Small mammal remains from the Temple of Neptune, a window on the ancient landscape of the Sele Plain (Southern Italy) Armando Nappi Natural History Sciences. Atti Soc. it. Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Milano, 8 (2): 47-52, 2021 DOI: 10.4081/nhs.2021.526 Museo civico di Storia Naturale, Via Cortivacci 2, 23017 Morbegno (SO), Italia. E-mail: armando.nappi@alice.it © 2021 Armando Nappi Received: 23 March 2021 Accepted for publication: 22 July 2021 Online publication: 29 October 2021 Abstract - The Sele Plain was once a marshy area that has recently been reclaimed. The analysis of skull and dental remains of small mam- mals, collected during the restoration of the Temple of Neptune, testi- fies the ancient existence of ecosystems that have now been greatly reduced in this area. In particular, the high percentage of remains of Arvicola italicus, a rodent that is now very rare throughout Italy, con- firms the presence of aquatic environments. Key words: archaeology, Campania, ecology, Rodentia, Sorico- morpha. Riassunto - Resti di piccoli mammiferi dal Tempio di Nettuno, una finestra sull’antico paesaggio della Piana del Sele (Sud Italia). La piana del Sele, era un tempo un’area paludosa che in tempi recenti è stata sottoposta a bonifiche. L’analisi di resti cranici e den- tari di piccoli mammiferi, raccolti durante le operazioni di restauro del Tempio di Nettuno, testimonia l’antica esistenza di ecosistemi oggi for- temente ridotti in quest’area. In particolare, l’alta percentuale di resti di Arvicola italicus, roditore oggi in forte rarefazione sull’intero territorio nazionale, conferma la presenza di ambienti acquatici. Parole chiave: archeologia, Campania, ecologia, Rodentia, Sori- comorpha. INTRoducTIoN The study of qualitative-quantitative faunal composi- tions of small mammals in a certain territory provides useful information on the environmental characteristics of the territory itself, as this kind of associations are the product of different parameters such as temperature, moisture, vegetation and anthropic impact (Contoli, 1976, 1980, 1981; Aloise & Contoli, 1984; Castelli & Contoli, 1985; Contoli, 1985, 1988; Marzilli & Contoli, 1991; Nappi, 2004b). For the very same reason, these remains are widely studied in palaeontology (Kowal- ski, 1966; Chaline, 1970, 1973, 1977, 1981; Kowalski, 1992), providing, for instance, good indications of the climate changes occurred during the glacial and intergla- cial periods of Pleistocene. Also in relation to historical periods, the analysis of bone and dental remains of small mammals can be useful in reconstructing any possible environmental changes that occurred due to both natural and anthropogenic causes (Kotsakis & Ruschioni, 1984; Vigne, 1996; Pardiñas et al., 2000; Bon et al., 2001; Cuenca-Bescós et al., 2009; Lopéz-García et al., 2013a, 2013b). Based on these considerations, I found it interesting to study the mammal remains from the deposits of soil and debris accumulated over time in parts of the Temple of Neptune in southern Italy and recovered during restora- tion work (De Palma, 2019). The present work is a follow up of an earlier note derived from a partial analysis of the material (Nappi, 2010). MATeRIAlS ANd MeThodS The Temple of Neptune (40°25’11,70’’N, 15°00’19,24’’E), dated around the middle of the 5th centu- ry B.C., is located in the municipality of Capaccio, prov- ince of Salerno (Campania, southern Italy) (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 - The location of the Temple of Neptune and other localities con- sidered in the text. / La posizione del Tempio di Nettuno e di altre local- ità menzionate nel testo. 48 From a geographical point of view, the area is included in the Sele Plain, a region that was deeply altered by man in the last centuries. In particular, this area was character- ized in the past by extensive marshes, which then under- went intense reclamation. Cranial and dental remains of small mammals recov- ered during the restoration works of the Temple of Neptune were collected and used for the analysis. The identification was performed with binocular stereoscopic microscope according to the criteria proposed by Nappi (2001) and by Amori et al. (2008). Problems that arose during identifica- tion are discussed in the “Results and discussion” section of this paper. The count of individuals was based on the criterion of the minimum number of individuals, usually calculated considering the more representative hemimand- ible (right one or left one) for each taxon (Nappi, 2011). Chiroptera and Talpidae were excluded from the cal- culation of the indices, while the wood mice (Apodemus sp.) were overall included as a genus. The Margalef index was calculated in the form D = (S - 1)/log N, where S indicates the total number of taxa (the species in most cases, or the genus in the case of Apode- mus) and N indicates the total number of individuals. The Trophic Level Index (TLI) was calculated as Sori- cidae/total mammals (Contoli, 1980). The calculation of agronomic-environmental index (A) is expressed in its original formula as a ratio Cricetidae/ Muridae (Contoli, 1980) that is to say taxa mostly linked to open areas/taxa mostly linked to wood or bushy areas; in this case I decided to follow Zangirolami (1988/89) to exclude Myodes glareolus (a species associated with woods) for the Cricetidae. For similar reasons, I decided to exclude Arvicola italicus, a species linked to water en- vironments, and I chose instead to add M. glareolus to denominator, whose agronomic-environmental index was calculated with the following formula: Cricetidae ‒ (M. glareolus + A. italicus)/Muridae + M. glareolus. The thermoxerophilia index was calculated as TX = Crocidurinae/Soricidae (Contoli, 1980). The values of the indices listed above were compared with those calculated for 10 sites in Campania (Fig. 1) whose qualitative and quantitative data on small mammal populations were obtained through the study of barn owl Tyto alba pellets. Taxonomic arrangement and nomenclature follow Loy et al. (2019). The studied mammal remains are kept at the Istituto Centrale per il Restauro, Rome. ReSulTS ANd dIScuSSIoN Considering their location within the temple, the re- mains examined were most likely the result of piles of pellets produced by nocturnal birds of prey, known to ha- bitually roost in buildings. The sampled remains were in quite good conditions of preservation so that species identification was possible for most of them. Only for most remains of the genera Talpa and Microtus and for all those of the genus Apodemus, identification problems have been encountered at species level. As regards to the genus Talpa, the characters useful to distinguish T. caeca from T. romana (the two species present in Campania) were not always evident in the remains. In the genus Microtus, the teeth were almost completely missing, while for Apodemus, this problem is to be added to a generalized fragmentation of the skulls. Only for very few remains, it was possible to detect the finest characters, such as the rear edge of foramina incisiva surpassing the level of front edge’s roots in the first upper molars and in the fourth and seventh tubercles of the same molars united. These morphologies are typical but not exclusive of A. sylvaticus. On very few partially complete skulls, it was possible to calculate a morphometric index (Amori et al., 1986) used to separate A. flavicollis and A. sylvaticus, and its value was in the overlap range. The difficult dis- crimination between A. flavicollis and A. sylvaticus due to North-South morphological variations is well known, leading the former species in particular to be frequently mistaken for the latter (Niethammer, 1969). A synthesis of the identification problems of the two species Apode- mus in Italy is offered by Amori et al. (2008). Also for water shrews belonging to the genus Neomys, knowing the difficulties of determination at specie level, it was pre- ferred to leave a margin of uncertainty about the proposed identification. For this reason, it was chosen to refer to N. cfr. milleri, being not possible to easily detect all useful diagnostic characters on the skull and on the mandibles to give a sounder identification. The complete list of identified mammalian taxa is re- ported in Table 1. Even though it was not possible to date the remains with an absolute method, anyway one could make some historical-faunistic considerations. The most interesting aspect of this first analysis is the abundance of Italian water vole Arvicola italicus, a rodent whose presence testifies of humid environments now rarefied. In addition, the ancient presence of this vole now in strong recession in Italy due to loss and degradation of its wet habitat (Nappi, 2004a; Cagnin, 2008) represents an inter- esting faunal record at national scale. In Campania, the species is included in the “Vulner- able” IUCN category (Carpino & Capasso, 2012) and in recent times it was certainly present in the territories of Partenio, between Naples and Avellino (Caputo, 1989; Capolongo & Caputo, 1990; Capasso & Carpino, 2008) and of Garigliano, province of Caserta (Scaravelli & Pri- ori, 2009). In the Vesuvius area (province of Naples), in particular, it has no longer been reported (Maio et al., 2000; Capasso et al., 2009) after the end of the 1970s (Di- nardo, 1991b). An old record for the Picentini Mountains, province of Avellino (Pasa, 1959) was followed by a re- cent one in 2013 (Raicaldo, 2020). In the province of Salerno, not counting the case reported here, remains of A. italicus were found in the Ausino Cave (Barbera et. al., 1987; Jancarik & Horacek, 1988), which probably date from the Copper Age (Janca- rik & Horaceck, 1988). At present, the fact that this rodent has not been found around Paestum (Russo, 1997), Ausino Cave (Russo & Maglio, 1996) and other sites in the prov- ince of Salerno (Nappi, 1998/99, 2000) is not conclusive evidence of its disappearance in situ, but it can certainly testify to a rarefaction of this species. Another report to ARMANDO NAPPI 49 be verified for the Salerno province, dated 1994, comes from the Tanagro River basin (Carpino & Capasso, 2012). More recently, the Italian water vole has been found along the Sarno River (Raicaldo, 2020). The query for museum records returned a single specimen collected in Salerno on 15 March 1903 and kept at the Zoological Museum ‛La Specola’ in Florence with catalogue number 6057 (P. Agnelli, personal communication). Another important presence is Neomys cfr. milleri. Like Arvicola italicus also water shrews Neomys spp. suffer for the modifications to their habitats (Amori et al., 2008). At present, the only certain record of Miller’s water shrew N. milleri in Campania refers to a skull recovered from pellets of barn owl collected on 8 April 1996 at Guardia Lombardi (province of Avellino) and kept at the Zoologi- cal Museum of the University of Naples Federico II with catalogue number Z6256 (Nappi & Maio, 2002; Carpino & Capasso, 2012). In Campania, also this species is included in the “Vulnerable” IUCN category (Carpino & Capasso, 2012). The other species of the same genus, the Eurasian water shrew Neomys fodiens, is included in the category ‟Data Deficient” (Carpino & Capasso, 2012). The records of Dinardo (1991a) for the Vesuvius area and dating at the beginning of the 1980s, were not confirmed later (Maio et al., 2000; Capasso et al., 2010), while a record for the National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano (Picariello et al., 1999) is unreliable due to the lack of further evidence, not to mention the difficulty to correctly separate the two Neomys species (Carpino & Capasso, 2012). The effective size of the Soricidae sample in particular could have been underestimated because their remains, usually fragile, could be preserved only partially in simi- lar environmental conditions. Considering the limitations involved in analysing this type of remains, such as the difficulty of correctly iden- tifying them at species level, and the different ways in which different remains have been preserved over time (including the likely destruction of a significant part of them) it was possible to make some ecological considera- tions about the small mammal community and the envi- ronment they inhabit by using ecological indices (Tab. 2). In particular, the Margalef index and the Trophic Level Index returned high values when compared to those cal- culated for other sites from Campania. Basing on these results, one can hypothesize the ancient presence of a rich ecosystem in good ecological conditions. The agronomic- environmental index is suggestive of the presence of open environments interspersed with wooded and/or bushy ar- eas. Finally, the index of thermoxerophilia allows us to assume the existence of a Mediterranean climate also in the past, in view of the clear prevalence of Crocidurinae. In conclusion, the study confirms the importance of studying archaeozoological remains, including those re- ferred to the most recent periods of the Pleistocene, in order to assess ancient faunal associations suggestive of past environmental conditions. For this reason and for its implications in delineating the environmental background underlying the cultures of the past, the collection of small mammal remains should be encouraged during the dig- ging operations and restoration interventions in archaeo- logical sites. Tab. 1 - Qualitative-quantitative composition of the small mammals’ population of the Temple of Neptune, campinferred from the analysis of bone and dental remains. N: minimum number of individuals. / Composizione quali-quantitativa della popolazione di piccoli mammiferi del Tempio di Nettuno, dedotta dall’analisi dei resti ossei e dentari. N: numero minimo di individui. Taxa N % Myotis myotis 2 0.26 Vespertilionidae sp. 4 0.45 Tot. CHIROPTERA 6 0.68 Sorex samniticus 2 0.26 Neomys cfr. milleri 3 0.34 Tot. Soricinae 5 0.56 Suncus etruscus 2 0.26 Crocidura leucodon 50 5.64 Crocidura suaveolens 122 13.75 Crocidura cfr. suaveolens 1 0.11 Crocidura sp. 3 0.34 Tot. Crocidurinae 178 20.07 Tot. Soricidae 183 20.63 Talpa romana 4 0.45 Talpa sp. 13 1.47 Tot. Talpidae 17 1.92 Tot. SORICOMORPHA 200 22.55 Eliomys quercinus 2 0.26 Muscardinus avellanarius 8 0.90 Glis glis 4 0.45 Tot. Gliridae 14 1.58 Arvicola italicus 238 26.83 Microtus savii group 30 3.38 Microtus sp. 172 19.39 Tot. Cricetidae 440 49.61 Apodemus sp. 193 21.76 Rattus rattus 19 2.14 Rattus sp. 6 0.68 Mus musculus 3 0.34 Muridae sp. 6 0.68 Tot. Muridae 227 25.59 Tot. 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