

concentration), MBC (minimum bactericidal 

concentration), microscopic image, and zone of 

inhibition. From the nine journals, it was found 

that the most sensitive bacteria were A. baumanii 

and P. aeruginosa. Two journals stated antiviral 

activity against HSV 1 and HSV 2 in terms of 

PFU (plaque-forming unit) and viral titer where it 

was found that HSV 2 was more sensitive to tea 

tree oil. Eight journals stated antifungal activity in 

terms of MIC, MFC (minimum fungicidal 

inhibition), confocal features, and zone of 

inhibition. The eight journals stated significant 

variations and differences in the anti-fungal 

activity of tea tree oil against candida sp. One 

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journal stated antiparasitic activity against S. 

scaibei in terms of survival time.  

 

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