44 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries paula pearce hinton paula pearce hinton, an associate editor of north carolina libraries, died september 17, 2006, following a sudden illness. a campbell university graduate, paula earned an ms in library science from unc chapel hill in 1985 and an ms in administration from central michigan university in 1996. an active north carolina library association member, in 2005, paula was elected secretary for the association, as well as chair of the reference and adult services section. for the past fifteen years, paula has been the social science reference librarian in davis library at unc chapel hill. paula was a wonderful reference librarian: warm, enthusiastic, patient, and helpful to students and faculty. she was a great professional role model to the library students who worked at the reference desk. her expertise in the social sciences was widely acknowledged and she was always available to help her colleagues. she enjoyed a good joke and had a wonderful laugh. paula was a dedicated, valued friend who went the extra mile for all of us who knew her. last, but not least, paula was a good cook. we had a holiday luncheon coming up in early december. this year, we didn’t have paula’s mashed potatoes—widely recognized as the best mashed potatoes in the world. paula is greatly missed by her colleagues in davis library reference, the users of davis library, and her colleagues in the north carolina library association. michael van fossen 26 — spring/summer 2006 north carolina libraries the conclusions reached in this study were based on a list of laura gasaway’s publications created by the university of north carolina at chapel hill. during the course of this research, a number of additional books and articles not a part of this list were located. recommendations for further research would include a study based on a complete list of publications by this author. references 1 barbara ringer. “copyright and the future of authorship; originally published in january 1, 1976,” library journal 119 (november 1994): 32-33. 2 “laura gasaway.” american library association. available at <http://www.ala.org/ala/acrlbucket/lpss/lauragasaway.doc> 3 “expert.” merriam-webster on-line. available at <http://www.m-w.com> 4 jean-pierre v.m. hérubel. “historical bibliometrics: its purpose and significance to the history of disciplines,” libraries and culture 34 (fall 1999): 380-388. 5 the university of north carolina at chapel hill. available at <http://library.law.unc.edu/faculty_services/new_faculty_publications.html> 6 “lotka’s law” laws of bibliometrics. university of texas. available at <http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~palmquis/courses/biblio.html> 7 ibid. 8 william potter “of making many books there is no end: bibliometrics and libraries,” the journal of academic librarianship 14 (september 1988): 238-239. 9 j. michael brittain. “a highly visible scientist – jack meadows,” journal of information science 26, no. 4 (2000): 267-272. 10 ali al-ghamdi, et al. “authorship in jasis: a quantitative analysis,” katherine sharp review (winter 1998). available at <http://alexia. lis.uiuc.edu/review/6/al_ghamdi.html> 11 d. r. dillon and d. g. o’brien. “article content and authorship trends in the reading teacher, 1948 – 1991.” reading teacher (january 1992): 362-368. 12 melanie j. norton. introductory concepts in information science. (medford, nj: information today, 2000), 64. 13 brittain, 268. about the authors elizabeth h. smith, professor emeritus, academic library services, east carolina university, greenville, nc katherine m. wisser, nc echo metadata coordinator, duke university, durham, nc brenda ambrose-fortune, social sciences cataloger, davis library, university of north carolina at chapel hill, chapel hill, nc sarah h. jeong, science librarian, z. smith reynolds library, wake forest university, winston-salem, nc lea ann robertson, ph.d. student, international development, university of southern mississippi http://www.ala.org/ala/acrlbucket/lpss/lauragasaway.doc http://www.m-w.com http://library.law.unc.edu/faculty_services/new_faculty_publications.html http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~palmquis/courses/biblio.html http://alexia.lis.uiuc.edu/review/6/al_ghamdi.html http://alexia.lis.uiuc.edu/review/6/al_ghamdi.html fall/winter 2006 — 89north carolina libraries 90 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries courses leading to the mlis are offered in greensboro, charlotte and asheville. for complete information visit http://lis.uncg.edu or call (336) 334-3477. the mlis program prepares people for professional employment in public, academic, and special libraries as well as other careers in information work. the program also offers preparation leading to licensure as a school library media coordinator (076), and instructional technology specialist-computers (077) through the north carolina department of public instruction. master of library and information studies accredited by the american library association and the national council for accreditation of teacher education department of library & information studies “consociating people, information and libraries” fall/winter 2006 — 91north carolina libraries drive for nc libraries support north carolina libraries while you drive with a specialized license plate! be one of the very first to show your support for north carolina libraries by ordering a specialized north carolina libraries license plate. plates will be made as soon as we receive 300 applications, and will be printed and numbered (four digits) in the order in which applications are received. the cost of a specialized plate is $30. for even more fun, you can further personalize your plate ($60) with your choice of 4 characters instead of the assigned numbers. plates will resemble the example shown above. to order your plate: fill out an application, and make a check payable to ncla, (north carolina library association). please send check and completed application to: andrea tullos, hyconeechee regional library system, p.o. box 8181, hillsborough, nc 27278. for questions, please call andrea tullos 919-245-2529. all checks will be deposited within 10 days of receipt. after 300 applications with checks are received, the license plate order will be placed with the ncdmv. the plates will be date numbered and printed in the order in which received. the $30.00/$60.00 special fee is an annual fee due in addition to the regular license fee. help us spread the word! let your library friends group and other library supporters know how they can support north carolina libraries. $20 of the fee goes to the nc library association to support north carolina library services and programs. click here to apply for your north carolina libraries specialized license plate! http://www.nclaonline.org/license/plateapplication.pdf fall/winter 2006 — 85north carolina libraries dear mr. scott, at the risk of being both a pedant and a crank, i wish to object to robert arndt’s characterization of timothy tyson’s blood done sign my name as a “novel” (ncl, spring/summer 2006, p. 45), especially since in the same review he complains about lack of bibliographical references. sounds like sloppy editing to me! it may be fine for ophrah winfrey to ignore the definition of “memoir” (cf. jonathan frey’s a million little pieces), but it hardly behooves librarians of all people to give the impression of not understanding the differences between the horrible reality of the events that led up to the oxford riot and imagination, which still occasionally allows us to transcend the banality of evil in the modern world. respectfully submitted, jim carmichael ncla member letters to the editor civil war ephemera stolen from the public library of charlotte & mecklenburg on sunday, august 27, 2006. please contact local authorities and the carolina room manager, joyce reimann if these two items are offered for sale. 704.336.5153. 1 hand-written furlough (september 7, 1863) for d.b. mclauchlin was excused from reporting to the enrolling board in lumberton, north carolina for thirty days due to sickness. issued by the chairman of the board and approved by 4th congressional district enrolling officer captain william b. swann. signed by j.t. chappell. 1 certificate of medical examination of a slave ely, property of benjamin dunn of nash county. enrolling officer lieut. f.a. fetter, and surgeon, j.m. pelot on march 3, 1865 special notice nclfall.04/pt.1 180 — fall 2004 north carolina libraries editor plummer alston “al” jones, jr. ltdi, school of education east carolina university 122 joyner east greenville, nc 27858 tel: (252) 328-6803 fax: (252) 328-4368 e-mail: jonesp@mail.ecu.edu associate editors joline ezzell reference department duke university library box 90175 durham, nc 27708-0175 tel: (919) 660-5925 fax: (919) 684-2855 e-mail: joline.ezzell@duke.edu mike van fossen reference-documents davis library cb# 3912 unc-chapel hill chapel hill, nc 27599-8890 tel: (919) 962-1151 fax: (919) 962-5537 e-mail: mike_vanfossen@unc.edu book reviews editor dorothy hodder public services librarian new hanover county public library 201 chesnut st. wilmington, nc 28401 tel: (910) 772-7858 fax: (910) 341-4357 e-mail: dhodder@nhcgov.com lagniappe editor suzanne wise belk library appalachian state university boone, nc 28608-2026 tel: (828) 262-2798 fax: (828) 262-3001 e-mail: wisems@appstate.edu wired to the world editor ralph lee scott systems librarian academic library services joyner library east carolina university greenville, nc 27858 tel: (252) 328-0265 fax: (252) 328-6222 e-mail: scottr@mail.ecu.edu indexer michael cotter joyner library east carolina university greenville, nc 27858 tel: (252) 752-8854 e-mail: cottermi@mail.ecu.edu asst. eds. for academic libraries paula p. hinton reference dept., cb# 3922 davis library unc-chapel hill chapel hill, nc 27514-8890 tel: (919) 962-1151 fax: (919) 962-5537 e-mail: pphinton@email.unc.edu page life davis library, cb# 3914 unc-chapel hill chapel hill, nc 27514-8890 tel: (919) 962-0153 e-mail: pagelife@email.unc.edu asst. ed. for public libraries joan sherif northwestern regional library 111 north front st. elkin, nc 28621 tel: (336) 835-4894 e-mail: jsherif@nwrl.org asst. ed. for school libraries diane kester ltdi, school of education east carolina university 102 joyner east greenville, nc 27858 tel: (252) 328-6621 fax: (252) 328-4368 e-mail: kester@soe.ecu.edu asst. ed. for web publishing terry w. brandsma information technology librarian jackson library unc-greensboro p.o. box 26170 greensboro, nc 27402-6170 tel: (336) 256-1218 fax: (336) 334-5399 e-mail: twbrands@uncg.edu editorial staff lc n ncla north carolina library association north carolina libraries official publication of the north carolina library association state library of north carolina, 4646 mail service center raleigh, north carolina 27699-4646 nclspring.04 north carolina libraries spring 2003 — 81 instructions for manuscript preparation for north carolina libraries 1. north carolina libraries seeks to publish articles and reviews of print and nonprint materials of professional interest to north carolina librarians and the worldwide library community. all manuscripts solicited or unsolicited are forwarded to two editors from the ncl editorial board to referee and make recommendations regarding whether they should be published. editors are not aware of the authors of the manuscripts they are refereeing. 2. manuscripts should double-spaced (text and notes) and submitted on disc in microsoft word or rich text format to al jones, editor, north carolina libraries, at jonesp@mail.ecu.edu 3. the name, position, and professional address of the author should appear in the bottom left-hand corner of a separate title page. each page should be numbered consecutively and carry the title (abbreviated, if necessary) in the upper left-hand corner. 4. notes should appear at the end of the manuscript in a section called “references.” the ncl editors will refer to the chicago manual of style, latest edition. the basic citation formats for books and periodical articles are as follows: 1. keyes metcalf, planning academic and research library buildings (new york: mcgraw hill, 1965), 416. 2. susan k. martin, “the care and feeding of the marc format,” american libraries 10 (sept. 1970): 498. 5. photographs should be submitted in a digital format. 6. the editor will acknowledge receipt of each manuscript. following the review of a manuscript by at least two jurors, the decision to publish or not to publish will be communicated to the author, along with the expected date of publication on the web at http://www.nclaonline.org/ncl 7. north carolina libraries holds the copyright for all published manuscripts. 8. north carolina libraries is indexed by the h. w. wilson company for library literature. the indexer of north carolina libraries prepares an annual index that is published in the last issue of the calendar year. 9. north carolina libraries is a quarterly publication appearing in march (spring), june (summer), september (fall), and december (winter). deadlines for submission for material for consideration in each quarterly issue are january 1 (spring), april 1 (summer), july 1 (fall), october 1 (winter). mailto:jonesp@mail.ecu.edu http://www.nclaonline.org/ncl/ nclfall.03pt.1 pb — fall 2003 north carolina libraries86 plummer alston “al” jones, jr., editor from the editor are libraries getting their fair share of the federal budget? s i grow older and hopefully wiser, i have begun to question whether libraries are now or ever have been getting their fair share of the federal budget. astounding as it may sound, the united states was 180 years old, just twenty years away from its bicentennial, before the u.s. congress passed the first law establishing federal funds for libraries in 1956. the library services act (lsa) passed that momentous year was targeted toward improving rural library service. in 1964, the lsa was broadened to the library services and construction act (lsca), which provided funds for urban as well as rural public libraries and for library construction. most recently in 1996, the lsca was replaced with the library technology and services act (lsta), which provides funds for enhancing the electronic capabilities of public, school, and academic libraries, including among other technology-related projects, the ability to share digitized resources via the world wide web; to ensure equity of access; and to help bring resources to underserved audiences. lsta funds are distributed by the federal institute of museum and library services (imls) to the state agency responsible for libraries and library services in each of the fifty states. in north carolina, the state library of north carolina receives lsta funds and redistributes them through a variety of grant programs to individual libraries, library systems, and consortia to implement local and statewide library programs and projects. i recently asked penny hornsby, consultant for federal programs at the state library of north carolina, for lsta figures for north carolina as a percentage of total funds available nationally. for fiscal year 2003, for example, the total lsta appropriation for the nation was $187,868,160. of this sum, $150,435,000, or 80.07% was earmarked for state library programs. the difference in the two figures, $3,743,3160, or 19.93%, represents funding for native american grants, national leadership grants, and imls administration. north carolina’s share of the 2003 lsta funds for state library programs was $4,104,012, which represents 2.18% of total lsta program funds and 2.73% of lsta funds earmarked for state library programs. all of this sounds very impressive, at least it did to me, until recent reports were released that the u.s. government is spending one billion (that’s nine zeros) dollars to fund a week of nation-rebuilding in iraq. while $1billion is being spent internationally for activities in iraq that will have no direct benefit domestically, libraries throughout the united states in one fiscal year will receive approximately 15 percent of $1 billion, or $150.5 million for lsta state program funding. this amount is to provide library service to approximately 285 million americans, based on a 2001 estimate, many of whom are still without adequate library service, including immigrants, african americans, and native americans. of 285 million americans, approximately 8 million are north carolinians. are libraries getting their fair share of federal funds? are library services adequate in your community? are all segments of the population receiving equal access to libraries? these questions are definitely interrelated. a nclfall.04/pt.1 128 — fall 2004 north carolina libraries by plummer alston “al” jones, jr., editor from the editor annual v. biennial conferences: a perennial debate the north carolina library association was organized at the state normal and inudustrial college in greensboro on may 14, 1904, with seven founding members and forty-nine charter members. the first annual meeting, held november 11–12 of the same year in charlotte, was attended by sixty-seven people. from 1904 to 1921, ncla met annually. the third annual meeting, held may 23– 24, 1907, was a joint meeting with the american library association at the battery park hotel in asheville. in 1922, district meetings were held across the state in charlotte, greensboro, chapel hill, goldsboro, asheville, and southern pines. the first biennial meeting was held november 22–23, 1923, at the robert e. lee hotel in winston-salem and the second biennial meeting was held november 19–20, 1925, at the carolina inn in chapel hill. district meetings were held in 1926 across the state in gastonia, winston-salem, raleigh, asheville, wilmington, rocky mount, and sanford. the fourth biennial meeting was a joint conference with the southern conference on education and the southeastern library association (sela) in chapel hill. district meetings returned in 1930, with meetings held in charlotte, statesville, albemarle, goldsboro, and warrenton. a special meeting, as opposed to the regular biennial meeting, was held on september 2, 1938, at woman’s college in greensboro. ncla met biennially from 1939 to 2003. the forty-fourth conference was a joint conference with the south carolina library association, held october 7–9, 1981, at the civic center in charlotte. after the 1949 ncla biennial conference, held april 26–28 in greensboro, members of the north carolina negro library association (ncnla) attended. in april 1952, ncla members voted against merging with the ncnla, but on october 24, 1953, ncla adopted a new constitution, which provided for the acceptance into membership of all librarians and persons interested in libraries. it was reported to ncla member on october 11, 1954, that a new vote for accepting negro members had carried 255 to 107. at the biennial conference held october 29–november 1, 1975, at the benton convention center in winston-salem, a resolution on holding annual ncla meetings was defeated. in 1986, the ncla futures committee, was charged to examine all aspects of the association’s operation and to suggest changes and improvements. in its final report of october 22, 1986, the committee presented a series of recommended changes to the executive board of ncla, which made an intensive study of all proposals. on april 25, 1987, at the ncla executive board meeting, the committee’s proposal for holding annual elections and conferences was rejected. as we prepare for the 2004 ncla centennial celebration to be held november 9– 12 at the civic center in charlotte, it is a perfect time to consider for at least the fourth time in its 100 years the proposition of having annual versus biennial conferences. the centennial conference will be a joint conference with sela, the second in the history of ncla conferences. the last biennial conference was held september 23–26 at the benton convention center in winston-salem. the next biennial conference will be held in winston-salem in 2005. ncla will be having in effect three annual conferences in a row. perhaps the experience gained in planning and sponsoring three ncla conferences back-to-back will inform the association as to whether future conferences should be annual or biennial. no matter what the collective decision of ncla, the debate will be perennial. nclfall.04/pt.1 north carolina libraries fall 2004 — 129 from the president pauletta brown bracy, president productive engagement: perceiving and improving the library profession and image in the context of a conversation with a friend, who works in the corporate arena, he casually inquired, “why do we need libraries, anyway?” i was stunned because i expected the professional courtesy of proper respect! in recovery, i patiently responded in an exultation of our profession that librarians and libraries are indispensable fundamentals of the social and intellectual landscapes. he affirmed with a meekly uttered, “okay.” he needed to know why it was more convenient to visit a library rather than the internet. i needed to know how he could have formed such a disposition. so i sought perceptions of the library profession among north carolinians. graduate students in my classes offered to assist in the data collection of a simple word-association exercise. i provided the prompt and the words. directions were to ask for a word or a few words: “when you hear the following word, what word(s) come(s) to mind?” respondents were to react to the following words: library, librarian, library media specialist, information, and access. i also asked for information on respondents’ occupation, gender, age, and library usage pattern. fifteen students interviewed 106 citizens roughly selected at random. a slight minority of the respondents indicated that they did not use the library. their occupations varied, from the arts, business, education, homemaking, and law, to medicine, religion, retail sales, real estate, and social work, and, as a sign of the times, the unemployed. ages ranged from 9 to 93 years old. most were in their twenties with fairly even distribution among the ‘tweens and teens, and those in their thirties and fifties, although the forties, sixties, eighties, and nineties were also represented. respondents were 50/50 male/ female. the word library summoned a place of information, books, and magazines, with book(s) being the overwhelming association. other significant words were information, knowledge, reading, research, study(ing), and quiet. boring was reported twice by individuals who coincidentally were not library users. the majority of responses to the word librarian spoke to resourcefulness with helpful being the preferred word, with books, cool, educated, friend(ly), knowledgeable, organized, smart, teacher, and woman also offered. a distressing professional image emerged with responses such as control, glasses, invert, mean, old lady, nerd, quiet, and shhhh! in the matter of library media specialist, the most prominent responses were teacher, computers, helpful, school, smart were the most popular responses with technology, technical specialist, underling, and videos also offered. some perceived the library media specialist as a younger librarian and slightly less prim/proper than the word librarian. the word information stimulated visions of computers at a considerably greater rate than books, [the] internet, and knowledge, the subsequent most recurrent responses, along with data, encyclopedia, facts, questions, and research. the most repeated words associated with access were computer(s) and internet, with others being availability, ease/easy, free, granted, key, knowledge, online, open, password, and permission. in conclusion, libraries are for the most part favorably regarded and when individuals think of information and access, certain aspects of the library profession come to mind. even the unflattering perceptions of libraries and librarians can be changed by a productively engaged campaign to reinforce the positive image of the profession. in one particular response to the word access, one of the respondents stated, “easier with a librarian.” i could not have said it better. nclspring.04 north carolina libraries spring 2003 — 63 anti-virus software by ralph lee scott ired to the c orld c this column is the third installment of a four-part series on computer security. the recent“mydoom” virus attack was an example of a fast-spreading internet virus that clogs incoming mail boxes. many of you have already received a ton of emails from people you have never heard of, or messages from “payroll,” “message returned,” or “traffic office.” these were distributed to you because someone did not keep his/her computer anti-virus software up-to-date and/or opened an e-mail attachment that contained the virus. outside of the admonition not to open e-mail attachments from people you don’t know, what can you do to prevent the spread of viruses to other computers? the standard method is to purchase, install, and run anti-virus software such as symantec/norton antivirus or mcafee virusscan. recently, however, a new wrinkle has been introduced to this standard method. trend micro is now offering a free online virus-scan service at housecall.trendmicro.com. mcafee and symantec/norton now offer similar services. when you go to the housecall.trendmicro.com web site you can select the “scan your pc” link and have an interactive scan done for free. no updates are necessary and you always have access to the latest version of scanning data files and software. you do not have to use up disk space with the anti-virus software and updates. if your computer files are damaged or infected, you can isolate or remove them, usually without danger to your operating system. if you are on the road and do not have access to corporate or networked virus file updates due to a firewall, you can still scan your computer if you have an internet connection. these free scanning services work in the following manner. a small program is downloaded to your computer that checks for drives to scan. you are then given a menu list from which you select those drives you want to be scanned. at this point, these scanning services work like traditional scanning software. files can be quarantined or deleted as desired. symantec/norton and mcafee now have similar free services available at their web sites. computer viruses either plant a small program on your computer (1) by moving around in e-mail messages (like the iloveyou e-mails that we all get) that take control of your e-mail address book, (2) through worms (a small piece of software that repeatedly infects other computers – code red is an example), and (3) through so-called trojan horses (small programs that are programmed to erase your hard disk). these viruses take advantage of human curiosity and are executed by simply opening the iloveyou message. you should be wary of e-mail addresses that include the .com, .vbs., or .exe file extensions. the best policy is to never run any executable files that you receive. it is also a good policy not to open e-mails that are unexpected. simply delete these suspicious e-mails from the “inbox” several times a day, using a filter system that places e-mails from known senders in individual boxes (such as usenet group mail, family, colleagues) and leaving the unknown senders’ e-mails sitting alone in the “inbox” where they can be deleted in bulk. some e-mail services, including earthlink and msn, permit you to go to a higher level of spam blocking. unless a particular e-mail has been “certified” through some means, it is blocked. the checking for certification is usually done by checking incoming emails against known e-mails previously received or from addresses in your address book. if you select this higher level of security, non-valid e-mail senders must be approved by you before the e-mail is delivered to your inbox. an excellent way to get rid of spam, this service should be included in future e-mail program releases. it seems like every few days a new virus attacks with a slightly different twist. the only way to protect your computer is to keep your virus data files up-todate or use one of the free scan programs offered by the major anti-virus firms. in the next “wired to the world” column we will conclude this series on computer security. http://housecall.trendmicro.com ncl119-122 154 — winter 2003 north carolina libraries spyware by ralph lee scott ired to the c orld c antivirus programs monitor your computer to detectviruses, while firewalls block access to your computer by hackers. common antivirus programs and firewalls do not protect your computer against spyware. spyware comes attached to programs or web pages that you want to use and that you have allowed to be placed on your computer willingly. spyware programs are very invasive. they track your keystrokes, keep a record of which web sites you have visited, suddenly redirect your browser to a page you did not select, or even crash the browser completely. spyware comes in several classes: hijacker programs, including whazit, iemonit.adult, powersearcher, toolbarcc; spying programs, including i-lookup, wurldmedia, huntbar, bargain buddy, cydoor; malware, including look2me, powerscan, dyfuca, magiccontrols; keyloggers (ispynow); and tracker programs, including acemoney, quickzip, easi mp3, and magic mail monitor. hijackers will replace your browser start page with another page. spying programs track internet sites you have visited and report back to the data collector where you have been. malware crashes your browser and then attempts to find passwords and credit card information, which is then reported back to the hacker. keyloggers track each keystroke you make on your computer, which are also reported back to the hacker. tracker programs track your computer use, including to whom you write e-mails and which tunes you download. often these programs come bundled with screensavers, music, and other software that you download from web sites or via e-mails. an inventive computer science student at the university of dortmund, patrick kolla, has developed a shareware program to ferret out the spyware on your computer. the program is called “spybot—search and destroy” and is available at www.security.kolla.de (occasionally, i have been redirected to: www.safernetworking.org for the download). spybot is available free, but kolla asks that you send him a few dollars (via paypal) to help him maintain and update the software. spybot supports all of the major browsers (ie, netscape, and opera) and operating systems (windows 95 through windows xp). kolla provides monthly free, self-installing updates. when you install and launch spybot, it offers you a choice of five different programs to run: search and destroy, recovery, immunize, update, and donations. spybot currently supports versions in 13 different languages. spybot—search and destroy will scan your computer for spyware and note what spy programs there are and their locations. a typical scan can take several minutes, especially if you have a large number of files to review. after the scan is over, you can click on individual spyware programs installed on your computer, and find who placed it on your computer, what it does, and what sort of security risk it poses. after reviewing the information, you then have the option of placing the offending software in a backup section on your computer. if you run spybot on your computer you will be simply amazed at the number of spyware programs that have been squirreled away on your machine by people you did not know. i found hundreds on my computer and get dozens of new ones each day with normal web use. in addition to being malicious, these programs often consume large amounts of computer disk space and memory. i have had occasions where my computer was “out of memory,” but in fact these programs had simply used up all the available storage space! after creating the backup section, spybot then allows you via their recovery section, to either keep the spyware (if you want to continue using it) or delete it permanently. this is a two-step process that allows you first to select individually each spyware program on your computer, and then either remove it, or continue using it on a program-by-program basis. another option is to “immunize” your computer against spyware. this spybot program allows you to provide basic permanent protection against known bad web pages. there is an option that allows reviewing and confirming each page as it is blocked. spybot allows you to run in basic or advanced modes. the advanced mode allows for additional customizing of spybot. the default mode is the basic spybot program, but you can change the default to the advanced mode permanently if you wish. there are other spybot–type programs which you can find on the web using your favorite search engine. this column is the second in a four-part series on computer security. the next installment will deal with the various types of viruses and antivirus programs available. http://www.security.kolla.de nclwinter.04 vice president, president elect carol g. walters director of libraries, sandhill regional library system ba (history/political science); mls, university of north carolina-greensboro <<carol.walters@ncmail.net>> statement of concern: the mission of my tenure would be to promote maximum visibility and accessibility to resources for libraries of all types by collaborating and engaging librarians from all settings to meet the changing needs, populations, and technologies of north carolina libraries. phillip k. barton director, rowan public library ba (history and political science), davis and elkins college; mls, indiana university <<bartonp@co.rowan.nc.us>> statement of concern: it is imperative that • we actively recruit talented, motivated people to the profession • libraries be responsive to wide-ranging customer needs and be marketed effectively • we be effective players in the political arena of every community and institution. libraries must have a seat at every political table! slate of candidates for officers 2005-2007 paula pearce hinton social sciences reference librarian, davis library, university of north carolina-chapel hill bs, campbell university; msls, university of north carolina-chapel hill; msa, central michigan university <<pphinton@email.ecu.edu>> statement of concern: in this biennium, we are aware especially of the importance of documenting ncla’s work across the years. if elected secretary for the coming biennium, i would be creating an association record for assisting our work currently, and be providing simultaneously a record for the future. julie goyette information systems librarian, high point public library ba, university of virginia; mlis, university of north carolina-greensboro <<julie.goyette@ci.high-point.nc.us>> statement of concern: if elected, i pledge to take the minutes of ncla according to the policies of the organization; providing thorough, accurate minutes to association members in a timely manner well within the guidelines. secretary tina stepp cataloger, henderson county public library ba (information science), mlis, university of south carolina <<tstepp@henderson.lib.nc.us>> statement of concern: if i am elected treasurer, i will bring 6 years of bookkeeping experience with a cpa firm with me. i will keep up-to-date financial records, will work with other ncla officers to bring the best possible services to the members of ncla, and will work hard on future conferences. harry cooke director, gaston college bs (elementary education), ma (audiovisual education), appalachian state university; mls, north carolina central university; edd, duke <<cooke.harry@gaston.cc.nc.us>> statement of concern: over the years i have served a number of organizations in the area of finance always striving to provide complete and accurate accounting. as your treasurer i will strive to enhance ncla fund value as well as provide accurate and timely accounting functions. treasurer (four-year term) rodney lippard ils workflow librarian university of north carolina at chapel hill ba, university of north carolina-chapel hill; mlis, university of north carolina-greensboro; phd student, school of education, university of north carolina-greensboro <<rlippard@email.unc.edu>> statement of concern: what is public knowledge of librarianship? librarians and library staff lead in gathering, sorting, organizing, and providing information; however, the layperson, focusing on the end product, rarely knows about our work, especially with new technologies. therefore, my concern and focus is to make our profession more visible to the public. frances “frannie” ashburn director, north carolina center for the book, state library of north carolina ba (english), wake forest university; mls, university of south carolina <<fashburn@library.dcr.state.nc.us>> statement of concern: i can contribute a statewide perspective on all types of libraries and an enthusiastic approach to ncla service. i would work hard to represent all members and to foster a spirit of collaboration and cooperation among our libraries. directors (choose two) ronald f. ritter technical services librarian, davidson county public library system ba (library science), ma (library science), appalachian state university <<rritter@co.davidson.nc.us>> statement of concern: if i am elected director at large of ncla, i will work with the membership committee on recruitment of new librarians and on addressing the concerns of ncla members. during the next few years there will be a mass retirement of professional librarians throughout our state and recruitment will be very important at this time. bryna r. coonin reference librarian, joyner library, east carolina university ba, university of maryland at college park; msls, university of north carolina-chapel hill; mba, meredith college <<cooninb@mail.ecu.edu>> statement of concern: throughout my years of working in both public and academic libraries across north carolina ncla has remained the constant, offering to libraries advocacy, opportunities for staff development and professional growth, and (to me) a network of colleagues statewide. i see service on the executive board as an opportunity to help ensure that ncla continues to remain a strong and responsive organization. directors (continued) kevin cherry visiting instructor, department of library science and instructional technology, east carolina university bs (biology), m.a. (history), msls, university of north carolina-chapel hill; phd student, school of information and library science, university of north carolina-chapel hill <<cherryt@mail.ecu.edu>> statement of concern i have served on ncla’s executive board three terms, the editorial boards of north carolina libraries and tar heel libraries, and on three conference committees. i have worked in academic, public, and community college library settings, and feel that these experiences will help me represent ncla on the ala council. joel white branch library supervisor, southside branch, forsyth county public library ba (communications), mls, university of north carolina-greensboro <<whitejw@libris.forsyth.lib.nc.us>> statement of concern: recruitment and retention of quality library professionals are significant challenges faced by libraries today. ala and ncla, as organizations, can play a vital leadership role in these areas. i would like to strengthen these organizations by promoting dual membership and then direct the efforts of both to focus on these important issues. ala councilor (four-year term) nclwinter.04 246 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries use the application form below to enroll as a member of the north carolina library asssociation or to renew your membership. all memberships are for one year from the anniversay date of first payment. dues (see below) entitle you to membership in the association and to one section or round table. for each additional section or round table, add $5.00. return this form with your check or money order, payable to north carolina library association (see address below). ncla north carolina library association ncla north carolina library association mail payment and form to: north carolina library association 4646 mail service center raleigh, nc 27699-4646 check sections and round tables one is included in basic dues. (new members & first time renewals should choose a section other than new members round table.) add $5.00 for each additional section or round table. ___ children’s services ___ college & university section ___ community & junior college libraries section ___ documents section ___ library administration & management ___ circulation sig ___ personnel/staff development sig ___ nc association of school librarians ___ nc public library trustees association ___ public library section ___ reference & adult services section ___ resources and technical services section ___ new members round table ___ nc library paraprofessional association ___ round table for ethnic minority concerns ___ round table on special collections ___ round table on the status of women in librarianship ___ technology & trends round table thank you for your support ncla office hours: mon.–fri. 9–1; telephone: 919-839-ncla; fax: 919-839-6253; e-mail: nclaonline@ibiblio.org type of library i work in: academic _____ public _____ school _____ special _____ other ____________________________ please print or type date submitted ____________________ ______ new membership* ______ renewal* membership number if renewal _____________________________________ * dues automatically include membership in new members round table for new members and for first time renewals. name ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ last first middle title _______________________________________________ library __________________________________________________ business address _________________________________________________________________________________________________ city state zip mailing address (if different from above) ___________________________________________________________________________ daytime telephone number _____________________________ e-mail address ___________________________________________ ❏ check here if you do not wish to be signed up for ncla-l listserv area code ❏ full-time library school students (two years only) ............................................. $10 ❏ retired librarians ................................... $15 ❏ non-library personnel: (trustee, volunteer, or friends of libraries) .. $15 ❏ institutional (libraries or library/education-related businesses) ........... $50 choose your category of membership ❏ library personnel earning up to $15,000 ................................... $15 earning $15,001 to $25,000 .......................... $25 earning $25,001 to $35,000 .......................... $30 earning $35,001 to $45,000 .......................... $35 earning $45,001 and above ........................... $40 ❏ contributing (individuals, institutions, and businesses interested in the work of ncla) ..................................................... $100 amount enclosed: (see above) $ ____________ membership and one section/round table ____________ $5.00 for each additional section/round table $ ____________ total (please do not send cash) credit card info (visa or mastercard) #_______________________________________ exp. ___________ north carolina libraries winter 2004 — 247 make check payable to ncla and write “endowment” in the for line. send form with contribution to: ncla administrative assistant ncla endowment 4646 mail service center raleigh, nc 27699-4646 the north carolina library association established the ncla endowment fund with the north carolina community foundation in 1999. the purpose of the endowment is to support the ncla scholarship fund for library school students, to provide funding for outstanding speakers at the ncla biennial conference, and to enhance continuing education of north carolina librarians. for more information call ncla at (919) 839-6252 special gifts and requests: ❑ sustainer @ $100–$249 ❑ friend @ $1–$99 ❑ other @ $ ____________ ❑ corporate @ $ ______________ ❑ company name ❑ in memory ❑ in honor of: acknowledgement to be sent to (name and address): ❑ donation of stock, real estate, etc., or bequest. check here for further information, or contact the ncla administrative assistant at the address below. i want to contribute to the ncla endowment.ye s! name(s) address telephone e-mail type of contribution: ❑ benefactor @ $1,000 up ❑ sponsor @ $500–$999 ❑ patron @ $250–$499 n c l a e n d o w m e n t affiliate fund of the north carolina community foundation n lac no r t h c a r o l i n a l i b r a r y a s s o c i a t i o n nclsummer.03 north carolina libraries summer 2003 — 87 use the application form below to enroll as a member of the north carolina library asssociation or to renew your membership. all memberships are for one year from the anniversay date of first payment. dues (see below) entitle you to membership in the association and to one section or round table. for each additional section or round table, add $5.00. return this form with your check or money order, payable to north carolina library association (see address below). ncla north carolina library association mail payment and form to: north carolina library association 4646 mail service center raleigh, nc 27699-4646 check sections and round tables one is included in basic dues. (new members & first time renewals should choose a section other than new members round table.) add $5.00 for each additional section or round table. ___ children’s services ___ college & university section ___ community & junior college libraries section ___ documents section ___ library administration & management ___ circulation sig ___ personnel/staff development sig ___ nc association of school librarians ___ nc public library trustees association ___ public library section ___ reference & adult services section ___ resources and technical services section ___ new members round table ___ nc library paraprofessional association ___ round table for ethnic minority concerns ___ round table on special collections ___ round table on the status of women in librarianship ___ technology & trends round table thank you for your support ncla office hours: mon.–fri. 9–1; telephone: 919-839-ncla; fax: 919-839-6253; e-mail: nclaonline@ibiblio.org type of library i work in: academic _____ public _____ school _____ special _____ other ____________________________ please print or type date submitted ____________________ ______ new membership* ______ renewal* membership number if renewal _____________________________________ * dues automatically include membership in new members round table for new members and for first time renewals. name ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ last first middle title _______________________________________________ library __________________________________________________ business address _________________________________________________________________________________________________ city state zip mailing address (if different from above) ___________________________________________________________________________ daytime telephone number _____________________________ e-mail address ___________________________________________ ❏ check here if you do not wish to be signed up for ncla-l listserv area code ❏ full-time library school students (two years only) ............................................. $10 ❏ retired librarians ................................... $15 ❏ non-library personnel: (trustee, volunteer, or friends of libraries) .. $15 ❏ institutional (libraries or library/education-related businesses) ........... $50 choose your category of membership ❏ library personnel earning up to $15,000 ................................... $15 earning $15,001 to $25,000 .......................... $25 earning $25,001 to $35,000 .......................... $30 earning $35,001 to $45,000 .......................... $35 earning $45,001 and above ........................... $40 ❏ contributing (individuals, institutions, and businesses interested in the work of ncla) ..................................................... $100 amount enclosed: (see above) $ ____________ membership and one section/round table ____________ $5.00 for each additional section/round table $ ____________ total (please do not send cash) credit card info (visa or mastercard) #_______________________________________ exp. ___________ 88 — summer 2003 north carolina libraries make check payable to ncla and write “endowment” in the for line. send form with contribution to: ncla administrative assistant ncla endowment 4646 mail service center raleigh, nc 27699-4646 the north carolina library association established the ncla endowment fund with the north carolina community foundation in 1999. the purpose of the endowment is to support the ncla scholarship fund for library school students, to provide funding for outstanding speakers at the ncla biennial conference, and to enhance continuing education of north carolina librarians. for more information call ncla at (919) 839-6252 special gifts and requests: ❑ sustainer @ $100–$249 ❑ friend @ $1–$99 ❑ other @ $ ____________ ❑ corporate @ $ ______________ ❑ company name ❑ in memory ❑ in honor of: acknowledgement to be sent to (name and address): ❑ donation of stock, real estate, etc., or bequest. check here for further information, or contact the ncla administrative assistant at the address below. i want to contribute to the ncla endowment.ye s! name(s) address telephone e-mail type of contribution: ❑ benefactor @ $1,000 up ❑ sponsor @ $500–$999 ❑ patron @ $250–$499 n c l a e n d ow m e n t affiliate fund of the north carolina community foundation n lac no r t h c a r o l i n a l i b r a r y a s s o c i a t i o n nclspring.04 north carolina libraries spring 2003 — 27 if libraries don’t change, they won’t be the place to get the books — david g. fergusson having read tom moore’s article, i feel torn. first, i agree with a lot ofwhat he says, so i am naturally questioning myself. moore has been tossing his ideas around north carolina for a generation, loving the controversy he has caused, and when we roll over and publicly agree with him without a whimper, i think he subconsciously finds it upsetting. so i won’t go that far. i agree with him about his central assertion as to the permanence of the book: if the book ain’t broke, don’t fix it. but i generally believe that we are in an excellent position to influence the future for libraries so that they will stay in the forefront of american culture. let’s look at a few of your assertions. is a book still economical? actually books are sort of pricey, especially for those who read a lot, so i’d say they are economical if you get them at the library. and in reference to your statement that “the reading device of the future must have no batteries!” what is up with that? in case you haven’t left the library in a while, people are in love with battery-driven devices today, and perhaps your kids are the exception. after talking on their batterydriven cell phones, and riding in their battery-driven hybrid cars while listening to talking books on their battery-driven mp3 players, folks now spend the day pounding away on their battery-driven laptops. one of our branch heads uses a battery-driven lawn mower. the only thing missing is battery-driven food. no, i think the book will remain a for a long time, but as new devices now supplement books, they will someday replace them for many users. my slant on the b. f. skinner quote, “we ought not to teach our children the great books, we ought to teach them the love of reading,” is this: i hope he would consider the love of reading indicative of the love of literature, knowledge, and intellectual discovery, whatever the format or delivery system, because it won’t always be books. it is cheaper for a library only to provide books, and if i only observed people reading books around town or in the library, it would make sense. but we know that is not true. diversity of the population seems to breed diversity in access choices. we are public libraries and this is our challenge. how about the future of public libraries? moore makes a few assertions i’d like to discuss, however i want to put my thoughts about how we look at the future in context. change comes slowly where people are concerned. i was a history major in college, and today’s computerized technology has changed as much as anything i recall studying. but generally i look at my life, which began in 1948, and much more change has occurred in people’s minds than in their surroundings. tv arrived shortly after i did, and hasn’t changed much. we now have color, and more channels, but you can only watch one thing at a time. i drive a car fundamentally very similar to those of the fifties. i get in and drive around, parking on the same streets, wearing counterpoint: 28 — spring 2004 north carolina libraries very similar clothes. i eat pretty much the same food in pretty much the same type house. social movements and the economic structure of our society have changed along with how we think about them, but again i do not notice it happening very fast! we are not caught in a social tsunami moving at breakneck speed. the change is coming, but fortunately i think the library community has time to adapt. moore points out that libraries are hurt by reduced funding from taxes. he recommends finding a long-term financial solution that doesn’t rely on taxes alone. this makes sense as long as we maintain a tax base that will not be cut in proportion to new sources of support. his other solution is to focus on books and reading, getting “back to basics.” he says we must focus on having what citizens want “when they want to read it.” here, i respectfully differ. many libraries have never, ever done well marketing the great products they have. a 2003 marist college institute of public opinion survey on the public library indicated that access to a public library in their community is rated “very valuable” by 67% of respondents and “valuable” by another 27%. sixty-three percent of the public “supports” or “strongly supports” an increase in taxes for public library services in their communities. the average tax increase they are willing to pay is $49 per year. that’s over two and a half times the average per capita support of north carolina’s public libraries. sounds like we live and work in the land of opportunity! libraries must finally find a way to get the people really to speak for them. moore states that our problem is an anti-tax movement, but the survey i just mentioned makes me wonder. we clearly face a difficult task. for years we have provided a pretty good supply of books for reading, and we need to continue to provide the traditional services you cherish. but we also need to be flexible, since we are at the behest of a shifting economy and electorate. life changes very slowly, but tastes and wants change overnight, and we’ve got to meet the public’s perceived need with a quality product. one popular public library role is that of a community gathering point or “commons.” while most people read at home, the visit, the moment, is the memory i have of my many trips to the library. this cannot be emphasized enough. we keep lamenting the glitter of borders and barnes & noble, all the while knowing that the income they derive keeps them going. i can’t pass up the opportunity to point out that the splendid little bookstores, that these big box bookstores are alleged to have put out of business, offered great literature provided by loving staff. in fact, the big box stores added value by simply adding to the experience. we cannot be exactly the same; our goal should be “different and better.” we probably should ask the people we serve, the ones who want our services and are theoretically willing to pay for them, what they really want. and we should keep changing to provide it. this is where libraries will have to learn to love change and practice it over and over. tom correctly states that if we don’t use our libraries, we will lose them. of course, we do use them. the central library where i work counts over 1,000 visitors a day. that means that we are the wheel! you don’t have to reinvent it. we want people to realize that they should always think “library!” first. tom, the thing people have always known is that we provide lots of free good books. it’s the other services that they don’t know about! this never ceases to amaze librarians because our other offerings are so wonderful and varied. marketing for the future also means customer service. libraries offer customer service that ranges from great to mediocre. how often have we been told that ours is becoming a service-driven economy? no library should let its standard for customer service fall below excellent. in a service-driven economy, where service is generally not very good, ours needs to stand out. north carolina libraries spring 2003 — 29 flexibility is essential. it is a buzzword in our economy in general and if we think libraries can avoid facing it, we are wrong and will keep missing opportunities for positive development. it is no secret that libraries, with a relatively low level of purchasing power, are at the behest of the ever-changing consumer economy. we don’t drive the economy, but we can make the most of it if we are flexible in restructuring our services to satisfy our customers. we can keep improving the future of public libraries if people know that we will give them what they want and need in stimulating surroundings, using amiable employees to create a captivating experience. libraries flexible enough to welcome people who keep showing up with a growing number of changing needs will thrive as well. it’s a whole package, a package that is changing, and we should be loving the change! about the authors frannie ashburn position: director, north carolina center for the book, state library of north carolina education: b.a. in english, wake forest university; m.l.s., university of south carolina deana astle position: associate director for collections, joyner library, east carolina university education: a.b., brown university; m.l.s., ucla; m.a., university of utah robert burgin position: professor, school of library and information sciences, north carolina central university education: b.a., duke university; m.s. in l.s., ph.d., unc at chapel hill walt crawford position: senior analyst at research library group (rlg) and columnist. education: b.a. in rhetoric, and master’s level studies in rhetoric, university of california, berkeley david m. durant position: head of government documents & microforms, joyner library, east carolina university education: a.b. in history, university of michigan; m.a. in modern european history (russia and eastern europe), university of california, los angeles; master of science in information, university of michigan david g. fergusson position: deputy director, forsyth county public library education: b.a. in history, wake forest university; m.l.s., florida state university libby grey position: circulation librarian/assistant head, r. b. house undergraduate library, unc at chapel hill education: a.b., salem college; m.s.l.s., unc at chapel hill elizabeth j. laney position: retired librarian, library of the school of information and library science, unc at chapel hill education: b.a., unc–greensboro; m.s.l.s., unc at chapel hill thomas l. moore position: director, wake county public library education: a.a., springfield college; b.a. in philosophy, cardinal glennon college; m.a.l.s., rosary college (now dominican university) elizabeth skinner position: central library public services manager, forsyth county public library education: b.a. in english, m.l.s., florida state university wiley j. williams position: professor emeritus of library science, george peabody college for teachers (now part of vanderbilt university), and professor emeritus of library science, kent state university education: b.s., unc; m.l.s., george peabody college for teachers; m.p.a. (master’s of public administration), ph.d., university of michigan. 86 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries ncla executive board directory, 2006-2007 officers president dr. robert burgin 307 swiss lake dr. cary, nc 27513 rburgin@mindspring.com phone: (919) 462-0134 vice president/ president elect phil barton rowan public library p.o. box 4039 salisbury, nc 28145 bartonp@co.rowan.nc.us phone: (704) 216-8229 secretary gloria nelson spring lake branch library 101 laketree boulevard spring lake, nc 28390 gnelson@cumberland.lib.nc.us phone: (910) 497-3650 treasurer diane kester 105 longview drive goldsboro, nc 27534 kester@coe.ecu.edu phone: (919) 394-6272 fax: (919) 583-8179 directors frannie ashburn state library of north carolina 4640 mail service center raleigh, nc 27699 fashburn@library.dcr.state.nc.us phone: (919) 807-7416 bryna coonin joyner library north carolina collection east carolina university greenville, nc 27858 cooninb@ecu.edu phone: (252) 328-0431 ala council kevin cherry 124 e. 2nd st. washington, nc 27889 cherryt@ecu.edu sela rep evelyn council chesnutt library fayetteville state university 3429 sandystone circle fayetteville, nc 28311 ecouncil@uncfsu.edu phone: (910) 672-1539 editor, ncl ralph scott academic library services 4016 joyner library east carolina university greenville, nc 27858 scottr@ecu.edu phone: (252) 328-0265 fax: (252) 328-0268 past president dr. pauletta brown bracy north carolina central university school of library and information sciences po box 19586 durham, nc 27707 pbracy@nccu.edu phone: (919) 530-6401 fax: (919) 530-6402 administrative assistant (ex officio) kim parrott north carolina library association 1811 capital blvd. raleigh, nc 27604 nclaonline@ibiblio.org phone: (919) 839-6252 fax: (919) 839-6253 section chairs blinc susan wolf neilson cameron village regional library 1930 clark avenue raleigh, nc 27605 susan.neilson@co.wake.nc.us phone: (919) 856-6718 cus tommy nixon davis library university of north carolina at chapel hill cb# 3922 chapel hill, nc 27514 tommy_nixon@unc.edu phone: (919) 962-1151 cjcls debbie luck randolph community college library p. o. box 1009 asheboro, nc 27204 dsluck@randolph.edu (336) 633-0204 grs 2006: joyce (beth) kaylor randall library unc wilmington 601 s. college road wilmington, nc 28403 kaylorj@uncw.edu phone: (910) 962-4232 grs 2007: mimi curlee public library of charlotte & mecklenburg county 310 n. tryon street charlotte, nc 28202 mcurlee@plcmc.org phone: (704) 336-2725 lams mary sizemore appalachian regional library 215 10th street north wilkesboro, nc 28659 msizemore@arlibrary.org phone: (336) 838-2818 ncasl catherine edwards-spratley cardinal gibbons high school 1401 edwards mill road raleigh, nc 27607 cates_cghs@yahoo.com phone: (919) 834-1625 ext. 272 ncplta mary hatcher 1905 e. lake shore drive wilmington, nc 28401 m03477@aol.com phone: (910) 762-7259 pls lynn thompson southern pines public library 170 w connecticut ave southern pines, nc 28387 thompson@suppl.net phone: (910) 692-8235 jane mcallister assistant reference librarian davis county public library 371 n. main st. mocksville, nc 27028 phone: (336) 751-2023 jane.mcallister@coldavie.nc.us rass johathan farlow randolph county public library 201 worth st. asheboro, nc 27203 jfarlow@randolphlibrary.org phone: (336) 318-6800 remco anne h. coleman electronic resources unc pembroke p.o. box 1510 pembroke, nc 28372 anne.coleman@uncp.edu phone: (910) 521-6837 fax: (910) 521-6547 fall/winter 2006 — 87north carolina libraries rtss elizabeth cramer appalachian state university library boone, nc 28607 crameree@appstate.edu phone: (828) 262-4967 yss loree kelly henderson county public library fletcher branch p.o. box 999 120 library rd. fletcher, nc 28732 lkelly@henderson.lib.nc.us phone: (828) 687-1218 round table chairs literacy betty meehan-black 2302 wade hampton road hillsborough, nc 27278 bmblack@email.unc.edu phone: (919) 962-1120 nmrt kaye cook adult services librarian reynolds manor branch forsyth county public library 2839 fairlawn drive winston-salem, nc 27106 cookks@forsythlibrary.org phone: (336) 703-2963 nclpa annis barbee ncsu libraries box 7111 raleigh, nc 27695 annis_barbee@ncsu.edu phone: (919) 513-2046 remco h. jamane yeager belk library belk library / cb 2550 elon, nc 27244 jyeager@elon.edu phone: (336) 278-6576 rtsc dale sauter special collections dept. joyner library, ecu greenville, nc 27858 phone: (252) 328-0275 sauterd@ecu.edu rtswl kathy crowe jackson library university of north carolina at greensboro box 26170 greensboro, nc 27402 kmcrowe@uncg.edu phone: (336) 256-1210 tnt beth bernhardt jackson library university of north carolina at greensboro box 26170 greensboro, nc 27402 beth_bernhardt@uncg.edu phone: (336) 256-1210 committee chairs archives jean rick meredith college carlyle library 3800 hillsborough st. raleigh, nc 27607 rickj@meredith.edu phone: (919) 760-8383 conference 2007 phil barton rowan public library p.o. box 4039 salisbury, nc 28145 bartonp@co.rowan.nc.us phone: (704) 216-829 constitution, codes and handbook bobby wynn charles w. chestnutt library fayetteville state university 1200 murchison road fayetteville, nc 28301 bwynn@uncfsu.edu phone: (910) 672-1232 continuing education sherwin rice bladen community college p.o. box 266 dublin, nc 28332 srice@bladen.cc.nc.us phone: (910) 879-5641 endowment david goble 3217 selwyn farms lane charlotte, nc 28209 david.goble@cpcc.edu phone: (704) 330-6441 fax: (704) 330-6887 finance wanda brown z. smith reynolds library wake forest university box 7777, reynolda station winston-salem, nc 27109 brownw@wfu.edu phone: (336) 758-5094 intellectual freedom john harer 1108 joyner library, ecu greenville, nc 27858 harerj@ecu.edu phone: (252) 328-4389 leadership institute lisa m. williams william randall library unc-wilmington 601 s. college rd. wilmington, nc 28403 phone: (910) 962-3688 membership caroline walters university archives & records service the manuscript department wilson library, cb# 3926 unc-chapel hill, nc 27514 carolinejwalters@verizon.net phone: (919) 962-6402 nominating dr. pauletta brown bracy north carolina central university school of library and information sciences po box 19586 durham, nc 27707 pbracy@nccu.edu phone: (919) 530-6401 fax: (919) 530-6402 operations dale cousins wake county public library cameron village regional library 1930 clark ave. raleigh, nc 27605 gcousins@co.wake.nc.us phone: (919) 856-6726 fax: (919) 856-6722 public policy dr. patrick valentine department of library service and instructional technology east carolina university greenville, nc 27858 phone: (252) 737-1570 publications and marketing suzanne white rowan public library p.o. box 4039 salisbury, nc 28145 whites@co.rowan.nc.us phone: (704) 638-3009 fax: (704) 638-3013 scholarships harry cooke gaston college 2425 31st st dr ne hickory, nc 28601 cooke.harry@gaston.cc.nc.us phone: (704) 922-6355 web site bao-chu chang ncsu libraries campus box 7111 raleigh, nc 27695-7111 bao-chu_chang@ncsu.edu phone: (919) 515-2669 fax: (919) 515-7292 88 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries editor ralph lee scott joyner library, ecu greenville, nc 27858 (252) 328-0265 scottr@ecu.edu associate editor elizabeth h. smith professor emeritus, ecu greenville, nc 27858 (252) 752-7350 smithe@ecu.edu associate editor and indexer mike van fossen davis library unc-chapel hill chapel hill, nc 27514-8890 (919) 962-1151 mike_vanfossen@unc.edu book reviews editor nicholas graham north carolina collection unc-chapel hill, nc 27514-8890 (919) 962-1172 ngraham@email.unc.edu associate editor for rass joline r. ezzell duke university library durhan, nc 27708-0175 (919) 660-5925 joline.ezzell@duke.edu lagniappe editor joseph thomas reference librarian, ecu east carolina university greenville, nc 27858 (252) 328-2266 thomasw@ecu.edu wired to the world editor ralph lee scott joyner library, ecu greenville, nc 27858 (252) 328-0265 scottr@ecu.edu associate editor for academic libraries page life davis library unc-chapel hill chapel hill, nc 27514-8890 (919) 962-0153 pagelife@email.unc.edu associate editor for literacy gale greenlee greensboro public library 219 north church st. greensboro, nc 27402 (336) 373-2471 associate editor for membership jennifer smith belk library elon university elon, nc 27244 (336) 278-6586 jsmith41@elon.edu associate editors for public libraries suzanne white rowan public library po box 4039 salisbury, nc 28145 (704) 638-3009 jane s. mcallister assistant reference librarian davie county public library 371 n. main street mocksville, nc 27028 (336) 751-2023 jane.mcallister@coldavis.nc.us associate ed for reference and technical services roundtable kathryn schlee librarian/curator of research collections old salem museums & gardens museum of early southern decorative arts 924 s. main street winston-salem, nc 27101 (336) 721-7372 kschlee@oldsalem.org associate editor for school libraries diane kester associate professor emeritus, ecu 105 longview drive goldsboro, nc 27534 (919) 394-6272 e-mail: kester@coe.ecu.edu layout editor michael reece digital technologies specialist joyner library, ecu greenville, nc 57858 (252) 328-2897 e-mail: reecem@ecu.edu associate ed. for web publishing terry w. brandsma jackson library unc-greensboro greensboro, nc 27402-6170 (336) 256-1218 twbrands@uncg.edu editor emeritus plummer alston “al” jones, jr. lsit, college of education east carolina university 1108 joyner library greenville, nc 27858 (252) 328-6803 jonesp@mail.ecu.edu editorial board nclsummer.03 74 — summer 2003 north carolina libraries fanciful person might say that every library is haunted by the spirits of the authors of the books that wait on its shelves for readers to share their thoughts and memories. librarians are not fanciful as a general rule, however, which may lend extra credence to the few who will admit to paranormal manifestations in their buildings. stories unearthed in a recent informal survey of north carolina’s public library directors on the subject are tantalizingly brief and uniformly tame, in keeping with the quiet, modest, hardworking, conscientious, and discreet image of the typical librarian or scholar. a good example of a library staff ghost belongs to the bladen county public library in elizabethtown, north carolina, which is situated across the street from a cemetery. library director sherwin rice remembers that “years ago our janitor, mr. stephens, swore he heard books and furniture being moved in the early morning hours before we opened.” clearly this is the spirit of a person who is lost without work, even in the afterlife. library director corki jones from hickory reports that her predecessor elbert ivey used to check on his old library regularly after his death, and that the elevator would move from floor to floor without assistance during his inspections. none of the staff ever saw him, but they heard footsteps and doors opening and must have recognized him from his habits. corki herself heard him walking down the hall one night after hours when she was alone in the building. no doubt his restless spirit was relieved to find the new director working late. an unidentified ghost haunts the alexander county library in taylorsville, according to director doris stephens, although the building is only twenty-five years old and has no major tragedies in its history. her staff describe a woman in a dark coat who walked past the circulation desk one night after the library was closed and the outer doors were locked, but simply disappeared when they went looking for her. on another occasion a woman walked from a workroom into the staff lounge after closing time—again, nobody could be found. staff have also heard someone rattling the locked door to the workroom and tidying shelves in the reference section when the building is closed and the lights are out. doris has not personally witnessed any of these phenomena in spite of working alone and far into the night on many occasions. “most of the peculiar noises we hear off and on no doubt are just our resident attic squirrels, who routinely wear combat boots and dance the highland fling,” is her assessment, but the evidence points to another library staffer who continues to put in time from the beyond. the new hanover county public library (nhcpl)’s north carolina room is library ghosts of north carolina compiled by suzanne wise lagniappe*/north caroliniana *lagniappe (lan-yap´, lan´ yap´) n. an extra or unexpected gift or benefit. [louisiana french]˘ ˘ ˘ ˘ by dorothy hodder a north carolina libraries summer 2003 — 75 home to the ghost of a local historian who apparently did not complete her research before her death about twenty years ago. the only person who has ever reported seeing this ghost was an elderly gentleman who volunteered in the department seven days a week as long as his health permitted, who identified her as the deceased researcher. some of the woman’s files turned up on librarian beverly tetterton’s desk soon after the funeral, but when beverly thanked bereaved family members for contributing the materials to the collection they each denied having been the one to drop them off. arthur myers documented a paranormal presence in the room in the ghostly register: haunted dwellings, active spirits: a journey to america’s strangest landmarks (contemporary books, 1986). although ghostly visits have diminished over the years, staff who work evening shifts in nhcpl’s local history department have frequently heard books being pulled off the shelves in the stacks behind them at times when they knew themselves to be alone in the room, and are particularly likely to find the papers of the state’s civil war governor lying open on the shelf when they check out the disturbance. a former employee (who has since moved to the west coast) was returning a book to a locked case one evening when the glass door of the case began to shake violently. he sensed a distinct presence that seemed to want access to the case and summoned his courage to apologize for needing to lock it, at which the presence gave a “hmmmph!” and dissipated. this ghostly behavior is all the more curious because locked file cases are rather commonly found standing open in the mornings when staff come on duty, with civil war records spread across work tables. beverly also complains that the cleaning crews who work after hours do a less-thanthorough job in her room — apparently the ghost disapproves of noise in her domain at any time and hurries the janitors along by unplugging their vacuum cleaners. nhcpl’s headquarters library was under renovation during 2002 and the early part of 2003, and local history materials were moved while the department was expanded. the ghost’s attitude toward the upheaval remains to be determined, but since some historical materials in storage in the basement seem to be in regular use without assistance from staff there is reason to believe that she has not been driven from her research. this is good news for staff who find a resident ghost to be an asset for holding the attention of grade-school tour groups, although as time goes on they observe that children have an increasingly hard time coping with the lack of crime and gore in the story. some libraries inherit ghosts when they occupy previously owned buildings. the beaufort-hyde-martin regional library headquarters is housed in the old beaufort county courthouse (ca. 1789), and claims many eerie stories. the original courtroom is still upstairs, and everyone who enters it reports smelling cigar smoke. the reference librarian likes to entertain school children with a story about a horse thief who attempted to evade trial by jumping out the courthouse window and running to the building next door to hide, not realizing that the building next door was the jailhouse. the occasional sound of breaking glass is heard in the library, bearing the story out. director mark pumphrey reports weird happenings at polk county public library’s new saluda branch library. it is in an old turn-of-the-century building that has been many things over the years, including a mercantile store, a café, and apartments. the librarian, the technical services librarian, and several volunteers and library users all claim to hear muted sounds like people talking on a telephone and footsteps on the stairs. “i think we had a ghost once in scotland county, but he moved to ashe county,” says scotland county director robert busko. “apparently he liked western barbeque better than eastern and the other ghosts were friendlier.” robert’s cheerful nonchalance typifies the library professional’s respect for the 76 — summer 2003 north carolina libraries privacy and tolerance for the eccentricities of patrons. a story about a library that ought to be haunted but doesn’t seem to be was shared by pender county public library director mike taylor. mike heard about a public library in the state, not his own, that found two caskets in a crawl space or basement underneath the building when they installed computer wiring in the 1990s. by the state of the human remains in the caskets, they had been there for a very long time. the discovery was duly reported to the proper authorities, but evidently matched no known crime. by one account no one would take responsibility for the bodies or take them off the library’s hands; by another the caskets still residing under the library are empty. the director of the library in question, who naturally wishes to minimize local publicity about the mystery, says she has heard about caskets and loose bones being found under the old library. it was built on the site of an a.m.e. church which had a cemetery beside it, and possibly the library encroached on part of the graveyard. “i never saw or heard any ghosts,” she staunchly maintains. “when things get quiet in the new library it sounds as if some heavy-footed creature is tromping on the roof. i am sure it’s the building settling.” mike taylor is not so easily derailed from his ghoulish enjoyment of this story, however. “where did the bodies come from?” he speculates. “i wonder if a search of records of unrecovered books, some missing cherished tome from the past, might at last account for two patrons who mysteriously disappeared, supposedly on their way home from the library one night after closing on a moonless, dark night?” in conclusion, sampson-clinton public library director robin williford remembered a story her husband told her when he first took her to meet his mother’s family in johnston county. it seems when he was a little boy, about twenty years ago, the johnston county library bookmobile accidentally took a turn for the worse and ran — literally ran — through a low brick fence into a rural cemetery. his grandfather thought it was such a sight he actually took him out to see the wreckage. readers may decide for themselves whether they believe that was truly an accident, or a case of excellent library service to a homebound patron. carol a. brown assistant professor, department of librarianship, educational technology, & distance instruction, college of education, east carolina university b.s.e. in elementary education, m.s.e. in instructional resources, university of arkansas at little rock; ed.d. in curriculum and instruction with a concentration in instructional design, university of memphis thomas kevin b. cherry visiting instructor, department of librarianship, educational technology, and distance instruction, college of education, east carolina university b.s. biology, m.a. history, m.s.l.s., ph.d. candidate, university of north carolina at chapel hill dorothy hodder public services librarian, new hanover county public library a.b. (history and spanish), m.s.l.s., university of north carolina at chapel hill susan w. simpson librarian, carteret county public library b.a. (anthropology), m.a. (sociology), east carolina university; m.l.s. student, department of librarianship, educational technology, and distance instruction, college of education, east carolina university about the authors … 40 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 north carolina library association executive board meeting minutes july 20, 2007 attending: frannie ashburn, robert burgin, pauletta bracy, wanda brown, kevin cherry, anne coleman, bryna coonin, dale cousins, beth cramer, angela davis, catherine edwards-spratley, anne marie elkins, jonathan farlow, john harer, mary hatcher, loree kelly, diane kester, margot malachowski, betty meehan-black, susan neilson, gloria nelson, kim parrott, jennifer pratt, peggy quinn, sherwin rice, dale sauter, ralph scott, patrick valentine, caroline walters, bobby wynn, jamaneyeagar president robert burgin called the meeting to order at 10:02 am. a correction to the minutes of the april meeting—frannie ashburn added to the list of attendees. pauletta bracy moved that the minutes be accepted as corrected. betty meehanblack seconded the motion and the minutes were approved. president’s report president burgin reported that membership stands at 1530 members—70 more needed to reach the goal, which should happen by the conference. he commended youth service, government resources, ncpl trustee section, the new members roundtable and reference & adult services sections for their increase in members. the literacy roundtable increased membership by 24%. fiscal vitality, membership and conference—please push. the survey, goal #3, is done—looking at non-members and why they don’t join. president burgin expressed that he is pleased that folks are doing what’s necessary for smooth meetings, i.e., submitting two copies of reports, etc. and he is proud of the hard work by the board. treasurer’s report the report is on the web. money market account to credit union. if checks are needed for the conference, let diane know so they will be ready at the conference. mileage paid at state rate of 48.5¢ per mile—use reimbursement form and turn in at the conference. intellectual freedom the report is on the web. the intellectual freedom award is to be revitalized and a vendor is being sought. blinc—susan neilson the report is on the web. blinc met at asu and had 4 new attendees. pre conference will be demystifying business librarianship. they will not meet in august but will concentrate on the conference – 6 programs are planned. paraprofessional association—angela davis four (4) programs are planned for the conference including luncheon. the section is looking for a new vice president. angela brought two motions to the board for approval: (1) to open the lifetime membership award to all library workers, regardless of whether they have an mls/mlis degree or not – caroline said that motion one clarifies the lifetime membership award and discussion followed. motion one was withdrawn and kevin cherry made the following motion instead: i move that there be a “sense of the board” resolution interpreting the ncla lifetime membership award to be open to all library workers, including those with the professional degree, as well as other library workers and this resolution be included in the appropriate section of the ncla handbook”. the motion was seconded by phil barton and approved. (2) to create a distinguished service award for library workers who do not hold a mls/mlis degree. discussion followed as to whether to have one award or two. motion two was withdrawn because it needs to go to the constitution committee and membership committee. beth suggested that the paraprofessional association may want to do a section/roundtable award. caroline noted that more than one distinguished service award can be given. lams—peggy quinn the report is on the web. lams met in february—planning conference programs. the pre-conference is on strategic planning using ballot score card, competitive environment facing libraries, and multiple generations. literacy round table two conference programs are planned and a literacy award will be presented. september 7 is the deadline for award nominations. ncasl—catherine edwards-spratley ncasl is planning a workshop on intellectual freedom; is forming a committee which will meet in august. trustees—mary hatcher new members have been added to the section. pls—lynn thompson the report is not on web yet. pls held a meeting in may to finalize conference plans. they are excited about unshelved creators, native american genealogy, downloadable audio, etc. thanks to mary mcafee, john hart will be the luncheon speaker where the roberts award will be given. nominations are being accepted until august 31. a new brochure is planned for the conference. the section will present two bylaws changes for the pls membership to allow electronic voting and to clarify procedure for nominating person to the certification commission. spring / summer 2008 41 nor th carolina libraries new members—margot malachowski three conference events are planned: a reception on pre-conference day, orientation on wednesday, a session on finding your footing for new library hires on thursday. president burgin noted that when a section/round table reaches 350 members, they get a 2nd vote on executive board. resources and technical services section—beth cramer the report is on the web. remco the report is on the web. special collections—dale sauter the report is on the web. round table on the status of women the report is on the web. youth services—loree kelly the report is on the web. the section met may 21 to finalize the conference programs—a teen pre-conference on ya literature and teen tech issues is planned. committees conference—phil barton frannie and kevin have been very helpful and the conference is looking good. phil is sure that the goals will be met. president’s endowment dinner will be held at the country club— kevin described the program and public television will be filming the troupe to be shown in conjunction with the ken burns ww2 broadcast. frannie distributed program requirement forms. there are a variety of programs at each session—lots of options sponsors for major events still not all finalized. any section/round table which has a speaker should have a ncla contract; all conference contracts must be signed by president burgin and if the speaker is to be paid, kim must have a copy of contract and check order goes to diane. if person has own contract, please make sure that you know what you’re signing. publications/marketing—phil reported for suzanne white hotel rates for the conference are from 2005. constitution bobby wynn submitted a revised refund policy with 2 changes – exact percentage taken out. mary hatcher made a motion that the revised refund policy be approved, catherine edwards-spratley seconded and the motion was approved. rass—jonathan farlow george goodall is still set for the conference; recorded books has reneged on the deal; rass is co-sponsoring consumer health portals and unshelved with pls. continuing education – no report endowment the next event will be at the conference; the raffle will be held again; everyone is encouraged to attend the president’s endowment dinner. bryna made a motion that ncla make a contribution to the endowment in memory of larry leon hamlin—phil suggested $100—the motion passed. finance—wanda brown the report is on the web. financial vitality – no report. membership—caroline walters the report is on the web. the committee is looking for graphic design help; the joint student membership is going well—over 200 of which 89 were paid by ncla. the state library will fund conference fee for students—30 scholarships are available. the survey is complete and prizes have been awarded. the committee will try to track those who were not members but won a prize (to determine if they join); a poster at the conference will display information about the survey. coffee mugs for new members thru project grant and “ask me about ncla” buttons will also be available. nominating committee the report is on the web. pauletta thanked those who ran and those who won for their commitment to ncla. operations the report is on the web. dale reminded members that kim’s anniversary is approaching and her evaluation needs to be done. please send dale any information helpful to her evaluation of kim. pay equity the pay equity survey was reviewed. public policy—national legislative day painter and valentine went to dc; melanie will come to the conference to talk about how to work for library legislation. the resolution on immigrants was reviewed – passed by ala; added ethnicity to second to last paragraph; the resolution passed. bao will be stepping down as web administrator soon; if you are interested or know someone, contact phil barton. nc libraries—ralph scott the report is on the web. ala councilor the report is on the web. kevin presented two resolutions—skills act and national security letters (nsl). he explained that school 42 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 librarians are being marginalized—skills act treats librarians as teachers rather than as support staff—this resolution addresses the issue at the federal level not at the state level. the resolution passed. nsl are not tied to legislation but are used for personnel records, business records, etc. a gag order prevents the receiver from talking about it. kevin reviewed the main points of the resolution and it was passed. state library the renovation is complete; lsta advisory board has 3 new members; the administrative code is being update and changes should be in effect by oct 1. old business social networking ad hoc committee kevin reported that the committee was asked not to meet yet— while current legislation is still being formulated. the wording is so broad that almost any website could be defined as a social networking site. mary met with attorneys general and they may reconsider the legislation. new business ncla awards the membership committee is responsible for choosing winners; none of the nominees were eligible for honorary membership; there was discussion about the nominees and caroline reviewed the salient points of each person’s nomination. caroline presented the following names for ncla awards: richard wells for lifetime membership—approved; prof. elizabeth h. smith for lifetime membership—approved; frances bryant bradburn for distinguished service award; a point of order—question of whether frances is still a member (the answer is yes) approved; paula p. hinton (deceased) for distinguished service award—approved. carolina noted that all nominees are ncla members. ala emerging leaders president burgin moved that ncla provide $1000 to all members who are accepted by ala. diane seconded the motion and it was approved the state library has asked ncla to serve as fiscal agent for spanish language outreach—ncla receives a small administrative fee for being the fiscal agent. caroline reported that she went to ala conference for the first time and attended the chapter relations orientation. she got lots of cool ideas that the membership committee will develop. she suggested that ncla pay for the person to go to this orientation in the future. kevin is president of the chapter relations committee; ala will have a pre-conference where each state chapter is encouraged to send a person and they will not have to pay conference registration. president burgin announced that kevin has been asked to join ala advocacy coordinating group. kevin indicated that more input from grass roots is needed. please get committee appointments to phil if you are interested in serving on any ncla committees. phil also suggested having a strategic planning meeting of the executive board during the conference of old board members and new board members. the next meeting will be tuesday oct 16 at the conference. the meeting was adjourned at 2:20pm. ncla north carolina library a�ociation http://www.nclaonline.org/ http://www.nclaonline.org/ nclfall.04/pt.1 north carolina libraries fall 2004 — 161 bachtell, matthew. “advertising of extensible markup language (xml) online public access catalogs (opacs): a case study involving three library vendors’ products.” apr. 2003. 36 pages. headings: opac; xml; marc; marc xml; library vendors. barton, jacqueline a. “promoting information literacy: an evaluation of the library’s collaboration with the first-year english program at unc-chapel hill.” apr. 2003. 46 pages. headings: bibliographic instruction––college and university students; information services––north carolina; use studies––college and university libraries. bauers, anne. “interaction techniques for large digital images: a comparative study. apr. 2003. 59 pages. headings: user interface design––usability; human computer interaction; digital images; application software––development. boothman, sean m. “the school of information and library science information technology recovery plan.” may 2003. 102 pages. headings: security––business continuity; policies––information technology recovery. britto, kathleen. “the american homefront of world war ii in literature for children: an evaluative comparison of series and autobiographical fiction.” apr. 2003. 58 pages. headings: children’s literature––series; children’s literature––united states; historical fiction––evaluation; children’s literature––evaluation; world war, 1939– 1945. bull, anthony. “alumni online plus: an online community for professional networking.” apr. 2003. 95 pages. headings: alumni relations––online communities––design; alumni relations online communities––implementation; information systems––education–– library and information science research 2002–2003: a bibliography of master’s papers from the university of north carolina school of information and library science the following master’s papers were submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the master of science in library science degree or the master of science in information science degree at the school of information and library science at the university of north carolina at chapel hill. the subject headings used to index them have been given. the master’s papers are available for interlibrary loan. 162 — fall 2004 north carolina libraries alumni relations; career services––online services––design; career services–– online services––implementation; web programming––php/mysql. bullard, kristen a. “virtual reference service evaluation: an application of unobstrusive research methods and the virtual reference desk’s facets of quality for digital reference service.” apr. 2003. 80 pages. headings: college and university libraries––reference services––evaluation; reference services––evaluation; reference services––automation––evaluation; reference services––standards; carnegie foundation for the advancement of teaching; virtual reference desk. daniel, linda l. “the effects of email on an academic library’s reference service.” apr. 2003. 64 pages. headings: academic libraries––reference services; electronic mail messages; electronic reference services (libraries). epps, william. “questioning chat: a study of the types of questions asked through chat reference.” apr. 2003. 23 pages. headings: college and university libraries––reference services; reference services––north carolina; academic libraries––reference services; electronic reference services; reference services––automation. fernandez, michael. “a usage comparison for print and electronic books in the university of north carolina at chapel hill.” apr. 2003. 48 pages. headings: use studies––electronic books; college and university libraries––book collections; college and university libraries––collection development. getz, elizabeth a. “looking to the high ground: historians at the fredericksburg and spotsylvania national military park respond to fy–2000.” apr. 2003. 57 pages. headings: exhibits and displays––special subjects––slavery; information systems––special subjects––american studies; museum-library relations; united states––history––1861–1865 (civil war)––exhibits and displays; united states–– national park service. graham, rachel. “gender role reinforcement in popular magazine advertising.” april 2003. 27 pages. mp2829. headings: advertising, magazine––united states; men’s magazines; sex role in advertising; women’s periodicals, american. graves, michael j. “concert event metadata: describing concerts effectively in a digital environment.” apr. 2003. 38 pages. headings: metadata; music; ontologies; resource description framework; web ontology language. gresko, amy beth. “recruitment to the profession: student workers in academic libraries as potential future librarians.” apr. 2003. 40 pages. headings: college and university libraries; librarians––supply and demand; recruiting for librarianship; student assistants––college and university libraries. haggard, alisa f. “the process of writing an itu-t recommendation for sip endpoint directory services.” apr. 2003. 108 pages. headings: computer network resources; directory services––computer network technology; videoconferencing; international telecommunications union. hallyburton, ann. “your way, my way, our way: a critical perspective of young adult disability fiction since the civil rights era.” apr. 2003. 109 pages. headings: disability studies; people with disabilities in literature; young adult literature––history and criticism. hassett, robert e. “the chapel hill linux lab: a case study in the use of linux and other open source applications in the high school setting.” nov. 2002. 18 pages. north carolina libraries fall 2004 — 163 headings: client server computing; linux operating system; microcomputers–– equipment; open source software. heimbuack, susan t. “children’s librarians’ perceptions of computers in the children’s section of the public library.” apr. 2003. 49 pages. headings: computers and children; children’s libraries––north carolina; public libraries––north carolina. intrator, miriam. “avenues of intellectual resistance in the ghetto theresienstadt: escape through the ghetto central library, reading, storytelling and lecturing.” apr. 2003. headings: theresienstadt (concentration camp); theresienstadt (concentration camp)––literary collections; holocaust, jewish (1939–1945)––czechoslovakia–– personal narratives; holocaust, jewish (1939–1945)––literary collections; world war, 1939–1945––jewish resistance. irvin, kristina m. “comparing information retrieval effectiveness of different metadata generation methods.” apr. 2003. 28 pages. headings: metadata; professionally generated metadata; automatically generated metadata; information retrieval. jiang, yanfang. “the alise project: design of an online questionnaire for integration and processing of statistical information.” jan.2003. 149 pages. headings: online survey––design; database––management––systems; information system––design; interface design; web databases. li, meichun. “design and implementation of a database-driven web-based student evaluation and tracking system for the emergency medicine department of university of north carolina at chapel hill.” apr. 2003. 62 pages. headings: database––management––systems; information system––design; interface design; web databases. liu, lu. “the university center for international studies: international faculty expertise online database project.” apr. 2003. 37 pages. headings: database––management––systems; databases––information storage and retrieval; information systems––design; web databases––design. lu, dihui. “biologists’ information seeking behavior with online bioinformatics resources for genome research.” jan. 2003. 44 pages. headings: bioinformatics; biologists; surveys; information seeking. mcclusky, anne. “barriers to educational use of digitized primary source documents: a survey.” apr. 2003. 31 pages. headings: digital libraries––united states; educational technology––electronic records; digitized archives; education––primary sources. mojuetan, obire. “the office of student counseling’s database project.” apr. 2003. 37 pages. headings: database––management––systems; systems analysis; user interface–– design; user interface––analysis. park, ok nam. “an empirical study of the impact of subject headings on information performance-investigation of nursing domain users.” apr. 2003. 60 pages. headings: subject headings; keywords; search performance; medline; medical subject headings (mesh); nursing domain users. pittman, leigh b. “the role of the elementary school library in north carolina’s character education curriculum.” apr. 2003. 52 pages. headings: school libraries––character education; school libraries––north carolina; reading and morals; ethics. pohl, ingrid a. “advocacy on the web: an evaluation of a nonprofit advocacy organization’s use of the web to support its mission and goals.” apr. 2003. 62 164 — fall 2004 north carolina libraries pages. headings: web sites––evaluation; web sites–aims and objectives; use studies–– internet; nonprofit organizations; advocacy organizations. preston, elizabeth earle. “the society of american archivists, graduate archival education, and progress: a study of the history of archival education and current curricula.” apr. 2003. 44 pages. headings: archivists––education; curricula; professional education; society of american archivists. runkle, rachelle a. “decisions, decisions: a content analysis of audiobook reviews as aids to collection development.” apr. 2003. 52 pages. headings: audiovisual materials––collection development; audiovisual materials––content analysis; audiovisual materials––reviews; talking books––history. sanders, mark m. “saving el universal: a case study in evaluation and preservation of a historic latin american newspaper.” apr. 2003. 40 pages. headings: college and university libraries; collection evaluation; newspapers; preservation of library materials; latin america. segedy, steve. “digitizing the appalachian folklife project.” apr. 2003. 34 pages. headings: digitization––multimedia digitization; metadata––standards; archiving–digital museum archiving. sievers, melissa a. “brains, brawn and breasts: how women are depicted in today’s action/adventure comic books.” apr. 2003. 64 pages. headings: comic books, strips, etc.; comic books, strips, etc.––women; comic books, strips, etc.––evaluation; women in literature. sizemore, donald. “ibibliometrics: measuring ten years of free=range academic web publishing.” mar. 2003. 40 pages. headings: information systems; digital libraries; bibliometrics; publishing trends. spackman, elizabeth. “the role of recreational reading in high school media centers: four case studies.” apr. 2003. 50 pages. headings: reading incentive programs; school libraries––book programs; school libraries––high schools; school libraries––north carolina. spinks, richard. “portal resources information system: the design and development of an online database for tracking web resources.” apr. 2003. 27 pages. headings: web––databases; online––databases; databases; information systems– –design. stevenson, nicole. “will you return home?: a study on the utility of navigational aids.” apr. 2003. 63 pages. headings: world wide web––navigational aids; world wide web––usability; websites––evaluation. stone, wayne. “website log analysis: case study of usa cycling’s website.” nov.2002. 78 pages. headings: internet––usa cycling; internet––statistics; use studies––internet; web sites––case studies; world wide web––statistics. tardiff, melissa. “methods ten year olds use to select reading material.” apr. 2003. 31 pages. headings: children––book selection; book selection––children; children–– reading habits. tinker, gary. “protocols and methodologies for the utilization of mpeg-7 in multimedia data storage and retrieval.” dec. 2002. 44 pages. headings: mpeg-7; multimedia metadata; feature extraction. nclsum2nd.04 80 — summer 2004 north carolina libraries by david hursh good medicine and good music: the virtual life of mrs. joe person at east carolina university lice person, known during her life as mrs. joe person, was a woman ahead of her time. professional musician, patent medicine entrepreneur, women’s rights advocate — all are appropriate titles for this colorful north carolinian. the convergence of several occurrences in alice’s life led her to earn these titles at a time when such activities on the part of a woman were looked at askance. today, however, alice’s unique life is being celebrated through a digital exhibit hosted by east carolina university’sjoyner library. a life out of the ordinary born and raised in petersburg, virginia, alice relocated to franklin county, north carolina, after her december 1857 marriage to joseph arrington person, a member of a wealthy central north carolina family. a few years later, the couple’s happy life was abruptly interrupted when joseph’s debilitating stroke and the civil war surrender of the south to the north left them with no way to support their young family. for several years, the couple provided for their growing family by selling the land that joseph was unable to farm. during this time, one of their young daughters became ill with scrofula, a type of tuberculosis that was common before milk was pasteurized. on the night that the local physician gave up hope for the child’s survival, a neighbor woman came by to offer help in the form of a remedy that was given to her father by an old indian. alice was skeptical, but could see no harm in trying the medicine if it offered any hope at all of saving her child. alice and her neighbor gathered the ingredients from the woods, prepared a batch of the concoction, and gave it to the child throughout the night. by morning, the child’s condition had improved, and in three weeks she was cured. as her family’s land and money slowly dwindled, alice continued to prepare the remedy and share it with friends who were ill, never ceasing to be amazed by its ability to cure any number of health problems.1 alice’s faith in the remedy soon became a calling; one which also offered a cure for her family’s ailing financial situation. with this in mind she began her mission by marketing the remedy in the nearby city of raleigh. though she met with some resistance from the raleigh medical community, alice persisted and headed for charlotte, tarboro, and other north carolina cities. with time, the remedy proved itself and attracted a faithful following of satisfied customers. the promise of quick profits also attracted several unscrupulous investors and partners. though it was not easy, alice was always a north carolina libraries summer 2004 — 81 able to pull herself out of these situations and maintain the remedy’s solid reputation.2 as with her remedy, alice felt a strong devotion to the power of music. she initially viewed her piano playing as something for the enjoyment of her family and friends. however, a visit to the raleigh exposition, predecessor to the north carolina state fair, transformed it into much more. while there, some of alice’s friends asked her to play a few of her infectious southern tunes on one of the pianos on display at a piano dealer’s exhibit. she did, and soon attracted a large gathering of fair-goers. the piano dealer was so delighted by the attention she brought to his display that he hired her to play at future exhibits. this opportunity led to similar engagements in cities like atlanta and dallas, to name but a few. eventually people asked alice to publish her arrangements so they could play them at home. she did, and delighted in the fact that she now had three friends that brought her near to the people while adding to her income — her remedy, her playing, and her music.3 alice continued to produce and market the remedy along with her piano playing and sheet music until the age of 70, thus becoming known for her “good medicine and good music” throughout the south.4 the exhibit’s genesis the concept for a digital exhibit on alice’s life had its origins in the september 2000 donation of two pieces of alice’s published music to the ecu music library by ecu alumnus and great, great grandson of alice person, harry stubbs. as i examined the well-used, century-old sheets, stubbs related to me snippets of the composer’s colorful life. my curiosity was peaked, so in the days that followed stubbs’ visit i did some research on alice. i was delighted to find that she had been given some attention in the published literature, and that her papers were part of the southern historical collection at the university of north carolina at chapel hill. i could not, however, find any indication of efforts to preserve the tangible results of alice’s musical activity — the pieces donated by stubbs. i hoped to fill that gap by preserving and cataloging these pieces for the benefit of future generations. my interest in his grandmother’s music spurred stubbs to arrange dinner with his cousin and alice’s great granddaughter, mrs. louise scott stephenson. at our dinner i learned that stephenson had donated alice’s papers to the southern historical collection, and also that she had in 1971 produced a typescript of the handwritten manuscript of alice’s unpublished book, a copy of which she presented to me for addition to the music library’s collection. stephenson verified my findings with regard to the lack of attention to alice’s published music, and was pleased to learn of my desire to preserve her cousin’s donation. we also discussed the possibility of a lecture recital featuring alice’s music on the ecu campus. she was certain there were more pieces that should be included in such an event, and set about to locate them. before she could complete the task of rounding up the stray pieces of music, stephenson passed away. when stubbs informed me of her death, he apologized for the fact that our plans with regard to a recital had been for naught. i suggested that perhaps they were not. what better tribute to a great lady and champion of alice person’s memory than to dedicate an alice person digital exhibit and opening lecture recital to louise? serendipity played a role in the development of the exhibit. just a few months after my dinner with stephenson, i mentioned stubbs’s donation to the friends of joyner library board at one of their monthly luncheon meetings. after the meeting, board member franceine perry reese shared with me photograph of alice person which appears on the cover of louise stephenson’s 1971 typescript of alice’s unpublished book. 82 — summer 2004 north carolina libraries the fact that not only was she a native of franklin county, the county in which alice person resided for the better part of her life, she was by marriage a distant relative of alice’s. several weeks later, reese brought me a folder full of invaluable information about alice, her home, and her family. this information was used either directly in the creation of the exhibit, or it led to the discovery of other important facts, articles, and pictures that added much to the exhibit’s quality. the exhibit the exhibit, titled alice person: good medicine and good music and located at http://www.lib.ecu.edu/digital/music/person/, is the first musical digital exhibit to be hosted by joyner library. while the exhibit focuses on alice’s music, it includes information on all aspects of her life because her musical endeavors were closely tied to her other activities. the exhibit is divided into three parts: (1) music, (2) medicine, and (3) more. the “music” portion features the digitized versions of the two sheet music compositions donated by alice’s great, great grandson. the first is titled a collection of popular airs and plantation melodies and consists of alice’s piano arrangements of fifteen folk tunes, both popular and rare. the second is titled a transcription of the beautiful song “the blue alsatian mountains” and contains two other folk tune piano arrangements in addition to the title song. links from the digitized version of each piece allow the exhibit visitor to hear the music they see in front them as interpreted by dr. charles bath, chair of the keyboard department at the ecu school of music. this section also includes a scholarly article on the first collection of pieces, press releases from the cities in which alice performed, and her ponderings on the value of music. the three subsections of the “medicine” portion of the exhibit provide information on the birthplace of the remedy, the story of the remedy, and the marketing of the remedy. the house in which alice first produced her remedy still stands in franklin county, and because alice married into a prominent family, it is historically significant. the exhibit contains several articles about the structure. the story of the remedy could only be told by the one who lived it. for this reason, this part of the exhibit contains the digitized version of alice’s unpublished book the chivalry of man, as exemplified in the life of mrs. joe person. though alice planned to publish it, she never did. fortunately, her great granddaughter created a typescript of the handwritten manuscript titled “banny’s book.” banny, a british term of endearment for a grandmother, was the family name for alice. the last subsection of the “medicine” portion of the exhibit features several digitized advertisements illustrating alice’s creative marketing techniques. the final part of the exhibit contains alice’s lengthy obituary as well as several articles about her life. ecu’s digitized version of the cover of the sheet music for alice’s collection of popular airs and plantation melodies. http://www.lib.ecu.edu/digital/music/person/ north carolina libraries summer 2004 — 83 the opening of the exhibit the digital exhibit opened on march 12, 2004, at 7:00 p.m. with a lecture recital in fletcher recital hall on the ecu campus. the guest lecturer was dr. chris goertzen, ethnomusicologist and associate professor of music history at the university of southern mississippi. goertzen shared his published research on alice’s adaptations of early blackface minstrel and southern folk tunes. dr. charles bath, professor of piano at ecu, assisted goertzen by playing excerpts of alice’s music to demonstrate the concepts on which goertzen lectured. the event concluded with a reception at which guests had the opportunity to view a “live” exhibit of the original documents featured in the digital exhibit, as well as some of the antique bottles that at one time held alice’s remedy. in her unpublished book, alice wrote fondly of one of her “knights,” a mr. john baseler, for the kindness he showed her by transcribing the musical notes in her head to paper free of charge, while she repeatedly played them for more than two days straight.5 with the assistance of modern technology, ecu’s joyner library has picked up baseler’s gauntlet and once again “transcribed” alice’s music into a format that will allow it to live on long after its printed pages have crumbled. references 1 alice person, “banny’s book,” ed. by louise stephenson (raleigh, 1971), 1-4. 2 ibid., 5-46. 3 ibid., 48-51. 4 n.g. terry, jr., “mrs. person, medicine maker, recalled here,” halifax (va) record-advertiser, 30 mar. 1972; “spring blossoms,” greenville (nc) daily reflector, 21 mar. 1898. the phrase “good medicine and good music” was chosen for the title of the exhibit because it was coined in the local newspaper of greenville, home of ecu, where the exhibit is located. 5 person, “banny’s book,” 51. selected bibliography goertzen, chris. “mrs. joe person’s popular airs: early blackface minstrel tunes in oral tradition.” ethnomusicology 35 (winter 1991): 31-53. pearce, t.h. early architecture of franklin county ii. freeman, sd: pine hill press, 1988. _____. “the persistence of mrs. joe person.” the state 54 (oct. 1986): 22-24. person, alice. “banny’s book.” ed. by louise stephenson. raleigh, 1971. _____. a collection of popular airs and plantation melodies. kittrell, nc: alice person, 1889. _____. a transcription of the beautiful song “the blue alsatian mountains,” also “down town girls” and “boatman dance.” kittrell, nc: alice person, 1889. from left to right: joanne and charles bath, the author, and chris goertzen pause during the reception for a picture with what could be the last unopened bottle of alice’s remedy. nclspring.04 north carolina libraries spring 2003 — 23 the future of the book in the public library — thomas l. moore there appear to be two different trends of thought with regard to books inthe public library today. one trend says that books in paper will cease to exist; they will become museum pieces in a relatively short time, as electronic format materials will replace them. the other trend is that the traditional book will continue to exist as a viable, and the preferred, format for conveyance of ideas and information. these opposing viewpoints are often represented as being mutually exclusive and at war with each other. in some instances the combat is real. one need only read one article about the controversy at the san francisco public library (“nicholson baker is a luddite”; “the leaders of the san francisco public library are book burners”) to understand that not only are the two belief systems at odds, but also that they really don’t like each other and occasionally dip to “ad hominum” arguments to prove their points. rather than spend an excessive amount of time engaged in proving or refuting these positions, i think it might be interesting to spend some time looking at what the ideal reading device of the future might look like. the reason that i would find it interesting to pursue this line of thought is that i believe that reading will continue to be an important activity for humans in both the near and distant future. looking to our past we can see how important books and reading have been by examining a few quotes from the rich and famous. erasmus said, “when i have some money, i buy books. if i have any money left over i buy food.” thomas jefferson said, “i cannot live without books.” and more recently that great pundit, groucho marx, said, “outside a dog, a book is man’s best friend. inside a dog, it’s too dark to read.” as i look to the future, the question seems to me, not will books exist, rather what will books look like as they exist in the future? with that premise as the basis for proceeding, i would propose that the design for the book of the future be based on state of the art technologies that are readily available and can be applied to the new reading device with ease. by studying the future of these devices it will be possible to predict the future of the book and the library buildings that will house them. so, let’s take a peek into the future. let’s look at and design the ideal reading device for the future. i propose that we start by developing some criteria for this ideal device. the first criterion is that the reading device must be portable. portable includes the following features: – lightweight (under one pound) – smaller than a breadbox – self-contained energy source – can be carried with one hand – wireless point: note: the author is in agreement with many points raised by isaac asimov in his essay, “the ancient and the ultimate,” first published in may 1971 for the magazine of fantasy and science fiction, and anthologized in asimov on science: a 30-year retrospective, doubleday, 1989. 24 — spring 2004 north carolina libraries the second criterion is that the reading device must be ecologically friendly. ecologically friendly includes the following features: – made from a renewable resource – low energy consumption – non-polluting the third criterion is that the reading device must be economical. economical includes the following features: – low or moderate cost – no significant problem if lost or stolen as it could be easily replaced – no additional expense to use the device — it works with what you already have the fourth criterion is that the device should be easy to use. easy to use includes: – simple to turn off and on – as it is a reading device, easy to go back to where you left off – should be easy on the eyes — adapted to human reading requirements to prevent eye fatigue – able to scan content with ease my children have supplied the fifth criterion to me. my children have been raised in a total technological environment. the oldest is a microbiologist who is a familiar with an electron microscope as i am with a pocket knife. he splices genes. i wear jeans. my middle son is a graphic designer. he works on computers designing what you see on computers. when he has to go to the office, he has a three-hour commute on public transportation. he is the one who articulated the fifth criterion to me. my daughter is a junior in college. she is a graphic design major with a minor in photography, and seems to live on the internet. my children, citizens of the technological age all agree. the reading device of the future must have no batteries! it seems to me that there might already be a device that meets these criteria. could it be that the device that i seek has already been invented. could it be the book? the traditional book, the paperback, the textbook, the romance novel, the beach read — all meet all of the criteria above. there is no reason for technology to replace these marvelous time and travel devices. when movies and radio and television all started to saturate the public marketplace, they were all characterized as a threat to and the end of the book and reading. they did not. one of my favorite replies when asked if i saw the movie, the bible was, “no, but i read the book.” the new technology will not replace books. these new devices will supplement books, and will do things that traditional books could never do. i do not believe they will make books obsolete, nor will they cause them to disappear. considering this, that means that my second question needs to change a little. as i believe books will continue to exist, the question becomes, since there are still books, will there still be libraries? i believe this is a greater concern. i fear that for reasons that sound good and reasonable, institutions that support books and reading may disappear. in the past several years, some public libraries have closed their doors. they have closed not because the people said that books and reading weren’t important. they closed because the people in their communities said they no longer wanted to pay for them through their taxes. this has not been an antiintellectual movement. it has been an anti-tax movement. i think we can see signs of this all over the land today. from statewide budget cuts in ohio to no school media centers in much of california. libraries are not threatened by the new technology. they are threatened because of the way they are funded. our challenge is not to respond to the new technologies; rather it is north carolina libraries spring 2003 — 25 to find ways to convince our citizens that libraries are worth paying for, and to find appropriate ways to pay for them. so, will libraries exist into the twenty-first century? the answer is, only if we want them to. this we is us, you and i, reader and writer. we are the ones who will determine if libraries remain around for the future. we are the ones who will have to say to our citizens, and our elected and appointed officials, libraries and books are important! we want them to remain an important part of our community. we are willing to pay for them! and we must say this over and over again. we want our children and our children’s children to have those marvelous experiences of entering a building full of books and people who read those books. people who entice us to the wonders of the imagination that play inside of our heads as we look at books and discover the joy of reading. b. f. skinner said, “we ought not to teach our children the great books, we ought to teach them the love of reading.” california state librarian kevin starr, in a speech to the friends of the newport beach public library, said, “if this were some science fiction fantasy and we only had the newport beach public library, we could rebuild civilization right here.” this would be true for almost every public library in this country. we must continue to support and sustain them. we must speak out as leaders of our communities. being willing to pay for them isn’t enough. we must use our libraries, for if we don’t use them, we might indeed loose them. when i first wrote this article as a speech just two years ago, it seemed adequate to end on an exhortation to read, and to pay for our libraries. paying for library service has become an even greater problem in the past two years. every month current library literature highlights major library systems that are reducing hours, or closing for certain days or weeks at a time. these closings and reductions in hours come about not because there is less use of libraries, and therefore they aren’t needed as much. they are being closed because there is not enough money available to operate them. i’m sure we all have seen the sign that says “libraries will get you through times of no money better than money will get you through times of no libraries.” the problem with this slogan is that after eliciting a chuckle and a nod, the reader goes on her way without another thought about the importance of libraries. every scheme that i have seen for establishing permanent funding for public libraries seems to resort to some kind of tax, be it property, sales, income or even alcoholic beverage control taxes. combined with state and federal aid to libraries, the thought seems to be that these are all that a library will need for the long run. in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century, andrew carnegie began giving grants to local communities to build public library buildings. carnegie was aware at that time that long-term funding for the library’s operations was going to be a problem. he established as a requirement for receiving one of his grants that each community commit by resolution of the governing authority of the community to supporting the library operations by making an annual grant equal to one-tenth of carnegie’s grant. i had the privilege of being the director of a carnegie library early in my career. it was constructed in 1903 with $25,000 granted by carnegie. the community was required to contribute $2,500 annually to operate this library. from almost the first year of operation, that was not enough, and the community was always looking for additional money. similarly, the library that i currently direct was established by a local citizen who gave the money to build the library in honor of his first wife. the local community was asked to support it through a grant from the elected board of the city. the library’s benefactor continued to support the library by buying many of the books that were added to the collection on an annual basis. he also built in some 26 — spring 2004 north carolina libraries rental retail property that was to continue to support the library for years to come. alas, this too was insufficient to the cause, as were the grants from the local city and county. one hundred years later we still struggle to find adequate resources to support the operations of the system. our predecessors were unable to solve the funding problem. it seems as if we have been unsuccessful in solving the problem as well. unless we find a solution for long-term financial support for our public libraries that doesn’t rely on taxes alone, i believe that public libraries in the united states might disappear just as the dinosaurs did. aside from the funding issue, which must be addressed in some way, i would advocate that there is another approach that we should use. one, which i believe would be effective and prevent this extinction from happening. i believe that it is important that public libraries get back to the basics and focus on what it was that caused us to come into existence in the first place. that focus should be on books and reading. we should focus on the young child, introducing these children to books and reading as soon as they are able to hold a book in their hands. we should focus our efforts on the parents of these young children, making our services an integral part of child rearing. we should concentrate everything that we do around books and reading, especially for our youngest citizens. we must integrate ourselves into every segment of society, all age groups, all ethnic groups, rich and poor alike. we must demonstrate that our services are essential to everyday life. we must meet the everyday reading needs of our citizens by having what they want to read, when they want to read it. i believe that our profession has gotten sidetracked into a whole series of social issues that have little to do with what we ought to be about. i cannot understand why our professional organization, ala, would spend over 1.75 million dollars in a losing effort to defend a pornographers right to publish on the web and allow unrestricted access to that material by citizens of any age, when there are thousands of children who have no access to age-appropriate books at all. i believe we should focus our efforts on providing books and other reading materials to our own communities before we get engaged in broad political issues that weaken our credibility with our local community. in conclusion, i believe that the book as we know it has a long future and will continue to exist as we know it today. there will be other technologies that will enhance the book, but they will not replace it. the public library will continue to exist only if we do the things necessary to make that happen. here is the way that i see us, you and me, making this happen. first, we must pay for them. second, read every day! read books, and newspapers and magazines and cereal boxes. read. go to your local library and check out books and read them. buy books, and read them. read to your children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren. read to your spouse or significant other. read! read! read! make reading important by reading. if we do that, we can then make sure that books and the libraries that house them continue to exist far into the future. spring/summer 2006 — 2�north carolina libraries laura n. gasaway: defining an expert by lea ann robertson introduction the issues surrounding copyright and intellectual property law have escalated greatly in the last several years. advancements in computer technology have forced a progression of interest in these issues and nowhere else does this interest appear more prevalent than in the fields of information science and law. no longer will the old laws suffice. technology has been allowed to progress without limitations, and therefore, there has been a “failure of copyright law to keep pace with the needs of authorship.”1 it is now the responsibility of lawmakers, lawyers, and information experts to construct a system that will protect all interested parties. the subject of this research, laura (lolly) n. gasaway, has been a notable presence in the area of copyright law for over twenty years. she has been the director of the law library and a professor of law for the university of north carolina at chapel hill (unc) since 1985. it was about this time that gasaway began honing her skills in the areas of intellectual property and copyright law, skills that have brought her recognition by her peers and respect from both the legal and information science communities. the american library association refers to gasaway as “an expert in copyright law.”2 how does one become an expert in copyright law? what is an expert? the merriam-webster online dictionary defines an expert as “having, involving, or displaying special skill or knowledge derived from training or experience.”3 what aspect of her accomplishments makes lolly gasaway an “expert”? is it her advanced education in law? is it her publication in non-academic literature? is it based solely on her publication in scholarly journals? is it that she has been asked to represent important associations such as the association of american universities, the american council on education, and the national association of state universities and land-grant colleges as a proponent of copyright law changes in an effort to advance the development of distance education through digital technologies? is it her resume of speaking engagements over the last several years? is it her experience as a lawyer since 1973 specializing in the areas of copyright law, copyright and technology, and cyberspace issues? it would obviously be impossible here to approach all of these issues that make lolly gasaway the expert that she is touted to be. as both an attorney and a law librarian, does gasaway lean more towards writing for law journals or those dedicated to information science? or are her topics uniquely the same for both fields of study? are there particular aspects of copyright in which lolly gasaway has a more keen interest? over time, has she concentrated her writings more on issues of copyright? this study is bibliometric in design. this type of research is essentially a quantitative analysis of publications for the purpose of ascertaining specific kinds of phenomena.4 it analyzes a limited number of publications in the fields of law and information science written by laura n. gasaway. statement of the problem the purpose of this study is to examine the authorship patterns of a limited list of publications by laura n. gasaway. the publications reviewed and analyzed are those listed within the faculty publications section of the unc web site.5 more particularly, this study (a) identifies the number of publications of laura gasaway in scholarly journals, (b) identifies the number of publications of laura gasaway in non-scholarly journals, (c) indicates whether this author publishes in more law-related journals than in those associated with the field of library and information science, and (d) identifies gasaway’s trend of publishing more on the topic of copyright with the passage of time. hypotheses h1: gasaway publishes two or three scholarly articles per year. h2: gasaway has been published in more information science publications than law journals. h3: over time, gasaway’s publications have focused more on copyright issues. delimitations this study is limited to gasaway’s publications itemized on the official web site of the university of north carolina at chapel hill (unc). items not appearing on this list were not considered for analysis. definitions bibliometric research – the study of specific aspects of literature, including authors, citations, and content. copyright – the exclusive legal rights to reproduce, publish, and sell the matter and form. unc – university of north carolina at chapel hill. 24 — spring/summer 2006 north carolina libraries assumptions the time frame for the journal articles examined in this study is sufficient to indicate author publication patterns. it is assumed that the publication information contained on the unc web site, and examined in this study, is accurate and complete. importance of the study this investigation of the publication patterns of laura n. gasaway provides an important look into the progression of issues in copyright law that affects information scientists and their work. a review of previous literature indicates that the quantity of publications is not an appropriate measurement of quality or expert status. this study analyzes past submissions that may indicate the publishing patterns of laura n. gasaway. review of related literature a thorough search of scholarly library and information science of literature retrieved no study of publishing patterns of author laura n. gasaway. therefore, a literature review was performed focusing on the analyses of authorship publication patterns in scholarly journals. publication pattern studies are quantitative in nature and are defined within the field of bibliometric research. this type of research is employed by library and information scholars to illustrate publication patterns within a given field of study or a certain body of literature. this literature review includes studies with similar methodologies, yet the greatest part of prior authorship research has not concentrated on one particular author but on a body of authors in a field. this type of examination most often follows one of the three established laws of bibliometric research. lotka’s law focuses on the contributions of authors and generally states that out of all the authors in a given field, few of them will have more than one publication.6 according to lotka’s law of scientific productivity, only six percent of the authors in a field will produce more than ten articles.7 in his article “of making many books there is no end: bibliometrics and libraries,” william potter says lotka’s law can generally be accurate only when applied to a large body of literature over an extended period of time.8 in his april 2000 study a highly visible scientist – jack meadows, author j. michael brittain analyzes the publication patterns of scientist jack meadows.9 the articles studied span lotka’s required “large body of literature over an extended period of time.” the study period covers forty years in over 250 different journals, and all have been cited in a large range of disciplines and sub-disciplines, including library and information science and bibliometrics. likewise, this study of laura gasaway’s works spans a number of years and publication in several different journals consisting of varying subject matter. these include (1) the number of publications and citations, (2) the number of citations received over time, and (3) the number of citations received over disciplines. the method of analysis included listing the reasons for citing meadows’ works and nineteen of these citations were reviewed further to determine a classification scheme for the citing articles. the overall conclusion was that most of the citations to jack meadows’ work were for substantiating concepts and laws in bibliometrics and not for lending credit to meadows for new, advanced discoveries. another study reviewed publication patterns within a single scholarly journal, journal of the american society for information science, for changing trends in authorship, co-authorship, frequency of authorship, gender, geography, and institutional affiliation.10 the sample taken in this particular study included the entire publication history of this journal; however, many researchers limit their reports to include limited dates of publication. “article content and authorship trends in the reading teacher, 1948–1991” reported the results of a study of authorship patterns of publication.11 calculated was the total number of authors published during the reported time frame, which authors published most frequently, and the subject matter of those papers published. it was determined that of the four highest published authors in the subject journal, only one author had printed materials in every eleven-volume period reviewed. these top four writers composed their material on a variety of topics rather than concentrating on one or two subjects. methodology the research methodology is structured to gather, organize and analyze the data relevant to the objectives of the study. it begins with a review of the works authored by laura n. gasaway listed on the web site of unc, her institutional affiliation. of the research located on this webpage, every paper has been categorized into one of the following: (1) scholarly journal publication, (2) non-scholarly journal publication, (3) book, (4) book chapter, or (5) undetermined. from the total number of works, the frequency of publication, number of law journal articles written, and the number of information science articles written were tabulated for the purpose of mapping the author’s progression in focusing on copyright issues. the information culled was placed into corresponding columns within a microsoft word table. once all data were entered, calculations were performed and graphs were prepared that accurately represents laura n. gasaway’s publication patterns. graphs were prepared to report the progression or digression of copyright influence on the topics covered in her publications. results as both a licensed attorney and an experienced law librarian, laura gasaway’s research appears in journals dedicated to the practice of law, as well as journals of library and information science. for the purposes of this research, only those articles located on the faculty pages of the university of north carolina at chapel hill web site were taken into account. spring/summer 2006 — 25north carolina libraries according to the faculty publications page for the university of north carolina – chapel hill (see exhibit a), laura gasaway has published a total of 75 articles, books, and book chapters on subjects ranging from gender studies to analyses of circuit court opinions. of that total, 39 were found to be articles published within scholarly journals, 14 articles in non-scholarly journals, six books, and 12 book chapters. it should also be noted that the publication source for eight of the total number were categorized as “undetermined.” one of the hypotheses addressed in this research was whether laura gasaway has been published in more information science publications or law journals. from the attached exhibit a, a total of 69 published articles and book chapters was counted. as specified above, eight of these articles and book chapters were tagged “undetermined” and were eliminated from this calculation. of the 61 remaining articles and book chapters, 23 works were published in law-related journals, and 38 works were published in journals dedicated to library and information science. this hypothesis was supported by the data. the hypothesis that gasaway publishes an average of two or three scholarly articles per year was not supported by the data. half her career was spent publishing more than two or three articles per year. the first publication reflected on the subject list was in 1972, just one year before her graduation from law school at the university of houston, and her last publication was in 2003. excluding books, her career from the years 1972 through 2003 has included the publication of 32 articles. only six of those years have gone without publication (1974, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1987, and 1988). nine years she published one article, five years two articles, five years three articles, three years four articles, two years five articles, one year six articles, and one year seven articles. hypothesis 3 is supported by the data. over time, gasaway’s publications have become more focused on copyright issues. in 1983, she published her first works on copyright, approximately ten years after graduating from law school. for the next ten years, only nine of her research projects included topics other than copyright and intellectual property. after 1993, gasaway’s writings are made up almost entirely of copyright and open access issues. conclusion is the total number of publications in one’s career an accurate measure of success? dr. melanie norton in her book, introductory concepts in information science states, “how many articles an author has published yields no information about the quality of those articles.”12 in a highly visible scientist – jack meadows,” author j. michael brittain explains that for years north american institutions of higher learning used the total number of publications and/or citations as a performance indicator. he also states, however, that “frequency of citation does not indicate the reasons for citation or influence on other researchers and writers.”13 that being said, the jury may still be out on whether or not the number of publications and frequency of citations is a proper indicator of success, but research has not indicated whether or not frequency of publication is an accurate measure of expert status. laura gasaway has, through her work and research, obtained a high level of recognition by her peers and earned respect from both the legal and information science communities as an expert in the field of copyright law and intellectual property. she is frequently hired as a copyright consultant for projects such as the mississippi digital library program. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 scholarly journals nonscholarly journals books book chpts totals lis journals law journals undeterm ined nclwinter.04 north carolina libraries winter 2004 — 237 north carolina books dorothy hodder, compiler southern charm comes alive in lucia peel powe’s latest novel, roanoke rock muddle. regionally set in williamston, north carolina, powe recreates for her readers a slice of southern life as it was during the 1920s and 1930s, the taste from which still lingers today. imbedded in the storyline are delicacies such as mary cavett, a well-educated housewife in a loveless marriage who never reveals that her 9-year-old son is the result of an affair with a ken-doll look-alike, though townspeople eventually piece the puzzle together; miz’ beulah, sister of the local chef, who possesses the gift of detecting if a woman is “expecting” just by looking into her eyes, while at the same time honing the uncanny ability to expose the hypocrisy of her beloved weeping mary baptist church; and the uncompromising doc hardison, who travels the area dispensing wisdom as his drug of choice. however conflicted some of these personalities may be, their endearing nature, illustrated in their authentic, downhome interaction with one another, is sure to attract the reader’s attention. the personal narratives of these and other characters are carefully woven together by two elements that stand out above everything else: regional landscape and southern cuisine. powe crafts memorable impressions of both of these through one of her primary characters, ben-olive. it is through his perceptions that the beauty and intricacies of nature in the carolinas shines through. from his “floating kitchen,” the swamp monkey, benolive reflects on his life using markers from the roanoke river, each one bringing us further into the psyche of a black man in a white southern society at a time when race was just one of the cards the local men played with. from the spiders and “glorious dragonflies” to the rushing river and “tea-colored swamps,” ben-olive travels back in time to recall the important lessons learned from his meemaw in order to negotiate his way through the implications of speeches given by such influential town leaders as mayor griffin. as he and his sister beulah come to realize, the principles they learned growing up can help them rise above the gossip they are constantly exposed to. to top it all off, powe concludes her narrative with a section titled “fifteen favorites of north carolina sound country cooking.” it becomes clear that the author intended for the wildlife and rockfish to become characters themselves! despite the meaningful internal musings of ben-olive and beulah, a dichotomy appears in the character of tiny monroe. dialogue between mary cavett and her mother serena (doc’s daughter and wife, respectively) reveals that southern aristocracy is not always something to admire. lucia peel powe. roanoke rock muddle. raleigh: ivy house publishing group, 2003. 271 pp. paper, $14.95. isbn 1-57197-359-1. 238 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries other publications of interest wrightsville beach is an attractive collection of color photographs taken by joann bristol, concentrating on views of the beach, marshes, birds, piers, docks, gardens, and typical older buildings of the town, in a variety of lights and moods. the full-page photographs are accompanied by brief quotations from sources ranging from explorer giovanni da verrazzano to native son david brinkley to present-day residents and local journalists, selected by susan sharp, the photographer’s sister. the book is a memorial to the authors’ mother, and as such omits the busy traffic and modern development that is also typical of wrightsville beach today. it is suitable for large public libraries. (2004; bristol books publishing, 1908 eastwood road, suite 116, wilmington, nc 28403; 40 pp.; paper, $29.95; no isbn.) in phantom pain: north carolina’s artificial-limbs program for confederate veterans, ansley herring wegner concludes that north carolina was among the most progressive of the southern states in supporting its maimed and disabled confederate veterans, allocating funds for artificial limbs for veterans as early as 1866. the author was formerly an archivist and is currently a research historian in the north carolina office of archives and history. her brief study is illustrated with photographs of civil war-era surgical instruments and artificial limbs and of veterans with their prostheses, and includes an extensive index to records in the north carolina state archives related to civil war amputees. it concludes with a bibliography and index. (2004; office of archives and history, north carolina department of cultural resources, 4622 mail service center, raleigh, nc 27699-4622; 261 pp.; paper, $21.05 includes shipping and handling; isbn 0-86526-314-0.) searching for the roanoke colonies, edited by e. thompson shields and charles r. ewen, contains 16 essays presented at two conferences on roanoke island in 1993 and 1998. written from a mix of historical, archaeological, literary, and folkloric viewpoints, they provide fresh insights into the english colothough tiny is a prominent figure from the town, having been around to watch most of its youth grow, her influence is critical in nature; in her case, money speaks. she is expected to be at every function, only to be intentionally disregarded as the one to gossip, misjudge, and just plain stir up trouble. her reputation precedes her, and actually serves as what is potentially a flaw in powe’s narrative. considering the effect that tiny monroe has on williamston and its inhabitants, it is surprising that she only makes one abbreviated appearance at the end of the novel for a brief and unnecessary verbal exchange with mary cavett. while it would have been perhaps more effective for tiny monroe to be able to defend her ways personally to the characters and the reader, powe’s attempt to satirize the pervasive social hierarchy at the time becomes clear. as a native of the south, powe was exposed to local politics through her first marriage to judge elbert “junie” peel, and currently from her marriage to attorney e.k. powe of durham. having also received an education from such institutions as the university of north carolina at chapel hill and duke, powe has been immersed in southern culture her whole life. as a result, she offers us highly entertaining foray into the world of carolina’s relationships, rivers, and rockfish that one is sure to remember. appropriate for public and academic libraries, as well as round-table discussion groups, reading roanoke rock muddle is also a good way to spend a rainy day. you will not be disappointed. — cheryl m. saba cape fear community college north carolina libraries winter 2004 — 239 nies established on roanoke island in the 1580s. the volume is illustrated with maps and reproductions of paintings, and contains a bibliography and index, while notes follow each essay. (2003; office of archives and history, north carolina department of cultural resources, 4622 mail service center, raleigh, nc 27699-4622; 214 pp.; paper, $15.70; isbn 0-86526-309-4.) libraries with an interest in thomas wolfe or north carolina writers will wish to acquire the sons of maxwell perkins: the letters of f. scott fitzgerald, ernest hemingway, thomas wolfe, and their editor, edited by matthew j. bruccoli with judith s. baughman. the letters are arranged chronologically from july 1919 to june 1947, with notes following individual letters. wolfe’s portrait of perkins in you can’t go home again is included as appendix i, and a posthumous essay on wolfe by perkins for the literary guild is included in appendix ii. the book includes also photographs, a chronology, and an index. (2004; university of south carolina press, 937 assembly street, carolina plaza, 8th floor, columbia, sc 29208; 361 pp.; cloth, $29.95; isbn 157003-548-2.) are we there yet? the wright brothers national memorial park, by sandra taylor-miller, is an educational, activity-based book for elementary and middle school students. it may be of interest to school libraries. (2004; parkway publishers, inc., po box 3678, boone, nc 28607; 56 pp.; paper, $9.95; isbn 1-887905-87-1.) bending the twigs in jamestown: a history of education in jamestown, north carolina, 1755 –1945, by mary a. browning, is a careful, comprehensive work. it contains black-and-white photographs and other illustrations, notes, bibliography, and an index. appendices list students, teachers, and board members where records are available, as well as the locally prominent mendenhall family. (2004; the historic jamestown society, p.o. box 512, jamestown, nc 27282; 138 pp.; paper, $15.00 plus $2.50 postage and handling; no isbn.) of the 400 some species of sharks that prowl the world’s oceans, around 60 have been seen in north carolina’s waters. john hairr describes a dozen of them in big sharks of the carolina coast. the final chapter details the short history of shark attacks on humans off north carolina. the book includes black and white photographs and a bibliography. (2003; averasboro press, p.o. box 482, erwin, nc 28339; 76 pp.; paper, $7.95; isbn 1-888879-48-3.) henry j. pankey is the controversial principal who raised performance measures and lowered violence through stressing tough love and dress for success in high schools in new york city, laurinburg, and durham. raised in a poverty-stricken farming community near laurinburg, he majored in drama at the north carolina school of the arts and earned an m.a. in drama at the university of maryland. he began supporting himself as a drug counselor and teacher in new york city while trying to break into the theater world, and found his true vocation in returning a sense of discipline and dignity to children others would call hopeless delinquents. he is currently a school improvement consultant and motivational speaker. standing in the shadows of greatness is his autobiography. it is illustrated with black-and-white photographs and reproductions of newspaper articles. (2004; parkway publishers, inc., po box 3678, boone, nc 28607; 142 pp.; paper, $14.95; isbn 1-88790594-4.) tom fowler says that well-known tourist destinations are so well interpreted and packaged that visitors lose all sense of sovereignty over the experience of visiting them and are reduced to the status of mere sightseers. his aim in carolina journeys: exploring the trails of the carolinas—both real and imagined, 240 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries don’t be shy! if you would like to review a north carolina book for north carolina books contact dorothy hodder at 910-798-6323 or e-mail at dhodder@nhcgov.com is to tell stories that may send readers off in search of poorly known sites of interest. for the readers’ own good (and not because he is lazy, he says), he does not provide much in the way of directions or other logistical information. the areas and topics he selects for his brief, quirky essays are generally obscure (although he does rehash the stories of tom dooley and flora mcdonald) and related to hiking, running, swimming, or otherwise poking around in the great outdoors. some of the essays include black-and-white photographs. (2004; parkway publishers, inc., po box 3678, boone, nc 28607; 152 pp.; paper, $14.95; isbn 1-887905-86-3.) after anais: a second-hand memoir, is the rather offhand autobiography of a north carolina woman who made her way in new york city and europe as a model and actress during the 1940s and 1950s, and later as a self-taught painter. clearly a misfit in her traditional southern family, she found the love of her life in gonzalo more, the peruvian communist activist immortalized by anais nin in her diaries. although the memoir is illustrated with fashion photographs from her career, she is as coy about concealing her name and hometown as she is the details of her love affairs. mildred harris is her property manager, who reconstructed the story from hours of taped conversations and piles of memorabilia at the insistence of her “charming, maddening, and delightful subject.” the resulting narrative leaves a great many open questions, and it is printed in a distracting typeface. (2004; author house, 1663 liberty drive, suite 200, bloomington, in 47403; 484 pp.; paper, $17.50; isbn 1-4184-2269-x.) locally initiated inclusionary zoning programs: a guide for local governments in north carolina and beyond is a new publication from the unc school of government. edited by anita r. brown-graham, it is designed to help local governments balance legal and policy concerns related to creating affordable low and moderate cost housing through inclusionary zoning. (2004; school of government, cb# 3330 knapp-sanders building, unc-chapel hill, nc 27599-3330; 78 pp.; paper, $21.00; isbn 1-56011-470-3.) north carolina capital case law handbook, 2nd edition, by robert l. farb, updates the 1996 original. the primary focus is the sentencing process, but it also addresses common pretrial and trial issues. the book contains an index of cases cited as well as a descriptive word index. (2004; unc school of government, cb# 3330 knapp-sanders building, unc-chapel hill, nc 27599-3330; 282 pp.; paper, $34.50; isbn 1-56011-471-1.) a legal guide to purchasing and contracting for north carolina local governments, 2nd edition, by frayda s. bluestein. first published in1998, this book answers questions local officials may ask about contracts, bidding, purchasing, and conflicts of interest. it is indexed. (2004; school of government, cb# 3330 knapp-sanders building, unc-chapel hill, nc 27599-3330; 161 pp.; looseleaf, $38.00; isbn 1-56011-464-9.) public records law for north carolina local governments, 1997-2003 supplement, by david m. lawrence, updates the first edition chapter by chapter. two additional chapters are added, on personal information from motor vehicle records, and on records involving public security. (2004; school of government, cb# 3330 knapp-sanders building, unc-chapel hill, nc 275993330; 69 pp.; paper, $18.50; isbn 1-56011-473-8.) nclwinter.04 north carolina libraries winter 2004 — 241 north carolina library association minutes of the executive board friday, july 16, 2004 saint giles presbyterian church raleigh, north carolina call to order and welcome the meeting was called to order at 10:00 a.m. by president pauletta bracy at saint giles presbyterian church. minutes of april 16, 2004 david paynter moved and mary hatcher seconded a motion to accept the minutes of april 16, 2004, as originally submitted. president’s report updates were given on the four points of the biennial agenda as follows: infrastructural integrity: no report. strategic planning: no report. organizational outreach: no report. centennial conference: john via, chair, reported on the progress made by the centennial conference planning committee. the conference will highlight the services libraries have provided for communities. the theme will be ncla centennial: a southeastern celebration. exhibits registration is on track. a good sign is that vendors have been coming to us. susan herzog, program chair, has 70 programs already. more programs are expected about critical issues facing libraries at this time. the ala president has agreed to speak; other big-name speakers haven’t been confirmed. deadline for information is august 1. there will be a postcard mailed to the members of the other library associations in the southeast. the history committee has several events and programs planned. the tentative agenda for the social events at the conference were reviewed. the main celebration event will be the presidents’ luncheon on thursday. five preconferences are planned to date. the public library of charlotte and mecklenburg public library has reserved all their meeting spaces for us during the conference. john via is grateful for all the help from the membership. around labor day conference registration information should be available on the ncla website. the cut-off date for hotel reservations is one month before conference. kevin cherry, chair of the history committee, reviewed the committee’s plans. there will be a scholarly component on library history. fun and light-hearted displays of north carolina library service; images of action over the years; photographs and artifacts; and examples of old library technology will be highlighted throughout the conference. the final event will be a time capsule about libraries today to be opened 50 years for now. the time capsule will be stored at the state library of north carolina. a video scrapbook of man-on-the-street interviews will be taken throughout the conference and shown at the end of conference. oral history interviews of thirty librarians will be conducted and added to the ncla archives stored at the state library of north carolina. a commemorative booklet is being created, detailing milestones of library service in north carolina. the possibility of a proclamation or letter from governor easley will be explored. contribution envelopes will be included in the registration packets. attending: jenny barrett, pauletta bracy, robert burgin, keith burkhead, bao chu chang, bryna coonin, mary ellen chijioke, sandra m. cooper, dale cousins, gale greenlee, mary hatcher, ross holt, al jones, connie keller, diane kester, jim kuhlman, carol laing, irene laube, priscilla lewis, rodney lippard, lynne lysiak, susan neilson, euthena newman, paula p. hinton, vanessa work ramseur, sherwin rice, jean rick, beth l. rowe, robin shepherd, brenda stephens, john via, caroline walters, teresa wehrli, and jennie hunt. 242 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries call to serve because of the eight-year commitment to leadership positions in ncla, it is difficult to get people to volunteer to serve. for many people this time period represents about one-third of their careers. terms of office are stated in the ncla constitution and bylaws. the vice president/president elect is responsible for planning the biennial conference. the question has been raised about moving from biennial to annual conferences. by next year we will have had three consecutive conferences, giving the board some experience to discuss the pros and cons of our present biennial system or abandoning it for an annual system. one-year terms tend to diminish cultural history, continuity, and institutional memory of an organization. the following two issues will be brought back for discussion in january: (1) annual conferences; and (2) terms of office for ncla officers. vendors need to be included in this discussion. annual conferences may require a full-time administrative assistant. the ncla constitution and bylaws require that nominations be published. since north carolina libraries is not published in print until the end of the volume year the slate of officers may need to be published in the online version of north carolina libraries as well as in tar heel libraries. this change, too, will necessitate a change in the constitution and bylaws. al jones and teresa wehrli will look at ways to increase voter participation. treasurer’s report diane kester reported on the current status of the budget. the 2003 audit is completed and copies are available. the treasurer’s reports on the ncla web site. the association is solvent. although $15,000 from reserves has been expended, there is still $13,000 left in reserves. line items that are over-budget are the expenses of executive board meetings, and publishing expenses of tar heel libraries and north carolina libraries. it is apparent that more money should be budgeted for tar heel libraries. there is a real need for a full-time administrative assistant. money is the issue. cutting expenses would be one avenue to investigate. since ncla needs more money, should the executive board vote to raise membership dues? teresa wehrli will provide information on this in the membership report. old business there was no old business to discuss. section/round table reports business librarianship in north carolina (blinc) susan neilson reported that blinc has 25 new members. an article was published in american libraries about this new group. blinc plans to have programs at the centennial conference. children’s services section report is posted on the ncla web site. the section requested permission to hold a raffle at the conference. permission was given if the event is called a “drawing” and donations are voluntary, since raffles are considered “gambling” in north carolina. college and university libraries section rodney lippard reported that the section was meeting via e-mail. he has changed jobs and now is the ils workflow librarian at unc-chapel hill. the section has two programs planned for the conference. community and junior college libraries section report is posted on the ncla web site. ncla is being represented at the meeting of the north carolina learning resources association. documents the section is planning a program on collection development and a social with sela at the conference. ethnic minority concerns round table sherwin rice mailed remco’s newsletter. the round table had an information booth at the ala diversity fair in orlando this summer. library administrations and management report is posted on the ncla web site. mary ellen chijioke reports that the section will sponsor a reception at the conference for ncla members to get to know new librarians across the state. north carolina association of school librarians the association is in need of a chair. president bracy will send a request for leadership to the members of this section. there will be no school librarian programming at the conference in november. north carolina library paraprofessional association report is posted on the ncla web site. north carolina public library trustee association mary hatcher reports that a mailing outlining the benefits of membership in ncplta has been sent to all public library trustees in north carolina. library directors will be encouraged to include membership dues for the trustees in their libraries’ budgets. this one change could turn the trustees into stauncher advocates for libraries. the section’s program at the conference will focus on ways libraries can be more effective in dealing with local funding bodies. new members round table jennie hunt reported that the nmrt will have an early-bird reception on tuesday evening at the conference. on wednesday the round table will host an orientation reception promoting the importance of joinnorth carolina libraries winter 2004 — 243 ing ncla and sela. there will be advice on how to become active and sign-up sheets for interests and membership. the technology and trends round table is co-sponsoring this reception. public library section report is posted on the ncla web site. the william “bill” roberts award will be presented again this year at the conference. the section is planning to have a luncheon and a speaker. reference and adult services section report is posted on the ncla web site. paula hinton reports that the section is busy with conference planning. resources and technical services section the section has been working on plans for two conference programs. round table on special collections no report. round table on the status of women in librarianship report is posted on the ncla web site. technology and trends round table two programs are in the planning stages for the conference. tnt is also co-sponsoring the wednesday social event with the new members round table. committee reports archives jean rick reports that two new graduate school students have joined this committee. they have been oriented and are now working on the ncla archives. rick has devoted every friday this summer to organizing the association’s archives. conference 2004 refer to centennial conference under the president’s report. conference 2005 report is posted on the ncla web site. the rfp for the conference in 2007 has been sent to the conventions centers. charlotte and winston-salem are again among the sites to be considered. the site-selection committee will meet in july. the conference store, publicity, and placement chairs still need to be selected. commission on the future of libraries and the book no report. constitution codes and handbook no report. continuing education committee sherwin rice reports that the committee is working with the state library on grants for continuing education. endowment committee no report. finance committee report is posted on the ncla web site. intellectual freedom committee report is posted on the ncla web site. jim kuhlman reports that the committee is co-sponsoring two programs with sela at the conference: one on the usa patriot act and u.s. policy development, and another on intellectual freedom as related to full-text publishing. leadership institute no report. membership committee teresa wehrli passed out a spreadsheet of the membership rates of other southeastern state library associations. we have the lowest rates, along with south carolina. discussion centered on dues and types of memberships. an increase in membership dues has to be voted on by the membership. the finance, operations, and membership committees will work on this issue and present some options at the next executive board meeting. ways to increase membership and to recognize long-standing members were discussed. the need for a slogan and possible contests were suggested for membership marketing. at the conference, items from the conference store will be discounted for sections and round tables as gifts for presenters. a coupon will be in each registration packet for a discount on items at the conference store. nominating committee al jones reported that people have been chosen for leadership positions. he will be compiling the final slate of ncla officers for approval at the fall meeting of the executive board in october. operations committee irene laube passed out copies of the operations report and the administrative assistant’s job description. caroline walters will keep membership lists up to date. the committee requests an increase of six hours to the work schedule for the administrative assistant and irene laube moved that the personnel manual be revised to include this six-hour increase. ross holt sec244 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries onded the motion. the motion passed by voice vote. president bracy proposed that the administrative assistant position be increased to a 40-hour work week with a competitive salary. discussion followed. mary hatcher moved that the operations committee investigate the feasibility of this and present a report at the next executive board meeting. ross holt seconded the motion. the motion was passed by voice vote. public policy committee renewal of nc live funding is now before the north carolina legislature. increased funding is needed to maintain current nc live databases. nc live should be used as a marketing tool for ncla. publications and marketing committee no report. scholarships report given by brenda stephens for sue williams. the major issue facing this committee is that the bylaws are vague on whose responsibility it is to keep up with the loans awarded by the scholarship committee. the committee will pursue this issue and present recommendations to the executive board. ncla web site committee bao-chu chang requests that committee chairs send her the correct names of their sections, round tables, or committees. there is now a web site tip sheet to help each section, round table, or committee web contact to encode data. if your section, round table, or committee hasn’t named a web contact person, please do so and send the name to chang. other reports north carolina libraries report is posted on the ncla web site. ala councilor vanessa work ramseur attended the ala annual conference in orlando. she distributed a report on the conference. sela councilor john via reports that he hopes the centennial conference will revive interest in sela. the southeastern librarian is published bimonthly and is now being indexed in library literature. state library sandra cooper reported on a pilot enrichment grant targeted at library staff that usually don’t get to go to conferences. check the state library’s web site for additional information. she reported that there was some confusion about how nc live operates and suggested a future column on nc live in north carolina libraries. new business retired librarian dr. wiley williams has given ncla considerable time and expertise to compile a bibliography of north carolina history. he has conducted research at george peabody, kent state university, and unc-chapel hill, as well as the ncla archives. kevin cherry, chair of the conference history committee, moved that the executive board of the north carolina library association extend a certificate of appreciation to dr. williams for his work in helping ncla celebrate its centennial to be presented at the presidents luncheon on thursday. paula hinton seconded the motion. the motion was passed by voice vote. terry wehrli presented caroline walters with a parting gift since this will be her last official ncla executive board meeting. the executive board thanked her for all the work she has done for ncla. thanks were given to jean rick for finding this great meeting place. announcements, other business there were no further announcements or other business. the executive board adjourned at 2:25 p.m. — respectfully submitted by connie keller, ncla secretary nclfall.04/pt.1 166 — fall 2004 north carolina libraries comics go to college: the murray collection at duke university compiled by suzanne wise lagniappe*/north caroliniana *lagniappe (lan-yap´, lan´ yap´) n. an extra or unexpected gift or benefit. [louisiana french]˘ ˘ ˘ ˘ by megan lewis for many of us, reading comic books is a formative childhood experi-ence. indeed, we can “read” comics pictorially before we can actuallyread. comics are often the first reading material we select for ourselves and buy with our own money. the small-town newsstand where my brother and i bought archie comics in the mid-’70s is etched into a corner of my brain: the ring of the bell as we opened the wooden door, the mingled smells of newsprint and tobacco, and the furtive glances towards the counter while we read as many comics as possible just out of the proprietor’s sight. since the 1930s, comics have been an integral part of the american scene. they have both influenced our collective imagination and reflected the eras in which they were published. from movies (the matrix) to literature (michael chabon’s the amazing adventures of kavalier & clay) to art (roy lichtenstein), the footprint of comics on the culture at large is a deep one. themes ranging from world war ii to racism to women’s lib provide unintentional commentary on the topical preoccupations of changing times. as the original readers and collectors of comic books––the silent generation and the baby boomers––continue to age, their collections will inevitably change hands. some will be sold piecemeal to private collectors; some will find their way to libraries. most will be lost. while these collections migrate, cultural studies continue to gain ground in academia. as a result, comics are gradually taking their place in academic libraries alongside other cultural documentation. this can be seen as evidence of the narrowing divide between high art and popular culture. a recent gift to duke university’s rare book, manuscript, and special collections library (rbmscl) has vaulted duke into the company of major comics repositories and made it the home of the largest comics research collection in the southeast. this extraordinary bequest came from brothers edwin and terry murray, who have been collecting comics and related material for over forty years. the murrays consider this collection their life’s work. they are as pleased that it will bear their names in perpetuity as duke is to be the beneficiary of their generosity. the brothers began collecting comics in the ’50s, when they were young boys with asthma and allergies who had to endure frequent shots. on the north carolina libraries fall 2004 — 167 way back from their doctor’s appointment each week, they stopped by a neighborhood pharmacy where they would buy a few comics. the first one edwin ever purchased was tarzan no. 63, 1954, in line with his childhood goal of becoming a zookeeper. that first comic was so well-loved that it eventually fell apart and was replaced with another copy. as the brothers grew up, their penchant for comics progressed from reading to collecting to active fandom. edwin published his own fanzines, vertigo! and trefoil, from the late ’60s though the early ’80s, while terry was the author of science fiction magazine story index, 19261995 (mcfarland, 1999). the murrays hosted “minicons,” gatherings of like-minded fans, four times a year at their durham home. as the decades passed, their collection grew exponentially and diversified to encompass role-playing games, science fiction magazines, buyer’s guides, fanzines, and other materials. in the end, the collection sprawled through much of the space in their house, including their mother’s bedroom. loucile murray not only tolerated the encroachment on her space, but supported her sons by feeding the one hundred or more fans that came to the mini-cons. the murray family has long-standing connections to duke. edwin graduated with a psychology degree in 1972, while terry was a student in the engineering program for two years. their father worked for the university for more than thirty years, and their uncle was the duke football coach and stadium namesake, wallace wade. as edwin puts it, the family “bleed[s] duke blue,” so the university was their first choice when the murrays started thinking about a permanent home for their collection. they were advised to find a place with the infrastructure to house their materials properly and to make them available to the public in a timely fashion, suggestions they bore in mind when making their decision about a repository. in 1988, the murrays approached duke libraries for the first time about a potential donation. thencurator of rare books, john sharpe, was intrigued. ultimately, however, edwin and terry were still too devoted to their materials and too actively engaged with their collecting work to part with it at that time. fourteen years later, driven by changing priorities and a severe space crunch, the murrays contacted the rbmscl, this time ready to re-house their collection. their offer was happily accepted. under the direction of former head of collection development tim west, the materials were taken to their new home. it took five trips to the murray’s house with a small truck over a period of nine months to deliver the items to the rbmscl. by this time, the collection had grown to more than 67,000 comic books; 5,000 pulp magazines; several thousand comics fanzines; 500 role-playing games; science fiction and fantasy fiction books and magazines; buyer’s guides and magazines about comics; comics and movie posters; newspaper comic strip clippings; and original comics art. this trove of material is known at duke as the “edwin and terry murray collection of pulp culture.” while some may question the place of popular materials in an academic setting, the murray collection has the potential to support a wide range of scholarly pursuits, from research in cultural anthropology to american courtesy of the “edwin and terry murray collection of pulp culture,” rare book, manuscript, and special collections library, duke university. 168 — fall 2004 north carolina libraries history to women’s studies. as randall scott, curator of michigan state university’s comic arts collection, puts it, “in the entertainment we all enjoy is embedded the information about our culture that we’re going to want to study in the future.”1 the materials in this collection can be studied both as documentation of the culture from which they sprang and as works of art and literature to be analyzed from a traditional liberalhumanist perspective. academic interest in comics has increased in recent years. scott notes that three “solid” books on the topic appeared in the summer of 2002 alone. in fact, a search of the mla bibliography reveals thirty-four works on the subject of comic books published in 2003. the murray collection dovetails nicely with other popular culture materials in the research centers within duke’s rbmscl. the john w. hartman center for sales, advertising, and marketing history includes material ranging from vintage advertising cookbooks to pond’s cold cream ads of the 1920s to photos of 1950s billboards. the sallie bingham center for women’s history and culture holds comics by women artists and a large collection of contemporary ’zines on various topics by women and girls. on the enduring value of popular culture, syndicated comics columnist andrew smith says, “comic books, like all pop culture, reflect who we are instead of who we say we are. they’re a mirror, and even if we want to look away, we shouldn’t.”2 these “mirrors” form an important part of our cultural heritage, so it makes sense for special collections repositories to collect them. astounding by virtue of its sheer breadth and depth, the collection has a nearly comprehensive run of everything produced by the two major publishing houses, dc and marvel, from the 1960s though the turn of the new century. (note that although they collected both publishers, the brothers were dc fans in an era when dc and marvel were the duke and carolina of the comics world.) superheroes were their favorite genre, and form the collection’s core, which includes a near-complete run of superman going back to the 1930s, many early batman issues, and debuts of the incredible hulk and spider-man. terry’s specialty is science fiction, and there is a fine selection of sci-fi and surprisingly graphic dc horror comics published before the industry accepted the comics code of 1954 in order to stave off government censorship. another outstanding feature of the collection is its wide range of early comics. coupled with the holdings spanning 1970 to 2001, researchers are afforded an excellent perspective on the entire history of the modern american comic book. approximately one-third of the comics date from the golden (1938-1945), the atom (1946-1956), and the silver (1956-1969) ages of comics.3 virtually every major american genre is represented. besides the aforementioned superhero, sci-fi and horror, the collection includes funny animals, westerns, fantasy, crime, humor, biography, romance, and war comics. there is also a sampling of alternative “comix” from the late ’60s and early ’70s, penned by r. crumb and his ilk, known for their explicit depictions of sex and drugs. further distinguishing the murray collection are its materials documenting the passionate and tightly knit subculture of comics fandom. these include fanzines, personal correspondence, and material related to the courtesy of the “edwin and terry murray collection of pulp culture,” rare book, manuscript, and special collections library, duke university. north carolina libraries fall 2004 — 169 murrays’ mini-cons. edwin was at the center of comics fandom in the ’60s and ’70s, and his collection of fanzines is unparalleled. one such fanzine, comics review, contains the extremely rare first story published by stephen king (credited as “steve king”) from 1965, “i was a teenage grave robber.” role-playing games are a relatively uncharted collecting area for academic libraries. the merrill collection of science fiction, speculation and fantasy at the toronto public library has a significant collection of role-playing games, and even provides rooms where patrons can gather to play them. however, the only other collection in an academic library this author is aware of is the j. lloyd eaton collection of science fiction, fantasy, horror, and utopia at the university of california–riverside, which includes a small number of games. when the publishers of the well-known role-playing game dungeons and dragons heard of the murray collection, they were interested in donating material to round out the holdings, leaving the door open for future duke acquisitions in that area. the brothers were well-organized collectors who kept good records. their materials contain fascinating documentation of the history of the collection itself. these include clippings from a spate of newspaper articles in the late ’60 and early ’70s featuring photos of the youthful brothers. according to these articles, their comic books numbered 6,700 at that time –– approximately one-tenth of the final count. there is also a poster from 1971 advertising “the murray bros. comic books display,” held at durham’s northgate mall. although the universe of comics research libraries is still young and expanding, the murray collection places duke among a number of wellestablished and important repositories. michigan state university’s comic art collection, with over 150,000 items, is the largest research library of comic books in the country, but it has been amassed by the institution since 1970, rather than acquired in one fell swoop as duke’s was. the library of congress holds over 100,000 comics on copyright deposit, while brown university’s 60,000-item ciaraldi collection is similar in size to duke’s, and was also acquired as a single gift. it differs, however, in that its strength is alternative and independent comics and is international in scope, whereas the murrays concentrated on mainstream american comics. ohio state university and bowling green state university also have significant collections. most recently, in the summer of 2003, a major gift to the university of north carolina at chapel hill was announced. the donor was a former comic store owner whose shop the murrays patronized. his collection of 25,000 comics dates primarily from the past twenty years. public access to the collection is provided in several ways. there is an overarching, collectionlevel marc record in the public catalog, as well as a collection-level record representing solely the comic books. in addition to the marc records, the comics are described in a web-accessible, ead-encoded finding aid. also, non-comic serials with significant runs are in the process of being courtesy of the “edwin and terry murray collection of pulp culture,” rare book, manuscript, and special collections library, duke university. 170 — fall 2004 north carolina libraries cataloged separately into duke’s opac. the rest of the non-comics portion of the collection is accessible through a box list available from rbmscl’s research services. the ead-encoded finding aid is unique because it applies a method of description designed for manuscript collections to a collection of published serials. traditional cataloging of the comics as serials on oclc would have provided the item-level access lacking in the ead finding aid, but would have delayed, possibly by years, the availability of the materials to the public. the finding aid is broken down by publisher; dc and marvel each have their own section, while the smaller publishers are grouped together. rearrangements by both title and decade are provided, and the finding aid is fully searchable. the wildly fluctuating nature of comic book titles and publishers presented a distinct organizational challenge to the processing staff. the difficulties faced by serials catalogers on a routine basis were writ large in this collection of 3,200 separate titles housed in 461 boxes. for example, each comic book had both a cover title and an indicia (inside the book) title, which often differed. the decision was made to record both cover and indicia titles in the finding aid only when there was significant discrepancy between the two, or when there were multiple cover titles under one indicia title housed in the same box. categorization by publisher was also tricky because titles frequently jumped publishers, and because small publishers were bought out by larger houses over the years. a well-thumbed copy of the overstreet comic book price guide, considered the industry bible, was the definitive source for answers to questions about titles, publishers, and dates. use of the murray collection promises to be brisk and diverse. inquiries from fans and students of pulp culture have been rolling in since word of the acquisition began to spread. these include a former marvel employee volunteering to help catalog the comics, a library-science student interested in studying the role-playing games, a local artist seeking inspiration for his own work in the fanzines, and a patron looking for a 1943 issue of captain marvel in which his name was announced as a war-bond-slogan contest winner. ample opportunity for library collaboration with academic departments is provided by the collection. a reading group of graduate students in english focused recently on comics, while professors in various disciplines have expressed interest in using the materials as teaching tools for their courses. and duke libraries, in conjunction with the english department, is planning a symposium on recent comics scholarship for the spring of 2005. a concurrent exhibit will draw heavily upon the murray collection. thanks to the murray brothers, duke is now positioned at the forefront of what has been termed “the new scholarship of comics.”4 references 1 zoë ingalls, “holy pop culture!” duke magazine 89 (sept.-oct. 2003): 29. 2 hunter lewis, “good gravy! brothers give priceless comic book collection to duke,” (durham) herald-sun, 2 july 2003, sunday life section. 3 robert m. overstreet, ed., official overstreet comic book price guide, 32nd ed. (timonium, md: gemstone publications, 2002), 926-28. 4 paul buhle, “the new scholarship of comics,” the chronicle of higher education 49, no. 36 (2003): b7. fall/winter 2006 — 81north carolina libraries north carolina library association minutes of the executive board april 28, 2006 cameron village regional library raleigh, north carolina attending: frannie ashburn, annis barbee, phillip barton, barbara beebe, beth r. bernhardt, mary boone, wanda k. brown, robert burgin, kevin cherry, kaye cook, harry cooke, bryna coonin, evelyn council, dale cousins, beth cramer, anne marie elkins, jonathan farlow, beverley gass, david s. goble, gerald holmes, paula p. hinton, ruth hoyle, beth kaylor, debbie luck, tommy nixon, debra oldenburg, kim parrott, mary sizemore, tina stepp, lynn thompson, caroline walters, suzanne white. burgin recently received for the association and deposited to the ncla account a check for approximately $4,700 related to the 2005 conference. 3. survey of members and nonmembers. ncla will be conducting two surveys: one of members, the other of nonmembers. president burgin will be asking sections what information they hope to glean from these surveys. 4. firming up some of our procedures. section, round table, and committee reports are to be sent to bao-chu chung for posting on the web; and board members are to bring to each board meeting two printed copies of their current report: one copy for the secretary and one for the administrative assistant. motions are to be written; president burgin brought a form which is to be used so that the record of motions can be correct. one copy of each motion is to go to the secretary and one copy to the chair of the constitution, codes, and handbook committee. there is interest in an orientation session for section, round table, and committee chairs and vice chairs. president burgin will poll the board via e-mail for preferences for may 19, 26, june 2, 9, 16, 23. he welcomes suggestions for relevant content for the orientation session. of continuing interest is the issue of the sale of our membership list. the original request for this list was from drexel university; more recently other entities have sought this list. among the factors discussed regarding this issue were members’ privacy, conference vendor benefits, and prevailing practice among similar organizations. phil barton moved that ncla make its list of conference attendees available for sale for the cost of the charge for a conference booth. (the conference registration form allows attendees to opt out of such listing inclusion.) the motion was seconded by lynn thompson. the vote passed. page 30 of the ncla handbook was noted as being outdated. president burgin asked attendees to review the page and inform bobby wynn, chair of the constitution, codes, and handbook committee, of necessary changes. call to order and welcome president robert burgin called the meeting to order and recognized phil barton, director of the rowan public library, to welcome us to the south rowan regional library. this building opened in 2004, and was designed by architect bill burgin, brother of our ncla president, robert burgin. minutes of previous meeting the minutes were approved. president’s report president burgin reminded attendees of some procedural matters. attendees are to pay kim parrott, ncla administrative assistant, ten dollars each for their lunches. board members identified with blue place cards vote, as these members have been duly elected. board members identified with yellow place cards do not vote as these individuals are in appointed positions (committee chairs); however, discussion participation by all attendees is encouraged. according to rules, reports from standing committees are to be limited to two minutes each. since the previous board meeting, the executive committee made a decision which had been duly reported to the executive board: ncla typically is represented on the state library commission by our president and vice president. as our vice president is already serving on the commission as a representative of the north carolina public library directors association, ncla was asked to have another representative. the executive committee had voted to ask sherwin rice to be this representative as the vice president was already serving. the executive board affirmed this decision and gratitude to sherwin rice for her willingness to serve was expressed. president burgin reminded the board of his four goals for this biennium: 1. more members. he challenges each section and round table to increase its membership. currently about 17% of nc librarians are ncla members. some sections have shown recent membership increases, and he hopes this will continue. 2. financial vitality. an enlarged membership will result in more money for the financial stability of the organization. president 82 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries the report is on the web. ann marie elkins reported for betty meehan-black. http://www.nclaonline.org/literacy/reports/litrpt060428.pdf nc association of school librarians catherine edwards-spratley was absent. in her absence, it was reported that she has many ideas and is excited about the responsibilities of the group. kevin suggested that a joint conference might be held. nc library paraprofessional association annis barbee reported that this section’s mutual respect task force had submitted a document to ncla, and she distributed to the board a list of recommendations. the task force looked at the state of respect among those working in libraries in north carolina. the survey results: http://www.nclaonline.org/nclpa/survey_results.pdf nc public library trustee association no representative was present. new members round table the report is on the web. kaye cook reported that the section has chosen officers and will meet on may 8th to plan a workshop for the fall. the section plans to review its bylaws. http://www.nclaonline.org/nmrt/reports/nmrtrpt060428.pdf public library section the report is on the web. lynn thompson reported workshops are planned for the fall. she asked clarification about section involvement in nc libraries, and kevin cherry provided the information sought. http://www.nclaonline.org/pls/reports/plsrpt060428.pdf reference and adult services section the report is on the web. jonathan farlow reported on the section board’s most recent meeting. http://www.nclaonline.org/rass/reports/rassrpt060428.pdf resources and technical services section the report is on the web. beth cramer reported on the section’s upcoming workshop scheduled for may 30th at elon. http://www.nclaonline.org/rtss/reports/rtssrpt060428.pdf round table for ethnic minority concerns the report is on the web. gerald holmes reported for jamane yeager on the section’s march 7th meeting at ncsu. conference preparations have begun. http://www.nclaonline.org/remco/reports/remcorpt060428.pdf round table on special collections joan ferguson has taken over for deborah rouse, but is not here today. round table on the status of women in librarianship the report is on the web. ruth hoyle reported for kathy crowe. the board plans to meet in may. http://www.nclaonline.org/rtswl/reports/rtswlrpt060428.pdf technology and trends round table treasurer’s report the report is on the web. beth bernhardt asked if previous reports might be made available on the same website. the treasurer explained that the issue has been updated versions of quickbooks, which is used to maintain our records. it is anticipated that the former treasurer will be able to move those numbers forward; when that is accomplished, the treasurer will arrange for the previous year’s report to be on the web as well. http://www.nclaonline.org/ treasurer/reports/2006/april/index.htm old business ncla continues to receive a dribble of applications for ncla license plates. suzanne white volunteered to collect applications from any attendees today and to send them along to andrea tullos. section/round table reports business librarianship in north carolina no representative was present. the section’s quarterly meeting will be at the greensboro public library on may 5th. all blinc powerpoint programs from the fall 2005 conference are posted on the blinc webpage. children’s services section the report is on the web. debbie oldenburg reported questions regarding a name change for the section. this section’s members have wondered what the public library section is doing about young adult services. lynn thompson, pls chair, reported much interest in this segment of pls. http://www.nclaonline.org/css/reports/cssrpt060428.pdf college and university section the report is on the web. tommy nixon reported the section is planning a workshop or program. the cus board plans to survey cus membership to determine preferred topic and garner additional suggestions. section partners for workshops or programs are welcome. http://www.nclaonline.org/cus/reports/cusrpt060428.pdf community and junior college libraries section the report is on the web. debbie luck reported on the section board’s meeting via a conference call on valentine’s day. all members of the section have been invited to an upcoming meeting at central carolina community college. agenda items for that meeting include planning a fall workshop and reviewing the section’s bylaws. http://www.nclaonline.org/cjcls/reports/cjclsrpt060428.pdf government resources section the report is on the web. beth kaylor reported that the may 19th workshop at mckimmon center, raleigh, would have ann miller replacing nan myers. http://www.nclaonline.org/grs/reports/grsrpt060428.pdf library administration and management section the report is on the web. mary sizemore reported the section’s planning of three workshops across the state in the fall. http://www.nclaonline.org/lams/reports/lamsrpt060428.pdf literacy round table fall/winter 2006 — 83north carolina libraries the report is on the web. beth bernhardt reported the group is planning programs, but would be happy to partner with other sections and round tables. http://www.nclaonline.org/tnt/reports/tntrpt060428.pdf committee reports archives no representative. conference, 2005 president burgin recently received for the association and deposited to the ncla account a check for approximately $4,700 related to the 2005 conference, as noted in the president’s report. conference, 2007 the report is on the web. phil barton sent to ncla membership a solicitation for committee members and has received thus far forty offers to serve; many offers have come from ecu affiliated members. next committees will be appointed. barton and suzanne white are planning a contest to develop the conference theme; this will be followed by a contest to identify a logo for the conference. the next planning meeting may be held at the gateway conference center in hickory. caroline walters suggested that the society of north carolina archivists might consider pairing with ncla for some programs, especially those with lams. barton considers this a wonderful idea and will rely on walters to find a representative from the archivists’ group to serve on the conference committee. http://www.nclaonline.org/conference/reports/confrpt060428.pdf constitution, codes, and handbook evelyn council reported for bobby wynn. the bylaws for the literacy round table have been submitted. continuing education no representative. endowment committee the report is on the web. david goble reported as of february 28, 2006, the endowments balance was $32,376.16. the committee plans to meet in july. http://www.nclaonline.org/endowment/reports/endowrpt060428. pdf finance the report is on the web. wanda brown reported plans for the future work of the committee. issues on the committee’s plans include distribution of lifetime membership dues, reviews of financial procedures in the handbook, and considering auditors. discussion surrounded the possibility of ncla maintaining an account at the state employees’ credit union. http://www.nclaonline.org/finance/reports/financerpt060428.pdf financial vitality the report is on the web. http://www.nclaonline.org/finance/reports/finanvitrpt060428.pdf intellectual freedom no representative. leadership institute barbara beebe, a graduate of the leadership institute, will replace robert james as the chair of the committee. membership report the report is on the web. kim parrott presented regarding section and round table affiliations of the 1,438 ncla members. http://www.nclaonline.org/members/reports/membership060428. pdf membership committee the report is on the web. caroline walters reported that the ncla display board is being utilized in various settings around the state, with the much appreciated support of many members. with frannie ashburn, walters hopes to have brochures for the state library meeting for trustees. the membership core committee voted to present a distinguished member award to leland park, retiring director of the davidson college library. president burgin suggested that attending board members try to articulate membership benefits and convey those to suzanne white or walters; these will be used in documentation. the initiative to offer reduced membership dues for the first year for attendees at conferences, workshops, etc., has been quite successful. http://www.nclaonline.org/members/reports/membership060428. pdf nominating pauletta bracy was unable to attend, but had corresponded with president burgin about the work of the committee. operations the report is on the web. dale cousins reported operations proceeding very smoothly, in large measure due to the work of kim parrott, administrative assistant. http://www.nclaonline.org/operations/reports/optnrpt060428.pdf pay equity task force beverley gass discussed the plans for surveying by the singer group with input from dean griffith and faculty of the school of information and library science (sils) at unc-chapel hill. salary data from libraries as well as equivalent positions in communities will be gathered to arm ncla for proactive discussions. pilot surveys have been distributed. the task force is still deciding how to distribute the surveys, which will be web based. public policy ross holt has found it necessary to step down from the chair’s position on this committee. a replacement will be found. ncla wished to increase our activity in this area, although in this biennium funding was not available to fund a lobbyist, which in the recent past has been done in concert with the public library directors association. public library directors association (plda) the goal of this organization has been to increase state aid to libraries to an amount which would account for inflation and return this aid to its highest level of support. president burgin moved that ncla endorse the plda legislative agenda, requesting an additional $3.7 million in recurring funds for state aid to public libraries. lynn thompson seconded. the motion passed. 84 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries publications and marketing the report is on the web. suzanne white reported she is encouraging additional promotion of the special license plate initiative. she is working with phil barton on the development of a conference theme. http://www.nclaonline.org/publicity/reports/pubnrpt060418.pdf scholarship harry cooke reported the committee is treading water due to the unavailability of funds for supporting scholarships. ncla has funds to lend, but cannot give away money at this point. website bao-chu chang’s efforts are available to us daily on the ncla website. other reports north carolina libraries the report is on the web. http://www.nclaonline.org/ncl/reports/nclrpt060428.pdf ala councilor kevin cherry reported that although there had not been an ala meeting since the previous ncla executive board meeting, there had been substantial discussion on the councilor listserv. likely to engender much discussion at the ala annual conference in new orleans in june is the discrepancy between policies of the boy scouts of america and the american library association. a resolution was sent to the listserv, and will be placed before the ala council. ala is conducting a survey of paraprofessional salaries. sela councilor evelyn council reported numerous attendees at the joint tennessee library association and sela meeting. state library mary boone, state librarian, discussed her initial plans for building library leadership and excellence in our state. to this end she is engaging in significant planning efforts. she hopes to be able to locate funding for the leadership institute and will be working with unc-ch sils faculty to determine training needs. she seeks to grow leaders in nc libraries, and is collaborating with dr. mark winston to develop ways to address issues related to older and retiring library leaders and other generational shifts. boone is conducting an evaluation of the past five years’ utilization of lsta funds. current grants will be announced june 12th. north carolina is eleventh in population in the nation, and this position factors into the amount of lsta funding we receive. boone seeks to promote membership in the trustees’ association. the north carolina state library commission is regenerating with horace stacy as chair: on june 5th will be an orientation for new members; on the 6th, a full commission meeting; the 7th is library day at the state library. boone seeks to work with other relevant organizations in our state. additionally, the state library will be working to inform our state legislators. new business bryna coonin noted that we have little contact with some segments of the library environment, such as staff at military bases and federal librarians. she suggested we plan ways to bring these people into the ncla fold. announcements dates and places for subsequent ncla executive board meetings: july 21: z. smith reynolds library, wake forest university october 20: henderson county public library, hendersonville in 2007: january 19: charles w. chesnutt library, fayetteville state university april 20: new hanover public library, wilmington july 20: joyner library, ecu, or shepard memorial library, greenville october: biennial conference in hickory there being no further new business, the meeting was adjourned. respectfully submitted, paula pearce hinton, secretary 48 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 north carolina library association executive board orientation/meeting january 24, 2008 attending: christy allen, evelyn blount, mary boone, wanda brown, robert burgin, anne coleman, dale cousins, mimi curlee, anne marie elkins, kem ellis, jonathan farlow, robert fisher, betty garrison, brandy hamilton, john harer, ruth hoyle, pam jaskot, ralph kaplan, diane kester, charlie lackey, rodney lippard, mary mcafee, meralyn meadows, susan neilson, debra oldenburg, kim parrott (ex-officio), janice pope, sherwin rice, jean rick, joan routh, sarah rothstein, dale sauter, ralph scott, andrea tullos, john via, caroline walters, lisa williams, carolyn willis. president phil barton called the meeting to order at 10:10 a.m. all attendees introduced themselves upon the start of the first meeting of the biennium. president barton lauded ncla administrative assistant, kim parrott for all her hard work for the organization. he also looks forward to working with the board over the next two years. president barton indicated that most of this meeting will be an orientation to the new board on operations and how the board works. new section/round table/ committee chairs were not expected to have reports, but those reports ready were presented. personnel issue: first order of business was the discussion of the administrative assistant position. ms. parrott was asked to leave the room. dale cousins, reporting for the operations committee, met with the finance committee two week ago to discuss increasing the administrative assistant hours to 35-40 hours a week depending on the workload. discussion of the board included the offering of benefits – the administrative assistant currently receives 10% pretax benefits allowance. other discussion included renaming the position to executive director/assistant. further discussion would be needed for this. the board unanimously voted to increase the hours of the administrative assistant up to 40 hours per week. presidents report: (available on page 2 and on the web at http://www.nclaonline.org/ exbd/reports/presrpt080124.html.pdf) goals: increase membership to over 2000 – targeting paraprofessionals, • library trustees and advocates. continue to strengthen the financial situation.• endowment promotion and growth, and a plan for how the o endowment can be used expand and grow continuing education opportunities, by offering • innovative programs and partnering where appropriate. expand the leadership institute to a second level institute for • veteran managers and supervisors. not just targeted to new professionals. pay equity project – new chair needed.• promote information gained from the studyo means of keeping the information up to dateo develop effective library advocates.• conducting business (president barton reviewed the procedures for meetings): the board will follow parliamentary procedures• items requiring action will be brought to the board as a written • motion given to the secretary at the meeting. robert fisher (constitution, codes and handbook o committee chair) will act as parliamentarian (ref. robert’s rules). president barton suggested everyone read the current handbook (constitution and bylaws) available on the web. he acknowledged work of bobby wynn on stewarding the handbook and correcting and revising the information. sections and roundtables should review their bylaws and make changes with approval of their membership and then receive approval from the board before inclusion in the handbook. section/roundtable/committee/orientation reports: (each section/round table/committee chair provided their report and/or notes on operations of the organization). leadership institute: (full report provided) the committee is working on developing two participant tracks. emerging leaders of the future – providing opportunity to a. develop peer and cohorts to maximize their potentials. career leaders – key decision makers within organizations. b. a practical learning opportunity to envision leadership in a practical and implementation. kem will focus on the content piece of the institute; lisa will focus on the logistical. two tracks will run at the same time to create two groups and bonding between the two groups. archives: jean rick requested that all records of sections, roundtables and committees be sent to the archives. she also requested that material have dates and to specify which organization is submitting information. she is especially interested in publications, flyers, meeting minutes, membership and officers. reference and adult services section: jonathan farlow reported that a feb 4th meeting was scheduled and that the section would be planning a workshop for this off conference year. constitution, code & handbook: robert fisher, brand new chair had no report. literacy: anne marie elkins reported that the round table would meet at the end of next month. secretary: caroline walters provided a list of sections, round tables and committees who have not turned in biennial reports. she also asked that reports for future meetings be sent electronically at least 48 hours in advance and action items at least two weeks in advance. http://www.nclaonline.org/exbd/reports/presrpt080124.html.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/exbd/reports/presrpt080124.html.pdf spring / summer 2008 49 nor th carolina libraries north carolina libraries: ralph scott provided a written report (attached) endowment: carolyn willis presented a written report for chair, bryna coonin. she also said the committee will meet with phil to discuss the future of the endowment. report available at http:// www.nclaonline.org/endowment/reports/endowrpt080124.pdf youth services section: debra oldenburg reported that the section was working on off year project and a retreat in fall (oct). the section held a meeting in january. (no written report received) library administration and management section (lams): wanda brown provided written report with newly elected officers and activities at the 2007 biennial conference. roundtable for ethnic minority concerns: anne coleman provided a written report on the 2007 conference activities, conference call meeting in january and a list of goals for 2008. (kim parrott, ncla administrative assistant, indicated that conference calling is available to hold meetings and that chairs could check with her on instructions.) membership: brandy hamilton provided report (http://www. nclaonline.org/members/reports/memshiprpt080124.pdf). the next membership goal is 2009 members by 2009. discussion of membership growth ideas included reaching out to academic and public library administrators. robert burgin indicated that the state library as a list of library directors in the state. it was also mentioned that membership is the responsibility of all sections and roundtables and they should work with the membership committee on use of display and special membership offers. brandy requests help with a slogan for ncla. government resources section: mimi curlee provided a written report (http://www.nclaonline.org/grs/reports/grsrpt080124.pdf). mimi read proposed bylaws changes for board approval. all were approved unanimously. resources & technical services section: charlie lackey reported that the section met in december for an organizational meeting and again in january to plan a spring conference in may 2008. tar heel libraries: pam jaskot said the newsletter needs to hear from membership about reports and stories. she also thanked ross holt for the design work and kim parrott for handling the mailing of the newsletter. public library section: mary mcafee provided a written report (http://www.nclaonline.org/pls/reports/plsrpt080124.pdf). the section requested approval of bylaws changes (written in report). all changes, except for the issue of membership on nc public librarian certification commission which will be discussed later, were approved by the board unanimously. ala councilor: rodney lippard indicated that a written report will follow the meeting. rodney indicated that the chapter relations meetings and the orientation were very useful and interesting. the emerging leaders program next round of applications are due in july 2008 and it was suggested that ncla support one librarian from nc who is accepted (total cost is $1000 for registration). rodney requested advice on how to vote on some of the social resolutions that ala puts forth. robert burgin indicated that if there is time to poll the membership to do this or abstain from the social resolutions. rodney also announced: two librarians from nc nominated for councilor at large – al 1. jones from ecu, linda underwood – garner high school media coordinator. two dates coming up – 4/15 national library workers day, 2. 5/13-14, library advocacy day in dc (we need to send people to dc for that day!) blinc: susan neilson provided a written report (http://www. nclaonline.org/blinc/reports/blincrpt080122.pdf). the section is working on off year workshops with several locations around the state. she also reported that the section is financial in the black and they have looking for ways to spend the money. roundtable on the status of women in librarianship: ruth hoyle provided a written report (http://www.nclaonline.org/rtswl/ reports/rtswlrpt080124.pdf). she reported that the membership approved a name change to women’s issues in libraries round table (wil). the name change was submitted to the board for approval and was approved unanimously. intellectual freedom: john harer reported that the committee is working on renew intellectual freedom award that was previously given and is looking for a sponsor or donor for the award. he also reported working with ncasl on doing a workshop on intellectual freedom in 2007 and possibly doing another one in 2008. college and university section: betty garrison provided a written report (http://www.nclaonline.org/cus/reports/cusrpt080124.pdf). technology & trends round table: john via reported that the section has not met yet. plans for 2008 are to review bylaws, fill board positions, plan two workshops with possible collaboration with other organizations/sections, and looking to create a list of contacts among libraries for technical issues. north carolina library paraprofessional association: meralyn meadows provided a written report nclpa (attached). she reported that the association will concentrate on increasing membership, creating a leadership mentoring program, and announced that jackie cornette from watauga county was awarded the ala paraprofessional of the year 2007 award. community and junior college libraries section: janice pope provided a written report (http://www.nclaonline.org/cjcls/reports/ cjclsrpt080124.pdf). this year the section will concentrate on workshops and bylaws. webmaster: christy allen indicated the report was available online. she will coordinate with caroline (ncla secretary) on the management of reports and minutes online. discussion included the workings of the online calendar. it was requested that all events be posted to the calendar and that sections, roundtables and committee provide dates to kim and christy. sections and roundtables who have their own webmasters should contact christy, who will work with them on updating pages of sections/roundtables. new members round table: sarah rothstein provided a written report (http://www.nclaonline.org/nmrt/reports/nmrtrpt080124. pdf) on the activities of the section at the conference. also the round table created a google group. they will work with brandy on new members, revising bylaws and filling vacant board positions. http://www.nclaonline.org/endowment/reports/endowrpt080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/endowment/reports/endowrpt080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/members/reports/memshiprpt080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/members/reports/memshiprpt080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/grs/reports/grsrpt080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/pls/reports/plsrpt080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/blinc/reports/blincrpt080122.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/blinc/reports/blincrpt080122.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/rtswl/reports/rtswlrpt080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/rtswl/reports/rtswlrpt080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/cus/reports/cusrpt080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/cjcls/reports/cjclsrpt080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/cjcls/reports/cjclsrpt080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/nmrt/reports/nmrtrpt080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/nmrt/reports/nmrtrpt080124.pdf 50 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 north carolina public libraries trustees: joan routh indicated that trustee resources need to be mined. large gap between ncla membership and state library list of trustees. workshops are being scheduled through the state library and opportunities with the ncla need to be sent to the trustees. round table for special collections: dale sauter reported that the round table would hold a meeting in early march. conference 2009: sherwin rice reported that they are open to all suggestions and will be calling on everyone to help. a site selection company to select the 2011 conference site and recommendations are needed. operations committee: dale cousins provided a written report (http://www.nclaonline.org/operations/reports/optnrtp080124. pdf). she said kim is working hard and life is good. ncla office operations (orientation): kim parrott provided a written outline for operations in the ncla office. kim indicated she is there to help members as much as possible. she routed a roster of the board asking that everyone check their contact information. debra (yss) asked that the office report of new members joining their section and other requested regular reporting of membership. phil said that lunch is free today, but for each additional meeting $10 will be collected to cover the costs of lunch and morning snacks. finance committee: wanda brown presented a copy of proposed budget for review (attached). she indicated that interest income went up due to the repositioning of some investment accounts. the budget proposal includes funds for a full-time administrative assistant starting february 1. $1500 is also included for new computer for the office. wanda moved to approve the 2008 budget, second by dale cousins. approved unanimously by the board. treasurer report: diane kester handout out printed reports on the 2007 accounts and explained how individual fund accounts are set up and maintained. she indicated that several scholarship loans are still outstanding and the scholarship committee needs to work on collections. she also reported that profit from the 2005 conference book sales were used for the joint ala/ncla student membership program which ended last year. they still need to follow up with walden books on the 2007 conference books sales. additionally, the management fee for the gates grant was used for student memberships and a refund as the state library had to send some funding back. leadership institute funding was pulled from the operating budget last year. the financial report shows exactly where funds are located (in the banks). ncla can claim a refund of sales tax so it is suggested that when purchasing items for ncla have ncla make the payment so this refund can be requested. diane also reviewed the check request form which is available on the website. requests can be sent to the ncla office directly to the treasurer (direct is faster), she also reviewed the travel expenses form with updated state reimbursement amounts. individual section and roundtable reports are posted on the web. diane noted that to retain our standing as a non-profit with the irs, sections and round tables need to use section and round table funds for professional development opportunities for members. board communications: ncla-l list : housed at ecu and moderated by diane kester. note that postings will not go out immediately. anyone from the association can post to the listserv who is on the listserv. kim enters their address when they renew or do membership. the list drops emails that bounce. ncla-l@coe.ecu.edu (posting address). we do not approve advertising – although some is allowed upon review and must be professionally related. contact diane if the filtering seems to be too much. ncla board yahoo group:  this list is used for board communications and is also moderated. posting address: ncla-board@yahoogroups.com. board members log-in at yahoo groups to post, edit and read archives of messages. if you are not receiving messages please check with the yahoo group page and with kim. you must respond to email invites you get to join the group to join. ncla website: at the request of the board, christy reviewed the website, showing the locations for board information, meeting agenda and minutes. she also reviewed the financial reports online. approval of july 2007 meeting minutes: it was asked whether meeting minutes for july 2007 had been approved. since they had not, ralph scott motioned that the minutes be approved, second by anne marie elkins. minutes were approved unanimously. state library: mary boone provided copy of her report. highlights included: department of cultural resources in 2008 theme “telling • our stories” strategic planning will be finished sometime in march.• grant projects and available grants to libraries include lsta • and gates grants. library development consultants have be reorganized into • regional focus areas. reports were not received or presented at the meeting for: north carolina association of school librarians continuing education committee nominating committee public policy committee scholarships committee sela representative phil reported that the 2009 conference is scheduled october 6 – 9, 2009 in greenville. phil indicated that a schedule for further board meetings will be set to all board members by the end of february. next meeting will be april and location and date will be emailed to everyone. meeting adjourned at approximately 2:00 p.m. http://www.nclaonline.org/operations/reports/optnrtp080124.pdf http://www.nclaonline.org/operations/reports/optnrtp080124.pdf mailto:ncla-l@coe.ecu.edu mailto:ncla-board@yahoogroups.com 46 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries retrospection: the first hundred years of north carolina’s libraries ~1945~ by elizabeth h. smith this fourth in a series of articles about north carolina’s libraries begins after several years of rapid expansion and increasing interest in libraries. a bright future for libraries changed quickly in the 1930s when an economic crisis affected library funding. by the end of the decade, libraries had recovered somewhat and shared thousands of dollars in federal funding for public, school, and college libraries that paid for numerous projects such as building repairs, extended hours, and book mending.1 early in the 1940s, however, the country was involved in another war that had positive and negative effects on libraries. citizens increasingly looked to libraries for information related to the war at a time when libraries were losing personnel to the war. in addition to 1,500 work’s progress administration (w.p.a.) employees who had worked in north carolina libraries as book menders and as assistants in school and public libraries and reading rooms, many trained library staff left their jobs to work in military libraries.2 public libraries the economic crisis had a tremendous impact on public libraries supported by the library commission budget, which was reduced from $27,000 in 1927-1928 to $9,288 in 1933-1934. salaries were cut 30-50%, the library bulletin was not published for a while, and travel and book funds were cut. larger public libraries in cities that were in economic crisis received less support than smaller libraries in communities where patrons were closer to their libraries.3 the 1933 general assembly helped library development by passing legislation allowing counties to establish joint library systems that would share staff, books, and facilities.4 it also passed legislation requiring certification of public librarians.5 the citizens’ library movement, which had been started to “improve, strengthen and expand public library service,”6 supported regional libraries and developed a plan for requesting funds for libraries from the 1937 general assembly.7 unfortunately, legislation for state aid for public libraries in both 1937 and 1939 did not include an appropriation.8 in 1939, the ncla appointed charles whedbee of hertford to the library commission board, and it proved to be a good decision. his visits with every legislator during the fall of 1940 resulted in a 1941 bill for state aid for public libraries that included a $100,000 appropriation for both years of the 1941-1943 biennium.9 north carolina was the first southeastern state to appropriate funds for expanded public library service. the 1943 appropriation was increased to $125,000, allowing libraries to buy additional books that their readers wanted.10 in 1936, two-thirds of the 100 counties had public libraries, and davidson, durham, granville, and guilford counties had book trucks that made regular trips around the counties.11 by 1940, 12 counties owned bookmobiles, several others had remodeled school buses as bookmobiles, and the w.p.a. had 12 demonstration bookmobiles.12 in just a few years, bookmobiles became even more important when tires and gasoline were rationed during the war.13 many new library buildings were completed and libraries were opened in various other places such as courthouses, city halls, remodeled church buildings, and other public buildings. public libraries continued to increase in number during the 1940s as money was raised, funds were donated, and creative locations such as a partitioned section of a railroad station were used to shelve books for the reading public.14 the chart below shows the progress public libraries made during the decade of the 1930s. north carolina public libraries 1930 1940 population 3,170,276 3,561,990 with public library service 1,035,276 2,001,107 fall/winter 2006 — 47north carolina libraries without public libraries 2,134,959 (62%) 1,560,883 (43%) volumes in public libraries 435,142 940,877 circulation 2,942,871 5,992,548 income $ 199,104 $ 328,344 income per capita $ .06 $ .09 counties appropriating $1,000 or more 10 29 county owned bookmobiles 3 1215 the twelfth report of the north carolina library commission reported the following: after bank failures of the early 1930s, the fayetteville library changed from subscription to free and the sanford library became free to children under the age of 14. sheppard memorial library in greenville, a gift of harper g. sheppard, opened october 17, 1930; gastonia public library, a gift of the young men’s christian association, opened march 27, 1931.16 the thirteenth report of the north carolina library commission reported the following: a free library opened at alta pass in mitchell county. the high point library moved from the third floor of city hall to the old post office building. the ayden branch of the greenville library was located in a remodeled filling station. the thomasville branch of the davidson county library moved to a larger space on june 20, 1934.17 combined community buildings and libraries opened in rutherfordton and tarboro on january 1, 1934. combined city-county funding made it possible for subscription libraries in kinston, sanford, and lincolnton to offer free service.18 new library buildings partially funded with federal funds were under construction in hillsboro (a memorial to confederate soldiers), rowland, and warrenton (designed to harmonize with the courthouse and built on the court house square).19 the fourteenth report of the north carolina library commission reported the following: the morganton library, a memorial to a.m. kistler, opened on october 15, 1935. the new bern library association purchased the stanley home and opened a free public library. in elizabeth city, the library in the woman’s club was enlarged to include a children’s room. community building/library combinations were opened in scotland neck, clinton, and mount olive. the sondley reference library of 50,000 volumes was opened on the seventh floor of the asheville city hall.20 the richard b. harrison library for negroes in raleigh and wake county opened on november 12, 1935. high point opened a branch library for negroes on january 1, 1936. the davidson county book truck loaded books from the negro branch and served negroes of the county. the negro librarians met at winston-salem teachers college for their third annual meeting april 3-4, 1936.21 during the 1940/1942 biennium public libraries contributed to the war effort by purchasing materials related to the world crisis.22 the redirection of w.p.a. library workers in 1942 from local public libraries to defense areas and war information centers made it necessary for an increase in local and county support to maintain public library service in many areas.23 library service was established at fort bragg and at camp davis, but there were not enough books to meet the demand. the american library association joined with the american red cross and the u.s.o. in organizing the victory book campaign to collect 10 million books for the troops. north carolinians donated 85,000 books to the cause.24 school libraries the north carolina general assembly first recognized the school library program in 1901 with funding of $2,500 for library books for free public schools. three decades later new laws changed funding from a matching basis to minimum support for all schools. during the economic crisis of the early 1930s, however, expenditures for school libraries reached a low point only to recover by the middle of the decade and surpass previous highs. even though the number of books in school libraries tripled between 1925 and 1935, 25% of children still did not have access to library books.25 during this time the image of the library changed from just a collection of books to an organized resource often directed by a teacher-librarian who had completed at least two courses in library technique.26 the increase in the number of teacherlibrarians (from 24 in 1930 to 587 by 1940) meant that library collections were better organized and students were better able to find answers they needed.27 by 1940, service had become the major component of school library programs and library personnel were expected to know students, books, teachers, and the curriculum, and be able to coordinate all of them into a successful library program.28 the 48 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries number of books per student in school libraries (2.4) was still well below the recommended national minimum of five books per student.29 with the increased use of libraries, the low number meant books were being used more and thus were quickly wearing out. an average cost of a library book of approximately $1.25 meant that it took a large amount of money just to replace those books that were discarded every year. the library project of the w.p.a., which supplied labor for book mending, was a tremendous help in making worn-out volumes last for a few more circulations.30 school libraries actively participated in the war effort by mounting displays, participating in the salvage effort, hosting first aid classes, and working with the victory campaign to collect good quality books for military personnel.31 an increase in school library book circulation during the early part of the war was attributed to students working with the war effort; listening to the radio, especially reports about the war; and more work at home for children. during 1943-1944, circulation in school libraries increased by almost one million books.32 many trained school library personnel left for better paying jobs in military libraries, causing a critical shortage by the end of the war.33 collections began to suffer because books had been hard to get and wartime paper and bindings were poor quality. when building supplies became available following the war, library space became a priority in both new construction and renovations.34 students reacted to these improvements in school libraries by increasing their use of books. between 1931 and 1945, library collections and circulations increased as shown in the chart below: school library collections and circulations 1931-1932 1945-1946 library books owned 1,395,267 3,361,476 volumes per pupil 1.6 4.3 circulation 3,901,086 9,996,218 average per pupil 6.5 14.0835 university and college libraries university and college libraries were also affected by the economic crisis during the 1930s. the war had a greater influence on these libraries because decreased enrollments meant less funding. -bennett college’s new library building opened april 16, 1939.36 -the new davidson college library, which opened in 1942, was a gift from james parks grey in honor of his parents.37 -friends of the library groups had been formed at duke university, the university of north carolina, and wake forest college.38 -elizabeth city state teachers college became a four-year degree-granting institution and a library was built in 1939 at a cost of $88,181. it was named for g.r. little in 1955.39 -fire destroyed part of the main building at greensboro college, which housed the library, in 1941.40 -in 1939, the meredith college library had 22,313 books with a book budget of $1,673 and a periodicals budget of $461.41 -four junior college libraries received carnegie funds for books: peace institute, mars hill college, saint mary’s school and junior college, and lees-mcrae college.42 -salem college and high point college opened new library buildings in 1937.43 -st. mary’s college, which had a library book budget of $300 in 1933, received four gifts during the 1930s – one of $500 and a carnegie corporation gift of $4,500 to purchase books and two gifts of books totaling nearly 2,000 volumes. by 1938, the library would only seat 13% of the students and the trustees wanted to build a new library with centennial fall/winter 2006 — 49north carolina libraries campaign funds. they were not able to collect enough money for a new building, so the remodeling project undertaken in 1939 doubled the size of the library and increased seating from 38 to 70.44 -universities and colleges also received significant budget cuts during the great depression. federal programs such as the national youth administration (nya) were very beneficial in helping libraries to continue operating. the university of north carolina librarian reported that staffing in the general college library was almost entirely students supported by the nya.45 -a report from 1937-1938 noted that the university of north carolina library budget was just 21.9% of that in 19281929. decreasing budgets resulted in plans for cooperation between universities. inspired by funding of $25,000 each from the general education board to strengthen their collections in several fields, duke and unc began a program of cooperative collection and a daily delivery system between the two libraries.46 -the libraries at the university of north carolina at chapel hill and at north carolina college in durham were designated as war information centers for north carolina and collected books on defense and the war.47 -in 1941, the wake forest college library held more than 3,000 books and several thousand pamphlets.48 -during the construction project of the 1930s at western carolina university, the second floor of the joyner building was remodeled as a library and served that purpose until the 1950s.49 one of the most significant events related to north carolina’s libraries during this time was the publication of the first issue of north carolina libraries (ncl) in february 1942. it was to be a publication for all types of libraries. the north carolina library commission publication, which had been heavily weighted with public library news, ceased when ncl began publication. early issues of ncl featured special libraries, school libraries, and negro libraries.50 in 1943, libraries used ncl to plan their request to the 1945 general assembly for an increase in state aid for public libraries.51 during the next fifteen years, libraries changed as audiovisual materials became an important component of library services. the shortage of trained librarians to staff the growing number of libraries became more critical while the demand for more services continued to increase. references 1 north carolina library commission thirteenth report for the biennium 1932/1934, 9-10. 2 north carolina library commission fifteenth report for the biennium 1936/1938, 10. 3 north carolina library commission thirteenth report for the biennium 1932/1934, 5, 2. 4 ibid., 3. 5 north carolina library commission fourteenth report for the biennium 1934/1936, 9. 6 north carolina library commission thirteenth report for the biennium 1932/1934, 9. 7 north carolina library commission fourteenth report for the biennium 1934/1936, 10. 8 north carolina library commission fifteenth report for the biennium 1936/1938, 4; north carolina library commission sixteenth report for the biennium 1938/1940, 7. 9 north carolina library commission seventeenth report for the biennium 1940/42, 5-6. 10 north carolina library commission eighteenth report for the biennium 1942/44, 5. 11 north carolina library commission fourteenth report for the biennium 1934/1936, 4. 12 north carolina library commission sixteenth report for the biennium 1938/1940, 10. 13 north carolina library commission eighteenth report for the biennium 1942/44, 5. 14 north carolina library commission seventeenth report for the biennium 1940/42, 16. 15 north carolina library commission sixteenth report for the biennium 1938/1940, 16. 16 north carolina library commission twelfth report for the biennium 1930/1932, 2-3. 17 north carolina library commission thirteenth report for the biennium 1932/34, 3. 18 ibid., 4. 19 ibid., 11. 20 north carolina library commission fourteenth report for the biennium 1934/1936, 9. 21 ibid., 10. 22 north carolina library commission seventeenth report for the biennium 1940/42, 9. 23 ibid., 11. 50 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries 24 ibid., 13 25 biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina, 1933-1934 and 1935-1936, 39. 26 biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina, 1932-1933 and 1933-34, 76. 27 biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina, 1936-1937 and 1937-1938, 99. 28 biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina, 1938-1939 and 1939-1940, 102. 29 ibid., 104. 30 ibid., 107. 31 biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina, 1940-41 and 1941-1942, 54; north carolina libraries 1:1 (february 1942): 3. 32 biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina, 1942-44, 56. 33 ibid., 58. 34 ibid., 64. 35 ibid., 66. 36 north carolina library commission sixteenth report for the biennium 1938/1940, 14. 37 north carolina library commission seventeenth report for the biennium 1940/42, 16. 38 north carolina library commission fifteenth report for the biennium 1936/1938, 12. 39 leonard r. ballou. g.r. little, churchman and chairman. (elizabeth city, n.c.: elizabeth city state university, 2000), 58, 81. 40 north carolina library commission seventeenth report for the biennium 1940/42, 16. 41 mary lynch johnson. a history of meredith college. (raleigh: meredith college, 1956), 228. 42 north carolina library commission fifteenth report for the biennium 1936/1938, 10. 43 ibid., 11. 44 martha stoops. the heritage: the education of women at st. mary’s college, raleigh, north carolina, 1842-1982. (raleigh: st. mary’s college, 1984), 246-47. 45 edward g. holley. the library, philanthropy, publications, & unc’s emergence as a major american university. (chapel hill: hanes foundation, 1998), 14. 46 ibid., 15. 47 north carolina library commission seventeenth report for the biennium 1940/42, 10. 48 george washington paschal. history of wake forest college, vol. 3. (wake forest: wake forest college, 1943), 173. 49 curtis w. wood and h. tyler blethen. the illustrated history of western carolina university. (cullowhee: western carolina university, 1989), 113, 133. 50 north carolina libraries 2:1 (january 1943): 2-5; 2:3 (may 1943): 2-11; 3:2 (may 1944): 1-10. 51 north carolina libraries 2:2 (march 1943): 5. selected bibliography biennial reports of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina…, 1932-1933 and 1933-1934; 1934-1935 and 1935-1936; 1936-1937 and 1937-1938; 1938-39 and 1939-40; 1940-41 and 1941-42; 1942-44; 1944-46. raleigh, department of public instruction. ballou, leonard r. g.r. little, churchman and chairman. elizabeth city, n.c.: elizabeth city state university, 2000. holley, edward g. the library. philanthropy, publications, & unc’s emergence as a major american university. chapel hill: hanes foundation, 1998. johnson, mary lynch. a history of meredith college. raleigh: meredith college, 1956. north carolina libraries. 2:1 (january 1943): 2-5; 2:3 (may 1943): 2-11; 3:2 (may 1944): 1-10. north carolina library commission reports. 1930-1932; 1932/1934; 1934/1936; 1936-1938; 1938-1940; 1940/42; 19421944. paschal, george washington. history of wake forest college. wake forest: wake forest college, 1943. stoops, martha. the heritage: the education of women at st. mary’s college, raleigh, north carolina, 1842-1982. raleigh: st. mary’s college, 1984. wood, curtis w., and h. tyler blethen. the illustrated history of western carolina university. cullowhee: western carolina university, 1989. nclsum2nd.04 84 — summer 2004 north carolina libraries s any librarian can attest, librarianship has always required a wide variety of skills from its professionals. librarians have always had to cultivate a highly diverse knowledge base to maintain their skills and keep up with the changing requirements of the field. various discussions have been made about how the librarian’s position is evolving and how librarians must seek new skills to grow with it.1 recently, however, technological knowledge and skills have been increasing at a phenomenal rate. in 1996, 66.9% of academic library jobs required some form of computer skills.2 while many traditional skills continue to form the bulk of library job descriptions, one sees technological jargon, acronyms, software names, and so on appearing in library job advertisements with increasing frequency. this increase of technological terminology can be a source of confusion for people involved in all parts of librarianship. administrators seeking new systems personnel may have an impression of what competencies they need but lack the proper technological terminology to describe those skills with precision. librarians wanting to increase their technological knowledge or to change career paths within librarianship can find that they do not have the ability to decipher the jargon well enough to decide which areas to study. librarians who are already techno-savvy may not know how best to keep abreast of the field and hone their abilities. even in library schools and library assistant programs there is a need to determine the most useful technological skills and begin integrating them into the curriculum. technological skills in library job advertisements are becoming more difficult to interpret, rather than easier. some job advertisements list skills which seem fairly self-descriptive. other job advertisements are so full of technological jargon that the reader is hard pressed to determine the position’s true responsibilities. job advertisement readers — this author included — may see terms they are unfamiliar with as well as frequently seeing skills listed in ways that confuse them. to help clarify these terms, both for the understanding of job seekers and for the edification of potential job advertisement and job description creators, this article undertakes to define a sampling of recent technological skills sought in the library field. because this informal examination is not a quantitative analysis, it does not an informal examination of technological skills in library jobs by nina exner a north carolina libraries summer 2004 — 85 enumerate the frequency with which various terms occurred; it merely lists a year’s worth of technological job skills and defines and roughly categorizes them with the intention of making a snapshot of the state of the market as well as helping job seekers and job creators to understand those terms. methods the libjobs mailing list was examined for one year, from december 2002 to november 2003. libjobs is an international mailing list for library jobs, run by the international federation of library associations and institutions. more information about this mailing list can be found at its home page: http://www.ifla.org/ii/lists/libjobs.htm. skill lists were copied from sections describing required and preferred applicant qualifications, and mined for all technological, computer, and digital-library-oriented skill descriptions. these skill descriptions were then classified loosely and defined, with links to official sites. classifying these skills turned out to be an unexpectedly difficult task. the degree of overlap between areas makes it difficult, if not impossible, to categorize the skills into groups by function. therefore, they have only been separated loosely into acronyms and branded or named technologies. there is still a little overlap, of course, and efforts have been made to add references in these cases. then definitions were added to the terms. definitions were synthesized from anecdotal personal knowledge, dictionary definitions, and internet sources.3 furthermore, links to the official site of the standard, software, or technology in question were added where available. the intention is to provide the creator or responsible body’s official view of the technology in question, and an attempt was made to use that official information as a main data source whenever possible. a large number of qualitative skills were also encountered, and considerable thought was given to their best classification and definition. most job-hunters know that while it is simple to define html, it is much harder to know for certain what writers of advertisements mean if they require knowledge of and familiarity with “standard internet applications.” despite this, many technology advertisements, especially for systems supervisors, concentrated on these more descriptive statements. therefore they have been synthesized and included at the end of the article without attempt at definition or explanation. acronyms of skills required asp – active server pages, a server-side scripting technology that primarily uses the vbscript or javascript languages. like cgi scripting, it describes a method for allowng web pages to interact with a server. asp.net – microsoft’s web application development software/environment for the .net framework. http://www.asp.net/ cfm – coldfusion markup files use cfml, coldfusion markup language. coldfusion is a proprietary development environment for making dynamic web pages without needing to know a programming or scripting language. this allows the author to do many of the same functions as with server-side scripts. cgi – common gateway interface, the most common specification used for executing server-side scripts. perl is the most common language used for cgi scripts, but c++ and visual basic can also be used. server-side scripting is the main method for allowing web pages to interact with a server in order to do highly dynamic and responsive tasks, including drawing from or writing to a database, composing e-mails, and otherwise responding to online forms and input. css – cascading style sheets are used in conjunction with html or other markup languages to control the style and appearance of web sites. http://www.w3.org/style/css dc – dublin core is one of the most commonly used metadata initiatives. it attempts to be interoperable and broadly functional and adaptable for a variety of uses and purposes. http://dublincore.org dhtml – dynamic hypertext markup language is something of a misnomer, actually referring more to the process of using html, javascript, and css together and sometimes with other scripting languages to create dynamic effects that html alone cannot make. doi – a digital object identifier is an identifier similar to a barcode for documents, pictures, and other items of intellectual property in a digital environment. this may come up in “deep linking” of electronic documents in the library catalog to items in online databases. http:// www.doi.org 86 — summer 2004 north carolina libraries results a year’s worth of job advertisements on the libjobs listserv yielded a total of 194 postings, running from november 2002 to december 2003. this represented a total of 206 job openings examined in the data-mining process. examination of the skills reveals a very broad range; technological skills are so widely needed in the library field that they can be found in all arenas. many technological skills were required not only in the everincreasing number of systems jobs but in public and technical services areas as well. it is worth noting that skills frequently described as being in one category by the employer would be more accurately classified in another. for example, metadata skills were grouped with web skills in some advertisements; it was unclear whether they were intentionally being mixed together. this confusion simply reinforces the impression that job description writers and job search committees may need better understanding of the skills for which they are searching. over fifty items were identified for definition and explanation. these ranged widely, from highly specific skills (such as programming languages, specific applications, network configurations, and operating systems) to broader topics (such as familiarity with standards and general procedures). online public access catalogs (opacs) by specific brand name were excluded, however. suffice it to say that if opac administration knowledge was required for a position, generally preference was given to candidates who knew the in-house system. discussion though the primary goal of this paper was to provide concise definitions of currently sought-after skills to promote a clearer understanding for job seekers and job description writers alike, it is worth discussing these skills somewhat. in examining the list one can see what skills were in demand during this time period. not surprisingly, some of the most commonly required softwarespecific skills were proficiency in the use and support of windows terminals and knowledge of microsoft office suite applications. even jobs acronyms continued dtds – document type declarations are files that have been written to interpret xml and other extensible languages. ead – encoded archival description is a metadata format intended for describing archival information and materials. http://www.loc.gov/ead/ fgdc – the federal geographic data committee produces metadata standards on geospatial information. http://www.fgdc.gov/metadata/ meta_stand.html html – hypertext markup language is the most common method of preparing text for display on the web. many advertisements specify proficiency in “handcoding” html, which means being able to mark up html documents by hand rather than creating them in an html editor. iis – internet information server is microsoft’s operating system software for running a web server. lan – local area network. ldap – lightweight directory access protocol is a network protocol for retrieving information from directories. lom – learning object metadata is a metadata system for assigning attributes to describe things relevant to educational technology. http:// ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/ marc – machine-readable cataloging is the format for storing library catalog records for use by online public access catalogs. http:// www.loc.gov/marc/ marc21 – the current standard of marc. mets – metadata encoding and transmission standard is an xml-based standard from the library of congress, used for encoding metadata regarding objects within a digital library. http://www.loc.gov/standards/ mets/ nitf – news industry text format is an xml-based system for defining the structure, content, and metadata of news articles. http://www.nitf.org oai or oai-pmh – open archives initiative for metadata harvesting protocol is the format in which oai-participating institutions should encode their documents. http://www.openarchives.org/oai openarchivesprotocol.html north carolina libraries summer 2004 — 87 which otherwise would not be described as particularly technological often mentioned microsoft office products such as word, excel, and powerpoint. croneis and henderson found that between 1990 and 2000, 18.8% of computer-oriented library jobs required program or technical support.4 this figure, however, does not include the number of non-computer oriented librarians who also perform program and technical support tasks. other studies found that by the late 1990s computer technologies had become routine across the board in academic libraries.5 office suite use and support could be considered one of the most fundamental such skills likely to be needed. of particular interest is the burgeoning field of metadata and digital library skills. these skills were widely in demand for a variety of areas outside of the system department, particularly cataloging and archives. image processing and scanning experience were often linked to metadata knowledge in the archives areas, whereas traditional cataloging abilities and marc knowledge were unsurprisingly emphasized in metadata cataloging positions. systems jobs describing metadata skills tended to group them with internet skills and web authoring knowledge. metadata and digital-library-related skills were numerous; this is noticeably a growing field of interest. server and network administration skills tended to be more broadly and qualitatively described. a few jobs had several very specific protocol and process descriptions, but most preferred to describe skill sets in general terms such as “windows network technology,” or “client/server architecture.” web coding skills (html or a page authoring program of some kind) were also asked for frequently. basic, sometimes very basic, familiarity with web page creation seems to have become ubiquitous as a skill requirement among library job applicants in public services. however, the ever-evolving world of web design may be reflected in the fact that there was not as a wide variety of web skills as might have been imagined. though a great many web skills were listed in job advertisements, there were also many acronyms continued ocr software – optical character recognition software is used to convert scanned documents to text. onix – online information exchange is a standard, xml-based format for storing and transmitting information about books, used by the publishing and bookselling industries. http://www.editeur.org openurl – the open uniform resource locator standard is for encoding web-transferable metadata and identifiers for information on the internet to create urls that are context-sensitive. http://www.niso.org/committees/ committee_ax.html osi – 1) short for iso/osi, the international organization for standards open systems interconnect, the model which defines the seven layers of types of interrelated interactions in a network, a fundamental concept in networking. 2) open source initiative is an organization which promotes free distribution of software, along with the source code (the uncompiled program, for people to see how it was written). php – php hypertext preprocessor is a scripting language used mostly for server-side scripting that can be embedded in html pages. it is gaining popularity versus other server-side scripting methods. http://www.php.net purl – persistent uniform resource locators point to an intermediate resolution service which associates the purl with the actual url. purls are a project of oclc’s research division in collaboration with other groups. http://purl.org sgml – standard generalized markup language is an iso standard for markup languages. sql – structured query language is the most common language for making database queries to retrieve information from a database. tcp/ip – transmission control protocol / internet protocol is a set of protocols for computers to communicate over a network. network administrators have to know how to configure computers’ tcp/ip settings. tei – text encoding initiative produces a standard for encoding text, primarily in the humanities, in digital format. http://www.tei-c.org/ vra core – visual resources association core categories is a metadata system for describing and encoding works of art and images. http:// www.vraweb.org/vracore3.htm xml – extensible markup language is a flexible system for creating markup for documents and their associated metadata, geared towards use on the web. http://www.w3.org/xml/ z39.50 – z39.50 refers to the international standard, iso 23950: information retrieval (z39.50): application service definition and protocol specification. http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/ 88 — summer 2004 north carolina libraries skills, programs, and page authoring environments that were not listed. this might indicate that libraries are all using the same few authoring tools, or it may simply mean that many job creators are content to let most tools and standards fall under the heading of broad descriptors such as “accessibility issues” and “web development tools.” this leads to something of a digression. a great deal of confusion continues to exist about programming and scripting for web pages. authors of advertisements for web developers may have some misapprehensions about the roles of different web languages. java and javascript, which are very different tools, are often confused and lumped together. in fact, it is not unusual to see a variety of basically unrelated skills such as html, xml, cgi, and “java/javascript” grouped together in a listing as alternatives to each other (for example, “candidates must have one or more of these skills”). java is made for writing full programs, which can be executed either within or outside of a web browser. java is not generally used for making simple web page effects and elements, unlike javascript. java and javascript, while often confused by non-technological personnel, fill two very different roles. tools for web markup, client-side scripting tools, server-side scripting tools, and programming languages simply are not comparable in the web design world. adding skills like xml, which is properly thought of in relation to metadata rather than web pages, though it actually overlaps both categories, merely confused the issue. as a guideline, client-side tools, such as javascript, are used for making interesting dynamic page effects, as well as useful but simple tasks such as browser validation. server-side tools like cgi, php, some asp, and coldfusion, are intended to allow the web page to interact with a server. this includes writing to a database, generating response pages, creating e-mail messages, and so on. style controllers like css and xsl brand names/technological terms adobe photoshop – a graphics processor for all purposes http:// www.adobe.com/products/photoshop/main.html checkpoint – a security and firewall system http://www.checkpoint.com dspace – dspace is a digital library or repository that helps capture, store, index, preserve, and redistribute research documents and output. http:// www.dspace.org/ ezproxy – a user authentication system http://www.usefulutilities.com fireworks – a graphics processor, particularly for web graphics http:// www.macromedia.com/software/fireworks/ flash – an online video creation program http://www.macromedia.com/ software/flash/ illiad – oclc’s software for sharing interlibrary loan documents with other libraries using illiad http://www.oclc.org/illiad/ java – a programming language for writing programs on and off the web, not to be confused with and not generally interchangeable with clientor server-side scripting languages. http://java.sun.com javapplets/javascripting – javapplets are programs written in the java language, and javascripts are usually clientside scripts for manipulating html and interacting with users. javascript – a scripting language, mostly though not always used for creating quick client-side scripts to make dynamic web page effects. linux servers – an open source operating system for workstations or networks/servers, available in several different distributions or versions. macromedia dreamweaver – a web-authoring program http:// www.macromedia.com/software/dreamweaver/ microsoft frontpage – a web-authoring program http://www.microsoft.com/frontpage msoffice – a productivity suite (word, excel, powerpoint, etc.) http:// office.microsoft.com novell network – a networking operating system http://www.novell.com perl – a programming/scripting language, often used for writing server-side scripts via cgi shibboleth – a user authentication system http://shibboleth.internet2.edu/ sun/solaris – solaris is the operating system used on sun microsystem’s sparc and x86 servers. http://wwws.sun.com/software/solaris/ unix – an operating system. unix and linux systems (which are closely related but not the same) together account for the majority of web server space on the internet. windows nt – an operating system, mainly for networked computers. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ windows 2000 – an operating system, mainly for networked environments. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ north carolina libraries summer 2004 — 89 are used to control details of the appearance of web pages in ways markup alone cannot. all of these still depend on the basic tool of web page authoring, html or xhtml which make the page display in the browser-readable format. when writing an employment advertisement, it is preferable to use broad skill descriptions and to indicate that knowledge of certain categories of authoring, such as server-side scripting or handcoding of dynamic web pages, are required by applicants. original programming and software development skills were rather rare as requirements, outside of specialized areas, including web and database programming skills. this is probably reflective of the increasing number of computer professionals in libraries to deal with such specific tasks. qualitative skill descriptions were very common, and ranged widely. some were clear, descriptive, and well articulated. others were either very broad or very vaguely phrased, leaving the reader puzzled as to the exact skills being sought. even a simple phrase such as “windows xp,” if unaccompanied by an explanation, might imply anything from basic familiarity with the use of the operating system, to in-depth troubleshooting skills, to xp network administration. in all areas, computer skills showed considerable mixing. all sorts of technological skills were observed in all subsets of library jobs, within all parts of public services, technical services, administrative positions, and systems positions. conclusion and suggestions for future research technological skills have become ubiquitous in librarian positions. it is almost pointless to attempt to separate technological from nontechnological library jobs; all library jobs have become technologically oriented to the point that they require a level of proficiency with at least some programs. whether in systems, administrative, technical broad categories of skills required administrative and interdisciplinary • budgeting • contracts and licenses; licensing agreements • copyright issues • evaluation of electronic resources • familiarity with library automation products (especially portal concepts, desk-top computing and web applications) • hardware and software purchasing • programming and application development; some programming experience • project management experience digital libraries / metadata / archiving • awareness of the issues involved in archiving electronic resources • broad knowledge of current practices in digital library development • demonstrated knowledge of the principles, practices, and techniques of archival descriptive standards • digital rights management • familiarity with digitization production processes and standards • knowledge of digital imaging management formats • relevant digital library issues, trends, and standards, including metadata • scanning and imaging instruction • electronic classroom teaching experience • trends in instructional technology technical support and networking • client/server computing architecture • computer skills in a pc/windows environment • integrated library systems • knowledge of relational database management systems • network technology • networking and data communications technology • pc support • understanding of data communications protocols, software and networks web authoring • accessibility issues • demonstrated experience with the design, development, and management of web sites, including html authoring, form creation, editing/ site management software • demonstrated working knowledge of database-driven web sites • experience with online bibliographic tools, web database software, web design • html authoring, form creation, editing/site management software • internet and web-based information tools • log analysis, graphic editing tools • previous experience in graphic design • standard internet applications • technical issues associated with electronic publishing and internet development • thorough knowledge of css and the use of templates and library items in dreamweaver • thorough understanding of web design principles and techniques • usability testing • web and server administration experience • web authoring tools nclspring.04 16 — spring 2004 north carolina libraries wake reads together: a panel discussion on the future of the book by frannie ashburn i n 1998, the seattle public library launched “if all of seattle read thesame book.” this program was designed to get folks in seattle all readingand talking about the same book at the same time, and it was so success-ful that it has been widely emulated around the country, including in many north carolina communities. wake county public libraries developed its community-wide reading program — wake reads together — to encourage people to read and talk about a good book and to become more aware of their library system and the services it offers. this project became the most successful county-wide adult program ever offered by the library and wake reads together is now in its second year. (for 2004 we’re reading lewis nordan’s wolf whistle, and the book had already been checked out of the library more than 1,000 times by the end of january.) in october, 2002, in preparation for wake reads together, county residents were polled and they voted to read fahrenheit 451 by ray bradbury. this book was written the year that elizabeth ii was crowned queen of england, the year that eisenhower became president, and the year that hemingway won the pulitzer prize for the old man and the sea. fifty years have passed and fahrenheit 451 has never been out of print. beginning in january 2003, there were hundreds of copies of fahrenheit 451 available in public libraries, and bookstores stocked up on copies as well. it is estimated that 10,000 wake county residents read fahrenheit 451. more than 2,200 patrons checked the book out of the libraries, and 1,800 copies of the book were sold in bookstores. nearly 1,500 people attended events throughout the county at libraries, schools, cafes, coffee shops, senior citizen centers, bookstores, and museums. numerous book clubs, parent teacher associations, and teachers made fahrenheit 451 a reading selection for their group members or students. the library and its community partners sponsored 34 related events and programs during march and april. as a finale to wake reads together and to continue the community dialogue about the issues raised by bradbury’s classic novel about book burning, the library organized a community forum to consider the following: is there a place for the printed word in the digital age? are books becoming obsolete? is reading still relevant? this forum was held on april 9 [2003] in the department of cultural resources north carolina libraries spring 2003 — 17 building and was hosted by the state library of north carolina. the panel of experts that addressed the audience included a book critic, a librarian, a technophile, and a science fiction author. the panel moderator was frannie ashburn, director of the north carolina center for the book. after their presentations, the panel members answered questions and responded to comments from the audience. a final word was had by tom moore, director of the wake county public libraries, whose remarks included thanks to wake reads together project managers elena owens (reader’s services supervisor) and susan brown (librarian) and also to dale cousins (regional library supervisor), all three from the cameron village regional library in raleigh, and to the many staff members system-wide who worked so hard to make the project so successful. we are grateful to the panelists who have allowed us to reprint their remarks. first to speak was j. peder zane, book review editor and books columnist for the raleigh news & observer. his award-winning sunday column received the 1999 distinguished writing award for commentary from the american society of newspaper editors. zane is a graduate of wesleyan university and columbia university’s graduate school of journalism. speaking from the librarian’s point of view was robert burgin. burgin is a native of rutherford county, north carolina, and received his undergraduate degree from duke university and his masters and doctoral degrees from the university of north carolina at chapel hill. he has worked in the library field for 27 years, as a public librarian, a professor at north carolina central university’s school of library and information sciences, a consultant, and (from 1999-2001) as the assistant state librarian for information technology at the state library of north carolina. burgin is the author of more that 40 articles and is currently editing a book on advising non-fiction readers. (note: burgin says that if he were one of the “book people” in fahrenheit 451 he would memorize james joyce’s dubliners.) speaking as a technophile was paul gilster, a professional writer who early on discovered the power and potential of the internet. he has shared his insight, bringing the everyman’s view of technology to users around the world. gilster is the author of the bestselling the internet navigator, of finding it on the internet, and digital literacy. he is a technology columnist for the raleigh news & observer. representing writers was john kessel, award-winning science fiction author and director of north carolina state university’s creative writing program. kessel is a native of buffalo, new york, and earned his b.a. at the university of rochester (english and physics) and his masters and doctoral degrees in english at the university of kansas. he has been at ncsu since 1982 and his honors include winning the nebula and theodore sturgeon memorial awards. kessel is the author of corrupting dr. nice, meeting in infinity, good news from outer space, and the pure product. booklist review has this to say about the pure product, “science fiction remains largely dominated by ideas. kessel’s ideas astonish and compel in these pellucidly written, hammeringly effective stories.” j. peder zane bean counters, numbers crunchers, the green eyeshade brigade — these devotees of the almighty dollar have seized control of the publishing industry during the last quarter-century, making the art of the bottom line the literary world’s guiding aesthetic. funny thing is, their reign has been marked by the kind of explosive growth in america’s book culture that their tweedy forebears only could have imagined after their third martini at the four seasons. go figure. this surprising news is detailed in a new report, “best and worst of times: 18 — spring 2004 north carolina libraries the changing business of trade books, 1975-2002,” which journalist gayle feldman prepared as a fellow at columbia university’s national arts journalism program. among her findings: • the number of new books published annually in the united states increased about 300 percent between 1975 and 2000, to 122,000 from 39,000. • sales of best-selling books during the last quarter-century have grown more than 1,000 percent: the leading title in 1975, ragtime by e.l. doctorow, sold 230,000 copies; in 2000, the brethren by john grisham topped out at 2.8 million copies. • name-brand writers such as grisham, danielle steel and stephen king have been the greatest beneficiaries of these increased sales, but literary authors such as jonathan franzen (the corrections sold 720,000 copies in 2001) are sharing in this bonanza. • works of fiction that earn some of literature’s highest honors, the national book award, the pulitzer prize or selection as a new york times “editor’s choice,” were far more likely to appear on publishers weekly’s best-seller lists during 2000 than they were in 1975. the publishing boom feldman reports is a welcome rejoinder to the doom-and-gloom mentality that informs so much discussion of american culture: more people are buying better books than ever before — they’re also purchasing more books of questionable merit, but hey. the driving dynamic behind this surge is the rise of a better educated, more literate public that seeks to balance its swelling consumption of trash culture with bigger doses of high art (think of books as metamucil for the soul). ironically, it is the commercial forces which so many bibliophiles bemoan that have enabled publishers to exploit this literary desire. like it or not, we live in a mass culture; books are one of many options people have to fill their leisure time. to thrive in this environment, books must compete on a level playing field against other highly promoted activities such as television, movies, sporting events, etc. thus the consolidation of publishing — five major houses published 84 percent of the best sellers in 2000 — was necessary for books to have the financial muscle to gain attention in a crowded and expensive marketplace. similarly, for all their drawbacks, the rise of chain stores such as barnes & noble and internet retailers such as amazon.com have afforded books a large-scale presence far beyond the capacities of the independent, and indispensable, local bookshops. size matters in modern america. where books once rose or fell on their own steam, aided perhaps by a small ad in the new york times, they are now propelled by sophisticated multimedia advertising programs concocted by the marketing whizzes who calls the shots at the major houses. writers are coiffed and sheened, their pearly whites scrubbed to blinding perfection so they can dazzle matt and katie. this year, for example, aggressive publishers generated huge sales for an array of first novels, including the lovely bones by alice sebold and the dive from clausen’s pier by ann packer. cynics might charge that publishers have become as adept at manipulation as their brethren in the detergent business. but, as always, the consumer is the final power broker: folks are no more likely to purchase books they don’t enjoy than they are to purchase soap that doesn’t get their whites white. however, feldman also reports that most writers aren’t on easy street. her most astounding finding may be that the vast majority receive almost no promotion. even the biggest publishers engage in massive triage, anointing a handful of titles for mega-support and ignoring the rest. earlier this year two authors told me that their new york publishers not only failed to promote their books but discouraged them from arranging their own publicity. as a north carolina libraries spring 2003 — 19 book editor i am constantly amazed at how little effort publicists expend to bring even works of strong local interest to my attention. feldman also notes that the major houses are no longer interested in publishing “books with a limited potential readership (5,000 copies and under).” those authors are increasingly turning to university and other small presses with little marketing clout. renowned farrar, straus & giroux editor elizabeth sifton told her, “by the 1990s it was clear that editors were valued for the deals they could do, not for work well done or talent nurtured.” that is not happy news, but it is mitigated by two factors. first, despite their concentrated marketing strategies, publishers continue to print boatloads of books. second, there is no evidence that small books are experiencing declining sales. authors destined to sell only 5,000 to 15,000 copies may be better served by university and boutique presses, which lack promotional power but will answer their calls. readers can take heart from feldman’s report. good books have a firm footing in america’s mass entertainment culture — though a network television show that draws the same size audience as a mega-selling book is often taken off the air. aggressive marketing has made it far easier to learn about the books everyone is talking about. but many good books are off the radar. nowadays, savvy readers must think like good detectives, who always consider the usual suspects but never fail to develop less obvious clues that can lead them to their desired quarry. robert burgin obviously, as someone who trains librarians and consults with libraries and someone who has been a librarian, the future of reading is of interest to me. on the one hand, i feel good about the future of reading. harry potter is a phenomenon. bookstores are thriving. there are more public libraries in the united states than mcdonalds. you have to read to use the internet. web logs — which you read — are the big thing. on the other hand, i do have some concerns. the overt enemies of reading are as evident in the real world as they are in the fictional world of bradbury’s fahrenheit 451 — from those who burn harry potter to those who try to remove books from libraries to those who try to prevent open access to the internet. i recently visited europe and saw bebelplatz in berlin, where the nazis held their first “burning of the books” on may 10, 1933. there’s a beautiful monument there, which consists of an underground library with empty shelves that represent the books that were burned. so we know that it can happen. it isn’t just science fiction. in some ways, though, i worry more about a character in a william gibson novel who says he never got “that reading thing.” i worry that reading will be marginalized, relegated to the status of playing music or speaking a foreign language, something that only a few people do. because the same technology that promotes reading through electronic books or web logs also enables illiteracy (through speech synthesis and voice recognition) and provides competition for reading – movies, television, the sims. in the end, i do think that reading will survive. people still walk, after all, even though we have technologies that take the place of walking. why? because walking is more than just a means of transportation. and people will still read — because reading is more than just a way to get information. i also believe that people will still read because of the dual nature of reading, which reflects the dual nature of people. we humans are individual but communal. we live much of our lives alone, but we also live much of our lives engaged with other people. likewise, we do much of our reading alone, and reading can be very individualistic. i like the books i like. i read to myself. 20 — spring 2004 north carolina libraries the characters are my characters. but reading can also be a communal activity (like wake reads together). we discuss the books we like with one another. we can read to one another. we can discuss what we read and compare notes. we can share. the painter jean corot once said that he hoped with all his heart that there would be painting in heaven. i hope with all my heart, and, i suspect, that there will be reading in the future. paul a. gilster if ray bradbury were an overtly political writer (which thank god he is not), it would be possible to see farenheit 451 in stark terms. as a cautionary tale, the novel evokes for some the anti-communist furor of the early ‘50s, the banning of books by certain school boards, and today’s patriot act, with its presumed outrages against human freedom. bradbury, however, says it is a commentary on soviet repression and the horrors of maoist china. repression is repression wherever it is found, but bradbury will not be used by ideological purists left or right. he is and always has been sui generis, a sparking iconoclast. science fiction is or at least ought to be about looking at things in new ways. farenheit 451 was an exemplar of this method when it appeared as a short story in 1951, turning the genre’s conventions on its ear. it was fitting that the story appeared in horace gold’s galaxy, a magazine that injected an unexpected humanism into science fictional futures. a writer who dislikes computers and has never learned to drive, bradbury has always been more interested in how science affects people than in rockets for rockets’ sake. his own gadgets, from sea-shell earpieces to wall-sized video screens, become dream-like metaphors for how we humans are going wrong. what is frightening about farenheit 451 is that when it was written the story seemed evocative of a possible future, whereas today, it positively nails our most dubious practices. we watch as montag is chased by police and mechanical hounds, seeing his own pursuit on the screens of the people whose houses he passes, their lust for “reality” television not so different from survivor and its ilk. equally horrific is montag’s wife, unable to carry on a conversation because of her fixation with the dramas that play on the wall screens of her parlor. what parent hasn’t pondered the future of a child, the back of whose head is the only thing visible as he or she works the nintendo knobs? how unnerving, too, to realize that in montag’s world, censorship did not happen by government decree, but gradually and because of the indifference of a population that had all but given up on reading before it was banned. in today’s america, book burning is all but inconceivable, but indifference is not. where technology prods us is not in the direction of outright censorship so much as exploitative commercialism. we will have to work to see our enemies in this culture because they refuse to take on the pure, allegorical form of bradbury’s firemen, and for every bewildered school board pondering the meaning of huck finn there is a much quieter executive trying to stretch his profits at the public’s expense. ponder what is happening to copyright. extended eleven times in the last forty years, copyright has moved beyond protecting the rights of content creators and has become a cash cow for corporations like disney, which once happily raided the public domain for material like snow white, and now seeks to restrict it to keep mickey mouse safely in-house. because of the recent passage of the sony bono copyright term extension act, copyright extends to the author’s life plus seventy years. we must reach back into the early 1920s to find books without copyright restrictions. a bradburyesque future? no splashing kerosene here, but works are disappearing. most film created during the 1920s and ‘30s is not commercially available, and because finding the copyright owners is often impossible, north carolina libraries spring 2003 — 21 preservationists cannot restore and distribute them. by the time copyright has expired, these silver nitrate-based films will have been destroyed by chemical attrition. well over ninety percent of the books not in the public domain are also not in print, their “rights” in the hands of publishers who may not even realize they hold them. it is time to change copyright law by making it renewable for a slight fee, $1 to be paid fifty years after publication. works not renewed (and estimates are that these would total 98 percent of such material) would be freed up for distribution on another bradburyesque medium, the world wide web. how many ideas might take wing from the creative retooling of works in the public domain? this fight, being waged online at eldred.cc, is one of many that will define how free our information really is in a world where mega-entertainment companies control the screens, and reading books is increasingly seen as an idiosyncrasy. john kessel as a science fiction writer i am generally expected to know something about the future, but the fact is that an sci-fi writer is much more a writer than a prophet. yes, science fiction stories featured the atomic bomb long before hiroshima, offered rocket travel to the moon a generation before neil armstrong, was full of computers when bill gates was a gleam in his father’s eye. but the computer in science fiction wasn’t the one sitting on your desk at home. as far as i know nobody in sci-fi predicted the home computer, the internet, the fact that i can go home tonight and waste a couple of hours downloading horoscopes from some database on another continent. most of the futures sci-fi writers have projected in their stories have never come to pass — not even close. to call a sci-fi writer a prophet is like calling a man shooting a shotgun at the side of a barn, who misses it nine times out of ten, a marksman. still, the program says i’m supposed to address the question of the place of the printed word in the digital age, and i aim to take a shot at it. call me back in thrity years and we’ll see whether i’ve hit the barn. my first observation is that, though the printed book may be under some pressure, the desire to be told a story is a fundamental human trait. i don’t know if there is a gene for stories, but every culture in human history has had its stories, and i don’t hesitate to predict that every human culture always will. the novel happens to be the form in which we in the west have invested most of our storytelling desire since the 1700s, but people told stories before the invention of the novel and will still be telling them if novels should disappear. my nine-year-old daughter is a fan of the computer game the sims, in which you design a family, give them personalities, occupations, and a place to live, and proceed to follow their lives as they strive to survive and improve themselves. it strikes me that the appeal of the sims is the fundamental appeal of fiction. i would not, however, suggest that open-ended games like the sims will replace storytelling. the advantage a book or a movie has over such games comes from the very fact that one does not control the characters and events. we read harry potter or watch the godfather because we are caught up in the lives of characters over whose fates we have no control. we sit on the edge of our seats hoping that harry will escape the clutches of lord voldemort or that michael will prevent salazzo from killing his father, not knowing whether our hope will be in vain. that’s a fundamental appeal of fiction, and i don’t think other media can eliminate that. so i’m not worried about the future of storytelling. in the future people may get their stories through visual media as well as from books, but they will still need stories. but what about reading, what about books? as a fiction writer, i have a vested interest in reading. the two things a writer needs are to find a source 22 — spring 2004 north carolina libraries of income, and to find an audience. it would not bode well for me if people gave up the practice of getting stories through writing. well, i am a teacher as well as a writer, and my experience is that my students are stimulated to read if they are approached with openness and enthusiasm. and that people who learn how to read often want to write. they have stories they wish to tell. plus, those same media we are worried may distract from reading and writing often foster both. the internet, for instance, has led to an explosion of web sites, bulletin boards, discussion groups, and chat rooms, which depend for their success on the ability of participants to read and write. the best of this writing is up to the best writing done anywhere in more traditional media. now it may be that future readers will be reading their stories on some device that does not resemble the paper books that we know and love—and i will miss the book, if it should go—but they will still read. my final observation is perhaps pure opinion, but i think it is an opinion shared by bradbury in fahrenheit 451. it is that mind—dream, emotion, memory—has the power to affect, and is in some ways more powerful than reality. not that hard reality does not exist, but most of the realities that shape our daily lives are constructed from ideas. the political, economic, social, legal, religious, and familial webs that surround us are created; even physical objects, as pop singer peter gabriel says, looking down on empty streets, all she can see are the dreams all made solid are the dreams made real all of the buildings, all of those cars were once just a dream in somebody’s head the state of north carolina, besides being a collection of hills and valleys and rivers and trees and cities and people, is fundamentally an idea. words are the medium through which we impose these ideas on reality. in order to manipulate these words, and thus the world we live in, we must be able to read. so as long as there is human culture, then i think reading will be essential to it. �2 — spring/summer 2006 north carolina libraries c c ired to the orld by ralph lee scott skype skype (rhymes with pipe) is an internet-based free (well sort of ) telephone network. users of skype can talk to other skype users via the internet for free using public computers in libraries provided they have a audio input/output jack. to reach traditional telephone lines (land or cell) skype users have to pay for the call on a per-minute basis. this varies depending on the toll charges of the traditional phone country. this for-fee service is called skypein and skypeout. the latest version of skype <www.skype.com> for windows 2 allows for video phone calls with computer mounted web cameras. unix and mac versions are available also. skype was first released in 2003 in a test version to compete with the other major voip (voice over internet protocol) providers (such as googletalk) and was purchased by ebay in september of 2005. with skypeout users must deposit funds via check or credit card into an account from which they are billed on a per-call basis. skypein works in a similar manner only users pay for a three-month period for a phone number to which incoming calls are sent to their computer. generally speaking, in both cases the calls are billed at the local country rate rather than the international long distance rate. for example if you call germany the call (at least for now) is placed at the local german in-country rate rather than the international rate. skype of course has voice mail which is supposed to work like regular voice mail, only via computer. both audio and video teleconferencing is available. if the other users are skype members the conferencing is free. currently skype has some 75 million users and so far up to 6 million have been online at one time. the installation of skype was easy and fairly normal. users are protected against hackers and tap-ins by an encryption system. with paid services like skypein you get a higher level of encryption. skype is banned in some countries (portions of china) and the french government discourages its use in public government agencies. there is an independent online journal about skype: skypejournal <www.skypejournal.com>. skype is also being integrated into online text messaging services so that you can transfer your “buddy” list from the other system to skype. recently netgear <www.neatgear.com> announced a netgear skype wifi wireless phone that connects to skype directly through your wireless router. motorola has announced a similar device called the accton skyfone <http://www. m o b i l e w h a c k . c o m / r e v i e w s / a c c t o n _ s k y f o n e _ w m 1 1 8 5 t _ c e l l _ p h o n e . html> libraries with wireless routers can now have users making phone calls through their networks without a computer! libraries can also buy software that filters out skype and other im type traffic. some problems have been noticed by skype users. there is sometimes a noticed time lag due to network congestion; calls have been dropped (heard that one before?); and noise is on the line. however for many the price is right, and users may be willing at times to put up with minor annoyances. in short the service is highly dependent on the internet and we all know that this works flawlessly all the time! give skype a try; it’s an alternative to traditional telephone service and is probably the wave of the future (at least while it’s free!). http://www.skype.com http://www.skypjournal.com http://www.neatgear.com http://www.mobilewhack.com/reviews/accton_skyfone_wm1185-t_cell_phone.html http://www.mobilewhack.com/reviews/accton_skyfone_wm1185-t_cell_phone.html http://www.mobilewhack.com/reviews/accton_skyfone_wm1185-t_cell_phone.html spring/summer 2006 — 15north carolina libraries a history of the librarians’ association at the university of north carolina at chapel hill by brenda ambrose-fortune this article examines the history of the librarians’ association at the university of north carolina at chapel hill (launc-ch) from its founding in 1972 to the present. it is based on an analysis of information from archival sources of the association at the university of north carolina at chapel hill (unc-chapel hill), annual reports of the libraries at unc-chapel hill, journal articles, and personal interviews with former officers of the association. launc-ch: a history acronyms are an integral element of our language. they have become a part of our daily existence. however, their usefulness is dependent on one’s knowledge of their meaning. “launc-ch” (pronounced “launch”) is the perfect example of an acronym that has great significance to the librarians of the university at north carolina at chapel hill. launc-ch is a non-profit organization comprised of current and retired professional librarians, library faculty, paraprofessional library staff, archivists, information specialists, and other persons employed in libraries at unc-chapel hill. the objectives of the organization are 1. “to provide for the professional growth and development of its members; 2. to promote effective library service within the academic community; 3. to foster a spirit of cooperation among members of the library profession.”1 launc-ch was organized under a constitution drafted on november 29, 1972, and adopted at a charter meeting on december 6, 1972.2 the association’s goal was, and is, to represent the interests of all professional librarians. membership in the organization is divided under three categories: member, associate member, and honorary member. the “member” class of the association is open to all professional librarians (i.e., anyone holding the master’s degree in library and/or information science), or persons with comparable educational credentials and job classification (e.g., archivists, information specialists, etc.) at unc-chapel hill. members are eligible to vote on association business and to serve on both the executive board and committees. “associate members” are those employed in libraries at unc-chapel hill not holding a professional or comparable degree, and master’s and doctoral students in the school of information and library science (sils) at unc-chapel hill. associate members are ineligible to vote or serve on the executive board but can serve on launc-ch committees. “honorary members” are retirees of the libraries at unc-chapel hill holding a professional library degree. they pay no dues; neither are they eligible to vote on association business, serve on the executive board, or on committees.3 as stated in the constitution and bylaws of launc-ch, honorary members must annually inform the association of their desire to continue as members. the first officers of the unc-ch librarians’ association, the name used by the organization when it was founded in 1972, were brian nielsen, president, of the house undergraduate library; rebecca ballentine, vice president, of the institute of government library; and elizabeth mosby, secretary, of r.b. house undergraduate library.4 the newly founded organization chose its officers and committee chairs from many libraries on campus, a fact which demonstrates the inclusiveness of the association. the organization was seeking an official name in the early stages of its existence. the minutes of january 10, 1973, which was the first meeting of the year, and march 26, 1973, referred to the organization as “unc professional librarians’ association.”5 in october 1973, the minutes recorded the organization’s name as unc-ch librarians’ association.6 a brochure for 1979-1980 refers to the organization as “association of librarians at the university of north carolina at chapel hill.” this form of the name appears on the brochure for the 1980 spring conference, “meeting the needs of the library’s public: reference and public service in the 1980s.” the conference was rescheduled for may 1980 due to inclement weather, and the new conference brochure carried that same name. the minutes of the july 19, 1979, business meeting stated that the new name was unanimously accepted. the university lawyer, susan ehringhaus, expressed some concern that the association’s name implied it was an official organ of the university and empowered to speak for the university. she therefore asked that the association consider changing its name. in consultation with the university counsel, the association chose a new name that would reflect its independent status as a group representative of all librarians on unc-chapel hill campus, regardless of library affiliation.7 it was not until 1981 that the organization adopted the present name — librarians’ association at the university of north carolina at chapel hill (launc-ch). 16 — spring/summer 2006 north carolina libraries constitution and bylaws the first constitution of the librarians’ association at the university of north carolina at chapel hill was adopted on december 6, 1972. it was amended five times. the present constitution was adopted on january 14, 1980, and was amended eight times. the bylaws were adopted on april 17, 1974. after being amended three times, they appeared as the constitution and bylaws of launc-ch on july 19, 1979. they provide information on the organization’s name, its objectives, membership requirements, dues, officers and their duties, guidelines on committees and their duties, the executive board, meetings, guidelines on amendments, and parliamentary authority. launc-ch’s constitution and bylaws must be amended any time there is a change in a committee’s name, officers’ duties, membership requirements, or any significant rewording of its text. the last amendment occurred in 1997. two amendments worth explaining are the decision to create a treasurer position, and changes in eligibility requirements. in 1995, the organization decided that the vice president/treasurer/president-elect should no longer be responsible for the duties of the treasurer. thus, the position of treasurer became a separate office. the association amended eligibility requirements for membership in 1997 to accommodate library employees with a master’s in library science (mls) working in a position that does not require an mls degree. formerly such employees fell in the category of associate members.8 it is worth noting that there were but two classes of membership mentioned in the earliest written form of the constitution — the member and honorary member class. committees the association established four committees in 1972: the committee on the status of librarians, the committee on salaries and benefits, the program committee, and the committee on communications.9 the minutes of june 18, 1975, business meeting reported that the committee on communications was dissolved, while the committee on salaries and benefits was merged with the committee on the status of librarians. this merger produced the committee on professional welfare. a new committee called the committee on professional development was also introduced.10 the professional growth committee, possibly the forerunner to the present conference committee, held a middle management workshop on may 21-22, 1976. seventy-eight librarians from thirteen area libraries attended the workshop. evaluation forms from the workshop indicated that participants were pleased with the result.11 a comparison of the first committees with the present ones shows the differences in their emphases then and now. when the committee on professional development was established in 1975, its duties were to collect and disseminate information on continuing education opportunities, meetings, and conferences that might be of interest to association members, and to prepare bibliographies on topics of current professional interest.12 there is no change to the committee’s name as it appears in the constitution amended in 1997. however, one always refers to the committee as the professional development committee. its duties are basically the same today. since it no longer “prepares bibliographies on topics of current professional interest,” that phrase was dropped from the committee’s duties.13 the professional development committee sponsors a research forum every year in may to which librarians from unc-chapel hill and other local universities are invited to share their research with other colleagues. this is the last activity of the association for the year. committee on professional welfare this committee, formed as a result of a merger between the committee on the status of librarians and the committee on salaries and benefits, was concerned with issues relating to the clarification of the professional status and benefits of association members.14 the primary objective of the professional welfare committee, as it is referred to today, is an analysis of, and a report on, the association of research libraries (arl) salary survey. members of this committee compare the salaries of librarians at unc-chapel hill with those of peer institutions in the association of research libraries. the committee sends a letter, generally accompanied by extensive charts, to the president of the consolidated unc system, the provost, the chancellor of unc-chapel hill, the directors of the academic affairs library, the law library, the health science library, and to local legislators of the north carolina general assembly. the accompanying charts illustrate unc-chapel hill’s ranking in comparison with peer institutions.15 committee on programs at its inception, this committee planned and coordinated the monthly programs, conferences, and social activities of the association,16 and the duties of this committee have not changed much. though it is no longer responsible for planning the yearly conference, it sponsors monthly programs unless another committee of the association is responsible for that month’s program. as the organization grew, more committees were added. some are called “standing committees” while others are temporary — formed for a specific purpose — then dissolved. the following are the standing committees as they are defined in the constitution and bylaws of launc-ch: the committee on professional welfare, the committee on professional development, the program committee, the conference committee, and the publications committee. conference committee david taylor, chairperson of the program committee for 1978, recommended the formation of the conference committee in 1979.17 the advanced preparation required for the conference necessitated that it be managed by a different committee. the purpose of the conference committee is “to plan and coordinate an annual conference on a topic of general interest to the membership.”18 the vice president/ president-elect, in consultation with elected officers, appoints the chair and members of the conference committee immediately after the conclusion of the annual conference.19 this committee then serves until business relating to the next annual conference is complete. although the constitution states that “the conference committee chair and members shall be appointed by the vice president/presidentelect ... immediately after the conclusion of the annual conference,” the appointment rarely takes place at that time. the conference spring/summer 2006 — 1�north carolina libraries committee requires more time and devotion than any other committee. preparations for the conference are so demanding that very few are willing to take on the task of chairing the committee. members of the committee meet weekly throughout the planning season. they research topics suitable for the conference — topics which are of interest not only to the membership but also to prospective attendees. members of the subcommittees within the conference committee make all the preparations necessary for a successful program. one or two persons who served on the last conference committee usually continue as members on the committee the next year. in this way the new committee will be able to begin preparation for the spring conference by drawing on experience from the past. the annual conference has always been held in march, except in 1980, when the association rescheduled the conference due to inclement weather.20 an ad hoc committee of interested campus librarians and computer specialists planned the first conference that the association sponsored — “seminar on library automation” — held on october 6-7, 1975. attendance was very high. there were 296 registrants; 266 library employees from north carolina state university (ncsu), duke university, north carolina central university (nccu) and uncchapel hill attended.21 publications committee the publications committee became one of the standing committees when the constitution was amended in 1997. the duties of the publications committee are “to publish and distribute the librarians’ association newsletter, september through may, and to maintain the web site of the association.”22 originally, an ad hoc committee on publicity distributed the newsletter. the newsletter was to continue on an ad hoc basis for another year with two co-editors.23 the launc-ch logo, which was developed by gregg kemp (an artist and librarian), first appeared on the newsletter in the march 1983 issue.24 for the first time, the editors of the newsletter presented an annual report summarizing the highlights of the newsletter for that year during the business meeting of june 9, 1983. the newsletter publishes reports of meetings, conferences, workshops, and professional activities of launc-ch. it prints the names of the officers of the association, committee chairs, and those responsible for collecting information for the newsletter. one can access the newsletter, information about other committees, and the constitution of the association from the launc-ch’s web site at <http://www. unc.edu/lib/launcch/> (viewed 7 april 2006). social aspects of the association each september, launc-ch begins the year with a “fall social” organized by the program committee. the purpose of this gathering is to renew acquaintances, meet new colleagues, and pay one’s yearly dues. the association introduced this activity at its founding and is a traditional practice. originally, it was labeled “the sherry hour.” a special feature was ragtime piano music and old-time singing. on occasion there was live jazz music. this festive occasion was convened on a friday evening in september and was also affectionately called the “traditional wine and social hour.” the charge for non-members to attend was $1.00.25 the minutes of the annual business meeting for 1975-76 tells of a christmas party and a dinner with staff from duke university library in attendance. alcoholic beverages were served during the celebration of this festive event. this practice has since been suspended because the university has prohibited the use of such beverages on campus. dues dues are collected from members to cover expenses of the association.26 originally, the yearly dues were $5.00 and it remained at that price until 1996, when it was raised to $10.00. members pay a reduced rate to attend the yearly spring conference as a benefit for membership in the association. launc-ch, a non-profit organization, monitors its income very carefully to maintain its tax-exempt status. by donating money to a special scholarship or sponsoring a special occasion for the members, the association can prevent its assets from accumulating over the allowable limit. impact of ranking system on librarians librarians at unc-chapel hill were very concerned about faculty status. they realized that they needed representation on campus. the chief architect of these plans was brian nielsen, a librarian then in the circulation department of wilson library on the unc-chapel hill campus. he had consulted with dr. james h. thompson, director of the walter clinton jackson library at the university of north carolina at greensboro (unc-g), and j. isaac copeland, director of the southern historical collection at unc-chapel hill. thompson, having heard that nielsen was involved in a study to improve the faculty status of librarians at unc-chapel hill, stated in a letter to nielsen that professional librarians at unc-g were members of the faculty; they had full voting privileges in the faculty council; they served on faculty committees, both appointive and elective; but they did not have professional titles nor the provision for tenure as it was enjoyed by the teaching faculty.27 even though librarians at unc-g enjoyed some privileges, they desired to improve the benefits of faculty status even more. thompson expressed to nielsen that he wanted to know the steps that librarians at chapel hill would be taking to accomplish their goal, and, if they were successful in their plans, he would do the same.28 isaac copeland also supported nielsen in his plans. he suggested in his letter to nielsen that the points they should first address to the administration were status, salaries, and benefits. he doubted whether all three would be achieved either by asking or demanding. however, he believed that “when librarians have proved themselves professionals, the doors of the academic community are open to them.”29 with support from colleagues both on and off campus, nielsen and his newly formed organization set to work to educate its members about 1� — spring/summer 2006 north carolina libraries the definition, responsibilities, and benefits of faculty status. to help institute these plans, they formed two committees: the committee on the status of librarians and the committee on salaries and benefits. the committee on the status of librarians prepared and sent out a questionnaire in rough draft on february 13, 1973, to librarians on fifteen of the sixteen university of north carolina system institutions. the purpose of the questionnaire was to compare the faculty status of librarians on various campuses of the university system as measured against the “standards for faculty status for college and university librarians,” adopted by the membership of the association for college and research libraries (acrl), dallas, texas, june 26, 1971.30 faculty status, as viewed by the association, was a broad concept and contained such aspects as (1) membership in campus governing bodies; (2) governance; (3) salaries; (4) tenure and terms of employment; (5) rank; (6) methods and criteria for appointments and promotion; and (7) access to research funds and leaves.31 in the summer of 1973, the committee on the status of librarians undertook a survey of all professional librarians, including faculty of the school of library science on the chapel hill campus, to assess attitudes and opinions on many of the issues relating to faculty status for librarians. the survey received a 60% response rate. seventy-five per cent of those responses came from librarians of the academic affairs library at unc-chapel hill, then in the process of acquiring a new university librarian. this new administrator, dr. james f. govan, wrote a letter to brian nielsen and expressed his need to meet with him to discuss the question of the status and tenure of librarians. the committee on the status of librarians wrote a report in which it outlined various recommendations. the report stated the need for fuller staff involvement and the implications of change in status and personnel policies for academic librarians. the committee expected the library administrators to acknowledge the needs and recommendations expressed in the report, and to take appropriate action by changing and clarifying the policies. the librarians’ association fought relentlessly for its members. they held meetings with librarians from duke university, university of virginia, and east carolina university to discuss resolutions for full faculty status for academic librarians on a statewide basis, and placed these resolutions before the faculty assembly in 1973. also in that year, dr. james thompson, director of libraries at unc-g, addressed members of the association. he spoke of the differences among the system’s librarians, some of whom had faculty rank and voting privileges, whereas others such as unc-g, ncsu, and unc-chapel hill, did not. dr. thompson wanted to present a proposal to the board of governors that all unc librarians be included in the tenure and academic provisions of the faculty code. finally, in 1977, librarians at unc-chapel hill were given membership in the general faculty. a ranking system was established for librarians at that time. they did not receive faculty status, but were classed as epa non-faculty. “epa non-faculty employees, by north carolina statute, are those instructional and research personnel, and senior academic and administrative officers whose salaries are fixed under the authority vested in the board of governors according to general statute 116-11(5) and whose principal appointments are not faculty appointments.”32 epa non-faculty employees at unc-chapel hill are not subject to most provisions of the state personnel act. all professional librarians are members of the general faculty and have full voting rights in the faculty council of the university. despite their failure to gain faculty status, unc-chapel hill librarians are included on the ballots in faculty elections and participate in the faculty’s self-governing body, the faculty council.33 significance of the librarians’ association on campus as the association evolved, the university library recognized it as an integral part of the library. the 1977-78 annual report of the university library reported on the growth of the association and praised its contribution to the professional development of the library staff.34 the librarians’ association has grown considerably from a small group of librarians interested in promoting the professional growth and development of its members, providing effective library service within the academic community, and encouraging cooperation among members of the library profession into an organization whose paid membership numbers more than 100.35 the association has advanced these goals by selecting the best speakers in their fields to deliver the keynote address for the annual conference which, each year, has attracted colleagues from the research triangle, other areas of north carolina, and nearby states. there is no doubt that the topics explored in these conferences have contributed to the success and popularity of the association: “library automation” in 1975, “collection development” in 1977, “the new technology” in 1982, “reference and public service in the 1980s” in 1980, “preservation in the 80s” in 1985, “total quality communication” in 1993, and “libraries in an uncertain world” in 2002. as the conference grew in popularity (the number of registrants increased from 78 in the management workshop in 1976 — the first conference with a recorded attendance count — to 225 at the conference, “click on north carolina: connecting the state” in 1997), it became necessary to relocate the venue from hanes hall on the unc-chapel hill campus to the william and ida friday continuing education center. this new location offered better accommodation and free parking. relocating to the friday center also gave the committee more flexibility in scheduling the time the conference could be held. of necessity, earlier conferences were scheduled during spring break, when parking became available for campus visitors. the association publicizes the annual conference in the university gazette, tar heel libraries, college and research libraries news, and other state and national journals. a feature article on the 1989 conference, “the research library: mission and reality,” appeared in the chapel hill herald on march 14, 1989. spring/summer 2006 — 19north carolina libraries salaries in the early years of its existence, the librarians’ association was just as concerned about low salaries as it is now. there is still disparity between the salaries of librarians at unc-chapel hill and those employed in comparable large research libraries. launc-ch and the library administration seek diligently to improve the status of librarians at unc-chapel hill, especially as it relates to salaries. as a result of continuous hard work by members of the professional welfare committee, the board of trustees of the university unanimously approved the inclusion of epa librarians in the distribution of salary monies generated by the tuition increase at unc-chapel hill in 1999. this action may not have occurred if the faculty council at unc-chapel hill had not passed the resolution (99-3) which called for university administration “to work to raise librarians’ salaries to a level competitive with peer institutions, and to insure that librarians participate fully in any salary increase provided to other faculty members, regardless of source of funds.”36 conclusion that the librarians’ association, founded specifically for professional librarians, favors diversity in its membership is evidenced by the fact that it has amended its constitution and bylaws to admit paraprofessionals as members. as a demonstration of how it cares for those who are now entering the library profession, launc-ch provides mentors for library science students from unc-chapel hill who attend the spring conference. it sponsors monthly programs to educate the library community on various topics. these programs may be in the form of a questionand-answer session with administrators from the university or speakers’ reports on conferences they attended, or bag lunch discussion on topics of interest to library staff. launc-ch provides opportunities for leadership as members select new officers yearly and as the president chooses committee chairs to plan the association’s activities. it promotes professional growth by awarding scholarships to library and information science students to attend its annual conference. it provides librarians at unc-chapel hill and other area universities the opportunity to share their research with others in workshops, forums or conferences. this organization has become the training ground for many who presented papers to its audiences and who now deliver papers on the state and national level. thus, it can be said that the “local association has several distinct advantages over regional or national associations in preparing workshops or programs that will provide supplemental enrichment, especially in times of tight budgets.”37 as new leaders emerge to uphold the objectives of this organization, one envisions its continuing success. one can always find new librarians who are in search of opportunities to improve their leadership skills. by becoming involved in a local organization, new librarians may find that these small beginnings eventually can thrust them into greater responsibility in state or national organizations. for over 30 years, many librarians have fought diligently for faculty status, better salaries and benefits, and as a result, the librarians’ association at unc-chapel hill is recognized as one of the best local associations for librarians in the research triangle and perhaps the state of north carolina. the success this organization enjoys can be attributed to strong leadership, dedication, and the commitment of its members. appendix conferences sponsored by launch-ch • “library automation” 1975 • “library management” 1976 • “collection development” 1977 • “library research” 1979 • “reference and public service in the 1980s” 1980 • “scholarly publishing in the 1980s” 1981 • “the new technology” 1982 • “management of resources: today and tomorrow” 1983 • “who's afraid of serials?” 1984 • “preservation in the 80s” 1985 • “non-traditional collections and special libraries” 1986 • “who's in control? managing in a dynamic environment” 1987 • “what is a librarian: exploring roles and relationships” 1988 • “the research library: mission and reality” 1989 • “information partners for the 1990s: libraries and technology” 1990 • “libraries in transition: meeting the needs of the future today” 1991 • “how to grow a librarian: staff development in an uncertain season” 1992 • “total quality communication: can we talk?” 1993 • “do the right thing: ethical challenges in librarianship” 1994 • “the changing landscape of information services” 1995 • “library collections in the 21st century” 1996 • “click on north carolina: connecting the state” 1997 • “from virtual to reality: a question of balance” 1998 20 — spring/summer 2006 north carolina libraries • “get real: virtual reality and everyday life” 1999 • “looking forward, looking back: content for the new millennium” 2000 • “digital dilemmas: the politics of information in an information age” 2001 • “libraries in an uncertain world” 2002 • “new expectations for 21st century libraries” 2003 • “read reading, experiencing, advocating, discussing” 2004 • “education and practice: the future of the library profession” 2005 • “looking beyond the five year plan: the academic library in 2005” 2006 references 1 librarians’ association at the university of north carolina at chapel hill, constitution and bylaws, amended 7-97. (hereafter cited as constitution and bylaws) 2 records of the librarians’ association at the university of north carolina at chapel hill, manuscript department, unc-chapel hill. (hereafter cited as records of launc-ch) 3 constitution and bylaws, amended 7-97, p. 1. 4 minutes of unc-ch librarians’ association, january 10, 1973. brian nielsen was working at the house undergraduate library when he assumed the office of president of launc-ch. (hereafter cited as minutes of unc-ch librarians’ association) 5 ibid. 6 minutes of unc-ch librarians’ association, october 24, 1973. 7 minutes of unc-ch librarians’ association, 1974. this information was corroborated during an interview with bernice bergup on february 7, 1999, and another with nancy frazier and celia pratt on february 7, 2002. 8 constitution and bylaws, amended 7-97. 9 minutes of unc-ch librarians’ association, january 10, 1973. 10 business meeting of unc-ch librarians’ association, june 18, 1975. 11 business meeting of unc-ch librarians’ association, june 16, 1976. 12 minutes of unc-ch librarians’ association, october 1975. 13 constitution and bylaws, amended 7-97. 14 minutes of unc-ch librarians’ association, may 28, 1975. 15 annual report of the professional welfare committee of launc-ch, june 1999. 16 constitution and bylaws, amended 7-97. 17 david taylor interviewed by brenda ambrose-fortune, april 18, 2002. 18 constitution and bylaws, amended 7-97. 19 ibid. 20 annual report of the conference committee of launc-ch, 1980. 21 minutes of unc-ch librarians’ association, october 1975. 22 constitution and bylaws, amended 7-97. 23 ibid. 24 faye phillips to gregg kemp, chapel hill, may 1982. 25 minutes of unc-ch librarians’ association, october 1975. 26 constitution and bylaws, amended 7-97. 27 james h. thompson to brian nielsen, greensboro, n.c., december 29, 1972. 28 ibid. 29 j. isaac copeland to brian nielsen, chapel hill, n.c., december 6, 1972. 30 rough draft of questionnaire sent on february 13, 1973, to librarians of 15 of the 16 member universities of the unc system. 31 report of the committee on academic status for librarians at unc-chapel hill, december 5, 1973. 32 epa non-faculty handbook, office of human resources, sect. 1, p. 9, 1992. 33 annual report of the university library, university of north carolina at chapel hill, for the fiscal year, 1977-78, p. 11, oct. 1978. 34 ibid. 1977– 35 records of launc-ch, 1972-2000. 36 eileen mcgrath, “president’s message,” librarians’ association newsletter no. 169 (april 2000): 2. 37 janet l. flowers, “role of the local professional association in continuing education,” college & research library news 41 (1980): 199. 4 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft did you know that north carolina libraries is now in its 81st year? the journal began in 1942, during world war ii, to encourage “unity in action” and “professional zeal” among members of the north carolina library association. in the introduction, editor john j. lund spells out these six goals for the new publication: 1. to serve as the official medium of communication between the association and its membership. 2. to stimulate group solidarity among librarians as a means to developing the ncla…. 3. to serve as a clearing house for library news of interest to college and university, school, and public librarians…. 4. to provide a clearing house for vital and timely public relation suggestions…. 5. to interpret data now being assembled annually by state library agencies and to make this data available to librarians and others interested in planning a program of library development. 6. to provide an outlet for the publication of significant articles dealing with professional problems. sharing association and library-related news, collaboratively addressing in its pages shared library issues, and encouraging professional solidarity among north carolina librarians remain important goals for north carolina libraries. i embark on this interim role in humility and with optimism. this is a historic journal, and i follow great editors whose work i admire. although i have not previously served as the editor of a journal, i have been on the editorial board for some years now, and am optimistic that others can provide help and advice to keep north carolina libraries running smoothly. in particular, i am grateful to michael reece for his continued work with the open journal system software and his continued role as layout editor. i appreciate al jones’s continued willingness to serve on the editorial board and as book review editor (and hopefully contribute more articles on library history). our existing editorial board members have served for multiple years, and are already providing valuable guidance. most of our talented reviewers have indicated their willingness to continue, for which i am also grateful. i appreciate contributions by vanessa irvin, joseph nicholson and savannah lake, allison kaefring, ronnie woodward and joe barricella, and our ncla president libby stone. and many thanks to colleagues jennifer daugherty and kate hill, who have stepped in and stepped up to provide columns for this issue. our journal began during the second world war, a time of tremendous change in our country, with wideranging impacts in many areas of life. in his last editorial, ralph wrote about the variety of services libraries provided during the covid-19 pandemic, another time of tremendous change with wide-ranging impacts. ralph’s essay pointed out many strategies libraries tried to provide services for our patrons, ranging from wifi hotspots to covid-19 test kits and ppe to online book clubs, and yes, in one instance even arranging for pigmy goat therapy for one university library. he ended with the observation that “it will be interesting to see what future challenges libraries will face....” we continue to face challenges, and find innovative ways to serve our patrons, and it is my hope that north carolina libraries will continue to be the medium of communication, clearing house, and outlet that our state’s library community can depend on. wm. joseph thomas interim editor remembering our purpose letters to the editor should be addressed to the editor and mailed to: joyner library, 1000 e fifth street, greenville, nc 27858, or by email to editor@nclaonline.org. we reserve the right to edit all submissions. if you are interested in writing for north carolina libraries or would like consideration for news and product information, please send brief information to the editor at the above address. mailto:editor%40nclaonline.org?subject= covid-19: positives for the school and public libraries 54 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft n o r t h c a r o l i n a b o o k s compiled by al jones troubadour: collaborations and inventions in music, 1971-2023 jeffery beam (2023). first ed. hillsborough, nc: green finch press, and durham, nc: horse & buggy press. isbn 978-163901-216-9. this attractive booklet was a gift to concert attendees and supporters of the april 1 & 2, 2023 psi theatre and durham arts council concerts life of a bee, sponsored by mallarme music, soprano andrea edith moore, and other troubadours, to celebrate the 70th birthday of awardwinning north carolina poet jeffery beam and introduce the composers who have been inspired by beam’s poetry to make new music. troubadour is divided into four parts. part one: “texts and documentation, 1971-2023,” presents beam’s poems, along with bibliographic information on where the poems were published originally. part two: “collaborations with composers, 19962023,” shows how beam’s poems have inspired compositions by composers of art songs, choral works, and instrumental works. part three: “inventions, 1971-2023,” includes songs by jeffery beam, including his new “antique” ballad, his “lullaby” and children’s songs, and his “sung poems.” part four: “composers,” includes biographical information on the composers with whom beam has collaborated and bibliographical information on the composers’ works inspired by beam’s poetry. the composers are daniel thomas davis, lee hoiby, jeanette lebouef-kassam, holt mccarley, bo newsome, steven serpa, tony solitro, and frank e. warren. troubadour concludes with a biographical sketch on beam, including congratulatory quotes from former north carolina poet laureates joseph bathanti and shelby stephenson, and novelists marianne gingher and marly youmans. troubadour will be an important addition to library collections that focus on north carolina poets and their poetry. beam has been nominated three times for american library association notable book and gay/lesbian non-fiction awards. plummer alston “al” jones, jr. east carolina university north carolina: land of water, land of sky bland simpson chapel hill, nc: the university of north carolina press, 2021. 225 pp. $20.10. 978-1-4696-6583-2. is it possible for all of us to gain a mental pic-ture of north carolina landscapes, people, and landmarks by reading a book? throughout the pages of the book, north carolina: land of water, land of sky, author bland simpson, with valuable assistance from his wife ann cary simpson, scott clark, and tom earnhardt, accomplishes this feat effectively. with the inclusion of numerous color photographs to supplement his narrative, simpson covers the entire length of north carolina from the coastline to the mountains. where possible, the author includes conversations with local townsfolk that he encounters on his journey. traveling the entire area of north carolina takes several months, but the author’s enthusiasm for the varied people, dialects, and the landscape are portrayed effectively throughout the book. volume 81 2023/24 55 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft in this north carolina guidebook, an extensive bibliography and numerous photographs are provided. accompanying simpson on his journey across north carolina are his wife ann cary simpson, scott taylor, a professional photographer, and tom earnhardt, a north carolina writer and naturalist. in order to capture the different regions of north carolina, simpson divides the book into four sections as follows: this wet and waterloving land, short hills & sand hills, jump-up country, and epilogue: a moment on hooper lane. the author’s writing style as well as the photographs included in the book make the reader want to turn the next pages to see what landmarks will be pictured or described in the book’s pages. bland simpson is the 2005 recipient of the north carolina award, north carolina’s highest civilian award. he is employed currently as kenan distinguished professor of english and creative writing at the university of north carolina at chapel hill. when simpson is not writing, he spends some spare time as a pianist for the red clay ramblers, a tony award-winning string band. prior to writing this book, his other publications have included the following: the great dismal: a carolinian’s swamp memoir (1990), the mystery of beautiful nell cropsey: a nonfiction novel (1993), heart of the country: novel of southern music (1996), into the sound country: a carolinian’s coastal plain (1997), ghost ship of diamond shoals: the mystery of the carroll a. deering: a nonfiction novel (2002), and the inner islands: a carolinian’s sound country chronicle (2006). this book is intended as a guidebook to highlight the diverse landscapes and towns dotting the north carolina countryside. specific descriptions of waterways, towns, and regional attractions like grandfather mountain or the port of wilmington lend character to the book. because of its specific scope, north carolina: land of water, land of sky would be suitable for inclusion in any academic or local library with a focus on state geographical landmarks. david w. young university of north carolina at pembroke more north carolina literature looking for more works by north carolinians or set in our state? you can always search goodreads, librarything, or the catalog of your local library. don’t forget to browse your favorite bookstore! uncg libraries has also created a literary map of north carolina to help identify authors from your county. if your interest in north carolina is more general, the north carolina collection at unc-chapel hill frequently updates their blog with new acquisitions to the collection and other posts related to the history, literature, and culture of our state. connect to the nc miscellany here. https://www.goodreads.com/ https://www.librarything.com/ http://libapps4.uncg.edu/nclitmap/ https://blogs.lib.unc.edu/ncm/ covid-19: positives for the school and public libraries 20 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft ronnie woodward and joe barricella east carolina university memorial exhibit for ralph scott showcases ship plan when joe barricella looks at the ralph l. scott memorial exhibit located on the first floor of east carolina university’s main campus library, many thoughts surface. one of them is simple, yet powerful. “i think we would have made ralph proud,” barricella said. scott, 80, who joined the ecu library faculty in 1971 and was rare books curator in october 2022 at the time of his death, had a love for north carolina history and ships. some of scott’s research culminated in his 2017 book, the wilmington shipyard: welding a fleet for victory in world war ii. he started the now-completed exhibit, which focuses on 1800s shipbuilder william webb and the 380-foot vessel dunderberg, commissioned by the u.s. navy in 1862. after scott’s death, barricella, the library’s head of digital collections, emerged as project leader and worked with maritime studies graduate students katelyn rollins and kendra ellis from the department of history. in addition to the physical exhibit, complementary materials, including additional ship plans, are available in ecu’s digital collections. “dunderberg” translates 1 webb, william henry. plans of wooden vessels selected as types: from one hundred and fifty of various kinds and descriptions, from a fishing smack to the largest clipper ships and vessels of war, both sail and steam, v. 2. 1897. east carolina university digital collections. https://digital.lib. ecu.edu/62674. accessed 30 jun. 2023. to “thundering mountain” in swedish and, because of delays in pursuit of fine-tuning a state-of-the-art ship, it did not see service in the u.s. military and was eventually sold to france. see the first page of the digitized dunderberg plans in the digital collections.1 a desire to finish the exhibit was discussed during a library special collections exhibit committee meeting. barricella, who previously worked at the north carolina maritime museum in beaufort, seized the opportunity to honor scott. “most of my interactions with ralph were at librarywide meetings. i also regularly saw him exercising on campus, and we would stop and chat for a moment,” barricella said. “ralph had a really eccentric sense of humor. that is something i’ll definitely miss, is his sense of humor. i felt fairly comfortable with the exhibit topic because it was ship-related, and we had two maritime studies students working in our department. “i knew the exhibit had a good chance of being successful because it brought together the students’ research expertise and knowledge of ships in general, and my exhibit and graphic design experience. their maritime first published june 8, 2023, for ecu news. reprinted by permission. a memorial is displayed for east carolina university honorary professor emeritus ralph scott on the first floor of the main campus library. volume 81 2023/24 21 nor th carolina libraries d r a ftknowledge and research skills were critical to getting this exhibit finished.” aside from one photograph from the library of congress, all other material used in the exhibit can be accessed in ecu’s main campus library. academic library services staff members jon dembo and larry houston also contributed to preparation of the exhibit’s content, in addition to the research provided by graduate students kendra ellis and katelyn rollins. “i think it is pretty cool,” ellis said. “i walk by it a lot. … ship construction is not my specialty, but for undergrad i focused on anthropology with a concentration in archeology. i’ve been scuba diving since i was 16 and when i took my first archeology class, i realized i could combine the two and thought, ‘ok, this is for me.’ i’m interested in lost cities underwater.” ellis and rollins did not know scott personally, but they became aware of his accolades and interests as they conducted research for the exhibit. “his book is based in wilmington, so it’s local and about north carolina history, and with william webb being a shipbuilder at the turn of the century, i think it parallels very well,” rollins said. “to honor ralph in this way, it’s definitely a topic he knew a lot about and was interested in.” in his more than 50 years at ecu, scott obtained the rank of full professor and served in numerous leadership roles in the library and university faculty senate committees. he was active in the ecu chapter of the american association of university professors and served as a unc system faculty assembly delegate. he also served on the board of directors of the historical society of north carolina and the north carolina library association. scott was appointed honorary professor emeritus in january by ecu chancellor philip rogers. in addition to his decades of impact at ecu, academic library services director jan lewis emphasized scott’s wellrounded approach to statewide library services. “one of his most enduring contributions was as long-time editor, editorial board member and regular columnist for north carolina libraries, the official peer-reviewed publication of the north carolina library association,” lewis said. “ralph is dearly missed by the ecu community and colleagues throughout the state and beyond.” dunderberg drawing. east carolina university digital collections. https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/62674.50 ralph scott, 2017 https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/62674.50 covid-19: positives for the school and public libraries 56 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft wired to the world kate hill ebsco tech troubleshooting tips and tricks having a great deal of electronic content, both created and managed internally by the library and externally by publishers and vendors, is nothing new to the library profession. yet the art of troubleshooting is something that many librarians must learn on their own or from conversations in the halls of conferences. this short column seeks to share tips and techniques that librarians can use to get started on troubleshooting issues either as a solo endeavor or before escalating to a specialist or third party. it is based on the author’s own experience fixing links, search boxes, and authentication systems, both on the library side as an electronic resource librarian and now as a library service engineer for ebsco. lesson one: one’s ability to troubleshoot is only as good as the information one receives. while sometimes issues arise via a reference interview or a phone call, frequently they are discovered at the point of trying to access electronic content or interact with a system. developing a form that can be used to report an issue at that point of need can greatly help library staff with their investigation. though having a more formal ticketing system can be useful when dealing with a high volume of issues, often a google form is enough. many catalogs and discovery layers can add a link to a google form on result lists, individual records, or the landing page for link resolvers. some catalog and discovery vendors can also make a form like this for a library. in terms of what is valuable to be on a form, they should encourage screenshots and allow for the sharing of links to screencasts of the issue. a screenshot is worth 1,000 words and a screencast or video of the issue occurring is worth at least 10,000. linking a free method of screen capture, such as screencastify (https://www.screencastify.com/) or techsmith capture (https://www.techsmith.com/jing-tool.html) on the form helps remove some of the barriers for users. forms should also include a way to best contact the person submitting the issue, their affiliation (guest or patron), if they were accessing the resource in the library or off campus, and a space for patrons to describe the how, what and where of their issue. lesson two: librarians know how to ask questions. library staff have a skill that makes them often excellent troubleshooters: the reference interview. this job teaches library staff to dig into the root of a patron’s need through open ended questions, active listening, repeating patron statements to check understanding and avoiding assumptions. questions such as “explain to me where the process failed,” “what was the process that took you to this issue?” and “what have you tried already?” provide important insight and help guide next steps. do not be afraid to use these skills, even with fellow library staff. lesson three: there are cool free tools out there to help. once information has been gathered, there are many tools out there to help investigate a problem. one of the biggest stumbling blocks when it comes to troubleshooting is when the troubleshooter cannot reproduce the issue. forcing off-campus access via a mobile device with wi-fi turned off can help in these situations, especially if the issue appears to be limited to off-site access. another useful technique is to keep one browser always clear of all history (clearing caches, deleting history, removing cookies). for example, if a librarian regularly uses google chrome, they can choose to not use this browser for troubleshooting. instead, they can use something like firefox, and after every session, go into history— https://www.screencastify.com/ https://www.techsmith.com/jing-tool.html volume 81 2023/24 57 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft clear recent history—clear all history. keeping one browser clean will ensure that troubleshooting does not get thrown off by saved credentials or cached pages. though incognito or private browsing can do something similar, some content, especially in chrome, persists into those modes. if none of these techniques work, there are a few cross-platform tools that allow you to take control of another’s screen, with their permission. zoom has the option to “request remote control” underneath viewing options whereas teams calls the option “request control.” both of these will allow you through the screensharing interface to interact with another desktop. for chrome users, there also is a site called chrome remote desktop (https://remotedesktop. google.com/?pli=1). from here, the troubleshooter should select “share my screen.” the other user will need to also go to the site, select “share my screen” and then download a small helper app. once this is downloaded, they will get a 12-digit code which the troubleshooter can then use to connect to another computer. this allows full remote control. while the above tools are more general, there are a few tools that can be life savers when dealing with troubleshooting broken links and issues with access to content. the first is a free browser plugin called redirect path ( https://chrome.google.com/webstore/ detail/redirect-path/aomidfkchockcldhbkggjokdkkebmdll). this plugin allows the user to visually trace the many interactions and redirects a link passed through in order to determine exactly where the link may have failed. using this tool helps the troubleshooter identify the problem so either they can fix it, or they can send it on to the right person, such as a vendor. often, however, these links are encoded making them hard to parse. an encoder/decoder, such as meyerweb’s url encoder/decoder (https:// meyerweb.com/eric/tools/dencoder/) helps clear up the confusion. lesson four: sharing is caring. some problems are one off situations, but many issues that libraries face will come up again. keeping a shared space where all staff involved in troubleshooting can record solutions, share useful updates and tools, or even note that the issue is caused by a vendor and can’t be fixed right now are all valuable bits of information. if the library has access to microsoft one note, this can be a good tool as it is easier to organize and search than something like a google doc. though sharing among one’s library can help, sharing knowledge across libraries can be even more powerful. this is why the technology and trends section of the north carolina library association has started an initiative where members can ask the board and others who volunteer technology questions (https://forms.gle/a54fkgxscmxhskge9). not only will the questioner receive an answer, but answers will be compiled on the technology and trends website. together, let us help each other make troubleshooting less scary. https://remotedesktop.google.com/?pli=1 https://remotedesktop.google.com/?pli=1 https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/redirect-path/aomidfkchockcldhbkggjokdkkebmdll https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/redirect-path/aomidfkchockcldhbkggjokdkkebmdll https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/redirect-path/aomidfkchockcldhbkggjokdkkebmdll https://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/dencoder/ https://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/dencoder/ https://forms.gle/a54fkgxscmxhskge9 covid-19: positives for the school and public libraries 52 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft jennifer daugherty, academic library services, east carolina university exploring the pros and cons of chatgpt lagniappe* *lagniappe (lan-yap, lan yap ) n. an extra or unexpected gift or benefit. [louisiana french] chatgpt, created by openai, is a chatbot artifi-cial intelligence (ai) language model that utilizes a deep neural network to answer questions in natural language. what does that really mean? the chatbot has been trained to understand and answer questions in everyday language based on a complex database of information and statistical probability.1 many people may have already used ai chatbots when trying to contact virtual customer service on a website or had one pop up asking if it could help as soon as they visited a site. what makes chatgpt different is its complex capabilities. when prompted, it can write papers, poems, songs, computer code, answer simple or complicated questions, and even check grammar. other companies like google and meta have developed their own advanced ai language models of this type, but openai has been leading the market. in january of 2023, chatgpt reached over 100 million users a month and 1 billion visitors to the openai website.2 with the interest its release has garnered, the ramifications of this technology are just being explored.3 looking at chatgpt through an educational lens reveals the helper capabilities of the tool. it can check the grammar of a student’s paper, create outlines and lesson plans, suggest word usage, create quizzes, act as a tutor, and answer questions in conversational language. 1 “chatgpt.” introducing chatgpt, november 30, 2022. https://openai.com/product/chatgpt. 2 duarte, fabio. “number of chatgpt users (2023).” exploding topics, may 16, 2023. https://explodingtopics.com/blog/chatgpt-users. 3 malhotra, tanya. “meet vicuna: an open-source chatbot that achieves 90% chatgpt quality and is based on llama-13b.” marktechpost, april 2, 2023. https://www.marktechpost.com/2023/04/02/meet-vicuna-an-open-source-chatbot-that-achieves-90-chatgpt-quality-and-is-based-on-llama-13b/. 4 brown, tom b., benjamin mann, nick ryder, and melanie subbiah. “language models are few-shot learners.” paper presented at advances in neural information processing systems 33: annual conference on neural information processing systems, virtual, december 6-12, 2020. https://proceedings. neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2020/file/1457c0d6bfcb4967418bfb8ac142f64a-paper.pdf 5 rudra, suchi. “chatgpt in education: the pros, cons and unknowns of generative ai.” edtech: focus k-12, march 30, 2023. https://edtechmagazine. com/k12/article/2023/03/chatgpt-in-education-generative-ai-perfcon. 6 southern, matt. “chatgpt disables ‘browse with bing’ amid legal challenges.” search engine journal. july 4, 2023. https://www.searchenginejournal. com/chatgpt-disables-browse-with-bing/490775/#close. 7 welbourn, aaron. “chatgpt and fake citations.” duke universities libraries: news, events, and exhibits, march 9, 2023. https://blogs.library.duke. edu/blog/2023/03/09/chatgpt-and-fake-citations/. 8 southern, matt. “chatgpt creator faces multiple lawsuits over copyright & privacy violations.” search engine journal. july 3, 2023. https://www. searchenginejournal.com/chatgpt-creator-faces-multiple-lawsuits-over-copyright-privacy-violations/490686/ when researching a topic, it can sort through material and sum up the results in a narrative. it goes beyond the capabilities of a search engine that can only provide links to sites. in fact, it is important to note that it is not a search engine, as it does not search the internet. it trained on a dataset taken from common crawl, a nonprofit that scrapes text from websites and offers it for free download, wikipedia, and other web texts, all from 2021.4 the chatgpt plus paid subscription offered web searching capabilities with a plug-in powered by bing, but it has been temporarily disabled due to erroneously providing the full text of websites and bypassing paywalls.5,6 with all the positives of the chatbot come equally disturbing negatives. one of the biggest challenges it poses in the academic world is plagiarism and copyright violation. with the capability to draft papers on demand, students can order up a completed assignment. plagiarism detectors already exist, but are they complex enough to recognize the use of the chatbot? there is also the possibility of chatgpt plagiarizing from its own datasets. it does not cite sources and creates fake citations.7 several lawsuits filed in 2023 further allege misdeeds such as the misuse of personal information found on the internet and knowingly training the chatbot from text datasets that contained pirated books.8 https://openai.com/product/chatgpt https://explodingtopics.com/blog/chatgpt-users https://www.marktechpost.com/2023/04/02/meet-vicuna-an-open-source-chatbot-that-achieves-90-chatgpt-quality-and-is-based-on-llama-13b/ https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2023/03/chatgpt-in-education-generative-ai-perfcon https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2023/03/chatgpt-in-education-generative-ai-perfcon https://blogs.library.duke.edu/blog/2023/03/09/chatgpt-and-fake-citations/ https://blogs.library.duke.edu/blog/2023/03/09/chatgpt-and-fake-citations/ volume 81 2023/24 53 nor th carolina libraries d r a ftanother criticism of the tool is that the language sounds unnatural, but that does make it easier to tell when something is not authentically written. the more the chatbot is used, the more it learns. will it get to the point that what it produces will be undetectable as written by a machine? of course, ai detectors are also being developed specifically to combat this issue, but will they be developed fast enough?9 the information that the chatbot gives is also subject to the bias of the training data and by the programmers who created it. recent research published by the brookings institution showed that when asked specific questions, chatgpt responded with “left leaning” answers and some political bias. it also was repeatedly inconsistent in some of its responses.10 openai hired low wage workers to moderate and filter content that was deemed harmful or inappropriate. deliberate decisions were made on what content was kept and what was discarded.11 the extent to which the data was screened for inaccuracies is unknown and chatgpt has been known to confidently give factually wrong answers. with chatgpt’s aptitude for answering questions, could it replace librarians? when asked, here is what it said, “while chatgpt and other ai language models have advanced capabilities in processing and retriev9 mucharraz y cano, yvette, ricardo herrera martinez, and francesco venuti. “chatgpt and ai text generators: should academia adapt or resist?” harvard business publishing education, february 1, 2023. https://hbsp.harvard.edu/inspiring-minds/chatgpt-and-ai-text-generators-should-academiaadapt-or-resist. 10 baum, jeremy, and john vellasenor. “the politics of ai: chatgpt and political bias.” commentary-techtank, may 8, 2023. https://www.brookings. edu/blog/techtank/2023/05/08/the-politics-of-ai-chatgpt-and-political-bias/. 11 paul, andrew. “building chatgpt’s ai content filters devastated workers’ mental health, according to new report.” popular science, january 19, 2023. https://www.popsci.com/technology/chatgpt-sama-content-filter-labor/. ing information, it is unlikely that they will completely replace librarians. librarians offer a range of specialized skills and expertise that go beyond simple information retrieval. they possess deep knowledge of various resources, understand research methodologies, and provide personalized assistance to patrons.” this might be one of the questions chatgpt has been able to answer correctly. as generative ai chatbots like chatgpt continue to be used, it will be interesting to see how they affect the educational realm. it will also be interesting to see how the question of data usage for learning models as fair use or copyright infringement is answered. without large bodies of textual data to learn from, the models would be severely limited. part of their appeal is the ability to rapidly process data to learn from it and then be able to use it to effectively communicate in a natural language environment. without that basis of knowledge, there would be severe limitations to its ability to understand context and provide accurate answers. as some of these issues are decided through legal channels, the future of chatbots may be severely hindered. “artificial intelligence brain think” by geralt on pixabay https://hbsp.harvard.edu/inspiring-minds/chatgpt-and-ai-text-generators-should-academia-adapt-or-resist https://hbsp.harvard.edu/inspiring-minds/chatgpt-and-ai-text-generators-should-academia-adapt-or-resist https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2023/05/08/the-politics-of-ai-chatgpt-and-political-bias/ https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2023/05/08/the-politics-of-ai-chatgpt-and-political-bias/ https://www.popsci.com/technology/chatgpt-sama-content-filter-labor/ covid-19: positives for the school and public libraries 2� — spring/summer 2005 north carolina libraries how “safe” should libraries be? by brian sturm one of the reasons i love using both public and academic libraries is that i feel safe in them. i don’t just mean safe from bodily harm; i mean safe to pursue my thoughts wherever they lead me….within the privileged, quasi-sacred space of a library, users and the library staff who serve them have traditionally felt free to think, imagine, question, dream, and debate to their minds’ as well as their hearts’ content. (isaacson, 2004) contemporary american society seems fraught with concern over our lack of “safety” – whether in the form of national security (usa patriot act, fighting terrorism internally and abroad, building the nation’s economic underpinnings, etc.) or individual security (identity theft, child internet protection act, criminal background checks available online, etc.). we are both fascinated and frightened by the growing global community and the global information infrastructure, and we are struggling to find our place in it: individually, socially, ethically, and legally. safety has turned from an american assumption into the consuming american question, and this change is transforming our culture, for good and for ill. the discussion has had a direct impact on libraries, as safety in libraries becomes an increasingly relevant question. whether it is the safety of library records, the “safety” of the content of collections, the safety of our physical bodies in library buildings, we encounter this question in multiple ways on a daily basis. we often display “safe zone” signs in our windows, proclaiming that patrons, particularly children, should consider the library building a physical retreat or haven. i firmly believe we should strive to provide this kind of safe space for all of our users. it is vital, however, that we approach the word “safety” with due caution, and that we don’t apply it to all aspects of library service. we must be careful because the words we use define us, and sometimes they imply things that we do not want to convey. “safety” is just such a word. there are at least three levels or “types” of safety we need to consider: physical, emotional, and intellectual. as i mentioned above, physical safety is a necessity. we need our patrons to feel physically secure in our buildings and with our staffs, so that they may move beyond that most basic of human needs. according to abraham maslow’s hierarchy of needs, people must satisfy the more basic, survival needs such as safety and trust in order to move on to the higher ones of aesthetic appreciation and self-actualization. without this sense of well-being, people cannot spend the time on the more ephemeral and aesthetic issues in life. emotional safety is also important, at least initially. people who feel emotionally threatened in our libraries will never open up to the full potential we offer. emotional vulnerability is part of the process of intellectual risk; if patrons do not have the ego strength to stretch beyond their known limits, it is much more difficult – if not impossible – to grow intellectually. we must be safe, but we must also feel safe. isaacson’s perceptions, above, are pertinent here. it is from this feeling of safety that we are able to make the leap into the unknown, to risk becoming rather than being. it is the third kind of safety – intellectual – that we must treat most carefully. herein lies the crux of librarianship as a profession, and it is the cause of ongoing discussion among those in practice as they try to balance the desires of the community (“give them what they want”) spring/summer 2005 — 24north carolina libraries and the philosophy of the profession (“give them what will challenge them”). i believe we should not desire intellectual safety for our libraries because doing so undercuts the library as a fundamental democratic institution, and it defines us as purveyors of complacency. libraries need to be intellectually incendiary institutions (see david carr’s work on museums) built on a foundation of emotional security. vygotsky’s (1978) “zone of proximal development” concept – that learners can be pushed to explore the unknown comfortably if someone with greater knowledge is nearby to help and scaffold their learning – describes precisely this kind of reaching out under the guidance (safety) of an expert. this creates an environment of intellectual seeking/challenge in an atmosphere of comfort that leads, in the best of all circumstances, to a limited loss of emotional safety, and this is where true growth can occur. it is when intellectual challenge pushes us out of our emotional comfort zone that we begin to examine not only our ideas but our fundamental beliefs. at the moment when intellect and emotion become slightly unstable, we are pushed into a liminal space, a place of uncertainty, a “fructile chaos…a storehouse of possibilities” from which we can emerge with new insight and understanding. (turner, 1990: 11-12) “scholars of liminality contend that much of the significant imaginative work of every society is expressed through its liminal institutions. by allowing people to escape from the rigidity of social structures and the rules of daily existence, liminality gives them the freedom to invent new solutions to old problems, or to regard familiar things in new ways.” (carnes, 2004) it is both our privilege and our responsibility to ensure that our libraries give patrons this discomfort to grow. come to the edge come to the edge. we might fall. come to the edge. it’s too high! come to the edge! and they came, and he pushed, and they flew! -christopher logue references mark c. carnes, “the liminal classroom,” the chronicle of higher education 51 (2004): b7. david carr, the promise of cultural institutions (walnut creek, ca: rowman and littlefield, 2003). david isaacson, “sanctuary in libraries,” american libraries (2004): 27. christopher logue, “come to the edge.” in selected poems, (boston: faber & faber, 1969), 64. abraham maslow, motivation and personality (new york: harper, 1954). victor turner, “are there universals of performance in myth, ritual, and drama?” in by means of performance, ed. r. schechner and w. appel, (cambridge: cambridge university press, 1990), 1-18. lev s. vygotsky, mind in society (cambridge, ma: harvard university press, 1978). fall/winter 2006 — 57north carolina libraries instant messaging (im) is a hot topic among libraries today. the past few years have seen a burst of articles in the professional literature describing the technology and the ways in which libraries can incorporate it into their range of services. conferences at the state and national level often contain at least a few sessions dedicated to overviews and cases studies of im. much like e-mail reference a few years prior, the rise of im can be attributed to its exponential growth in popularity among patrons in both their professional and personal online activities. a recent report by the pew internet and american life project found that 53 million adults trade ims and 24% of them swap ims more frequently than e-mail.1 this article examines some of the basic issues regarding im and presents a case study of east carolina university joyner library’s experience implementing and maintaining the service during the 2005/2006 academic year. sending an im is similar to speaking by telephone. the difference is that the two parties communicate with typed text, rather than spoken words. communication is in real-time and a scrolling transcript of the conversation with space for typing text is visible on both computer screens in a pop-up window (see figure 1). phrases such as “sped-up e-mail” or “e-mail on steroids” have been used to describe im. users can configure the settings so that a sound is emitted when messages are sent, received, or when other “buddies” come online. figure 1: america online instant messenger “aim” im is not as robust as web-based chat. librarians cannot push pages, co-browse, or easily send scripted answers to commonly asked questions. on the other hand, communication is easier and nearly instantaneous because users simply put in a screen name, type a message, and click “send”. one does not have to fill out a form and wait 5 -10 seconds to connect to a librarian, nor deal with the lag time between sending and receiving messages. im is also more stable than web-based chat, which is often disrupted with network congestion or other technical problems. and best of all, unlike commercial web-based chat software, all of the most popular im clients are freely available. a recent article matched up web-based chat and im in a pseudo, mano-amano boxing match to determine the superior product in ten different categories including speed, cost, training, and computer requirements.2 the winner? im by a large margin. visits to the library websites of the 16 university of north carolina system universities reveal that less than half currently offer an im service (see table 1). the libraries that do offer im are those with the largest undergraduate populations, who are most likely to be comfortable with using im. “aim” for success with im by mark sanders 58 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries table 1: unc libraries currently offering im reference service start date institution february 2006 appalachian state university august 2005 east carolina university january 2006 north carolina state university june 2003 unc – chapel hill november 2005 unc – greensboro august 2004 unc – wilmington at the beginning of the fall 2005 semester, east carolina university’s joyner library began offering reference service via america online’s instant messenger (aim) using the screen name “joynerref ” for the reference department and “joynercirc” for the circulation department. aim was chosen from among other major im clients such as yahoo! messenger and msn messenger for a number of reasons. the first was its popularity among undergraduates. aim is by far the most popular im client, with over 53 million active users. a recent study at unc – chapel hill’s house undergraduate library found that students prefer using aim because its familiarity allows multitasking and lacks formality. “the bottom line is comfort level.”3 one drawback is that users of aim cannot send messages to yahoo! messenger or msn messenger users and vice versa. but libraries can consider using a multinetwork im program such as gaim or trillian, which can receive and send ims from multiple networks simultaneously. joyner library initially considered using trillian, but found it too unstable. gaim has been since discovered and is worth considering not only for its ability to catch ims from different clients, but also to automatically record transcripts and generate usage statistics. marketing the im service was initially limited to a display bulletin board and talking points at university orientations and classroom instruction sessions. publicity was purposely limited to avoid overwhelming staff and to permit a gradual gauge of interest among students and faculty. after a few months, it was expanded to include features in student media and other campus publications, screensavers on computers in the information commons area, and a prominent link on the library’s webpage. of course, the best way to get information disseminated on campus is through word-of-mouth, and anecdotal evidence from students strongly suggests that this has been one of the most successful ways of publicizing im. staffing an im service is one of the biggest challenges and there is no one right answer.4 most reference and circulation departments offer a number of ways to contact librarians. these include in-person and telephone reference, and often extend to e-mail and online chat. adding im staffing while at the service desk invariably increases the demand upon librarians’ ability to field multiple inquiries and provide quality service. an option for departments with sufficient staff is to monitor im activity from an office computer. however, this method ties librarians to their desktop for relatively long stretches of time. both models have their advantages and disadvantages. like other issues related to im, best practices can be negotiated to fit a particular institution. the learning curve for im is almost negligible; a comprehensive instruction session in using any or all of the major im clients (aim, yahoo!, msn) can be easily completed in an hour. as is often the case with in-person reference questions, many ims require only a brief, factual answer. these include, “how late are you open?” and “how do i renew my books?” others are more in-depth and may require some research. examples are “where can i find this article entitled . . .?” and “do you know the statistics for . . .?” still others fall into the catch-all category of “random” (e.g. “want to join me for lunch in west dining hall?”). but overall it seems that many patrons, especially undergraduate students, are much more comfortable asking questions by instant message than approaching the reference desk. the relative anonymity of im removes the intimidation factor of physically approaching or e-mailing a librarian. based upon our experience, here is a list of best practices for im • be informal. spelling mistakes, abbreviations, and acronyms are all very common in the im world. fall/winter 2006 — 59north carolina libraries • have an answer bank. for common questions (e.g. how to access and use databases) consider creating a text file of responses that can be cut-and-pasted into the im window. • save transcripts. keeping a record of im sessions is necessary for assessment, statistics, and quality control. • have fun! staff an im service with librarians who want to do it. some may be overwhelmed by the service and/or simply do not enjoy it. word has spread quickly among the ecu campus community. the im reference service at east carolina university has been very popular among patrons since its introduction in late august 2005. by the end of february 2006 we had received more than 850 ims. it has facilitated learning and access to many resources and services offered by joyner library through familiar, user-friendly technology. as one e-resources librarian noted, im “can make your reference services relevant to a whole new group of users, while serving existing users even better.”5 although im is often regarded as a technology useful solely for social communication, our experience has proven that im, like e-mail, has the potential to serve as an educational support tool as well. like telephone, e-mail, and research consultations, it represents just another method of meeting the information needs of library patrons. references 1 eulynn shiu and amanda lenhart, “how americans use instant messaging.” pew internet & american life project. august 2004, http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/pip_instantmessage_report.pdf (15 march 2005). 2 sarah houghton and aaron schmidt, “web-based chat vs. instant messaging.” online 29 (2005): 26-30. 3 meredith b. phillips, “the advantages and disadvantages of aol instant messenger as a chat reference system.” unc school of information and library science master’s papers index. july 2004, http://ils.unc.edu/mspapers/2998.pdf (15 march 2005). 4 marianne foley, “instant messaging reference in an academic library: a case study,” college & research libraries 63 (2002): 36-45. 5 aaron schmidt and michael stephens, “im me,” library journal 130 (2005): 34-35. http://www.nclaonline.org/ncl/ncl/ncl_63_3-4_fall-winter2005.pdf 110 — fall/winter 2005 north carolina libraries 2006 – 2007 ncla executive board meeting schedule date location city january 27, 2006 cameron village public library raleigh april 28, 2006 s rowan regional library china grove july 21, 2006 wake forest university/zsr library winston-salem october 20, 2006 henderson public library hendersonville january 19, 2007 fayetteville state university fayetteville april 20, 2007 new hanover co public library wilmington july 20, 2007 ecu/sheppard library greenville october 16, 2007 57th biennial conference hickory draft as of january 3, 2006. awaiting statements from investment accounts. 5002/13/215002/10/10 ecnalabslawardhtiwstisopedecnalabtnuocca assets cash and bank accounts savings accounts 32.59sgnivas .hcs naihcalappa $ 141.31$ 236.54$ 16.093,1dnuf nodnelcm $ 804.97$ 400.00$ 1,795.58$ ncasl scholarship savings 575.70$ 140.97$ 716.67$ ncla memorial scholarship 467.15$ 388.03$ 855.18$ query-long memorial savings 353.27$ 163.51$ 516.78$ 58.102sgnivas eroom yar $ 19.49$ 100.00$ 121.34$ investment accounts* 00.000,57 dc aivohcaw 00.000,57 $ $ appalachian scholarship 10,000.00 00.000,01 $ $ 00.000,5dnuf nodnelcm 00.000,5 $ $ 00.000,01pihsralohcs lsacn 00.000,01 $ $ 00.000,02.hcs lairomem alcn 00.000,02 $ $ query-long scholarship 11,500.00 00.005,11 $ $ 00.000,2drawa eroom yar 00.000,2 $ $ checking accounts 59.083,3gnikcehc aivohcaw 81.810,2 $ $ money market investment 12,499.06 07.676,7 $ $ 33.722,6tnuocca tessa xat selas 42.809 $ $ 4,472.60$ 07.480,72tnemwodne 00.002,1 $ $ 25,862.13 00.013tnemwodne ot dewo $ 947.00$ 880.00$ -$ -yrarbil etats morf dewo 68.531,11 $ $ total assets ncla 186,085.85 65.709,881 $ $ notes: interest from scholarship/award cd's goes directly into corresponding savings account. interest from wachovia cd goes into checking account. north carolina library association financial report december 31, 2005 http://www.nclaonline.org/ncl/ncl/ncl_63_3-4_fall-winter2005.pdf 63 — fall/winter 2005 north carolina libraries i was recently reading an article in the library quarterly on transverality and the role of the library as fair witness. !e author contends that the more we move online “the greater more there will be the need for the kind of external, trusting party” called the fair witness. libraries because of their “plurality and authority {are} well suited to this role.” !is has certainly been true of libraries up to the present. as we continue be under attack from those who would have us only provide narrowly focused access to materials, we constantly need to be reminded of why libraries were founded and the key role they play in the free transfer of ideas. we want to always not just provide a viewpoint, but a place where varied viewpoints can be examined. !ere will always be points of view expressed in public media, what is needed is a place where trusting relationships can grow. one cable network describes itself as “fair and balanced.” fair and balanced is the true “value” that libraries and librarianship can add to the growing polarized cacophony. !is is especially true as north carolina transitions into a multi-lingual society. !is is the second issue under my editorship and it is devoted in part to reporting the 2005 north carolina library association conference in winston-salem. !is issue is numbered volume 63, numbers three and four and completes our annual offering for 2005. !e next issue will be volume 64 and will be published in early 2006. !e editorial board has received a number of positive comments on the impact north carolina libraries makes to the profession. please let the editor and the editorial board know of your issues and concerns about our work. we very much appreciate your kind comments and look forward to hearing from you. from the pen of the editor ralph scott, editor http://www.nclaonline.org/ncl/ncl/ncl_63_3-4_fall-winter2005.pdf 110 — fall/winter 2005 north carolina libraries 2006 – 2007 ncla executive board meeting schedule date location city january 27, 2006 cameron village public library raleigh april 28, 2006 s rowan regional library china grove july 21, 2006 wake forest university/zsr library winston-salem october 20, 2006 henderson public library hendersonville january 19, 2007 fayetteville state university fayetteville april 20, 2007 new hanover co public library wilmington july 20, 2007 ecu/sheppard library greenville october 16, 2007 57th biennial conference hickory draft as of january 3, 2006. awaiting statements from investment accounts. 5002/13/215002/10/10 ecnalabslawardhtiwstisopedecnalabtnuocca assets cash and bank accounts savings accounts 32.59sgnivas .hcs naihcalappa $ 141.31$ 236.54$ 16.093,1dnuf nodnelcm $ 804.97$ 400.00$ 1,795.58$ ncasl scholarship savings 575.70$ 140.97$ 716.67$ ncla memorial scholarship 467.15$ 388.03$ 855.18$ query-long memorial savings 353.27$ 163.51$ 516.78$ 58.102sgnivas eroom yar $ 19.49$ 100.00$ 121.34$ investment accounts* 00.000,57 dc aivohcaw 00.000,57 $ $ appalachian scholarship 10,000.00 00.000,01 $ $ 00.000,5dnuf nodnelcm 00.000,5 $ $ 00.000,01pihsralohcs lsacn 00.000,01 $ $ 00.000,02.hcs lairomem alcn 00.000,02 $ $ query-long scholarship 11,500.00 00.005,11 $ $ 00.000,2drawa eroom yar 00.000,2 $ $ checking accounts 59.083,3gnikcehc aivohcaw 81.810,2 $ $ money market investment 12,499.06 07.676,7 $ $ 33.722,6tnuocca tessa xat selas 42.809 $ $ 4,472.60$ 07.480,72tnemwodne 00.002,1 $ $ 25,862.13 00.013tnemwodne ot dewo $ 947.00$ 880.00$ -$ -yrarbil etats morf dewo 68.531,11 $ $ total assets ncla 186,085.85 65.709,881 $ $ notes: interest from scholarship/award cd's goes directly into corresponding savings account. interest from wachovia cd goes into checking account. north carolina library association financial report december 31, 2005 volume 81 2023/24 1 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft ncla president libby stone from the president the north carolina library association was organized on may 14, 1904, by a group of seven librarians who met in greensboro and elected the first president, mrs. annie smith ross of the carnegie library, which had opened the year before in charlotte. mrs. ross was the first professionally trained public library director in charlotte. carnegie was the first free public library in charlotte, the second in north carolina, and was funded by a grant from the carnegie foundation. one hundred seventeen years after our association was formed, i was elected as the 57th president for the 65th biennium. when the first annual meeting was held in charlotte, ncla had 49 members. in recent years, we have averaged over one thousand members. ncla is an affiliate of the american library association and the southeastern library association. we are the only statewide association concerned with the total library community in north carolina. our association is strong because of our members. the work that each of us puts in, our collaboration, our networking, our ideas, our enthusiasm, our passion, results in the success and strength of ncla. it takes the talents of each person to make an organization great. so whatever your role within ncla, whether you are a new member, or already a member of a committee or section, each person plays an important part. some of you have taken on leadership roles such as director-at-large, secretary, vice chair, and a few of you will even become president. librarianship is about lifelong learning. by volunteering and being a part of associations like ncla, we each are able to learn and grow and give back to our profession to continue the important work that our predecessors started. one of ncla’s goals is “to support formal and informal networks of libraries and librarians.” one way that we build these networks is through mentorship. my presidency has been influenced by my predecessors. past presidents like beverly gass, robert burgin, ross holt, dale cousins, michael crumpton, wanda k. brown, rodney lippard and lorrie russell have all mentored me in some way, even if they do not realize it! through ncla, we build relationships and gain expertise. we learn from one another. we work together. we look for opportunities to collaborate outside of our comfort zone. we communicate and understand the value of listening. in 2008, i attended ncla’s leadership institute and developed a statement of leadership purpose. during my experience, i learned that by providing good customer service and going the extra mile, we create loyal customers and they become our promoters. they advocate for libraries alongside all of us, and we desperately need advocates. ncla’s 65th biennium began in the midst of a global pandemic. our nation was in lockdown and millions of people died. it was a time of fear, of uncertainty, black lives matter, the me too movement, and a harsh political climate. we were a country divided, and still remain so. as we slowly emerged from the pandemic, we were faced with book challenges in astronomical numbers. intellectual freedom is in jeopardy like never before. in july, 2023, former president barack obama wrote a letter “to the dedicated and hardworking librarians of america’’ in response to the threat to intellectual freedom. in his letter he states, “it’s no coincidence that these ‘banned books’ are often written by or feature the mission of the north carolina library association shall be to promote libraries, library and information services, and librarianship; and to champion intellectual freedom and literacy programs. 2 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft people of color, indigenous people, and members of the lgbtq+ community—though there have also been unfortunate instances in which books by conservative authors or books containing ‘triggering’ words or scenes have been targets for removal. either way, the impulse seems to be to silence, rather than engage, rebut, learn from or seek to understand views that don’t fit our own.” it is so refreshing to hear a political leader recognize the work that we do as librarians for our communities and express appreciation and empathy. president obama recognizes that “it’s not just about books. you also provide spaces where people can come together, share ideas, participate in community programs, and access essential civic and educational resources. together, you help people become informed and active citizens, capable of making this country what they want it to be.” our work as librarians matters. president obama goes on to say, “that’s why i want to take a moment to thank all of you for the work you do every day—work that is helping us understand each other and embrace our shared humanity.” we are all human, no matter the color of our skin, the country of our birth, the beliefs we hold, the opinions we have. a copy of that letter follows this column. our conference theme this year is “cultivating community: strengthening roots, supporting new growth.” it is such a fitting theme for us as we emerge from the pandemic. we look to our past, our roots, to learn from those who have paved the way for us and also support the new growth of our members who are coming after us. it is my hope that ncla will continue to grow, not only in numbers, but also by becoming stronger as members working together. in these tumultuous times, it is vital that we stand united as an association and as librarians in the fight for the freedom to read. i’ll end by quoting another great president, dr. beverly gass, written in from the president in the fall 1999 issue of north carolina libraries, as i could not have said it more perfectly: “being president of ncla has been one of the wonderful professional experiences of my career. in addition to having the opportunity to work with librarians and library staff from across all types of libraries in this state, being president has given me the sense that maybe i can help make a difference. surely, though, the difference is not one that anyone of us makes alone, but only as we work together for the cause of library services to all the people of north carolina. i thank you for allowing me to be president of ncla and wish that you might have similar joys and opportunities in your life. i am grateful for those of you who have served as the executive board of ncla. it has been my honor to stand before you and before all the members of the north carolina library association.” i look forward to seeing everyone in winston-salem. letter from barack obama, july 17, 2023 to the dedicated and hardworking librarians of america: in any democracy, the free exchange of ideas is an important part of making sure that citizens are informed, engaged and feel like their perspectives matter. it’s so important, in fact, that here in america, the first amendment of our constitution states that freedom begins with our capacity to share and access ideas—even, and maybe especially, the ones we disagree with. more often than not, someone decides to write those ideas down in a book. books have always shaped how i experience the world. writers like mark twain and toni morrison, walt whitman and james baldwin taught me something essential about our country’s character. reading about people whose lives were very different from mine showed me how to step into someone else’s shoes. and the volume 81 2023/24 3 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft simple act of writing helped me develop my own identity—all of which would prove vital as a citizen, as a community organizer, and as president. today, some of the books that shaped my life—and the lives of so many others—are being challenged by people who disagree with certain ideas or perspectives. it’s no coincidence that these “banned books” are often written by or feature people of color, indigenous people, and members of the lgbtq+ community— though there have also been unfortunate instances in which books by conservative authors or books containing “triggering” words or scenes have been targets for removal. either way, the impulse seems to be to silence, rather than engage, rebut, learn from or seek to understand views that don’t fit our own. i believe such an approach is profoundly misguided, and contrary to what has made this country great. as i’ve said before, not only is it important for young people from all walks of life to see themselves represented in the pages of books, but it’s also important for all of us to engage with different ideas and points of view. it’s also important to understand that the world is watching. if america—a nation built on freedom of expression—allows certain voices and ideas to be silenced, why should other countries go out of their way to protect them? ironically, it is christian and other religious texts—the sacred texts that some calling for book bannings in this country claim to want to defend—that have often been the first target of censorship and book banning efforts in authoritarian countries. nobody understands that more than you, our nation’s librarians. in a very real sense, you’re on the front lines—fighting every day to make the widest possible range of viewpoints, opinions, and ideas available to everyone. your dedication and professional expertise allow us to freely read and consider information and ideas, and decide for ourselves which ones we agree with. that’s why i want to take a moment to thank all of you for the work you do every day—work that is helping us understand each other and embrace our shared humanity. and it’s not just about books. you also provide spaces where people can come together, share ideas, participate in community programs, and access essential civic and educational resources. together, you help people become informed and active citizens, capable of making this country what they want it to be. and you do it all in a harsh political climate where, all too often, you’re attacked by people who either cannot or will not understand the vital—and uniquely american—role you play in the life of our nation. so, whether you just started working at a school or public library, or you’ve been there your entire career, michelle and i want to thank you for your unwavering commitment to the freedom to read. all of us owe you a debt of gratitude for making sure readers across the country have access to a wide range of books, and all the ideas they contain. finally, to every citizen reading this, i hope you’ll join me in reminding anyone who will listen—and even some people you think might not—that the free, robust exchange of ideas has always been at the heart of american democracy. together, we can make that true for generations to come. with gratitude, barack https://barackobama.medium.com/heres-why-i-m-celebrating-banned-books-week-f42e3513f613 https://barackobama.medium.com/heres-why-i-m-celebrating-banned-books-week-f42e3513f613 covid-19: positives for the school and public libraries 10 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft allison kaefring east carolina university internet book clubs: how “dracula daily” inspired new digital literary communities with over 252,000 subscribers as of july 2023, “dracula daily” has made newsletter-based internet book clubs a growing trend. starting in 2021, artist matt kirkland decided to take advantage of the epistolatory nature of the beloved public domain novel dracula to create an email-based newsletter that read the story in real time. on each day that bram stocker’s dracula had a letter or diary entry dated, that section of the novel would be sent straight to subscribers’ emails, as if they were getting correspondence from jonathan harker himself (draculadaily 2023). while the first year had mild success, the 2022 read through became a viral sensation that inspired a wide variety of art, memes, and spinoffs (connors 2022). now in 2023, “dracula daily” is running its third year of reading dracula in chronological order and has inspired a variety of online book clubs using the affordances of public domain to collectively read classical literature via email. substack, the newsletter website that “dracula daily” used to send their emails, has become the standard for creating these online book clubs. while substack has been used for online versions of more traditional book clubs in the past (substack 2023), “dracula daily” popularized sending out the actual content of the book through a digital newsletter. additionally, while these older, more traditional book clubs used substack as primarily a message board where members could comment their thoughts on that month’s reading, “dracula daily” and other similar projects have used substack as the vehicle for the story while community flourished in different corners of the internet and across social media platforms. schedule and formatting several of these internet book clubs, including “dracula daily” have taken to presenting the novels in unique ways by playing with time. the reordering of dracula into a chronological format allowed re-readers of the novel to experience literary events, such as lucy’s death, in a whole new way. in the original format, the novel goes back and forth through time, showing letters and news clippings from before and after lucy’s unfortunate demise and leaves the fatal night to the end of that section of the novel. however, with “dracula daily” the sequence of events has been put back in the chronological order, allowing people to see different nuances and sympathize with lucy more than they had in the past (young 2023). additionally, readers noted enjoying the novelty of reading a character mention the date and seeing the same date reflected on their real-life calendar. the pacing required to read a novel in this format also made classical literature more accessible to people leading busy modern lives. while each day contained a different amount of text, the majority of sections fluctuated between a few paragraphs and a few pages with a notable exception in october that covers 50 pages in one day. these small, short, readings allow people to slow down and savor the suspense and occasional silliness of the novel. in a traditional reading, a reader might glance over jon harker’s comments about how he finds a dish with paprika “very good but thirsty” (stoker 1897) without much thought as they read on dracula daily wordmark and logo. used with permission. volume 81 2023/24 11 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft to the (arguably) more exciting following days where jon meets count dracula. but with “dracula daily’s” slowed down model people had a full day to contemplate harker’s spice intolerance, make memes, and share information about different types of paprika to add further context to the story. similarly, when jonathan harker is trapped in dracula’s castle, readers cannot quickly flip to the next page to see what happens next, but instead sit and wait in suspense for several days to receive jon’s next email. by the very nature of this sort of project the books must be public domain and are typically over 100 years old. readers could very easily find a copy of the novel and read ahead, but the new pacing is half the fun. the building anticipation of waiting for your next letter is exciting. people enjoy experiencing the novel at the same pace that the characters do–or in the case of “the woman in white weekly,”–at the same pace that the original readers would have experienced it by receiving the newsletter in the same sections that they were originally published in a serialized literary newsletter (lavinaigrette n.d.). beyond being fun, this also allowed readers to have a greater understanding of how serialized novels were paced with the expectation of weeklong breaks and to feel a connection with people from the past who would have waited for the next installment just like the subscribers are now. other internet book clubs found interesting ways to break up the story to make new meaning as well. some, like “literary letters,” (letters n.d.) continued to choose novels that are epistolatory and have dates assigned by the original authors, while others, such as “whale weekly,” have done their best to do a thorough close reading of the novel in advance and assign their own dates. the anonymous project runner of “whale weekly” crafted a timeline of moby dick’s events to determine when to send out sections of the novel over the course of three years (weekly n.d.). one of my personal favorite schedule adaptations is “letters from watson,” the account sending out sherlock holmes short stories with short introductions or recaps written as if they were coming from john watson himself (watson 2023). the regular schedule for these short stories is fairly simple; most stories are divided into three sections that are sent out every other day over the course of a week. however, after reading “the final problem” (the short story where sherlock supposedly dies), “letters from watson” took an unannounced break and acted as if the conclusion to this story was the last letter that subscribers would receive. as part of the illusion of john watson writing the letters, the email contained no information about when the next letter would arrive, if ever. however, readers on the “letters from watson” discord server who were already aware of sherlock holmes’ survival and the existence of further stories eagerly continued discussing their excitement for the next letter in the ‘spoilers-area’ channel. the timeline for sherlock’s return was set for three weeks instead of the canonical three years and readers talked amongst themselves about what watson was probably up to, how victorian wills worked, and continued to create memes with one user writing, “please keep milk and cookies out as sherlock prepares for his return” shortly before “the empty house” was set to be delivered (pop-goesthe-weasel 2023). the anticipation and collective feeling of having a secret they are keeping from the fictional narrator helped bond the online community and engage subscribers as they eagerly awaited sherlock holmes’ reinstatement at baker street, an event that happened over 100 years ago. online reading communities like all book clubs, these internet newsletter book clubs thrive on community and engagement with the story. “dracula daily” thrived on a community that built itself organically through various social media sites like tumblr and tiktok (young 2023). artists drew sketches of scenes from the day’s reading, made memes based on character’s dialogue and quirks, and educated each other on historical aspects of the story such as lucy’s comments on the victorian ‘new woman’ (lifeofbrybooks 2022). the project runner matt kirkland mentioned that people had also been replying to the emails as if jon harker were their personal pen pal (substack 2022). in fact, so many people creatively engaged with “dracula daily” that matt kirkland was able to create a complete new edition of bram stocker’s dracula to include the online community’s commentary (draculadaily 2022). other book clubs have created more structured forms of community engagement. several book clubs have created their own discord servers to create designated spaces for discussions. “whale weekly” has discord channels for ‘fan art and memes,’ ‘whale12 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft bibliographyconnors, madeleine. 2022. “how bram stoker’s dracula became ‘dracula daily,’ and an internet sensation.” the new york times, october 5, 2022, sec. books. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/05/books/bram-stokers-dracula-daily.html. draculadaily. 2022. “dracula daily special edition.” substack newsletter. dracula daily (blog). september 15, 2022. https://draculadaily.substack.com/p/dracula-daily-special-edition. ———. 2023. “dracula daily | draculadaily | substack.” july 26, 2023. https://draculadaily.substack.com/. lavinaigrette. n.d. “about the woman in white weekly.” accessed july 28, 2023. https://thewomaninwhiteweekly.substack.com/about. letters, literary. n.d. “about literary letters.” accessed july 28, 2023. https://literaryletters.substack.com/ about. lifeofbrybooks. 2022. “august 10 some more historical context!” tumblr. august 10, 2022 https://www.tumblr. com/login_required/lifeofbrybooks melville, herman. 1851. moby dick. pop-goes-the-weasel. 2023 “untitled.” discord. july 10,2023 https://discord.com/channels/978041940698341456/978044430391074866/1128008799823876126 stoker, bram. 1897. dracula on substack. 2022. “what to read: a treasure trove of serialized classics.” substack newsletter. on substack (blog). june 10, 2022. https://on.substack.com/p/serialized-classics. ———. 2023. “organize a book club on substack.” substack newsletter. on substack (blog). july 18, 2023. https://on.substack.com/p/book-clubs. watson, dr john h. 2023. “letters from watson | dr john h watson | substack.” july 27, 2023. https://lettersfromwatson.substack.com/. weekly, whale. n.d. “about whale weekly.” accessed july 28, 2023. https://whaleweekly.substack.com/about. young, lin. 2023. “digitizing the epistolary: dracula daily and embodied contemporary reading.” adaptation, february, apac020. https://doi.org/10.1093/adaptation/apac020. quotes,’ and one channel dedicated simply to ‘whales’ that included a lengthy discussion of people trying to figure out what whales herman melville was referring to in chapter 32. “cetology” (melville, 1851) when the author created his own classifications for whales (and dolphins and manatees). similarly, “letters from watson,” has a vibrant discord server with a thread titled ‘letters-discussion’ that is sectioned off by story, so people have a place to discuss each mystery without it being buried by discussion of last week’s short story. additionally, “letters from watson” includes channels about sherlockian adaptations and discussions of historical context where people sometimes include pictures of sherlock holmes related museum exhibits that they have visited for others to enjoy and discuss. these newsletter-based online book clubs continue to grow and change as more people start their own and invite their friends to join in the fun. there are so many similar projects that it would be impossible to discuss them all in one article and new ones seem to spring up every few weeks. with more and more fantastic novels entering the public domain each year, i’m excited to see what the internet decides to read next. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/05/books/bram-stokers-dracula-daily.html https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/05/books/bram-stokers-dracula-daily.html https://draculadaily.substack.com/p/dracula-daily-special-edition https://draculadaily.substack.com/ https://thewomaninwhiteweekly.substack.com/about https://thewomaninwhiteweekly.substack.com/about https://literaryletters.substack.com/about https://literaryletters.substack.com/about https://www.tumblr.com/login_required/lifeofbrybooks https://www.tumblr.com/login_required/lifeofbrybooks https://discord.com/channels/978041940698341456/978044430391074866/112800879982387 6126 https://discord.com/channels/978041940698341456/978044430391074866/112800879982387 6126 https://on.substack.com/p/serialized-classics https://on.substack.com/p/book-clubs https://lettersfromwatson.substack.com/ https://lettersfromwatson.substack.com/ https://whaleweekly.substack.com/about https://doi.org/10.1093/adaptation/apac020 covid-19: positives for the school and public libraries http://www.nclaonline.org/ncl/ncl/ncl_63_3-4_fall-winter2005.pdf 90 — fall/winter 2005 north carolina libraries c c ired to the orld by ralph lee scott veoh veoh is a new video hosting technology that is designed to transmit tv quality video over the internet. !e veoh network is a peer-casting network for video similar to peer-casting networks used for audio such as kaaza, morpheus, and various other podcasting software. it is especially useful with video ipods-type devices although it works just fine on laptops and desktops. veoh is available in both windowsand macintosh-supported versions. librarians will soon have patrons who will want to use this veoh technology to view television content in the library. you can download the veoh software free from the veoh web site <www.veoh.com> !e download is fairly fast and no problems were encountered with installing the software. !ere are some problems however with the macintosh version running versions of quicktime earlier than 7.0. if you upgrade to quicktime 7.0 there will be no problem. sometimes locally-installed firewalls will prevent veoh content from being downloaded however. veoh differs from rss (really simple syndication) in that veoh provides actual content while rss only sends you notice of an item of interest. you can think of veoh as an internet television broadcasting system. !rough veoh you can upload video you have created and download and view video others have made. most programs can also be downloaded to ipod-type video devices. veoh allows the person uploading the video to provide the content free or to charge a fee-for viewing. !e current beta version of the software however, only allows free viewing, later versions of the software will incorporate the for fee function. veoh does not however charge a fee for the use of their service. in addition you can add meta-tags (such as keywords) to help users locate your video. unlike other peer-to-peer networks such as bittorrent, you do not have to be online for your content to be viewed. !e video is stored on the veoh load-sharing servers for retrieval. !e video does go through a sort of review process by veoh that is designed to prevent the promotion of “misleading or incorrect information,” ensure that the rating is correct (i.e. the target audience is appropriate), and that the codex and quality of the video are appropriate. veoh reserves the right to make “constructive edits to descriptions or information.” veoh also allows you subscribe to a video series much in same way that you would subscribe to a magazine or listserv. subscribers are then notified when new videos in the series are uploaded. !e person submitting the video retains the copyright to the video. veoh does not allow you to upload video that you have not produced or own the copyright to. !e videos available for viewing vary as one might expect. some feature the family dog at christmas, poetry recitations, while others are amateur productions such as: “!e mermaids invade the men’s toilet” which features two women at the coney island subway station who got tired of waiting in the line at the women’s room, and “monty python and the holy grail in lego.” also featured are news clips and music videos. especially funny are the mactv shows which spoof steve jobs introducing the latest iwhatever. !e episode with the invisible ipod is a real gem! most of the downloads are fairly fast and the video quality excellent. !e viewer can at times be small and re-sizing in windows produces a significantly lower-quality video. !e files downloaded are fairly small but remain on your hard drive unless you delete them. librarians will want to keep this in mind should patrons start watching large numbers of veoh videos on library computers. most files are stored in the main drive in a veoh directory such as c:\program files\veoh. to uninstall completely the windows version of veoh there is an uninstall program the veoh directory (uninst.exe). to uninstall the mac version you must go into the mac terminal mode and enter the unix command: sudo/applications/veoh.app/contents/resources/cleaninstallation.sh. to just delete the video downloads on the mac you use the unix command: sudo/applications/veoh.app/contents/resources/cleaninstallation.sh mediafiles. veoh is an example of new file sharing technology such as rss and bittorrent that allows users to exchange files over the internet. veoh will provide libraries with interesting possibilities such as storage space for bibliographic instruction videos and virtual library tours. fall/winter 2006 — 51north carolina libraries who’s on board? north carolina nbcts in library media by tess reed and gail dickinson the national board for professional teaching standards (nbpts) was formed in 1987 with premises based on a nation prepared by the carnegie task force on teaching.1 this document focused on retaining the nation’s best teachers in the classroom by developing a rigorous voluntary process through which great teachers could be identified and rewarded. standards have been developed for fourteen areas, including school library media. north carolina has more national board-certified teachers per student than any other state and has since the inception of the national board process. the same is true for school library media national board-certified teachers. the tables in this article trace the growing influence of school library media national board-certified teachers in north carolina public schools. the research presented in this article will show the ratio of student enrollment to national board-certified teachers in library media in north carolina public school districts. the mission of the national board of professional teaching standards (nbpts) is “to advance the quality of teaching and learning”.2 according to the national board of certified teachers’ (nbct) mission statement, this can be accomplished with the following objectives: • maintaining high and rigorous standards for what accomplished teachers should know and be able to do • provide a national voluntary system certifying teachers who meet these standards • advocate related education reforms to integrate national board certification in american education and to capitalize on the expertise of national board certified teachers.3 to do this, nbpts formed the foundation for the subject area nbpts standards with the five core nbpts propositions: 1. teachers are committed to students and their learning. 2. teachers know the subjects they teach and how to teach those subjects to students. 3. teachers are responsible for managing and monitoring student learning. 4. teachers think systematically about their practice and learn from experience. 5. teachers are members of learning communities.4 the table below (figure 1) reports the total number of nbct in library media in north carolina school districts from 20022005. the total number of nbct in library science for north carolina is 337. student enrollment numbers, retrieved the north carolina school board statistical profiles, are from the first month of the 2004-2005 school year.5 figure 1. student to nbct ratio nc school districts total # nbct students per nbct in library media currituck 6 647 jones 2 691 yancey 3 855 macon 4 1,051 ashe 3 1,075 anson 4 1,094 watauga 4 1,144 avery 2 1,169 edenton chowan 2 1,224 graham 1 1,227 carteret 6 1,380 person 4 1,450 52 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries rockingham 10 1,476 hickory city 3 1,485 alleghany 1 1,499 catawba 11 1,550 henderson 8 1,564 sampson 5 1,665 perquimans 1 1,699 iredell-statesville 11 1,771 swain 1 1,785 pender 4 1,796 jackson 2 1,812 caldwell 7 1,872 alexander 3 1,901 asheville city 2 1,955 davie 3 2,056 chapel hill carrboro 5 2,152 kannapolis 2 2,260 stanly 4 2,428 stokes 3 2,440 wilson 5 2,522 wilkes 4 2,527 harnett 6 2,856 new hanover 8 2,925 pasquotank 2 2,970 roanoke rapids city 1 3,003 yadkin 2 3,025 moore 4 3,029 lexington 1 3,120 union 9 3,201 davidson 6 3,277 orange 2 3,306 hertford 1 3,569 beaufort 2 3,621 randolph 5 3,669 cherokee 1 3,678 transylvania 1 3,816 haywood 2 3,958 guilford 17 3,976 cumberland 13 4,080 richmond county 2 4,155 cleveland 4 4,321 alamance-burlington 5 4,348 granville 2 4,394 forsyth 11 4,410 chatham 1 4,437 mooresville city 1 4,467 cabarrus 5 4,487 wake 25 4,587 burke 3 4,874 craven 3 4,917 lenoir 2 4,989 buncombe 5 5,069 bladen 1 5,765 robeson 4 6,101 mcdowell 1 6,546 charlotte mecklenburg 18 6,667 fall/winter 2006 — 53north carolina libraries scotland 1 6,880 rowan-salisbury 3 6,961 pitt 3 7,220 edgecombe 1 7,653 surry 1 8,772 duplin 1 8,861 nash-rocky mount 2 9,176 wayne 2 9,767 durham 3 10,346 brunswick 1 10,970 onslow 2 11,224 johnston 1 26,159 gaston 1 31,901 total 334 eighty-four of 118, or 71%, of north carolina school districts have one or more nbct in library media. as figure 2 shows, thirty-four school districts in north carolina have no school media nbcts listed in the nbct directory. these school districts are concentrated in northeastern north carolina, with the exception of currituck county schools, which has the highest proportion of school library media nbcts to students. figure 2. counties with nbct media coordinator in 2002, the initial year for certification, a total of 139 teachers earned nbct in library media. figure 3 displays the school districts with two or more nbct in library media. school districts that had one nbct in library media include alexander, alleghany, asheville city, buncombe, burke, carteret, chapel hill-carrboro, chatham, craven, edenton -chowan, haywood, pasquotank, pitt, roanoke rapids city, rowan-salisbury, sampson, stokes, watauga, and wayne. figure 3. 2002 nbct by county 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 c ha rl ot te m ec kl en bu rg g ui lf or d w ak e c al dw el l c um be rl an d r oc ki ng ha m h en de rs on c ur ri tu ck f or sy th h ar ne tt n ew h an ov er r an do lp h u ni on a la m an ce b ur lin gt on a sh e d av id so n r ob es on w ils on a ve ry c ab ar ru s c at aw ba c le ve la nd d av ie d ur ha m h ic ko ry c it y ir ed el l st at es vi lle jo ne s l in co ln n as h r oc ky m ou nt p en de r r ic hm on d c ou nt y st an ly n o sc ho ol d is tr ic t north carolina school districts 20 02 n um be r of n b c t in l ib ra ry m ed ia 54 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries in 2003 a total of 71 teachers earned nbct in library media. this is a 51% decrease from 2002. figure 4 displays the number of new nationally board-certified teachers in library media for school districts with two or more nbct in library media in 2003. school districts that had one nbct in library science include: alamance-burlington, burke, charlottemecklenburg, craven, davie, edenton-chowan, edgecombe, graham, kannapolis, lenoir, lincoln, mcdowell, onslow, orange, perquimans, person, pitt, robeson, stanly, watauga, wayne, wilson, yadkin, and yancey. figure 4. 2003 nbct by county in 2004 a total of 68 teachers earned nbct in library media. this represents only a slight decline from 2003. figure 5 displays school districts with two or more new nbct in library media in 2004. school districts that had one nbct in library media include: alexander, asheville city, brunswick, buncombe, caldwell, cherokee, durham, duplin, gaston, hickory city, johnston, mooresville city, onslow, orange, pasquotank, pitt, randolph, rowan-salisbury, stanly, surry, swain, union, yadkin, and yancey. figure 5. 2004 nbct by county for 2005 a total of 60 teachers earned nbct in library media. this represents a declining trend in the number of teachers who become nationally board-certified in library media in north carolina. school districts with two or more new nbct in library media for the year 2005 are displayed in figure 6. school districts with one new nbct in library media include: alamanceburlington, alexander, anson, bladen, buncombe, burke, catawba, chapel hill-carrboro, craven, davidson, haywood, hertford, kannapolis, lenoir, lexington, lincoln, person, robeson, rowan-salisbury, scotland, transylvania, wilson, and yancey. 0 2 4 6 8 g ui lfo rd ir ed el ls ta te sv ill e c ha rlo tte m ec kl en bu rg n ew h an ov er w ilk es w ak e c at aw ba c um be rla nd a ns on c ar te re t m oo re p er so n f or sy th s am ps on north carolina school districts 20 04 n um be r of n b c t in l ib ra ry m ed ia 0 2 4 6 8 10 w ak e c at aw ba u ni on c ar te re t c ha pe l h ill c ar rb or o g ui lfo rd c um be rla nd r oc ki ng ha m c ur rit uc k d av id so n c le ve la nd ir ed el ls ta te sv ill e b un co m be s to ke s ja ck so n m oo re north carolina school districts 20 03 n um be r of n b c t in l ib ra ry m ed ia fall/winter 2006 — 55north carolina libraries figure 6. 2005 nbct by county north carolina school districts with a total of five or more nbct in library are in figure 7. please refer to figure 1 for school districts with less than five total nbct in library media. figure 7. districts with five or more nbct in library media 2002-2005 conclusion the impact of school library media national board certification on the achievement levels of students is not yet known. the figures above do not indicate the number of media coordinators in north carolina who attempted nbpts certification, only those who were successful. it may be that regular contact with a media coordinator who has achieved nbct status encourages others to apply, but that is speculation. ongoing research at old dominion university may provide some of the answers to these questions. we know very little about the school library media nbct. we may be able to know the district in which they worked when they achieved certification, but do not know their years of experience teaching, preparation, or even the 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 w ak e c ha rlo tte / m ec kl en bu rg g ui lfo rd c um be rla nd fo rs yt h ire de lls ta te sv ill e c at aw ba r oc ki ng ha m u ni on h en de rs on n ew h an ov er c al dw el l h ar ne tt d av id so n c ar te re t c ur rit uc k c ab ar ru s s am ps on b un co m be c ha pe l h ill c ar rb or o a la m an ce b ur lin gt on w ils on r an do lp h north carolina school districts 20 02 -2 00 5 n um be r of n b c t in l ib ra ry m ed ia 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 f or sy th w ak e ir ed el l s ta te sv ill e c ha rlo tte m ec kl en bu rg h en de rs on c ab ar ru s c um be rla nd s am ps on r oc ki ng ha m w at au ga h ar ne tt p en de r b ea uf or t g ra nv ill e north carolina school districts 20 05 n um be r of n b c t in l ib ra ry m ed ia 56 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries assessment areas in which school librarians tend to score highest or lowest. the odu research is one step on the pathway to determine the profile of the school library media nbct. teachers interested in applying for national board certification submit a portfolio in three subject areas and one area of documented accomplishments as well as an application fee of $2,300. certification requires the completion of two types of assessment. first is the culmination of a portfolio, such as instructional strategies and, in most cases, sample videos of the candidate teaching. the second assessment is written. to pass, candidates must achieve a 2.75 average score on a 4.0 scale. candidates are allowed to bank or save portions of their assessment on which they score high, on and retake portions needed to achieve the required score.6 portfolio instructions, assessments, and a full description can be found at http://www.nbpts.org. references 1 carnegie task force on teaching as a profession, a nation prepared: teachers for the 21st century (carnegie forum on education and the economy, 1986). 2 national board for professional teaching standards. (2006). retrieved from 12-01-05 thru 3-06-06 from http://www.nbpts.org/nbct/directory.cfm 3 ibid. 4 ibid. 5 north carolina department of education. retrieved november 17, 2006 from http://www.ncpublicschools.org/ and http://www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/fbs/resources/data/statisticalprofile/2005profile.pdf 6 dickinson, g., achieving national board certification for school library media specialists: a study guide. chicago: american library association, 2006 http://www.nclaonline.org/ncl/ncl/ncl_63_3-4_fall-winter2005.pdf 65 — fall/winter 2005 north carolina libraries in 2002 or 2003, beverley gass contacted me and asked if i would be willing to run for the ncla presidency. i was hesitant and pointed out that i had run once before, in the early 1980s, and lost. but beverley is a hard person to say “no” to, so she convinced me to run. and i was fortunate enough to win. as i said in my inaugural address at the 2005 ncla conference, i accept this position with a great deal of humility and thanks. i appreciate the trust that the members of the association have placed in me, and i will work extremely hard over the next two years – with their help – to make ncla the best library association that it can be. i also accept this position with a great deal of excitement and enthusiasm, because i know that the members will help me take ncla into its second one hundred years and make it “the place to be” for library staff and library supporters. what do you think the role of libraries is in the current american society? i sometimes regret that the u.s. army has already used the tagline, “be all that you can be,” because i think that is at the heart of the role that libraries play in our society. we help people be all that they can be. to go back to what i said in response to the first question, libraries are all about improving the lives of individuals and communities. we help people get better at whatever they choose to get better at. in spite of the conservative stereotype than many people have of librarians, it’s really a very radical profession. we really empower people. we give them the tools that they need to grow and improve and take charge of their lives. in “lord of the rings,” elrond tells aragorn to “become who you were born to be.” in many ways, i think that’s the role of libraries and librarians, to help people become who they were born to be. are professional organizations such as ncla and ala still a productive investment of a librarian’s time? why or why not? i think that the key aspect of being a professional is that professionals constantly educate themselves. !ey constantly expand what they know and what they are capable of doing. !ey don’t stand still. as a library educator, i’m always amazed when people say that they weren’t taught such and such in library school. !e truth is that library schools can’t teach you everything that you’ll need to know when you work in the profession. !ings constantly change in this world. i got my mls before microcomputers were even invented, for example. but as a professional, it’s my job – in fact, it’s my duty – to learn about that technology and anything else that helps me do my job better. i should add here, by the way, that being a professional has less to do with having a certain degree and more to do with having a certain attitude. one of the most important aspects of a professional organization like ncla is that we help with this process of ongoing education. ncla provides workshops, conferences, opportunities to network with other professionals, and other ways to help people in the profession keep learning and keep growing. wasn’t it bob dylan who said, “he not busy being born is busy dying”? my hope is that the members of the association will help ncla achieve its goals so that ncla can, in turn, help the members achieve their professional goals. if you had the opportunity to address a group of college graduates, what would you say to recruit these students to a graduate degree and career in librarianship? when ross holt was asked this question at the beginning of his presidency, he responded, “i would say two things, primarily: first, that the library profession keeps you on the information age’s cutting edge; and second, that it gives you the opportunity to serve the community.” i really can’t improve on that answer. fall/winter 2005 — 64north carolina libraries tell the membership a bit about yourself personally, so that they may get a sense of who you are and what makes you the person you are today. fans of the myers-briggs personality inventory should know that i’m an intj and a very strong one on the intravert, !inking, and judging scales. intjs tend to believe that everything can be improved, that we can constantly do better. !at probably explains my approach to life as well as any short description can. i hope that i’m able to realize the goal on constant improvement during my presidency of the north carolina library association. i’d like to feel that i helped the association make improvements that will allow it to continue as a strong and vital professional organization. i’d like to think that i helped a good association get even better. when did you decide that you wanted to be a librarian? as a student, i spent much of my life in libraries, but i stumbled into librarianship as a career. i majored in religion at duke university, mainly because i liked thinking about the “big” ideas, but when i graduated, i found out that there wasn’t much demand for someone with an undergraduate degree in religion. so i entered the doctoral program in philosophy at uncchapel hill. again, i liked thinking about the “big” ideas, but again, i soon realized that the job market for philosophers wasn’t all that promising. a friend of mine (bob russell, who went on to be the public library director in brunswick county and hickory before moving to oregon) was entering library school at chapel hill, and i had worked for a few months in the law school library at duke, so i thought that this might be a more practical way to spend my life than reading wittgenstein and kierkegaard. tell us a little about your career in librarianship. when i graduated from unc, i took the first position that i was offered, assistant director at the onslow county public library in jacksonville, north carolina. it was a wonderful first job, because i worked with and learned a lot from former ncla president patsy hansel and because i could see that the library was so important in the lives of the people we served. from there, i moved to goldsboro, where i served as director of the wayne county public library. after a couple of years there, i was offered the position of associate director of the forsyth county public library, where i served under bill roberts, whose list of former employees reads like a who’s who of american public librarianship. after serving in that capacity for a few years, i was offered a faculty position at north carolina central university’s school of library science by ben speller, who had just taken over the dean’s position there. ben told me that i could teach and work on my ph.d. at the same time, and it seemed like an unbelievable opportunity. i’ve been with nccu ever since, with the exception of a two-year “sabbatical” when i worked as the assistant state librarian for information technology. tell us a little about your path to the ncla presidency. i’ve been involved with ncla as long as i’ve been in the profession. when i was in onslow county in the mid-1970s, i served on the young adult committee of the public library section and i’ve been serving on committees ever since. in the early 1980s, leland park (who had just been elected president of ncla) asked me if i would serve as the editor of north carolina libraries. i accepted and edited the journal until shortly after going to nccu, when frances bradburn succeeded me. from the president robert burgin, president 25 — spring/summer 2005 north carolina libraries privacy pilfering at the library by lee ann smith “swimming pools can be dangerous for children. to protect them, one can install locks, put up fences, and deploy pool alarms. all these measures are helpful, but by far the most important thing that one can do for one’s children is to teach them to swim.” --from the national research council’s statement on “youth, pornography, and the internet.” it is a muggy, overcast summer day. the weather experts are promising afternoon thunderstorms. going to the swimming pool is out of the question, but the library’s summer reading program is in full swing and there’s going to be a magician performing this very afternoon. the mother of a twelve-year-old drops off her child at their public library branch for the magic show while she darts to the store for a few groceries. the self-conscious boy saunters into the library a little late. the show has already started and he glimpses into the program room to see a couple of his buddies and their parents caught up in the “disappearing handkerchief ” trick. the stacks are quiet. his dad is at work and his mom is at the store. this is the moment he’s been waiting for. the boy swallows hard, trying to get rid of the lump in his throat, and approaches the children’s librarian. “uhm, could you tell me where i can find books about bodies?” he asks shyly. it is a purposefully vague question, but the librarian is fairly sure she knows what he’s looking for and unceremoniously leads the child to the 613 classification section. the child’s eyes light up when he sees that she has taken him to the exact books he’s looking for. the librarian retreats to the circulation desk. alone in the stacks, the child discovers answers to questions about his body, about girls, and about the “birds and bees” that he is too embarrassed to ask his parents. five minutes before the magic show ends, he returns the books to the shelves and makes his way to the shark books. the magic show lets out and the boy’s mother arrives. she picks up a newsweek while she waits for him to find a shark book that he has not already read. he checks out several books and offers the librarian a nod of his head as a secret thank-you, not only for the information that she’s led him to, but for the trust that he can place in her. this story could have a very different ending. the stringent privacy policies of america’s libraries are now being challenged. imagine that the boy mentioned above is standing in front of the shark books and sees his mother come in, but instead of perusing a newsweek, as she usually does, he notices that she’s talking with the librarian who led him to the “body” books. a few minutes later the boy’s mother pulls him from the stacks and reprimands him, so that all in the library can hear, for not attending the magic show and for “sneaking” into “birds and bees” books. imagine again that the librarian in the second ending is following the law by revealing the boy’s choice of books to his parent. if the privacy policies of libraries continue to be challenged, the strong trust that patrons have so long placed in libraries may soon be dissolved, resulting in fewer people using libraries, which will lead to less funding, which in turn will lead to fewer services. what privacy is privacy is “freedom from the intrusion of others in one’s private life or affairs…”1 the “right to privacy” is not just a feel-good phrase coined by a few renegades and sporadically pulled out when convenience dictates its necessity. privacy is an integral part of american culture and laws. the fourth, fifth, and ninth amendments of the constitution of the united states of america guarantee the people against spring/summer 2005 — 26north carolina libraries unreasonable searches and self-incrimination, promising that such rights shall not be denied.2 since the 1930s librarians have taken privacy issues very seriously. now, with electronic storage capabilities and automated systems that can store patron records indefinitely, protecting the privacy of its users is of utmost concern to many libraries. the american library association (ala) monitors threats to patron confidentiality and keeps watch on organizations and government entities that may pose a threat to the trust between a library and its clientele.3 why privacy is important to libraries i have the right not to divulge information about myself to another. the library has the right, as well as the ethical obligation, not to divulge information about me or my reading habits, or the internet sites i visit while i’m using the library computer, to anyone else. even so, warrants or subpoenas can mean that the library will be legally obliged to disclose such information. yet, revealing patron information, even if it is required by law, can cause patron confidentiality in the library to falter. fortunately, most libraries have developed and adhere to a privacy policy that follows the ala code of ethics statement: “we protect each library user’s right to privacy and confidentiality with respect to information sought or received and resources consulted, borrowed, acquired, or transmitted.”4 this means that librarians have an ethical responsibility not to divulge any patron information to anyone. legally, librarians are not bound by this privacy ethic and the american library association mandates no professional repercussions if it is not upheld.5 most librarians, however, do tend to uphold this proclamation with firm conviction. even so, this commitment to confidentiality is not “…meant to suggest that libraries should strive to protect terrorists and criminals from routine investigation. libraries are not criminal sanctuaries, but educational ones. however, they have a responsibility to protect not only the freedom to read, but also the freedom to research.”6 a couple of not-so-private cases it is for purposes of national security, so we are told, that government agencies might want to know of someone’s reading habits. in the 1956 case of the “mad bomber” in new york, police surveyed new york public library records for names of people who checked out books on explosives and demolition. they did not catch the bomber this way, but the incident caused librarians to consider seriously confidentiality issues.7 as “reality” television shows attest, americans have a penchant for voyeurism. this tendency is evident in the fascination that the media has with personal reading habits of someone who is accused of a crime. consider the 1981 incident in which presidential assassin john hinckley was found to have a library card and the jefferson county public library (colorado) was assailed with requests by journalists to see what hinckley read. the librarian in charge refused these requests, but the county attorney maintained that circulation records were public and thus available to anyone. this decision was eventually overturned.8 chipping away at privacy the ala upholds and supports patrons’ rights to privacy, but the ala is not a legal entity. thus, its code of ethics can be trumped by the law, as in the 1985 case of sylvia seegrist, who went on a shooting rampage, killing some and injuring other innocent people. seegrist frequented the public library in delaware county, pennsylvania, and had visited it just a few hours before committing the murders. when called on to disclose seegrist’s reading habits to reporters and lawyers, the director of the swarthmore public library refused and remained silent until a court order forced her to testify.9 such a seemingly simple constitutional right as the one not to divulge private information about individuals has been challenged in more recent years, especially since the september 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the united states. the “uniting and strengthening america by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism act of 2001,” or the usa patriot act, was implemented 2� — spring/summer 2005 north carolina libraries hastily, just days after september 11, 2001. the act does not allow for the normal safeguard of checks and balances, amends more than 15 statutes, was passed with little debate, and thus threatens basic civil liberties.10 this relates to libraries because the patriot act “…retains provisions appreciably expanding government investigative authority, especially with respect to the internet. those provisions address issues that are complex and implicate fundamental constitutional protections of individual liberty…”11 with the implementation of the usa patriot act, americans’ rights to privacy are being challenged like never before. some even argue that the basic bill of rights guarantees of free speech, assembly, equal protection, and legal counsel are being ignored or outright defied.12 children’s rights being stripped the loss of privacy protection is not something that just adults are dealing with. clearly, laws that protect children should be in place. children should by all means be safe from abuse and internet predators. as though to emphasize that the casualty of security efforts is loss of privacy, laws that take away some privacy rights of children are now being implemented. perhaps it is because of the 2001 terrorist attacks on the united states, because of the usa patriot act, because americans are becoming more suspicious, because americans feel as though we are losing control. it could be any of these reasons that has prompted alaska to soon join seven other states by passing a bill that gives parents the right to view their children’s library records.13 judith krug, who is director of the american library association’s office of intellectual freedom, contends that the proposed alaskan law is distressing because “young people deserve some degree of privacy.” krug emphasizes that parents should talk with their children about what they have borrowed from the library. in other words, the lines of communication should be kept open. as krug says, “parents rushing to the legislature gives children a bad example, showing children they have no rights.”14 conclusion librarians are expected to respect the privacy of all people, be they adults or children. librarians are not expected to make value judgments on whether honoring that privacy is the best thing for the individual situation. indeed, the privacy of library patrons should be protected, and while respecting patron privacy is one of the noblest charges of librarians, this privacy should not be protected “at all costs.” if searching through a patron’s library records can help police capture a killer or a child molester, then the police (not necessarily reporters and journalists and media gurus) should have access to those records. this is a controversial subject, but sometimes it seems that we are so busy trying to protect the guilty that the victims and the innocent suffer the most. a parent of a child who has been a crime victim should be outraged if police are denied access to something as seemingly innocuous as library records that could help in the capture of a perpetrator. certainly, librarians must adhere to the librarian’s code of ethics, which dictates that librarians are to respect and uphold the privacy of the individual. if a rightful, legal request for library documents is made, however, librarians should not hesitate to offer helpful materials. this does not mean that librarians should readily provide information to anyone with a badge and an intimidating attitude. it means that librarians should give serious consideration to rightful, lawful requests for patron records. the librarian in the first hypothetical scenario at the beginning of this paper was serving her young patron well. the librarian in the second ending of the scenario, by telling the boy’s mother about his reading choices, was not only betraying a confidence in her young charge but also ignoring current rules of ethical conduct according to the ala code of ethics. in fact, her actions could quite possibly cause the child to never set foot in a library again. privacy is for the protection and well-being of all people, young or old. in the popular children’s book, the three little wolves and the big bad pig,15 the little wolves at first think they are protecting themselves from the “big bad pig” by building bigger and more impenetrable houses that eventually have the look and feel of prisons. the big bad pig is not able to “huff and puff and blow” the houses down, but he does destroy them with his sledgehammer, pneumatic drill, and dynamite. at last, the little wolves wise up and build themselves a beautiful house of flowers that “sways in the wind.” the pig doesn’t destroy it because the scent of the flowers is so nice, and in the end, all the characters learn to play (and live) together. as exemplified in the three little spring/summer 2005 — 2�north carolina libraries wolves and the big bad pig, we can be confined by “safety,” or we can learn to use it to the utmost benefit. references 1 random house webster’s college dictionary, editor-in-chief robert b. costello (new york: random house, inc., 1992), 1073-1074. 2 “an interpretation of the library bill of rights,” adopted june 19, 2002, by the ala council. <http://www.ala.org/ala/oif/statementspols/statementsif/interpretations/privacy.htm> (june 15, 2004). 3 weiner, robert g. “privacy and librarians: an overview.” <http://www.txla.org/pubs/tlj-1q97/privacy.html> (june 15, 2004). 4 code of ethics, american library association. <http://www.ala.org/alaorg/oif/ethics.html> (june 15, 2004). 5 weiner. 6 pace, andrew k., “toward a more practical patriotism.” published in computers in libraries, april 1, 2004, vol. 24, issue 4. <http:// search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=12648305&db=afh> (june 15, 2004). 7 weiner. 8 ibid. 9 weiner. 10 “the usa patriot act,” april 1, 2004. <http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/usapatriot/> (june 15, 2004). 11 ibid. 12 solomon, alisa, “things we lost in the fire.” published in village voice, september 11-17, 2002. <http://www.villagevoice.com/issues/0237/solomon.php> (june 15, 2004). 13 minkel, walter, “ak to nix kids’ privacy rights.” published in school library journal, april 2004, vol. 50 issue 4, p. 22. <http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=12758492&db=afh> (june 15, 2004). 14 ibid. 15 trivizas, eugene. the three little wolves and the big bad pig, illus. helen oxenbury (new york: margaret k. mcelderrry books, 1993). selected bibliograhpy “code of ethics,” american library association. <http://www.ala.org/alaorg/oif/ethics.html> (june 15, 2004). “an interpretation of the library bill of rights,” adopted june 19, 2002, by the ala council. <http://www.ala.org/ala/oif/statementspols/ statementsif/interpretations/privacy.htm> (june 15, 2004). minkel, walter, “ak to nix kids’ privacy rights.” published in school library journal, april 2004, vol. 50 issue 4, p. 22. <http://search. epnet.com/direct.asp?an=12758492&db=afh> (june 15, 2004). national research council’s, “youth, pornography, and the internet” by the national research council, editors dick thornburgh and herbert s. lin. <http://www.ala.org/template.cfm?section=ifissues&template=/contentmanagement/contentdisplay.cfm& contentid=56821>(june 15, 2004). pace, andrew k., “toward a more practical patriotism.” published in computers in libraries, april 1, 2004, vol. 24, issue 4. <http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=12648305&db=afh> (june 15, 2004). random house webster’s college dictionary, editor-in-chief robert b. costello (new york: random house, inc., 1992), 1073-1074. solomon, alisa, “things we lost in the fire.” published in village voice, september 11-17, 2002. <http://www.villagevoice.com/ issues/0237/solomon.php> (june 15, 2004). trivizas, eugene. the three little wolves and the big bad pig, illus. helen oxenbury (new york: margaret k. mcelderrry books, 1993). “the usa patriot act,” april 1, 2004. <http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/usapatriot/> (june 15, 2004). weiner, robert g. “privacy and librarians: an overview.” <http://www.txla.org/pubs/tlj-1q97/privacy.html> (june 15, 2004). 46 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries retrospection: the first hundred years of north carolina’s libraries ~1945~ by elizabeth h. smith this fourth in a series of articles about north carolina’s libraries begins after several years of rapid expansion and increasing interest in libraries. a bright future for libraries changed quickly in the 1930s when an economic crisis affected library funding. by the end of the decade, libraries had recovered somewhat and shared thousands of dollars in federal funding for public, school, and college libraries that paid for numerous projects such as building repairs, extended hours, and book mending.1 early in the 1940s, however, the country was involved in another war that had positive and negative effects on libraries. citizens increasingly looked to libraries for information related to the war at a time when libraries were losing personnel to the war. in addition to 1,500 work’s progress administration (w.p.a.) employees who had worked in north carolina libraries as book menders and as assistants in school and public libraries and reading rooms, many trained library staff left their jobs to work in military libraries.2 public libraries the economic crisis had a tremendous impact on public libraries supported by the library commission budget, which was reduced from $27,000 in 1927-1928 to $9,288 in 1933-1934. salaries were cut 30-50%, the library bulletin was not published for a while, and travel and book funds were cut. larger public libraries in cities that were in economic crisis received less support than smaller libraries in communities where patrons were closer to their libraries.3 the 1933 general assembly helped library development by passing legislation allowing counties to establish joint library systems that would share staff, books, and facilities.4 it also passed legislation requiring certification of public librarians.5 the citizens’ library movement, which had been started to “improve, strengthen and expand public library service,”6 supported regional libraries and developed a plan for requesting funds for libraries from the 1937 general assembly.7 unfortunately, legislation for state aid for public libraries in both 1937 and 1939 did not include an appropriation.8 in 1939, the ncla appointed charles whedbee of hertford to the library commission board, and it proved to be a good decision. his visits with every legislator during the fall of 1940 resulted in a 1941 bill for state aid for public libraries that included a $100,000 appropriation for both years of the 1941-1943 biennium.9 north carolina was the first southeastern state to appropriate funds for expanded public library service. the 1943 appropriation was increased to $125,000, allowing libraries to buy additional books that their readers wanted.10 in 1936, two-thirds of the 100 counties had public libraries, and davidson, durham, granville, and guilford counties had book trucks that made regular trips around the counties.11 by 1940, 12 counties owned bookmobiles, several others had remodeled school buses as bookmobiles, and the w.p.a. had 12 demonstration bookmobiles.12 in just a few years, bookmobiles became even more important when tires and gasoline were rationed during the war.13 many new library buildings were completed and libraries were opened in various other places such as courthouses, city halls, remodeled church buildings, and other public buildings. public libraries continued to increase in number during the 1940s as money was raised, funds were donated, and creative locations such as a partitioned section of a railroad station were used to shelve books for the reading public.14 the chart below shows the progress public libraries made during the decade of the 1930s. north carolina public libraries 1930 1940 population 3,170,276 3,561,990 with public library service 1,035,276 2,001,107 fall/winter 2006 — 47north carolina libraries without public libraries 2,134,959 (62%) 1,560,883 (43%) volumes in public libraries 435,142 940,877 circulation 2,942,871 5,992,548 income $ 199,104 $ 328,344 income per capita $ .06 $ .09 counties appropriating $1,000 or more 10 29 county owned bookmobiles 3 1215 the twelfth report of the north carolina library commission reported the following: after bank failures of the early 1930s, the fayetteville library changed from subscription to free and the sanford library became free to children under the age of 14. sheppard memorial library in greenville, a gift of harper g. sheppard, opened october 17, 1930; gastonia public library, a gift of the young men’s christian association, opened march 27, 1931.16 the thirteenth report of the north carolina library commission reported the following: a free library opened at alta pass in mitchell county. the high point library moved from the third floor of city hall to the old post office building. the ayden branch of the greenville library was located in a remodeled filling station. the thomasville branch of the davidson county library moved to a larger space on june 20, 1934.17 combined community buildings and libraries opened in rutherfordton and tarboro on january 1, 1934. combined city-county funding made it possible for subscription libraries in kinston, sanford, and lincolnton to offer free service.18 new library buildings partially funded with federal funds were under construction in hillsboro (a memorial to confederate soldiers), rowland, and warrenton (designed to harmonize with the courthouse and built on the court house square).19 the fourteenth report of the north carolina library commission reported the following: the morganton library, a memorial to a.m. kistler, opened on october 15, 1935. the new bern library association purchased the stanley home and opened a free public library. in elizabeth city, the library in the woman’s club was enlarged to include a children’s room. community building/library combinations were opened in scotland neck, clinton, and mount olive. the sondley reference library of 50,000 volumes was opened on the seventh floor of the asheville city hall.20 the richard b. harrison library for negroes in raleigh and wake county opened on november 12, 1935. high point opened a branch library for negroes on january 1, 1936. the davidson county book truck loaded books from the negro branch and served negroes of the county. the negro librarians met at winston-salem teachers college for their third annual meeting april 3-4, 1936.21 during the 1940/1942 biennium public libraries contributed to the war effort by purchasing materials related to the world crisis.22 the redirection of w.p.a. library workers in 1942 from local public libraries to defense areas and war information centers made it necessary for an increase in local and county support to maintain public library service in many areas.23 library service was established at fort bragg and at camp davis, but there were not enough books to meet the demand. the american library association joined with the american red cross and the u.s.o. in organizing the victory book campaign to collect 10 million books for the troops. north carolinians donated 85,000 books to the cause.24 school libraries the north carolina general assembly first recognized the school library program in 1901 with funding of $2,500 for library books for free public schools. three decades later new laws changed funding from a matching basis to minimum support for all schools. during the economic crisis of the early 1930s, however, expenditures for school libraries reached a low point only to recover by the middle of the decade and surpass previous highs. even though the number of books in school libraries tripled between 1925 and 1935, 25% of children still did not have access to library books.25 during this time the image of the library changed from just a collection of books to an organized resource often directed by a teacher-librarian who had completed at least two courses in library technique.26 the increase in the number of teacherlibrarians (from 24 in 1930 to 587 by 1940) meant that library collections were better organized and students were better able to find answers they needed.27 by 1940, service had become the major component of school library programs and library personnel were expected to know students, books, teachers, and the curriculum, and be able to coordinate all of them into a successful library program.28 the 48 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries number of books per student in school libraries (2.4) was still well below the recommended national minimum of five books per student.29 with the increased use of libraries, the low number meant books were being used more and thus were quickly wearing out. an average cost of a library book of approximately $1.25 meant that it took a large amount of money just to replace those books that were discarded every year. the library project of the w.p.a., which supplied labor for book mending, was a tremendous help in making worn-out volumes last for a few more circulations.30 school libraries actively participated in the war effort by mounting displays, participating in the salvage effort, hosting first aid classes, and working with the victory campaign to collect good quality books for military personnel.31 an increase in school library book circulation during the early part of the war was attributed to students working with the war effort; listening to the radio, especially reports about the war; and more work at home for children. during 1943-1944, circulation in school libraries increased by almost one million books.32 many trained school library personnel left for better paying jobs in military libraries, causing a critical shortage by the end of the war.33 collections began to suffer because books had been hard to get and wartime paper and bindings were poor quality. when building supplies became available following the war, library space became a priority in both new construction and renovations.34 students reacted to these improvements in school libraries by increasing their use of books. between 1931 and 1945, library collections and circulations increased as shown in the chart below: school library collections and circulations 1931-1932 1945-1946 library books owned 1,395,267 3,361,476 volumes per pupil 1.6 4.3 circulation 3,901,086 9,996,218 average per pupil 6.5 14.0835 university and college libraries university and college libraries were also affected by the economic crisis during the 1930s. the war had a greater influence on these libraries because decreased enrollments meant less funding. -bennett college’s new library building opened april 16, 1939.36 -the new davidson college library, which opened in 1942, was a gift from james parks grey in honor of his parents.37 -friends of the library groups had been formed at duke university, the university of north carolina, and wake forest college.38 -elizabeth city state teachers college became a four-year degree-granting institution and a library was built in 1939 at a cost of $88,181. it was named for g.r. little in 1955.39 -fire destroyed part of the main building at greensboro college, which housed the library, in 1941.40 -in 1939, the meredith college library had 22,313 books with a book budget of $1,673 and a periodicals budget of $461.41 -four junior college libraries received carnegie funds for books: peace institute, mars hill college, saint mary’s school and junior college, and lees-mcrae college.42 -salem college and high point college opened new library buildings in 1937.43 -st. mary’s college, which had a library book budget of $300 in 1933, received four gifts during the 1930s – one of $500 and a carnegie corporation gift of $4,500 to purchase books and two gifts of books totaling nearly 2,000 volumes. by 1938, the library would only seat 13% of the students and the trustees wanted to build a new library with centennial fall/winter 2006 — 49north carolina libraries campaign funds. they were not able to collect enough money for a new building, so the remodeling project undertaken in 1939 doubled the size of the library and increased seating from 38 to 70.44 -universities and colleges also received significant budget cuts during the great depression. federal programs such as the national youth administration (nya) were very beneficial in helping libraries to continue operating. the university of north carolina librarian reported that staffing in the general college library was almost entirely students supported by the nya.45 -a report from 1937-1938 noted that the university of north carolina library budget was just 21.9% of that in 19281929. decreasing budgets resulted in plans for cooperation between universities. inspired by funding of $25,000 each from the general education board to strengthen their collections in several fields, duke and unc began a program of cooperative collection and a daily delivery system between the two libraries.46 -the libraries at the university of north carolina at chapel hill and at north carolina college in durham were designated as war information centers for north carolina and collected books on defense and the war.47 -in 1941, the wake forest college library held more than 3,000 books and several thousand pamphlets.48 -during the construction project of the 1930s at western carolina university, the second floor of the joyner building was remodeled as a library and served that purpose until the 1950s.49 one of the most significant events related to north carolina’s libraries during this time was the publication of the first issue of north carolina libraries (ncl) in february 1942. it was to be a publication for all types of libraries. the north carolina library commission publication, which had been heavily weighted with public library news, ceased when ncl began publication. early issues of ncl featured special libraries, school libraries, and negro libraries.50 in 1943, libraries used ncl to plan their request to the 1945 general assembly for an increase in state aid for public libraries.51 during the next fifteen years, libraries changed as audiovisual materials became an important component of library services. the shortage of trained librarians to staff the growing number of libraries became more critical while the demand for more services continued to increase. references 1 north carolina library commission thirteenth report for the biennium 1932/1934, 9-10. 2 north carolina library commission fifteenth report for the biennium 1936/1938, 10. 3 north carolina library commission thirteenth report for the biennium 1932/1934, 5, 2. 4 ibid., 3. 5 north carolina library commission fourteenth report for the biennium 1934/1936, 9. 6 north carolina library commission thirteenth report for the biennium 1932/1934, 9. 7 north carolina library commission fourteenth report for the biennium 1934/1936, 10. 8 north carolina library commission fifteenth report for the biennium 1936/1938, 4; north carolina library commission sixteenth report for the biennium 1938/1940, 7. 9 north carolina library commission seventeenth report for the biennium 1940/42, 5-6. 10 north carolina library commission eighteenth report for the biennium 1942/44, 5. 11 north carolina library commission fourteenth report for the biennium 1934/1936, 4. 12 north carolina library commission sixteenth report for the biennium 1938/1940, 10. 13 north carolina library commission eighteenth report for the biennium 1942/44, 5. 14 north carolina library commission seventeenth report for the biennium 1940/42, 16. 15 north carolina library commission sixteenth report for the biennium 1938/1940, 16. 16 north carolina library commission twelfth report for the biennium 1930/1932, 2-3. 17 north carolina library commission thirteenth report for the biennium 1932/34, 3. 18 ibid., 4. 19 ibid., 11. 20 north carolina library commission fourteenth report for the biennium 1934/1936, 9. 21 ibid., 10. 22 north carolina library commission seventeenth report for the biennium 1940/42, 9. 23 ibid., 11. 50 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries 24 ibid., 13 25 biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina, 1933-1934 and 1935-1936, 39. 26 biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina, 1932-1933 and 1933-34, 76. 27 biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina, 1936-1937 and 1937-1938, 99. 28 biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina, 1938-1939 and 1939-1940, 102. 29 ibid., 104. 30 ibid., 107. 31 biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina, 1940-41 and 1941-1942, 54; north carolina libraries 1:1 (february 1942): 3. 32 biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina, 1942-44, 56. 33 ibid., 58. 34 ibid., 64. 35 ibid., 66. 36 north carolina library commission sixteenth report for the biennium 1938/1940, 14. 37 north carolina library commission seventeenth report for the biennium 1940/42, 16. 38 north carolina library commission fifteenth report for the biennium 1936/1938, 12. 39 leonard r. ballou. g.r. little, churchman and chairman. (elizabeth city, n.c.: elizabeth city state university, 2000), 58, 81. 40 north carolina library commission seventeenth report for the biennium 1940/42, 16. 41 mary lynch johnson. a history of meredith college. (raleigh: meredith college, 1956), 228. 42 north carolina library commission fifteenth report for the biennium 1936/1938, 10. 43 ibid., 11. 44 martha stoops. the heritage: the education of women at st. mary’s college, raleigh, north carolina, 1842-1982. (raleigh: st. mary’s college, 1984), 246-47. 45 edward g. holley. the library, philanthropy, publications, & unc’s emergence as a major american university. (chapel hill: hanes foundation, 1998), 14. 46 ibid., 15. 47 north carolina library commission seventeenth report for the biennium 1940/42, 10. 48 george washington paschal. history of wake forest college, vol. 3. (wake forest: wake forest college, 1943), 173. 49 curtis w. wood and h. tyler blethen. the illustrated history of western carolina university. (cullowhee: western carolina university, 1989), 113, 133. 50 north carolina libraries 2:1 (january 1943): 2-5; 2:3 (may 1943): 2-11; 3:2 (may 1944): 1-10. 51 north carolina libraries 2:2 (march 1943): 5. selected bibliography biennial reports of the superintendent of public instruction of north carolina…, 1932-1933 and 1933-1934; 1934-1935 and 1935-1936; 1936-1937 and 1937-1938; 1938-39 and 1939-40; 1940-41 and 1941-42; 1942-44; 1944-46. raleigh, department of public instruction. ballou, leonard r. g.r. little, churchman and chairman. elizabeth city, n.c.: elizabeth city state university, 2000. holley, edward g. the library. philanthropy, publications, & unc’s emergence as a major american university. chapel hill: hanes foundation, 1998. johnson, mary lynch. a history of meredith college. raleigh: meredith college, 1956. north carolina libraries. 2:1 (january 1943): 2-5; 2:3 (may 1943): 2-11; 3:2 (may 1944): 1-10. north carolina library commission reports. 1930-1932; 1932/1934; 1934/1936; 1936-1938; 1938-1940; 1940/42; 19421944. paschal, george washington. history of wake forest college. wake forest: wake forest college, 1943. stoops, martha. the heritage: the education of women at st. mary’s college, raleigh, north carolina, 1842-1982. raleigh: st. mary’s college, 1984. wood, curtis w., and h. tyler blethen. the illustrated history of western carolina university. cullowhee: western carolina university, 1989. http://www.nclaonline.org/ncl/ncl/ncl_63_3-4_fall-winter2005.pdf 114 — fall/winter 2005 north carolina libraries editor ralph lee scott joyner library east carolina university greenville, nc 27858 tel: (252) 328-0265 fax: (252) 328-6222 e-mail: scottr@mail.ecu.edu associate editor elizabeth h. smith joyner library east carolina university greenville, nc 27858 tel:(252) 328-0297 fax:(252) 329-0868 e-mail: smithe@mail.ecu.edu associate editor and indexer mike van fossen reference-documents davis library cb# 3912 unc-chapel hill chapel hill, nc 27599-8890 tel: (919) 962-1151 fax: (919) 962-5537 e-mail: mike_vanfossen@unc.edu book reviews editor nicholas graham head of public services north carolina collection unc-chapel hill, nc 27514-8890 tel: (919) 962-1172 fax: (919) 962-4452 e-mail: ngraham@email.unc.edu associate editor for rass joline r. ezzell reference box 90175 duke university library durhan, nc 27708-0175 tel: (919) 660-5925 fax: (919) 684-2855 e-mail: joline.ezzell@duke.edu lagniappe editor joseph thomas reference librarian joyner library east carolina university greenville, nc 27858 tel: (252) 328-2266 fax: (252) 328-2271 email: thomasw@mail.ecu.edu wired to the world editor ralph lee scott joyner library east carolina university greenville, nc 27858 tel: (252) 328-0265 fax: (252) 328-6222 e-mail: scottr@mail.ecu.edu associate eds. for academic libraries paula p. hinton reference dept., cb# 3922 davis library unc-chapel hill chapel hill, nc 27514-8890 tel: (919) 962-1151 fax: (919) 962-5537 e-mail: pphinton@email.unc.edu page life catalog dept., cb# 3914 davis library unc-chapel hill chapel hill, nc 27514-8890 tel: (919) 962-0153 fax: (919) 962-4450 e-mail: pagelife@email.unc.edu associate ed. for public libraries suzanne white rowan public library po box 4039 salisbury, nc 28145 phone: (704) 638-3009 associate ed. for school libraries diane kester retired 105 longview drive goldsboro, nc 27534 tel: (919) 394-6272 e-mail: kester@coe.ecu.edu layout editor michael reece digital technologies specialist joyner library east carolina university greenville, nc 57858 tel: (252) 328-2897 fax: (252) 328-6222 e-mail: reecem@ecu.edu associate ed. for web publishing terry w. brandsma information technology librarian jackson library unc-greensboro p.o. box 26170 greensboro, nc 27402-6170 tel: (336) 256-1218 fax: (336) 334-5399 e-mail: twbrands@uncg.edu editor emeritus plummer alston “al” jones, jr. lsit, college of education east carolina university 1108 joyner library greenville, nc 27858 tel: (252) 328-6803 fax: (252) 328-4368 e-mail: jonesp@mail.ecu.edu editorial staff l c n north carolina libraries official publication of the north carolina library association 1811 capital blvd. raleigh, nc 27604-2144north carolina library association ncla 29 — spring/summer 2005 north carolina libraries introduction distance education is a rapidly expanding segment of the education marketplace, and the ability to support remote students with appropriate and quality services has become a major challenge for libraries. this article is concerned with library support for nursing students who are enrolled in a distance education program. specifically, this article describes a collaborative arrangement wherein the mountain area health education center (mahec) provides western carolina university (wcu) students with library services. this agreement is noteworthy for three reasons. first, remote services are being provided not just by a conveniently located academic or public library (as is typically the case in distance education support) but by a specialized library appropriate to the field of study of these students. second, because provisions have been made to provide these students with the resources of their home library, as well as the resources of other libraries in their library network, by means of an already-established document delivery service. third, because this collaboration involves the inclusion of bibliographic records in two separate online catalogs and the simultaneous operation of two different circulation systems. these unique arrangements provide wcu nursing students with high-quality specialized on-site services while still allowing them convenient access to all of the resources that would normally be available to them at their home library at wcu. this article will describe the rationale, the history and the working details of this unique collaboration between mahec and wcu. distance education and western carolina university: while distance education is nothing new, the advent of the internet has made it one of the fastest growing segments of the higher education marketplace. according to the national center for education statistics, from 1994–95 to 1997– 98, the number of course offerings and enrollments in distance education approximately doubled. and … the number of degree and certificate programs that were offered nearly doubled. … the percentage of institutions using asynchronous internet-based technologies, however, nearly tripled, from 22 percent of institutions in 1995 to 60 percent of institutions in 1997–98.1 western carolina university has been among those universities that have aggressively developed a suite of distance education programs. wcu now provides a number of programs in a completely online format. for example, programs in criminal justice, emergency medical care, and project management are offered completely online. hunter library supports each of these programs with a specially-designed website that includes instructions on how to access electronic course reserves, electronic books and journals, how to order books through ingenta or interlibrary loan, and a list of suggested websites and links to appropriate databases. wcu also provides a number of distance education programs at north carolina community colleges through the use of interactive video technology. these programs are also supported through library web sites, databases and document delivery. additionally, bibliographic instruction may be provided through interactive video or at the physical class site. while wcu has been successful in its use of new technologies such as interactive video and the internet, wcu’s most well-established and prosperous distance education venture has been suite of programs offered on the campus of the university of north carolina at asheville academic and special library collaboration in north carolina: the mahec/wcu partnership by timothy v. carstens spring/summer 2005 — �0north carolina libraries (unc-a), located approximately one hour from wcu. wcu professors commute to asheville to teach these classes in person. wcu has a formal agreement with unc-a wherein unc-a’s ramsey library provides library services to wcu students in asheville. hunter library also selects, acquires, and catalogs library materials that are integrated into the ramsey library collection in support of wcu courses taught at asheville. one of the most successful and extensive wcu distance education ventures in asheville is the wcu nursing program. the department of nursing was founded in 1969 and in 2003 it awarded its 1,500th bachelor/rn degree. wcu nursing graduates consistently score one of the top passing rates in north carolina on professional licensure exams. wcu provides three separate nursing programs in asheville: a master of science in nursing; a capstone program for students who already have a two-year associate degree; and a program for students completing the final year of their bsn (the earlier part of the bsn is completed at wcu’s campus in cullowhee). a new home for the nursing program in asheville both wcu and unc-a are growing institutions; distance education programs offered by wcu in asheville have been growing particularly quickly. this growth has strained the physical resources available at the asheville campus and forced wcu to look for other places to offer its asheville classes. fortunately, space was found at the new campus of asheville-buncombe technical community college (a-b tech.) at enka. with the help of a $250,800 grant from the kate b. reynolds foundation, wcu’s asheville nursing programs were relocated to the enka campus in october 2003. because there are no library facilities on the enka campus, hunter library was forced to look for another way to provide services to nursing students in asheville. it soon became apparent that many nursing students were already using another library located within the asheville area. this library, the health science library of the mountain area health education center (mahec), located in downtown asheville, is adjacent to the city’s major hospital, mission st. joseph’s hospital. mahec is a member of the north carolina ahec program and its mission is to provide education, information, training, and services to meet the health needs of 16 western north carolina counties. mahec provides major programs in family medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, and a program of regional continuing education. research and demonstration studies on regional health-related issues are also conducted. the health science library supports these activities with a staff of three librarians, a collection of 6,000 print volumes, 350 periodical subscriptions, access to 2,500 electronic journals, and numerous online databases. mahec provides full health science library membership and privileges to practicing health care professionals as part of its program of professional development and continuing education. many wcu students enrolled in the masters and capstone programs are currently working as health care professionals and therefore already have mahec privileges. a survey designed to assess wcu nursing students’ use of facilities in asheville showed that 65% were already using the mahec library and 36% used the mahec library frequently. since so many wcu nursing students were already using the mahec library, finding a way to make this library the official provider of library services for these students seemed like a logical step to take. a mutually beneficial agreement mahec and wcu’s hunter library negotiated a formal agreement on the provision of services to wcu students in the fall of 2003. according to this agreement, mahec health science library staff provides wcu nursing students with face-to-face service for circulation, reserves, reference, printing, and photocopying. in return, wcu pays the standard membership fee for every student who is not already a member. in addition, wcu agreed to house approximately 500 volumes of monographic nursing materials and ten current periodical subscriptions at mahec for use by both the nursing student and other mahec clients. wcu also agreed to add new nursing books to the mahec collection on an on-going basis in order to help keep the collection current. finally, mahec became an official stop on the abc express van route. abc express is a document delivery service that runs between the campuses of the university of north carolina at asheville, appalachian state university and western carolina university, all members of the western north carolina library network (wncln). making mahec a stop on the abc express route allows wcu nursing students to borrow material housed at wcu or the �1 — spring/summer 2005 north carolina libraries other wncln libraries without having to travel to cullowhee. it also enables wncln students to borrow the materials wcu has placed at mahec. the agreement between mahec and wcu provides important benefits to both parties. mahec’s most important mission is health education and the partnership with wcu provides an additional way to fulfill this mission. the agreement also expands mahec’s collection and provides them with additional paying members. perhaps most importantly, the agreement offers mahec the opportunity to work with wcu nursing students. since many wcu students will stay in western north carolina, these students are all potential future clients of mahec. nursing students who become accustomed to using the mahec health science library to meet their information needs as students are also likely to use mahec when they have information needs as practicing professionals. like mahec, western carolina university receives important benefits from the partnership. the staff at mahec is especially qualified to serve nursing students since they specialize in medical information, unlike the generalists normally found within academic libraries. additionally, nursing students gain experience with a real medical library. medical libraries are organized in a different way than public or academic libraries; learning to use a medical library is likely to be helpful to these students when they become practicing professionals. finally, wcu nursing students will benefit from having access to the extensive medical collection already at mahec, which, when combined with the material supplied by wcu and abc express, provides these students with a much larger amount of information than they would have at either wcu or unc-a. wcu nursing students can also borrow materials from the other member of the north carolina ahec libraries consortium, further increasing the amount of medical information available to them. the wcu agreement with mahec provides wcu nursing students with all of the advantages of having access to a specialized medical library yet still supplies them with access to the resources of larger, more general university libraries. making it happen while the mahec/wcu collaboration is mutually beneficial for both parties, making this agreement work requires diligence. special arrangements, training, and preparation were needed in every area of library operation. since abc express services are made available through the wncln catalog, providing abc express services requires mahec to utilize wncln’s catalog simultaneously with their own catalog. furthermore, wcu material housed in mahec must be cataloged within both systems. this is the only way that mahec can both check out wcu material to their non-wcu patrons and, simultaneously, allow this material to be available for circulation via abc express. transferring wcu materials related to medicine from the unc-a stacks (where they were previously held) to the mahec stacks was the first task that had to be accomplished. the wcu health sciences bibliographer, wcu nursing faculty, and mahec librarians examined these materials to determine if they should be weeded from the collection, remain in asheville, or be transferred to mahec. duplication with the mahec collection was also checked at this point. once identified, this material was pulled from the unc-a stacks and sent to the technical services units at wcu. at wcu, this material was processed in several ways. first, these materials had to be reclassified from the library of congress classification used by wncln to the nlm classification system used by mahec. since neither mahec nor wcu had catalogers trained in the nlm classification system, this reclassification was accomplished by accepting the nlm call numbers found in oclc records for this material. call numbers were found in oclc for most of this material; the cataloger at coastal ahec (which shares mahec’s online catalog) agreed to provide call numbers of the few remaining items. records for the materials in the wncln catalog were then changed to reflect the new call number and location. in addition, 949 fields were added to these records at this time. these 949 fields create item records in the mahec catalog that include call number, location and circulation status information. the records were then exported from wcu’s innopac system, sent via file transfer protocol (ftp) to mahec and loaded into the mahec catalog. the last step in the process was to relabel and reprocess the material for use at mahec and to send it on to that library. at the end of these processes, all wcu materials at mahec could be searched for and circulated in both the wcu and the mahec catalog. another important part of establishing the wcu/mahec collaboration was the configuration of the computer systems of the two orgaspring/summer 2005 — �2north carolina libraries nizations. since the two organizations have different circulation loan periods, rules for renewal, fines, etc. they had to agree on what rules would apply to wcu students and regular mahec patrons who were using the new joint collection. these rules were then entered into the administrative module of the online systems. firewalls presented a more complex computer-related problem. because patient confidentiality is critical for them, health service organizations tend to establish especially impenetrable firewalls. mahec’s firewall initially interfered with necessary communication with the wcu system. due to the firewall, access to wcu’s online catalog was available to mahec staff via telnet but was not available via the web. because of this problem, wcu students at mahec were unable to search for materials located on the wcu campus which should have been available to them via abc express. furthermore, mahec’s computer would not accept new catalog records created by wcu and sent to them via ftp and there was difficulty printing of item pull slips for the abc express system. each of these firewall problems was resolved after negotiation and consultation between the systems librarian at wcu and the computer networking staff at mahec. another issue that the two libraries had to resolve concerned handling money. the amount of money collected in fines for overdue or damaged materials and the procedures for collecting those fines were negotiated and determined. another problem to be resolved was the difference in printing costs between wcu and mahec. mahec charges more than wcu for both computer printing and photocopying. to resolve this problem, procedures were established whereby wcu students would pay for these charges at the wcu rate with hunter library reimbursing mahec for the difference between this rate and the mahec rate. once records were in the catalog, computer systems established and working, and policies established, mahec staff had to be trained to use the wncln circulation system. this was done during an intensive half-day session that concentrated on the abc express aspects of the iii circulation system. a training manual was also created by wcu for the use of mahec staff. conclusion the mahec health science library has been providing library services to wcu nursing students since september 2003. the arrangement has been working smoothly. wcu students are receiving reference service at mahec, circulation and abc express services have been working as planned, and additional materials purchased and cataloged by wcu have been added to the mahec stacks on a regular basis. these arrangements are unique in two ways. first, distance education students receive library support from a library that specializes in their field of study. second, this arrangement involves the expansion of an existing document delivery service and the integration of a collection of library resources into two different integrated library systems. as the mahec/wcu relationship matures, other areas for further cooperation will be explored. the wcu health science liaison will need to work closely with mahec and the wcu nursing faculty in asheville to ensure that the best possible bibliographic instruction is provided to wcu nursing students. the two libraries also need to develop processes for cooperative collection development. wcu materials purchased for mahec should not only support wcu nursing students, these materials must also enhance the mahec collection as a whole. in addition, these materials must also complement those materials available through abc express and through ahec larc consortium. the mahec health science library and wcu’s hunter library are sure to explore these areas and others as they continue to enjoy their successful and mutually beneficial alliance. references: 1 national center for education statistics, “distance education at postsecondary education institutions: 1997-98, executive summary,” <http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/peqis /publications/2000013/> (date accessed: november 30, 2004) 45 — spring/summer 2005 north carolina libraries “stories can have sharp edges,” states tim tyson in the author’s notes of blood done sign my name. thirty years after hearing a 10 year old playmate tell him that his father and brother beat and killed henry marrow in public, tyson examines the racial conflict and riots of oxford, nc in 1970 and the culture that allowed such an event to take place and that allowed robert and roger teel to be acquitted of both murder and manslaughter charges. the tensions of racial conflict and desegregation in oxford were the same as those being felt throughout north carolina and the rest of the south. blood done sign my name explores the motivation behind marrow’s death and the riots afterwards. tyson does more in his novel than just cover the racial conflict of oxford. he embarks on a journey of self-discovery to see how racism affected both oxford and himself. tim tyson is a son of the late twentieth century south, and oxford is a typical north carolina small town. his father was a liberal methodist minister who supported desegregation and worked towards a peaceful solution in oxford. tyson grew up in oxford and knew the participants in the killing and resulting riots. by talking to the african-americans who supported nonviolent methods to protest marrow’s death and the african-americans who used violence to force change, tyson gains their perspectives on marrow’s death, racism and segregation. tyson also interviewed the whites who took part in the killing and its investigation. tyson’s book is more that just a recounting of the events that spawned a riot 35 years ago, it is a book that makes the reader aware of the more subtle forms of racism that exist today. tyson notes in the closing pages that “the enduring chasm of race is still with us, in some ways wider than ever…. white supremacy remains lethal, though most of its victims die more quietly than henry marrow.” the characteristics of the people described by tyson, the white supremacists, and the moderates, liberals and radicals of both races still exist today. readers will recognize people in their lives who embody these characteristics. the sharp edges of this story will cut but hopefully the cut will release the hidden prejudices of race so that healing can take place. tyson’s writes in a very accessible style. his firsthand knowledge of the racial, spiritual, and physical landscape freed the interviewees (robert teel, mary catherine chavis, ben chavis, and others) to provide more information to him than they would to an unknown outsider. this insider knowledge allows tyson to sketch characters that are more than their label of racist or militant, but people the reader can imagine, maybe even know, in their own hometown. tyson also uses his father’s journals to get insights into the mood of the town and his father’s mind. one problem with the blood done sign my name is there are no footnotes or bibliography. all of tyson’s bibliographic information is included in a “notes on sources” chapter with a section for each chapter. while this lack of footnotes does not impact the readability of the text, it is a hindrance for researchers who may want to examine the original source material. this book is recommended for all libraries. tim tyson is a professor of african-american studies at the university of wisconsin-madison. he earned his doctorate from duke university. he has authored two other books. radio free dixie: robert f. williams and the roots of black power (1999) was the winner of the james rawley prize. along with david s. cecelski, tyson co-authored democracy betrayed: the wilmington race riot of 1898 and its legacy. — robert arndt university of north carolina at pembroke ____________________________ barbara gushrowski, timothy b. tyson. blood done sign my name. new york: crown publishers, 2004. 355pp. $24.00 isbn 0-609-61058-9. spring/summer 2005 — 46north carolina libraries bruce strauch has plenty of talent in many areas, but this is his first foray into what one would call “serious fiction.” a lawyer and educator by training, he has published a number of scholarly pieces as well as some “pot boiler” fiction. these have little to do with his current work of fiction, however. strauch is also an artist, and the cover of this book is graced with a glimpse of some of his strange yet amusing images. this book needs reviewing because it is different. it’s a tightly-written series of short stories, all set in the contemporary south. there are some who would say that the south of the twenty-first century is nothing but a long stretch of mobile homes, condos, tract houses and mcmansions full of people from somewhere else. they might say that the old south is long gone. bruce strauch proves that this is certainly not the case – the south still has plenty of characters true to its origins. strauch’s characters are completely authentic in their language. this is southern gothic with a twist. there is humor, both light and dark, history, pathos, and the occasional supernatural plot. there is violence, but never is it gratuitous. even if you are not drawn to such themes, if you love the south or are from the south, you will hear people you know in the characters strauch has drawn. the characters simply jump off the page and you really can hear them! the setup for most of these stories is simple – characters are entangled in some way in some situation way beyond what they can handle and they try to find a way out of it. sometimes the path taken leads them into something far worse, but in other cases they are redeemed. the human condition is explored in all its bizarre twists and turns. certain stories are unbelievable. the reader is asked to suspend reality in order to take a ride into the unknown. there is a great deal of imagination involved with where these tales go, and the reader must relax and go there without a fight. the language helps, since it is the patois of the region, making each tale believably unbelievable. i learned years ago that southern humor can be too dark for some tastes. one may find these stories delightfully crazy, and laugh-out-loud funny. or not. some people may find them deeply disturbing, or at least uncomfortably too close to home. plots themes include corporate fraud, sorority rituals, obsessions with the civil war, and others too complicated and creepy to try to explain (you have to read the book to understand what i mean!). there are a number of classic themes pertaining to sex, drugs and religion that contemporary southern tales usually include. i expected them, but strauch’s peculiar interpretations make them seem new. the tall tale element is well utilized, and the regional spread is generous, from northern georgia through the carolinas to virginia in terms of locale. there are both nods to the appalachian region as well as to the low country of south carolina. i lent this book to a friend of mine, a serious critic of literature, who politely promised me she would take a look. she returned the volume to me not only impressed, but she had also taken notes on the text. she only does this when she really is intrigued by a work. this book is worth a look, and should be considered for adult collections in public and academic libraries where southern regional fiction is in demand. — eleanor cook appalachian state university the last voyage of the dan-d is about a nine-year-old-boy named alex who ends up on an old fishing boat with an old fisherman named captain dan. they experience an excitement-filled journey to the island of boneless chickens. the last voyage of the dan-d is a wonderfully silly book that will capture many children’s imaginations and is definitely a book for those children ages nine and up who have a “silly bone.” bruce strauch. southern psycho tales. boone, nc : parkway publishers, inc., 2004. 172pp. $14.95 isbn 1-887905-97-9 e. b. alston and toni garrett (illus.) the last voyage of the dan-d: alex takes a voyage into fantasy with captain dan. timberlake, n.c.: righter pub., 2003. 47 p. : ill. $6.99 isbn 0974773506 4� — spring/summer 2005 north carolina libraries the author has written several novels and another book for children entitled, the emerald necklace and other stories. this is a great book to share with your children and is recommended for all public libraries. — vicky l. dial-jacobs university of north carolina at pembroke additional books of interest __________________________________ florence thomas with the editors at mcfarland. the art of florence thomas. jefferson, north carolina: mcfarland & company, inc., 2004. 144pp. $45.00 isbn 0-7864-1885-0. florence thomas is a native of grassy creek in ashe county, north carolina. she began her painting career in 1930 as a student at the moore institute of art, science and industry in philadelphia. she also studied briefly with carolyn wyeth, sister of andrew wyeth, and has spent her life training and perfecting her art. this book contains reproductions of 124 of thomas’s paintings accompanied by her personal commentaries on the works and a short biography of the artist. most of the reproductions are of rural and pastoral scenes surrounding grassy creek which ms. thomas continues to paint to the present. this book is recommended for all libraries. ____________________________ barbara stone perry (ed.). north carolina pottery: the collection of the mint museums. chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 2004. 355pp. $39.95 (cloth) isbn 0-8078-2908-0. $24.95 (paper) isbn 0-8078-5574-x. the mint museums boast the largest holding of north carolina pottery in a public institution. barbara stone perry, in her introduction, describes the scope of the mint’s collection as comprehensive. the collection includes masterworks by master potters, but also pieces that are valued for their rarity, type of decoration, or an unusual mark or signature rather than for their exceptional quality. essays on the pottery traditions in north carolina written by daisy wade bridges, former associate curator at the mint museum of art and lifelong collector of north carolina pottery; charlotte v. brown, director of the gallery of art and design at nc state; mark hewitt, potter; and charles g. zug iii, professor emeritus of english at unc-chapel hill, provide a valuable introduction to pottery in general and to north carolina in particular. these essays enhance the appreciation of the pottery viewed in the catalog that follows them. nearly 300 full-color plates depict 407 pottery pieces ranging from the whimsical to the sublime that are found in the collection. a short description accompanies each piece and includes details such as type of pottery, potter (if known), any marks found on the piece, size, and donor(s). interspersed through these descriptions are short biographical sketches of north carolina potters, and brief histories of some of the potteries renowned in the state. barbara stone perry is curator of decorative arts at the mint museum of art and has published numerous other works including: american ceramics: the collection of everson museum of art and american art pottery. this book would make an excellent addition to any library. ____________________________ spring/summer 2005 — 4�north carolina libraries john b. stephens. guidebook to public dispute resolution in north carolina. chapel hill: school of government, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 2004. 184 pp. $45.00 isbn 1-56011-457-6 the information in this book is directed to elected officials and state and local government employees who participate in most public dispute resolution actions. however, the information is also general enough and clearly written for anyone interested to learn about the resolving public disputes. the author states the main purposes of the book are to assist public officials and concerned citizens in determining when a third-party negotiator or mediator can be helpful; understanding the benefits and limitations of mediators; informing about the ways mediators have been used on public issues; finding potential public dispute mediators; and understanding the ethical issues involved in the process of mediation. the book contains nine case summaries on a variety of topics from land use to school student assignment. there is also a chapter on stakeholder processes and public participation in mediation. a series of quick guides can assist in determining if a third-party mediator is appropriate, how to interview candidates, a list of potential mediators throughout the state, and some ground rules that can be applied to the facilitator. the author is a faculty member of the school of government and coordinator of the public dispute resolution program at unc at chapel hill. he is editor of popular government, and has co-authored several works including reaching for higher ground: tools for powerful groups and communities and school funding disputes: mediate, don’t litigate. this book is recommended for public, college, and university libraries. — barbara a. gushrowski university of north carolina at pembroke about the authors elizabeth h. smith, professor, academic library services, ecu, greenville, nc elizabeth vidrine, media services librarian, greensboro, nc michelle rosen, library assistant, durham academy lower school, durham, nc brian sturm, associate professor, school of library and information science, unc-chapel hill lee ann smith, media specialist, glen arden elementary, asheville, nc timothy v. carstens, head of cataloging and acquisitions, hunter library, western carolina university fall/winter 2006 — 75north carolina libraries pando ever tried to send large attachments to your e-mail, only to be rejected by your mail service? these days large music, video and text files can often exceed allowable system transmission parameters. pando www.pando.com is an example of a new type of service that allows you to share these large files with others. the current beta version of pando is limited to 1gb file transfer per email. pando users are required to download a desktop application that runs both on windows xp and apple osx operating systems. pando is easier to use than other file sharing web sites such as myspace and flickr and it has the added feature of being more private. your encrypted uploaded files are stored on the pando’s servers for fourteen days. during this period the person to whom you sent the email has the opportunity to download the desktop application and view the files just as if you had enclosed them in your emails. after the fourteen days you will need to re-send the files to have them accessed. other file sharing systems usually require you to manually delete older uploads. the person receiving the files gets regular email with the added information about the pando system. emails from pando look like this: you’ll need pando to open this attachment. get pando free here. japaneseart1.tif from: ralph scott total size: 7.9mb expires: aug. 18, 2006 (?) when you click on the email file attachment, pando gives you the opportunity to download the image or music files. after the download is complete, you click on a green open button and the file opens on your desktop. the file is opened using the application that the file was written in. this will typically be an application like mp3, pdf, tiff, etc. options with pando enable you to specify your profile, storage location, and transfer protocols (for example a virus scanning package). when the person receiving the email does the download the actual file from your computer is transferred and encrypted end to end to the person’s computer. you can also right click any file on your computer and then click on the link: “send with pando” and pando will send that file. most of the files upload quickly with a 7.9 mb file taking typically only a couple of seconds. large 95 mb files will take a little longer, but they will make it! as mentioned earlier there is a 1 gb limit on pando file transmission size. pando is an easy solution to an email problem that has plagued people sharing large computer files since the dawn of the internet. c c ired to the orld by ralph lee scott volume 81 2023/24 47 nor th carolina libraries d r a ftfrances bryant bradburn on the way to becoming: the first 50 years of north carolina libraries “has the magazine, north carolina libraries, justified its existence, or should it be discontinued?”1 t 1his was the question that north carolina library association president hoyt galvin of the charlotte public library asked the association’s executive board in june 1943. the response was heartily affirmative to continue, and it was backed up by a decision—in wartime—to increase membership dues from $1.00 to $1.50 to cover the cost of journal publication.2 this was a victory indeed for a state library journal not yet two years old, and which had already undergone the first of many changes in editorship and emphasis. the first editor had been duke university’s john j. lund who, in his first and only issue, acknowledged ncla’s long history of “procrastination and timidity”3 in establishing an official association publication. since the turn of the century, the north carolina library association had published a number of occasional documents, including the program of its first annual meeting (may 4, 1904) and “what a library commission can do for north carolina” 1 hoyt r. galvin letter to evelyn harrison, june 12, 1943. similar letters went to other executive board members. 2 minutes, ncla executive board meeting, october 20, 1943. 3 president guy r. lyle, north carolina libraries 1 (february 1942):2. 4 north carolina library bulletin 1,1 (december 1909-february 1910): 1. (1908). but once the commission was in place, many of the publication responsibilities that the association might have been expected to undertake were assumed by this state agency. one of the most prominent of these publications, and certainly the spiritual ancestor of north carolina libraries, was the north carolina library bulletin. volume 1, number 1, of the bulletin announced its purpose: “the commission recognizes the essential importance of organized communication between it and the local libraries of the state and hopes through the medium of the north carolina library bulletin to bring the libraries into closer relation with the commission and with one another…. [l]ibrarians throughout the state are requested to send in items concerning the work done in their respective libraries.”4 thus began close to twenty-five years of “quarterly” issues which were “...mailed free to librarians, county superintendents and others interested in library development. it contained information about for the 50th anniversary of our journal, editor frances bryant bradburn provided a brief history of north carolina libraries, including its challenges and successes during its first half century. at a pivotal moment in association history, the question of whether north carolina libraries has justified its existence was raised. the answer appears in the fact that the journal has continued more than 50 years after the question was raised. as we enter the 81st year of publication, i wonder what the hundred year history of north carolina libraries will make of our time. it is my hope that we continue to make meaningful contributions to librarianship in our home state. below find “on the way to becoming: the first 50 years of north carolina libraries” by frances bryant bradburn, first published in volume 50, no. 1 (spring 1992) doi:10.3776/ ncl.v50i1.2506 https://doi.org/10.3776/ncl.v50i1.2506 https://doi.org/10.3776/ncl.v50i1.2506 48 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft the commission, suggestions beneficial to libraries, book lists, news of libraries and librarians in north carolina, and general articles pertaining to libraries and education.”5 unfortunately, the bulletin, a victim of the depression, ceased publication in 1932. what was intended to be only temporary became permanent. one can only speculate that the void its demise left created the groundswell for what was to become north carolina libraries. the actual foundation for the journal was laid when the 1939 ncla constitution added the provision that “the executive committee may contract for such publications as may be desirable for furthering the interests of the association.”6 with this constitutional precedent in place, the new president of the association, mary peacock douglas of the state department of public instruction, outlined her vision in a letter to the executive board: “i am very much interested in having a printed bulletin for the association at least once each year during the next biennium.”7 in spite of the fact that this was only a vision (her line item for “ncla bulletins, 3 @ $25.00 = $ 75.00” was crossed out of her 6/27/40 handwritten executive board notes8), a four-page north carolina library association news summarizing a research study in “use of books in libraries in north carolina colleges,” pending legislation, and conference information was distributed at the 1941 biennial meeting in greensboro.9 it appears that it took the war, however, actually to propel north carolina libraries into existence. new association president guy r. lyle from woman’s college of the university of north carolina, greensboro, continued ms. douglas’s push for a publication. while one can only assume that his appointment as director of the national defense book campaign encouraged him to use his office to make 5 eugenia ralston babylon, “history of the north carolina library commission,” master’s thesis, university of north carolina, 1954: 20. 6 [north carolina library association.] “proposed constitution,” october 28, 1939. all documents cited in this article are part of the north carolina library association archives collection maintained in the north carolina division of state archives, raleigh, nc. 7 letter from president mary peacock douglas to executive board, february 26, 1940. 8 mary peacock douglas, ms. notes: executive board meeting, king cotten hotel, greensboro, n.c., june 27, 1940. 9 north carolina library association news, october 2, 1941. 10 this “tradition” is never announced in official documents, but is lamented by several vice presidents in correspondence. 11 summary of ncla minutes for the period of april 28-30, 1949. 12 jane b. wilson letter to ncla executive committee, october 15, 1951. 13 north carolina libraries, fall 1960. that final move for publication, journal emphasis during his tenure certainly reflected war concerns. articles such as “priority rating for libraries” which described how libraries qualified for certain materials during the war (april 1942); “war and north carolina libraries” (november 1942); and the “reading interests of soldiers” (may 1944) reflected new, effective ways of stimulating the work of the state’s librarians. after the first issue, the responsibility for north carolina libraries followed the president of the association, and he or she appears to have taken a heavy hand in its creation. at some point in 1946/47, however, the “tradition” surfaced that the first vice president of the association should edit the journal.10 under this system, the frequency of north carolina libraries fluctuated dramatically, perhaps reflecting the variable interest of the vice presidents. in 1951, after much lobbying on the journal’s behalf by prominent librarians such as the university of north carolina’s louis round wilson,11 a series of “experimental” issues was undertaken. rather than having the editorship determined by the elected office of vice president, the president appointed a temporary editorial board to publish the journal while the entire publication process was studied.12 fortunately for both the journal and the association, from the beginning the financial commitment for north carolina libraries was assumed almost exclusively by the joseph ruzicka bindery. this arrangement was convenient for both the journal and the association, albeit the union was not always a happy one. proofing errors were frequent, one set so horrible that the entire journal was reissued!13 on the other hand, the subsidy was such that the editors could, for the most part, focus on content rather than advertising solicitation. volume 81 2023/24 49 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft and content was a major concern from the beginning. while the first issue had only general information on committees and victory book campaign local representatives, the second, april 1942, contained a study on “book stock and acquisition in college libraries.”14 this was published with the expressed hope that school and public libraries would undertake similar research. the june 1942 issue included a survey of the number of library professionals within the state.15 from the beginning, north carolina libraries made an effort to serve as a vehicle to convey state standards and research. bibliographies also were a major feature, with the first one listing children’s books by north carolina authors.16 in fact, it was a bibliography that defined the autonomy of the journal’s editorial board from the ncla executive board in 1957. the association had sponsored a children’s book reviewing project, a project so successful that the committee planned to compile bibliographies of one hundred annotated titles several times a year. they requested that north carolina libraries be the vehicle of dissemination. correspondence flew. while the initial question was whether or not to devote space to this monumental task, the underlying question was who really ought to make this decision, the ncla executive board or the north carolina libraries editorial board. a major power confrontation was avoided because thirteen of seventeen executive board members said “no” to printing the bibliographies in north carolina libraries (13 no, 3 no opinion, 1 yes). in the corollary vote, however, nine members felt that the editorial board should make the decision; five, the executive board; and three, a combination of boards.17 if there were still a question of editorial board autonomy, it was further settled soon after. in spring 1958, editor william s. powell of the university of north carolina proposed a “panel discussion” on the problem (and its possible solutions) “that a number 14 “a quick survey of college libraries,” north carolina libraries 1, 2 (april 1942):5-6. 15 north carolina libraries 1,3 (june 1942):2-4. 16 mary l. thornton, compiler, “north carolina bibliography,” north carolina libraries 3, 1 (february 1944): 1-3. 17 letters between june 16, 1957 and july 10, 1957. 18 william s. powell letter to miss clyde smith, march 21, 1958. 19 letters from various executive board and editorial board members, march 21, 1958-april 25, 1958. 20 charles m. adams letter to mrs. elizabeth h. hughey, president, october 30, 1959. 21 charles m. adams letter to editorial board members, april 4, 1961. of public libraries in the state...are having a great deal of difficulty, particularly with discipline, in connection with public school students who use the libraries after 3:30 each afternoon when the school libraries close.”18 powell sent letters to five public librarians asking for input, with copies to the chair of the school and children’s section and the current ncla president, a school librarian. everyone contacted encouraged powell to include school librarians in the dialogue (a tact he insisted that he had intended all along), but pressure from the school representatives and even the state librarian certainly implied a preference for withdrawal of the article entirely.19 powell stood his ground and published an excellent “discussion” focusing on all aspects of the public library/ school library cooperation debate in june 1958. perhaps this small controversy and the subsequent gathering of material from many types of libraries across the state encouraged charles m. adams of woman’s college, the new editor, to propose section editors for the journal. while “reporters” had originally been intended, the years between 1944 and 1955 witnessed a board centered upon an editor with a few willing helpers. in no sense were they reporters or representatives. in 1955, editor elaine von oesen from the state library requested “reporters” for various library areas, the forerunners of the section editors envisioned by adams. under adams’s tenure, section representatives began meeting with their ncla sections to convey information both to and from the journal.20 it was also under adams’s editorial tenure that the practice of guest editors for specific issues was formally initiated.21 with these changes and additions, north carolina libraries adhered to a fairly stabilized publishing schedule until 1971 when ruzicka withdrew its financial support. while the relationship with the greensboro bookbinder had not been without its problems, the association was unprepared for this 50 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft announcement. thus, on december 10, 1971, the executive board voted to discontinue publication when it became obvious that north carolina libraries could not support itself on advertisements alone.22 while the executive board officially voted to suspend only one issue, the journal itself announced its possibly permanent demise with the heading, “do we need north carolina libraries?”23 while 1971 and early 1972 were discouraging times for the journal’s editorial board and ncla in general, in retrospect the self-examination and thus the conscious decision to assume financial as well as editorial commitment for the journal was a good one. guilford college’s herbert poole was appointed editor, and he and a new editorial board examined every facet of north carolina libraries. poole was a brilliant choice. in a “memorandum for the record,” poole admitted that he hoped “that one morning we would see dynamic, forceful atypical persons in positions of responsibility in this organization.”24 he was such a person. declaring, “here is what i intend to do,”25 poole appointed representatives from every type of library in north carolina, expecting them to procure at least two manuscripts every year. he did this and more, insisting that people fulfill their responsibilities toward the journal and gently nudging unproductive members off the board. poole had more than a management agenda in store for north carolina libraries; he had a social agenda as well. under his subtle direction, he began to address the issue of african americans in both ncla and librarianship in general. he began this by challenging “someone” (who could only have been ray n. moore of the durham public library) into doing something about this “lily-white organization”26 by accepting the position as public library section representative to the editorial board. once she had accepted, 22 “minutes ncla executive board, december 10, 1971,” north carolina libraries 30, 1 and 2:8-11. 23 “do we need north carolina libraries?” north carolina libraries 29, 4 (fall 1971): 159. 24 herbert poole, “memorandum for the record,” april 17, 1972. p. 1. 25 ibid., 3. 26 the editor, “a reprieve,” north carolina libraries 30, 1 and 2 (winter/spring, 1972): 5. 27 ray n. moore, “a profile: mollie huston lee,” north carolina libraries 30, 3 and 4 (summer/fall 1972): 5-13. 28 geraldine o. matthews, “the african-american materials project oeg-o71-3890,” north carolina libraries 31, 2 (spring 1973): 28. 29 dr. blyden jackson, “a survey course in negro literature,” north carolina libraries 32, 1 (spring 1974): 7. 30 “report on activities relative to a merger of ncla and the ncnla,” p. 5. 31 jane b. wilson, president, “results of merger vote. report on the vote relative to a merger between the north carolina library association and the north carolina negro library association,” north carolina libraries 10, 3 (april 1952):32. articles began to appear on african american issues and interests such as public library matriarch mollie huston lee;27 “the african-american materials project —oeg-0-71-3890;”28 and “a survey course in negro literature.”29 and none too soon, for north carolina libraries had been extraordinarily quiet on social issues in general and african-american issues specifically. it is true that in 1944 the may issue of north carolina libraries featured speeches and information from the north carolina negro library association conference. entitled “the development of negro libraries in north carolina,” the issue celebrated the ncnla’s acceptance into ala. from that point on, separate listings of ncnla members were included in the ncla directory of north carolina librarians published in the journal. but when individual members of ncnla began to petition for ncla membership in 1948, the journal made no mention. silence was the watchword as the issue escalated. in an undated “report of activities relative to a merger of ncla and the ncnla” (sometime between 4/24/49 and 3/11/50) a joint publication of a single periodical was proposed: “in view of the expected opposition to an interracial library association in north carolina.”30 evidently nothing came of the proposal, and, in the april 1952 issue of the journal, the negative merger vote was reported.31 no editorial before or after the vote was offered, no stand was taken, no desire to be on the record either for or against the merger was evident. perhaps this was only inevitable. after all, north carolina libraries was a southern state journal, one that owed its existence to its membership. but in retrospect one regrets the journal’s unwillingness to publish controversial and provocative issues. since the 1970s, however, north carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 51 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft has been somewhat more courageous. articles such as “the status of women in academic libraries” (fall 1973) paved the way for the 1987 theme issue, “the status of women and minorities in librarianship” (spring 1987); emily boyce’s “the united states supreme court and the north carolina obscenity laws” (winter 1974) was a harbinger of an entire issue on intellectual freedom in 1987. authors well known within the state and across the nation have shared their expertise: librarians and library educators such as mary k. chelton, edward g. holley, marilyn l. miller, ray n. moore, and charlemae rollins have shared space with authors such as sue ellen bridgers, madeline l’engie, and joe mcginnis and newspaper columnist tom wicker. ncla executive board minutes and biennial reports have kept state librarians informed on association business, while theme issues like north carolina libraries “minimum qualifications for librarians” (spring 1980) and “marketing libraries” (fall 1988) have apprised them of requirements and trends in the profession. the validation that the ncla membership has given north carolina libraries has been overwhelming and gratifying. from its inception, north carolina libraries and its editors have been supported by both the executive board and general membership 32 h.w. wilson award nomination form for 1992. through numerous survey responses, realistic budgets, letters to the editors, and general comments both formal and informal. but occasionally accolades from beyond its standard audience validate the quality and mission of the journal in a different way. in 1981, north carolina libraries, under the editorship of jon lindsay of meredith college, won the h. w. wilson award, an acknowledgment among our peers nationwide of the excellence of this state library publication. and again this year, 1992, the journal has won the h. w. wilson award, which is “presented to a periodical published by a local, state, or regional library, library group, or library association in the united states or canada which has made an outstanding contribution to librarianship.”32 it is this contribution to librarianship — to north carolina librarianship—which has been the journal’s goal for its first fifty years. it will continue to be so for the next. editor’s notes: this article is not intended to be a definitive history of north carolina libraries. that should be the province of a future master’s paper, one which we of the journal would welcome. it is, however, an attempt to help us all understand why the journal is what it is today, and perhaps what it is on its way to becoming. north carolina libraries official publication of the north carolina library association issn 0029-2540 all issues are available online free-of-charge at http://www.ncl.ecu.edu. north carolina library association 265 eastchester dr. suite 133, #364 high point, nc 27262 http://www.ncl.ecu.edu. covid-19: positives for the school and public libraries volume 81 2023/24 5 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft vanessa irvin east carolina university reading well: book clubs as an origin story for librarian professional development twenty-first-century american public social life and civic discourse have been framed by new technologies that have churned the traditional printbased literacy practices from the industrial age to the digital social information age. before the twenty-first century, reading was primarily attached to a printbased medium. ways in which reading was enacted and defined revolved around how readers kinesthetically and intellectually interacted with the physical book. this interaction has often been collective and collaborative, in the form of book clubs as a means of making sense of text and life experience via fusing one’s imagination with authorial intention, building a relationship with others in the public sphere, and constructing realms of interpretation that informs one’s coordination of social perspectives (holland et al. 2001; iser 1978; park 2012; wolgast and barnesholmes 2022). this paper documents the legacy upon which librarian book clubs thrive as a reflective approach to professional development by timestamping literary societies, salons, and book clubs as the original impetus for libraries as a space for relationship building and lifelong learning. this conceptual exploration underscores a profound idea for librarianship; to reach back to the origins of book clubs in the public sphere and retrieve the book club model to apply to contemporary professional practice. professional development outcomes from librarian book clubs are responses to ways in which librarians read and interpret the work they do in diverse communities throughout a technologically digitized world. in this vein, librarian book clubs are spaces for personal and professional reclamation, exploration, relationshipbuilding, and empowerment. with librarian book clubs, lis practitioners and scholars have a meeting place where learning and knowledge, agency and legacy can be explored and expressed so that we all grow to do better at work and enact our sustainable “best” for the practices we enact within the communities we serve. with book clubs being traditionalistic programs in libraries, in recent years, librarian scholars started to explore the question: how do librarians use book clubs for professional development? some studies have embraced frameworks such as feminist theory, critical race theory, and participatory research to investigate this question (brown and shaindlin 2021; foster et al. 2022; henriksson et al. 2019; hincks, 2016; irvin 2022). librarian book clubs have been sites for processing work experiences, sharing resources, responding to reading professional literature, and as a checks-and-balances method for studying and improving professional practice. during these historical times where our personal and professional worlds are easily fused via social media and other digital communications, this article is a call for lis practitioners and scholars to embrace book clubs as a site to bridge the traditional (print) with the contemporary (digital) for networking, professional development, and lifelong learning. north american book clubs: a timeline although some sources date the start of book clubs in america as far back as 1634, with a women’s sermon reading group in boston (boston playwrights’ theatre 2019; longo 2021), book clubs are recorded as a staple of american life starting in 1760, with “postrevolutionary and antebellum women” engaging in literacy practices “at a host of sites, ranging from family circles to organizations” (kelley 2008, 3). before the civil war, the earliest recorded “literary or culture club” was convened by “black women in philadelphia, who felt a desperate need for education otherwise unavailable to them, and among a group of white women in iowa” (scott 1986, 403). mchenry (1996) dates the rise of literary societies in african american culture as early as 1787, as free blacks in philadelphia, pennsylvania, sought inclusion in the newly ratified america by establishing literary and mutual aid societies that paralleled the constitutional structure of a new nation that did not consider their citizenry. with 6 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft the emancipation of enslaved people as an outcome of the civil war, african american citizens engaged in book clubs as a milieu for defining their citizenry and civic participation in a war-weary, fledgling nation (mchenry 1996).  also, during the antebellum era, women’s reading groups were established throughout the colonial united states (kelley 2008), and chinese immigrants were convening book clubs to read chinese newspapers in canada (leung 2013). nevertheless, according to scott (1986), women’s associations and men’s literary groups grew after the civil war and flourished throughout the industrial revolution. an outcome of the industrial revolution’s modernization of domestic productions was more leisure time for townswomen. women used their time to gather, meet, and read together, often procuring books from large city libraries via the fledgling railroad movement. consequently, these book club groups were early arbiters of intellectual freedom and “democratic participation” (audunson et al. 2019, 784) and, thus, were a foundation upon which many american public libraries were established (long 2003; scott 1986). thus, american book clubs originated via a diverse population of citizens who used collective reading as a platform to empower and heighten their intellectual acumen and civic engagement. book clubs eventually became a mainstay program for public libraries throughout the twentieth century. long (2003) offers a detailed timeline of the evolution of the american book club movement via women’s associations and their interactions with local and non-local entities to distribute and circulate reading materials. long disputes analysts’ view that women’s book clubs were passive activities; she posits that “[b]ook clubs fostered women’s ability to express themselves” via literary analysis and discussion of current and local events (43-44). indeed, long posits that book club agendas were typically organized based on “cultural geography” (i.e., book club members as neighbors, or as the same gender, or as same ethnicity) as a “leavening of issues of the day” (43). in this vein, contemporary book clubs serve as a space, a place, a location, albeit geography, of conversation, discourse, and inquiry. therefore, book clubs have historically been a site where talk is centered on books and reading books for inquiry that is often social and cultural. additionally, these sites of inquiry continue to play a vital role in contemporary public libraries and their services. during the early decades of the twenty-first century, librarianship began embracing reflective approaches to professional practice via book clubs to greet, meet, and network together as a community of practice to learn from one another for professional development (brown and shaindlin 2021; dilevko and gottlieb 2004; irvin and reile 2018; irvin and reile 2020). librarian book clubs are venues where hard questions find safe spaces to be asked, unpacked, and discussed. it is becoming more critical than ever for librarians to connect with text in response to online information overload during this technologically digitized information age. book clubs and libraries whereas book clubs of yesteryear traditionally read canonical works of the times (due to geographical limits and barriers to mass distribution channels for materials), library book clubs today enjoy access to the literature of more varied reading levels, tastes, and formats (hermes et al. 2008; keefe 2007; porath 2018). the literature also conveys that book club members use the book club space to locate a collective identity by using their literary readings to discuss local issues and events (craig 2019; long 2003). additionally, in today’s times, social media and distance education platforms have brought a new kind of collective and collaborative “reading together” experience with discussion posts and comments that result in generative discourse (boyd et al. 2021; craig 2019; irvin and reile 2018; porath 2018). when hoffert (2006) surveyed the field of book clubs in the public library, she reported a wide range of professional practices librarians enacted to organize and facilitate library book clubs. citing a variety of methods and techniques for book selection and reading strategies, hoffert asserts that library book clubs keep reader interest by having thematic book club meetings where patrons can read any title that suits them within the theme and then share their reading responses with the group. fitzpatrick’s (2022) work with high school athletes in a book club confirms hoffer’s position that book clubs established based on shared interests can have positive im volume 81 2023/24 7 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft pacts. additionally, today’s book clubs mix multimedia with traditional book club settings so that readers can meet via virtual communications platforms like zoom, teams, and webex. library programming went virtual during the covid-19 pandemic, with virtual book clubs decreasing social isolation (szempruch and hinds 2022). research on library book clubs appears in the library and information science literature exploring what happens with library book club members, particularly in middle-class, mainstream locations (fajardo 2010; fialkoff 2000; hoffert 2006). the morris et al. (2006) and kumasi (2010) studies are groundbreaking in the sense that they both focused on african american teens and their book club experiences, shedding light on the continuum between black teens as a representation of culture and identity and library patron reading practices as a representation of social literacy events. within this continuum lies uncharted territory for research concerning librarians as readers in a book club. morris and kumasi, librarians who coordinated, facilitated, observed and participated as researchers in library-based book clubs, situate librarians as de-facto readers with an inquiry stance (cochran-smith and lytle 2009; irvin and reile 2018; irvin 2022). librarians reading with an inquiry stance within a book club context is a viable practitioner model for librarian professional development (brown 2019; brown and shaindlin 2021). librarian book clubs in-kind, the librarian book club is a means to unpack librarians’ literary readings to “work out” and “work on” professional issues and events pertinent to their identities as public librarians. for librarians, collective and collaborative reading in the form of a book club online or face-to-face involves reading popular literature from their library collections to serve as a critical inquiry to contemplate community realities, even while acknowledging their collective work as professional learning (abrams 2016; brown 2019; brown and shaindlin 2021; irvin 2022). librarians have explored the book club as a construct and site for critical discourse in academic, public, and school settings. for example, dilevko and gottlieb (2004) conducted a study that focused on academic librarians’ reading habits and juxtaposed those librarians’ behaviors with public librarians’ reading behaviors. the scholars studied how academic librarians’ reading tastes and habits impacted their professional practices. they talked about how “intensive reading of a wide array of current publications gives librarians intellectual tools to confront an equally wide array of information requests” (22). dilevko and gottlieb questioned how this works in practice (22). citing a series of surveys they conducted with academic librarians and a comparison pool of surveys with public library workers (of which librarians were a part of that pool), dilevko and gottlieb reported that they asked public librarians questions like, “how do they stay current? what do they read? do they read newspapers and magazines?” (2004, 22).  dilevko and gottlieb’s data came from a field of librarians’ reading practices with non-fiction and fiction resources. academic and public librarians reported that their leisure reading practices played a significant role in their practice as successful librarians. one problem in dilveko and gottlieb’s study of the public library setting was that the fully credentialed public librarians were conflated with paraprofessional reference staff. only fully credentialed academic librarians, minus the paraprofessional staff, participated in the academic library setting. this rendered the researchers as identifying public librarians and their staff as one homogenous group called “public library reference staff,” “public library reference personnel,” or “public library reference staff members” (dilveko and gottlieb 2004, chapter 6), while the academic librarians in the study were identified as the professionals. while dilveko and gottlieb’s research is helpful in our appreciation of research being conducted to explore librarian reading habits as connective to professional practices, the conflation of professional public librarians with paraprofessional public library staff is a significant methodological weakness in their study since the same approach was not enacted for their research of academic librarians (of whom their study was the focus). however, their research argues that librarians must be active readers of various genres and formats. they also “must understand the role that leisure reading plays in their lives and the lives of their patrons” (moyer 2007, 67). 8 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft in addition to dilveko and gottlieb’s pioneering work, studies exploring librarian reading practices and how their readings impact their professional practices have begun to enter the discourse. for example, irvin and reile (2018) worked with public librarians in hawaii, convening practitioners as communities of practice to read texts, documents and policy documents for professional networking and development. brown and shaindlin (2021) conducted a study to explore the question, “do librarians participate in book clubs themselves?” their survey of 233 librarian participants revealed that librarians highly participate in personal and professional book clubs that positively impact their professional development. case in point, hincks (2016) shared outcomes from a small librarian book club between herself and three colleagues where they were “reading what the patrons read” (irvin 2022) for professional development. lastly, foster et al. (2022) convened a group of 12 librarians at various stages of their career (i.e., lis students, practitioners, alumni, etc.) to investigate how a librarian reading group’s work with a lens informed by how critical librarianship and critical theory impacts collective learning and replicates professional networking opportunities that are a part of librarian professional practice. the participants identified ways in which library structures and ministrations have a “dissonance between institutional practices and various equitable principles” and values (65). foster et al.’s (2002) participants reported that their collaborative readings and interactions provided them “with [a] stronger foundation for their beliefs, improving their language and self-efficacy” (70) for their professional identity construction and practice. conclusion book clubs and libraries have enjoyed a symbiotic relationship for centuries, with librarians serving as participants and learners of these reading groups. when librarians are engaged in “reading” their practice within the reflective space of a book club, that group becomes a community of practice for critical inquiry. the library is an organic educative space for librarians to read and study their professional experiences via ongoing social interactions and critical practitioner learning, where questions about professional practice can be asked and explored. collective and collaborative reading practices like book clubs serve as an origin story for librarian learning, research, and practice. reaching back to retrieve this history of book clubs as the originating sociocultural venue for librarian professional development confirms the library as an educative space for the reading public’s lifelong learning and as an ongoing interface for librarian professional growth. now that the public sphere of our global society has become a digitized technological realm, online librarian book clubs/inquiry groups are just as engaging and effective in promoting professional development as in-person gatherings (brown 2019; irvin and reile 2018; irvin 2022). by taking the “tired and true” and applying it to the “fresh and new,” librarians honor the ongoing legacy as information professionals who “read well” because we are not just reading what the patrons read or reading what the patrons do. more so, we are reading together to study and better understand the impacts of our work in the world. bibliography abrams, oona. 2016. “professional learning on a shoestring: advice and reflections from connected educators and authors.” english leadership quarterly 39 (2): 18-19. audunson, ragnar, svanhild aabø, roger blomgren, sunniva evjen, henrik jochumsen, håkon larsen, casper hvenegaard rasmussen, andreas vårheim, jamie johnston, and masanori koizumi. 2019. “public libraries as an infrastructure for a sustainable public sphere: a comprehensive review of research.” journal of documentation 75 (4): 773-790. boyd, ashley s., susan g. rose, and janine j. darragh. 2021. “shifting the conversation around teaching sensitive topics: critical colleagueship in a teacher discourse community.” journal of adolescent & adult literacy 65 (2): 129-137. brown, laila. 2019. “together we read, together we learn: examining book clubs as a means of connecting lis to a feminist diversity ethic.” the international journal of information, diversity, & inclusion 3 (1): 77-90. brown, laila m., and valerie brett shaindlin. 2021. “not just for patrons: book club participation as professional development for librarians.” the library quarterly (chicago) 91 (4): 420-436. volume 81 2023/24 9 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft cochran-smith, marilyn, and susan l. lytle. 2009. inquiry as stance: practitioner research in the next generation. new york: teachers college press. craig, christy. 2019. “reading identity: american and irish women’s book clubs, culture, and identity.” irish journal of sociology: ijs 27 (2): 128-152. dilevko, juris, and lisa gottlieb. 2004. reading and the reference librarian: the importance to library service of staff reading habits. jefferson, n.c: mcfarland & co. fajardo, anika. 2010. “book clubs: not just for public libraries.” college & undergraduate libraries 17 (1): 65-69. fialkoff, francine. 2000. “move over, oprah.” library journal 125 (17): 52-52. fitzpatrick, jessica. 2022. “librarian in the huddle: student book clubs for athletes, leaders, and reluctant readers.” knowledge quest 51 (1): 44. foster, elizabeth, anne mclaughlin, zia meyer, derek nuzum, marcia rapchak, heidi reis, jess saunders, and paula wiley. 2022. “they don’t necessarily play nice with power structure”: experiences in a critical librarianship reading group. journal of radical librarianship, 8, 53-74. https://journal.radicallibrarianship.org/index.php/journal/article/view/71 henriksson, ingrid, and katja laakso, 2020. “book talk and aphasia: the power of a book.” international journal of language & communication disorders 55 (1): 136-148. hermes, virginia, mary anne hile, and johnetta l. frisbie. 2008. “reviving literary discussion: book club to go kits.” reference & user services quarterly 48 (1): 30-34. hincks, kelly. 2016, february 29. “a librarian’s book club.” [blog]. knowledge quest. https://knowledgequest.aasl.org/librarians-book-club/ hoffert, barbara. 2006. “the book club exploded.” library journal 131 (12): 34-37. holland, dorothy c. 1998. identity and agency in cultural worlds. cambridge, mass: harvard university press. irvin, vanessa. 2022. “questions learned: employing practitioner inquiry as a crt approach to lis professional development.” [crt collective special issue]. education for information: an interdisciplinary journal of information studies 38(4), 389-412. doi: 10.3233/efi-220050 irvin, vanessa, and wiebke reile. 2018. “give me some slack: linqing inquiry and practice for librarian professional learning and development.” proceedings of the association for library and information science education annual conference: alise 2018: the expanding lis education universe, february 6-9, 2018, pp. 109-114, denver, colorado. https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/104964 irvin, vanessa, and wiebke reile. 2020. “linking inquiry and practice with online librarian learning and development.” in leading professional development: growing librarians for the digital age, 20-29. libraries unlimited. iser, wolfgang. 1978. the act of reading: a theory of aesthetic response. baltimore: johns hopkins university press. keefe, ann. 2007. “a nontraditional book group for lifelong access.” public libraries 46(2), 22-24. kelley, mary. 2008. “‘the need of their genius’: women’s reading and writing practices in early america.” journal of the early republic 28 (1): 1-22. https:// doi.org/10.1353/jer.2008.0011 kumasi, kafi. 2010. “cultural inquiry: a framework for engaging youth of color in the library.” the journal of research on libraries and young adults 1(1), 7pp. http://www.yalsa.ala.org/jrlya/2010/11/ leung, laifong. 2013. “literary interactions between china and canada: literary activists in the chinese community from the late qing dynasty to the present.” the journal of american-east asian relations 20 (2-3): 139. long, elizabeth. 2003. book clubs: women and the uses of reading in everyday life. chicago: university of chicago press. longo, lesley-anne. (2021, december 8). “the radical history of book clubs: connecting us through literature.” [blog]. the editing company. https:// theeditingco.com/blog/the-radical-history-of-book-clubs-connecting-us-through-literature mchenry, elizabeth. 1996. “‘dreaded eloquence’: the origins and rise of african-american literary societies and libraries.” harvard library bulletin 6 (2): 32-56. morris, vanessa j., sandra hughes-hassell, denise e. agosto, and darren t. cottman. 2006. “street lit flying off teen fiction bookshelves in philadelphia public libraries.” young adult library services 5 (1): 16-23. moyer, jessica e. 2007. “learning from leisure reading: a study of adult public library patrons.” reference and user services quarterly 46 (4): 66-79. park, jie y. 2012. “re-imaging reader-response in middle and secondary schools: early adolescent girls’ critical and communal reader responses to the young adult novel speak.” children’s literature in education 43 (3): 191-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/sl0583-012-9164-5 porath, suzanne l. 2018. “a powerful influence: an online book club for educators.” journal of digital learning in teacher education 34 (2): 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2017.1416711 scott, anne firor. 1986. “women and libraries.” the journal of library history 21 (2): 400-405. szempruch, jessica n., and katrina i. hinds. 2022. “virtual book club: impactful library programming at a distance through co-curricular collaboration.” journal of library & information services in distance learning 16 (1): 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332 90x.2022.2072047 wolgast, anett, and yvonne barnes-holmes. 2022. “flexible social perspective taking in higher education and the role of contextual cues.” frontline learning research 10 (1): 76-107. https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.vl0il.781 covid-19: positives for the school and public libraries 70 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries records of the children of the light: the friends historical collection at guilford college by joseph thomas *lagniappe (lan-yap ´ , la n ´ yap´) n. an extra or unexpected gift or benefit. [louisiana french ] lagniappe* recently, this column introduced readers to the moravian archives in winston-salem. a piedmont neighbor to the archives holds another collection of note related to a religious body: the friends historical collection in hege library at guilford college, in greensboro, north carolina. noted historically for their attention to education, participation in the abolitionist movement and stand for peace, the friends—also known as quakers—have lived in north carolina since the 1660s and kept records of their annual meetings since the 1680s. north carolina leads the nation in quaker population, with more than 14,000 of the 113,000 adherents reported in 2000. now centered primarily in the piedmont, the state’s friends population is highest in guilford county, with about 2800; the other counties with significant friends populations are forsyth, yadkin, alamance, randolph, surry, and alamance, although perquimans county and others in the area of original quaker settlement maintain a solid presence.1 background on the religious society of friends the religious society of friends dates back to the 1650s in england, and was born of the influences of several influential thinkers, notably george fox. fox had an intense experience in june of 1652, during which he believed he experienced god directly—an experience available to anyone, which later developed into the quaker tenet called the “inner light.” the name the quickly-burgeoning group of believers chose for themselves, the society of friends, comes from jesus’s words to the apostles: “you are my friends if you do what i command you” (john 15:14). the common name quakers was originally a derogatory epithet, stemming from one of the many occasions when fox was in court (he spent six years in prison): reportedly, he told the judge to “tremble at the word of the lord,” and the judge called him a “quaker.”2 friends eventually adopted the name as their own. central to the friends’ beliefs are the “inner light,” equality between men and women and justice for all peoples, the importance of peacemaking, and an emphasis on education. inner light refers to the inspiration of the holy spirit within believers, and quaker belief in it influenced a profound distrust for creeds, liturgy, and sacraments. quests for equality and justice have led quakers to be involved notably in abolitionist and civil rights movements, and their peacemaking efforts have remained substantial even today. friends gatherings for worship are called meetings, and these meetings may be either “unprogrammed” (based on silent waiting and listening to the thoughts of whoever feels the inner light’s motivation) or programmed (with a simple order of service that often includes a period of silent waiting).3 each congregation has a “monthly meeting” for business; nearby monthly meetings are gathered into quarterly meetings, and a group of quarterly meetings is called a yearly meeting. yearly meetings are autonomous authoritative bodies corresponding to dioceses in episcopal systems.4 there are roughly 30 yearly meetings in north america; they may be independent, or may gather with other yearly meetings into an sign at the intersection of friendly and new garden at an entrance to the guilford college campus. all images courtesy of the hege library and friends historical collection. fall/winter 2006 — 71north carolina libraries overarching association such as the friends united meeting (fum), the friends general conference, or the evangelical friends international. north carolina has over ninety monthly meetings, of which the majority are a part of the north carolina yearly meeting affiliated with friends united meeting. others are affiliated with north carolina yearly meeting (conservative), southern appalachian yearly meeting, evangelical friends international, or friends general conference which means that all major branches of modern quakerism are represented within the state.5 by 1656, friends missionaries came to the new world. their early years in america were marked by persecution—mary fisher and ann austin, the first quaker missionaries to come to these shores, were seized by boston authorities, imprisoned, and deported back to england. and it got worse. quakers were imprisoned, beaten, even hanged for their religious beliefs. mary dyer was hanged on the 1st of june 1660 on the boston common.6 it wasn’t until the passage of the act of toleration (1689) that the persecution of friends lessened.7 william penn’s “holy experiment”—pennsylvania—is perhaps the most wellknown friends home associated with the early american colonies, but north carolina’s friends history actually precedes pennsylvania’s 1681 establishment.8 george fox and fellow missionary william edmondson visited northeastern north carolina in 1672, and meeting minutes for the state exist as early as 1680 (from perquimans county). many of north carolina’s extant historical meeting minutes are gathered with other manuscripts and publications in the friends historical collection at hege library, on the campus of guilford college in greensboro. guilford college and hege library guilford college was established by quakers in 1837 as the new garden boarding school, and began conferring degrees in 1889 after reorganization during reconstruction.9 this “new garden” had been settled by quakers in the 1750s, in the midst of what had been a “majestic wilderness.” this wilderness bore the shock of the nearby battle of guilford courthouse in 1781, with quakers attending the wounded from both armies, and burying the dead in new garden meeting’s cemetery. true to quaker principles, the campus was a stop on the underground railroad before the civil war, and home to a resistance movement against confederate conscription during the war.10 now home to roughly 2,600 students, guilford college remains committed to its quaker roots of wisdom and virtue—contemplation and action—on a campus dedicated to high quality liberal arts education informed by the values of “honesty, compassion, integrity, courage and respect for the individual.”11 what was once “majestic wilderness” has been incorporated into the city of greensboro, but guilford college retains its greenery and its sense of quiet: the united states department of the interior has recognized the campus as a national historic district. guilford college is one of 15 undergraduate quaker colleges in the united states, and the only one in the south. hege library began in 1908 with a matching grant from andrew carnegie, and has grown to encompass about 80,000 square feet of space. contained within the library are some 250,000 the reading room of the friends historical collection exterior view of hege library on the campus of guilford college. entrance to historic carnegie wing of hege library which includes the friends historical collection.. 72 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries items in addition to the friends historical collection, the friends center at guilford college, the learning commons, the nine-room guilford college art gallery, and study space for 400 users.12 the friends historical collection gathered as a collection in 1937 and renamed in 1980, the friends historical collection pursues as its mission the “acquiring, organizing, preserving and making accessible” published and unpublished materials related to the history of the religious society of friends, with a “special responsibility for comprehensiveness in preserving the intellectual and cultural heritage of quakerism in the southern united states.”13 the nucleus of the collection is the records of meetings from north carolina, an impressive array of more than 300 years of history extending from 1680 to the present. the minutes survived the civil war in baltimore, and in the 1880s were returned to north carolina to be stored in a building owned by the new garden boarding school. by 1900 there was a collection custodian, and in 1909, the yearly meeting records were incorporated into the library of what had become guilford college.14 although the special collection was organized in 1937, it did not come together in its current form (archives, artifacts, books, manuscripts, and periodicals) in a single location until a 1965 addition to hege library.15 the friends historical collection retains the records of more than 130 yearly, quarterly, and monthly meetings from the southeast, including the north carolina yearly meeting (fum), the north carolina yearly meeting (conservative), and the collection also houses the archives of the southern appalachian yearly meeting and association, quaker house of fayetteville, and the north carolina friends historical society. the individual meetings retain ownership of their minutes.16 in addition to the records of the meetings, the collection contains nearly 10,000 books, 300 periodicals, and more than 500 manuscripts or manuscript collections related to quaker thought, history, and genealogy. the guilford college archives are also associated with the friends historical collection. and there are other material types in the friends historical collection as well: textiles, which include clothing, blankets, quilts, and samplers, a hunting rifle made by a local quaker gunsmith, and the original key to the founders hall of the new garden boarding school. 17 there are various treasures in the collection, including the papers of north carolina manumission society and several prominent area families, including the mendenhalls and the coxes. one of them may be the earliest poem written in north carolina: an untitled religious poem by henry white dated 1698, which was discovered in one of the early meeting minutes. this poem was published by thomas e. terrell in the journal early american literature in 1983.18 carole edgerton treadway’s article on the friends historical collection in the library quarterly provides additional and greater detail regarding the contents of the collection. altogether, the friends historical collection richly documents quaker family life and local history, genealogy, abolitionist activities, the friends’ emphasis on education (including the education of women), and the history of guilford college. gwen erickson, friends historical collection librarian and guilford college archivist, has served the society of north carolina archivists as vice president and president, and is past program chair and current convenor of the conference of quaker historians and archivists. she is involved with several committees of constituent organizations and serves on the editorial board of the southern friend: the journal of the north carolina friends historical society.19 one of a collection of hand illustrated 19th century travel journals kept by john collins friends historical collection research room with staff members liz cook, archives associate; tim cole, part-time ncym archives assistant; and gwen gosney erickson, friends historical collection librarian and archivist fall/winter 2006 — 73north carolina libraries ms. erickson works cooperatively with the north carolina yearly meetings and the north carolina friends historical society in the development of the friends historical collection. key support is provided by these organizations and donations from individuals to supplement the basic support provided by guilford college. a federal library services and technology (lsta) grant through the state library of north carolina and the north carolina – exploring cultural heritage online (ncecho) program has permitted the digitization of selected manuscripts, and will enable future projects. the friends historical collection also appears in the archives portal of the united nations educational, scientific, and cultural organization (unesco). researchers are welcome to the friends historical collection, which is open to the public during selected hours. researchers are, however, advised to contact the librarians to verify hours and the availability of staff to assist them.20 staff members are unable to do in-depth research for patrons, but do offer consultations to assist researchers in locating sources and also provide genealogical reference service for a fee.21 the friends historical collection provides valuable documentation for the study of the colonial history of the region, antislavery activities, including the underground railroad, conscious objection to war, social justice, women’s studies, and other topics. a special thanks goes to gwen gosney erickson for her help in preparing this article. references 1 american religion data archive, “maps and reports” and “2000 membership report,” american religion data archive, http://www.thearda.com/ (august 16, 2006). 2 frank s. mead, samuel s. hill, and craig d. atwood, handbook of denominations in the united states. 12th ed. (nashville: abingdon press, 2005), 160. 3 “the quakers: children of the light, an introduction,” friends united meeting, http://www.fum.org/about/friends.htm (august 15, 2006). 4 ibid., and mead, hill, and atwood, 162. 5 “quaker finder” friends general conference http://www.quakerfinder.org/ (august 28, 2006). north carolina yearly meeting of the religious society of friends (fum) http://www.ncym-fum.org/ (august 28, 2006). north carolina yearly meeting (conservative) of the religious society of friends, http://www.ncymc.org/ (august 28, 2006). 2002 friends directory of meetings, churches, and worship groups in the section of the americas and resource guide (friends world committee for consultation, section of the americas, 2002). 6 m. jane lewis, “dyer, mary,” american national biography online. http://www.anb.org/articles/01/01-00247.html (august 15, 2006). 7 mead, hill, and atwood, 160. 8 “the quakers,” ibid. 9 alexander r. stoesen, “guilford college,” encyclopedia of north carolina, ed. william s. powell. chapel hill: unc press, 2006. 10 “about guilford,” guilford college. http://www.guilford.edu/about_guilford/ (august 25, 2006). 11 “the strategic plan for guilford college 2005-2010,” guilford college, http://www.guilford.edu/about_guilford/values/ strategic_plan/summary.html (august 25, 2006). 12 hege library, guilford college, “about the library,” http://www.guilford.edu/about_guilford/services_and_administration/ library/about/index.html (august 25, 2006). 13 gwendolyn erickson, e-mail message to author, august 21, 2006. 14 friends historical collection, “history of the friends historical collection,” guilford college friends historical collection, http://www.guilford.edu/about_guilford/services_and_administration/library/fhc/history.html (august 28, 2006). 15 carole edgerton treadway, “friends historical collection, guilford college,” in “resources for scholars: four quaker collections in the united states, part i: guilford college and swarthmore college,” edited by thomas d. hamm. library quarterly 60 (january 1990): 45. 16 friends historical collection, “friends historical collection resources,” http://www.guilford.edu/about_guilford/services_ and_administration/library/fhc/resources.html (august 28, 2006). 74 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries 17 “history of the friends historical collection,” ibid. 18 treadway, 49-51. 19 gwendolyn gosney erickson, “friends historical collection annual report 2004-2005” (friends historical collection, hege library, guilford college), 3. 20 friends historical collection, “friends historical collection general information,” guilford college friends historical collection, http://www.guilford.edu/about_guilford/services_and_administration/library/fhc/general.html (august 25, 2006). 21 friends historical collection, “friends historical collection researcher services,” guilford college friends historical collection, http://www.guilford.edu/about_guilford/services_and_administration/library/fhc/services.html (august 25, 2006). selected bibliography: farrow, mildred h. “the history of the guilford college library, 1837-1955.” master’s thesis, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1959. gilbert, dorothy l. guilford: a quaker college. greensboro, nc: guilford college, 1937. hinshaw, seth b. the carolina quaker experience 1665-1985. greensboro, nc: north carolina friends historical society and north carolina yearly meeting, 1984. treadway, carole edgerton. “friends historical collection, guilford college.” in “resources for scholars: four quaker collections in the united states, part i: guilford college and swarthmore college,” ed. by thomas d. hamm. library quarterly 60 january 1990: 45-56. 28 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 firefox: 12 extensions for libraries robert wolf reference tools dictionaries more than 60 language “spell checker” dictionaries are available for download. these can be found at https://addons.mozilla.org/ en-us/firefox/browse/type:3 dictionarysearch the dictionarysearch extension allows you to highlight a word in your browser and search for it in the free dictionary http://www.tfd.com. you only need to highlight a word, right click and select “search dictionary for <your word>,” and it will return the definition. for more information see: http://dictionarysearch.mozdev.org/ biobar biobar is a useful tool for science topics. users may browse and retrieve data from genomic, proteomic, functional, literature, taxonomic, structural, plant and animal-specific databases.2 once installed, a new toolbar will display in your browser. from here you can do a variety of biology-related searches. biobar can also be used to search pubmed, scirus google scholar, and hubmed simultaneously by highlighting a word, right clicking, and selecting the biobar menu option. for more information see: http://biobar.mozdev.org/ free translate free translate is a quick reference tool for english, french, spanish, italian, dutch, swedish, norwegian, polish, german, and danish translations. like many web-based translators, however, it can be a bit quirky with modified forms of words like plural nouns. once installed, free translate is easy to use. simply highlight the word in question, right click and select “free translate,” the language you are translating from, and the language you wish to translate to. for more information see: http://freenet.myseminar.ru/ bibleserver.com toolbar the bibleserver toolbar sends a search to bibleserver, which provides thirty translations of the old and new testaments in more than twenty languages. like biobar, bibleserver creates a toolbar in the browser where you can enter your search. bibleserver allows you to compare scriptures across its various translations. for more information see: http://www.bibleserver.com acquisitions blueorganizer “blueorganizer understands the content of web pages and offers a smart-browsing experience: when looking at an address, find it on google maps instantly; when reading a book review, save it to your amazon wish list with a single click…and much more.” 3 you can also set it to search worldcat and a host of monograph retailers. blueorganizer requires you to register before you can access the add-on. a new menu option will appear in your firefox main toolbar. from here you can access the various options available. i use it for collection development. it is a great tool for creating lists of books i want to order from amazon.com, without having to go back and forth between amazon.com and whatever page i may be on. also, it allows me to do searches in worldcat from amazon. com so i can see if we already have the item. for more information see: http://www.adaptiveblue.com/ cataloging dublin core viewer the dublin core viewer is pretty self-explanatory. it will display the metadata embedded in the page if it is using dublin core. unfortunately, only a few sites use dublin core, so this tool is of limited use. when dublin core is found in the page, the dublin core viewer icon in the bottom right of your browser will glow orange. for more information see: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/528 “right-click” menu after add-ons are installed lagniappe* *lagniappe (lan-yap, lan’ yap’) n. an extra or unexpected gift or benefit. [louisiana french] ffirefox is an open source web browser created by the mozilla foundation. currently, firefox is used by roughly 16-18% of everyone accessing the web.1 microsoft’s internet explorer still dominates the market with an 80% share. so, why use firefox? since it is open source, anyone with the time, know-how, and desire can create add-ons to enhance its features. currently, there are over 5,000 add-ons available for mozilla’s various browsers, of which firefox is the most popular. many of these add-ons can be very useful in the day-to-day operations of a library. this column presents twelve add-ons that can be used in various areas of the library. i do need to make a disclaimer: this article features functions available in firefox 2.0.0.14. by the time it is published firefox 3.0 will be available, which may enhance some of these add-ons. biobar toolbar bibleserver.com toolbar https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/browse/type:3 https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/browse/type:3 http://www.tfd.com http://dictionarysearch.mozdev.org/ http://biobar.mozdev.org/ http://freenet.myseminar.ru/ http://www.bibleserver.com http://www.adaptiveblue.com/ https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/528 spring / summer 2008 29 nor th carolina libraries systems webdeveloper 1.1.6 webdeveloper is my favorite firefox add-on. webdeveloper allows you to manipulate the way the browser processes the page. you can display style elements, form data, table layouts, image attributes, and much more without looking at the code. it also allows you to edit the page in the browser without downloading it. of course these changes are only for the session and will not affect the actual page. this is a useful add-on for any web developer and is easily accessible from the toolbar. for more information see: http://chrispederick.com/work/web-developer/ instruction/distance education testgen4web this add-on allows you to “record” your browsing history. though the creator claims it works like a vcr for your web browser, it really just records the actions you performed on a page. unlike many software packages, such as camtasia, which actually records your every move, testgen4web records your actions. you won’t see your cursor move across the screen and text will not slowly appear in a field. instead, you will see snapshots of each step. text fields will suddenly have words in them, links will suddenly turn into visited links, and a new page will appear. this could still be a useful add-on if you need to record and store your online searches. also, the files are very small, unlike movies created by commercial software packages. the toolbar embeds itself at the bottom of the browser. for more information see: http://developer.spikesource.com/wiki/ index.php/projects:testgen4web general tools following are a few of my favorite add-ons that are useful in the library and at home. google preview google preview simply adds a preview thumbnail image next to each google search result. it helps weed out garbage results and has saved me an untold number of clicks. one word of warning- it doesn’t filter content, so there is always that chance of getting more than you bargained for. for more information see: http://ackroyd.de/googlepreview/ pdf download 1.0.1.2 don’t you hate it when you click on a link and surprise it’s a pdf that causes your pc to grind to a halt? pdf download will always give you the option to download, open, or cancel the download. also, it allows you to view a pdf as html. for more information see: http://www.pdfdownload.org/ quicknote quicknote allows you to highlight any part of a web page and send it to a quicknote file stored in your browser. it also attaches the source url for each note you create. it can then be copied to notepad, word, or any equivalent word processing software. for more information see: http://quicknote.mozdev.org/ viamatic foxpose if you’re like me, you’re constantly opening a number of tabs at a time, then forgetting which tab is which. this add-on will be your best friend. viamatic foxpose allows you to view all of your tabs at once. if you have six tabs open, your browser window will divide into six equal parts, each with an image of what is in the tabs. clicking on the image will bring you to the page. to activate viamatic foxpose, simply click on the grey box it creates in the bottom left of your browser. for more information see: http://viamatic.com/firefox installing add-ons installing add-ons is simple once you have firefox installed. simply click on the “tools” option in your browser, select “addons” and then select “get extensions” on the bottom right side of the pop-up box. from here you can use the search function to find add-ons below, or you can browse them all. once you have found the add-on, simply click the “add to firefox” button and install the program. shut down firefox and restart it and your add-ons are installed. you can also remove and disable add-ons from the addons manager in the toolbar. hopefully, these add-ons will be useful. for all the internet explorer users out there wondering where their add-ons are, i’m sorry to say there aren’t as many, about 500, and all the useful ones have a cost associated with them. you can find them at http://www. windowsmarketplace.com references 1 market share by net applications http://marketshare.hitslink. com/report.aspx?qprid=0 2 biobar mozdev.org http://biobar.mozdev.org/ 3 adaptive blue http://www.adaptiveblue.com/ webdeveloper toolbar firefox add-ons manager testgen4web toolbar embedded in the browser footer google previewer http://chrispederick.com/work/web-developer/ http://developer.spikesource.com/wiki/index.php/projects:testgen4web http://developer.spikesource.com/wiki/index.php/projects:testgen4web http://ackroyd.de/googlepreview/ http://www.pdfdownload.org/ http://quicknote.mozdev.org/ http://viamatic.com/firefox http://www.windowsmarketplace.com http://www.windowsmarketplace.com http://marketshare.hitslink.com/report.aspx?qprid=0 http://marketshare.hitslink.com/report.aspx?qprid=0 http://biobar.mozdev.org/ http://www.adaptiveblue.com/ http://www.nclaonline.org/ncl/ncl/ncl_63_3-4_fall-winter2005.pdf 100 — fall/winter 2005 north carolina libraries north carolina library association minutes of the executive board april 15, 2005 archdale public library greensboro, north carolina attending: jean rick. paula hinton, tom nixon, rodney lippard, beth l. rowe, gerald holmes, bao-chu chang, jennie hunt, keith burkhead, kim parrott, lynne lysiak, catherine wilkinson, euthena neuman, david m. paynter, mary hatcher, priscilla lewis, kathy crowe, irene laube, carol laing, sherwin rice, annis barbee, connie keller, diane kester, john via, jeanne crisp, lisa sheffield and dale cousins. outreach no report. conference report john via has extra copies of the james t. hall poster for those who didn’t get one or would like another copy. "e summary of conference transactions results in a loss of $104.66. ncla returned the advanced registrations for the open government coalition to the coalition. "e remaining stock in conference store has been transferred to next conference store. vendors were not included in the conference registration, but numbered over 100. "e total registration for the conference was 1,194. pay equity jennie hunt reported that the committee has met and brainstormed about producing tools for change instead of simply collecting data and then bemoaning our salaries. "e committee would like to survey the library staff in north carolina that would strive for a balance between useful information and maintaining the confidentiality of those surveyed. "e next meeting will be next friday at greensboro college. "e committee will present a report this fall. jeanne crisp said that the state library may be able to provide some funding for the survey. "e committee was encouraged to apply for a grant. organizational issues currently, the commitment to leadership ascending to the presidency of ncla is eight years. it is the feeling of several board members that the term of eight years is too long. several alternatives were discussed. one alternative is to have the past president serve as chair of the nominating committee. "is would result in a six year commitment. several board members spoke to the advantage of this change. a shorter commitment would lead to easier recruitment. traditionally the presidency rotated amoung the four types of libraries (academic, school, public, and community college). "is has not happened recently. conscious efforts need to be made to engage the presidents in the conference over which they preside. one solution would be for the president to choose the conference theme. robert burgin call to order and welcome pauletta called the meeting to order at 10:10. branch manager naomi galbreath welcomed to archdale and invited us to look around. "e library would welcome meetings because of their location. president bracy thanked gerald holmes, keith burkhead, and jean rick for helping with the meeting set-up. adoption of agenda "e agenda was modified by moving the financial and membership and state library reports before the committee reports. "e revised agenda was passed by voice vote minutes of previous meeting "e minutes of the february 11, 2005 executive board meeting were approved by voice vote. president’s report handbook revisions president bracy provided an update on proposed changes to the handbook. "e handbook is to be revised after each executive board meeting and the revisions approved at the next board meeting. as a result, the handbook and bylaws will be continually updated. "e following changes were passed by voice vote: 1. "e role of treasurer and the administrative assistant were clarified. "e treasurer can write checks but cannot accept money or make deposits. "e administrative assistant accepts payments and deposits money. "erefore, the section concerning membership renewals (1:18) must be deleted. according to the bylaws, the membership must vote on this change. 2. "e operations committee will move from an ad hoc to a standing committee. strategic planning claudia gallop will be conducting a membership survey. "e license plate bill, senate bill 971, has been referred to the senate finance committee. it will be considered late in the session. if passed, 300 requests must be made before the plates can be issues. a decision on the logo needs to be made. fall/winter 2005 — 101north carolina libraries will add to the conference 2005 handbook that the president, in conjunction with the conference committee, will develop a theme for the conference. annual conference several members of the executive board think moving to an annual conference is a great idea. with biennial conferences many members do not have a chance to participate in conference planning or attendance. most states have annual conferences and the trend is not to have biennial conferences. annual conferences would open up the association and engage more people in ncla leadership. an annual cycle would eliminate the down time in a two year cycle. an annual conference would provide a continual incentive to be involved and to remain a member. other members are opposed because an annual conference would interfere with section workshops in the non-conference year. "ese workshops generate the money for quality conference programming. "e reality is that is the same people work all the time and annual conference would not change this. an annual conference is a lot of work, thus time, as well as money, figures into this change. perhaps we need more pre-conferences. it has been a struggle for to come up with programming year after year. libraries are struggling now and might be unable to send people to annual conferences. annual conferences could be shorter. our conference is four days and that is too long. vendor preferences need to be considered as well. many vendors are not doing state conferences any more. robert burgin will survey the vendors of the 2005 conference. vendors are “used” to annual conferences. annual conferences would help with scheduling of vendors. alternatives to conferences were also discussed. suggestions included hosting forums and workshops around the state. "ese sessions could meet in smaller and less expensive places. sections could schedule their workshops during this time. "is issue will need to go to the membership for a vote. it will be added to the ballot for next month with some pros and cons included. "e constitution and codes committee will see if there are any other changes to the handbook and bylaws needed if the decision of the membership is to move to annual conferences. if so, a general referendum will be created for a vote at the conference. make it a positive referendum. motion: advisory referendum of the membership to be added to the ballot for next month. motion passed by voice vote. constitution and codes committee is in charge of the ballot and will provide the information for the ballot. ncasl "e currently is no chair for ncasl. "ere has been limited attendance at the conference programs. at present there are the 95 members who are still members of ncla. carol laing suggested combining with the children’s services section. she will contact the 95 members after discussion with the members of the children’s services section and seeing what they think. membership dale cousins reported for terri wehrli. changes in membership categories will need change in constitution and vote by membership. discussion of how other organizations handle lifetime membership. it was decided that generally we do not have enough lifetime members to worry about this. motion: amendment to increase dues in july 1, 2005, instead of january 2006. motion passed by raised hands. motion: all contextual information will be on the ncla website. url will be on the ballot directing members to the contextual information on the web. "e ballot will be mailed. motion passed by show of hands. treasurer’s report "e complete report is posted on the web. diane kester reports that there are changes from last report because of changes in conference accounting. "e funds reported for sections and round tables are for the current year. balances are on the fund report. bottom line is that we have cash in savings, cd, investment and checking accounts. we received $5000 in sales tax refunds. endowment reports $27,084.70 invested in the north carolina community foundation. "ere was a discussion of individual committee funds. gerald holmes moved that the report be accepted, seconded. "e treasurer’s report was approved by voice vote. financial statements catherine wilkinson reports we need to be cautious when projecting income. "e leadership institute will have to pay for itself. at this time, the budget does not have the funds to continue lobbying. "e publications committee has already expended their budget. any additional money for publications will have to come from reserves. jeanne crisp reported that the state library can offer money for the coming conference. "ere will be $10,000 to help sections, round tables, and committees for conference programming. requests for grants should be submitted to ncla for this money. ncla will administer this grant, not the state library. also available are continuing education grants for nc libraries. "e state library will also pay for two issues of tar heel libraries. "e proposed dues increase will not cover expenses. sections and round tables need to take an active role in recruiting new members and retaining current members. "e generation of membership must come from the sections and roundtables. many staff may not know that their libraries will pay for memberships. people need to be motivated to join this organization. ncla needs to be marketing its membership benefits and continual education opportunities. paraprofessional survey shows that 50% of respondents would take advantage of educational opportunities even on their own time. motion: motion was made to approve budget as presented, seconded. motion passed by voice vote. 102 — fall/winter 2005 north carolina libraries <http://www.nclaonline.org/finance/2005/2005april/> nc libraries "e move to digital issues of north carolina libraries didn’t save any money because of layout charges. "e editor and several members of board have resigned. ralph scott has volunteered for the editorship and has a verbal commitment from vice-chancellor at east carolina university to fund two years of print at ecu. ralph scott could also do the layout. "ere will be 4 online issues and one compiled print issue. we are awaiting formal approval from east carolina university. according to the bylaws, the president appoints the editor. president bracy will call ralph scott. "e executive board approved this appointment. president’s report concluded. section/round table reports business librarianship in north carolina no report. children’s services section carol laing reports that the css section has made changes in their bylaws, worked on chapbook (their quarterly newsletter), discussed fund raising suggestions and planning for a css fall conference is well underway. <http://www.nclaonline.org/css/reports/cssrpt050207.pdf> college and university libraries rodney lippard reported the section is in planning stages for the 2005 conference. community and junior college libraries keith burkhead reports on program planning for the 2005 conference. plans are to have a program on new instructional technologies and a follow-up program on e-procurement. <http://www.nclaonline.org/cjcls/reports/cjclsrpt050415.pdf> government resources section (documents) beth rowe reported for bryna coonin. "e section will have three programs at the 2005 conference. ethnic minority concerns gerald holmes reports that remco is working on the next issue of their newsletter, conducting a state wide survey of library students of color attending lis schools in north carolina, planning two programs and an information table for the 2005 conference. dr. earl smith, director of american ethnic studies and professor and chairman of the department of sociology at wake forest university will speak at the remco luncheon. remco is also exploring ways that ncla can participate in the first joint conference of librarians of color in dallas in october 2006. <http://www.nclaonline.org/remco/reports/remcorpt050415.pdf> library administration and management mary sizemore reported for mary ellen chijioke that the main activity of the section is planning for the 2005 conference. "e section will sponsor a day long pre-conference on planning and organizing staff development. two other programs are in planning stages: bruce lee for managers and superior supervision makes for a supremely happy librarian. also planned are the personnel interest group luncheon, circulation interest group breakfast and a welcome for new library staff. bylaws were also amended. "e webmaster is alan keeley of wake forest university. <http://www.nclaonline.org/remco/reports/ remcorpt050415.pdf> literacy no report nc association of school librarians no report nc library paraprofessional association annis barbee reported on the mutual respect survey. "e data can be found at <http://www.ncaonline.org/nclpa/> "e mutual respect task force is preparing recommendations to bring to the executive board. "e comments on the survey were fascinating. "e section is also working on programming for the 2005 conference. a program was presented at the library support staff enrichment workshop in march on internal customer service. <http://www.nclaonline.org/nclpa/reports/nclparpt050415.pdf> nc public library trustee association mary hatcher reported that the nc public library trustee association is working on 2005 conference. "ey will sponsor a session on planning for changing times. new members jennie hunt reported on the big adventure on march 18. fourteen people toured the libraries at johnson and wales university, the charlotte observer, the charlotte and mecklenberg public library and the library of parker, poe adams and bernstein. planning is well underway for the 2005 conference. an orientation reception for newest members will be held at 2:30 on wed. <http://www.nclaonline.org/nmrt/reports/nmrtrpt050415.html> public library priscilla lewis’ report is on the ncla website. "ere are plans to sponsor or co-sponsor programs, present the bill roberts award, and hold a luncheon. <http://www.nclaonline.org/pls/reports/plsrpt050415.pdf> reference and adult services lisa sheffield’s complete report is on the ncla website. "e section will co-sponsor the reader’s advisory pre-conference with the public library section at the 2005 conference. plans are also underway for programs and a luncheon at the conference. "e luncheon speaker will be nancy pearl, author of book lust. "e section is seeking someone to hold an academic reference program for the conference. lisa also made the board aware of robert burgin’s new book: nonfiction readers’ advisory. <http://www.nclaonline.org/pls/reports/plsrpt050415.pdf> fall/winter 2005 — 103north carolina libraries resources and technical services euthena newman’s complete report is on the ncla website. "e section will have four programs for the 2005 conference. audrey fenner has resigned her position at unc-g to work at the library of congress. "e section will be seeking to replace her as vicechair, chair-elect. <http://www.nclaonline.org/rtss/reports/rtssrpt050415.pdf> special collections no report. status of women in librarianship kathy crowe reported for jenny barrett. "e complete report is on the ncla website and highlights the marilyn miller award. <http://www.nclaonline.org/rtswl/reports/rtswlrpt050415.pdf> technology and trends lynne lysiak reports the section is busy working on programming for the 2005 conference. committee reports archives jean rick reports that the time capsule is complete. nc libraries and tar heel libraries are archived by the state library and are available for loan. "e ncla archives will keep eight copies for archival purposes and they are not loaned. additional copies are retained for claiming. conference 2004 see presidents report. conference 2005 robert burgin’s complete report is on the ncla website. vendors have expressed interest in sponsoring programs and events. wireless internet access will be provided at the conference; there will be an endowment dinner with entertainment; all speakers need a contract or they will not be paid; all nc librarians are required to pay even if only coming to speak; conference opening speaker is nc native herman boone; his film remembering the titans will be shown; there will be a friday morning breakfast for past presidents. local arrangements will be sending out information soon. "ere are 70 program time slots. submit programs now so the decisions on which programs will be selected and time slot decisions can be made soon. we could use more breakfast functions. be sure the treasurer knows how the income and expenses are to be divided if your event is being co-sponsored. <http://www.nclaonline.org/conference/reports/committee%2004150 5%20report.pdf> commission on the future of libraries and the book no report. constitution, codes and handbook revision see president’s report. continuing education sherwin rice would like to merge the discussion of continuing education with the discussion of increasing and retaining members. endowment leland park and david paynter are making progress and will report at next meeting. finance see president’s report. intellectual freedom jim kuhlman reports that the committee will co-sponsor a program with the state library. it is tentatively titled “an intellectual freedom primer.” "e committee also received a book challenge. "e title is king and king by linda de haan and stern nijland. "e book is about homosexuality and was removed from the henderson county public library collection. <http://www.nclaonline.org/intellect/reports/ifcrpt050415.pdf> leadership institute no report. membership see president’s report. dale cousins reported for teresa wehrli that the total membership as of april 8, 2005 was 1323. <http://www.nclaonline.org/intellect/reports/ifcrpt050415.pdf> http://www.nclaonline.org/members/ncla%20membership%20categ ories-1.pdf> <http://www.nclaonline.org/members/dues%20ballot%20june05.pdf> nominating no report. operations irene laube reports that kim parrott had mailed over 400 renewal notices and has worked with diane kester on reconciling the 2004 conference budget. kim has also attended the 2005 conference committee meetings; prepared the endowment report for 2004; assisted in distributing a survey for nclpa and remco. deposits are now being made more frequently to improve the cash flow. "e postage meter machine was replaced after it malfunctioned. "e complete report is on the ncla website. <http://www.nclaonline.org/members/dues%20ballot%20june05. pdf> public policy ross holt’s complete report is on the ncla website. highlights are $1.5 million for aid to public libraries and $1 million additional funds for nc-live; senate bill 971 for the ncla license plate; senate bill 708 and house bill 972 are referred to committee; north carolina legislative day is wednesday, april 20; and jeanne crisp, library development section chief, will represent the state library at ala legislative day in washington, dc. lobbying by ncla/ncplda has generated $5.1 million in funding affecting north carolina’s libraries over the past three 104 — fall/winter 2005 north carolina libraries years. "is is a return of $92 in library funding for every $1 spent on lobbying. <http://www.nclaonline.org/ppc/reports/ppcrpt050415.pdf> publications and marketing no report. scholarships sue williams reports that susan benning, branch manager with the rockingham county public library, has been elected second vice-chair. "is position will maintain the records of the mclendon student loan awards. she will devise a system of repayment of these loans. letters have been mailed requesting repayment. lisa williams, coordinator of research and information services of the library at the university of north carolina wilmington, has joined the committee. <http://www.nclaonline.org/scholarships/reports/schrpt050415.pdf> ncla website bao-chu chang reports that the ncla web site averages 53 hits per day with the average visit length of 1.28 minutes. "e candidates for officers for 2005-2007 will remain on the web page until june 1, 2005. "e 2005 conference will be featured after june 1. bao-chu request that chairs are not to share passwords with any one except the sections/committee/round table designated webmaster. please notify bao-chu chang if contact personnel change. <http://www.nclaonline.org/ncla%20web/webrpt050415.html> organizational outreach see president’s report. strategic development see president’s report. other reports north carolina libraries see president’s report. ala councilor vanessa work ramseur reports there are no new developments. sela councilor no report. e-news no report. state library jeanne crisp reports that there is a national search for new state librarian. "ere is a three person team to manage the state library until a new state librarian can be hired. on may 6th there will be a meeting to plan the search for the new state librarian. we’re carrying on, developing new programs and conducting business as usual. recommend expanding career enrichment grants for first time conference attendees. eleven different conferences will be covered. priority will remain first-time conference attendees. a person can only get one grant during a five year period. grants are up to $1000.00. "e grant agreement is between the individual and the state library for professional and para-professional staff. only requirement is that the attendees must have their supervisor’s permission to attend. treasurer’s reports see president’s report. new business deadline for conference program information is july 1. "e program goes to the printer on august 1, 2005. president bracy requests that committee/round tables/sections summarize what you have done this biennium and e-mail for inclusion in the president’s report for the 2005 conference program. "e 2005 conference committee will discuss further how the profits from sponsorship of a pre-conference session will be divided. "e conference handbook states: according to the biennial conference handbook, pre-conference profits are divided along the following lines: if sponsored by an ncla section, committee, or round table, 25% goes to the conference and 75% goes to the sponsoring group; if sponsored by non-ncla affiliated groups, 50% goes to the conference and 50% goes to the sponsoring group. "ere will be further discussion on this issue and clarification if necessary. announcements, other business "ere were no announcements. adjournment "e ncla executive board meeting was adjourned at 2:30 p.m. minutes recorded by connie keller volume 81 2023/24 13 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft in 2022, staff at j. murrey atkins library launched a project to remediate metadata for electronic theses and dissertations (etds) in the niner commons institutional repository, which hosts unc charlotte faculty, staff, and student scholarship on an open access model. received several times a year in files encoded in proquest’s own xml etd metadata standard, which atkins transforms into mods, the etd metadata in niner commons provided a basic level of access to student work but was marred by capitalization irregularities in title and note fields and, crucially, by the lack of controlled subject terms in the fast (faceted application of subject terminology) vocabulary used in records for all other works in niner commons. the absence of controlled subject terms thwarted subject access to the etd collection except through student-supplied keywords, which are generally poor in quality, and terms from proquest’s own subject vocabulary. the remediation project addressed these metadata deficits by matching proquest subject terms in niner commons etd metadata against fast subject terms in an openrefine reconciliation procedure and inserting the terms into legacy records using xslts (extensible stylesheet language transformations), while making smaller adjustments to capitalization and style. the remediation project was, however, limited in scope, and did not address problems in other areas of the etd records or attempt to rethink etd metadata workflows at unc charlotte, which involve repository records in mods and catalog records in marc that are created through separate processes and staff and differ in quality. this case study provides an account of the etd metadata remediation project at atkins library, delineating the metadata problems it was designed to address, the remediation methods and tools used, the problems encountered during the course of the work, and the 1 gail p. clement and fred rascoe, “etd management & publishing in the proquest system and the university repository: a comparative analysis,” journal of librarianship and scholarly communication 1, no. 4 (2013): 2-3. https://doi.org/10.7710/21623309.1074. 2 “advanced search sherpa services,” opendoar, accessed july 23, 2023, https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/cgi/search/repository/advanced. results of the project and findings. in describing atkins’ remediation process, it also reflects on some of the possibilities and contradictions of etd metadata remediation work in the contemporary institutional repository environment, where staff shortages, legacy cataloging practices in other library units, and proquest’s own distribution channels for etd metadata can limit libraries’ ability to ensure metadata quality and consistency across different systems and record formats. atkins’s experience suggests that a phased approach that does not tackle all remediation issues at once may be a viable strategy for remediating etd metadata for institutions coping with staffing and technology constraints. literature review doctoral dissertations, and to a lesser extent, master’s theses, have been publicly distributed within the united states as far back as the 1930s, with microfilm copies facilitating relatively inexpensive and efficient distribution.1 with the advent of digital publishing and online repositories, etds are even more readily available, with libraries playing an active role in this work. the open directory of open access repositories (opendoar) shows that of the 646 institutional repositories based in the united states and posting scholarly content like journal articles, 469 also report posting etds.2 this means that approximately 73% of scholarly institutional repositories also host etds, suggesting that ingesting and managing etd content is an ever-present responsibility of academic libraries. in managing such workflows, libraries must consider whether digitally disseminating etds through proquest, an institutional repository, or both is the best fit. such a decision involves careful consideration of staff bandwidth, discovery potential, and the costs of using a commercial publisher. proquest has administered savannah lake and joseph nicholson unc charlotte remediation by degrees: enhancing etd metadata to improve discoverability https://doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1074 https://doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1074 https://doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1074 https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/cgi/search/repository/advanced https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/cgi/search/repository/advanced 14 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft digital etds for over twenty-five years now, as far back as 1997, gaining widespread buy-in and momentum around 2006.3 given this legacy, the proquest dissertations and theses database (pqdt) holds appeal, as it is one of the largest databases of graduate works.4 additionally, working with proquest to distribute etds can be especially helpful to libraries with smaller cataloging and repository teams, as they may not have the staff to commit to collecting and cataloging several hundred etds on an annual basis. at the same time, housing etds in institutional repositories offers marked advantages, such as eliminating submission fees for students and collocating etds alongside faculty work as well as other graduate non-etd work, such as capstone projects, articles, and conference proceedings. it is not surprising, then, that a 2017 survey of etd policies and practices found that many institutions take advantage of both platforms; of 51 respondents, 40 load etd metadata into their institutional repository and 24 load into pqdt, with the library catalog and oclc worldcat being popular destinations as well (34 and 29 respondents, respectively).5 for unc charlotte, the benefits of both platforms were clear, and we have similarly opted to have theses and dissertations featured in both. dual online submission of etds into institutional repositories and pqdt is made possible through a variety of different workflows, including utilizing the proquest etd administrator, ftp, or harvesting.6 with metadata records generated by proquest in its own xml–as opposed to an established schema like mods, which our repository uses–a key part of our local workflow with ingesting etds into the institutional repository involves crosswalking proquest metadata to mods. in doing this for several 3 marielle veve, “etds in proquest and the institutional repository: a descriptive study of the current workflows available for dual online submission,” the journal of academic librarianship 47, no. 5 (2013): 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102429. 4 clement and rascoe, “etd management & publishing in the proquest system and the university repository,” 17. 5 emily alinder flynn and janet h. ahrberg, “electronic theses and dissertations (etds) metadata policies, workflows, and practices: a survey of the etd metadata lifecycle at united states academic institutions,” journal of library metadata 20, no. 2–3 (2020): 102-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386389.2020.1780689. 6 veve, “etds in proquest and the institutional repository,” 3. 7 shawn averkamp and joanna lee, “repurposing proquest metadata for batch ingesting etds into an institutional repository,” the code4lib journal, no. 7 (2009). https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/1647. 8 joachim schöpfel, “adding value to electronic theses and dissertations in institutional repositories,” d-lib magazine 19, no. 3/4 (2013): 4. https://doi.org/10.1045/march2013-schopfe. 9 eun g. park and marc richard, “metadata assessment in e‐theses and dissertations of canadian institutional repositories,” the electronic library 29, no. 3 (2011): 404. https://doi.org/10.1108/02640471111141124. 10 “institution dissertations faq,” accessed july 23, 2023, https://about.proquest.com/en/dissertations/proquest-dissertations-frequentlyasked-questions/proquest-dissertations-institutions-frequently-asked-questions/. years, we have navigated several issues with repurposing proquest’s metadata for our own repository. these issues have been documented in the literature as well; a case study from university of iowa libraries, for example, discussed limitations with proquest metadata, including a lack of departmental mapping, which prevents users from browsing etds alongside other works coming from the same department and hinders departments from getting a cohesive picture of their scholarly output.7 even without the complicating factor of crosswalking metadata from proquest’s schema, metadata can be a sticking point for etd management. a review of thirteen conferences on etds and gray literature, for example, specifically recommended metadata improvements as a way to add value to etds housed in institutional repositories, to improve their discoverability.8 etds, in particular, are subject to have “considerable variations” with metadata, such as differing descriptors to describe university programs, degree levels, and dates (which can range from the date the etd was made available online, to the date it was submitted, to the date the student graduated).9 the study reviewed repositories using proquest xml metadata records as well as other standards, suggesting that metadata remediation is a key component of any form of etd management. like many other universities navigating the terrain of etd management and dual online submission, historically we have addressed the differences in proquest’s xml with our local standards through crosswalking with xslts. adjusting for subject terminology has been a bit trickier, as proquest uses its own controlled vocabulary instead of library of congress subject headings (lcsh) or fast.10 previously, we had simply carried over proquest’s supplied terms, despite feeling that the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102429 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102429 https://doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1074 https://doi.org/10.1080/19386389.2020.1780689 https://doi.org/10.1080/19386389.2020.1780689 https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/1647 https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/1647 https://doi.org/10.1045/march2013-schopfe https://doi.org/10.1045/march2013-schopfe https://doi.org/10.1108/02640471111141124 https://about.proquest.com/en/dissertations/proquest-dissertations-frequently-asked-questions/proquest-dissertations-institutions-frequently-asked-questions/ https://about.proquest.com/en/dissertations/proquest-dissertations-frequently-asked-questions/proquest-dissertations-institutions-frequently-asked-questions/ https://about.proquest.com/en/dissertations/proquest-dissertations-frequently-asked-questions/proquest-dissertations-institutions-frequently-asked-questions/ volume 81 2023/24 15 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft terms were insufficient for meaningful discovery within our systems. other libraries take a similar approach; in their case study of repurposing proquest metadata, pennsylvania state university libraries similarly uses proquest-provided subject terminology, relying on these userand proquest-generated records to streamline procedures in a time in which “cataloging and metadata departments are being asked to provide new services while still keeping up with traditional workflows.”11 in fact, the university ceased manual lcsh subject cataloging several decades ago in 1975 for most of their dissertations in the interest of expediting workflows.12 conversely, “through the efforts of the special format unit and many others involved in the process,” university of arkansas libraries perform record-by-record subject analysis to proquest etd metadata, to ensure lcsh subject terms are applied to etds. this has yielded meaningful impacts on discovery, as a subsequent survey found that library users and reference librarians credit the subject headings for improving access.13 while perhaps best practice, record-by-record cataloging may be aspirational or out of reach for many. a case study of an etd remediation effort at the university of houston libraries, for example, found assigning lcsh terms to etd records required the additional help of a cataloging librarian and ultimately was too significant a commitment of time and labor to continue.14 more broadly, a 2016 study of institutional repositories posting etds found that 61% of repositories relied on author-submitted keyword terms and 28% used another standardized thesaurus, while only 31% used lcsh.15 though the study did not specify, there is likely some overlap between the respondents who mentioned another 11 ken robinson, jeff edmunds, and stephen c. mattes, “leveraging author-supplied metadata, oai-pmh, and xslt to catalog etds: a case study at a large research library,” library resources & technical services 60, no. 3 (2016): 200. https://doi.org/10.5860/ lrts.60n3.191. 12 ibid., 192-195. 13 cedar c. middleton, jason w. dean, and mary a. gilbertson, “a process for the original cataloging of theses and dissertations,” cataloging & classification quarterly 53, no. 2 (2015): 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2014.971997. 14 santi thompson, xiping liu, albert duran, and anne washington, “a case study of etd metadata remediation at the university of houston libraries,” library resources & technical services 63, no. 1 (2019): 74. https://doi.org/10.5860/lrts.63n1.62. 15 tom steele and nicole sump-crethar, “metadata for electronic theses and dissertations: a survey of institutional repositories,” journal of library metadata 16, no. 1 (2016): 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386389.2016.1161462. 16 heather moulaison sandy and felicity dykas, “high-quality metadata and repository staffing: perceptions of united states–based opendoar participants,” cataloging & classification quarterly 54, no. 2 (2016): 113. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2015.1116480. 17 annie glerum and dominique bortmas, “migrating etds from dublin core to mods: automated processes for metadata enhancement,” presented at the alcts metadata interest group virtual pre-conference (2016): 54. 18 “proquest electronic thesis and dissertation (etd) administrator: student submission libguide” (2023): 20. https://proquest. libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=64364001. standardized thesaurus and author-submitted keyword terms, as proquest provides both in its metadata records, with controlled subject terminology coming from its own vocabulary along with student-submitted subject keywords. limited staff hours are a recurrent issue in metadata creation, experienced by many libraries and cited as adversely impacting metadata quality.16 as a library with staff constraints, we were interested in exploring automated or batch efforts for assigning controlled subject terminology to improve our metadata quality and discovery experience while also acknowledging our limited staff bandwidth. a promising presentation from the university of south florida describes crosswalking proquest metadata via an xslt, with a brief mention of utilizing the xslt to append lcsh terms to etd records.17 this was of particular interest to our work, for its potential to partially automate what can be a timeconsuming process. balancing automated processes and proquest-provided metadata with our local standards for metadata quality, we aim to add to the growing literature on managing and remediating etd metadata records from proquest, specifically in the space of subject metadata, to provide a robust analysis and case study that will help other universities replicate our process and facilitate better discovery of etd records. problem space proquest metadata records include two types of subject metadata: “subjects,” drawn from its in-house controlled vocabulary and applied by students during the etd submission process, and “keywords,” which are descriptors created and supplied by students.18 importantly, https://doi.org/10.5860/lrts.60n3.191 https://doi.org/10.5860/lrts.60n3.191 https://doi.org/10.5860/lrts.60n3.191 https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2014.971997 https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2014.971997 https://doi.org/10.5860/lrts.63n1.62 https://doi.org/10.5860/lrts.63n1.62 https://doi.org/10.1080/19386389.2016.1161462 https://doi.org/10.1080/19386389.2016.1161462 https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2015.1116480 https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2015.1116480 https://proquest.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=64364001 https://proquest.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=64364001 https://proquest.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=64364001 16 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft neither of these subject terms align with established controlled vocabularies like lcsh or fast. this negatively impacts discovery within our institutional repository, which uses fast, since etds on the same subjects as other works within the repository are not assigned the same subject term, preventing collocation and browse. in addition to these issues with collocation, we also found some of the subject metadata within these proquest records to be of such low quality as to be effectively useless in helping users find works. this is especially the case with the “keywords,” which are wholly uncontrolled and generated by students. while the proquest team reviews and edits this self-submitted metadata, there remain significant issues. we currently have twenty etds on “applied physics,”19 for example. instead of meaningful, descriptive subject terms, these papers often have keywords that are so broad as to essentially be meaningless (such as “flipped,” “design,” and “inverted”); or conversely, so specific that they are unlikely to be used by many to browse the repository (such as “bovine serum albumin,” “choline dihydrogen phosphate,” and “centrifugal radial inflow bubble heating”). even worse are the terms that are essentially synonyms but show up in different variants, since these keywords are uncontrolled (such as “bohm” and “bohmian” as well as “sleeping beauty transposase” and “sleeping beauty transposon”). these various issues add noise, creating a long tail of keywords that have only one work associated; within our own repository of 3,090 etds, there are over 6,000 keywords with just one associated work.20 in thinking through our repository holdings as a whole, we identified this disconnect with subject metadata between etds and the repository at large as a meaningful area for improvement. in addition to providing for better discovery and collocation within other materials within the repository, we saw making this metadata improvement as an investment in our repository, which is relatively young. as the repository becomes more established, we hope to create additional research 19 “search results,” niner commons, accessed july 23, 2023, https://ninercommons.charlotte.edu/islandora/ search?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5b0%5d=mods_relateditem_host_titleinfo_title_ ms%3a%22unc%5c%20charlotte%5c%20electronic%5c%20theses%5c%20and%5c%20dissertations%22&f%5b1%5d=mods_ name_personal_author_affiliation_ms%3a%22applied%5c%20physics%22. 20 “search results,” niner commons, accessed july 29, 2023, https://ninercommons.charlotte.edu/islandora/ search/?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f[0]=mods_relateditem_host_titleinfo_title_ms:%22unc\%20 charlotte\%20electronic\%20theses\%20and\%20dissertations%22. 21 ryan johnson, “remerjohnson/fast-reconcile, ” python (2021). https://github.com/remerjohnson/fast-reconcile. 22 veve, “etds in proquest and the institutional repository,” 8. support services for our campus community. such services could include generating metrics and reports for departmental administrators, for example, so that administrators would have a better understanding of the scholarly output of their faculty and students. creating a more cohesive metadata ecosystem within the repository will be instrumental in developing such services and demonstrating the value of the repository, which we hope will increase engagement and use. process to assign fast subject terminology to etds without performing record-by-record analysis, we first began with the subject metadata provided by proquest; specifically, the “subject” terms from their in-house controlled vocabulary, given the great irregularities present in the student-supplied “keywords.” after loading these terms into openrefine, we then used a fast reconciliation service21 to reconcile the proquest subject terms against fast. while most terms had fairly high confidence matches, there were a few that required manual review. in this review, we determined that some proquest terms required two fast terms; “canadian history,” for example, has no direct fast equivalent, so we assigned the fast terms “canada” and “history” to that term. once we had the list of reconciled fast terminology, we incorporated these terms into our existing workflows. prior to the etd remediation project, atkins library used an xslt to transform incoming batches of proquest xml etd records into mods and remediate some of the metadata problems that are a noted characteristic of records received through proquest etd administrator workflows.22 the xslt mapped proquest xml elements such as title, thesis author, and advisor to equivalent title and name elements in mods. student-supplied keywords, meanwhile, were crosswalked to a mods note element rather than to mods subject elements, a step taken in order to provide some form of subject access and yet prevent niner commons https://ninercommons.charlotte.edu/islandora/search?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5b0%5d=mods_relateditem_host_titleinfo_title_ms%3a%22unc%5c%20charlotte%5c%20electronic%5c%20theses%5c%20and%5c%20dissertations%22&f%5b1%5d=mods_name_personal_author_affiliation_ms%3a%22applied%5c%20physics%22 https://ninercommons.charlotte.edu/islandora/search?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5b0%5d=mods_relateditem_host_titleinfo_title_ms%3a%22unc%5c%20charlotte%5c%20electronic%5c%20theses%5c%20and%5c%20dissertations%22&f%5b1%5d=mods_name_personal_author_affiliation_ms%3a%22applied%5c%20physics%22 https://ninercommons.charlotte.edu/islandora/search?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5b0%5d=mods_relateditem_host_titleinfo_title_ms%3a%22unc%5c%20charlotte%5c%20electronic%5c%20theses%5c%20and%5c%20dissertations%22&f%5b1%5d=mods_name_personal_author_affiliation_ms%3a%22applied%5c%20physics%22 https://ninercommons.charlotte.edu/islandora/search?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5b0%5d=mods_relateditem_host_titleinfo_title_ms%3a%22unc%5c%20charlotte%5c%20electronic%5c%20theses%5c%20and%5c%20dissertations%22&f%5b1%5d=mods_name_personal_author_affiliation_ms%3a%22applied%5c%20physics%22 https://ninercommons.charlotte.edu/islandora/search?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5b0%5d=mods_relateditem_host_titleinfo_title_ms%3a%22unc%5c%20charlotte%5c%20electronic%5c%20theses%5c%20and%5c%20dissertations%22&f%5b1%5d=mods_name_personal_author_affiliation_ms%3a%22applied%5c%20physics%22 https://ninercommons.charlotte.edu/islandora/search/?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5b0%5d=mods_relateditem_host_titleinfo_title_ms:%22unc%5c%20charlotte%5c%20electronic%5c%20theses%5c%20and%5c%20dissertations%22 https://ninercommons.charlotte.edu/islandora/search/?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5b0%5d=mods_relateditem_host_titleinfo_title_ms:%22unc%5c%20charlotte%5c%20electronic%5c%20theses%5c%20and%5c%20dissertations%22 https://ninercommons.charlotte.edu/islandora/search/?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5b0%5d=mods_relateditem_host_titleinfo_title_ms:%22unc%5c%20charlotte%5c%20electronic%5c%20theses%5c%20and%5c%20dissertations%22 https://ninercommons.charlotte.edu/islandora/search/?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5b0%5d=mods_relateditem_host_titleinfo_title_ms:%22unc%5c%20charlotte%5c%20electronic%5c%20theses%5c%20and%5c%20dissertations%22 https://github.com/remerjohnson/fast-reconcile https://github.com/remerjohnson/fast-reconcile volume 81 2023/24 17 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft subject facet displays from combining controlled fast subject terms from non-etd repository records with uncontrolled keywords of wildly varying quality in etd records. additionally, terms from proquest’s own subject vocabulary for etds were mapped to another mods note element and displayed in a separate field in niner commons’ public interface. in an effort to minimize capitalization irregularities in proquest xml records, where etd titles and student-supplied keywords are erratically capitalized, the xslt for incoming proquest records capitalized all titles and all keywords in niner commons etd records. the belief at the time was that capitalization of title and keyword fields in all etd records was preferable to inconsistent capitalization in such fields from record to record. subsequently, however, atkins staff came to see camelcase displays of keyword and title data as more intelligible to users, partly as a result of a review of literature on best practices for metadata displays.23 the absence of controlled subject vocabulary was, of course, an even more serious liability. in order to address the subject heading and capitalization issues, a suite of two remediation xslts was developed for the remediation project.24 the first xslt inserted one or more fast subject terms into the legacy etd records based on the proquest subject terms already present in the metadata, addressed the capitalization issues, and inserted administrative metadata that documented the remediation actions taken and the remediation date. to create it, staff used the templating function in openrefine to map the spreadsheet data containing fast subject terms matched against the proquest terms in the reconciliation procedure to blocks of xsl “variable” elements. the proquest vocabulary subject terms in the legacy records were similarly mapped to clusters of xsl “if ” elements using the same openrefine functionality. the “transpose columns” function in openrefine was crucial to this procedure. next, the clusters of xsl “variable” and “if ” xsl elements were exported from openrefine in xml format and dropped into an xslt document that contained ad23 see, for instance, pragya srivastava and ms. vinita sharma, “best practices of ui elements design,” international research journal of engineering and technology 6, issue 6 (2019) and quovantis, “why letter casing is important to consider during design decisions,” ux planet, june 25, 2018, https://uxplanet.org/why-letter-casing-is-important-to-consider-during-design-decisions-50402acd0a4e. 24 joseph nicholson, “proquest2fast1,” github, 2021, accessed january 30, 2023, https://github.com/sediziosevoci/xslts/tree/master/ proquest2fast_xslt_1. 25 averkamp and lee, “repurposing proquest metadata for batch ingesting etds into an institutional repository.” ditional templates for adjusting capitalization and creating administrative metadata. the xslt was constructed in such a way that when it encountered a specific proquest subject term in an etd record, it applied one or more matched proquest subject terms and their uniform resource identifiers in new mods subject elements, as well as smoothed out capitalization and other style issues. the original proquest subject terms were retained in the legacy records. during tests, staff discovered that the xslt was applying duplicate fast subject terms to some etd records. rather than attempt to address this issue in the first xslt, staff built a second stylesheet that stripped out any duplicate headings applied during the first transformation. to apply the xslts, staff downloaded the legacy etd records from niner commons using a crud (create, read, update, delete) app in the islandora repository platform and moved them into oxygen xml editor project folders on a local computer. an oxygen transformation scenario was created that applied the two xslts sequentially to 2,640 legacy etd records in a single batch process. requiring some 12 hours to complete, the transformation would doubtless have finished sooner if a more powerful computer had been used. following spot checks of the transformed records, some manual edits were made with find and replace to address lingering capitalization irregularities, a process also described in an account of an etd remediation process at the university of iowa libraries.25 like the authors of that study, atkins staff hope to craft a more automated solution for normalizing capitalization in future xslts. due to a problem with the crud app that interfered with replacing the niner commons legacy etd records with the transformed versions, staff enlisted the help of an atkins developer to reingest the files. the etd collection in niner commons was then reindexed so that the new fast subject terms would display properly. after the remediation procedure, all that remained to be done was an extensive revision of the xslts for incoming proquest etd records so that the same group of fast subject terms would be applied to all future etd https://uxplanet.org/why-letter-casing-is-important-to-consider-during-design-decisions-50402acd0a4e https://github.com/sediziosevoci/xslts/tree/master/proquest2fast_xslt_1 https://github.com/sediziosevoci/xslts/tree/master/proquest2fast_xslt_1 18 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft records from proquest as they were transformed into mods and ingested.26 since the remediation project, all newly arriving etd records have received one or more fast subject terms upon ingest. for all new receipts of proquest etd records, staff coordinate closely with atkins developers, who now apply the ingest xslts within the islandora system. once the ingest xslts have been run, staff spot check the records and run additional diagnostic xslts devised since the completion of the remediation project to identify records that were not assigned a fast subject heading and those that have been assigned inappropriate headings during the transformation. after the etd records are loaded into a test collection and additional quality control spot checks are performed, they are ingested in the etd collection in niner commons. results in the year since its implementation in april 2022, this process for normalizing capitalization and appending fast terms to proquest etd metadata has worked well, integrating seamlessly with existing workflows and reliably producing accurate, quality metadata. we have run the process several times as part of batch etd ingests without issue. conceivably, as more etds come in on novel topics, there may be new proquest subject terms to reconcile against fast, which will require us to update the corresponding xslts. relatively speaking, however, maintaining this process has not been especially time consuming or a burden in our etd workflow. one limitation of atkins library’s remediation project was its narrow focus on a small handful of metadata problems that staff had identified as particularly crucial for retrieval and use of the etd collection in niner commons. unlike a more ambitious remediation effort at the university of houston libraries,27 which was launched in order to bring etd metadata into harmony with revised metadata guidelines for records contributed to a statewide etd repository in texas, staff at atkins 26 joseph nicholson, “final_proquest_xml_to_mods_xslt_troika,” github, 2022, accessed january 30, 2023, https://github.com/ sediziosevoci/xslts/tree/master/final_proquest_xml_to_mods_xslt_troika. 27 thompson, liu, duran, and washington, “a case study of etd metadata remediation at the university of houston libraries,” 62. 28 laura waugh, hannah tarver, and mark edward phillips, “introducing name authority into an etd collection,” library management 35, no. 4/5 (2014): 273. 29 sevim mccutheon, “basic, fuller, fullest: treatment options for electronic theses and dissertations,” library collections, acquisitions, & technical services 35 (2011): 65. 30 rebecca l. lubas, “defining best practices in electronic thesis and dissertation metadata,” journal of library metadata 9, issue 3-4 (2009): 253. library did not attempt to standardize or control names of authors, advisors, or thesis committee members. authority control measures like these have been identified as important for digital collections by both waugh et al.28 and mccutcheon.29 nor did the remediation project address diacritics problems in abstracts or title fields, which have been mostly handled on a record-byrecord basis in niner commons, or seek to remediate or entirely remove the most flawed student-supplied keywords. yet the relatively small-scale remediation actions performed in atkins library’s project certainly do not preclude more extensive remediation work later. one benefit of the project’s modest dimensions is that they allowed staff to test out remediation techniques on a smaller scale that can later be applied much more broadly in the repository. a second, more ambitious remediation effort that will address such issues as authority control is currently in the planning stages. another limitation of the project was that it did not attempt to apply the improvements made to niner commons etd records in mods to the corresponding marc records for etds in atkins’s catalog (also received from proquest and then locally enhanced) or resolve the discrepancies in metadata quality that have resulted from atkins’ habit of creating and managing two sets of etd records in different systems, one derived from student-supplied metadata and the other created by catalogers. described by rebecca lubas as “double deposit,”30 this commonplace practice in academic libraries can involve not only duplicative metadata management work for the same resources by staff in different units, but also records that do not share the same controlled access points or level of detail. at atkins, double deposit in two linked but separate systems with different functionalities has made it difficult to ensure that changes to one group of records are mirrored in those in the other system. though harmonizing separate etd metadata management practices in marc and mods at atkins could over the long term help reduce https://github.com/sediziosevoci/xslts/tree/master/final_proquest_xml_to_mods_xslt_troika https://github.com/sediziosevoci/xslts/tree/master/final_proquest_xml_to_mods_xslt_troika volume 81 2023/24 19 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft some of the etd metadata flaws that atkins’ remediation project in niner commons was designed to address, the ambitious effort of restructuring etd workflows at atkins would require more staff and resources than the library currently possesses and was therefore beyond the scope of this effort. as to the quality of the reconciled fast metadata that we now append to the etds, as we drew from the existing proquest subject metadata, the words we reconciled are very general, covering disciplines or areas of study like “environmental science” and “adult education.” as we do not have the staffing bandwidth for record-by-record analysis, this approach was a matter of necessity. in addition to being more general, this mode of subject description is more diffuse. essentially, the terms are a translation of existing terminology instead of a result of direct analysis, which could potentially cause the description to be more blurred or imprecise. while we review the reconciled fast terms against their proquest originals in a spreadsheet, we do not look at each etd to ensure their reconciled fast terms are perfect fits (aside from select spot checking with each batch ingest of etds into the repository). while this reliance on batch processes and more general subject terminology may be more lax, we have found the resultant etd metadata to be more or less in line with the descriptive records for other works within the niner commons repository. currently there is only one staff member responsible for ingesting works into niner commons and creating the corresponding metadata records, so as a matter of staff capacity each record receives two or three fast terms. accordingly, while this approach works for our cataloging needs, it may be too broad for institutions looking for more granular subject coverage. an unexpected yet important consequence of this remediation project was that it highlighted deia (diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility) issues within our subject metadata. in particular, in running the fast reconciliation service in openrefine and reviewing the results, we saw that the fast equivalents of several of the proquest terms were offensive, problematic, and outdated. the reconciliation service had recommended “oriental literature” for “asian literature,” for example, and “sexual minorities” for “lgbtq studies.” accordingly, this etd remediation project was in part the impetus for a subsequent metadata initiative, in which we audited fast metadata within the repository at large to identify and replace offensive terms. this initiative is in progress, as we continue to evaluate terms and develop cataloging guidelines that will help us be more inclusive and respectful of our users. finally, the remediation project was hampered by deteriorating functionalities of the islandora platform that supports niner commons, which is currently running on an older, unsupported version. unable to make use of the crud app to reingest the remediated metadata files through the islandora interface, staff had to ask atkins developers to replace the records through a command line procedure on the backend, a step that will be necessary for any future remediation actions. staff have since received training in replacing files through the command line themselves, but the procedure remains a cumbersome workaround. these difficulties are a reminder of how repository system weaknesses, just as much as staffing and skill constraints, can negatively impact the scope and ease of a metadata remediation project. atkins staff are presently exploring new repository platform options, with a migration tentatively scheduled to take place within the next year. conclusion atkins’s etd subject metadata remediation project has improved discovery within the repository, facilitating better collocation, browse, and cross-repository searching. limited to capitalization and subject metadata, this remediation effort acknowledges staff constraints both by being targeted in scope and by utilizing batch tools and methods. though etd metadata workflows can vary by university and can be especially tricky, with metadata often coming from different sources and relying on usersubmitted information, atkins library has found success with small-scale, sustainable remediation projects. for libraries lacking extensive repository or cataloging staff, project-based remediation efforts that yield integrated changes in cataloging workflows could be a useful strategy for continually improving the metadata quality of etds and other works. covid-19: positives for the school and public libraries 4 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 thank you for the honor of joining you today. i have deep ties to this lovely state….memories, friends and family. i am thrilled to be here with all of you. i deeply appreciate my colleagues, mary boone and kevin cherry’s confidence in me and hope to share thoughts and observations with you possibly with a variety of results. some of you may be interested or bemused, or even appalled, all of which is fine just as long as i do not put you to sleep. however you may respond to my thoughts today, i ask you only to listen because i must have gotten some things right. my experience has stretched across three continents, through five cultures and i have presented internationally several times. libraries, the stories and resource allocators part of telling a story is knowing your audience. many of the resource allocators, policy makers, and public decision makers who will, hopefully, be listening to your story may have had experiences with libraries during a particular time period; so i will review how i summarize the last 40 years quickly. be aware that your concept of a library may have evolved faster or differently than your audiences. in the early 70s when i became a librarian, we were following what i call the “just in case” model. we carefully built collections and services for the times that they were needed. we tried to be ready “just in case” someone needed some information. remember, this was well before the internet and even before online data bases. computers were big clunky things with tons of punch cards. we had books, journals, newspapers and loose-leaf services. nonetheless, we tried to be ready for anything. even the smallest public library sought to have a reference collection. then technology developed and the budget cuts started. we no longer had the resources to build general collections in case they were needed. so we learned to use the new technology and lease access to material. i call this the “just in time” model. we gave our clients a wide variety of new tools to use in the library...we were early adapters. i remember closing our major research library’s card catalog and traveling to new york city to be trained on the new york times database. it was an exciting time. however, our “just in time” model changed when we realized that what we did not own we could neither preserve nor assure continued access to. the next time period gave birth to needs assessments, and focus groups, and advisory councils. i call this the “just for you” model. we accepted the brutal fact that we could not be all things to all people. but we had realized the down side of only renting information. thus we came to believe that if we understood our communities, we could build collections tailored to the needs of our communities...we would be successful, save money and serve our users. unfortunately as this model developed, we realized that our clients, our communities, did not always know what they might need... even in the moment, let alone for the future. that led to the next step in our evolving approach to collections, which, i call the “just because” model. we came to understand that we must blend the strong points from all the earlier attempts to cope with the enormity of our clients’ expectations. but we also needed to bring our training and our expertise to bear on the challenge. so we built collections that combined some leased materials, but we also purchased materials we believed might be really important to our communities...despite the lack of identification through needs assessments. because we believed we knew how to tailor our collections and services to our clients, we had the courage to try to prepare our libraries to meet expectations not yet articulated. meanwhile the world was changing....very quickly...the internet and the “amazoogle” revolutionized expectations and assumptions. i believe the model the world has now given us can be called “just why.” communities and policy makers are asking “just why” do we need libraries? this has led to different types of studies such as libraries for the future’s “worth their weight”, the bill and melinda gates foundation advocacy funding, the ala’s “ilovelibraries.org” website, and so forth. because our continued employment is not a good reason to keep libraries open, i suggest we need to take this question very seriously. somehow we need to be a helpful part of the virtual universes all around us – and yet earn a respected physical “place at the table” in our communities. we especially need to listen to the stories other people tell or do not tell about libraries – so we know their perspective. think about your university president’s last public address, did he/she mention the value of the library on campus? did your mayor thank the library for the content in a recent presentation? some of the comments/ stories you hear may be positive, some may not. how many of you read the garrison keillor interview in september’s american libraries? in a mixed review, he said “libraries are struggling for a rationale”. he went on to suggest “…you are grateful for people who can save you time and that’s what librarians do – they save you enormous amounts of time.” 2007 ogilvie lecture given by gladysann wells at the ncla 57th biennial conference telling our story to resource allocators spring / summer 2008 5 nor th carolina libraries in information outlook, july 2007, as an sla conference keynote, former vice president gore noted to his audience of special librarians…“and of course, it’s no secret that in this day and time you face a challenge not only in keeping up with the incredible explosion of information on every topic relevant to the organizations that you serve – but also a challenge in describing to some people who ought to know better who you are and what you do and why it’s increasingly important to everyone.” what about the comments from cartoonist scott adams in the may 31, 2007 dilbert blog? “recently a friend joked about going to the library to help with his son’s school project. he said it felt like going back in time to pre-internet days. i wonder if libraries have an expiration date on them. i’m guessing yes.” this is a sampling of the here and now of libraries and library stories from a few other perspectives. telling our real story is important – how we try to do that is critically significant. the rest of this paper addresses story telling, advocacy, and the practicality of explaining our beloved institutions to the unconvinced and to the policy makers who make the final decisions. in her article “what’s a library worth? piecing together the structure of value” (information outlook, september 2007, p.59) eleanor jo rodger, joey to most of us, talks about four truths that are essential to understand as you frame your story. libraries exist as parts of larger systems. public libraries are part of cities, towns, and counties; school media centers are part of a school system: academic libraries are part of colleges and universities: special libraries are part of organizations, institutions, or corporation. libraries need host systems more than host systems need libraries. our shared passion and sense of purpose and importance often lead us to ignore this fundamental fact. our host systems determine the rationale for libraries being a part of them, the legitimacy of our claims of belonging to them, and the constituencies we serve on their behalf. perhaps most critically, they bestow (and therefore can recall) the resources we need to stay in business. libraries receive resources and continuing legitimacy from host systems in return for creating value for them. “value” does not exist abstractly in the host systems. it exists in the desires and perceptions of individuals in the systems, be they suppliers of resources or consumers of services. value is not about the library but about its host system. at conferences and meetings, we gather about the campfire of librarianship and sing our songs and tell our stories about how wonderful we are and how unappreciated, but that’s not the world we live in. joey goes on to explain the real world we live in is that of our host system. we must constantly evaluate the context within which we define our role, do our work or tell our story. librarians care. we care about our institutions, our services, our patrons, about our society. it frustrates us that those feelings are not always returned. in joey rodgers’ terms, we often forget that we do not and cannot assign our value. we are so certain that what we do matters, we assume that “they” our host system stakeholders do not know or do not understand; therefore, we turn to advocacy or telling our story as the answer. we charge off to rectify the situation knowing that we understand and we can explain...and all will be well. wrong. the following are some principles i have learned the hard way. the first rule of advocacy or story telling is that you cannot do it for yourself or for your own institution. as robert martin, former director of the institute of museum and library services (imls), explained in a whclist pre-conference presentation in april 2003, if we trace the word advocacy to its source, it means ‘one who pleads the cause of another.’ we often forget that we have a vested interest in our own success, and in the success of our institutions. we may forget that, or discuss it as irrelevant, but the policy makers, decision makers and resource allocators will not. we can explain, describe, answer questions artfully, but we cannot advocate. it is always best to find someone who understands the importance of what we do to speak for us, to speak about us and our work....it will carry much more weight. to again quote joey rodger, “a college president whose doctoral research was abundantly and cheerfully supported by a university library years ago is more likely to support the college library now. a city councilman whose constituents are vocal about how much the public library contributes to the pre-reading skills of their children is likely to look favorably on the library’s request for an early-childhood specialist.” if you are not blessed with advocates – it is your job to find, coach and support the ones who will be needed. for example, if you are a teacher librarian you might have a principal who believes that science is the answer to all of society’s problems. start by talking with him/her and supplying new, super, phenomenal information about the role of science in building society. later, when you need that principal’s support, he/she might remember you were caring and conscientious about his/her interest...and be willing to listen and perhaps help. next, know your history. whatever your issue, whatever story needs to be understood and embraced by current resource allocators, it probably has a past in your community. (i use the word community to refer to a town, a school, a legislature, whatever the context, we all serve a community.) know what that past is all about. know where the past efforts failed and, if possible, know why. research the details, rehearse the plausible scenarios, and think about the opinions that stopped your issue from being successful in the past. never dismiss past obstacles. the past has a way of tripping up the present. another over arching consideration is the study of your context. in joey rodgers’ terms, “your host system”. know the environment that surrounds your work. for example, it will be fruitless, and perhaps harmful, to ask for more funding in a time of serious retrenchment. as a part of knowing your context, study the decision and policy makers the resource allocators as robert martin terms them. basically, know as much as you can about the 6 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 people who make the critical decisions about your work. above all be aware that in our society, those individuals define the social good. again as robert martin stated, “politics serves as the final arbiter of public value.” however we might struggle to educate or explain to those elected or appointed to public service or to other positions of authority, they, not we, are the final decision makers. what they care about, what reality they see, and how they perceive our work is critical to their support and thus to the determination of resources. resources you may need for your institution. remember the fourth point from joey rodger: value relates to the host system. an example from joey, “the chicago public library is about the success of chicago, the fairbanks elementary school media center is about the success of the fairbanks elementary school, the university of california at los angeles library is about the success of ucla students and faculty, and so on. it’s always about them, not about us. we are honored to contribute to their success.” next, build connections before you need them. think of your contacts as a savings account. determine well in advance of your need: who might be willing to help you, • who can stop you and • what each of them might want that you could supply.• find partners to share the load and to give your issue broader appeal. partners are more defined and more interactive than contacts. connections start with contacts and build toward partnerships. but always try to understand why someone partners with you in any cause--try to know what is in it for them. few partnerships are simply altruistic...most find a common cause and work for goals that somehow benefit both. that is not a bad thing, it is what is. be aware of the reality and work within that frame of reference. understand the weak spots of your issue. even if you cannot fix them (for example, you need tons of money and very little is available), know those weak spots, and plan ahead how you will address the questions that will come. it is not enough to care about important things important things are ignored unless they are presented in a compelling manner, with realistic goals, with committed partners and in terms the resource allocators or the host system can understand and with which they identify. in summary, we all have three choices in life: 1. put up or shut up, 2. go somewhere else, or 3. seek to change the situation within the context and by the rules we are given. no one should be able to do the latter better than librarians. finally, be flexible, sometimes all that can be accomplished is a discussion on the public record. no matter what happens, remember you may outlast your non-partners quietly, with elegance and • accurate information; believe and trust that there is always another day;• be smart enough not to win battles and lose wars;• can be secure that retreat with dignity is almost always an • option. learn from your experience…especially the future. if you don’t succeed, take heart and try again. best of luck!! gladysann wells is the director and state librarian of the arizona state library, archives and public records. http://www.nclaonline.org/ncl/ncl/ncl_63_3-4_fall-winter2005.pdf fall/winter 2005 — 105north carolina libraries north carolina library association minutes of the executive board friday, july 15, 2005 carol grotnes belk library, appalachian state university boone, north carolina attending: diane kester, kim parrott, connie keller, ralph scott, jim kuhlman, paula hinton, john via, jean rick, dale cousins, catherine wilkinson, lisa sheffield, ross holt, robert burgin, pauletta bracy, jeanne crisp, irene laube, david paynter, jenny barrett, mary hatcher, carol laing, lynne lysiak, sue williams, gale greenlee, mary ellen chijioke, bobby wynn, and evelyn council. be the chair of the nominating committee. if passed, this should also be included in the handbook because the handbook deals with the implementation of the duties that are enumerated in the constitution. a motion was made and seconded that: "e past-president will be the chair of the nominating committee. "e amendment will be included in the 2005 conference program and will be voted on at the business meeting during the conference. president bracy thanked bobby wynn and his committee for making these revisions. strategic planning "e membership survey is still being processed. organizational outreach brenda stephens initiated the move for the license plate and the bill has been ratified. "e language specifies that the international library symbol will be the logo. "e bill now needs to be signed by the governor and 300 specialized plates need to be sold before any are struck. suzanne white has ideas about publicizing the plates to get the 300 needed. "e plates will increase our visibility. centennial conference john via and diane kester have the funds accounted for as of july 5, 2005. <http://www.nclaonline.org/finance/2005/2005july/2005-2fundaccounts.pdf> after discussion, a motion was made to share half of the profits of the centennial conference with sela. motion: ncla will share the profits of the centennial conference 50/50 with sela. "e motion passed by voice vote with two nays. pay equity a proposal was submitted to lsta at the state library. it is too soon for a response, but a favorable one is expected. a literature search was conducted that determined a need to do this study. a professional consultant will help us during phase one. phase two will be the actual survey conducted by a professional survey team with an estimated cost of $75,000 to $100,000. jeanne crisp call to order and welcome "e board was welcomed to the new carol grotnes belk library by mary reichel, the university librarian and lynn lysiack. lunch was provided by the library. tours of the new facility were given before and after the meeting. adoption of !e agenda "e agenda was adopted as written. announcements cards were sent to terry wherli congratulating her on the birth of her son and a sympathy card to peggy quinn. "e community college conference is slated for july 20-22, 2005 at central piedmont community college, levine campus. adoption of minutes of previous meeting: april 2005 "e minutes of the april 15, 2005 executive board meeting were approved by voice vote. president’s report recent balloting president bracy reported on the results of the recent balloting of the membership concerning moving to an annual conference instead of the current biennial conference. president bracy reported that the arguments presented by both sides were convincing and valid. "e results of the election favored continuing with the current biennial conferences. "e issue of changing to an annual conference will certainly appear again as it has in the past. constitution bobby wynn reports that an online draft of the association’s constitution has been posted to the ncla website. everything in red will be removed. "e three column format is a test. bobby asked for input on using this format for the constitution. consensus was to make the constitution available in pdf format. a revised draft will be posted soon incorporating suggestions and amendment below if passed. drop first past in past-past president (a typo) an amendment was proposed suggesting that the past-president 106 — fall/winter 2005 north carolina libraries reports from lsta committee and they agreed to fund a pay equity survey with the condition that ncla’s project would not overlap with one being conducted at unc chapel hill. a meeting with the chapel hill group and our pay equity committee will compare projects. biennium conference agenda august 31, 2005 is the deadline for anything to be included in the conference packets. north carolina libraries "e new editor of north carolina libraries is ralph scott and joins us today. we applauded his work on north carolina libraries. "anks to president bracy for appointing him. a thank you also goes to east carolina university for a grant to pay for part of the publishing of the 1550 copies of the periodical. president bracy has sent a letter to the provost at east carolina formally thanking him for his support. in 1943 membership voted a 50% increase in dues from $1.00 to $1.50 so the north carolina library association could publish a scholarly journal. "e biggest expense is the format. generally speaking an issue costs about $15.00 to print. "is does not include postage. "e current subscription rate is $32.00 for a print subscription. "e north carolina libraries board recommends raising the rate to $50.00. robert burgin motioned to raise the annual print subscription rate of north carolina libraries to $50.00. "e motion passed by unanimous voice vote. ralph scott reported that the north carolina libraries board can always use articles. presently there are enough articles for two issues. kim parrott and diane kester were thanked for their work on north carolina libraries. "e 2005 ray moore award goes to kem ellis for “tap into the library” published in the fall 2003 issue. "e award will be presented at the 2005 conference. treasurer’s and finance committee reports <http://www.nclaonline.org/finance/2005/2005july/index.html> "e association’s income is really down. "e subscription rate increase for north carolina libraries will help. "e actual operating income is negative. fund accounts and cd’s reveal not much money will be available for scholarships. much of our money is untouchable. jeanne crisp issued a reminder that july 29 is deadline for project grants. lsta grants that do not support librarian education will not be granted. jeanne crisp at the state library had offered to pay for two issues of tar heel libraries. "is will be in the form of a reimbursement. our income comes from dues, subscriptions, advertisement, conferences, and management fees from lsta grants. income from lsta should not be counted on in the future. project grants have really used up the conference profits. gerald holmes mentioned that project grants are the only way this committee could put on programs at the conferences. "ree years of conferences has resulted in a lot of programming. robert burgin reminded everyone that they need to get approval for vendor support of programs at the conference. membership and conferences and maybe license plates are the main sources of income. $20,000 was taken from reserves to balance budget and reserves are now dwindling. ross reminds us that money is to be used and a lot of the things we have been doing with this money is good. his advice was not to cut things because our membership has doubled since 2002. we need to increase income to replenish reserves. "e treasurer and the finance committee will look into credit unions for our cd’s, since interest rates are low at the banks. any change of banks requires approval of the executive board. section and round table reports business librarianship in north carolina dale cousins reported that the wssate workshop was very successful and five conference programs and a business training road show workshop are being planned. children’s services section report is posted on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/css/reports/cssrpt050509.pdf> carol laing reported that six programs are being planned for the conference. "e plan to merge children’s services section with ncasl is more complicated than it appears on the surface. "e decision of the children’s services section was made not to merge. "e jobs are very different between media specialists and librarians. what to do about ncasl is still a question. should the section be deleted? "is would require a vote of the board. maybe we need a concentrated effort to encourage these people. president bracy will write a letter to the 99 members of ncasl. an ad will also be placed in tar heels libraries requesting someone to take over leadership of the school librarian’s section or the section will be dissolved. college and university libraries rodney lippard reported that the report is posted on the ncla website. community and junior college libraries keith burkhead reported that the report is posted on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/cjcls/reports/cjclsrpt050429.pdf> ethnic minority concerns "e report is posted on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/remco/reports/remcorpt050715.pdf> gerald holmes reports that philip cherry has resigned and the section is in the process of electing a new chair. conference planning is moving along. fall/winter 2005 — 107north carolina libraries government resources section no report. library administration and management mary ellen chijioke reported that the report is posted on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/lams/reports/lamsrpt050715.pdf> "e election of new officers is being redone because of a technological failure. lama is working really hard on national level. conference planning is in final stages. literacy gale greenlee reported that the report is posted on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/literacy/reports/litrpt050715.pdf> conference programs will highlight family literacy. "ey are applying for project grant. nc association of school librarians president bracy reported that the report is posted on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/ncasl/reports/ncaslrept050715.pdf> president bracy reported on the issues of school librarians, aasl strategic planning and highlights of the october 2005 aasl conference. nc library paraprofessional association annis barbee reported that the report is posted on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/nclpa/reports/nclparpt050715.pdf> biennial elections were held in june. five programs are planned for the september conference. off-year programming was discussed. "e newsletter should be distributed in august. nc public library trustee association mary hatcher requested help from the board and feels she is the only trustee. "ere are 77 members, but she doesn’t know any of them. a business meeting is planned for the conference hoping that this will generate interest. letters were sent to chairs of trustees, members, and non-members. library directors were asked to pass the information to new trustees. no response was received from any of the trustees. david paynter mentions that trustees are no longer involved in library governing. perhaps we should consider changing the name of the section. "e idea of a name change was favorably received by the board. maybe we need to accept the changing position of trustees and maybe we need to go broader and include all library advocates. could we get the friends of the library groups incorporated as a part of ncla? other suggestions were made about generating interest. mary will go to the state library’s meeting of trustees in the spring of 2006. new members no report. public library no report. reference and adult services lisa sheffield has just returned form london. "e section is preparing for the conference and will meet on august 8. "e slate of officers to be elected at the conference is being prepared. "e section will co-sponsor a pre-conference program with the public library section on reader’s advisory. nancy pearl will be there and will give a free program and speak at the luncheon on "ursday. a flyer will go out to the states surrounding north carolina to advertise the program. resources and technical services no report. special collections no report. status of women in librarianship <http://www.nclaonline.org/rtswl/reports/rtswlrpt050715.pdf> jenny barrett reports that the round table will meet on august 19. food and memory in southern literature will be the theme of the conference luncheon. please nominate someone for the marilyn miller award. technology and trends lynne lysiak reports that a business luncheon and conference programs are being planned for the conference. "e slate of new officers will be presented at the conference business luncheon. committee reports archives jean rick reports on spending the summer at the state library working on the ncla archives. she requests that we cut our supply of centennial conference programs, as they take up much needed space. "e consensus was that it was too early and we could try to sell some at the next conference. conference 2005 robert burgin reported that the report is posted on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/conference/reports/committee%2007150 5%20report.pdf> pre registration packets have been mailed. early registration, housing deadlines have been established. submit 1000 copies of anything you want in program packets. coffee and ice cream breaks for vendors will be provided. speakers who don’t have a contract will not be paid. everybody needs to be registered even if they are not paying so they will get a badge. suggestions were made that even if speaker was not getting paid they still need a contract. request for checks need to be made prior to the conference so that diane can have the checks ready at the time of the conference. checks for more than $500.00 will need a 1099 form and tax id. needs to know what media is coming so this can be coordinated. tuesday night will be the dinner meeting of the new and old board. wednesday night will be the president’s endowment dinner at $50.00 per person. all money will go to endowment. "ursday night is all conference reception. "ere are a few slots left for programs. 108 — fall/winter 2005 north carolina libraries borders will handle the books for the authors. we are ahead on vendors and two new ones have signed up as of today. "ank the vendors when you go to the exhibits. commission on the future of libraries and the book no report. committee is dissolved. constitution, codes and handbook revision see president’s report. continuing education no report. endowment david goble reports that the committee is preparing a handout for conference program. will raffle off a gift basket and have an endowment table at the conference. "e committee’s short term objectives are fund raising, increasing endowment, and improvement of their web presence. intellectual freedom jim kuhlman reported that the report is posted on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/intellect/reports/intellectrpt050715.pdf> "e following is a resolution opposing the parental empowerment act. bill was referred to house subcommittee on may 1st. ncla resolution opposing the parental empowerment act whereas, "e parental empowerment act of 2005 (h.r. 2295) has been introduced into the u.s. house of representatives by rep. walter b. jones of north carolina, 3rd congressional district, and whereas, rep. walter jones submitted the bill in support of parents who wished to censor the gay positive book king and king, as quoted in the may, 17, capitol hill newspaper !e hill, and whereas, "e parental empowerment act would require states to establish parent review and empowerment councils at all local education agencies (i.e. school districts), and whereas, states would be subject to loss of federal education funds if they do not comply with this provision, and whereas, parent review and empowerment councils, once established, would give the authority to “provide significant input…regarding the purchase or acquisition of any library or classroom-based reference, instructional, or other print material for use in any elementary school” effecting pre-selection restraint upon the judgment of library and education professionals, and whereas, professional library standards for writing selection policy statements clearly state, “while selection of materials involves many people, including administrators, supervisors, teachers, library media specialists, students, and even community residents, the responsibility for coordinating and recommending the selection and purchase of library media materials should rest with the certificated library media personnel.”, and whereas, american library association president carol breycasiano, speaking for the profession as a whole and for ala, states, the bill would “empower a small review board to decide for all families in a community what materials will be available...” and whereas, it is desirable that individual parents review materials their children may read and decide what is appropriate for their own children rather than for the community as a whole, and whereas, president brey-casiano further states, “’"ere is no need for federal interference in a local community’s decisions about its education needs,” since “’communities already elect parents and community representatives to local school boards’”, and whereas, "e north carolina library association believes the bill to be a threat to intellectual freedom and to librarians exercising their professional selection responsibilities, be it resolved that the north carolina library association publicly oppose h.r. 2295, "e parental empowerment act of 2005, and be it resolved that this resolution be expressed to the north carolina congressional delegation, the superintendent and frances bradburn of the north carolina department of public instruction, appropriate offices, divisions and committees of the american library association, and to all the major news networks of the state (television, radio and newspapers). ncla intellectual freedom committee ncla public policy committee leadership institute robert james is unable to attend and submitted a written report. "e leadership institute will be held october 17-21 at the summit conference center in brown summit. "ere are 27 applications to date. maximum attendance will be 30 and the deadline is june 1. fourteen applicants have requested scholarships. robert james will attend the acrl/harvard leadership institute in august. non-proprietary material from this institute will be incorporated into the ncla leadership institute. membership "eresa wehrli is unable to attend, but submitted her report on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/members/reports/ membershipchart050706.pdf> "e discussion of the report suggested the deficit could be removed if the sections and round tables actively recruited members and the public library membership were doubled. nominating dr. jones is unable to attend, but submitted his report by e-mail. "e results of the election are as follows: vice-president, president-elect: phil barton secretary: paula hinton treasurer: tina stepp ala representative: kevin cherry directors: frannie ashburn and bryna coonin fall/winter 2005 — 109north carolina libraries "e results of the referenda are as follows: 83% voted yes on the new proposed dues structure. 96% voted yes on the proposed revision to the treasurer’s duties. 67% voted no to annual conferences. operations irene laube reported that the report was on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/operations/reports/optnrpt050715.pdf> kim parrott saved us some money by working less in may and june. she has been busy working on the fund balances, north carolina libraries and tar heel libraries, memberships, and the conference database. public policy ross holt reported that the report is posted on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/ppc/reports/ppcrpt050715.pdf> legislative agenda of ncla/ncplda is to increase state aid to public libraries. we were successful in getting aid funds and equalization block grants. it doesn’t seem likely that there will be an increase in funding for nc-live. community college and nc-live funding increases need to be addressed. efforts by some counties to modify or eliminate the local maintenance of effort (moe) rules associated with state aid appear to have failed. "e license plate bill has been ratified. "e increase of 1.2 million in resources for nc-live was generated in large by ncla’s lobbying efforts. we need to find a way to continue to fund lobbying. we received a huge return on our $15,000.00. lobbying paid off in getting our message out to the legislature. publications and marketing (tar heel libraries) no report. scholarships sue williams reported that the report is posted on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/scholarships/reports/schrpt050715.pdf> "e committee awarded one mclendon student loan to jennifer lynn smith. procedures were developed to reach former recipients of loans and request repayment. because of minimal balances in the scholarship accounts, none were awarded. "e committee voted to return to the policy of awarding scholarships and loans only in conference years. "e committee website will be revised and redesigned. it will be brought up before conference. officers for the coming biennium are chair, harry cooke and vice-chair, susan benning. committee is considering suggestions for the two vacancies. ncla website no report. other reports ala councilor no report. sela councilor evelyn council reported that the report is posted on the ncla website: <http://www.nclaonline.org/sela/reports/selarpt050715.pdf> sela held a successful leadership conference in decatur, georgia on may 13, 2005. "ere were 40 participants. sela is another place to advertise what we are doing in north carolina. john via attended the executive committee meeting on may 12, 2005. state library jeanne crisp reported that the job posting for a new state librarian closes at 5:00 today. it is hoped will be someone in place by the october state librarians conference. advisory committees about programs and services being offered by the state library are being established on behalf of children and teens. ncla continuing education committee will help convene a continuing education advisory committee. what we need to do, where and how are being discussed. "ere is an initiative started to provide online classes and training on nc-live. lsta advisory committee decides how to spend the federal money. benefits for other types of libraries include every child ready to read and how to teach parents and care givers to teach children to read. training kits and programs will be given at the conferences. trustees training workshops will be held in the spring. consumer health information training for librarians will be a focus for duke, chapel hill, east carolina and wake forest medical library directors. in the next year they will take a look at need of consumers for health information, the training of librarians and what resources need enhancement. community college will survey 15 community college libraries using libqual. "e data will be used by the legislature to understand the needs of community colleges. new business president bracy requested that the committees, sections and round tables submit their biennial reports to her by august 1, 2005. "is is the last meeting for president bracy and she thanks us for a most rewarding professional and personal experience. "e gavel will be passed at friday’s luncheon at the end of the 2005 conference. adjournment "e meeting was adjourned at 2:50 pm by president bracy. minutes recorded by connie keller 20 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 ‘debating’ the merits of clickers in an academic library bobbie l. collins, rosalind tedford, h. david womack technological innovations offer an opportunity for librarians to “enhance teaching methods and meet the demand for student-centered, active learning classroom strategies.”¹ librarians are constantly searching for new pedagogical approaches to incorporate into their classroom presentations. in an attempt to make library instruction more interactive and to include active learning modules that motivate the student audience, librarians are developing creative programs to teach information literacy skills.² as part of this process, librarians are also identifying new tech devices, such as audience response systems, that may have pedagogic potential. audience response systems, or clickers, are gaining popularity on many college campuses as a tool to gauge students’ understanding of the material being presented during a lecture or similar session. in an article describing new high-tech products, gary roberts predicted that screencasting software and classroom response systems “will eventually become essential tools for dynamic educators.”³ getting started with clickers at the zsr library in 2006, lynn sutton, the director of the z. smith reynolds library at wake forest university, and rosalind tedford, the information literacy librarian there, began discussing the merits of having an audience response system both for use in library instruction and for gaining feedback in library staff meetings. rosalind attended a blackboard world® conference where all three of the major vendors of these systems were exhibitors. the library was looking for a technology with a low learning curve that could readily be adopted by a wide range of library staff, not just those more technologically adventurous. after interviewing all three vendors and watching demos of their products, we invited a representative from turning point® to winston-salem to give a sales demo of the clicker software to the library staff. turningpoint® was chosen because it integrates completely with microsoft’s powerpoint software, a program already used heavily by library staff. instructors simply insert turningpoint slides into existing powerpoint presentations and set the kind of feedback they wish to see. questions can be posed as true/false, multiple choice/multiple answer, or likert-style, and results can be displayed as bar graphs, pie charts, or doughnut charts. while more advanced functions are available, an instructor does not need to know them in order to make quick use of the software. using a handheld device, students respond to questions as they see them displayed in the powerpoint presentation. students and instructors then get immediate feedback on the screen in the form of graphs of user responses. after watching the demonstration, library instructional staff were impressed with turningpoint®. the idea of using clickers in the library’s instructional program appeared promising to most of the staff, but some were concerned about the amount of preparation required to implement this technology into existing library instructional classes. in deciding whether to invest time and money in clicker technology, staff pondered other questions: what would be the benefits of using the clickers? would clickers eat up precious class time? and more importantly, how would students respond to this technology? would it provide reliable and comprehensive feedback for both instructors and students? after considering the pros and cons of the clicker technology, the information literacy librarian recommended purchasing 30 clickers and one receiver. the clickers were tested in two sections of the library’s for-credit information literacy class (lib100) in the spring of 2007. the students loved them and the clickers were such a popular item among library staff for a variety of purposes that in the summer of 2007 an additional 30 clickers and two receivers were purchased for library use. this article will discuss the logistics of our implementation and discuss the ways we use clickers at wake forest. along the way we will look at successes, failures, and lessons learned and provide tips for other libraries interested in this interactive technology. training and support for the clickers during the summer of 2007, once the decision was made to use the clickers across the library, several classes were given to show staff how to use the software with powerpoint. the software was loaded on each person’s machine before class time, so that the class could be focused on using the software. for people who were not able to attend the classes, one-on-one help was given by the information literacy librarian and giz womack, the manager of technology training, on an as-needed basis. although the software is easy to install and use, not unexpectedly some glitches were encountered, especially in synchronizing receivers and computers. those glitches were worked out eventually, however, and technical support for the clickers has been minimal. additional classes in using the clickers will be taught again in the summer of 2008 for new staff members and those who use the software infrequently. managing the clickers early on it became apparent that a booking system was needed to manage the clickers. with several sections of the lib 100 credit course and other library instruction classes being offered throughout the day, a central location for picking up and dropping off the clickers was essential. the 60 clickers were split into three sets, each with its own carrying case, 20 clickers, one receiver, and several replacement batteries. we use a microsoft outlook resource calendar to book the clickers. to reserve the clickers for a class or meeting, a staff person checks an online calendar to make sure that a set of clickers is available on the date(s) needed and then requests a reservation from the il librarian or the manager of technology training. if the class size is more than 20 students, the instructor can book two sets of clickers. along with figuring out a booking system, the il librarian had to determine a safe and accessible location for housing the clickers. presently, the il librarian’s office houses the clickers and so far the booking system is working. spring / summer 2008 21 nor th carolina libraries putting the clickers into action with lib 100 students because we knew that students like using clickers “for immediate feedback, knowledge-checking, in-class surveys, group work, and other engaging activities,”4 we immediately looked for places to incorporate them into our instructional program. at the zsr library we teach a for-credit elective class for undergraduates and we are always in the market for ways to make that class engaging and interactive for the students and instructors alike. the clickers seemed like a perfect opportunity for us to do this. in january and february of 2007 the information literacy instructor added turningpoint® ‘clicker’ slides to a few of the powerpoint presentations that were used by many instructors. then, she and our technology training specialist used the clicker presentations in the two sections of lib100 that they taught in the late spring. the course evaluation given at the end of the class included a question about how the students felt about the clickers. their responses were almost universally positive: i think the electronic polling tools were instrumental in creating • participation in the class structure. i liked the clickers, it’s a good way of letting students voice their • opinions quickly. i really enjoyed the use of clickers in the class. while probably • not necessary, i do feel like they improved my overall classroom experience and my ability to participate regularly. ...the clickers were fun. i think the class responded more than • they would have without the clickers. i really enjoyed the clickers, i thought they were a clever idea and • a good way to keep class interesting with student participation. the clickers were great—they encouraged student participation, • they were fun, they were exciting. the clickers were a great idea though they didn’t always work. • i found them fun. i also feel as though they offered a way for all students to contribute to class discussions while eliminating that fear of raising your hand and feeling singled out. i wish all professors used this. in addition to these advocates, however, there were a few students who were not as enthusiastic. statements like, “i thought the clickers were okay but i feel like everything these days is a poll. everybody wants to know what everybody else thinks, so it gets sort of annoying but they weren’t too bad,” and “the clickers were a gimmick, they did next to nothing and just took up time,” made us aware of the fact that not all students will respond positively to this technology in the classroom. bolstered by the positive feedback, the information literacy librarian took the summer to rework most of the class powerpoint presentations to include clicker slides. they were then presented to the lib100 instructors and made available to them over the campus network. instructors could copy the presentations to their hard drives and alter them as needed. the turningpoint® training empowered instructors to create their own presentations to cover the material in the way they saw fit. the information literacy librarian and the technology training manager were available to the instructors to help troubleshoot problems before, during, or after their classes. overall, the clickers have not changed what we teach in our lib100 classes as much as they have changed how we teach. the students are more engaged in the content when they get immediate feedback, and we have found that better classroom discussions ensue. the clickers are generally not used for graded assignments, but rather to point out to students what they do and do not already know about doing research and to get them to use searching skills on the fly to answer questions. when they all answer a question incorrectly, they tend to pay more attention when you are providing the answer. in future semesters we hope to harness some of the advanced features of the clickers to do more competitive activities where teams can compete on questions and where we can track individual answers. but for now the students seem to like being able to respond in class with this technology and certainly seem to think it makes the class more interesting. debating the merits of clickers with high school students after watching a demo of turningpoint®, it became clear to the lead instructor that clickers could be used to check for student comprehension in the wake forest university summer debate workshops for high school students. as part of the learning experience, debaters participate in a hands-on library session which includes an orientation to the library’s online catalog, databases, and other electronic resources. in the summer of 2007, two groups of debaters (total of 37 students) came to the library’s computer lab for a two-hour session on researching their debate topics. at the beginning of class, the students were instructed on using the clickers and were given five practice questions: have you ever used a clicker or an electronic classroom • response system? if yes, where did you use a clicker?• what part of the country are you from?• when you return to your school in the fall, will you be a freshman, • sophomore, junior, senior, or college bound? have you attended a wfu debate workshop?• the idea of using practice questions was to help calm fears. some of the debaters were away from home for the first time. they were in a new learning environment and probably felt somewhat high school debaters give the clickers a workout during a hands-on instructional session in the library’s computer lab. 22 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 overwhelmed. using practice clicker questions at the beginning of class helped the students feel more comfortable and, as one debater observed, the “ice-breaker” questions were fun and interesting! during the instructional session, students used clickers to respond to questions. students were asked about lc subject headings and call numbers, locations of specific titles that are located in the stacks or online, and search strategies such as the use of boolean operators and truncation. in the majority of cases, the students did well on the questions, but most questions had a few incorrect responses. the benefit of asking for the answers through clicker responses is that the instructor gets immediate feedback on problem areas and can revisit content in response to incorrect answers. how did the debaters react toward the clickers? data about student perceptions of the clickers were collected from a brief evaluation form which 36 debaters turned in at the end of the workshop. a majority of the debaters (86%) agreed or strongly agreed that they enjoyed using the clickers to respond to questions. approximately 44% of the debaters indicated that using the clickers to respond to questions allowed them to better understand the material, while 39% were undecided. the debaters were also asked to list some advantages and disadvantages of using the clickers in the classroom. interestingly, debaters’ comments were very similar to those of the lib 100 students. for instance, some of the advantages that the debaters mentioned were the anonymous feature; fun; quick response time; everyone participates; and the clickers create a more interactive environment. one debater commented, “it provides a quick glance of the classes’ knowledge to compare to yourself.” disadvantages included having to press several times to ensure your response is counted; hard to press; easily broken or stolen. several students remarked that the clickers discourage note taking. one student noted, “sometimes i would accidentally press [the] wrong button.” one reason why the debaters were very enthusiastic about the clickers is that these “students of the twenty-first century have grown up using computer games for learning and entertainment.”5 and as one debater mentioned, the clickers “make the instructional session less boring. now the lesson is an interactive game.” when asked if the z. smith reynolds library should continue to use clickers in library instructional sessions, the debaters overwhelmingly answered in the affirmative. soliciting feedback from staff one of the driving forces behind investigating the clickers was our director’s desire to get staff feedback on various topics. in the fall of 2006 and the spring of 2007, the zsr library was in the midst of a strategic planning process that was part of the larger university’s strategic planning taking place under our new president. the planning committee (blue sky) solicited input from library staff on our building, our services, our collections, and many other topics. the blue sky committee then developed lists of ideas and suggestions in each of these areas. in order to get an idea of how our staff would prioritize these ideas and suggestions, we had a library-wide staff meeting where the clickers were used. our director very much wanted to hear equally from every staff member and since the clickers are anonymous and do not discriminate against the quieter people on the staff, they seemed the perfect option for feedback. staff were presented with various ideas (e.g. building an off-site storage facility) and were asked how important they thought these ideas were. then the results of these questions were used by our director as she formulated the final strategic plan. there were some expected outcomes and some surprises, but our director was pleased to have equal feedback from our entire staff on the issues at hand as she wrote the final document. an added benefit of this process was that the entire library staff got to see the clickers in action, and soon other committees and groups of staff were finding uses for them. taking the clickers on the road in addition to being an effective tool in the classroom, clickers can also offer presenters an excellent opportunity to learn about their audiences and to adjust a presentation accordingly. when speaking at a conference or at another institution, the presenter is often unsure what the audience knows about the topic and where it stands on issues surrounding the topic. beginning a presentation with clicker questions about the topic can give the speaker insight into the audience and an opportunity to adjust the presentation to better meet its needs. an example of this approach is the wake forest university/ georgia institute of technology joint presentation on gaming in academic libraries at the first ala gaming symposium in july of 2007. this was the first conference of its type, and as such, the presenters knew even less than usual about the content the audience expected from this presentation. to solve that, we asked four questions to establish the demographics of the group and learn more about needs. through four clicker questions in three minutes, it was determined that 86% of the participants were from academic libraries, 80% had not yet hosted a gaming event in the library, 60% were considering hosting such an event, and 40% of those would host such an event as a marketing tool for their libraries. as a result of these questions we were able to tailor the presentation on the spot to focus on the logistics of hosting a game night rather than focusing on why libraries would host game nights. this was an easy transition to make that gave our audience more value. clickers are becoming an important pedagogical tool to promote active learning in instructional sessions at zsr. spring / summer 2008 23 nor th carolina libraries another example of using clickers to enhance a presentation also involves gaming in academic libraries. when presenting “how to get game: conducting gaming events in an academic library” at east carolina university, the manager of technology training used clickers to determine how many members of the audience were gamers or interested in video games. only 24% identified themselves as gamers and 49% responded, “what’s a gamer?” fifty-eight percent said they were there to learn about gaming and how to host an event. realizing there was audience of people new to gaming but interested in the topic, the presenters could adjust accordingly, attempting to include information that would generate interest in gaming among the other 38%. for clickers to be effective, speakers must be willing to adapt their presentations quickly to meet the needs of the audience. additionally, they must be adept at troubleshooting potential software or hardware issues with the clickers in order to ensure a smooth presentation. if they are willing to make this extra effort, clickers can enhance a presentation and offer more value to the audience. committing to clickers as with the use of any new educational device, instructor feedback regarding the perceived impact of the new technology on student learning and retention is important. before instructors commit to incorporating novel instructional approaches into their classrooms, they must see the potential payoffs in order to decide if the new tech tool will have an impact on student performance. an important part of the teaching process involves designing and developing instructional content; if instructors perceive that a new educational device will disrupt or hinder their efforts, they may abandon the idea of experimenting with a teaching tool. as clicker enthusiasts know, it takes time to develop good clicker questions and organize effective powerpoint presentations. another clicker issue to consider is class time. if an instructor includes four or five clicker questions, it “will probably take an additional 10 minutes of class time, at a minimum.”6 instructors who teach 50-minute classes may find that they cannot cover as much material when using the clickers. during the live presentation, these instructors may find they are tweaking their lectures and at the same time inadvertently developing a new set of instructional strategies to improve and support clicker technology. our clicker experience has demonstrated that when there are fewer students, clicker response time is very fast. during the summer, there were 11 debaters in the first class and 26 in the second class. in the first class, the response time was great. however, with more students in the second class, the response time was a little slower. in fact, several debaters in the second class noted that the lesson had to be delayed so that everyone could respond. instructors will need to decide how long to wait for students to answer the questions, as slow response time will impact the timing and delivery of information in the instructional session. although some instructors have encountered a few problems in using clickers, most of the lib100 instructors continue to use the clickers and so far the novelty has not worn off. instructors are finding that the clickers help the students to stay focused on the lecture. in addition, librarians who teach information literacy classes using clickers have a better understanding of areas where students are having difficulty grasping a particular concept or skill. if 80% of the students miss a question on boolean operators, the librarian can go back and cover the concept again. another tactic that has proven successful is to give students a question or two at the beginning of the class about the material about to be covered. in almost all cases, a large percentage of students will answer the questions incorrectly, thus perhaps making them pay more attention to the content of the class. and if all of the students happen to answer them correctly, then class content can be altered to cover new topics. our least successful use of clickers occurred in the wake forest university freshman orientation program, “technology@wfu.” in this program, students receive information about computing at wake forest. clicker questions were incorporated into the powerpoint program after each section of content to see if the students got the message we were conveying. sixty clickers were passed out among the 550 students in each of the two sections of “technology@wfu.” each student with a clicker answered one question and passed the clicker on to another student who answered the next question. this effort did not engage the students as anticipated, perhaps because of a lack of clickers for all students. clicking pointers the integration of the clickers into a library session can be an exciting experience for both instructors and students. here are a few points to keep in mind: do your homework• . be sure to understand who in your organization will be using the clickers and how comfortable they are with technology. then investigate the various vendors and find the best match for you. from a user perspective, clickers work pretty much the same from vendor to vendor. the major differences lie in the back-end interfaces; thus the highest learning curve is for the people creating the clicker presentations. clicker systems provide various levels of functionality and with that functionality come more complicated processes on the instructors’ end. be sure instructors attend the demos and have input into the decision. here is an example of a multiple choice question and the results you get. questions can be true/false, multiple choice, likert, multiple answer, or even analogies or word scrambles as ice breakers. 24 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 build on success. • examine what you have traditionally done in the classroom. what worked? don’t be afraid to experiment with new approaches. innovative instruction sometimes requires thinking outside of one’s comfort zone. create a plan of action and start early. • redesigning and developing new instructional content takes time. coming up with good questions to use and organizing the powerpoint slides are crucial for an effective presentation. one successful strategy we have employed is the sharing of ppt presentations with clicker slides among instructors. this gives instructors the ability to focus on the content and not the creation of new clicker slides. it is also critical to allow instructors time to practice their powerpoint presentations and to receive feedback from other librarians if they are uncomfortable using clickers for the first time in a real classroom setting. seek tech support along the way.• if you are not tech savvy, team up with tech people. have someone come at the beginning of class to make sure that all of the equipment is working. also, before you launch into your presentation, do a simple test to ensure that both the receiver and the clickers are working. our system requires running the “restart wizard” each time a different receiver is used. taking time to check out potential tech problems will help with point five. calm fears.• this point impacts both librarians and students. naturally, instructors may be nervous during the first presentation with new technology. keep a positive attitude and project this to your audience. consider using practice clicker questions at the beginning of • a class or a meeting. it is a great way to grab an audience’s attention and involve it in the upcoming presentation while ensuring your clickers and software are working. conclusion based on our experiences, the clickers are definitely a hit with our staff and our students. the enthusiastic assessment by wfu and high school students suggests that clickers can be a valuable teaching tool. as new technologies impact higher education, librarians must seize the opportunity to investigate and evaluate the most appropriate ones for delivery of information in order to enhance the teaching and learning process. at zsr we continue to experiment with advanced functionality such as assigning clickers to individuals for assessment purposes and with using them with groups for competitions. we would also like to include clickers in one-shot library instruction sessions. a few well-placed questions during these sessions may make students more attentive and engaged in the content. we continue to look for ways we can incorporate the clickers into staff meetings, committee work, and other in-house projects across the library. all in all, we have been extremely pleased with the clickers and hope to continue to find new and innovative ways to incorporate them into our services. references ¹christina hoffman and susan goodwin, “a clicker for your thoughts: technology for active learning,” new library world 107, no. 9/10 (2006): 422-433. ²wenxian zhang, “building partnerships in liberal arts education: library team teaching,” reference services review 29, no. 2 (2001): 141-149. ³gary roberts, “instructional technology that’s hip high-tech,” computers in libraries 25 (november/december 2005): 26-28. 4jim tweeten et al., “successful clicker standardization,” educause quarterly 30, no.#4 (2007):63-67. http:// c o n n e c t . e d u c a u s e . e d u / l i b r a r y / e d u c a u s e + q u a r t e r l y / successfulclickerstandard/45543 (february 11, 2008). 5margie martyn, “clickers in the classroom: an active learning approach,” educause quarterly 30, no.#2 (2007): 71-74. http://connect.educause.edu/library/educause+quarterly/ clickersintheclassroomana/40032 (february 11, 2008). 6tweeten et al., 66. bobbie l. collins (collinsb@wfu.edu) is the social sciences reference librarian; rosalind tedford (tedforrl@wfu.edu) is the information literacy librarian; and h. david “giz” womack (womack@wfu.edu) is the manager of technology training, at wake forest university. submission requirements for north carolina libraries electronic file of article. word orwordperfect windows/mac format acceptable (no unix or cp/m please) delivered via email we use the chicago manual of style (15th edition, 2003). we have a rolling deadline, articles are juried when received. publication of approved articles is in about 3-9 months depending on space available. please contact ralph scott scottr@ecu.edu for information. http://connect.educause.edu/library/educause+quarterly/successfulclickerstandard/45543 http://connect.educause.edu/library/educause+quarterly/successfulclickerstandard/45543 http://connect.educause.edu/library/educause+quarterly/successfulclickerstandard/45543 http://connect.educause.edu/library/educause+quarterly/clickersintheclassroomana/40032 http://connect.educause.edu/library/educause+quarterly/clickersintheclassroomana/40032 mailto:collinsb@wfu.edu mailto:tedforrl@wfu.edu mailto:womack@wfu.edu 76 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries nicholas graham, compiler n orth c arolina books the encyclopedia of north carolina brings together in a single volume more than 2000 entries on a wide range of events, institutions, and cultural landmarks. the editor, william s. powell, is a noted historian who has published scores of books and articles on our state, particularly its colonial history. jay mazzocchi, associate editor, is an experienced managing editor who has worked with oxford university press’s american national biography. representing the culmination of 15 years of work, this massive, wonderful reference work is designed explicitly to be used with the editor’s dictionary of north carolina biography and his north carolina gazetteer. more than 500 historians, archivists, librarians, and journalists contributed signed entries in their own voices. nearly 400 illustrations and maps accompany articles, many with references, designed to lead historians, librarians, and students to generally-available resources for further information. oriented toward history and the humanities, entries selected for the encyclopedia help capture north carolina’s culture and personality. major topics treated in the volume include agriculture, business and industry, cultures and cultural influences within the state, education, government and law, the natural environment, transportation, and cultural institutions related to preserving and educating people about north carolina. individual entries provide detailed breakdowns of these topics. articles related to transportation topics include, for example: indian trading paths, the great wagon road, railroads, the intracoastal waterway, and the dismal swamp canal; plank roads are covered in the general entry on roads; even the “road to nowhere” (which lies in swain county) has an entry. unfortunately, there is no overarching entry for transportation to bring together these disparate pieces. cross-references within entries would also be helpful in identifying related articles. “see” and “see also” references are included, and are very helpful. who lives in north carolina, and how have we made our living? extensive entries on african americans and american indians (the title used, rather than native americans), and shorter entries on scottish settlers, welsh, and other groups of people, including specific native american tribes, melungeons, and swiss and palatinate settlers, provide sketches of people who make up north carolina. while there isn’t a separate entry for the jewish people, there are related entries—journalist harry golden’s carolina israelite, for instance, or the temple of israel, the oldest synagogue in the state. admirably, topics related to ethnic minorities are generally included, rather than singled out by minority. textiles, tobacco, furniture, and naval stores are all represented among the entries on business and industry, and so are entries on particular companies which have had an impact on north carolina. the encyclopedia of north carolina does not gloss over or exclude negative chapters of our history. the ku klux klan and thomas dixon’s novel the clansman are represented, as well as the lynching and deaths resulting from the gastonia strike. while the primary emphasis is historical, there is a currency through 2005 for entries on the poet laureates and community colleges. entries on biotechnology and homeland security indicate awareness of present and future directions for the state. cultural history, the arts, and education are well represented. there are entries for several historic houses of worship and for religious groups and related religious topics: sunday school, “dinner on the grounds,” and vacation bible school; baptists and ame zion churches among many others. fiction, folklore, dramatic arts, and poetry provide insight into our state’s literary achievements, although this volume does not include individual writers like a. r. ammons, george moses horton, or paul green. there are entries on selected texts, including william bartram’s travels, slave codes, john brickell’s natural history of north-carolina, and some newspapers. education is treated in extensive articles on adult, public, and private education in north carolina, and supplemented by shorter articles of a narrower focus. there are entries on individual campuses within the university of north carolina system; these are supplemented by sketches of many of the state’s private schools, the state’s william s. powell, ed. encyclopedia of north carolina. chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 2006. 1247pp. $65.00. isbn fall/winter 2006 — 77north carolina libraries community colleges, selected grade-school academies, and the biltmore forest school. entries also include cultural institutions and bodies dedicated to preserving and educating the citizenry about the state’s history, including horne creek living history farm and the north carolina humanities council. did you ever stir up an ant lion when you were little? we did, my brother and i. we’d take a piece of pine straw or a small stick, poke it in the ant lion’s little inverted cone in the sand, and stir until we could see the creature itself, rearing up with its pincers. what does this have to do with the encyclopedia of north carolina? they’re the subject of the entry titled “doodlebugs.” and while we didn’t sing any ditty, as the entry says, many north carolina children do, that memory, drawn while browsing through this book, is one of the very reasons to savor this magnificent reference work. there are many entries that may seem at first a little misplaced in such a specifically north carolina-oriented encyclopedia—penmanship, for instance, or profanity. well, the entry on profanity actually includes north carolina-specific content: the “clean language clause” directing funeral directors not to use profanity in the presence of the deceased. these and other such entries help suggest a north carolina identity—barbecue and basketball, the hollerin’ contest and the davie poplar. topics like these make the encyclopedia more readable, “browseable”, and just plain enjoyable. this reviewer must confess the enjoyment in browsing the volume led to difficulty in keeping track of particular searches, but this did not undermine my appreciation for the scholarly uses of the book. don’t neglect this gem. the two previous efforts with the same title operate more like handbooks or compendia, while the current offering allows multiple voices to describe the living landscape of north carolina. as a result of its size, there are sure to be minor lacunae you might quibble over, but the truth is, there’s nothing else quite like this encyclopedia. get it. joseph thomas east carolina university established by act of the general assembly in 2000, the wilmington race riot commission consisted of thirteen members whose terms of office expired at the end of december 2005. the general assembly appointed six of the members, the governor three (one of whom was to be an historian), the mayor and city of wilmington two members, and new hanover county board of commissioners two members. the commission was patterned after the truth and reconciliation commission pioneered by bishop desmond tutu in south africa. the commission held twenty-three meetings and three public hearings. the commission’s report includes findings of fact about the riot, and fifteen specific recommendations regarding “repair” of the damage caused to the moral, economic, civic, and political fabric of wilmington and new hanover county. in addition to a printed report, the commission also issued web and microfiche versions. the web version may be viewed at: http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/1898-wrrc/ the report essentially documents the only successful coup d’état in united states history. the people of wilmington were inflamed by a viciously racist political campaign in the summer and fall of 1898, which focused much of its attention on an editorial by alex manly, the editor of wilmington’s african american newspaper. on november 10th 1898, manly’s press and office were destroyed by armed mobs. rallied by raleigh editor josephus daniels of the news and observer, former confederate officers, democratic office holders, and train loads of whites roamed wilmington with wagon-mounted machine guns and repeating rifles. over twenty black and white individuals, who were specifically targeted, along with 2,100 other citizens were banished from town. many individuals, according to the report, were found shot while trying to escape from trains hustling the banished out of town. the exact number of dead as a result of the riot will never be known. according to umfleet, wilmington became a model for the violent white-supremacy movement that culminated in jim crow legislation throughout the country. other riots followed in atlanta (1906), tulsa (1921) and rosewood, florida (1923), but by the time of these events whites were firmly in control of governments in the south. the report is well illustrated with a number of photographs, maps, and drawings that add a visual dimension to the stark facts presented by the commission. there are fifteen appendices that provide useful additional data to the report such as tax lists, city directory analysis, a wli (wilmington light infantry) roster, and copies of letters to president mckinley. eleven maps illustrate boundaries of residential, business and race patterns in wilmington. the table of contents is found after seven leaves of preliminary matter, a minor annoyance if you are trying to find anything. there is no index, but there is a bibliography. some sources are cited multiple times in the bibliography (for example, the history of the wilmington light infantry by harry lerae umfleet. 1898 wilmington race riot report. raleigh, office of archives and history, department of cultural resources, 2006. 480pp. available as a nc state document: f3 102:w75 2006. 78 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries hayden). the bibliography ends with a brief section entitled “literary works” not written in standard bibliographic citation format. nine web sites are listed, but they are general in nature (“documenting the american south” for example). some appendices such as the short essay entitled “the psychology of the wilmington riot” seem to not have been written by anyone in particular and simply appear in the book. it’s not clear if these were written by the commissioners or not. the “psychology” essay appears to be driven largely by a work by arnold p. goldstein on the psychology of group aggression, and cites what look like page numbers in the text from the goldstein work, although this is not completely clear. (goldstein, alas, did not make it into the “bibliography” either.) there is a similarly un-attributed essay entitled “education for wilmington african americans,” which has footnotes (this time at the bottom of the page) from “reaves, strength through struggle” which is cited in the “bibliography.” two of the best essays in the appendix section are written by james vincent lowery. one deals with “alexander manly’s confrontation with the democratic campaign” and the other covers the literary responses to the memory of the riot. this is an important study and north carolina libraries will want to add it to their collections. while some aspects of the report appear to have been hastily constructed, north carolinians will want to give the report thoughtful reading and review. hopefully the topic will get a more closely-documented and definitive treatment in the future. ralph scott east carolina university though one can read north carolina’s shining hour quickly, for full effect, the reader will instead want to give it deeper attention. in part a “scrapbook” to honor the editor’s parents for their parts in world war ii, it is beyond that a heartfelt memorial to all north carolinians who played roles great and small in that global cataclysm. this work should stir readers’ hearts and touch their spirits, and for those north carolinians of the “greatest generation” still among us, it will bring forth memories both sad and glorious. north carolina’s shining hour is not so much a history of the state’s role in the war as it is a deeply felt account of selected north carolinians caught up in this massive conflict. it movingly juxtaposes anecdotes, memoirs, letters, photographs, and contemporary pieces from our state magazine alongside newly written commentary by the editor and contributors to frame these personal experiences within the international struggle. for instance, a draft of president roosevelt’s “day of infamy” speech is followed by accounts of two north carolina sailors who survived the attack on pearl harbor. asheville’s col. robert k. morgan piloted the famous b-17 “memphis belle” and the uss north carolina figured heavily at guadalcanal, iwo jima, and okinawa. north carolina’s own edward r. murrow looks weary in the streets of london from which he broadcast war news. a north carolina bombardier was on the “enola gay” over hiroshima, while japan’s final surrender on the uss missouri is remembered by george rogers of whiteville. high point’s bob rankin helped guard the train carrying roosevelt’s body from warm springs, georgia back to new york. the book appropriately showcases contributions by african americans—some of the first black marines trained near camp lejeune and durham’s wilson eagleson was a member of the famed tuskegee airmen—but also notes that such advances were within the framework of continuing segregation. the editor and her contributors also highlight the many roles of women during the war, including manufacturing munitions, maintaining homes, piloting planes, and caring for the sick and wounded. north carolina’s shining hour does not ignore the home front. the book addresses rationing (and getting around it), war bonds, the uso (the first government-built club was in fayetteville), victory gardens and home canning, massive industrial expansion (fontana dam for hydroelectric power and the state’s textile mills for uniforms) and even popular music (tommy dorsey and frank sinatra playing in the unc gymnasium). the aftermath of the war at home, such as ex-soldiers on the g.i. bill attending the state’s universities and two million north carolina baby boom infants, is touched on briefly. editorially, north carolina’s shining hour is quite well done. one or two pictures per page with accompanying text give it a clean look. the editor and contributors allow the primary documents to speak for themselves, while supporting them with relevant secondary sources. some flaws appear, however, such as dark type set against dark pictures making the text hard to read, but these are few. mary best, ed. north carolina’s shining hour: images and voices from world war ii. greensboro: our state books, 2005. 180 pp. $19.95. isbn 0-9723396-5-5. fall/winter 2006 — 79north carolina libraries i commend this book—first to those north carolinians who fought and survived world war ii and who are still among us, but perhaps more crucially, to us, their children and grandchildren, so that we do not forget what they did. this is a fitting memorial to north carolina’s world war ii generation, and all libraries in the state should acquire it. robert dalton university of north carolina at chapel hill evidently, birthplace matters mightily. though this reviewer currently hails from fayetteville, north carolina and has lived in north carolina for more than thirty years, she is “still not from around here.” however, david t. morgan, author of murder along the cape fear: a north carolina town in the twentieth century, is a native son born and raised in fayetteville. the author left the area before many of the murders he reports on were committed and fayetteville’s reputation has alternated in that time between “fayettenam” and “fatalville.” morgan’s book is, in ten accessible chapters, the account of ten murders that occurred in fayetteville and surrounding areas during the twentieth century, including the nationally known jeffrey macdonald and velma barfield cases. though a credentialed historian, morgan relied primarily on newspaper accounts of the events to pen the narrative, making his take on the murders an easy to read, enjoyable, and entertaining interpretation, if not strictly scholarly. according to the author, his goal was to tell the “story” of fayetteville as opposed the “history” of fayetteville. though morgan chose to call his book murder along the cape fear he wants the reader to understand that fayetteville is much more than just a place where people are killed. he tends to lay the blame for fayetteville’s ills at the feet of fort bragg or its soldiers, while moralizing about the dangers of drink and “dens of iniquity,” as if these were only readily available where large numbers of military personnel congregate. a minor annoyance was the author’s repeatedly reminding the reader that the first year of a decade is not really the first year since there was no year zero. that is, the year 1970 is, in actuality, part of the decade of the 1960s, the year 1980 is the last year of the 1970s decade and not the first year of the 1980s, etc. david morgan is not the first author to examine fayetteville and its relationship with fort bragg during this timeframe. catherine lutz’s homefront: a military city and the american twentieth century (beacon press, 2001) focuses on the symbiotic connection of fayetteville and fort bragg, with similarly less than flattering conclusions. nevertheless, the two works have very different goals. murder along the cape fear is recommended for public libraries and the general reader. robin imperial cumberland county public library & information center what do fresco painters, stone masons, a chimney maker, a chef, and a gunpowder maker have in common? they are all among the more than fifty craftspeople featured in michael joslin’s tribute to his talented neighbors in the high country of western north carolina and tennessee. joslin is an artist himself, a photographer and writer who has lived in the buladean community of mitchell county since 1983. his writing has appeared in newspapers and magazines over the past twenty years and his photographs have been featured in a number of exhibitions throughout the region. in addition, he teaches literature, writing, and photography at lees-mcrae college in banner elk. in his introduction, joslin describes his ambition to tell the full story of craftspeople in the mountain region, “from mary patton, whose powder blew the british from the carolinas at kings mountain, to billy ruth sudduth, a recent ‘settler’ who has brought basket-making to a high-art form.” however, he arranges the essays in alphabetical order, a somewhat confusing arrangement since the book’s introduction implied that they would appear chronologically. this might have better served his michael joslin. highland handcrafters: appalachian craftspeople. boone: parkway publishers, inc., 2005. 224pp. $19.95 isbn 1-933251-08-5. david t. morgan. murder along the cape fear: a north carolina town in the twentieth century. macon, ga.: mercer university press, 2005. 233pp. $27.00. isbn 0-86554-966-4. 80 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries stated purpose while at the same time giving the book a more cohesive overall structure. finally, although the table of contents gave descriptive titles for each essay, the book would be even more useful had it included an index. many of the individuals whom joslin has chosen to feature in this survey of talent are his friends, and it shows, especially in essays about living masters of vanishing skills, such as joe willis, who at 89 still hand-hews wooden handles for work implements. these essay tributes are accompanied by generally good-quality black and white photographs, presumably examples of the author’s own work. however, owing to the nature of the subjects, the pictures might have been more illustrative had they been reproduced in color. highland handcrafters, despite its few shortcomings, is a well-written and thoughtful examination of appalachian crafts and craftspeople and would be a good addition to any public or secondary school library. peggy higgins brevard college refuge is not your ordinary mystery novel. the murder touted in the cover description doesn’t take place until well into the book and is not the main focus of the story. instead, this book explores myriad secrets. what things can be shared only with family? what can only be told to a stranger, and what can hardly be admitted even to oneself? the story is narrated by mary seneca steele, told retrospectively from her old age. she speaks to her only companion, a bird, telling of her life growing up in high society charleston, s.c. in the early twentieth century. mary made what she describes as a “suitable” marriage to an abusive man, eventually escaping him by stealing away with her children in the middle of the night. mary and her kids travel to north carolina to take refuge with her father’s family, though she’s never met them. mary blossoms in the lush countryside and although she makes heart breaking--though seemingly inevitable--choices, she comes to live life on her own terms. dot jackson is acclaimed for her journalism and other non-fiction, but this is her first novel. promotional materials say this story has its roots in tales from ms. jackson’s own family, and that its publication was delayed many years to avoid offending relatives. mary is a thoroughly believable if contradictory mixture of vulnerability and strength, and jackson’s other characters are similarly complex. the town of caney forks is portrayed with such beauty and detail that the reader longs to explore it in person. conversation is largely written in dialect and can sometimes be impenetrable (“bile” for “boil” and “dope” for “soda”) but brings alive the flavor of the place and time. the title is extremely apt, as this book offers an intense and fascinating refuge from the workaday world. appropriate for most libraries. michele hayslett north carolina state university libraries jackson, dot. refuge. charlotte: novello festival press, 2006. 346 pp. $24.95. isbn 0-9760963-5-8. about the authors gail dickinson, associate professor, old dominion university, norfolk, va tess reed, graduate student, old dominion university, norfolk, va elizabeth h. smith, professor emeritus, east carolina university, greenville, nc mark sanders, student outreach reference librarian, east carolina university, greenville, nc patrick valentine, assistant professor, east carolina university, greenville, nc nclwinter.04 194 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries history of north carolina libraries and librarianship: a bibliography part iv — compiled by wiley j. williams this is the final installment of a four-part bibliography that covers northcarolina and united states archives and manuscript collections; personalpapers of notable n.c. librarians and library educators; and sources on n.c. and u.s. librarians and library benefactors, public documents, and special collections and private libraries. part i, which was published in the spring 2004 issue of north carolina libraries, included sources of library history of n.c. public libraries in general, and histories of public libraries in alamance through guilford counties. part ii, which was published in the summer 2004 issue, included the histories of public libraries in halifax through yadkin counties. part iii, which was published in the fall 2004 issue, included sources of library history of n.c. colleges, universities, and community colleges, as well as general sources on n.c. and u.s. library history. the compiler acknowledges with appreciation the assistance of robert g. anthony, jr., curator of the north carolina collection, university of north carolina at chapel hill, and his staff; rebecca b. vargha, librarian of the school of information and library science (unc-ch), and mary bryson, patricia schefcick, and amanda wilson; virginia purefoy jones, librarian of the school and library and information sciences, north carolina central university; james v. carmichael, school of education, university of north carolina at greensboro; and kevin cherry, college of education, east carolina university, and doctoral student at the school of information and library science (unc-ch). adams, stephanie. “the accidental archivist: j.g. de roulhac hamilton and the creation of the southern historical collection at chapel hill.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 2000. 29 pp. andrews, evelyn grimsley. “the translation of the north carolina historical commission into a full-fledged archival agency.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1970. 36 pp. archival and manuscript repositories in north carolina: a directory. raleigh: society of north carolina archivists, 1993. 149 pp. belovicz, ruth c. “preservation in american libraries, 1910-1950: early approaches and conceptual development.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1992. 54 pp. berner, richard c. “archival management and librarianship.” advances in archives and manuscript collections north carolina libraries winter 2004 — 195 librarianship 14 (1956): 269-73, 276-79. blosser, susan, and clyde n. wilson, jr. the southern historical collection: a guide to manuscripts. chapel hill: southern historical collection, university of north carolina library, 1970. 317 pp. brubaker, robert l. “archive and manuscript collections.” advances in librarianship 3 (1972): 256-63, 267. carson, dina c. directory of genealogical and historical libraries, archives and collections in the us and canada. niwot, co: iron gate publishing, 2001. 749 pp. cherry, thomas kevin b. “academic archives and student organization papers.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1995. 64 pp. church, lila teresa. “what motivates african americans to donate personal papers to libraries and how their giving decisions affect the quantity and quality of collections procured for archives.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1998. 53 pp. coley, robert eugene. “basic steps in the procurement and handling of gifts of historical materials in a manuscript repository.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1972. 77 pp. conway, paul louis. “archival preservation in the united states and the role of information sources.” ph.d. dissertation, university of michigan, 1991. 306 pp. cooper, alita. “the archives of the university of north carolina at chapel hill: a case study.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1974. 66 pp. cox, richard j. “archival education in north american library and information science schools.” library quarterly 71 (apr. 2001): 141-94. ––––––––. “archivists, electronic records, and the modern information age: reexamining archival institutions and education in the united states, with special attention to state archives and state archivists.” ph.d. dissertation, university of pittsburgh, 1992. 426 pp. ––––––––. closing an era: historical perspectives on modern archives and records management. westport, ct: greenwood press, 2000. 252 pp. crabtree, beth gilbert. guide to private manuscript collections in the north carolina state archives. raleigh: state department of archives and history, 1964. 492 pp. crittenden, charles christopher, and dan lacy, eds. the historical records of north carolina prepared by the historical records survey of the works progress administration. three vols. raleigh: north carolina historical commission, 1938-39. crouch, cynthia mae. “primary sources for women’s history in the southern historical collection.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1985. 20 pp. cumming, william p. north carolina in maps. raleigh: state department of archives and history, 1966. directory of archives and manuscript repositories in the united states. second ed. phoenix: oryx press, 1988. 853 pp. dirks, j. leland. “a preservation study of the manuscripts department at the university of north carolina.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1990. 61 pp. garrison, ellen, ed. archives in appalachia: a directory. boone: appalachian consortium press, 1985. 61 pp. griggs, linda mackie. “archivists and the law of libel.” master’s paper, school of 196 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1984. 65 pp. a guide to the archives of the university of north carolina at chapel hill. chapel hill: university archives and records service, 1995. 102 pp. guide to depositories of manuscript collections in north carolina. raleigh: north carolina historical commission, 1941. 18 pp. a guide to the manuscript collections in the duke university library, durham, n.c. raleigh: historical records survey, works progress administration, historical records survey project, 1939. 165 pp. gusts, lilita vija. “oral history as an information source: a descriptive study of how oral history evolved in fourteen north carolina programs.” d.l.s., columbia university, 1982. 521 pp. hamilton, j. g. de roulhac. “preservation of north carolina history.” north carolina historical review 4 (jan. 1927): 3-21. high, walter mountain iii. “unused materials await library historians in north carolina state archives.” southeastern librarian 27 (winter 1977): 241-44. hirsch, steven p. “john edwards: collector.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1988. 69 pp. holdzkom, roslyn p. “subject access to manuscript collections at the university of north carolina at chapel hill.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1988. 79 pp. ibl, jane helen. “world wide web pages and academic archives and manuscript repositories in north carolina: a survey and recommendations for standards.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1996. 45 pp. jones, h.g. “archival training in american universities, 1938-1968.” american archivist 31 (apr. 1968): 135-54. ––––––––. “clio in the courthouse: north carolina’s local records program at age twenty-five.” american archivist 49 (winter 1986): 46-51. ––––––––. “connor, robert d.w. (1878-1950).” ala world encyclopedia of library and information services, 223-24. third ed. 1993. ––––––––. the records of a nation: their management, preservation, and use. new york: atheneum, 1969. 308 pp. jones, plummer alston, jr. “american library association committee on work with the foreign born, 1918-1948: checklist of publications.” emie [ethnic and multicultural information exchange round table] bulletin 20 (winter 2002): 12-13. ––––––––. “multicultural children’s books arranged by foreign languages and immigrant, ethnic, and national groups: an index to critical reviews in booklist, 1972 .” emie bulletin 20 (summer 2003): 4-7. kennedy, john pendleton jr. “the value of a state library commission.” south atlantic quarterly 5 (july 1906): 275-87. koonts, russell s. “take me out to the ball game . . . the importance of archiving sporting activities.” north carolina libraries 59 (summer 2001): 57-60. lanning, elaine kaye. “reference services in north carolina archives and manuscript repositories.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1981. 49 pp. lelear, grace caroline. “annabel morris buchanan: a profile of her contributions to folklore.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1978. 70 pp. logan, kathryn p. “integrating a sound archive into the academic research library: north carolina libraries winter 2004 — 197 a case study of the john edwards memorial collection.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1984. 87 pp. ludwig, julie ann. “assessing preservation needs: a collection condition survey of bound manuscript volumes.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 2000. 40 pp. lytle, richard harold. “subject retrieval in archives: a comparison of the provenance and context of indexing methods.” ph.d. thesis, university of maryland, 1979. 206 pp. martin, robert sidney. “the development of professional education for librarians and archivists in the united states: a comparative essay.” american archivist 57 (summer 1994): 544-558. mccoy, donald r. the national archives: america’s ministry of documents, 1939-1968. chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 1978. 437 pp. mellown, richard h. “the restoration and preservation of archival material.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1971. 29 pp. montgomery, suzanne stewart. “the publications of historical publications section of the division of archives and history of north carolina with emphasis on america’s 400th anniversary series.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1989. 22 pp. national union catalog of manuscript collections. 29 vols. washington, d.c.: library of congress, 1959-1993. available online at http://www.loc.gov/coll/nucmc/ nucmc.html north carolina historical commission. forty years of public service, 1903-1943. raleigh: north carolina historical commission, 1942. 115 pp. north carolina historical records survey. guide to the manuscript collections in the archives of the north carolina historical commission. raleigh: north carolina historical commission, 1942. 216 pp. olson, david j. “north carolina and paper preservation: ninety years of leadership.” north carolina libraries 52 (spring 1994): 10-12. parris, linda eileen. “condition survey of the southern historical collection and preservation options for brittle materials.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1992. 61 pp. pauk, elizabeth. “development of criteria for a microfilm preservation program through analysis of the standards for microfilm inspection storage and housing.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1973. 40 pp. perry, katherine rand. “legal access to oral history materials.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1995. 35 pp. preston, elizabeth earle. “the society of american archivists, graduate archival education, and progress: a study of the history of archival education and current curricular.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 2003. 44 pp. rawlings, jennifer l. “processing twentieth century collections: a case study of the charles kuralt papers.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1999. 67 pp. smith, everard h., iii, ed. the southern historical collection: supplementary guide to manuscripts, 1970-1975. chapel hill: university of north carolina library, 1976. 60 pp. southern historical collection guide to the manuscripts in the southern historical collection of the http://www.loc.gov/coll/nucmc/nucmc.html 198 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries university of north carolina. chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 1941. 204 pp. prepared by the north carolina historical records survey project, division of professional and service projects, works projects administration. stephenson, george. north carolina local history: a select bibliography. raleigh: office of archives and history, 1972. 82 pp. tilley, nannie m., and noma lee goodwin. guide to map collections in the duke university library. durham: duke university press, 1947. 362 pp. tindall, bruce. “more than five million documents now logged in southern historical collection.” alumni review 61 (mar. 1973): 9. u.s. works progress administration. inventory of federal archives in the states, series xv, the works progress administration no. 32: north carolina. raleigh: survey of federal archives, 1940. 146 pp. wegner, ansley herring. history for all the people: one hundred years of public history in north carolina. raleigh: north carolina office of archives and history, 2003. 118 pp. wilson, louis round. “north carolina library commission, 1909-1949.” north carolina libraries 8 (mar. 1949): 7-10. yandle, ashley. “comparing user queries and archival indexing of photographs.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1998. 48 pp. listed below are the known repository / repositories of certain north carolinian (meaning those who were born and/or worked in the state) librarians, library educators, library historians, and archivists. akers, susan grey southern historical collection, university of north carolina-chapel hill asheim, lester eugene southern historical collection, unc-ch ala archives (university of illinois-urbana) graduate library school records, university of chicago barker, tommie dora woodruff library, emory university ala archives alabama department of archives and history julius rosenwald fund archives, fisk university carnegie corporation archives, new york lillian baker griggs papers, duke university mary utopia rothrock papers, lawson mcghee library, knoxville louis r. wilson and frank porter graham papers, southern historical collection, unc-ch repositories for most southern state library associations and archives branscomb, bennett harvie duke university vanderbilt university clark, walter mckenzie southern historical collection, unc-ch the papers of walter clark, ed. aubrey lee brooks and hugh t. lefler, 1948 and 1950 (2 vols.) connor, robert diggs wimberly library of congress copeland, james isaac southern historical collection, unc-ch appendix: personal papers north carolina libraries winter 2004 — 199 cory, john mackenzie new york public library crittenden, charles christopher paul green papers, southern historical collection, unc-ch (limited information) douglas, mary teresa peacock files of n.c. department of public instruction downs, robert bingham university of illinois-urbana fairchild, mary salome cutler edwin milton fairchild papers, duke university gaver, mary virginia jackson library, university of north carolina at greensboro griggs, lillian baker duke university archives southern historical collection, unc-ch hamilton, joseph gregoire de roulhac southern historical collection, unc-ch harrise, henry, new york public library william l. clements library, university of michigan southern historical collection, unc-ch holley, edward gailon southern historical collection, unc-ch moffet, william andrew alumni files at davidson college and duke university mumford, lawrence quincy library of congress orne, jerrold southern historical collection, unc-ch north carolina collection, unc-ch patton, james welch southern historical collection, unc-ch phinazee, anette l. woodruff library of the atlanta university center school of library and information sciences, north carolina central university powell, benjamin edward duke university archives minutes of trustees of durham county library rollins, charlemae hill school of library and information sciences, nccu fisk university library vivian g. harsh collection at the carter g. woodson research library (chicago public library branch) rush, charles everett southern historical collection, unc-ch indianapolis public library saunders, william laurence southern historical collection, unc-ch north carolina state archives shores, louis florida state university school of library and information studies 200 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries louis round wilson and william terry couch papers, southern historical collection, unc-ch thompson, lawrence sidney university of kentucky archives weeks, stephen beauregard southern historical collection, unc-ch wilson, louis round southern historical collection, unc-ch university of chicago work, monroe nathan tuskegee university archives anders, mary edna. “the contributions of the carnegie corporation and the general education board to library development in the southeast.” master’s thesis, history, university of north carolina, 1950. 134 pp. asheim, lester e. “bernard berelson (1912-1979).” library quarterly 50 (oct. 1980): 407-409. baker, james t. andrew carnegie, robber baron as american hero. belmont, ca.: wadsworth / thomson learning, 2003. 170 pp. baker, tommie dora. “louis round wilson: a tribute.” southeastern librarian 1 (fall 1951): 75-89. bobinski, george s. “andrew carnegie.” in ala world enyclopedia of library and information services, 173-75. third ed. 1993. ––––––––. “carnegie, andrew (1835-1919).” in dictionary of american library biography, 1978. ––––––––. “holley, edward g. (1927 ).” in ala world encyclopedia of library and information services, 349-50. third ed. 1993. bolton, sarah (knowles). “andrew carnegie and his libraries.” in famous givers and their gifts, ed. sarah knowles bolton, 58-88. new york: crowell, 1896. brinn, susan hout. “joseph peen breedlove, librarian at duke university: his approach to library administration.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1973. 58 pp. brock, clifton, ed. library education in the southeast since world war ii: proceedings of two symposia sponsored in honor of louis round wilson’s 100th birthday by the school of library science and university library, university of north carolina at chapel hill, december 2, 1976. chapel hill, 1977. 65 pp. bullock, james marshall. “louis round wilson and the planning of an academic library at the university of north carolina, 1921-1929.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1998. 48 pp. canfield, ruth. “the ala committee on the status of women in librarianship: an examination of its history and impact.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1993. 122 pp. carmichael, james v., jr. “atlanta’s female librarians, 1883-1915.” journal of library history 21 (spring 1986): 376-99. ––––––––. “an edward gailon holley chronology.” in for the good of the order: essays in honor of edward g. holley, ed. delmus e. williams, 349-357. greenwich, ct.: jai press, 1994. ––––––––. “richer for his honesty: a personal memoir of edward gailon holley.” in librarians and library benefactors north carolina libraries winter 2004 — 201 for the good of the order: essays in honor of edward g. holley, ed. delmus e. williams, 1-30. greenwich, ct: jai press, 1994. ––––––––. “susan grey akers (1889-1984).” in dictionary of american library biography, 2-5. 2003. ––––––––. “tommie dora barker and southern librarianship.” ph.d. thesis, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1988. 571 pp. ––––––––. “women in southern library education.” library quarterly 62 (apr. 1992): 169-216. carner, charles r. “lester asheim.” bulletin of bibliography 24 (sept.-dec. 1963): 25-27. carnovsky, ruth french. “[lester asheim] brief sketch.” in as much to learn as to teach: essays in honor of lester asheim, ed. joel m. lee and beth a. hamilton, 1624. hamden, ct: linnet books, 1979. cherry, thomas kevin b. “interview with elinor swaim, salisbury, nc, april 21, 1998.” north carolina libraries 56 (summer 1998): 71-74. [interviewed as one of state’s library leaders in oral history.] cole, john y. “mumford, lawrence quincy (1903-1982).” in dictionary of american library biography, 87-91. 1990. costello, joan m., and edward g. holley. “james, hannah pickard (1833-1903).” in dictionary of american library biography, 264-266. 1978. crowe, william joseph. “verner w. clapp as opinion leader and change agent in the preservation of library materials.” ph.d. dissertation, indiana university, 1986. 151 pp. daily, daniel l. “donn michael farris: theological librarian of duke university divinity school, 1950-1992.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1994. 57 pp. danton, j. periam. “louis round wilson, 1876-1979.” library quarterly 50 (july 1980): 283-86. dobbs, marjo. “women in library association leadership, 1876-1900.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 199. 49 pp. downs, robert b. “changing trends in academic libraries.” in as much to learn as to teach: essays in honor of lester asheim, ed. joel m. lee and beth a. hamilton, 203-16. hamden, ct: linnet books, 1979. ––––––––. “mcanally, arthur monroe (1911-1972).” in dictionary of american library biography, 347-349. 1978. ––––––––. perspectives on the past: an autobiography. metuchen, nj.: scarecrow press, 1984. 225 pp. du mont, rosemary ruhig. “jerrold orne.” in leaders in american academic librarianship (1983): 236-60. ––––––––. “jerrold orne: a biographical sketch.” journal of academic librarianship (mar. 1982): 20-25. elam, barbara clark. “the black librarian, black authors, black publisher connection: the relationship between black librarians and black authors and publishers.” in culture keepers: enlightening and empowering our communities, ed. stanton f. biddle, 59-76. newark, nj: black caucus, 1993. proceedings of the first national conference of african american librarians, september 4-6, 1992. fair, ethel m. “susan grey akers.” bulletin of bibliography 22 (sept.-dec. 1958): 145-46. gambee, budd l. “crunden, frederick morgan (1842-1911).” in dictionary of american library biography, 103-105. 1978. 202 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries ––––––––. “dickinson, asa don (1876-1960).” in dictionary of american library biography, 135. 1978. ––––––––. “fairchild, mary salome cutler (june 21, 1855 december 20, 1921).” in dictionary of american biography 6: 254-55. 1931. ––––––––. “green, samuel swett (1837-1918).” in dictionary of american library biography, 212-16, 1978. ––––––––. “hewins, caroline m. (1846-1926).” in ala world encyclopedia of library and information services, 348-49. third ed. 1993. ––––––––. “hewins, caroline maria (1846-1926).” in dictionary of american library biography, 240-43. 1978. harper, margaret. “david stick: promoter of libraries.” in a half century in coastal history, ed. david stick, 31-34. 1987. hepfer, cindy. “a tribute to marcia tuttle on her retirement.” serials review 23 (summer 1997): 1-30. hickey, doralyn j. “dunkin, paul shaner (1905-1975).” in dictionary of american library biography, 147-48. 1978. holley, e. jens. “edward g. holley: a select bibliography.” in for the good of the order: essays in honor of edward g. holley, ed. delmus e. williams, 341-47. greenwich, ct: jai press, 1994. “holley, edward g(ailon).” in current biography, 179-81. 1974. holley, edward g. “asheim, lester e. (1914 ).” in ala world encyclopedia of library and information services, 83-84. third ed. 1993. ––––––––. charles evans: american bibliography. urbana: university of illinois press, 1963. 343 pp. ––––––––. “charles harvey brown.” in leaders in american academic librarianship, 1148. 1983. ––––––––. “the centenary of a giant of librarianship: louis round wilson.” in the ala yearbook, xxxi-xxxiii. 1977. ––––––––. “evans, charles (1850-1935).” in ala world encyclopedia of library and information services, 288-89. third ed. 1993. ––––––––. “evans, charles (1850-1935).” in dictionary of american library biography, 162-67. 1978. ––––––––. “honoring haynes mcmullen.” journal of library history 21 (winter 1986): 4-7. ––––––––. “librarians, 1876-1976.” library trends 25 (july 1967): 177-207. ––––––––. “library issues in the seventies.” in as much to learn as to teach: essays in honor of lester asheim, ed. joel m. lee and beth a. hamilton, 25-37. hamden, ct: linnet books, 1979. ––––––––. “mr. acrl: charles harvey brown (1875-1960).” journal of academic librarianship 7 (nov. 1981): 271-78. ––––––––. “robinson, otis hall (1835-1912).” in dictionary of american library biography, 439-441. 1978. holley, edward g. “scholars, gentle ladies, and entrepreneurs: american library leaders, 1876-1976.” in milestones to the present: papers from library history seminar v, ed. harold goldstein, 80-108. syracuse: gaylord professional publications, 1978. johnson, mary frances k. “douglas, mary teresa peacock (1903-1970).” in dictionary of american library biography, 139-44. 1978. north carolina libraries winter 2004 — 203 jones, plummer alston, jr. “american public library service to the immigrant community, 1876-1948; a biographical history of the movement and its leaders: jane maud campbell (1869-1947), john foster carr (1869-1939), eleanor (edwards) ledbetter (1870-1954), and edna phillips (1890-1968),” ph.d. dissertation, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1991. ––––––––. “canadian public library service to a multicultural society: an american praises canadian distinctiveness.” epilogue: canadian bulletin for the history of books, libraries, and archives, number 1 (fall 1991): 1-18. ––––––––. “leaders in library work with immigrants: edna phillips (1890–1968), librarian and adult educator: part i.” emie [ethnic and multicultural information exchange round table] bulletin 21 (summer 2004): 1, 3-6; “part ii.” (fall 2004): 1, 5-10. ––––––––. “leaders in library work with immigrants: john foster carr (1869–1939), propagandist for americanization: part i.” emie bulletin 21 (winter 2003): 1, 711); “part ii” (spring 2004): 1, 3-8. ––––––––. “leaders in library work with immigrants: eleanor (edwards) ledbetter: part i: the broadway branch of the cleveland public library and the cleveland americanization committee years, 1910-1919.” emie bulletin 20 (winter 2002): 1, 4-9; “part ii: american library association committee on work with the foreign born, work as bibliographer and translator, final years at broadway branch of the cleveland public library, and retirement, 1919-1963,” emie bulletin 20 (spring 2003): 1, 4-7, “part ii: conclusion,” emie bulletin 20 (summer 2003): 8-11. ––––––––. “leaders in library work with immigrants: jane maud campbell, 1869-1947, part i: the newark and passaic years, 1906-1910.” emie bulletin (ala ethnic and multicultural information exchange round table) 19 (spring 2002): 1, 4, 10-11; part ii: the north american civic league for immigrants years, 1910-1913.” emie bulletin 19 (summer 2002): 1, 4-6; part iii: the massachusetts free public library commission years, 1913-1922. emie bulletin 19 (fall 2002): 1, 4-6. jones, theodore. carnegie libraries across america: a public legacy. washington, d.c.: preservation press, 1997. 1 jordan, casper leroy. “monroe nathan work (1866-1945).” in handbook of black librarianship, 22, 270. 2000. kaser, david. “andrew carnegie and the black college libraries.” in for the good of the order: essays in honor of edward g. holley, ed. delmus e. williams, 119-33. greenwich, ct: jai press, 1994. (with kester, diane d.). “frances henne and the development of school library standards.” library trends 52 (spring 2004): 952-62. kilgour, frederick g. collected papers of frederick g. kilgour: early years. 2 vols. dublin, oh: oclc, 1984. pp. –––––––. “justin winsor.” college and research libraries 3 (dec. 1941): 64-66. kingsbury, mary. “book collector, bibliographer, and benefactor of libraries: sir william osler.” journal of library history 16 (winter 1987): 187-98. ––––––––. “isom, mary frances (1865-1900).” in dictionary of american library biography, 761-63. 1978. ––––––––. “power, effie louise (1873-1969).” in ala world encyclopedia of library and information services, 671-72. third ed. 1993. ––––––––. “shedlock, marie l. (1854-1935).” in dictionary of american library biography, 481-82, 1978. krass, peter. carnegie. new york: john wiley & sons, 2002. 674 pp. kraus, joe w. “downs, robert b. (1903-1991).” in ala world encyclopedia of library and information services, 257-58. third ed. 1993. 204 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries lester, robert m. “the carnegie corporation and the library renaissance in the south.” wilson library bulletin 31 (1956): 255-59. logsdon, robert l. “rush, charles everett (1885-1958).” in dictionary of american library biography, 450-52, 1978. “louis round wilson: papers in recognition of a distinguished career in librarianship.” library quarterly 12 (1942): 339-773. mackey, monique f. “our thanks to father andy: a look at the life of andrew carnegie and the effect of his philanthropy on the provision of library service in the southern united states (1876-1930).” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1997. 60 pp. mallory, mary. “the rare vision of mary utopia rothrock: organizing regional library services in the tennessee valley.” library quarterly 65 (jan. 1995): 62-68. martin, robert sidney. “the gospel of education: louis round wilson.” north carolina libraries 50 (1992): 22-25. ––––––––. “louis round wilson and the library standards of the southern association, 1926-1929.” journal of library history 19 (spring 1984): 259-81. ––––––––. “louis round wilson at the university of north carolina, 1901-1932.” ph.d. thesis, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1988. 805 pp. ––––––––. “maurice f. tauber’s louis round wilson: an analysis of a collaboration.” journal of library history 19 (summer 1984): 373-89. ––––––––, ed. carnegie denied: communities rejecting carnegie library construction grants, 1898-1925. westport, ct: greenwood press, 1993. martz, david j., jr. “dr. harvie branscomb, the reluctant librarian.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1975. 80 pp. mathis, g. ray. “louis round wilson’s decision to remain at the university of north carolina.” journal of library history 4 (july 1969): 256-64. mcgrath, eileen. “asheim, lester (1914-1997).” in dictionary of american library biography, 9-13. 2003. mcmullen, haynes. “american librarians and the pursuit of happiness.” in as much to learn as to teach: essays in honor of lester asheim, ed. joel m. lee and beth a. hamilton, 51-82. hamden, ct: linnet books, 1979. ––––––––. “bowker, r.r. (1848-1933).” in ala world encyclopedia of library and information services, 140-42. third ed. 1993. ––––––––. “fellows, jennie dorcas (1873-1938).” in dictionary of american library biography, 173-174. 1978. ––––––––. “j.c.m. hanson, 1864-1943.” in pioneering leaders in librarianship, ed. emily m. danton, 85-96. chicago: american library association, 1953. ––––––––. “leypoldt, frederic (1835-1884).” in dictionary of american library biography, 314-16, 1978. ––––––––. “a note on early libraries for women.” journal of library history 13 (fall 1978): 464-65. miller, linda, h.g. jones, and catherine bennington, eds. lois round wilson bibliography: a chronological list of works and editorial activities presented on the occasion of his centennial celebration, december 2, 1976. chapel hill: university of north carolina library, 1976. 29 pp. miller, marilyn. “arbuthnot, may hill.” in dictionary of american library biography, 13-14. 1978. milum, betty. “eisenhower, ala, and the selection of l. quincy mumford.” libraries & culture 39 (winter 1995): 25-56. north carolina libraries winter 2004 — 205 moore, ray nichols. “mollie huston lee: a profile.” wilson library bulletin 49 (feb. 1975): 432-39. moses, sibyl e. “the influence of philanthropic agencies on the development of monroe nathan work’s bibliography of the negro in africa and america.” libraries & culture 31 (spring 1966): 326-41. nixon, thomas jones iv. “andy horn, unc librarian, 1954-1957: an overview and assessment.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1980. 123 pp. nixon, tommy. “interview with edward g. holley, chapel hill, nc, april 27, 1998.” north carolina libraries 56 (summer 1998): 65-70. orne, jerrold, ed. research librarianship: essays in honor of robert b. downs. new york: bowker, 1971. 162 poole, herbert. “jerrold orne: a biography.” in academic libraries in the year 2000: essays honoring jerrold orne, ed. herbert poole, 1-6. new york: bowker, 1977. “powell, benjamin e(dward).” in current biography, 366-367. 1959. powell, benjamin e. “lawrence quincy mumford: twenty years of progress.” quarterly journal of the library of congress 33 (july 1976): 269-87. radford, neil a. the carnegie corporation and the development of american college libraries, 1928-1941. chicago: american library association, 1984. 257 pp. randall, william m. “louis r. wilson and the graduate library school.” library quarterly 12 (july 1942): 645-50. richardson, john v., jr. “louis round wilson.” in leaders in american academic librarianship, 373-399. 1983. robertson, w. davenport, and edward g. holley. “eames, wilberforce (1855-1937).” in dictionary of american library biography, 148-153. 1978. rogers, rutherford d. “lqm [lawrence quincy mumford] of lc.” bulletin of bibliography 25 (sept.-dec. 1968): 161-65. rush, charles e. “another pioneer is honored in his own country.” library quarterly 12 (july 1942): 675-78. [louis r. wilson] russell, mattie u. “powell, benjamin edward (1905-1981).” in dictionary of american library biography, 95-98. 1990. schwartz, kristin mary. “r.d.w. connor: first archivist of united states, 1934-1941.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1977. 64 pp. scott, anne firor. “women and libraries.” journal of library history 21 (spring 1986): 400-405. shera, jesse h. “louis round wilson (1876-1979).” journal of library history 17 (1982): 65-77. ––––––––. “wilson, louis round (1876-1979).” in dictionary of american library biography, 156-63. 1990. simon, rose. “interview with florence blakely, durham, nc, april 21, 1998.” north carolina libraries 56 (summer 1998): 60-64. sinnette, elinor des verney. “arthur alfonso schomberg: black bibliophile and curator: his contribution to the collection and dissemination of materials about africans and peoples of african descent.” d.l.s. dissertation, columbia university, 1977. 263 pp. 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chapel hill: friends of the [university of north carolina] library, 1956. 18 pp. ––––––––. louis round wilson: librarian and administrator. new york: columbia university press, 1967. 291 pp. thornton, mary lindsay. “bibliography of louis round wilson.” library quarterly 12 (july 1942): 339-42. tucker, john mark. “work, monroe nathan.” in dictionary of american library biography, 227-230. 2003. valentine, patrick. “mollie huston lee: founder of raleigh’s first branch black library.” north carolina libraries 56 (spring 1998): 23-26. weaver, francis a. “an analytical description of the papers of louis round wilson which relate to the history of professional librarianship in the united states.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1977. 121 pp. ––––––––. louis round wilson: the years since 1955. chapel hill: university of north carolina friends of the library, 1976. 9 pp. ––––––––. “wilson, louis round (1876-1979).” in ala world 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round, ed. the practice of book selection: papers presented before the library institute at the university of chicago, july 31 to august 13, 1939. chicago: university of chicago press, 1940. 368 winslow, amy. “charles everett rush.” bulletin of bibliography 18 (jan.-apr. 1946): 193-94. north carolina libraries winter 2004 — 207 york, maurice c. “alexandre vattemare’s system of international exchanges in north carolina.” north carolina libraries 56 (spring 1998): 11-15. young, arthur p. “robert bingham downs.” leaders in american academic librarianship (1983): 72-93. barns, james f., jr. “the publications of the north carolina agricultural extension service.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1981. 21 pp. barrows, william david. “organizing a technical report collection: a case study.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1978. 36 pp. benedict, sandra alison. “the publications of the state center for health statistics.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1986. 44 pp. boeringer, margaret j. “joseph gales, north carolina printer.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1989. 122 pp. bumbalough, heather. “the creation of the north carolina government information locater service.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1998. 13 pp. demaria, mary ellen. “freedom of access to government information: an annotated bibliography.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1986. 31 pp. donnally, anna yount. “a study of the history and publications of the north carolina division of marine fisheries.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1986. 39 pp. “james davis, north state’s first printing press.” in 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william leroy. “factors affecting the availability of official north carolina state publications.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1976. 44 pp. miller, sarah jordan. “the depository system: a history of the distribution of federal government publications to libraries of the united states from the early years of the nation until 1895.” d.l.s., columbia university, 1980. 728 pp. north carolina state college of agriculture and engineering of the university, raleigh. documents office classification, comp. by mary elizabeth poole. raleigh: public documents 208 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries d.h. hill library, 1946. loose-leaf. pressley, gary james. “the publications of the labor market information division of the north carolina employment security commission.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1984. 29 pp. reavis, scott aaron. “james davis: north carolina’s first printer.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 2000. 52 pp. schwartz, mary ellen verzaro. “official and unofficial literature of the confederate memorial department.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1972. 32 pp. sudduth, elizabeth ann. “the publications of the child care commission of the department of human resources of north carolina.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1985. 28 pp. sumner, jim. “telling the story: museums and libraries partner to make sport history live.” north carolina libraries 59 (2001): 61-63. thornton, mary lindsay. official publications of the colony and state of north carolina, 1749-1939: a bibliography. chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 1954. 347 pp. tucker, mary n. “the office of the secretary of state of north carolina and publications.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1989. 29 pp. van fossen, michael. “government information.” north carolina libraries 55 (fall 1997): 107-31. wolford, valerie eslyn. “the publications of the wildlife sources commission of the department of natural resources and community development of north carolina.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1986. 68 pp. york, maurice c. “whither state documents?” north carolina libraries 57 (summer 1999): 84. north carolina state library advisory committee for north carolina department of cultural resources. north carolina’s libraries: their role, statements of mission, and purpose. chapel hill: committee, 1983. 12 pp. feehan, patricia ellen. “state library agency youth services consultants: their potential as agents of change.” ph.d. dissertation, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1991. 260 pp. harden, gary, and joel sigmon. “state library of north carolina 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19th-century library. clifton, nj and windsor, nc: ab bookman publications; dist. by historic hope foundation, 1986. 5 pp. ashley, kimberly jo hoover. “moving up the value chain: strategic considerations for transitioning the corporate library.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 2000. 73 pp. boone, barbara jean. “religious publications in north carolina during the civil war.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1976. 32 pp. coates, albert. “law school library.” north carolina law review 47 (oct. 1968): 61-65. combs, dorothy lynn. “a case study of prison libraries: the library of alamance correctional unit. graham, north carolina.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1974. 43 pp. cumming, william p. the southeast in early maps. third edition, revised and enlarged by louis devoray dickerson and thomas james, jr. chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 1998. 275 pp. dickerson, thomas james jr. “the rare book collection of the health sciences library at the university of north carolina.” master’s paper, school of library 210 — winter 2004 north carolina libraries science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1985. 25 pp. dillard, thomas w., jr. “a survey of national park service field libraries in the southeast.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1977. 61 pp. donegan, margaret anna. “the josiah charles trent collection in the history of medicine — its history and development.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1971. 39 pp. farr, louis m. “the history of the buncombe county medical library.” north carolina medical journal 15 (feb. 1954): 87-89. frost, cynthia j. “evaluating a library’s services to patrons with disabilities: a task force approach.” master’s 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griggs, karen. “information-seeking behavior of science and engineering researchers at the environmental agency library in research triangle park, north carolina: factors influencing choices to perform a self-search or to request a mediated search.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1998. 37 pp. herman, lynda elizabeth. “the provision of religious materials for children by four church libraries and one public library in chapel hill, north carolina.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1974. 56 pp. hicks, lois elizabeth. “a case study of a k5-12 evangelical church school and its media collection — with recommendations for library collaboration with similar schools.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1990. 45 pp. hill, linda marshall. “reading and library interests of inmates in three north carolina 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“information quality of the jordan institute for families web site.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 2002. 60 pp. polutta, melanie. “who are they and why are they here?”: a new analysis of the digital library: beginnings to 1920.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1999. 60 pp. porter, gretchen canada. “models of cooperative collection management in academic research libraries: a critical comparison.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 2000. 44 pp. north carolina libraries winter 2004 — 215 recupero, lisa a. “evaluation of programs for the storage and retrieval of cartographic data.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1992. 111 pp. rose, leola myrick, and paul s. ballance. guide to north carolina’s periodical literature; a cumulative author and subject index covering material in north carolina publications from january 1955 thru december 1957. winston-salem: leola myrick rose and paul s. ballance, 1957. 157 pp. ryckman, pat. “managing technology.” north carolina libraries 54 (winter 1996): 151-68. sawyer, jeanne clifford. “an archive tape processing system for the triangle research library network.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1982. 31 pp. shires, nancy patterson. “the case for digitizing fiction with history.” north carolina libraries 60 (2002): 46-52. smith, elizabeth h. “a perspective on solinet’s first quinquennium of shared cataloging.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1980. 63 pp. smith, k. wayne. “oclc: past and future.” in for the good of the order: essays in honor of edward g. holley, ed. delmus e. williams, 305-39. greenwich, ct: jai press, 1994. stansbery, mary kay matthew. “attitudes of selected graduate faculty toward the use of library funds to pay for electronic access to scholarly journals.” ph.d. dissertation, texas woman’s university, 1986. 184 pp. stewart, alva w. historic preservation in north carolina: a checklist. monticello, il: vance bibliographies, 1983. 12 pp. stockton, david a. “linking the members of the triangle research libraries network: multi-institutional searching.” master’s paper, school of information and library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1988. 38 pp. taylor, david c. managing the serials explosion: the issues for publishers and libraries. white plains, ny: knowledge industry publications, 1982. 156 pp. tibbo, helen ruth. “abstracts, online searching, and the humanities: an analysis of the structure and content of abstracts of historical discourse.” ph.d. dissertations, university of maryland, 1989. 879 pp. tillett, barbara b. “catalog it once and for all: a history of cooperative cataloging in the united states prior to 1967 (before marc).” cataloging and classification quarterly 17, no. 3-4 (1993): 3-38. tomlinson, charles edmund. “the north carolina union catalog since 1968.” master’s paper, school of library science, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1973. 37 pp. triangle research libraries network. task force on the union guide to microform holdings. checklist of microfilm collections in the libraries of duke university, north carolina state university, and the university of north carolina at chapel hill. n.p., 1986. 243 pp. tuttle, helen w. “from cutter to computer: technical services in academic and research libraries, 1876-1976.” college and research libraries 37 (sept. 1976): 421-51. tuttle, marcia. introduction to serials management. greenwich, ct: jai press, 1983. 324 pp. wiegand, wayne. “catalog of “ala” library (1893): origins of a genre.” in for the good of the order: essays in honor of edward g. holley, ed. delmus e. williams, 324. greenwich, ct: jai press, 1994. 60 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries useful books: community libraries in antebellum north carolina by patrick m. valentine abstract while little has been published on libraries and print culture in the antebellum south, citizens were aware of the need to accumulate and disseminate knowledge in the form of books and magazines. north carolina was not renowned for its schools or literary culture but it did witness over thirty attempts to establish community libraries between the american revolution and the civil war. this paper examines this library movement in its historical and cultural context as a reflection of the importance of print culture and voluntary associations within american civic society. by surveying a wide range of often neglected primary and secondary literature, this article stands as a model for further research. law to establish the allemance [sic] library society, guilford county: “for the purpose of procuring and establishing a circulating library of useful books…” laws of the state of north-carolina … 18191 north carolina, one of the original thirteen colonies, hibernated like rip van winkle in a stage of seeming isolation after the american revolution. despite a sprinkling of towns along the coast and river valleys, the state largely remained a land of selfsufficient farmers. women, who in later times were often great boosters of literary culture and libraries, were expected to center their lives on home while the widespread practice of black slavery corrupted cultural norms. yet, as population grew and towns proliferated after 1800, farmers and townsmen became more tightly enmeshed in commercial society. and as transportation and communication improved, opportunities for education and cultural growth increased. even so, northerners as late as 1857 considered carolinians “cultivators of turpentine rather than letters.”2 this article will show, however, that libraries and literate culture did have a growing if limited place in everyday life. both the desire to create numerous community libraries and the lack of practical result tells us much about north carolina and the antebellum south. our understanding of what libraries were like at the beginning of the period would be greatly enhanced if a survey proposed by an unknown gentleman, probably the bibliophile lawyer waightstill avery, had been successfully carried out. he asked readers of the american review and literary journal in 1802 to send particulars not only of schools and school libraries but also of “library companies” and any “societies instituted for the promotion and diffusion of useful knowledge.” he wanted to know when schools and societies were established and by whom, what funds they had, their rules, members, how many books they had, and the “number of shares and their prices.” an incurable optimist, he hoped to “offer his work . . . in the course of the present year.”3 unfortunately, we do not know the result, if any, of his appeal. north carolina had a few scattered bookstores and public reading rooms, but most people depended on printers, general stores, peddlers, and trips out of state for books. print shops such as those of salmon hall in new bern and joseph gales in raleigh doubled as “circulating libraries,” while wilmington had various such stores until the 1850s.4 some north carolinians sent to london or philadelphia for books. in 1821 a “yankee” reported that wilmington, then the second largest town in the state, could not support a bookstore as people would “borrow” its books but forget to return them.5 charlotte did not have systematic access to books until after 1824 when the yorkville book bindery opened for business.6 a quarter century later a magazine editor still complained that merchants did not carry enough books: “the listless indifference, idle hours, crimes, punishment, widows, and orphans of our land, call for books, books, books.”7 peddlers were a major source of reading material in a state as rural as north carolina, on what might be called the “cultural periphery” of america.8 peddlers had to pay, or rather were supposed to pay, a county tax of $20 for each “cart wagon or other vehicle” except those “who sell books only.”9 many peddlers, some of them jewish, began with a small supply of goods, including books, only to end as respected and successful merchants. peddlers often sold prints and brochures as well as books and could be sources of information and unorthodox opinion. mason locke weems, the “book-peddling parson” who spread fall/winter 2006 — 61north carolina libraries some of the earliest fanciful tales of george washington, took his “flying library” – an early bookmobile, a wagon fitted with book shelves and waterproof top – not only to rural customers but also stopped in towns like raleigh and hillsborough. according to weems, north carolinians especially liked “great numbers of little entertaining books,” while methodist religious peddlers believed that only “about one third [sic] of the parents can read, write, cast accounts, and gauge a barrel of brandy.”10 almanacs, often locally printed, were among the most widely used books while planters and merchants might subscribe to magazines, a few of which were also locally produced. doctors, lawyers and architects all increasingly learned their professions through reading as well as apprenticeship. presbyterians and other christian groups used printed tracts to spread their message.11 commercial farming more and more relied upon agricultural journals to tell them how to grow, fertilize and market their crops.12 access to useful books and other printed materials became increasingly important. among the better-known personal libraries in north carolina were david stone’s collection of 1,400 books and archibald d. murphey’s with over 2,000 books. waightstill avery early in the century owned an extensive and carefully selected library in western north carolina while nelson travillion of davie county kept a collection not just of history, biography and sermons, but also sets of morally ambiguous works such as adulterer’s looking glass, drunkard’s looking glass and gambler’s looking glass. the historian john hill wheeler had some 1,200 titles on his bookshelves in 1850, not apparently arranged in any strict order.13 these years saw a rapid growth of lyceums that sponsored debates and usually had their own libraries, yet few left records of their presence in north carolina. lyceums were not precisely libraries in any case.14 it is, however, indicative of the connection between libraries and lyceums that virginia’s earliest library society, the alexandria library company, founded in 1794, moved into alexandria’s new lyceum building as a permanent resident in 1837. many colleges also had debating societies with libraries.15 while lyceums do not seem to have been significant in north carolina, about thirty north carolina towns and counties did incorporate community libraries between 1794 and 1852.16 although not in a strict sense open to the public, such libraries were emblems of literate society and tokens of community pride. they made the statement that a town recognized the social and economic as well as cultural and educational benefits a library could bestow.17 chart 1: incorporated community libraries, 1790-1850 place, county name 1794 fayetteville, cumberland county fayetteville library society 1799 williamsboro,18 granville county franklin library society 1803 new bern, craven county newbern library society 1815 person county person library company 1816 raleigh, wake county raleigh library company 1817 iredell county centre library society 1818 (buffalo knob?) lincoln county buffalo library society? 1818 fayetteville, cumberland county fayetteville library company 1819 new salem, randolph county salem library society 1819 (alamance church?) guilford county allemance library society 1820 randolph county carraway library society 1821 union grove, iredell county union library society 1822 richland creek, guilford county richland creek library society 1822 hillsborough, orange county franklin library society19 1823 mecklenburg county new providence library company 1823 davidson county sandy creek library society 1824 stokes county20 clinton library society 1825 northampton county farmers’ library society 1825 greensboro, guilford county greensboro library society 1825 abbott’s creek, davidson county abbott’s creek library society 62 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries 1826 lincoln county buffalo library society 1826 randolph county21 ebenezer library society 1827 new garden, guilford county new garden library society 1827 nazareth, guilford county guilford county (nazareth?) library society 1827 hookerton, greene county hookerton library society 1829 asheville, buncombe county vance circulating library society22 1831 lenoir county united brothers’ library society 1833 hookerton, greene county hookerton library society 1833 chatham county farmers’ library association 1834 providence, mecklenburg county juvenile library society of providence 1841 fayetteville, cumberland county franklin library institute 1845 fayetteville, cumberland county fayetteville library institute 1848 williamston, martin county williamston library association this list does not include lyceums or literary and debating societies that may well have had book collections or encouraged the collecting and sharing of books. nor does it include unincorporated libraries like one apparently active in tarboro in eastern north carolina before the turn of the century.23 several, indeed most, of these library societies are completely unknown other than their being incorporated by the legislature. as can be readily seen, some of these groups were re-incorporated later and a few may have been more pious wishes or town boosterism than actual libraries. fayetteville, for example, had been passed over as the state capital but still wanted in 1794 to attract attention as a more refined location than the almost unpopulated area chosen near a tavern in wake county. incorporation did, however, establish a legal and historical record of the desire to form a library, not just a society. such societies were usually already active before requesting incorporation. for example, “sundry persons, citizens of the county of iredell, have associated together and formed a circulating library, for the purpose of disseminating useful knowledge.” it is also probable that many were created in imitation of earlier communities, just as raleigh would later open a public library in imitation of durham.24 who these people were and the rules for membership in the library societies is usually not recorded but they seem to have been similar to the “farmers, mechanics, justices of the peace, ministers of the gospel – military officers, lawyers, school masters – merchants – postmasters” mentioned in a letter to thomas jefferson about the westward mill library society of new brunswick county, virginia.25 library societies allowed for a generous membership of local white males, and perhaps females too, and as such were as close to “public” libraries as there were in this period outside of new england. in places where more evidence has survived, non members could typically borrow by paying a small fee.26 almost all the incorporations stated that “disseminating useful knowledge” was a primary goal. however, since the records of almost none of these libraries have survived, it is also impossible to know if “useful knowledge” was disseminated. promoting access to “useful knowledge” was surely a public good in a progressive society.27 the problem was that the institutional or communal basis for public access was always extremely limited in practice. there is moreover the question whether the south by the late 1850s was interested in promoting a progressive or knowledge-based society.28 the general sense of the term “useful knowledge” suggests these local societies were interested in practical books rather than belles lettres and that they were not indulging in an ideology or false consciousness of pretension. the phrase “useful knowledge” was widely used in library circles in england and america. library society members, to use terms not yet invented, were “middlebrow,” not “highbrow”. the lack of detailed information about these libraries, however, precludes authentic reconstruction of their mentality.29 almost the only thing known, for instance, about the williamston library association founded in 1848 is that cushing biggs hassell, himself irregularly educated but an important primitive baptist minister and leader, was its secretary-treasurer. in only one case does state law mention the demise of a library society, in person county, apparently because the association owned property that had to be distributed.30 the two best-documented library situations were fayetteville and new bern. the state’s first incorporated library group was fall/winter 2006 — 63north carolina libraries the fayetteville library society in 1794. it set the legal pattern. some laws included names of the petitioners but most did not: “that the present members of the fayetteville library society, and all persons who may hereafter be admitted into the same, be, and are hereby constituted, a body corporate by the name of the fayetteville library society; and by that name shall have succession, sue and be sued, and may purchase and convey property, and make bye-laws and regulations in all matters relating to the objects of their association, provided the same are not inconsistent with the laws and constitution of the state.” nothing more is known about this society.31 in 1818 local citizens “actuated by the desire of disseminating useful knowledge” next incorporated the fayetteville library company. they paid a $10 initiation fee with annual dues thereafter of $1.00. how long this library survived is not clear, but there appears to have been three additional libraries in fayetteville in the 1840s. the first was the franklin library institute of 1841 and the second was the fayetteville library institute in 1845.32 little is known of these libraries and their existence seems forgotten. meanwhile, the independent order of odd fellows operated a fayetteville library from 1844 until 1877, but strictly speaking this was a society but not a community library. there were a large number of similar associations across the state, odd fellows and masons as well as several mechanics’ associations that may have had libraries. thus, leaving aside private, church and school libraries, fayetteville alone witnessed at least five attempts to create community or society libraries between 1794 and the civil war.33 to turn to new bern, north carolina’s largest town before 1840, frederick grist, its legislative representative, sponsored the incorporation of the newbern library society at the end of 1803. this was probably in response to the conditions set in thomas tomlinson’s will that left 100 pounds, a princely sum, towards establishing public libraries in new bern and in wigton, county of cumberland in great britain. the newbern library soon sold an additional eighty shares at $20 each. john louis taylor and william joseph gaston, later both highly respected justices of the north carolina supreme court, were early library presidents.34 salmon hall, a printer and bookseller who had moved to new bern from connecticut in 1800 when he was 28 years old, seems to have been the principal spirit behind the newbern library society, in a manner very similar to the situation in the exactly contemporary library society in georgetown, south carolina. according to its by-laws, “members may detain [keep] a folio one month, a quarto three weeks, an octavo a fortnight, a duodecimo or pamphlet one week.” overdue fines also varied according to the size of the book, with hall receiving the money as compensation for his labors.35 purchases included old standards like amadis of gaul in four volumes (1818) bound for $1.60; and new works like the story of the lewis and clark expedition (1820) $50, bound for $1.25 – for most books were still sold without covers and buyers could have books bound as they wished. in june 1823, thirty of forty-one library stockholders met to check accounts and to forfeit shares of “such stockholders as have not complied with the [annual] registration . . . of four dollars on each share.” a catalog of 1829 lists 207 titles, many of them law books, but also including philosophy and history. the last meeting recorded was in 1835 when new directors were appointed. as the saga of this library indicates, new bern remained culturally important in north carolina well into the nineteenth century despite its fading economic situation and loss of political power.36 hookerton in greene county, much smaller than new bern or fayetteville, was ambitious enough to try incorporating a library twice, in 1827 and 1833. hookerton earlier had an academy in the 1810s with a school library apparently open to public use. lincoln county also incorporated its library twice. or to cite another example, it is symptomatic of the obscurity to which these library efforts sank, that a good history of guilford college, which grew out of the new garden boarding school, makes no mention of the earlier new garden library society.37 in 1819 the legislature empowered the new salem library society near new garden, between asheboro and greensboro, “to 64 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries purchase one acre of land . . . and erect such buildings thereon as may be deemed necessary.”38 new salem was briefly home to the remarkable swaims. benjamin swaim, president of the north carolina manumission society after 1827, wrote a number of law books and edited a newspaper while building up a fine private library of his own. his cousin william swaim, son of a substantial landowner, had enough schooling as a child-two months’ worth in an old field school and another two months of intermittent schooling when he was eighteen-to learn to read but was twelve before he learned to write. his diary mentions a community circulating library that helped him “learn about all subjects.” this must have been the new salem library company. william took up printing in baltimore and enjoyed the city library there before returning to north carolina and starting his own newspaper in 1829. “his editorials were fearless in their attacks, sparkling with wit and humor or burning with sarcasm,” says his biographer. he died young but not before having a daughter who would become the mother of william sydney porter, better known as o. henry. 39 that providence in mecklenburg county near charlotte-probably providence presbyterian church-started a children’s library in 1834 is most intriguing.40 possibly some other communities or churches had similar, if less documented, juvenile libraries. obtaining a legislative charter might not be difficult, but also would not be simple. the legislature ceased requiring special legislation in 1852, after which no new incorporated libraries were recorded.41 wilmington, which became the state’s largest town by 1850, started an unincorporated wilmington mercantile library association in 1849 with evidently little success. significantly, however, it became part of the wilmington library association formed six years later. “all donations of books, maps, charts, engravings, paintings or plaster casts of eminent persons must be directed to mr. j. j. norcom, librarian. editors of magazines and papers throughout the country are asked to send copies of their publications.” in 1858 the library moved into the newly completed city hall where it soon proposed to be open every day for six hours. but at the end of the civil war the books were scattered and lost.42 men could join the wilmington library association for five dollars with an annual subscription of four dollars. members would bind and donate such british magazines as chamber’s journal, blackwood’s magazine and the edinburgh review while many wilmington readers enjoyed dickens, thackeray and “whispered about” emerson. the association also sponsored public lectures with speakers from outside wilmington. the library, admitted the niece of one of its prominent members, was more a public forum for the “exchange of ideas than a visible agency for dissemination of knowledge . . . for . . . all the educated people know each other, and were united by all the ties of a vigorous mental life.” thus it might be considered an example of a library as a public sphere or agency of culture.43 these community libraries appear to be very scattered but some statistics may add to the picture. according to the 1850 census, north carolina had four public libraries with a total of 2,500 volumes: craven county (probably the newbern library society) with 700 books, guilford county (where there were possibly five incorporated library societies) with 1,500 books, martin county (probably the williamston library) with 250 books, and randolph county (three possible library societies) with fifty books. census statistics are not necessarily accurate-fayetteville and wilmington are conspicuous in their absence-but do indicate a general level of activity. still, north carolina compares very unfavorably with its two neighboring states. chart 2, comparative public library statistics, 185044 state white population # of public libraries public library volumes public library volumes /white population nc 553,028 4 2,500 0.005 sc 274,563 16 73,758 0.269 va 894,800 21 32,595 0.036 according to the 1860 census, north carolina had two more libraries than in 1850, but 600 less books. the census counted 1,936 teachers, 1,266 physicians, 500 lawyers, 205 printers and publishers, 48 editors, 57 peddlers, sixteen booksellers and bookbinders, eight telegraph operators, and only two librarians. it is just not true, at least of north carolina, that the number of libraries “increased dramatically” in the antebellum south.45 fall/winter 2006 — 65north carolina libraries chart 3, comparative public library statistics, 186046 white population # of social (i.e., public) libraries social (i.e., public) library volumes social (i.e., public) library volumes /white population nc 629,942 6 1,950 0.003 sc 291,300 18 31,615 0.109 va 1,047,299 30 15,956 0.015 nonetheless, if one looks at comparative regional statistics for the antebellum period, the south was making progress. counting all known libraries except private and school, historian haynes mcmullen found that the cumulative number of southern libraries grew from forty-one in 1800 to 100 in 1820, to 213 in 1840 and 372 in 1860 – but many of these were very shortlived or, as we have seen, only on paper. the south’s percentage of growth outpaced the northeast’s – which started with a far larger number of libraries – yet was less than the midwest or the west. what might have happened if war – as in the 1770s – not intruded? the south was not as widely or highly literate as new england but hardly emerson’s “culture of no mind.”47 chart 4, library regional statistics, 1800-186048 northeast northeast south south other other % % % % % other % % u.s. change northeast u.s. change south u.s. change regions u.s. change 1800 413 365 88% 41 10% 7 2% 1820 633 153% 500 79% 137% 100 16% 244% 33 5% 471% 1840 1,108 175% 737 67% 147% 213 19% 213% 158 14% 479% 1860 2,211 200% 1,078 49% 146% 372 17% 175% 761 34% 482% while some southerners feared books and the thoughts that books might enkindle, particularly thoughts of political reform and emancipation, other southerners strove to found community libraries and increase access to books, magazines and other printed materials.49 the antebellum period saw many north carolina communities incorporate libraries in their effort to promote education and spread useful knowledge. they were a significant southern example of the american tendency to form voluntary associations to serve public needs.50 north carolina, as these libraries indicate, was no longer rip van winkle. people spread across the state recognized that community libraries could be useful. libraries, or at least the concept of libraries, were slowly making their mark as places symbolic of public literacy and community interest. refrences 1 (raleigh: tomas henderson, jr., 1820), 72-73. background material and bibliographies are in wiley j. williams, “history of north carolina libraries and librarianship: a bibliography,” north carolina libraries 62 (2004): 50-58, 91-100, 140-160, 194-215; patrick m. valentine, “libraries and print culture in early north carolina,” north carolina historical review [cited hereafter as nchr] 83 (july 2005): 293-325; and david finkelstein and alistair mccleery, an introduction to book history (new york: routledge, 2005). 2 clyde wilson, “griffith john mcree: an unromantic historian of the old south,” nchr 47 (january 1970): 14 (quotation); cf. frances ann kemble, records of later life (new york: henry holt, 1883), 111-16; amelia m. murray, letters from the united states, cuba and canada (new york: g.p. putnam, 1856, 2 vols. in one), 192; j. dickson to john a. dickson, 30 march 1844, dickson family papers, southern historical collection, university of north carolina wilson library [cited hereafter as shc]; and john gray bynum to thomas ruffin, j.g. de roulhac hamilton, ed., the papers of thomas ruffin, 4 vols. (raleigh: edwards & broughton, 1918-1920), 2:200. see also william s. powell, north carolina through four centuries (chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 1989); guion griffis johnson, ante-bellum north carolina: a social history (chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 1937); arthur c. menius iii, “james bennitt: portrait of an antebellum yeoman,” nchr 58 (october 1981): 320-22; and bertram wyatt-brown, the shaping of southern culture: honor, grace and war, 1760s–1880s (chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 2001). for women see margaret supplee smith & emily herring wilson, 66 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries north carolina women making history (chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 1999), 79-81, 83, 103; christine leigh heyrman, southern cross: the beginnings of the bible belt (chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 1997), esp. 167-205. on slavery, see especially ira berlin, generations of captivity: a history of african-american slaves (cambridge: harvard university press, 2003); and jeffrey j. crow, paul d. escott and flora j. hatley, a history of african americans in north carolina, rev. ed. (raleigh: office of archives and history, north carolina department of cultural resources, 2002). 3 w. s. a., “literary history of north-carolina,” the american review and literary journal for the year 1802, 2 (new york): 375-79; cf., raleigh register and north-carolina gazette, september 7, 1802. dictionary of north carolina biography [cited hereafter as dncb]), s.v. “avery, waightstill”; shc, avery family papers; and “biographical sketch of waightstill,” north carolina university magazine, 4 (1855): 242-264. 4 north carolina circular and newbern weekly advertiser, october 28, 1803, february 24, 1804, september 21, 1804; laws of the raleigh academy …as revised, in the year 1811 (raleigh: gales & seaton, 1811). neither david kaser, a book for a sixpence: the circulating library in america (pittsburgh: beta phi mu, 1980), 1-17; nor mary virginia moore, “circulating libraries in the southeastern united states, 1762-1842” (master’s thesis, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1958), cite any north carolina locations. 5 robert j. parker, “a yankee in north carolina: observations of thomas oliver larkin, 1821-1826,” nchr 14 (october 1937): 329; see also anon., “william soranzo hasell,” north carolina university magazine 7 (february 1858): 264; and thomas hall wetmore, “the literary and cultural development of ante-bellum wilmington” (master’s thesis, duke university, 1940). 6 catawba journal, december 7, 1824, and february 1, 1825. 7 southern index (ashborough) 1 (may 1850): 26 (quotation). for a somewhat dated work on reading and the availability of books, see clyde hull cantrell, “the reading habits of ante-bellum southerners” (phd diss., university of illinois, 1960). 8 peter burke, popular culture in early modern europe (new york: harper torchbooks, 1978), 14 (quotation). the literature on book peddling is scattered but see, inter alia, william j. gilmore, reading becomes a necessity of life: material and cultural life in rural new england, 1780-1835 (knoxville: university of tennessee press, 1989), 175-78; and henri jean martin et al., eds., histoire de l’edition française, 4 vols. (paris: promodis, 1984-1985), 2:430-43; 3:228-60. 9 the laws of the state of north-carolina 1819 (raleigh: thomas henderson, jr., 1820), chapter i. 10 lewis leary, the book-peddling parson: an account of the life and works of mason locke weems… (chapel hill: algonquin books, 1984), 22-25, 60, 142-145 (quotation, 25). “reports of colporteurs in north carolina,” twenty-ninth annual report (north carolina methodist conference, 1854), report of mr. j. n. a., 108 (quotation), special collections, duke university perkins library [cited hereafter as duke sc]. see also “weem’s writings,” southern index 1 (march 1850): 3. for jewish merchants, see citations in patrick m. valentine, the rise of a southern town: wilson, north carolina, 1849-1920 (baltimore: gateway press, 2002), 26. 11 thomas b. jones, “calvin jones, m.d.: a case study in the practice of early american medicine,” nchr 49 (january 1972): 56-71; thomas g. dyer, “science in the antebellum college: the university of georgia, 1801-1860,” in ronald l. numbers and todd l. savitt, eds., science and medicine in the old south (baton rouge: louisiana state university press, 1989), 36-54; fannie memory farmer, “legal education in north carolina, 1820-1860,” nchr 28 (july 1952): 294-95. see also, for example, hamilton, ed., papers of thomas ruffin, 2:35, 3:458; the american (fayetteville), july 23, 1818; north carolina argus (fayetteville), december 30, 1854. annual report of the raleigh female tract society (raleigh: j. gales, 1820), 4-5; mrs. john (elisa williams) haywood in the haywood family papers, shc; isiah f. hollister to mrs. williana w. lacy, june 23, 1838, drury lacy papers, shc; johnson, ante-bellum north carolina, 810-12; richard rankin, ambivalent churchmen and evangelical churchwomen: the religion of the episcopal elite in north carolina, 1800-1860 (columbia: university of south carolina, 1993), 40-41, 43, 47; and david paul nord, faith in reading: religious publishing and the birth of mass media in america (new york: oxford university press, 2004). 12 wesley herndon wallace, “north carolina’s agricultural journals, 1838-1861,” nchr 33 (july 1959): 275-306; richard bardolph, “a north carolina farm journal of the middle ’fifties,” nchr 25 (january 1948): 57-89; george stevenson’s commencement address of 1855 in george washington paschal, history of wake forest college (wake forest: wake forest college, 1935), 580-81. 13 dncb, s.v. “stone, david”; william henry holt, ed., the papers of archibald d. murphey, 2 vols. (raleigh: e.m. uzzell, 1914), 2:438-42; jethro rumple, history of rowan county, north carolina… (1881; reprint, bowie, md: heritage books, 1999), 192. shc 1948-z, nelson travillion papers; “catalogue of library june 1850,” john h. wheeler papers, shc. see also david s. reynolds, beneath the american renaissance: the subversive imagination in the age of emerson and melville (cambridge: harvard university press, 1988), 59-61; clement eaton, the growth of southern civilization, 1790-1860 (new fall/winter 2006 — 67north carolina libraries york: harper, 1953), 153; clement eaton, the waning of the old south civilization 1860-1880s (athens: university of georgia press, 1968), 42-44, 177; and wetmore, “literary and cultural development of ante-bellum wilmington,” esp. 40 and 55. 14 proceedings of the jackson lyceum society, 1838-1839, david alexander barnes papers, shc. cf., american lyceum; with the proceedings of the convention, held in new york, may 4, 1831… (boston: hiram tupper, 1831), 12; address of the literary and philosophical society of south-carolina… (charleston: observer office press, 1834), esp. 7, 9, 41, 49, 52; william s. powell, when the past refused to die: a history of caswell county … (durham: moore publishing, 1977), 321; and jonathan daniel wells, the origins of the southern middle class (chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 2004), 91-105. 15 david scott turk, “for the love of books: antebellum libraries companies in virginia,” virginia cavalcade 49 (winter 2000): 30-39; patrick m. valentine “small select library or miserable excuse: antebellum college libraries in the american southeast,” southeastern librarian, 54 (spring 2006): 6-11 16 by comparison, south carolina had forty-one incorporated libraries by 1860. roberta vh. copp, “south carolina library societies: 1800-1900: the foundation of south carolina’s public library system,” south carolina librarian 30 (spring 1986): 17-25. 17 on public libraries in this formative period, see mcmullen, american libraries before 1876, esp. 63-79; and c. seymour thompson, evolution of the american public library 1653-1876 (washington, d.c.: scarecrow press, 1952), 2, 76-79. even franklin’s library company, housed in pennsylvania’s state house, had a “public” or community function. “at the instance of benjamin franklin” a brief history of the library company of philadelphia (philadelphia: library company of philadelphia, 1995), 10-13, 25, 38-39. 18 williamsboro became part of vance county in 1881. samuel thomas peace, ‘zeb’s black baby,’ vance county north carolina (durham: seeman printing, 1955). 19 three years later the franklin library society petitioned unsuccessfully to start a lottery for “the purchase of useful books.” charles l. coon, the beginnings of public education in north carolina (raleigh: edwards and broughton, 1908, 1:289. 20 one local observer noted in 1846 that “in general education is looked upon as a curse.” quoted in bill sharpe, a new geography of north carolina (raleigh: sharpe publishing, 1965), 2079. 21 ebenezer library society was formed “for the purpose of promoting religion and aiding the progress of learning and science” with such powers necessary “for the management and safe-keeping of the books and other property of said society, as they may from time to time think expedient, not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of this state, or of the united states.” no exact location was specified. acts passed by the general assembly of the state of north carolina … 1826 (raleigh: lawrence & lemay, 1827), chap. xxxix. 22 this was the only library named after an individual, “in honor of their patron robert b. vance.” acts of the general assembly of the state of north carolina, … 1829-30 (raleigh: lawrence lemay, 1830), chap. lxvi. robert brack vance died in a duel with a legislative opponent. he left some 500 books that started the vance circulating library. james meehan, “duelist’s legacy started a library,” the state [magazine] (march 1973): 14-16; dncb, “vance, robert brack;” and gordon mckinney, zeb vance: north carolina’s civil war governor and gilded age political leader (chapel hill: university of north carolina press, 2004), 12. 23 jeremiah battle, “the county of edgecombe in 1810,” university of north carolina magazine, 10 (april 1861) 470 (originally published in 1811). 24 laws of north-carolina … 1821, lxxvi. patrick m. valentine, “steel, cotton, and tobacco: philanthropy and public libraries in north carolina, 1900-1940,” in donald g. davis, jr., ed., libraries & philanthropy (university of texas at austin press, 1996), 272-98; and valentine, “the spread of public libraries ... in north carolina, 1900-1960,” north carolina libraries 54 (fall 1996): 113-21. 25 john wyche to thomas jefferson, march 19, 1809, bixby collection, missouri historical society, st. louis, as cited in joyce appleby, inheriting the revolution: the first generations of americans (cambridge: harvard university press, 2000), 239. 26 the petersburg library association, chartered in 1853, had several female members. edward a. wyatt iv, “schools and libraries in petersburg, virginia, prior to 1861,” tyler’s quarterly historical and genealogical magazine 19 (1937): 80. edgefield in south carolina had a separate female library society. north carolina had several women’s association such as the dorcas about which little is known. 27 patrick wilson, public knowledge, private ignorance: toward a library and information policy (westport, conn.: greenwood press, 1977); richard d. brown, knowledge is power: the diffusion of information in early america, 1700-1865 (new york: oxford university press, 1989); joel mokyr, the gifts of athena: historical origins of the knowledge economy (princeton: princeton university press, 2002); and anne c. rose, voices of the marketplace: american thought and culture 1830-1860 (lanham, md: rowman and littlefield, 2004 ed.), 84-87. 68 — fall/winter 2006 north carolina libraries 28 michael o’brien, re-thinking the south: essays in intellectual history (athens: university of georgia press, 1993), 1-56; thomas s. harding, college literary societies: their contributions to higher education in the united states 1815-1876 (new york: pageant press, 1971), 194; and wyatt-brown, the shaping of southern culture. for black americans’ appreciation of “useful knowledge,” see elizabeth mchenry, forgotten readers: recovering the lost history of african american literary societies (durham: duke university press, 2002), 96-97. 29 russel b. nye, society and culture in america, 1830-1860 (new york: harper & row, 1974), 35-36; alistair black, a new history of the english public library: social and intellectual contexts, 1850-1914 (london: leicester university press, 1996); john b. thompson, ideology and modern culture: critical social theory in the era of mass communication (stanford: stanford university press, 1990); lawrence w. levine, highbrow / lowbrow: the emergence of cultural hierarchy in america (cambridge: harvard university press); and emily b. todd, “antellum libraries in richmond and new orleans and the search for the practices and preferences of ‘real’ readers,” in thomas augst and wayne a. wiegand, eds., the library as an agency of culture, american studies 42 (fall 2001): 195-209. one careful historian admits that, where there is evidence, its “net effect is to leave one doubtful of the accuracy of contemporary reports about the libraries.” john calvin colson, “the fire company library associations of baltimore, 1838-1858,” donald g. davis, jr., ed., libraries, books & culture (austin: university of texas at austin, 1986), 166. 30 cushing biggs hassell diary, shc; cushing biggs hassell papers, duke sc; william bagley papers, shc; williamston academy papers, state archives. on the primitive baptists, see arthur carl piepkorn, “the primitive baptists of north america,” concordia theological monthly 42 (1971), 297-314. laws of north carolina… 1815 (microfiche, n.c. state library), chap. lxvii; acts of the general assembly of north carolina, passed … 1828-29 (raleigh: lawrence & lemay, 1829), chap. cxxvi. 31 laws of north-carolina, 1794 (halifax: hodge & willi [sic], n.d.), chap. xcv, in session laws of american states (microfiche, n.c. state library). roy parker, a brief history of cumberland county (raleigh: division of archives and history, n.c. dept. of cultural resources, 1990), 36-37. (just to clarify, the first library in north carolina was donated by the society for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts to bath in 1700; the first community or subscription library was the cape fear [wilmington] library society founded in 1760; the first tax-supported public library was durham’s in 1897.) 32 laws of north carolina 1818 (microfiche, n.c. state library); cumberland county misc. records, fayetteville library company, no date, state archives; laws of the state of north carolina, passed … 1840-41 (raleigh: w. r. gales, 1841), chap. vii. 33 cross creek lodge i.o.o.f, shc (originals in the cumberland county public library). see also jerry a. thrasher, “history of the cumberland county public library & information center” (typescript, cumberland county public library files, 1985); and arthur c. jenkins iii, “a public library for fayetteville, north carolina” (thesis, clemson university school of architecture, 1970). 34 elizabeth moore, records of craven county north carolina (bladenburg, md: genealogical recorders, 1960), 1:77-81, 177; “literature of north carolina,” monthly anthology and boston review 3 (july 1806), 355-57, excerpted in libraries in american periodicals before 1876, 252; virginia ellis gibson, “salmon hall: north carolina printer, 1800-1840,” (master’s thesis, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1967), 29-30; and alan d. watson’s well-crafted and researched a history of new bern and craven county (new bern: tryon palace commission, 1987), 178. see also william l. saunders, ed., the colonial records of north carolina, 10 vols. (raleigh: state of north carolina, 1886-1890), esp. v. 7, 35-36, 98-99, 104, 689; v. 9, 238-43, 245-48, 304-06. 35 moore, records of craven county, 89; gibson, “salmon hall,” 30. stephen f. miller remembered hall as a “courteous” man but little else. “recollections of newbern,” our living and our dead… 1 (november 1874): 452. the georgetown library society in south carolina was also spearheaded by a printer. frances lander spain, “libraries of south carolina: their origins and early history, 1700-1830,” library quarterly 17 (1947): 36 36 newbern library company, state archives. in the 1820s eastern publishers introduced cheap cloth-covered casings that sharply reduced the business of local bookbinders. manufactures of the united states in 1860 … eighth census (washington: government printing office, 1865): cxliii-cxlv; richard w. clement, books on the frontier: print culture in the american west 1763-1875 (washington: library of congress, 2003), 35. bookbinders, like printers, had the opportunity to read widely. 37 acts passed by the general assembly of the state of north-carolina … 1827-28 (raleigh: bell & lawrence, 1828), cxli; acts passed by the general assembly of the state of north carolina … 1833-34 (raleigh: lawrence & lemay, 1834), chap. lxv. griffith a. hamlin, “educational activities of the disciples of christ in north carolina, 1852-1902,” nchr 33 (july 1956): 317; james m. creech, history of greene county, north carolina (baltimore: gateway press, 1979), 512. dorothy lloyd gilbert, guilford: a quaker college (greensboro: guilford college and new garden boarding school, 1937), 27; d. h., “reminiscences of new fall/winter 2006 — 69north carolina libraries garden boarding school in 1895,” guilford collegian 8 (september 1895): 6-7; and w. a. bryan, “some social traits of the rich square quakers, with new garden document,” trinity college historical papers 8 (1908): 6-14. 38 laws of the state of north-carolina, passed … 1819 (raleigh: thomas henderson jr., 1820), cv. 39 dncb, s.v. “swaim, william” (quotation). cf., patrick sowle, “the north carolina manumission society, 1816-1834,” nchr 42 (january 1965), 62-63; thad stem jr., the tar heel press (charlotte: n.c. press association, 1973), 33-35; marjorie whittington memory, “a history of the randolph public library, 1935-1967” (master’s thesis, university of north carolina at chapel hill, 1968); and larry e. sullivan, “the reading habits of nineteenth-century baltimore,” in donald g. davis jr., ed., libraries & culture (austin: university of texas press, 1981), 227-40. bibliophile william henry harrison beard also lived in the deep river area until the civil war. peter a. soderbergh, “charles a. beard, the quaker spirit, and north carolina,” nchr 46 (january 1969): 21-22. 40 providence: acts passed by the general assembly of the state of north carolina … 1834-35 (raleigh: philo white, 1835), chap. xliv. see also ernest trice thompson, presbyterians in the south, 3 vols. (richmond: john knox press, 1963), 1:64, 246; daniel augustus tompkins, history of mecklenburg county and the city of charlotte from 1700 to 1903 (charlotte: observer print house, 1903), 74, 111. 41 laws of the state of north carolina, passed … 1852 (raleigh: wesley whitaker, jr., 1853), chap. lxvii; and “letters patent. literary institutions and benevolent and charitable societies.” governor’s office, charters, 1853-1864, state archives. 42 “intellectual food for the children of the city,” wilmington messenger, 1858 (undated typescript), new hanover public library; william j. rhees, manual of public libraries, institutions, and societies, in the united states … (philadelphia: j.b. lippincott, 1859), 626-27; “dedication wilmington light infantry memorial library” (pamphlet, 16 july 1956), new hanover public library file db: pl 2 (quotation); rehder, “development of libraries in the lower cape fear,” unpaginated; wetmore, “literary and cultural development of ante-bellum wilmington,” 45-47, 162. see also mcmullen, american libraries before 1876, 70-72; thompson, evolution of the american public library, 80-95; and thomas augst, the clerk’s tale: young men and moral life in nineteenth-century america (chicago: university of chicago press, 2003). 43 jane wood, “the old library and new” undated newspaper clipping, librarian’s scrapbook, new hanover county public library (quotations). see also james a. secord, victorian sensation: the extraordinary publication, reception, and secret authorship of ‘vestiges of the natural history of creation’ (chicago: university of chicago press, 2003 ed.); john e. buschman, dismantling the public sphere: situating and sustaining librarianianship… (westport, conn.: libraries unlimited, 2004), esp. 3-35; and ari kelman, “the sound of the civic: reading noise at the new york public library,” in augst and wiegand, the library as an agency of culture, 26-28. 44 the seventh census of the united states: 1850 (washington: robert armstrong, 1853); university of virginia, geospatial and statistical data center. united states historical census data browser: http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/, september 2, 2004. 45 wells, origins of the southern middle class, 106 (quotation). see instead robert v. williams’s important but neglected “public library development in the united states, 1850-1870: an empirical analysis,” in davis, libraries, books & culture, 177-201. 46 population of the united states in 1860 (washington: government printing office, 1864); university of virginia, geospatial and statistical data center. united states historical census data browser: http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/, september 2, 2004. 47 lewis p. simpson, mind and the american civil war: a meditation on lost causes (baton rouge: louisiana state university press, 1989), 50 (quotation). for ratios of libraries to population, see mcmullen, american libraries before 1876, 46, 50-53, and tables 3.3 and 3.4. see also http://www.princeton.edu/~davpro/databases/index.html. 48 adapted from mcmullen, american libraries before 1876, table 3.3. 49 nye, society and culture in america, 33; o’brien, re-thinking the south, 1-56; powell, north carolina through four centuries, 335-38. the development of a mass national book market had a negative effect on local printing. 50 see also paul starr, the creation of the media: political origins of modern communications (new york: basic books, 2004), 124-30; rose, voices of the marketplace, 180-82; robert h. wiebe, the opening of american society: from the adoption of the constitution to the eve of disunion (new york: vintage, 1984), 353-75; mary p. ryan, civic wars: democracy and public life in the american city during the nineteenth century (berkeley: university of california press, 1997); and marc harris, “civil society in post-revolutionary america,” in eliga h. gould and peter s. onuf, eds., empire and nation: the american revolution in the atlantic world (baltimore: john hopkins university press, 2005), 197-216. spring / summer 2008 7 nor th carolina libraries archives committee the facilities of the state library of north carolina were renovated this biennium. access to the collection was suspended briefly during the summer of 2007. the new reading room has now opened and patrons can access the collection in an updated facility. activities: 30 large boxes of materials were received.• 15 boxes processed (jean rick may and august).• basic web pages created, which include inventory of the • archives, a list of historically significant events in the association’s history, and a list of presidents. materials collected at the 100• th anniversary ncla/sela conference are housed in the archives. jean rick, chair business librarians section (blinc) blinc’s goal was to expand its reach of members and affiliates • to our community college communities—continued from the last three years. three community colleges participated in meetings assisting with and developing programs, and hosting a meeting. blinc held a meeting at cleveland community college presenting a business information program to their staff. membership increased 10% even though we lost longerstanding members due to retirements and job changes. quarterly meetings have had successful attendance averaging • about 30 participants. meetings are held throughout the state, with presenters such as vendors, faculty, and local business leaders. blinc hosted its first pre-conference at the ncla annual • conference 2007, demystifying business reference, along with three other business-related programs. blinc will review nclive business resources as nclive • starts their contract renewal negotiations. the committee will submit a suggested list of electronic business resources or subject areas, as done three years ago. member notes:• rita moss has been elected vice-chair, chair-elect for o brass/ala. susan wolf neilson (blinc chair) has been elected o director-at-large for ncla. susan wolf neilson, chair ncla college & university section the cus executive board polled the cus members to determine what programming the section membership would support for 2006. scholarly communication was the topic chosen. betty garrison (elon university) and joseph thomas (ecu) planned the program and was officially titled: state of the state: scholarly communication in north carolina. originally scheduled for february 2nd, 2007 at unc-greensboro, the workshop was postponed due to inclement weather. the workshop was successfully held on april 27th 2006. it was well attended and discussion following individual sessions was lively and engaged. the workshop opened with remarks by rosann bazirjian (unc-greensboro). this was followed by a program on open access by cat mcdowell (unc-greensboro). stephen westman (unc-charlotte) discussed experiences with implementing an institutional repository. the afternoon session included a program on authors’ rights options by peggy hoon (ncsu). the closing program was a panel discussion of strategies for engaging faculty in issues of scholarly communication. the section sponsored a pre-conference on creating a marketing plan @ your college or university library and three additional programs during the 2007 ncla conference in hickory. in the coming biennium the college and university section plans to offer programs focusing on various aspects of academic librarianship. tommy nixon, chair community and junior college section at the beginning of the biennium the officers of the section committed themselves to ncla’s purpose “to promote libraries, library and information services, librarianship, intellectual freedom and literacy and to president burgin’s goal of increasing ncla membership. officers of the section for the 2006-07 biennium were: debbie luck, randolph cc, chair; janice pope, central carolina cc, vice-chair/chair-elect; keith burkhead, past chair, guilford technical cc; deanna lewis, cape fear cc, secretary-treasurer; jennifer noga, director-at-large, guilford technical cc; and denise woetzel, director-at-large, guilford technical cc. in cooperation with caroline walters, ncla membership chair, the section promoted ncla membership at the north carolina learning resources association annual conferences. peggy quinn, a past chair of the section and librarian at wake technical cc, was responsible for transporting and setting up ncla displays at the conferences at wake technical cc in 2006 and in new bern in 2007. as a result of the membership drives, membership increased from 70 members in 2006 to 82 members in 2007. the section’s executive board worked on by-law changes that will be submitted for vote during the new biennium. jennifer noga, as conference program contact for the section, led the planning for three programs to be offered at the fall 2007 conference. the programs were: “the wonderful world of wikis and widgets: a free-for-all in cyberspace,” presented by uncg librarians amy harris , lynda mckellam, and scott rice; “talking heads: 80’s musical group or how you teach – cpcc’s library instruction north carolina library association 2006-2007 biennial reports and conference photos 8 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 services project,” presented by central piedmont community college librarians amy burns and gena craig; and “trust, the glue of effective libraries,” presented by crystal baird from davidson county community college. the slate of officers for the 2008-2009 biennium is: janice pope, central carolina cc, chair; jennifer noga, guilford technical cc, vice-chair/chair-elect; debbie luck, randolph cc, past chair; deanna lewis, cape fear cc, secretary-treasurer; deana guido, director-at-large, edgecombe cc; and allen mosteller, cleveland cc, director-at-large. debbie luck, chair continuing education committee the continuing education committee of the north carolina library association established the following goal for the 20062007 biennium: assist the libraries of the state to improve the quality of service • by enhancing the knowledge and abilities of professional and paraprofessional staff. increase opportunities for networking and collaboration among • libraries in north carolina. provide incentives for learning to library employees.• increase the membership of ncla by improving awareness • of continuing education opportunities provided by the association. investigate issues related to implementing a certification system • for library employees at all levels. members of the ncla continuing education committee served on the state library continuing education advisory committee. the advisory committee’s final report will be used as a guide in meeting the above goals. sherwin rice, chair ncla endowment committee the endowment committee ended this biennium with a healthy balance of more than $42,000. co-chair david goble left in april 2007 to take a position as state librarian of south carolina. we are most grateful for his dedication and service to the endowment committee while in north carolina. bryna coonin was appointed co-chair to serve in his place, alongside dr. leland park (retired, davidson college). members of the endowment committee during this biennium also included jeannie welch (unccharlotte), caroline walters (unc-chapel hill), and rita moss (unc-chapel hill). one of the key accomplishments of the endowment committee during the 2006-2007 biennium was the creation of the barbara l. beebe memorial fund in support of leadership development, in memory of barbara beebe. barbara was an alumna of the ncla leadership institute (2005) and was serving as chair of the leadership committee at the time of her death. bryna coonin, co-chairt financial vitality committee the financial vitality committee, an ad hoc committee, was formed by president robert burgin to identify strategies to increase income and to manage funds efficiently. the committee worked with the membership committee, the operations committee, and the finance committee. three recommendations were submitted to the ncla board in july 2006 and were approved. leadership institute the leadership institute fund was established outside of the operating budget and will be required to be self-sufficient. the chair of the leadership institute will have the responsibility to solicit sponsorships, to apply for grants, and to request sponsorship for members from sections and round tables. leadership institute planning committee will include a member of the finance committee. donations ($2,400) received since the last leadership institute were transferred to this fund. project grants project grants fund was established outside of the operating budget. the finance committee will continue the responsibility of handling grant applications and administer funding for project grants for committees and professional development events. professional development workshops to encourage more section and round table activities, each section and round table is expected to schedule a minimum of one event/workshop in a non-conference year and sponsor one session at the conference. if over a biennium there is no program sponsored by a section or round table, the continuation of a section or round table will be discussed by the executive board. each section and round table chair should include activities in the biennial report required by the association for publication in north carolina libraries. publication of north carolina libraries due to rising costs of publishing, printing, and mailing print copies of north carolina libraries, the committee recommends that the editorial board: (1) resume selling advertising space; (2) offer space to sections and round tables at a discounted rate; and (3) place an option on the membership form “i do not wish to receive the printed volume of north carolina libraries, a compilation of the online edition.” investments the $75,000 cd matured on april 6, 2007 and was divided into 3 separate cds to allow for better management and to earn the best interest. other topics discussed included: to increase income $5 of workshop fee be designated to the operating budget • advertise on the ncla web site • promote fund raisers (in addition to license plates) • accept donations for chances on prizes • increase sponsorships during conferences • spring / summer 2008 9 nor th carolina libraries to reduce operating expenses establish virtual committee meetings (chat, blogs, video-• conferencing) diane kester, chair wanda brown, kevin cherry, harry cooke, dale cousins, dave fergusson, nancy fogarty, beverley gass, ralph scott, tina stepp, caroline walters, and catherine wilkinson intellectual freedom committee the intellectual freedom committee of the north carolina library association for the biennium of 2006-2007 consists of the following members: chair, john b. harer, east carolina university pauletta bracy, north carolina central university melissa davison, henderson county library system anne marie elkins, nc dpi sherwin rice, bladen community college library in april, 2007, the committee co-sponsored the workshop “challenges! and opportunities! censorship in school libraries” with the north carolina association of school librarians, and conducted the activities of the workshop for 28 attendees. the 2007 biennial conference program has been developed to provide librarians a panel discussion on combating censorship of gay and lesbian literature. it features jim grimsley, author of dream boy, the 1996 stonewall award winning novel; beth briggs, current chair of the stonewall award; and two practicing librarians. the committee continues to field calls from librarians and other professionals on specific censorship incidents and concerns, lending advice where possible. the committee also distributes information, electronically, to the membership on relevant intellectual freedom news and topics. john b. harer, chair library administration and management section the library administration and management section (lams) focused on the subject of leadership during the biennium and worked to provide training opportunities for staff at all levels of responsibility and in all types of libraries. the lams executive committee also committed to increasing interest in the section’s circulation interest group and worked to develop programming that would be of interest to circulation staff. lams offered the all-day workshop “who’s following your lead? managing your library’s changing workforce” presented by mark livingston, president of strategic management systems in the fall of 2006. the program addressed the implications of changing library demographics, the differences between leadership and management/supervision, assessing leadership skills and behavioral styles, understanding the process of change, and how to develop an action plan for effective leadership. the program was appropriate for first-time supervisors as well as seasoned administrators. the workshop was offered in three locations: western carolina university in cullowhee, hemphill branch library in greensboro, and edgecombe community college in tarboro. the sessions were well attended and the evaluations were uniformly positive. suggestions from participants concerning future lams programs confirmed the belief that library leadership training was a topic of interest to library staff, therefore, our conference offerings at the 2007 ncla conference continued this theme. at the 2007 conference, lams offered one all-day pre-conference program and two regular conference sessions. lams invited mark livingston (who presented the 2006 • workshop) to conduct a pre-conference program at the 2007 conference. his program, “planning for library excellence: how to tell your strategic story,” provided an introduction to the “balanced scorecard,” an innovative planning and management system that can be adapted to communicate the library’s message and to align key stakeholders. noted library assessment expert and east carolina university • professor dr. larry white presented “contenders or pretenders: competing for your library’s customers,” a discussion on how library staff can provide leadership in responding to the competitive environment facing libraries today. human resources consultant lynn unsworth’s program, • “managing multiple generations in the workplace,” provided practical insights into managing library staff that can represent up to four generations. lams begins the new biennium committed to providing library staff with a variety of opportunities for leadership development and professional growth. leadership institute the ncla leadership institute committee organized a social for past members of the institute at the 2007 ncla conference. the program titled “”yes, you can be a leader!” will bring together past members of the institute and offer the opportunity for interested ncla members to meet and discuss the outcomes and opinions of the institute. this will offer great publicity for future leadership institutes. the leadership institute committee also discussed applying for a grant through the laura bush 21st century librarian program. the committee will explore partnering on this grant with the south carolina library association and the state library of north carolina for possibly creating a carolina leadership institute. lisa williams, chair literacy round table the officers of the literacy round table for 2005-2007: betty meehan-black, unc at chapel hill, chair; anne marie elkins, state library, vice chair/chair elect; gale greenlee, greensboro public library, past chair and secretary/treasurer; jeanne fox, h. leslie perry memorial library, director; donna phillips, wayne cc, director; and mark pumphrey, polk county public library, director. the officers of the ncla literacy round table announced the establishment of the ncla literacy round table blog: www. literacyroundtable.blogspot.com. the blog will further the overarching goals of “serve as a clearinghouse for resource information related to library literacy programs and services.” http://www.literacyroundtable.blogspot.com http://www.literacyroundtable.blogspot.com 10 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 during 2005-2007 the committee focused on three major goals this biennium: 1. increase membership in the literacy round table; 2. plan one or more conference programs; 3. contact north carolina literacy association to consider collaborating with them on literacy training programs in various region of the state. the committee met all three goals and hopes to continue working in these areas in the next biennial. membership was increased by 26%.• two programs were presented at the 2007 ncla conference • in hickory, n.c. 1. “finding our voices: poetry mirroring the human condition” featuring performance poet glenis redmond; 2. “how art and literacy came to live happily ever after” with steve sumerford, leah tweel, and mary young. the chair contacted the officers in the north carolina literacy • association to inquire if this group is willing to collaborate in sponsoring programs or training with the ncla literacy round table. in 2008-2009, the committee will follow up with them and continue working on this goal. since both groups have similar missions, they can work together to offer training programs around the state makes sense. the ncla literacy round table award to “an individual in north carolina who has provided outstanding leadership and service in furthering the cause of literacy in the library, the workplace, or the community” is given each year. the 2007 winner was phyllis martin of rowan county. she was awarded a plaque and a $200 check at the literacy luncheon and business meeting on oct. 17, 2007, at the biennial conference. new officers for 2007-2009 are: anne marie elkins, state library, chair; pauletta brown bracey, ncc, vice chair/chair elect; betty meehan-black, unc at chapel hill, past chair; gale greenlee, greensboro public library, secretary/treasurer; jeanne fox, h. leslie perry memorial library, director: donna phillips, wayne cc, director; mark pumphrey, polk county public library, director; tony tallen, public library of charlotte mecklenburg county, director; beth mueller, retired, director; daniel barron, amy regional library, director. betty meehan-black, chair ncla membership committee the membership committee has been extremely active this biennium. virtual membership committee a yahoo group “virtual” membership committee was formed in accordance with the charge of the membership committee in the ncla bylaws. the committee consists of members representing all sections and roundtables. this committee discussed issues relating to membership promotion, and requirements for ncla awards. the committee also promoted ncla membership at their places of work or through listservs associated with other professional associations, student groups or work place. ncla display the committee also represented ncla at the following events through the use of the ncla display or promotional materials. wake county library annual staff day (feb 22, 2006) – • brandy hamilton launc-ch conference (march 13, 2006)-betty meehan black• serials conference (march 30 & 31, 2006) – betty meehan • black and janet flowers friends of public libraries (march & april, 2006) – frannie • ashburn sela conference (april 5, 6 &7, 2006) – joan ferguson• paraprofessional conference (may 12, 2006) • anchasl meeting (may 5, 2006).• rtss spring workshop (may 30, 2006) – kim parrott• community college (july, 2006) – peggy quinn• ecu conference (july 2006) catherine spratley• pls workshop “developing superior supervisors.” (october • 2006) lams workshop – “who’s following your lead” (october • 27, 2006) – peggy quinn. css’s retreat in brown summit (november 2-3, 2006) – carol • laing rtswl workshop (february 9, 2007)• teaching resource center summit at ecu (february 3, 2007) • – bryan coonin lra conference in new bern (february, 2007)• ncasl workshop (april 21, 2007).• cus workshop in greensboro (april, 2007) – tommy nixon• new ncla displays the committee received approval from the board for the purchase of three smaller, more easily transportable ncla displays. the displays include literature pockets and can be rolled up for easy shipment. these displays will be designed and purchased during the next biennium. ncla membership survey the committee collected data on the number of librarians and library staff in north carolina and reported that ncla membership only represents 17% of the total library staff population. to learn more about why librarians and library staff are or are not members of ncla, the membership committee prepared a survey of librarians and library staff and their opinions of ncla. the committee used survey monkey for the creation and dissemination of a member/ non-member survey. burnette bell, wake community college, coordinated the creation of the survey and the use of survey monkey. the online survey began february 1, 2007, and remained active until the middle of april. participants had the opportunity enter a drawing for prizes (ncla membership, a free section/ roundtable, and other prizes). a total of 1157 individuals answered the survey (58.7% ncla members, 41.3% not ncla members). the committee presented a poster at the 2007 conference. a written report will be published in north carolina libraries in 2008. ncla awards the committee voted unanimously to present to leland park a distinguished library service award in april 28, 2006 at davidson college alumni day. robert burgin attended and presented the award. spring / summer 2008 11 nor th carolina libraries the committee reviewed eight nominations for distinguished service and life membership awards. in july 2007, the board approved four of the five recommended nominations. awards were given at the 2007 conference to: paula pearce hinton – distinguished service award o (posthumous) frances bryant bradburn – distinguished service awardo richard wells – life membershipo elizabeth h. smith – life membershipo ala/ncla joint student membership program the membership committee worked with ala to create a joint student membership program between ala and ncla. in october 2006 the ncla board approved a plan to cover the costs of 200 joint student memberships for students at north carolina library schools. as of july 2007, ncla has received over 300 joint student memberships (89 of those being paid by ncla under the free plan). promotional items/project grant the committee received approval from the board to use the • remaining ncla conference store items (from 2003, 2004, & 2005) for giveaways to develop membership and as drawing prizes for ncla members at events. the committee completed research on letterhead with an • integrated membership card to make the organization more professional and decrease the amount of time that the office spends preparing membership acknowledgement. ncla administrative assistant was given the information to place an order after the board approved the purchase. the committee applied for and received a project grant ($1000) • in july 2007, to cover the costs of preparing professional brochures, membership applications, as well as membership acknowledgments and buttons for ncla members to wear to promote ncla membership within their own libraries. the final project grant report is due in 2008. caroline walters, chair north carolina library paraprofessional association ncla organizational endeavors two motions were presented to the ncla executive board at • their july 20, 2007 meeting regarding two ncla recognition awards. the results of those motions are as follows: ncla will add a “sense of the board resolution” to their o by-laws clarifying that the lifetime membership award covers all library workers. the distinguished service award can now be awarded to a o paraprofessional. this motion was presented and passed at the 2007 ncla biennial conference business meeting. at their 2007 ncla biennial conference business meeting, • the ncla executive board approved an nclpa by-laws change of name from “nclpa executive committee” to “nclpa executive board.” non-conference programming “work smarter, not harder” workshop” – march 14, 2007 • the workshop held at wake forest university included a morning session on ergonomics in the library and an afternoon session on technology competencies. there were 31 attendees. biennial conference activities & programs in 2006 the nclpa conference scholarship was formally • designated the meralyn g. meadows north carolina library paraprofessional association scholarship. lisa stevens, branch manager of pikeville public library, • was awarded the 2007 meralyn g. meadows conference scholarship. conference programming for the 2007 ncla biennial • conference held in hickory, nc included: free legal information on the neto presented by maureen eggert and sally irvin, both of wake forest university telling our story using new technologies o presented by the library development staff from the state library of north carolina telling our story the north carolina way o (luncheon) -presented by bill leslie, wral-tv news anchor managing your stress – is that possible? o presented by annis barbee, north carolina department of health and human services publications and promotional activities new nclpa promotional materials (bookmark, brochure, • region map, information card, etc.) were designed and distributed through mailings and made available at workshops and conferences across the state. the new materials were also used to create information packets that were given to “work smarter, not harder” workshop attendees. in an effort to boost membership, approximately 275 nclpa • information cards were mailed to library support staff across the state during 2006. issues of • visions, the nclpa newsletter, were published in spring 2006 and winter 2007. copies of each were mailed to nclpa active members and posted on the nclpa website. an nclpa logo was designed and integrated into promotional • materials, stationery, the nclpa website, and the nclpa blog. trevor hughes, assistant director of law computing at wake forest university designed the nclpa graphic and gave exclusive rights to the roundtable. logo colors were selected to complement the ncla logo. web and communications activities a google group was established for the nclpa executive • board to facilitate communication among members. a separate google group was set up for active nclpa • members. this group currently includes non-members who are interested in nc support staff issues. it is hoped that by allowing non-ncla/nclpa members to join the e-mail group, they will appreciate the benefits in joining and therefore increase membership to both ncla and nclpa. the nclpa website was redesigned to feature the new • nclpa logo, which heads each page. the website includes an archives page, officer information, by-laws, information on how to join, and a links page. url: http://www.nclaonline. org/nclpa/index.html paraprose: a web log of the north carolina library • paraprofessional association was launched in july 2006. the blog is used to alert library support staff across the state about upcoming conferences, workshops, and various librariana. url: http://nclpa.wordpress.com/ http://www.nclaonline.org/nclpa/index.html http://www.nclaonline.org/nclpa/index.html http://nclpa.wordpress.com/ 12 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 accolades jackie cornette, ncla/nclpa member, was named 2007 • library journal paraprofessional of the year. angela davis, secretary new members round table in 2006 the following slate of officers was selected for the new members round table executive committee: chair: kaye cook, forsyth county public library, winston-• salem vice chair: sarah rothstein, salem college, winston-salem• treasurer: cass plater, a&t state university, greensboro• programs: margot malachowski, carrboro library, carrboro• publicity: ernie cox, st. timothy’s school, raleigh• secretary: emily king, mlis student, unc, chapel hill• webmaster: drew mcnaughton, greensboro college• nmrt representative to • north carolina libraries: jennifer smith, elon college, elon the executive committee met may 8, 2006, at the reynolda manor branch library, winston-salem and again on january 24, 2007, at st. timothy’s school, raleigh. at these meetings the members discussed programming and the nmrt bylaws. other meetings were conducted electronically. during august 2006, nmrt participated in the ncla/borders books book drive by storing forsyth county donated books at the reynolda manor branch library. over 1,000 books were distributed to libraries throughout the state. nmrt sponsored a big adventure program on friday, april 13, 2007. nine persons participated in a pre-ncla visit to hickory, nc, which included behind-the-scenes tours of the lenoir-rhyne college library, the patrick beaver public library, and the hickory museum of art. this program was open to those people interested in acquainting themselves with the city before the ncla conference in october and to those who wanted to learn more about how different libraries operate within the state. the group also enjoyed lunch at mcelrath’s on the square in downtown hickory. a short business meeting was held the same day to discuss program topics and possible speakers for the ncla conference. the executive committee decided to offer three programs at the conference: a pre-conference reception.• an orientation session entitled “how to get involved with • ncla.” a panel discussion entitled “finding your footing.”• kaye cook, chair nominating committee the committee is pleased to report the following election results for the 2008-2009 ncla executive board vice president / president elect sherwin rice, bladen community college learning center secretary caroline walters, unc-chapel hill university libraries treasurer andrea f. tullos, hyconeechee regional library directors at large ralph k. kaplan, nc live susan wolf neilson wake county public libraries sela representative betty mehan-black, unc-chapel hill university libraries members of the nominating committee terry brandsma, jackson library, unc-greensboro carol laing, wake county public libraries rodney lippard, hackney library, barton college anne marie elkins, state library of north carolina vanessa ramseur, public library of charlotte and mecklenburg jerry thrasher, cumberland county public library pauletta brown bracy, chair operations committee the ncla office continued to operate efficiently and accurately during the past year. services to the membership were administered and renewals activated in a timely and friendly fashion, even with the addition of 200 new memberships created by the joint ala/ ncla project. kim parrott, ncla administrative assistant, managed both the weekly workflow of the organization and also assisted several sections with mailings and workshops. she worked with the 2007 conference planning committee and has attended information sessions in both greenville and raleigh as future conference site possibilities. she coordinated quarterly meetings of the ncla executive board on behalf of its president. finally, she coordinated the installation of new carpet, new paint and new furniture in the office as well as a collective purging of old files, and the coordination of officer elections for the new biennium on behalf of the nomination committee. dale cousins, chair publications and marketing committee the committee assisted various ncla groups with promotional material, including the promotion of the ncla license plate, the revision of the ncla brochure, and the design of the brochure for new members roundtable. ncla 2007 biennial conference publications were planned and implemented beginning with the contests to choose the theme and logo for the 2007 biennial conference. the theme chosen,” telling our story,” represented the many ways libraries and librarians help spread the word! spring / summer 2008 13 nor th carolina libraries as conference planning progressed, program information was submitted for website publication; the pre-registration booklet was designed, printed, and mailed to ncla membership and other selected mailing lists; and the conference program was designed, printed, and delivered to the conference registration chair for registration bag packing. suzanne white, chair reference and adult services section the reference and adult services section began this biennium on a high note as the rass programs, as well as the pre-conference with nancy pearl, went over very well, they received a lot of good feedback concerning the program. sadly this was not to last as we lost paul hinton (ncla secretary and rass chair) on september 17, 2006. she has been sadly missed by members of this section and ncla as a whole. rass vice-chair jonathan farlow filled her post as ted lebowski, the director of community college section became vice-chair. throughout the summer of 2006 rass prepared for a workshop entitled reinventing reference: changing demographics, services, and resources. it was held on october 16, 2006 at the greensboro public library with speakers: david carr, mark sanders, jeanie welch, phil blank, jean ferguson, and martha sink. the program was well attended the section offered the following workshops at the 2007 conference: sink or swim? the importance of training new reference • staff a program spotlighting a new consumer health portal • developed at unc which was co-sponsored with pls. the section also co-sponsored the • unshelved program, also with pls. the luncheon speaker was stage actor and recorded books • speaker george guidall. new officers were announced at the luncheon as follows: jonathan farlowchair ted laboskyvice-chair carol kecksecretary chris binchoffdirector at large and treasurer janie neelypublic libraries director amy harris-college and university libraries director donna windishcommunity college libraries director jonathan farlow, chair roundtable for ethnic minority concerns (remco) the following were members of the executive board of remco for the biennium of 2005-2007: jamane yeager, chair• anne coleman, vice-chair/chair elect• gerald holmes, past chair• veronica walker, secretary• arneice bowen, co-director• irish mcnair, co-director• gerald holmes represented remco on the ncla membership committee. the remco ad-hoc committee on diversity presented a summary of its survey results to the remco board and to the ncla executive board. anne coleman represented remco on the editorial board of north carolina libraries. at the 2006 joint conference of librarians of color (jclc), in dallas, texas, bao chu chang and gerald holmes represented ncla remco with a program entitled career growth for librarians of color: issues and strategies. in march 2007, remco’s executive board met at the sonia haynes stone center for culture and history in chapel hill. we heard an encouraging speech about change from dr. collie coleman, associate vice chancellor for outreach, at unc pembroke. we also toured the exhibit “radicals black and brown” in the gallery and museum. a new remco brochure was unveiled in january 2007 and a membership drive was kicked off. a literary committee was formed to select our first remco student writing contest winner. the contest ended april 2007. ms kynita stringer-stanback, a student in the slis program at unc-chapel hill, was named the first remco student writing contest winner. she received a $250.00 check and had her article published in the bcala newsletter and in north carolina libraries. two issues of the remco newsletter were published during this biennium. at the ncla conference, remco had several programs: remco luncheon featuring poet • jaki shelton green ask a reformista: latinos & libraries 101 (remco and • reforma) black caucus alanorth carolina chapter interest meeting• promoting healthy lifestyles in minority communities • featuring nooma monika rhue, archivist/archival services librarian at johnson c. smith university. prior to the conference the roadbuilders award recipients were chosen. they are bao-chu chang, academic librarianship• vanessa work ramseur, public librarianship• dr. irene owens, library education• remco honored the 2007 recipients of the roadbuilders award and the recipient of the remco student writing contest award at the luncheon. remco executive board members elected for the 2007-2009 biennium are: anne coleman, chair• evelyn blount, vice chair/chair elect• jamane yeager, past chair• tamika barnes mccollough, secretary/treasurer• robin imperial, co-director• brenda stephens, co-director• jamane yeager, chair 14 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 roundtable on the status of women in librarianship officers for the 2005-2007 biennium were: kathy crowe (uncg), chair• ruth hoyle (davie county public library), vice chair/chair-• elect jenny boneno (forsyth county public library), past-chair/• web page jennie hunt (greensboro college) secretary/treasurer• laura weigand (forsyth county public library), director• pat leamon (alamance community college), director• mary mcafee (forsyth county public library), herstorian• joan sherif (northwest regional library), nc libraries• rtswl sponsored a very successful workshop on february 9, 2007 at the davie county public library in mocksville, nc. the workshop entitled, “and my point is...,” provided information on public communication skills librarians use on a daily basis. the workshop emphasied gender bias. the keynote was dr. jody natalle of the uncg communications studies department. a panel of librarians responded in the afternoon which included lynn sutton (wake forest university), phil barton (rowan county public library) and john abbott (appalachian state university). thirty-five people attended. the roundtable also addressed the issue of changing its name so that it is more up-to-date. the board suggested “women’s issues in librarianship roundtable” and informally polled the membership via email. all respondents approved. the name change was voted on and approved at the 2007 conference business meeting. rtswl sponsored a luncheon meeting at the 2007 biennial conference with sharyn mccrumb as a speaker. drawings were held for five signed copies of her most recent book, once around the track. kathy crowe, chair scholarship committee during the 2006-2007 biennium the ncla scholarship committees work continued to be hampered by the low investments yield received on endowment funds of the appalachian scholarship, the ncla memorial scholarship and the query-long scholarships. the low yield negatively impacted the committee’s ability to award scholarships. in the biennial only one scholarship was awarded ncla memorial scholarship for $500 to tonia genco; library science and instructional technology college of education east carolina university. the mclendon student loan was awarded to tonia genco, who is attending east carolina university and michael l. fitzgerald attending unc-ch. committee members this biennium are harry cooke, chair (director, gaston college libraries), susan benning, vice chair (head librarian, may memorial library, alamance county public libraries), christy earp (librarian, wilkes community college), julia hicks (george brown public library retired january 2007), and lisa williams (coordinator of research and information services, unc-wilmington). harry l. cooke, chair technology and trends roundtable report the roundtable presented the following programs at the ncla conference in hickory nc: blackboard course content vs. library webpages: why fight? • let’s unite! want a second life? get one!• is library 1.0 ready for web 2.0?• analyzing your holdings to help with collection • development. the roundtable held a business meeting / reception at the conference to elect our new officers for the 2008-2009 biennium: chair john via• vice chair edward hirst• scott rice is the new tnt web designer and is the networked information services librarian and distance education librarian at unc greensboro. the tnt roundtable also received a grant for the conference to bring in a special speaker from the university of san diego. beth bernhardt, chair north carolina public library trustee association in january 2006, we had 73 members, and at the end of biennium the association has grown to 105 members. at the 2007 ncla conference, ncplta sponsoring another program as well as co-sponsoring a luncheon. the section focus has been on increasing the membership and getting the word out about the association. ncplta chair, mary hatcher, made visits and presentations to several library boards to talk about ncla and to encourage joining the trustee association. she also had an opportunity to make a brief presentation at the state library trustee workshop in asheville in the spring of 2007. as the section grows in size and interest, the ncplta will be able sponsor programs of particular interest to trustees and advisors. mary e. hatcher, chair youth services section the major activities of the youth services section of ncla during the 2005-2007 biennium are listed below. brown summit retreat the major event of 2006 was the youth services section brown summit retreat workshop that took place november 2 and 3, 2006. the workshop was entitled: tickles, trends, & technology: youth services in north carolina. sixty-nine youth services staff from across the state attended this retreat workshop that was held at the summit conference center in brown summit, nc. the highlights of the retreat are listed below: our main speaker was rob reid, a nationally recognized author, librarian, story teller, and lecturer. rob presented two programs: cool story programs for the school age crowd and fun family story times. rob’s programs were full of great programming ideas spring / summer 2008 15 nor th carolina libraries for youth services staff to take back and use in their own library programs. workshop participants were very enthusiastic and positive about rob’s hugely entertaining, useful, and informative programs. ian rennie, from the north county regional library in huntersville (a branch of plcmc) presented an in-depth program on graphic novels and kathleen pierce of the east regional branch of the wake county public library system, presented a very informative workshop on blogging. participants reported that they learned a lot of new information from both of these workshops. at the trade secrets workshop, staff from numerous library systems across the state shared information about successful programs they had conducted at their libraries. membership increase yss conducted an ncla membership drive during the brown summit retreat workshop and signed up 15 new members! i am happy to report that ncla/yss membership increased by 11% during this biennium. webmistress the yss board agreed to appoint a web mistress to the yss board this biennium to keep the yss web page regularly updated. brandon beasley from the greensboro public library was appointed yss web mistress. although keeping the yss web page updated has proved challenging, brandon is slowly progressing with this project. 2007 ncla biennial conference the yss board planned six programs for the 57th ncla biennial conference held in hickory, october 16-19. telling the tale of teens: a teen pre-conference—the morning session was devoted to a discussion of ya literature with dr. ruth clark of the department of library science & instructional technology at ecu. the afternoon session focused on successful teen technology programs being conducted by nc teen services staff from three nc public library systems: public library of charlotte & mecklenburg county, greensboro public library, and cumberland county public library & information center. teen spaces: an overview of teen spaces in various nc libraries presented by teen librarian kelly czarnecki from plcmc. yss traditional breakfast with judy schachner, author and illustrator of the very popular skippyjon jones books. put the book down! a journey into storytelling—an oral storytelling workshop with professional storyteller donna washington. author program with judy schachner, author and illustrator of the skippyjon jones books and joyce moyer hostetter, author of the ya novel, blue. children’s literature program with dr. ruth clark from ecu. chapbook the yss publication entitled chapbook continues to be published every quarter by yss board members. chapbook editor, loretta talbert of plcmc, does a great job compiling and editing all the articles submitted by board members each quarter. the chapbook keeps section members informed of upcoming yss workshops and the biennial ncla conference, gives information on successful programs conducted in various nc libraries, addresses important youth services topics, and keeps everyone updated on news from the state library with a regular column from the state library youth services consultant. loree kelly very much enjoyed her term as the chair of the youth services section. many thanks to all of the yss board members who have worked very hard over the past two years to keep the youth services section a vital and productive section for youth services staff across the state. loree kelly, chair web site committee the committee would like to thank the chairs of all sections/round tables/committees, who submitted their reports to be posted on the website in time for the quarterly executive board meeting and for their understanding and cooperation. thanks also goes to the web masters of all sections/round tables/ committees, who diligently maintain currency of their respective websites, for their patience, support and dedication. it’s been a true pleasure! the committee submits the website activity report (july 2007) as shown below. bao-chu chang, chair 16 nor th carolina libraries spring / summer 2008 robert burgin, phil barton rose simon, salem college christy allen with clifford jim carmichael, unc-g school of library david holt spring / summer 2008 17 nor th carolina libraries bill leslie, wral raleigh brynna coonin and phil barton mary boone, state librarian bland simpson, director, creative writing program unc-ch david zum brunnen and serena ebhardt of ezbz 22 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft unc chapel hill school of information and library science master’s paper and dissertation abstracts 2022–2023 summer 2022 samantha aamot. indigenous data governance and sovereignty: a crosswalk comparison of four metadata schemas. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. july 2022. 86 pages. advisor: melanie feinberg this study critically examines metadata infrastructures related to archival materials and indigenous data sovereignty and data governance frameworks. by analyzing nationally and internationally recognized metadata content standards for archival materials, this study explores how rights, ownership, and access are defined and conceptualized in metadata standards conceived through different theoretical frameworks. further, this study provides crosswalk maps for standards in relation to murkutu, a metadata standard used primarily by indigenous communities and tribal entities to ensure culturally appropriate and legally sufficient intellectual property considerations, ownership, and access rights. within the framework of internationally recognized rights for indigenous peoples and nuanced understandings of ownership and property rights, this study adds to discussions within cultural heritage institutions and archival repositories by moving towards broadening understandings of appropriate stewardship of indigenous archival materials and consultation with tribal entities and communities. mayra bonet. pedagogical, critical, and intercultural transformations in librarianship. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. july 2022. 114 pages. advisor: ronald bergquist the ethos of higher education institutions is entrenched in a core of principles, values, and goals that demarcate their contribution to bolster knowledge, inquiry, research, and a broader understanding of the human condition. furthermore, universities embrace individuals from various socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnicities, geographical regions, gender identities, and language groups who reconfigure the prototypical canonical discourse. the aforementioned framework epitomizes the foundation for the four chapters wherein the focus is on “critical pedagogy in librarianship: decolonizing the curriculum,” an “annotated bibliography: themes and sample resources,” “myth and reality in librarianship,” and a “collection on social justice and inclusion competency in librarianship.” these intersecting essays link together the significance of the graduate curriculum to enhance critical thinking processes through the lens of feminist pedagogy, cultural competence, and social justice in librarianship. this project endeavors to underpin the importance of increasing venues of dialogue amidst schools of information and library science and librarians. sarah e bulger. modern hate and historicizing the medieval: exposing white supremacist pseudo-history on stormfront through qualitative content analysis. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. july, 2022. 37 pages advisor: francesca tripodi pseudo-historical narratives on the european middle ages form the root of many white supremacist’s identities, but the specific language used by these white supremacists when discussing the medieval have yet to be analyzed in peer-reviewed literature. in this study, posts from the white supremacist forum stormfront referencing medieval history will be collected and analyzed through qualitative content analysis to discover what myths of the middle ages white supremacists identify with most, to further document how their rhetoric affects popular conceptions of history. academic medievalists have been battling the misrepresentations of medieval history for decades and the intervention of other sectors of academia may be necessary to enact change. by adding the lis perspective on the specific topic of white supremacist medievalisms, this study will hopefully spark deeper conversation between academic fields in combatting misinformation on the middle ages. master's paper abstracts volume 81 2023/24 23 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft anna c. dallara. a robot recommends: gpt-3 answers readers’ advisory questions. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. august 2022. 114 pages. advisor: brian sturm generative transformers like gpt-3 are sophisticated question-answering tools with many real-world applications. this study explored a possible use for gpt-3 in a public library setting answering readers’ advisory questions. gpt-3 was asked real-world readers’ advisory questions gleaned from social media and asked to explain its answers. these responses were coded using qualitative content analysis to characterize gpt-3’s answers and ability to handle the nuance and complexity inherent to readers’ advisory questions. though gpt-3 revealed several weaknesses, including inconsistency and a tendency towards repetition, it was able to recommend books in a variety of contexts and speculate about a user’s underlying experience. at times, its nonjudgmental answers were reminiscent of active listening techniques that library professionals practice, hinting at an emerging librarian persona. this study aims to open the door for further research on ai in public libraries and demonstrate gpt-3’s capabilities in a particular context. ian daniel. analysis of postpartum patients in a survey of new mothers in north carolina. a master’s paper for the m.s in i.s. degree. july, 2022. advisor: amelia gibson the postpartum period represents a formative time when new mothers face waves of physical and mental changes and health and wellness concerns, many of which were exacerbated by the covid pandemic. using survey data from mothers who gave birth during covid, i aim to extract a narrative that highlights some of the potential shortcomings in postpartum care in the context of covid and examine their demand for telehealth-based postpartum care. the survey was administered in september 2020 to 254 new and expecting mothers in north carolina. i employed mixed methods to examine characteristics of new mothers who gave birth during the early portion of the covid pandemic, find commonalities between them, and examine their perspectives on care. more specifically, (1) describe the sample population (2) examine patient perspectives on their care, and (3) determining correlations between telehealth use and insurance, telehealth use and demographic characteristics, and telehealth use and patient experience. together, i hope my findings will draw a clear picture from the survey data and inform my advisor’s future work. robin haley. digital preservation initiatives for local media: a study on north carolinian academic archives’ local media collections and digitization efforts. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. july 2022. 64 pages. advisor: megan winget this qualitative assessment consists of interviews and surveys with archivist, or related library staff, across north carolinian academic libraries. the purpose of the study is to identify and gain perspectives from archives in academic libraries in north carolina that have digitally preserved local broadcast media materials, like radio and television, or have interest in doing so. this study addresses digital preservation actions and drives open conversation on digitizing artifacts for long-term preservation. discussion of additional digital preservation components like policy development, external and internal resources, various storage, and access with emphasis on discoverability through reference services are also encapsulated. the study also navigates library and community relationships in concurrence with the necessity of local broadcast media collections. daniel wilson hockstein. making it work: germinating an information framework for knowledge dissemination surrounding legacy equipment usage and repair. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. august, 2022. 40 pages. advisor: christopher a. lee preservation concerns around dissemination of information face professionals, consumers, and hobbyists performing tasks that are heavily reliant on unsupported legacy equipment. this paper seeks to acquire information that may be used to develop a broadly applicable ontological framework and intentional support community for a structured knowledge base of equipment issues, parts, and details. this will be accomplished by conducting structured interviews that seek to better understand the informationseeking behavior of technicians and consumers in a variety of disciplines reliant on skills, practices, and information surrounding “old gear.” beliz ilica. sustainable user interface generation for digital devices: a case study. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. july 2022. 52 pages. advisor: fei yu the internet has become an integral part of people’s lives. however, any digital activity results in energy con24 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft sumption and greenhouse gas emissions, which are the prime drivers of global warming and climate change. the environmental cost calls for the practice of sustainable web design or green human-computer interaction. while there is substantial research on ways to reduce the energy consumption of the back-end information systems, such as data centers, few studies focus on the front-end information systems, such as web design. this study aims to analyze the impact of web design on energy consumption by conducting a case study on an institutional website. a set of major web tracking and performance metrics tools will be adopted to collect data on energy consumption, web performance optimization, web design, and user experience. descriptive analysis of the data will help generate actionable insights into environmentally friendly user interface design strategies for digital devices. meredith jeffers. out of the box: multimodal book club toolkits for young adult librarians. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. july 2022. 24 pages. advisor: sandra hughes-hassell my project addresses the ways in which youth librarians can engage with young adult literature within a framework that encourages activism, expands what counts as a “text,” and creates an environment for young patrons to tell their stories in their own voices. for this project, i created a website repository for a number of young adult (ya) books to serve as a toolkit for youth librarians. the information provided in this toolkit can be used in the school or public library setting as either one-off sessions or recurring series with patrons, and the format will provide youth librarians with the opportunity to create their own programs. alia kempton. a case study: reparative description in archival settings. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. july 2022. 34 pages. advisor: megan winget within the last ten years (2010 – 2020) there has been a shift within archival studies to make changes in the ways that archives, and collecting institutions present and make the material housed in their organizations accessible, discoverable, and usable to the communities they serve with a focus on social and racial justice. it seems that some archives have considered ways that collection description affect and impact the narrative of a collection and how collections are interpreted and understood by users through the created narrative. archival description tells a story, and it is essential to examine whose stories are being elevated and whose are not through description and what members within any given archive’s community of users is being left out and/or lacking representation. my intent in this paper is to analyze two reparative description guideline sets which have been created to share widely among archivists and library professionals. sara kittleson. assessing use of local holdings of latin american books in doctoral research: a case study of unc chapel hill libraries. master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. july 2022. 33 pages. advisor: rebecca vargha this study investigates where spanish-language books are used in unc graduate student research in humanities and social science disciplines in order to assess current latin american area studies collections policies. using a citation analysis of unc dissertations on latin american topics approved between 2011 and 2020, the study shows which disciplines cited books in spanish at the highest rates and whether a subsection of those books are available in local holdings at unc and in the triangle research libraries network. the data produced in this study is meant to be used in guiding collections policies at unc and to provide an adaptable case study for other departments or institutions. sydney c. macomson. #hydroxycloquine: misinformation narratives flourish in absence of public health on twitter. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. july, 2022. 33 pages. advisor: francesca tripodi this paper is a qualitative analysis of tweets collected from searching the hashtag hydroxychloroquine on twitter during the summer of 2022. using the constant comparative method of grounded theory, this paper seeks to identify key narratives surrounding hydroxychloroquine and what public health organizations are doing to control the narrative. while the sample size is limited and cannot be used to generalize about medical misinformation on social media as a whole, this research will hopefully be useful to other students studying medical misinformation in the future. amanda mclaurin. the tangibility of summer reading programs and community connection. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. july 2022. 46 pages. advisor: ronald bergquist the effects of covid-19 have highlighted the tangible aspects of summer reading programs and their importance volume 81 2023/24 25 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft to the success of programs in their communities. these tangible aspects are more than the rewards secured for completing allotted time requirements. they are the important physical signifiers of the programs and communal gathering in a specific space. in this study an in-depth look was taken at four public library systems in north carolina to understand the physicality of their programs, how they relate to marketing and participation not just by youth but by the community at large and how covid-19 greatly disrupted them. these topics will be highlighted and supported through statistical data from summer reading programs pre and post covid-19 along with testimonials from the librarian in charge of the programs at their respected libraries. emilie c. menzel. the information-seeking behavior and visual studies engagement of creative writers: exploratory interviews. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. july, 2022. 116 pages. advisor: brian sturm this study aims to identify and describe creative writer information-seeking behavior and creative writer information-seeking behavior for visual studies materials, using methodology adapted from visual artist information-seeking research. data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of six creative writers: three poets and three fiction writers. conversations were coded for information motivations, sources, formats, access concerns, and applications; search behaviors; and forms of visual studies engagement. this study contributes to our understanding of the informationseeking behavior of creative writers from an information science perspective, a topic that as of 2022 continues to be underexplored within information science. additionally, this research supports examination of visual studies' material audiences, access, discoverability, and organization; opportunities for and approaches to art library outreach; and interdisciplinary subject collaborations in the library. anne s. nachman. investigating awareness of sexual violence resources among students at unc-chapel hill. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. july, 2022. 72 pages. advisor: anita crescenzi resources and supportive services are available at the university of north carolina at chapel hill (unc) for those who have experienced sexual assault or sexual violence. however, students need to know about the available resources before they can benefit from them. this study investigates the extent to which students are aware of and familiar with the resources currently available. this was achieved through an online survey of the general student body including both undergraduate and graduate/professional students. more specifically, students were asked about their awareness of and knowledge about 13 resources in the chapel hill community. students are most familiar with campus health, unc police, and counseling and psychological services (caps) but there is a wide disparity in the level of familiarity with other resources. the findings of this research illustrate current student awareness of resources which the university can use to inform future community education strategies regarding sexual violence resources to fill gaps in community knowledge. ketan pendaya. user preferences for email tasks on different platforms. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. july 2022. 53 pages. advisor: robert capra the purpose of this study was to examine what tasks users prefer to perform using web-based desktop email versus mobile app email and understand those preferences. through in-depth questionnaires, a mixed-methods exploratory study asked users about their experiences using web and mobile app email and under what circumstances they might choose to use one over another. user perceptions of task difficulty on different devices were collected using scale questions with these perceptions informed by open-ended free response questions that asked users what device they preferred and why. the findings indicated that users still prefer computers in almost every instance when given a choice, and the responses were used to generate insight into why this is the case. amelia j. verkerk. collecting and preserving abortion related materials: why and how in archives and special collections libraries. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. august, 2022. 45 pages. advisor: helen tibbo this study describes the collection and preservation efforts of six different individuals associated with academic archives and special collections libraries across the united states regarding abortion related materials. interviews were conducted with professionals who have worked closely with abortion related materials at the following institutions: harvard university, duke university, rutgers university, 26 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft georgia state university, the university of iowa, and tulane university. the interviews provide answers left by the gap in scholarship about collecting abortion related materials as well as give insight into why and how these materials are collected and preserved. thomas m. williams. an investigation on user perceived credibility of united states government climate change websites. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. july, 2022. 43 pages. advisor: fei yu this study investigates how users perceive united states government climate change websites (i.e., environmental protection agency and national aeronautics and space administration). twelve subjects participated in a usability evaluation remotely. results inform specific opportunities to improve perceived credibility and usability of united states government websites designed for combating climate change. websites that are more transparent with their budget and projects are perceived to be more credible. the existence of a relationship between perceived usability and credibility was also further substantiated by the results. gwendolyn yale. analyzing diversity in picture books about technology. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. july 2022. 29 pages. advisor: casey rawson in this content analysis of picture books from the a. b. combs magnet elementary school library about technology, i analyzed and coded 20 books. the goal was to analyze the amount of authentic diverse characters in these picture books that would influence students positively in their use of technology for fun or learning. results showed a gap in publishing “mirrors,” as rudine sims bishop defined them, in picture books about technology for students of color. fall 2022 ali r alrabeah. remixed and remastered: a redesign and implementation of the playlist logging system at wxyc – 89.3fm. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. november 2022. 31 pages. advisor: ryan shaw this paper explores the development of an open-source web application called the wxyc dj hub, intended to succeed the current playlist logging system at wxyc – 89.3fm, using all open-source technologies. the software is meant to be community supported by wxyc members and serve as an educational experience for students within wxyc who wish to work on real web applications. the software repository is being hosted on github under an mit license. this paper describes the user needs and development process of the hub, from considerations in choosing software packages to walkthroughs of the frontend and backend of the hub. emily l arnsberg. the power of reading and writing during the northern ireland troubles: a women’s perspective. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. december, 2022. 45 pages. advisor: brian w. sturm from the late 1960s to the 1990s, northern ireland experienced turbulence and violence, as unionist protestants and nationalist catholics disagreed regarding the destiny of northern ireland and its ties to the united kingdom. during this 30-year period, known as the “troubles,” northern ireland and its people found refuge in the written word, expressing their emotions and thoughts in diaries, and communicating with each other to build communities. this paper examines the role of reading and writing during this conflict, specifically from the women’s perspective. diaries, personal narratives, memoirs, and fictionalized novels were analyzed, as well as information from two semistructured interviews. these documents and interviews were used to determine the value of reading and writing for women during this time frame, who were trying to go about their daily lives in northern ireland. the documentary analysis revealed four themes for why women chose to read and write during this 30-year period: one, breaking the silence; two, as therapeutic and/or coping strategies; three, creating normalcy or control of the situation; and four, as a descriptive method to help compare their situation or emotions they were feeling, or “filling the void.” chris eastin. the effect of icon complexity on visual search speed. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. november, 2022. 22 pages. advisor: robert capra over the last decade mobile interfaces have gone from being a new space to a mature technology, and this has seen a number of changes in the way that interfaces designed. one example of this is a shift in icon design from highly representative detailed icons to simplified and symbolic icons. my study looks at what effect this design shift towards less complex iconography has had on the ability of users to find them in a 2d visual layout. the findings volume 81 2023/24 27 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft of this study reinforce the current trend of simplified icon designs and provides potential avenues for more in-depth studies to look for ways to improve the functionality of modern icon design. corinne s. foster. a historical gazetteer of american summer camps. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. december, 2022. 65 pages. advisor: ryan shaw gazetteers (dictionaries of place names, their classifications, and locations) are fundamental to gis systems. historical gazetteers especially are an important resource for aggregating knowledge about places across time, and allow for types of data analysis possible only at scale. with the renewed interest in gazetteers as tools for the digital humanities, there has been a rise in domain-specific gazetteers. one sphere that has yet to develop a historical gazetteer is the organized camping industry. organized camping, termed thus to distinguish it from the less structured and formalized forms of family camping or backpacking, originated in the late 19th century in the united states and has since spread across the globe. the available primary source material (annual directories and guidebooks dating back to the 1920s) particularly lends itself to the creation of a gazetteer of summer camps in the us. to make the creation of such a gazetteer possible, this project developed a text mining program to turn early editions of the porter sargent handbook of summer camps (the most comprehensive camp directories) into the foundations of a gazetteer. once expanded and enriched, this geodatabase will serve as a resource for the american camp association (aca), the industry’s primary professional organization. yidan gao. a usability study and prototype design of the study room reservation system of unc library website. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. november, 2022. 66 pages. advisor: fei yu as a core library service, study room reservation (srr) promotes a collaborative learning environment. since the covid-19 pandemic, user demand and needs for srrs have unprecedentedly been soaring due to social distancing and health protection. however, the usability and user experience of an srr system has rarely been investigated. this study aims to fill in this gap by taking a mixed-method approach to assess the usability of an srr system at the library website of the university of north carolina at chapel hill, prototype a new design based on user feedback, and conduct an a/b testing to compare user experiences. findings will help the academic library system improve the srr service, better meet users’ needs during and after the covid-19 pandemic and provide empirical evidence to the design and development of srr systems. kayla a glynn. archiving psychiatric records: exploring the ethics, privacy, and access issues of archiving mental health records. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. november, 2022. 47 pages. advisor: dr. casey rawson the purpose of this study was to understand how archivists perceive the value and ethics of acquiring and preserving psychiatric records despite cases where providing access to records is impossible due to privacy reasons. a study similar to this has not been located in the existing literature and therefore this study would have informed the archives field to how psychiatric hospital records are viewed. member archivists and librarians of the society of american archivists would have been surveyed and four would have been interviewed as well to gain both breadth and depth on the research question. irb approval was not received and therefore the study was not conducted. lyric grimes. black books matter: a content analysis of the black experience in picture books. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. december, 2022. 42 pages. advisor: brian sturm this study is a content analysis of children’s picture books. fifteen books were evaluated to determine how the black experience is presented in children’s picture books. the books were selected from the brown bookshelf. this site was chosen due to its mission. the brown bookshelf was designed to push awareness of the myriad of black voices writing for young readers. the books were selected from the curated 2020 and 2021 lists. the results of the content analysis revealed that the overall depiction of the black experience from both the 2020 and 2021 lists was accurate, uplifting, and non-stereotypical. the illustrations allowed for the full beauty of black features, skin tones, and hair to shine through, while storylines and characterizations were nuanced and holistic. there were no differences in language between non-black and black characters. results found that although these books and stories were not universal, they accurately portrayed the black experience and could be used as a “window.” the books were “culturally conscious” and an accurate depiction of the black experience. 28 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft erik a. koenig. are graduating university students entering the information workforce familiar with digital accessibility? a study on digital accessibility awareness. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. november 2022. 53 pages. advisor: ronald e. bergquist. this study investigates the digital accessibility awareness of graduate and undergraduate students from a major public research university who are preparing to graduate from information workforce generating degree programs. students from four major degree programs (information science, computer science, communications, and media and journalism) completed in-depth semi-structured interview sessions to discuss the concept and answer detailed questions about digital accessibility fundamentals and applications within the student’s respective field of work or study. the vast majority of students interviewed were very familiar with digital accessibility and showed that they were prepared to implement its fundamental principles in their future professional roles in the workforce after graduation. kimberly m. kresica. signs of the time: collective identity framing the 2017 women’s march at home and abroad a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. november 2022. 59 pages. advisor: francesca tripodi to begin to address an international gap in scholarship around the sister marches of the 2017 women’s march, this master’s paper performed content analysis on a corpus of protest posters from three countries: the united states, england and poland. concerns, characters, symbols and text from each march were compared to one other and to previous women’s march research. this study revealed that all three sister marches framed at least half of their posters toward an american context but also negotiated their content with a local identity. warning: this paper contains uncensored language and images of protest. ariel b. matthews. a library in transition: documenting given memorial library’s transition from private to municipal. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. december, 2022. 34 pages. advisor: ronald bergquist this project tracked the transition of a small community library from being privately directed to becoming municipally managed in the aim to provide a transferable process for future establishments that hope to attempt the same transition. the details of this phenomenon are documented through community survey analysis, a content analysis of the acquisitions contract, and a review of the gray literature with context provided by first-hand observation. this project also documented the village of pinehurst’s (vop) acquisition of given memorial library & tufts archives (gmlta) for pinehurst’s historical records. madeline c. miller. the traveling libraries of north carolina. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. december, 2022. 24 pages. advisor: ronald bergquist this paper presents a qualitative, historical study of the characterization and doctrinal basis of the activities of the north carolina library commission and its traveling libraries. it examines service to rural libraries and the delineation and contest between state responsibility and municipal or county responsibility for instituting public libraries. nathanael d nihart. digital humanities techniques for asylum studies in the archive. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. december 2022. 25 pages. advisor: ryan shaw this project explores the utilization of digital humanities techniques and tools for the purposes of transcription, data analysis, visualization and presentation of archival data pertaining to asylums in the 19th and 20th centuries. since 2017, the community histories workshop’s asylum in the archive initiative has been digitizing and transcribing records relating to the admission and the assessment of people in the dorothea dix asylum from 1856 through 1922. my project builds off this work by developing machine learning models to increase transcription efficiency for future records as they become available, and working with the dataset to analyze, visualize and present the data to tell the history of the asylum and psychiatry. the result demonstrates the value of the work already done, leaves examples and models for future scholarship utilizing this dataset and contributes to broader understanding of the emergence of psychiatry and the asylum in the south. jonathon e. page. a ‘spine-view’ catalog for unc’s library service center. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. november, 2022, 37 pages. advisor: rob capra. academic libraries are evolving to house their physical collections in storage centers that do not facilitate traditional ‘stack’ browsing. this project attempts to recover browsing the physical library stacks by implementing a volume 81 2023/24 29 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft ‘spine-view’ online library catalog. data for the items represented were taken from unc library items housed in the library service center using the sierra ils. item records were processed using python and the web visualization was attained using javascript. a pannable, ‘spine-view’ online catalog was achieved with filtering by ‘title’, ‘author’, and ‘keyword’, as well as a ‘start at:’ feature in which users can move to a location in the stacks based on a call number or an author’s name. andrew b price. extra-topical preferences/constraints during search. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. november, 2022. 42 pages. advisor: jaime arguello this study is designed to better understand how users interact with search engines to convey, or not convey, preferences in information retrieval processes. instances of information retrieval can have widely varied motivations and i will attempt to target several of them through my questioning and observe how they differ. extra-topical dimensions, orthogonal to topical dimensions, will be used as a measure of how users communicate these preferences. search tasks were manipulated along three topical dimensions related to the types of information being sought: (1) biased versus unbiased information, (2) recent versus historical information, (3) specific versus comprehensive information. jack sayam. a bibliometric analysis of eye-tracking assisted user experience and user interface design. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. november 2022. 37 pages advisor: dr. fei yu this bibliometric study aims to investigate how eye tracking has been used in user interface and user experience design within the biomedical field. through systematic literature search, over 4000 publications were screened for their relevancy for inclusion. the study results have found an increase in eye-tracking-assisted user experience and user interface design studies within the field. particularly with insights from academic research institutions concerning technology focused on aiding individuals with specific diseases and medical devices within the past 15 years. wesley r skidmore. the serpentine muse: duality of snake depictions in myth and folklore. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. december 2022. 89 pages. advisor: brian sturm snakes have played a major role in folklore and myth for as long as humans have been telling stories. this study examines depictions of snakes in folktales and myths from three different geographical areas that have been home to numerous cultures and peoples throughout history. this research codifies snake depictions in folk literature from aboriginal australian cultures, southwest north american indigenous cultures, and northern european cultures. this research uses qualitative content analysis to code differing depictions of snakes in written myth and folklore. in doing so, this work aims to expand the deficient body of work on the place of snakes in folklore and storytelling. throughout all three storytelling traditions, readers find duality among snake depictions; snakes are creators, destroyers, healers, murderers, male, female, and many things in between. water and religion wend their way through serpent folklore, showing snakes as both in and out of balance with nature depending on their social status within a storytelling culture. this serpentine study examines a mere ten tales out of the millions that have been told. it is one study of many that can begin to create a language for snake depictions in folklore. as storytellers find the vocabulary to describe the place of snakes in storytelling, they begin to understand the historically fraught relationship between humans and their serpentine muses. rebecca wade. library patron diversity in realistic adult fiction. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. november, 2022. 56 pages. advisor: casey rawson this study uses a content analysis of adult fiction books from realistic genres set in current times to explore how library patron diversity is portrayed in textual descriptions in order to better understand the messages that patrons from marginalized groups receive from books that feature libraries and library patrons and whether they are finding themselves depicted or excluded. this study analyzes eight books which have been coded for key terms that convey character traits pertaining to diversity, especially visible traits, and analyzed to determine how many books include diverse library patron characters. this study could shed light on what messages libraries, authors, and publishers are unknowingly sending to the patrons about who belongs in the library. chenchen yang. bias in short-video recommender systems: user-centric evaluation on tiktok. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. november, 2022. 46 pages. advisor: arcot rajasekar 30 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft recommender systems enable users to navigate in the sea of mass information. tiktok, one of the fastest-growing short-video social platforms, offers countless videos that are curated according to users’ interests by the recommendation engine of a for you page. however, the bias in recommendation brought on by the nature of the algorithm impacts user experience in a number of aspects. in order to identify the mechanism and bias in the tiktok recommendation system, this study conducts two user-centric methods of data collection: semi-structured interview and walkthrough evaluation. this study aims to analyze the algorithm and bias of recommendation while exploring the user experience of using tiktok and how different types of bias affect their experience. upon the analysis of data, the findings indicate that popularity bias and exposure bias exist in the system, and the user experience is influenced due to the bias. jennifer ying. asian women and algorithmic bias. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. december 2022. 60 pages. advisor: francesca tripodi current research has determined how additional factors like race, class, socioeconomic status, etc., all intersect to determine a woman’s experience in the world but what is lacking is how search engines and social media have perpetuated racist and sexist tropes against asian women. the purpose of this research was to analyze the biases of platform algorithms in conjunction to keywords associated with asian stereotypes. both biased and unbiased searches will be conducted on platforms over a two-week period to explore these social concerns. this paper will analyze the results of the study and discuss the relations among the interdependencies of culture, society, and algorithms. spring 2023 shir l. bach. finding the lost alaskans: volunteer and researcher experiences with the morningside hospital history project. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 78 pages. advisor: elliott kuecker. from 1904-1960, over 3,500 alaskans were deemed insane by a jury and sent to the privately-owned morningside hospital in portland, oregon. the morningside hospital history project (mhhp) aims to find these “lost alaskans” by digitizing archival documentation scattered across the country, reconnecting families with information about their lost relatives, and bringing the history of morningside back into public memory. as a volunteer-run organization with no ties to a larger institution and a unique modus operandi of guerilla virtual reunification, the mhhp is a fascinating case that challenges both halves of the term “community archives.” this study uses semi-structured interviews with mhhp volunteers and morningside researchers to explore themes of volunteer motivation, competing values of privacy and access, sustainability and independence, and repatriation. sara r barclay. archives and outreach methods: how far have we really come, a comparative case study. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april 2023. 27 pages. advisor: elliott kuecker outreach is one of the main ways archives encourage access to their communities, for what is the point of keeping that history if no one can use it or benefit from it. archival outreach deserves more scholarly attention because while many have described its current weaknesses, the field is still seeking solutions. some institutions try to be innovative in their outreach, going above and beyond to make themselves available to the public. unfortunately, these types of institutions seem to be the exception rather than the norm. this begs the question, why is there such disparity between institutions when we know that access and outreach are core functions of archives? looking at three us southern universities, this comparative case study attempts to find the differences between these institutions and their methods of outreach. allison a beatty. a room of one’s own: occupational safety and the role of platforms in american sex work. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. may, 2023. 29 pages advisor: francesca tripodi occupational safety is a major concern in digital sex work, but workers’ strategies to maintain the right to be safe from physical and psychological harm in the wake of impactful internet law have yet to be analyzed in peerreviewed literature. in this study, publications from various digital sex work virtual communities referencing the impact of sesta-fosta will be collected and analyzed through qualitative content analysis to discover how digital sex workers adapt their work safely within legal systems out of their control. sociologists studying both gender and labor have discussed the emotional labor intrinsic to sex work but occupational safety is equally important to the work. by adding the information science perspective on the legal volume 81 2023/24 31 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft landscape of the internet, this study will consider a more holistic understanding of the work of digital sex work. kelly r. bullard. veuve, viuda, viduam and other representations of women’s bibliographic labor recovered in wilson library’s rare book collection: a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 29 pages advisor: dr. elizabeth ott the purpose of this study is twofold: to recover and add to existing research concerning books printed, published, and sold by widows performed by former wilson library catalogers and to uncover potential reasons why this research was eliminated or effaced in the opac system. through enumerative bibliography and comparative analysis this master’s paper seeks to document and demonstrate the ways in which prioritization of information effects scholarship related to print culture, labor history, women’s studies, and book history. in addition to advocating for the critical examination of contemporary cataloging practices with regards to women’s labor, this bibliography will seek to make plain the kinship of library history and book history. mary elizabeth cash. exploration of context in widespread and subjective application: a study with archivists of rare repositories in the united states. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 57 pages. advisor: helen tibbo characterized by their structure, standards, and unique collections of records, archival repositories have maintained their distinct identities in the field of information science as their practices has evolved and adapted over time. the concept of context has distinct roles in repositories, in theory and practice, but it is also flexible in how it may be precisely described and understood. this study examines the inner workings of five rare archival repositories as they consider and understand this concept of context and the impact it has within each organization. all archives hold unique records, but this study addresses those with more highly specialized materials. comparisons are made amongst the interviewed repositories, as well as with archival and information science practices overall. the results display a range of impact in how context influences the archivists and repositories overall, but the rare nature of the records is a driving force in curating and interacting with the repositories’ internal environment and external community. kevin m collins. north carolina public libraries: investigating the correlation between online readers’ advisory services and other library characteristics. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 40 pages advisor: ronald e. bergquist readers’ advisory services have long been a foundational part of public libraries. this paper seeks to investigate how libraries offer these services online and whether or not their prevalence correlates with various other library characteristics. the study employs manifest content analysis and statistics to illuminate the associations between online readers’ advisory services being offered through public library websites and additional library data scraped from national surveys. because the scope of the study is limited to north carolina systems, its findings are not exhaustive enough to be applied to public library trends as a whole. however, the data explored holds the significance needed to begin a wider conversation about the evolving relationship between public libraries and online readers’ advisory. zoe y g dilles. data journals: where data sharing policy meets practice. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. may, 2023. 157 pages. advisor: todd vision data journals incorporate elements of traditional scholarly communications practices—reviewing for quality and rigor through editorial and peer-review—and the data sharing/open data movement—prioritizing broad dissemination through repositories, sometimes with curation or technical checks. their goals for dataset review and sharing are recorded in journal-based data policies and operationalized through workflows. in this qualitative, small cohort semistructured interview study of eight different journals that review and publish research data, we explored (1) journal data policy requirements, (2) data review standards, and (3) implementation of standardized data evaluation workflows. differences among the journals can be understood by considering editors’ approaches to balancing the interests of varied stakeholders. assessing data quality for reusability is primarily conditional on fitness for use which points to an important distinction between disciplinary and disciplineagnostic data journals. arwen r. downs. a case study examining institutional zine collecting: the zine collection at unc-chapel hill’s sloane art library. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. march, 2023. 34 pages. advisor: dr. megan winget 32 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft institutional collection of zines is a relatively new endeavor, with the ramifications of doing so still being considered. this analysis of the zine collection at the uncchapel hill sloane art library will look at the composition of the roughly 350-item collection through a number of lenses. first, what are the subjects and themes of zines in the collection, and what are the thematic strengths of the collection? second, with what frequency are the zines used, and what are the commonalities across those most frequently used? third, what are the ethical ramifications of institutions collecting zines in terms of whether these collections promote or restrict access? lauren r. dueñas. academic archives: understanding undergraduate patronage and outreach praxis. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. may, 2023. 57 pages. advisor: elliott kuecker this paper discusses the function of academic archives and the challenges presented to these spaces as a part of larger institutions. it discusses the opportunities that academic archives are given to reach their patrons, undergraduate students, with the usage of digital collections. finally, this paper serves to understand how gen z university undergraduates obtain information, and how academic archives can tailor their outreach efforts to ensure that these archival spaces provide a more welcoming environment for students to use and benefit from. madison m. evans. tracking lineage-based language in presidential statements. a master’s paper for the master of science in library science degree. april 2023. 44 pages. advisor: francesca tripodi an important distinction of the black american lineage is that it consists of those descended from people enslaved under us chattel slavery. this lineage is distinct from other african diasporic peoples whose histories do not include enslavement within the united states. black americans have a distinct culture, experience and worldview that is unique to them. they experience racism and white supremacy that is linked to government policies from slavery to modern day. several presidential administrations have directly addressed the plight of black americans through published literature. however, the policies put forth in these documents do not delineate the black american lineage from other disadvantaged groups, ultimately limiting their efficiency of their stated goals to positively impact black americans. zoe a flores. investigating subcommunities in booktok: an analysis using hashtags and videos. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. april, 2023. 48 pages. advisor: yue wang tiktok is a social media application that is popular around the world. according to tiktok, one of its most popular communities is booktok, an informal community that celebrates all things reading. booktok has powerful influences on publishing, libraries, bookstores, and reading habits of young adults and teens. it is therefore essential to understand the underlying information and social phenomena behind the hashtag “booktok.” existing research and tiktok itself refer to booktok as a singular community, but with billions of views, is it one unified community or a collection of smaller subcommunities? this investigation used quantitative and qualitative content analysis to take a preliminary look at common hashtags, authors, books, and themes present in videos from potential subcommunities. the analysis found that although there may be subcommunities such as #yabooktok (young adult booktok) within booktok, these subcommunities are still part of and identify with the larger booktok community. ethan j. glattfelder. evaluating longitudinal trends in and correlations between opioid prescribing and opioid poisoning rates in north carolina, 2013-2021. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. may 2023. 111 pages. advisor: anita crescenzi opioid addiction represents a serious public health challenge for health systems, as well as an enormous tragedy for communities affected by substance abuse. in recent years, the north carolina department of health and human services (nc dhhs) has spearheaded efforts to save lives and improve opioid-related outcomes in the state through new prescribing regulations, attributing the present-day opioid epidemic to decades-long patterns of excessive prescribing. this paper provides a quantitative, regional analysis of opioid prescribing and poisoning rates in north carolina between 2013-2021, evaluating how these rates fluctuated as synthetic opioids became more common in the state and as nc dhhs – led prescribing initiatives were deployed. in addition to considering longitudinal trends in prescribing and poisoning, we used regional and county-level data to test whether correlations exist (1) between opioid prescribing rates and (2) nonfatal-fatal overdose rates from methadone, heroin, fentanyl, and prescription opioids. though we found limited evidence for significant associa volume 81 2023/24 33 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft tions between opioid prescribing and poisoning using regional data, we determined that opioid prescribing rates and overall fatal/nonfatal poisoning rates were weakly positively correlated based on county-level data. this suggests that counties where more opioids are prescribed see higher rates of fatal and nonfatal poisoning overall and for certain types of opioids. such a finding has important implications for assessing north carolina’s response to the ongoing opioid epidemic as nc dhhs works to drive down excessive opioid prescribing statewide. sophia s. hollis. getting sources to courses: evaluating the efficacy of digital primary source teaching materials for k-12 teachers. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april 2023. 90 pages. advisor: sarah carrier k-12 teachers are facing an extraordinarily challenging time as our schools recover from the covid-19 pandemic. to lend support to teachers in this difficult professional environment, this study aims to discover how archives and special collections can make online materials maximally accessible and useful for k-12 teachers. using semistructured interviews with ten k-12 teachers and website usage data from the on the books library guide, this study will gather data about how teachers find, interact with, and teach with the online resources for primary source instruction. the findings will be considered to make recommendations for some ways that special collections librarians can better serve this group of patrons with online teaching resources. whitney a. hughes. dracula daily and the communal experience of epistolary narrative. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 74 pages. advisor: brian sturm dracula daily is a literary newsletter that sends out portions of bram stoker’s novel dracula, scheduled to line up with the chronological events of the novel. subscribers to the newsletter receive and read the journal entries, letters, news clippings, and work logs of the characters in dracula ‘in real time.’ this simple concept quickly picked up popularity in the spring of 2022. readers began to connect with each other via social media, resulting in a community thriving off of their communal experiences--including readers who usually didn’t read for pleasure, or hadn’t done so in years. via content analysis of social media posts, i identified emerging phenomena from this community, and how those could have contributed to dracula daily’s appeal. this study also considers what libraries and librarians could garner from these interactions and phenomena, especially as they concern engagement and outreach. carter garde hulinsky. from overwhelmed to overcoming: developing a pre-ingest processing manual for born digital content. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. may, 2023. 63 pages advisor: helen tibbo this paper discusses the challenges of implementing the open archival information system (oais) reference model for born-digital materials in digital preservation. although the oais model has been globally recognized for its universal terminologies and conceptual standards, it offers little guidance in terms of tangible implementation. consequently, archivists have created various methods and tools for oais-compliant digital archival preservation workflows. this paper presents a project at duke university medical center archives, which aims to enhance the repository’s current electronic records processing guide using the digital materials from two recent accessions. the revised guide will be tested and developed, utilizing opensource digital forensic tools to process electronic records for ingest into the repository’s oais-compliant integrated archives management system. the outcomes of this project will provide increased stability and efficiency in processing a larger volume of digital materials. kelly s. jones. green is good, but why? a content analysis of climate change in children’s literature. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 149 pages. advisor: dr. sandra hughes-hassell this study is a content analysis of climate change in children’s books. prior research has found that certain depictions may make the issue feel far away from children’s daily lives. others have been criticized for assigning the weight of responsibility of the problem to children. this study elaborated by analyzing how climate communication via children’s books compares to scientific knowledge, ecocritical frameworks, and research on effective communication with children. using a rubric based on these standards, 20 children’s books from recommended reading lists were assessed. overall, common themes showed a lack of comprehensive explanations of the causes, mechanisms, and solutions and underrepresentation for the most im34 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft pacted groups. publishers, authors, librarians, and teachers can address these issues through selecting and advocating for high quality books on climate science and by designing programming to fill the gaps until there is more impactful, informative, and inclusive climate literature. deanna m. kalk. the culture of the collection: a case study of youth librarian’s personal beliefs and how they impact purchasing choices in public and school libraries. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 59 pages. advisor: sandra hughes-hassell this case study examines collection development practices for young adult collections in public and school libraries. it examines the following research questions: 1. to what extent do personal beliefs impact the collection development practices for young adult collections in public and school libraries? 2. what are young adult librarians’ perceptions of best practices for inclusive and ethical collection development? this study utilizes a survey from public and school librarians in north carolina to examine the extent that librarian bias impacts their collection development curation. owen c. king. archival meta-metadata: revision history and positionality of finding aids. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 56 pages. advisor melanie feinberg this paper starts from two observations about archival description. first, creating finding aids requires significant judgement and interpretation, and is therefore inevitably influenced by the positionalities—the perspectives, personal histories, and social identities--of the archivists. second, finding aids sometimes call for revision, sometimes to fit a new data standard or reflect an evolving collection, but also to correct errors, reduce bias, and remove harmful language. in light of these observations and related theoretical work, this paper offers a rationale for recording metadata about finding aids, including revision history and authorship. then it presents the results of a survey of state archivists in the us, who were asked about their descriptive practices and opinions regarding their authorship of finding aids. results reveal diverse practices, as well as hesitation to embrace expressions of positionality in the context of description. finally, the paper concludes with two general recommendations regarding metadata about finding aids. kaye m. lott. fat bodies made small: a content analysis of fat literature classed in medicine. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 100 pages. advisor: casey rawson this study is a content analysis of print materials about fatness classed in medicine according to the library of congress subject headings and classification. research about the marginalizing power of information systems has centered around gender identity, sexuality, race, nondominant cultures, and disability, while fat bodies have been largely overlooked. previous literature on information organization principles, critical cataloging, and fat stigma are reviewed. a qualitative content analysis of fatness in print materials across four class numbers shelved in davis library at the university of north carolina follows. titles, tables of contents, introductory material, and cover images and summaries will be coded for problem and blame frames, attitude, and class. this study brings awareness to the stigmatization of fat bodies by information organization standards and shows the need for new subject headings and class numbers for fat materials. berta anne “annie” maisel. do college students use the public library? a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april 17, 2023. 56 pages. advisor: casey rawson. this study assesses university student usage and nonusage of local public libraries. a survey asked university of north carolina at chapel hill undergraduate and graduate students questions about their public library usage and accompanying demographic data. despite the broad scope of the question, surprisingly little research has been performed on this subject. of the 203 responses, most answered that they did have local library cards but had never used many features of their local public library. the largest barrier to usage was finding the time to visit the public library. thomas a.k. melton. organizing apples: a qualitative content analysis of pomological descriptive metadata. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. may, 2023. 52 pages. advisor: dr. melanie feinberg the apple (malus domestica borkh.) has maintained a position of significant historical and cultural importance across several eras in the united states. because apples only maintain their genetics through human cultivation, their fruit is generally categorized and organized as cultivars which have differentiated themselves from the rest of the volume 81 2023/24 35 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft species over generations of selective breeding. experts and amateurs alike have written and systematized descriptions of apple cultivars for various purposes but attempts to standardize organization of the resulting metadata have been infrequent and lack utility across multiple contexts. this paper will assess the descriptive schemas of six pomological description resources ranging from the late 19th century to the present day through qualitative content analysis and metadata crosswalking. the resulting attribute set will then be compared with an existing descriptive schema for plant breeders, the upov convention, with an eye towards exploring the viability of a more universal system for organizing descriptive metadata for physical descriptions of apples. hagen a. mendrykowski. inter-indexing cataloger consistency in the application of standards: investigations towards standardized cataloging operationalization in academic environments: systematic approaches. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april 2023. 70 pages. advisor: melanie feinberg the purpose of this study seeks to re-examine and resurface the inter-indexing consistency concerns which have been mainly cast aside in recent decades—particularly in the context of library cataloging. some primary research questions for this study include: how do catalogers understand and utilize concepts such as subject and aboutness when making cataloging determinations in their professional capacity? furthermore, what considerations are paid to consistency, system cohesion, or standardization methods among catalogers within the same working environment? this study samples professional catalogers in their primary working environment and observes their practices and behaviors. this observation was conducted through think-alouds and with the researcher’s material intervention of catalogable documents given to participants. this approach attempts to conceive a more systematic mapping of the possible pathways inside the plexus of interdependent relationships persistent among indexers and the documents indexed at the point of contact with the information system. in addition, this study seeks dialogue with those who share similar interests in the topology of these relationships. brianna monet mcgruder. harmful representations through good intentions: a content analysis of penn normal industrial and agricultural school fund-raising booklets. a master’s paper for the m.s.l.s. degree. april, 2023. 50 pages advisor: ronald e. bergquist beginning during the dawn of reconstruction, racially segregated land-grant colleges and normal schools took on an important role in perpetuating racial segregation throughout the united states. this content analysis employed critical race theory (crt) tenets and primary document research to assess the representations of the negro problem and the new negro within penn normal industrial and agricultural school (pnias) fund-raising booklets, part of the penn school papers archival collection within wilson special collections library. the research yielded harmful representations of pnias students and larger populations of gullah and geechee citizens of st. helena island. emergent themes of white self-interest, paternalist racism, trivialization, and deflection emerged. alanna k. natanson. after desperate times, still a desperate measure?: pandemic and post-pandemic engagement with preprints in the biology and health science fields. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 120 pages. advisor: dr. bradley m. hemminger although studies documented surging interest in preprints as the novel sars-cov-2 coronavirus spread in 2020, it is unclear how these non-peer-reviewed documents affected scientific communication after peerreviewed research could address virusrelated questions. this study examined how frequently biological and health science researchers contributed to preprint servers in 2021 and 2022, and how scholars and journalists monitored preprints, valued them in social media, and trusted them for formal publications. the study evaluated bibliometric and altmetric indicators for preprints posted during july 2018-december 2019, january 2020-june 2021, and july 2021-december 2022 and for coronavirus-related preprints versus non-coronavirus-related preprints. indicators of participation, attention, and trust dropped significantly between january 2020-june 2021 and july 2021-december 2022, with sharper declines for coronavirus-related preprints. however, participation, attention, and journalist trust remained above july 2018-december 2019 rates. preprints can still indicate attitude and behavioral shifts within a knowledge community for librarians supporting scientists and domain analysis researchers. 36 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft natalie m. perez. mental illness(es) in picture books: a content analysis. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. may, 2023. 115 pages. advisor: dr. sandra hughes-hassell this research study investigates 1) how mental illness(es) are represented and depicted within youths’ picture books and 2) the overall implications of said representations and depictions. which mental illnesses are most/least depicted? are the depictions accurate? who is the character with the condition? how is the character represented? are the mental illnesses personified? if yes, how so? which symptoms are acknowledged? are treatments acknowledged? how are the characters’ experiences concluded? using both quantitative and qualitative analysis, a sample of 20 picture books were read and coded against criteria involving the research questions. this study provides insight into how, and to what extent, individuals with mental illness(es) are represented within youths’ literature; accurate depictions can spread awareness regarding and further normalize mental illness(es) for youth readers. aria j. princehorn. repatriation of museum archival materials: a case study of the denver museum of nature and science. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 36 pages. advisor: megan winget. museum archival repatriation is an ethical obligatory process in which museums return cultural materials housed within their collections to the community of origin. this case study will focus on the denver museum of nature and science and how museums motivations behind engaging in repatriation and the impact of repatriations between the museum and community are affected. the experiences and perspectives of denver museum staff directly involved with repatriation efforts are analyzed through the content analysis of data collected from semi-structured interviews. the anticipated impact will hopefully lead to further research on the effects of repatriation from the community’s perspective and encourage more museums to re-visit their collections and engage in reparative work to benefit themselves but most importantly cultural communities. hope k riffee. queering in red: a content analysis of transgender scientists’ wikipedia articles and revision histories. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. april, 2023. 44 pages. advisor: dr. francesca tripodi previous research has explored how wikipedia contains instances of gender bias and exclusionary practices in their policies. this content analysis of 39 transgender scientists’ biographies and revision histories extends the notion of gender bias beyond the traditional binary approach to gender. transgender scientists’ biographies and revision histories often include their deadnames, wrong pronouns, and acts of vandalism. in concurrence with previous research, transgender scientists’ pages are monitored and produced by groups of editing communities experiencing emotional and unseen labor. this research argues that wikipedia must update their policies on deadnaming transgender scholars despite current notability concerns. andrew p robinson. digital labor platforms’ algorithms as both hierarchy and market management functions. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. april, 2023. 51 pages. advisor: mohammad jarrahi digital labor platforms use algorithmic management to simultaneously manage their internal marketplaces and act as the direct supervisors to their workers. this coexistence of market and hierarchy functions begs the question, “how does algorithmic management in the digital labor platform economy inherit hierarchical management and market management structures?” i utilized qualitative methods to analyze data covering both the workers’ and platforms’ perspectives for 23 separate platforms to establish an expanded framework within the dichotomy of market vs hierarchy management. this expanded framework yielded 14 lower order and 5 higher order themes to better understand specific manifestations of market and hierarchy management across a range of platforms. in my discussion, i consider how this framework fits into the existing literature for algorithmic management, describe the lack of mutual exclusivity between new themes, and discuss variations in monitoring and control mechanisms depending on the nature of the task. gabrielle rodriguez. exhibiting r/place: art, the internet, and the space between the digital and physical world. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. april, 2023. 52 pages. advisor: ronald e. bergquist r/place 2022 was a monumental event in internet history, gathering millions of reddit users to collaborate and create their own art pixel by pixel. factions were made, battles were fought, and alliances were formed. it sits between social movement studies, art history, and social media by itself, only joined by its previous incarnation in volume 81 2023/24 37 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft 2017. exhibiting the work with its digital history intact is a challenge, one that demands a view into the space between the physical and digital worlds we inhabit each day, as well as a sense of interactivity and visitor participation. rolando o rodriguez. describing digital humanities projects with linked data: a task-based evaluation of linked data ontologies. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. may 2023. 102 pages. advisor: melanie feinberg this study attempts to shed light on the lack of semantic web infrastructure for documenting digital humanities projects by creating a proof-of-concept workflow for manual and semi-automatic semantic web data creation. first, utilizing a set of five ontologies, triple data is created for a set of four projects from the university of north carolina at chapel hill. the utility of these data is then determined via task-based assessment alongside a set of metrics for the data retrieved for the tasks. ultimately, this study aims to detail the benefits of improving linked open data support for describing, and ultimately preserving, digital humanities projects in hopes of paving a path for the creation of a lod database for digital humanities projects. cas m saroza. critical information literacy online: a content analysis of digital library instruction materials. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. march, 2023. 50 pages. advisor: elliott kuecker this study examined library instructional materials for evidence of critical information literacy in american four-year institutions and two-year junior and community colleges as defined by the carnegie classification system. by conducting a content analysis and using simple random sampling of 10 instructional offerings on library websites, i performed counts of mentions of race, class, and gender in information literacy instruction and performed a close reading of samples to code for relevant themes. results indicate that while there is no core way critical information literacy is implemented into online content, two-year institutions are doing so at levels previously undiscovered in the literature. however, discussion of biased and harmful information, as well as representation, were popular forms of incorporating critical information literacy. this study fills a gap in the literature by exploring critical information literacy in a digital setting and functions as a basis for future research avenues for critical librarians. delaney d sheehan. accessibility according to librarians: a case study of public and academic libraries in the southeastern united states. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. may, 2023. 39 pages. advisor: brian sturm i focused on determining whether librarians felt they were prepared to meet accessibility needs of their potential user bases. through my research, i have determined the answer to be a resounding no. by interviewing nine librarians from both public and academic library backgrounds, all with varying levels of positions and accessibility experience, i produced qualitative evidence in support of my findings. the evidence is discussed here in my paper and is used as a basis for a call to action within the library and information sciences field. danielle r. shirilla. investigating co-design methodology efficacy through an examination of the emotional experience of african american genealogists in north carolina. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 41 pages. advisor: dr. ronald e. bergquist. to bridge the gap in the literature regarding the emotional experience of african americans researching their genealogy, the researcher conducted two to three semistructured interviews utilizing a co-design methodology. after the interviews, the participants analyzed the collected data with the researcher to create a collaborative and more accurate conclusion, empowering the participants to tell their own stories. this study finds that the participants interviewed had negative experiences with formal recordkeeping practices regarding enslaved people and felt positive emotions by reclaiming their family tree through their research. in the future, the researcher suggests dedicating more time to each participant to ensure their unique stories are more accurately conveyed, but found immense value in the partnership and trust cultivated through this research process. bobbie shreiner. the nuances of privacy policies within three different types of archival institutions. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april 2023. 36 pages. advisor: dr. emily roscoe. the ethical and legal issues surrounding privacy, and specifically third-party privacy in an archival setting, is a topic that scholars and archivists have considered for decades. competing interests are involved: a hope for fully open access archives; for researchers to be able to use a 38 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft repository to its fullest extent and for a repository to build a sense of trust within a community. however, maintaining the privacy of third parties in a document who did not or could not necessarily consent to their private affairs being donated, maintaining the privacy as requested by a donor or the family of a donor or whomever is associated or has the rights to the donated materials, is crucial to the integrity of a repository. this content analysis aims to explore third party privacy and overall privacy policies at archival institutions in three categories: state archives, private academic archives, and museums, in addition to an open archive. here, there will be an analysis of how the laws surrounding privacy come into play, the ethical issues surrounding privacy vs open access, and an observation for best recommendations moving forward. hannah f. southern. deep looking: critical cataloging and labeling practice in the art museum space. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april 17, 2023. 166 pages. advisor: j.j. bauer this exploratory study examines a current “snapshot” of current labeling and cataloging practices within specific north carolinian art museums to explore the possible incorporation of critical cataloging practices. the study assessed current trends of cataloging practices in use within north carolina art museums through a content analysis of displayed art museum object labels and a non-generalizable survey of museum professionals. descriptive statistics and a qualitative analysis found trends in label and catalog attribute standards, interpretive curatorial texts, and engaging labeling practices. the study is a starting point for other research regarding critical cataloging in the art museum space, as no published research yet examines applying these frameworks within art museum cataloging and labeling practices. eve e. svoboda. reworking the reading room: an analysis of pandemic responses in special collections libraries at the university of north carolina at chapel hill and duke university. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 26 pages. advisor: helen tibbo. this qualitative study was conducted to determine the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on digital projects led by special collections libraries at the university of north carolina at chapel hill and duke university. specifically, this research utilized case studies to analyze the shift to digital resources following the closure of universities in the spring of 2020 and compared this data to the current operations of special collections libraries at both a public and private university. maría a. tudela. the burdens we bear: an examination of inclusive excellence and sustainable practices in r1 academic libraries. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 75 pages. advisors: kristan shawgo and monica figueroa this project explores different aspects of inclusive excellence discourse and practices in academic libraries. designed as a case study and content analysis, this project examines academic libraries at four r1 institutions located in the eastern united states. three main characteristics are explored: one looks at what these conversations or initiatives look like and how they manifest in these spaces; the second investigates the sustainability of these practices. the third evaluates how inclusive practices impact job satisfaction and staff wellbeing. semi-structured interviews were conducted utilizing convenience sampling, along with a content analysis of existing publicly available information. results gathered from this study corroborate what the literature suggests and demonstrate that extensive work needs to be done to transform librarianship, but existing conversations and initiatives happening indicate that progress is being made. the information produced in this case study encourages further exploration of the current work being done to embody a transformed and more inclusive profession. r. michael wells jr. violations: practices and patterns in dismissed federal data breach cases and why the dismissals matter. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. april, 2023. 40 pages. advisor: dr. francesca bolla tripodi. privacy matters to hundreds of millions of people in the united states, and it is central to freedom and individual and societal well-being. because we live in the age of “big data,” data breaches are a constant risk. a data breach is when data is stolen by a hacker from a computer system maintained by an entity such as an online retailer. at some point, virtually everyone will be the victim of a data breach; some may not know it until years later. consequently, our personal data is at constant risk. data breaches threaten to expose the intimate details of our sex lives, our medical information, financial information, employment records, volume 81 2023/24 39 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft online searches, movies we watch, books we check out at the library, and places we shop. when it comes to protecting our personal data, american law lags compared to the rest of world, and legal remedies are limited. federal judges play a large role in perpetuating this lag, which threatens the privacy of all americans. to maintain a case in federal court in the united states, a plaintiff must have “standing to sue.” in federal court, this means a plaintiff must have suffered harm that is “concrete” and “particularized,” causally linked to the injury complained of, and likely to result in a favorable outcome. this is a high bar for injured plaintiffs. when it comes to data breach lawsuits, they are usually dismissed by federal judges for a lack of standing because the federal courts generally consider financial or physical harm to be the only harms that are considered “concrete” and sufficient injury to maintain a data breach case. consequently, most federal judges will dismiss cases where the harm asserted consists of stress, anxiety, worry, and time spent remedying the situation. regardless of how probable future identity theft is, judges rarely consider evidence of future harm. this paper examines federal data breach cases where judges dismissed the cases for a lack of standing and determines whether there are consistent patterns in these decisions. georgie blaine wilkins. libraries and student success at unc-chapel hill. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 42 pages. advisor: casey rawson the purpose of this master’s paper is to get a clearer picture of student success philosophies and programming at unc-chapel hill and the role of the library in undergraduate student success. this pilot project case study addresses the primary research question “how does a library community and a university community define student success?” qualitative data was collected through interviews with university employees in various positions relating to student success initiatives on campus and library community feedback on an anonymous whiteboard at the undergraduate library. the data was coded to allow for themes to emerge. this study highlights potential opportunities for library employees to better support the needs of undergraduate students, in relation to the ways in which students report their own needs and the ways that other campus units are addressing student success. erin m. winter. early english books online and the text creation partnership: applications, innovations, and alternatives. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 53 pages. advisor: elliott kuecker early english books online or eebo is a database of more than 140,000 images of rare and early books used by scholars of history and literature for decades. eebo is a longstanding microfilm product-turned-image database with established use patterns. eebo-tcp, a set of 60,000 manually transcribed documents from eebo, has enabled unprecedented opportunities for large-scale analysis of surviving english print. in this exploratory study, i examine the practices of teaching and research with eebo and eebo-tcp in american universities through findings derived from the qualitative coded insights of a focus group of professors and librarians. the focus group discussed teaching methodologies, alternative digital archives, and organizational techniques scholars and librarians have utilized in working with a eebo and eebo-tcp. this study is intended to provoke further research into the complex technical mediations underpinning digitization of early printed books and identify areas where academic libraries can facilitate the research process. shannon a.h. witherow. disaster plans of north carolina public libraries. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april, 2023. 61 pages. advisor: casey rawson this research is a study of disaster plans of public libraries in north carolina and the importance of creating an effective disaster plan. one library plan representing eight libraries was located online. libraries were contacted to collect information on whether they had a disaster plan in place. out of the ninety library systems representing one hundred and four out of the four hundred and five public libraries, four systems representing twenty libraries gave responses that a plan existed but was not available to the public. the plan available was analyzed by examining quantitative and qualitative data. qualitative data included the presence of a table of contents, number of pages, and the creation date and revision date. qualitative data also included the presence of the four phases of disaster planning (preliminary planning, preparation/prevention, response, and recovery), type of disasters: man-made and natural, and additional information. 40 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft michelle moriarity witt. breaking a vicious cycle: silence and the corporate archive. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. april 2023. 59 pages. advisor: rebecca vargha. the purpose of this study is to explore the concept of archival silence, defined as the intentional and unintentional gaps and biases that challenge the integrity and sustainability of archival collections, through the prism of corporate archives. through in-depth, semistructured interviews with corporate archivists, this research involves an exploratory study of the obstacles these archivists face in identifying, preserving, and fostering access to assets of enduring value to their parent organizations. by analyzing their insights on appraisal, accession, custody, and access, this research seeks to shed light on the common ground corporate archives share with other archives, and forge a path toward a new understanding of how corporate archives professionals might break the silence of the archive. daniel b woomer. book challenges and missing policies: a content analysis of reconsideration policies in north carolina public libraries. a master’s paper for the m.s. in l.s. degree. may, 2023. 26 pages. advisor: francesca tripodi policies and processes for library material reconsideration are essential to collection criteria, especially given the current climate in the us around book challenges and bans. yet few studies to date look at the prevalence of policies and if there are consistencies among existing reconsideration processes or if they are publicly accessible. to fill this gap, this project explores whether library reconsideration policies are readily accessible in public libraries throughout north carolina, the consequences of a process absence, and the possibilities of what an updated (and transparent) policy would mean for intellectual freedom. relying on data collected from a random cluster sample of 20 north carolina public county libraries, this study analyzes the availability (or absence) of a policy and if similar themes existed among available policies. ziyu xia. a map-based visual analytic platform for medical analysis. a master’s paper for the m.s. in i.s. degree. april, 2023. 30 pages advisor: david gotz maps are a very useful tool in both academic study and daily life. it is especially useful in medical study, since many diseases are related to not only patients themselves, but also the environment in which they live. by plotting the maps about the patients’ information, researchers would be able to explore the spatial patterns about the diseases. however, traditional maps are very convenient for them to use. they need to interact with the map so that they would be able to combine the impact from many aspects. this project built a platform for them to visually analyze the medical data map. although some functions designed have not been achieved, it can still help a lot. dissertation paper abstracts 2022 kristen l. bowen. sexual violence, black survivors, & moving beyond resilience: developing mental health support spaces based on online information behavior. a dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the school of information and library science. 2022. 171 pages. advisor: amelia n. gibson. mental health services and support can serve as foundational resource for survivors of rape. however, taking advantage of these resources requires knowledge of and access to what is available. the existence of such resources is not enough to ensure access for this population. there is more required to assist black young adults (18-39) in supporting their mental health concerns in connection to experiences of rape. this dissertation uses focus groups with an interpretive phenomenological analysis to investigate where and why black young adults (18-39), within the united states, with concerns for their mental wellbeing in connection to experiences of rape, conduct information exchanges. information exchanges are inclusive of seeking information, sharing information, and building a space of support. twentyfour black young adults completed an online, selfadministered, survey that gathered sociodemographic information which assisted the researcher in assigning each respondent to a focus group cohort, which lasted for four weeks. overall, study participants volume 81 2023/24 41 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft prefer the ease of online spaces or mobile applications over information exchanges in in-person spaces; based on qualities such as access to more therapists or medical professionals when not tied to location, the ability to be anonymous in some spaces, and having the chance to build a community of individuals with this shared experience. the main qualities wanted to build “safe spaces” included people (ensuring that participants within the space belong in the space and that they remain respectful of one another); privacy and choice (being able to choose what is private and public, choose who has access to you); moderation and access to professionals (someone to guide the conversation, prompts, keeping the space positive and supportive); flexibility (a variety of ways to share, such as memes, diary, forums; also ability to participate when they have the time not scheduled participation). this study provides a look into the information exchange experiences of black young adults (18-39) who have mental wellbeing concerns in connection to experienced rape; where they go to look for information and support and what helps them to feel comfortable when choosing to disclose in a space. from this study, we have foundational insights into what designers/developers can do to improve and/or create online spaces and mobile applications to serve the needs of this population. simon m. hollerbauer. three papers on modelbased survey methodology. a dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the school of information and library science. 174 pages. 2022. advisor: graeme robertson. in the first paper, i define the qualmix model, a mixture modeling approach to derive estimates of survey data quality in situations in which two sets of responses exist for all or certain subsets of respondents. i apply this model to the context of survey backchecks. through simulation based on real-world data, i demonstrate that the model successfully identifies incorrect observations and recovers latent enumerator and survey quality. i further demonstrate the model’s utility by applying it to data from a large survey in malawi, using it to identify significant variation in data quality across observations generated by different enumerators. in the second paper, i investigate how a match in values impacts individual decisions to engage with organizations. i develop a new way to use conjoint survey experiments to study such questions. the proposed model has two parts: a component that helps estimate where organizations and individuals are in the same values space, and an outcome model that uses latent distances from the first part as inputs. i argue that individuals will be more likely to want to engage with organizations to which they are closer in a latent values space, and that they look at organizational traits for cues about an organization’s values. i find that individuals are more likely to want to engage with organizations that are more descriptively representative of them. in addition, i find that congruence more consistently impacts considerations of benefits rather than costs. in the third paper, my co-authors and i discuss the impact that enumerators can have in survey and lab experiments. we conceptualize enumerators as treatment versions and clarify the implications of treatment versions for inference and for external validity. researchers need to pay much more attention to the enumerators used in their studies and should assess the impact of enumerators on their results. we propose a hierarchical model that researchers can use to estimate enumerator treatment effects, which also allows them to incorporate information on enumerator characteristics. we present several recommendations for researchers doing experimental work with enumerators and illustrate them on a survey experiment carried out in uganda. hyounghun kim. multimodal and embodied learning with language as the anchor. a dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the school of information and library science. 171 pages. 2022. advisor: mohit bansal. since most worldly phenomena can be expressed via language, language is a crucial medium for transferring information and integrating multiple information sources. for example, humans can describe what they see, hear and feel, and also explain how they move with words. conversely, humans can imagine scenes, sounds, and feelings, and move their body from language descriptions. therefore, language plays an important role in solving machine learning 42 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft (ml) and artificial intelligence (ai) problems with multimodal input sources. this thesis studies how different modalities can be integrated with language in multimodal learning settings as follows. first, we explore the possibility to integrate external information from the textual description about an image into a visual question answering system which integrates the key words/phrases in paragraph captions in semi-symbolic form, to make the alignment between features easier. we expand the direction to a video question answering task. we employ dense captions, which generate object-level descriptions of an image, to help localize the key frames in a video clip for answering a question. next, we build benchmarks to evaluate embodied agents to perform tasks according to natural language instruction from humans. we introduce a new instruction-following navigation and object assembly system, called arramon in which agents follow the natural language instructions to collect an object and put it in a target location, requiring agents to deeply understand referring expressions and the concept of direction from the egocentric perspective. we also suggest a new task setup for the useful cooperative vision-and-dialog navigation (cvdn) dataset. we analyze scoring behaviors of models and find issues from the existing navigation from dialog history (ndh) task and propose a more realistic and challenging task setup, called ndh-full, which better appreciates the purpose of the cvdn dataset. finally, we explore ai assistant systems which help humans with different tasks. we introduce a new correctional captioning dataset on human body pose, called fixmypose, to encourage the ml/ai community to build such guidance systems that require models to learn to distinguish different levels of pose difference to describe desirable pose change. also, we introduce a new conversational image search and editing assistant system, called caise, in which an agent helps a user to search images and edit them by holding a conversation. yuanye ma. relatedness and compatibility: semantic dimensions of the concept of privacy in mandarin chinese and american english corpora. a dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the school of information and library science. 2022. 252 pages. advisor: stephanie w. haas. this dissertation is a study of how privacy as an ethical concept exists in two languages: mandarin chinese and american english. the assumption for this dissertation is that different languages will have their own distinctive expressions and understandings when it comes to privacy. specifically, i have proposed a cross-genre and cross-language study to include two genres of language corpora for each of the languages: social media posts and news articles. in addition, the language corpora span from 2010 to 2019, which supported an observation of how privacy-related languages may have changed and evolved over the years. i took a mixed-methods approach, by using two computational methods: semantic network analysis (sna) and structural topic modeling (stm) for processing the natural language corpora. when it comes to labeling and interpreting the results of topic modeling, i relied on external coders for labeling and my own in-depth reading of the topic words as well as original documents to make sense of the meaning of these topics. last but not least, based on the interpretations of topics, i proposed four semantic dimensions and used these four dimensions to come back to code all the topics to have an overall depiction of the topics across these two languages and two genres. the four semantic dimensions, though were found present in both languages, have revealed unequal presence in the two languages. specifically, the institution dimension has much more presence in the english language; and in the chinese language, it is the individual dimension that is frequently seen across topics in both genres. apart from topics, this different emphasis on these two semantic dimensions (institution and individual) is also reflected through the semantic network analysis of nodes where the nodes with leading centrality scores over the years in these two languages differ. after considering the limitation of the data in this study, i conclude by arguing that overall, it is more cautious and appropriate to understand the incompatibilities by saying the two languages differ by their emphasis on different dimensions. this study is one of the first empiricallygrounded intercultural explorations of the concept of privacy. it not only provides an examination of the concept as it is understood at the current time volume 81 2023/24 43 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft of writing but also reveals that natural language is promising to operationalize intercultural privacy research and comparative privacy research. laura march. behind the screens: social media managers at cultural institutions. a dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the school of information and library science. 2022. 264 pages. advisor: marijel (maggie) melo. social media managers may not be the first people that come to mind during a pandemic–their work is trivialized, undervalued, and denigrated as tasks any young person could perform. however, they are one of few, if not the only, information professionals at cultural institutions able to nurture scholarship, creativity, and imagination digitally during worldwide shutdowns. while library and museum staff believe social media is important (and will become even more so in the future) many organizations have no strategy for its use nor measure their efforts (oosman et al., 2014; aerni & schegg, 2017; oclc, 2018). in response to this absence of guidance, this study takes a practitioner-centered approach to learn how these communicators define, perform, and evaluate their work. this research uses longitudinal interpretative phenomenological analysis (lipa) and dramaturgical metaphors to uncover and document social media managers’ lived experiences and the evolution of their role during the initial stages of the covid-19 pandemic. results are then used to inform a descriptive framework of social media work at cultural institutions and map participant descriptions of virtual content and programming to a continuum of institutional practices. these applications offer guidance for cultural institutions looking to better support their social media communicators and ultimately foster more meaningful engagement with broader audiences. alexander b. rich. building and evaluating detailed graphical financial conflict of interest disclosures in medical research. a dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the school of information and library science. 2022. 137 pages. advisor: david gotz. bias in medical research poses a serious threat to public health. conflicts of interest create the risk of conscious or subconscious bias in research article authors. financial conflicts of interest (fcoi) are widely recognized as relatively objective, quantifiable, and fairly regulated form of coi. many medical journals have adopted fcoi disclosure as a means of communicating the potential for bias in research to readers. research on the impact of fcoi disclosure on the attitudes readers develop toward an article has thus far focused on text-based fcoi disclosure without details on the nature of dollar value of payments received. in this work, i developed an algorithm to match authors to a federal database of payments they received from industry during the fcoi disclosure windows for an article. i have four goals: first, i establish that algorithmic matching of authors to federal payments profile is feasible. second, i evaluate the impact of detailed graphical fcoi disclosure on the attitudes that readers develop toward a publication. third, i evaluate the perspectives and opinions or medical journal article authors when presented with graphical fcoi disclosure of their own payments and those of their author teams. fourth, i gather the perspectives, possible objections, requirements, and desires of key opinion leaders among academia and medical publishing regarding the potential adoption of graphical fcoi disclosures as a standard in academic medical publishing. my findings suggest that the adoption of semi-automated systems for graphical fcoi disclosure may enhance the ability of many stakeholders to detect the potential for bias in medical research without undue harm to authors or corporations. zhengyang shen. accurate, fast and controllable image and point cloud registration. a dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the school of information and library science. 2022. 200 pages. advisor: marc niethammer. registration is the process of establishing spatial correspondences between two objects. many downstream tasks, e.g., in image analysis, shape animation, can make use of these spatial correspondences. a variety of registration approaches have been developed over the last decades, but only recently registration approaches have been developed that make use of and can easily process the large data samples of 44 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft the big data era. on the one hand, traditional optimization-based approaches are too slow and cannot take advantage of very large data sets. on the other hand, registration users expect more controllable and accurate solutions since most downstream tasks, e.g., facial animation and 3d reconstruction, increasingly rely on highly precise spatial correspondences. in recent years, deep network registration approaches have become popular as learning-based approaches are fast and can benefit from large-scale data during network training. however, how to make such deeplearning-based approached accurate and controllable is still a challenging problem that is far from being completely solved. this thesis explores fast, accurate and controllable solutions for image and point cloud registration. specifically, for image registration, we first improve the accuracy of deep-learning-based approaches by introducing a general framework that consists of affine and non-parametric registration for both global and local deformation. we then design a more controllable image registration approach that image regions could be regularized differently according to their local attributes. for point cloud registration, existing works either are limited to small-scale problems, hardly handle complicated transformations or are slow to solve. we thus develop fast, accurate and controllable solutions for large-scale real-world registration problems via integrating optimal transport with deep geometric learning. mengquian wang. a pathology report summarization system to improve the information processing efficiency of breast cancer oncologists. a dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the school of information and library science. 2022. 104 pages. advisor: javed mostafa. the exponential growth of textual information in biomedical and healthcare causes information overload. electronic health records (ehrs) are an important part of biomedical texts. however, in recent years, it has been impossible for a clinician or a physician to read hundreds of clinical notes during a regular medical visit without any technological assistance, which is usually the case for patients with the chronological disease. the cognitive burden of healthcare practitioners has increased significantly. this study aims to build a summarization system that can decrease the mental burden of breast cancer oncologists. due to the complexity of pathology reports and the lack of data, studies on pathology reports have been limited. this work serves as a starting point and a baseline for pathology report summarization. it proposes and evaluates a hybrid system that combines machine learning and a rule-based system using a small amount of data. this study addressed the problem of data deficiency. high-quality pathology reports in a textual format with annotations have been hard to find because of privacy concerns. the main investigator of this study recruited and trained a group of researchers to collect, clean, and annotate a public dataset of breast cancer pathology reports. according to the primary findings based on rouge, bleu, and readability score testing, this study presents a breast cancer pathology report summarization system that is able to generate succinct and informative summaries, which is potentially beneficial in reducing oncologists’ cognitive burden. some promising future directions are discussed. 2023 thui-may lewis. from policy to practice: how journal-based data policies encourage scientists’ adoption of reproducible research practices. a dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the school of information and library science. 2023. 107 pages. advisor: helen tibbo according to several studies, researchers are not sharing the data underpinning their published scientific results, despite their general consensus that sharing data is critical to the research enterprise. among other benefits, data sharing allows for verification of claims, which is essential to scientific integrity. research funders, journal editors, and professional associations have insisted on the importance of data sharing by issuing policies and codes of ethics that mandate the practice. however, these mandates have not always been proven to compel researchers to share their data as evidenced by failed attempts to locate data underlying published results or sharing data that do not meet quality standards to allow for volume 81 2023/24 45 nor th carolina libraries d r a ft verification or reuse. this dissertation seeks to understand the incongruity between researchers’ belief that data sharing is essential to science and their failure to produce and share data underlying their reported findings—even when policy requires them to do so. to address this phenomenon, the dissertation investigates the implementation and outcomes of the rigorous american journal of political science (ajps) verification policy that makes publication in the journal contingent on submission of data, code, and supporting documentation (i.e., the research compendium). prior to publication, research compendia undergo a third-party verification process to confirm the computational reproducibility of findings presented in the manuscript. in most cases, authors fail initially to produce a compendium that meets policy requirements for completeness, understandability, and computational reproducibility. using the theory of planned behavior (tpb) as a framework, the study investigates the specific behavioral factors that affect authors’ success or failure in producing reproducible research compendia. employing a mixed-methods/ grounded theory approach, the study analyzes records of verification results and interviews with ajps authors who were subject to the verification policy to learn about their specific reproducible research practices (or lack thereof ) and their outcomes. based on the results of the study, i identify the most common and impactful issues that appear in submitted research compendia that render them non-reproducible, and suggest reasons that authors encounter these issues. finally, i propose an extension of tpb that suggests how the policy compels and supports behaviors that promote research reproducibility. simon james varey. corpus analysis in philosophical semantics. a dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the school of information and library science. 2023. 206 pages. advisor: ram neta. the topic of this dissertation is corpus analysis: the use of computational techniques to search through large collections of real-world texts (called corpora) to discover facts about language use which hold throughout the collection. i examine how corpus analysis can be used as an empirical methodology within philosophy of language to confirm semantic analyses of philosophically important expressions. i begin by discussing the philosophical importance of analyzing the ordinary meaning of people’s language use, as through that we can come to understand how they categorize the world around them. specifically, i am concerned with philosophical semantics: the study of the meaning of expressions for which different theories of their meaning will have different philosophical upshots. after discussing the kind of meaning relevant to this subject area (namely operative concepts: the concepts that actually determine how we apply expressions to cases), i rationally reconstruct and analyze existing methods of confirmation in philosophical semantics, including intuitive methods and questionnaire methods from experimental philosophy. i then critique these methods in terms of the strength of evidence they can offer. next, i introduce corpus analysis, and explain how it can be used as a method of confirmation in philosophical semantics. i pay special attention to the question of how corpus analysis can be used to discover the ‘deep’, semantic, representational features of text relevant for confirming semantic analyses, and offer several techniques to perform this task. i argue that corpus analysis has many benefits over existing methods of confirmation in philosophical semantics, given that it studies (i) actual, rather than imagined, instances of language use, and (ii) the language use of the actual communities whose meanings we are interested in, rather than just that of philosophers. the dissertation concludes with a case study of the use of corpus analysis to confirm a theory of the reference conditions of definite descriptions over a rival theory with different philosophical upshots. this is the first corpus study in philosophical semantics to make use of an annotated corpus, which is a technique with lot of promise within this field. austin r. ward. immersive search: comparing conventional and spatially arranged search engine result pages in immersive virtual environments. a dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the school of information and library science. 2023. 161 pages. advisor: robert capra. advances in immersive technologies (e.g., virtual reality head-mounted displays) have brought a new 46 nor th carolina libraries volume 81 2023/24 d r a ft dimension into user interfaces to increasingly more people in the recent years. however, little prior work has explored how people could use the extra dimension afforded by vr hmds to aid in the information retrieval process. my dissertation research investigated how different task types and layouts of search engine result pages (displays) in immersive virtual environments impact the information retrieval process. in this dissertation, i present results from a within-subjects user study to investigate users’ search behaviors, system interactions, perceptions, and eyetracking behaviors for four different spatial arrangements of search results (“list” a 2d list; “curve3” a 3x3 grid; “curve4” a 4x4 grid; and “sphere” a 4x4 sphere) in a vr hmd across two different task types (find all relevant, pick 3 best). thirty-two (32) participants completed 5 search trials in 8 experimental conditions (4 displays x 2 task types). results show that: (1) participants were accepting of and performed well in the spatial displays (curve3, curve4, and sphere); (2) participants had a positional bias for the top or top left of serps; (3) the angle of search results and layouts influenced the navigation patterns used; (4) participants had a preference for physical navigation (e.g., head movement) over virtual navigation (e.g., scrolling) to view and compare search results, and (5) participants were less likely to perceive a rank order in the spatial displays where a clear scan path was not obvious to them. submission requirements for north carolina libraries electronic articles can be submitted online at: http://www.ncl.ecu.edu » to submit you must login; if needed you can register using the link in the header. » we use the chicago manual of style (16th edition, 2010). » we have a rolling deadline; articles are juried when received. » publication of approved articles is in about 3-9 months depending on space available. » for additional information, contact the editor at: editor@nclaonline.org http://www.ncl.ecu.edu mailto:editor%40nclaonline.org?subject= covid-19: positives for the school and public libraries