Microsoft Word - 11414 NSB Zouhri 2023.03.22.docx Received: 17 Dec 2022. Received in revised form: 30 Jan 2023. Accepted: 06 Mar 2023. Published online: 22 Mar 2023. From Volume 13, Issue 1, 2021, Notulae Scientia Biologicae journal uses article numbers in place of the traditional method of continuous pagination through the volume. The journal will continue to appear quarterly, as before, with four annual numbers. SHSTSHSTSHSTSHST Horticulture and ForestryHorticulture and ForestryHorticulture and ForestryHorticulture and Forestry Society of TransylvaniaSociety of TransylvaniaSociety of TransylvaniaSociety of Transylvania Zouhri A et al. (2023) Notulae Scientia BiologicaeNotulae Scientia BiologicaeNotulae Scientia BiologicaeNotulae Scientia Biologicae Volume 15, Issue 1, Article number 11414 DOI:10.15835/nsb15111414 ReReReReviewviewviewview ArticleArticleArticleArticle.... NSBNSBNSBNSB Notulae Scientia Notulae Scientia Notulae Scientia Notulae Scientia BiologicaeBiologicaeBiologicaeBiologicae A review of Moroccan medicinal plants used A review of Moroccan medicinal plants used A review of Moroccan medicinal plants used A review of Moroccan medicinal plants used in the treatment of inflammationin the treatment of inflammationin the treatment of inflammationin the treatment of inflammation Aziz ZOUHRI1,3*, Yahya EL-MERNISSI2, Naoual EL MENYIY3, Toufik BOUDDINE1, Nora MIR1, Kamal EL AISSAOUI4, Hassan AMHAMDI2, Abdelhay ELHARRAK1, Lhoussain HAJJI1 1Moulay Ismail University, Faculty of Sciences, Bioactives and Environmental Health Laboratory, Meknes B.P. 11201, Morocco; az.zouhri@edu.umi.ac.ma; t.bouddine@edu.umi.ac.ma; nora120@hotmail.fr; a.elharrak@umi.ac.ma; l.hajji@umi.ac.ma 2Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Applied Chemistry Team, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Al Hoceima 32003, Morocco; yahya.elmernissi@etu.uae.ac.ma; h.amhamdi@uae.ac.ma 3National Agency for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Taounate 34025, Morocco; Nawal.ELMENYIY@usmba.ac.ma 4Translation, Dialog of Civilisations and Arbitration, School of Arts and Humanities, Meknes N13, Morocco; kamal1elaissaoui@gmail.com AbstractAbstractAbstractAbstract Inflammation is a mechanism that occurs against aggressive agents such as infections, wounds, pollens, autoimmune diseases, and tissue damage. Morocco has traditionally used herbal remedies to treat many illnesses, including inflammation. The objective of this study was to describe the Moroccan medicinal plants used in inflammation treatment. This systematic review examines ethnobotanical studies published in English and French in the literature as well as the pharmacological studies that assess anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo, from databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Springer). The research was carried out until August 2021. In ethnobotanical surveys, 100 medicinal plants were identified, which belonged to 52 families of which the most often cited are Lamiaceae with 18 species, followed by Apiaceae (13 species) and Asteraceae (10 species). The most used plants to treat inflammation in Morocco are: Coriandrum sativum L, Caralluma europaea (Guss.) Nebr., Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., Capparis spinosa L., Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag, Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb., Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Pau, Thymus saturejoides Coss, Thymus zygis L., Lawsonia isermis L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. This review highlighted Moroccan medicinal plants used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation. Many of this plant species require additional pharmacological, and clinical studies to verify which plants are effective in treating inflammation. Keywords:Keywords:Keywords:Keywords: anti-inflammatory; inflammation; Moroccan; medicinal plants; systematic review; traditional medicine https://www.notulaebiologicae.ro/index.php/nsb/index Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 2 IIIIntroductionntroductionntroductionntroduction Inflammation is a response to harmful stimuli, such as infections, injuries, allergens, autoimmune conditions, and tissue damage (Konstantopoulos, 2005; Ribaldone et al., 2018). Inflammation is characterized by warmth, edema, pain, redness, and impaired function of affected tissues (Chen et al., 2018; Ferrero-Miliani et al., 2007). According to its course, inflammation is divided into acute, and chronic. Acute inflammation is an innate, primary reaction that occurs mainly over a short time due to tissue damage (Suzuki, 2019). If not stopped in time, the inflammation will develop into a chronic phase leading to cancer (Abdalla et al., 2020), Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes (Nishimura et al., 2009; Pahwa et al., 2021; Saltiel and Olefsky, 2017). To treat these conditions, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used drugs to alleviate pain, and inflammatory symptoms (Bribi et al., 2015). Secondary metabolites like flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, coumarins, and essential oils are considered alternative traditional herbal remedies (Guimarães et al., 2012; Lima et al., 2013; Srinivasan et al., 2001). Morocco (Figure 1) is known for its climate diversity, and richness in medicinal plants, many of which are used to treat inflammation (Amrati et al., 2021; Benayad et al., 2014; Bouhlali et al., 2016; Bouyahya et al., 2021; Derouich et al., 2020; El Azhary et al., 2017; El Kharraf et al., 2021; Hmidani et al., 2019; Jawhari et al., 2020; Kebbou et al., 2019; Khouya et al., 2015, 2020; Manouze et al., 2017; Mechchate et al., 2021; Moutia et al., 2016; Zouhri et al., 2017) Not witstanding its importance, there are no reviews on anti-inflammatory activity in Morocco. In this context, the purpose of this first research is to identify ethnobotanical studies that can reveal plants used to treat inflammation in different regions of Morocco. On the other hand, to identify articles referring to the pharmacological evaluation of these plants in experimental inflammation. Materials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsMaterials and Methods Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Springer search engines were explored using terms related to the following subject areas: Ethnobotanical/ethnomedicinal studies reporting on medicinal plants used for traditional inflammation treatment in Morocco, Moroccan medicinal plants, inflammation, and medicinal plants in Morocco, inflammation, and treatment with medicinal plants in Morocco, the anti-inflammatory activity of plants of Morocco (Figure 1). The electronic databases were assessed between June/2021 and August/2021. This systematic research was carried out according to PRISMA (Moher et al., 2016). Two investigators identified and examined the resulting papers for relevance based on their titles, and abstract. Plant names, and families are confirmed through data available on site (www.theplantlist.org). Microsoft Excel is used for statistical data analysis. Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 3 Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1. Map of Morocco Results Results Results Results and Discussionand Discussionand Discussionand Discussion Study selection A total of 8964 relevant articles are identified by two researchers from an electronic database search. Of these, 4637 are from Web of science, 3528 Springer, 494 from Scopus, 305 from Science Direct. After removing duplicates by consulting the associated titles, and abstracts, a total of 171 articles are retrieved for full text review. After a detailed review of each article, 97 articles are excluded, and 74 articles are retrieved including 23 ethnobotanical articles, 51 pharmacology papers (Figure 2). Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2. Flowchart for systematic literature search Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 4 Ethnobotanical studies 100 plant species belonging to 52 botanical families are inventoried in this study (Table 1). The most represented families are Lamiaceae with (18 species), Apiaceae (13 species), Asteraceae (10 species), Leguminoseae, Oleaceae, Rutaceae (4 species each), Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae, Compositae, and Solanaceae (3 species each), Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Asparagaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Papaveraceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, Urticaceae, Verbenaceae, Zingiberaceae (2 species), and Apocynaceae, Araceae, Aristolochiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Boraginaceae, Cactaceae, Capparaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Combretaceae, Cupressaceae, Ericaceae, Gentianceae, Geraniaceae, Jungladaceae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Nitrariaceae, Plantaginaceae, Pinaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Pteridaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceae, Zygophyllaceae (1 species each) (Figure 3). The prevalence of these families in medicinal plants is likely due to their abundance in Morocco's flora. With regards to the most frequently used plants are, Salvia officinalis L. was mostly reported (7 mentions), Opuntia ficus- indica (L.) Mill. (6), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (6), Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. (5), Lavandula stoechas L. (5), Lawsonia inermis L. (5), Nerium oleander L. (4), Artemisia herba-alba Asso (4), Calendula officinalis L. (4), Allium cepa L. (3), Origanum vulgare L. (3), Mentha pulegium L. (3), Peganum hamala L. (3), Olea europaea L. (3), Plantago coronopus L. (3), Nigella sativa L. (3), The species recorded are shown in Table 1. Figure 3.Figure 3.Figure 3.Figure 3. Moroccan medicinal plants families used to treat inflammation Plant parts The leaves, flowers, roots, seeds, whole plant, and aerial parts are commonly used to treat inflammation. The leaves are the most used part of the plant (39.33%), which are followed by flowers (13.33%), root (10.67%), seed (9.33%), and the whole plant (8.67%). Fruits, Stem, Bulb, and Rhizome are also presented with a low percentage (Figure 4). The researchers suggest that the leaves are frequently used in herbal medicine as they are easily obtainable (Bouyahya et al., 2017). Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 5 Figure 4.Figure 4.Figure 4.Figure 4. Percentage use of different plant parts against inflammation Preparation methods and route of administration The most commonly used methods traditionally for the treatment of inflammation are decoction (n = 71), infusion (n = 25), powder (n = 22), and cataplasm (n = 12). Other less reported preparation methods include maceration (n = 5), and Raw (n = 1). The percentage of use of the different preparation methods is presented in Figure 5. The majority of anti-inflammatory preparations are taken orally (60%), followed by local application (24.44%), Mouthwash (10.37%), and much less by another external route, and inhalation (5.18%) (Figure 6). However, the oral route of administration allows a rapid physiological effect to promote the effective action of the herbal remedy. Figure 5.Figure 5.Figure 5.Figure 5. Percentage use of various preparations methods of plants against inflammation Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 6 Figure 6.Figure 6.Figure 6.Figure 6. Percentage various modes of administration of plants against inflammation Moroccan medicinal plants used traditionally to treat inflammation diseases A survey was conducted between March and April 2018 in Rabat, Morocco to gather information on plants with anti-inflammatory properties. The survey results showed that there are three types of plants from two families, Asteraceae, and Lamiaceae. The most commonly used plants are Artemisia herba-alba Asso (chih), Salvia officinalis L. (Sâlmiya) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (azir) (Skalli et al., 2019).... Another study which was carried out also in same region by Salhi et al. (2019) demonstrates the importance of medicinal plants use by local populations in the skin burns treatment. The results identified 36 species belonging to 23 families, and 35 genera used in the skin burns treatment in the region. According to the authors, the most frequently used in the inflammation treatment are: Linum usitatissimum L., Lawsonia inermis L and Plantago coronopus L. In Casablanca city (Morocco), an ethnobotanical study identified 9 medicinal plants, divided into 8 families. They are reported for the traditional treatment of inflammation in Morocco. These are: Pistacia lentiscus L., Calamintha officinali, Mentha suaveolens Ehrh., Cinnamomum verum J.Presl, Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Nigella sativa L., Populus nigra L and Urtica urens L (Zougagh et al., 2019). An ethnobotanical study was conducted among 785 people from the region of The Ksar Lakbir (located at the southwestern limit of the Rif area, Morocco) identified 19 species belonging to 12 botanical families. The species used are Anabasis aretioides Moq. & Coss. ex Bunge, Cachrys libanotis L., Kundmannia sicula (L.) DC., Thapsia garganica L., Brassica nigra (L.) Koch., Saponaria officinalis L., Artemisia herba-alba Asso, Carlina gummifera (L.) Less. , Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad., Euphorbia falcata L., Juglans regia L., Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb., Lavandula stoechas L., Origanum majorana L., Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds., Salvia verbenaca L., Melilotus indicus (L.) All., Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl, and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Merzouki et al., 2000). A survey was conducted in collaboration with herbalists in the province of Marrakech to identify medicinal plants used to treat inflammation. The most commonly used plant species identified was Quercus ilex L.(Ouarghidi et al., 2013). In Imouzzer Ida Outanane region (south-western Morocco), a survey was carried out to take stock of the main medicinal plants used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation. The results obtained made it possible to identify 15 medicinal plants used against inflammation. The most cited herbs for treating inflammation are: Thapsia transtagana Brot., Periploca angustifolia Labill., Artemisia herba- alba Asso, Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter, Warionia saharae Benth. Coss., Lavandula stoechas L., Mentha pulegium L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis, Myristica fragrans Houtt., Phillyrea angustifolia L., Nigella sativa L., Ruta montana L., Alpinia officinarum Hance, Zingiber officinale Rosc. The leaves of plants are Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 7 the most commonly used parts of plants. Decoctions, and infusions are the most common preparation methods in traditional medicine. (Saadi et al., 2013).... According a survey conducted among herbalists and users of medicinal plants to treat inflammation in the zaer region (Western Morocco), seven plant species belonging to six botanical families have been identified. The species were Coriandrum sativum L., Asparagus officinalis L., Opuntia ficus- indica (L.) Mill., Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb., Origanum vulgare L., Peganum hamala L., Olea europaea L (Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010).... In the same vein, another ethnobotanical survey of the local population of the Taounate province (Northern Morocco) indicated that a total of 11 plant species from 8 families in the region are used to treat inflammation. Among these listed species, four types are the most cited: Lavandula stoechas L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis, Plantago coronopus L. (El-Hilaly et al., 2003).... In the Eastern region of Morocco, an ethnobotanical study identified 148 medicinal plants, divided into 60 families. Eleven are reported for the traditional treatment of inflammation in Morocco. These are: Nerium oleander L., Borago officinalis L., Brassica napus L., Saponaria officinalis L., Ricinus communis L., Laurus nobilis L., Cassia senna L., Peganum hamala L., Citrus sp., Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Salix alba L. (Jamila & Mostafa, 2014). Also an ethnobotanical survey conducted by Ziyyat et al (Ziyyat et al., 1997) which reports ten plants used as anti-inflammatory remedies in different regions oriental of Morocco, among which Peganum hamala L., Urtica dioica L. and Arbutus unedo L. are the most used. A study by Zouhri et al (Zouhri and Aarab, 2018) in Targuist (North Morocco) reports that 90 plant species were cited in 3,500 questionnaires for the treatment of inflammation. Five plants are most frequently used: Calendula officinalis L, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill, Malva sylvestris L., Plantago coronopus L. and Datura stramonium L. Investigation shows that the seeds, and leaves are the part of the plant most commonly used in herbal preparations. Also, in the Northern region of Morocco (region of Bouhachem Natural Regional Park), an ethnobotanical study identifies 101 medicinal plants used in the treatment of diseases. The most cited herbal remedies used for their anti-inflammatory effects are Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin, Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam., Nerium oleander L., Aristolochia baetica L., Artemisia herba-alba Asso, Cynara humilis L., Scolymus hispanicus L., Brassica oleracea L., Opuntia ficus- indica (L.) Mill., Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Anthyllis cytisoides L ., Lawsonia inermis L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Triticum durum Desf., Urtica dioica L. (Bachar et al., 2021). Similarly, another ethnobotanical survey was conducted from July 1st, 2016 to July 30th, 2018 on the population of the Rif, in the Northern Morocco indicates that a total of 13 species belonging to 11 families of plants are used to treat inflammation. Namely: Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Rhus pentaphylla (Jacq.) Desf, Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz, Agave Americana L., Carlina gummifera (L.) Less., Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter, Lactuca virosa Habl., Euphorbia falcata L., Quercus ilex L., Lawsonia inermis L., Glaucium flavum Crantz, Cedrus atlantica (Endl.), Capsicum frutescens L. The results show that decoction, and infusion are the most common preparation methods (Chaachouay et al., 2022). In the Rif region of Morocco, another ethnobotanical study conducted by Chaachouay et al. has identified five herbal remedies used in inflammation treatment. The plants used are Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz, Carlina gummifera (L.) Less., Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter, Lactuca virosa Habl and Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) (Chaachouay et al., 2021). An analogous study by Bouyahya et al (Bouyahya et al., 2017) in Ouezzane (North-West of Morocco) reports that eight plant species are cited for the management of inflammation. Three plants, Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb., Lavandula stoechas L. and Salvia officinalis are the most used. In the province of Errachidia (southeastern Morocco), a survey was carried out to classify the plants traditionally used to treat inflammation. The authors have identified 194 species belonging to 69 families, of which 17 species were cited for the first time. The plants most commonly cited are Nerium oleander L., Calendula officinalis L. and Cassia senna L. (Eddouks et al., 2017). Similarly, an ethnobotanical study in the Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 8 same region identified 64 medicinal plants belonging to 33 families used in the treatment of diseases. The plants most cited for their anti-inflammatory effects are Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., Lavandula stoechas L., Salvia officinalis L. (Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010). Another ethnobotanical survey of the local population of the Zagora region (southeastern Morocco) indicates that a total of 7 species belonging to 7 plant families were used to treat inflammation. Among these identified species, three are the most cited as anti-inflammatory plants in this region, namely: Carum carvi L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Allium sativum (L.), Lawsonia inermis L., Olea europaea L., Nigella sativa L., Zygophyllum gaetulum (Emb. and Maire) (Boufous et al., 2017). While in the region of Meknès-Tafilalet (North-central Morocco), an ethnobotanical study was conducted to identify plants often used to treat inflammation include: Cuminum cymimum L., Calendula officinalis L., Santolina rosmarinifolia L., Medicago sativa L., Trigonella foenum- graecum L., Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Origanum vulgare L., Mentha pulegium L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lawsonia inermis L., Papaver rhoeas L., Rosa centifolia Mill., Citrus aurantium L. and Verbena officinalis L. (Fadil et al., 2015). Likewise, in the north-central region of Morocco (Fez), an ethnobotanical study reported that 75 species are divided into 41 families for the treatment of 34 diseases. Among these species, eight plants have anti- inflammatory effects: Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Origanum vulgare L., Melissa officinalis, Mentha pulegium L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris L. (Mikou et al., 2015). The medicinal plants used to treat inflammation in El Hajeb province, according to a survey was carried out to show that the most important species is Pimpinella anisum L. (Ajebli et al., 2017). A field study in the central Middle Atlas (Morocco), 8 plant species belonging to 4 families were reported for the treatment of inflammation in the region. The most important are Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam., Artemisia arborescens (Vaill.) L., Artemisia herba-alba Asso., Carlina gummifera (L.) Less, Matricaria chamomilla L., Origanum compactum Benth, Rubus ulmifolius Schott and Urtica urens L (Najem et al., 2020). Ultimately an ethnobotanical survey by Mouhaddach et al (Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010) in different regions of Morocco during March, April, and June 2014 reported that Opuntia ficus- indica (L.) Mill. used for the inflammation treatment. Pharmacological studies According to the selection criteria that characterise the research direction, 51 studies on the anti- inflammatory activity of Moroccan medicinal plants are identified and classified in Table 2. These articles cover six different experimental models. Among them, 38 articles use in vivo models, and 13 articles use in vitro models. The plant extracts tested in vitro and in vivo have been successful in reducing the inflammation induced experimentally in animals. 56 plants are explored experimentally, namely: Allium subvillosum Salzm. ex Schult. & Schult.f., Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn., Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss., Apium graveolens, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum L., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, Petroselinum sativum Hoffm., Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn., Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br., Phoenix dactylifera L., Dipcadi serotinum (L.) Medik., Moricandia sinaica (Boiss.) Boiss., Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., Capparis spinosa L., Cistus ladanifer L., Cistus monspeliensis L., Cistus salviifolius L., Androcymbium gramineum (Cav.) J.F. Macbr., Anacyclus pyrethrum (L), Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter, Lactuca sativa L., Kleinia anteuphorbium (L.) Haw., Allanblackia gabonensis (Pellegr.) Bamps, Garcinia mangostana L., Coriaria myrtifolia L., Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast., Erica arborea L., Euphorbia granulata Forssk., Albizia anthelmintica, Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér., Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb., Melissa officinalis L., Mentha pulegium L., Origanum compactum Benth., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Thymus atlanticus (Ball), Thymus broussonetii Boiss., Thymus maroccanus Ball, Thymus saturejoides Coss, Thymus vulgaris L., Thymus willdenowii Boiss., Thymus zygis L., Bauhinia reticulata DC., Bauhinia thonningii Schum., Lawsonia inermis L., Punica granatum L., Eugenia uniflora L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam., Rosa × damascena Herrm., Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels, Withania frutescens (L.) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 9 Pauquy, Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl., Thymelaea lythroides Barratte & Murb. And Tetraena gaetula (Emb. & Maire) Beier & Thulin. The effects of untapped Moroccan plant species on inflammation need to be further investigated, in particular the mechanism of action of these plant extracts, in order to obtain additional data on the pharmacological effects of these plants. Coriandrum sativum L, Caralluma europaea (Guss.) Nebr., Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Moulin., Capparis spinosa L., Anacyclus pyrethrum L, Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb., Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Pau, Thymus saturesioides Coss, Thymus zygis L., Lawsonia inermis L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. are plants most commonly used to treat inflammation. These plants will be discussed in detail below. Plants used most frequently for the inflammation treatment in Morocco Coriandrum sativum L. Coriandrum sativum L. (Kassbour) is a plant of the Apiaceae family, widely cultivated for its seeds (Nadeem et al., 2013). Kassbour seeds are a common species, and have a large number of documented traditional medicinal uses. They can be used to treat diabetes, kidney and heart problems, and gastrointestinal diseases (El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Es-Safi et al., 2020; Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010; Mechchate et al., 2021) and to fight worms, rheumatism and joint pain (Nadeem et al., 2013). The lipid-lowering effect of whole Kassbour seed has been studied (Chithra and Leelamma, 1999), mainly its effect on lowering blood sugar and increasing insulin release (Eidi and Eidi, 2009), and the effect of scavenging free radicals (de Almeida Melo et al., 2005) and anti-inflammatory activity (Shraddha and Anuradha, 2019).... This activity has been studied in vivo (Mechchate et al., 2021), and in vitro (Derouich et al., 2020). Using Carrageenan-Induced Paw edema model, Mechchate et al (Mechchate et al., 2021) reported that methanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum whole plant exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity. At a dose of 25 mg / kg this extract exhibited a potent effect, revealing a higher inhibitory effect when compared with vehicle control in mice. Morever, Hydromethanolic extracts of Coriandrum sativums show nitric oxide inhibition with IC50 vaue of 218,63 ± 6.41 μg/mL (Derouich et al., 2020). Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br. Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br. : (Eddaghmouss) is a wild medicinal plant belonging to the Apocynaceae family, widespread in many Mediterranean countries including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Spain, and Italy (Dra et al., 2019). In traditional medicine, it is recommended to use the aerial parts of Eddaghmouss in the form of juice or powder mixed with honey or milk to treat inflammation, ulcers, diabetes, bacterial infections, antiulcer, antinociceptive, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities (Adnan et al., 2014; Amrati et al., 2021; Bellakhdar, 1997). The anti-inflammatory effects of hydroethanol, n-butanol and fractions rich in polyphenols of this plant have been studied through paw edema induced by carrageenin. After 6 hours of treatment, the part rich in polyphenols is the best edema inhibitor, with an inhibition rate of 75.68% (Amrati et al., 2021). Furthermore, Caralluma europaea ethanol extract reduced xylene-induced edema by 62.04% at 100 mg / kg (Kebbou et al., 2019).... Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Lhindia) or cactus belongs to the Cactaceae family, This plant is native to Mexico, cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of South, and Central America, and was introduced in North Africa (D’Aquino et al., 2017). The fig tree grows quickly, adapts well to poor soils, and requires low water consumption. In traditional folk medicine it’s Cladodes, and its fruits are also used as a source of nutrients, and for the treatment of inflammatory, diabetes, stomach ulcers, and kidney disease, and antioxidant activity (Alimi et al., 2010; Feugang et al., 2006; Kaur, 2012). The anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous acetone Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 10 extract of this plant were studied through the inhibition of nitric oxide. Opuntia ficus-indica extract demonstrated potent NO inhibitory activity (90%) with IC50 value of 0.19 mg / mL (Benayad et al., 2014). Capparis spinosa L. Capparis spinosa L. (kabâr) is a medicinal plant of the Capparaceae family, native to the Mediterranean region. This plant is found in many parts of the world in North Africa, Italy, Central Asia and Greece (Zarei et al., 2021). In traditional medicine, the different parts of this plant are used to treat rheumatism, digestive diseases, headaches, toothaches, as well as diuretics, antihypertensives, and tonics (Tlili et al., 2010). Kabâr can be used as an antioxidant, antifungal, anti-hepatotoxic, and anti-inflammatory (Gadgoli and Mishra, 1999; Germanò et al., 2002). It also treats many illnesses, such as bronchitis, bronchial asthma, liver disease and tuberculosis. The anti-inflammatory effect of Capparis spinosa was confirmed by ethanolic extracts of the leaves in a model of paw edema in mice. Capparis at 1.07 g / kg reduced inflammation by 73.44% (El Azhary et al., 2017).... Aqueous extracts of Capparis spinosa have also showed an anti-inflammatory effect by the inhibition of the pro- inflammatory cytokine, IL-17 at 500 µg / ml (Moutia et al., 2016).... This activity attributed to the presence of alkaloids, biologically active lipids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and glucosinolates in Capparis spinosa (Rodrigo et al., 1992), which are known for its bioactive properties. Anacyclus pyrethrum L. Anacylcus pyrethrum L., commonly known as Oud AL Attass, botanically classified in the Compositae family, is a plant native to North Africa (Mohamed Fennane and Oualidi, 2014). According to experts in traditional Moroccan medicine, Oud AL Attass is one of the medicinal plants used to relieve toothache, angina, salivary secretions (Abbas Zaidi et al., 2013; Doudach et al., 2012), neuralgia, paralysis, and the common cold (Bendjeddou et al., 2003). Other pharmacological, and biological properties are antimicrobial (Jalayer-Naderi et al., 2016), antidiabetic (Tyagi et al., 2011), antioxidant (Pahuja et al., 2013) and anti-inflammatory (Manouze et al., 2017; Rimbau et al., 1999).The authors attributed those differents activities to many chemical constituents in Anacylcus pyrethrum L., including alkaloids, reducing compounds, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, and also saponins, and sesamin (Elazzouzi et al., 2014). In a recent study, Jawhari et al (Jawhari et al., 2020) have reported the anti-inflammatory effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Anacylcus pyrethrum L., in rats using carrageenin-induced paw edema test. The hydroalcoholic extract of the roots at a dose of 300 mg / mL significantly reduced inflammation by 96%. The active compounds of hydroalcoholic extract of the seeds are able to reduce inflammation by 96% at a dose of 500 mg / mL. A similar study shows a significant anti- inflammatory effect (62%) of aqueous extract of Anacylcus pyrethrum L. at a dose of 500 mg / kg by employing xylene-induced ear edema test on rats (Manouze et al., 2017). Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. In Morocco Ajuga iva (L.,) Schreb is called "Chendgoura" and is a medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae (Bouyahya et al., 2020). This species is traditionally used in Morocco to treat assorted diseases, such as diabetes (Bouyahya et al., 2017; Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010). Biological studies on extracts, and volatile compounds of Chendgoura essential oil have shown that this plant has antiparasitic (Bellakhdar et al., 1991), antibacterial (Makni et al., 2013), antidiabetic (Fettach et al., 2019), anti-inflammatory (Taleb-Senouci et al., 2012), anticancer effects, antioxidants, and antihypertensives (El-Hilaly et al., 2004). While the dermatoprotective effect is studied by inhibiting the activity of elastase in vitro. The essential oils of the aerial parts have shown an IC50 value of 192.21 μg/mL (Bouyahya et al., 2021).... Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 11 Thyme varieties Thymus L, also known as "Ziitra or Azukni," is an aromatic plant from the Lamiaceae family that is native to North Africa, Europe, and Asia. It has been used for centuries in Morocco to treat various illnesses, including inflammatory diseases. Traditional medicine recognizes its many benefits, such as treating infections caused by bacteria, fungi, and parasites (Hosseinzadeh et al., 2015), relieving coughs, and increasing appetite (Jarić et al., 2015). Thymus saturejoides Coss, Thymus atlanticus (Ball), and Thymus zygis L. are species of Morocco (Ramchoun et al., 2012) that are known for their anti-inflammatory properties and are used in folk medicine (Bellakhdar et al., 1991). Several studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous thyme extracts using three models: mouse ear edema induced by croton oil, paw edema induced by carrageenin in rats, and albumin denaturation inhibition test. After 5 hours of treatment, at a dose of 50 mg / kg of Thymus atlanticus (Ball) the paw edema induced by carrageenin has been reduced by 3.74% ± 0.01% and 9.52% ± 0.04 % for Thymus zygis L. and Thymus atlanticus (Ball), respectively (P <0.001) (Khouya et al., 2015). While after eight hours treatment, the aqueous extract significantly reduced the volume of croton oil-induced ear edema by 70.47%, 84.62% and 29.66% at 900 mg / ear for Thymus zygis L., Thymus atlanticus (Ball) and Thymus saturejoides Coss respectively (Khouya et al., 2015). According to Hmidani et al. (2019), the order of albumin denaturation inhibition of the aqueous extracts was: Thymus atlanticus (Ball) (IC50 = 122.90 μg / mL), followed by Thymus zygis L. (IC50 = 133.25 μg / mL), and Thymus saturejoides Coss (IC50 = 181.42 μg / mL). In a recent study, Khouya and collaborators (Khouya et al., 2020) reported that aerial parts of Thymus atlanticus (Ball) have shown a 70% inhibition of paw edema induced by carrageenan at a concentration of 100 mg / kg of aqueous extract of Thymus atlanticus (Ball). Lawsonia inermis L. Lawsonia inermis L. (Family Lythraceae), commonly known as Lhena, is a medicinal plant widely cultivated around the world, and its leaves have many medicinal, and cosmetic uses (Rostkowska et al., 1998). Pharmacological studies have revealed that it can be used in the treatment and prevention of inflammation, diarrhea, diabetes and ulcers and other diseases. In addition, it has antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antifungal, analgesic and antipyretic effects (Rostkowska et al., 1998). Ineed, Zouhri et al. (2017) reported the anti-inflammatory effect of Lawsonia inermis L fixed oils on paw edema induced by carrageenan in rats. The results showed that Lawsonia inermis reduced inflammation by 90.30% at 0.1 mg / ml after five hours. The anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Lawsonia inermis was also studied by Bouhlali et al. (2016). They found that when the extract was administered at a dose of 200 μg/mL, it significantly reduced protein denaturation with an IC50 of 103.21 μg/mL. Rosmarinus officinalis L. Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Azir) is a medicinal, and aromatic plant of the Lamiaceae family, which is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region, but today it is cultivated all over the globe (Bendif et al., 2017; Karadağ et al., 2019). The leaves are used as a spice to flavor cooking in traditional medicine, and because of its healing properties (Prior et al., 1998), such as stomach diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes and inflammatory diseases (Bakırel et al., 2008). Azir is also used to reduce anxiety and depression (Nematolahi et al., 2018), and for its antioxidant, and antibacterial properties (de Melo et al., 2011; González-Trujano et al., 2007). The anti-inflammatory effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. has been confirmed by the essential oil from the leaves in a lipoxygenase assay model. This plant reduced inflammation at a concentration of 4.21 mg/mL with an IC50 value of 0.548 ± 0.005 mg/mL (El Kharraf et al., 2021). Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 12 Table 1.Table 1.Table 1.Table 1. Plants used in the inflammation treatment in Morocco, cited in ethnobotanical studies FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Common orCommon orCommon orCommon or local namelocal namelocal namelocal name Part usedPart usedPart usedPart used Preparation Preparation Preparation Preparation methodsmethodsmethodsmethods Modes of Modes of Modes of Modes of administradministradministradministr ationsationsationsations Number Number Number Number of of of of citationscitationscitationscitations ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences AmaranthaAmaranthaAmaranthaAmarantha ceaeceaeceaeceae Anabasis aretioides Moq. & Coss. ex Bunge Chajra limayhazha rrih Aerial parts Decoction Oral 1 (Merzouki et al., 2000) Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Mkhinza Leaves Decoction Oral 1 (Chaachouay et al., 2022) Haloxylon scoparium Pomel Tirguelt Seeds, Whole plant Decoction Local applicatio n 1 (Bachar et al., 2021) AmaryllidaAmaryllidaAmaryllidaAmaryllida ceaeceaeceaeceae Allium cepa L. L’bssale Bulb, Whole plant Decoction and cataplasm Oral or local applicatio n 3 (Bachar et al., 2021; Bouyahya et al., 2017; Salhi et al., 2019) Allium sativum L. Toum Bulb, Whole plant Decoction, cataplasm Oral or local applicatio n 1 (Bachar et al., 2021) AnacardiacAnacardiacAnacardiacAnacardiac eaeeaeeaeeae Pistacia lentiscus L. Drou Leaves, Flowers Decoction Mouthwa sh 1 (Zougagh et al., 2019) Searsia pentaphylla (Jacq.) F.A Barkley Tizgha Leaves Decoction Oral 1 (Chaachouay et al., 2022) ApiaceaeApiaceaeApiaceaeApiaceae Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. Bouchnikha, khala Seeds, Whole plant, Flowers Decoction Oral or Mouthwa sh 2 (Bachar et al., 2021; Najem et al., 2020) Artemisia arborescens (Vaill.) L. Chiba Leaves Decoction Mouthwa sh 1 (Najem et al., 2020) Carlina gummifera (L.) Less Dad Root Decoction Mouthwa sh 1 (Najem et al., 2020) Cachrys libanotis L. Kollikh Root Decoction Oral 1 (Merzouki et al., 2000) Carum carvi L. NI Seeds Decoction Oral 1 (Boufous et al., 2017) Coriandrum sativum L. Qasbor Leaves Decoction Oral 1 (Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010) Cuminum cymimum L. Kamoun Seeds Maceration Oral 1 (Fadil et al., 2015) Matricaria chamomilla L. Babounj lahmir Leaves, Flowers NI NI 1 (Najem et al., 2020) Pimpinella anisum L. NI Seeds Decoction Oral 1 (Ajebli et al., 2017) Kundmannia sicula (L.) DC. Ziyata Root Decoction Oral 1 (Merzouki et al., 2000) Thapsia garganica L. Addaryas Aerial parts Infusion Oral 1 (Merzouki et al., 2000) Thapsia transtagana Brot. Deriass Root Decoction Oral 1 (Saadi et al., 2013) ApocynaceApocynaceApocynaceApocynace aeaeaeae Nerium oleander L. Dafla, Ariri , Alili Leaves Decoction Oral 4 (Bachar et al., 2021; Eddouks et al., 2017; Jamila and Mostafa, 2014; Salhi et al., 2019) AraceaeAraceaeAraceaeAraceae Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz Irni Whole plant Decoction Oral 2 (Chaachouay et al., 2022) AristolochiAristolochiAristolochiAristolochi aceaeaceaeaceaeaceae Aristolochia baetica L. Berez’tem Aerial parts, Whole plant Powder Oral 1 (Bachar et al., 2021) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 13 AsclepiadaAsclepiadaAsclepiadaAsclepiada ceaeceaeceaeceae Periploca angustifolia Labill. Asellif Leaves, Root Decoction and powder Local applicatio n 1 (Saadi et al., 2013) AsparagaceAsparagaceAsparagaceAsparagace aeaeaeae Agave Americana L. Sabra Whole plant Cataplasm Local applicatio n 1 (Chaachouay et al., 2022) Asparagus officinalis L. Sekoum Root Cataplasm Local applicatio n 1 (Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010) AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae Artemisia herba-alba Asso Chih Leaves, Whole plant Infusion and decoction Oral 5 (Bachar et al., 2021; Merzouki et al., 2000; Najem et al., 2020; Saadi et al., 2013; Salhi et al., 2019; Skalli et al., 2019) Carlina gummifera (L.) Less. Addad Whole plant Decoction Oral 3 (Chaachouay et al., 2022; Merzouki et al., 2000) Calendula officinalis L. Jemra Flowers Powder Local applicatio n 4 (Eddouks et al., 2017; Fadil et al., 2015; Salhi et al., 2019; Zouhri and Aarab, 2018) Cynara humilis L Timta, Taymeth Root, Whole plant Powder Local applicatio n 2 (Bachar et al., 2021; Salhi et al., 2019) Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter Magraman, Terrahla Leaves Decoction, infusion Local applicatio n, Oral 3 (Chaachouay et al., 2022; Saadi et al., 2013) Lactuca virosa Habl. Ahchlaf Nssem Whole plant Decoction Oral 1 (Chaachouay et al., 2021) Santolina rosmarinifolia L. Oue-zouaza Flower, Leaves Infusion Oral 1 (Fadil et al., 2015) Scolymus hispanicus L. Guernina Rhizome Infusion Oral 1 (Bachar et al., 2021) Warionia saharae Benth. Coss. Afessas Leaves Decoction Local applicatio n 1 (Saadi et al., 2013) BoraginaceBoraginaceBoraginaceBoraginace aeaeaeae Borago officinalis L. Lahricha, Lisan attur Leaves Decoction Oral 2 (El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Jamila and Mostafa, 2014) BrassicaceaBrassicaceaBrassicaceaBrassicacea eeee Brassica napus L. Laft Root, Leaves Decoction and maceration Oral 1 (Jamila and Mostafa, 2014) Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Al khardal Lak’hal Seeds Cataplasm Local applicatio n 1 (Merzouki et al., 2000) Brassica oleracea L. Kroumb Leaves Cataplasm Local applicatio n 1 (Bachar et al., 2021) CactaceaeCactaceaeCactaceaeCactaceae Opuntia ficus- indica (L.) Mill. El Hendia Whole plant, rackets Cataplasm Oral and local applicatio n 6 (Bachar et al., 2021; Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010; Salhi et al., 2019; Zouhri and Aarab, 2018) CapparaceCapparaceCapparaceCapparace aeaeaeae Capparis spinosa L. Kebbar Fruits Decoction Oral 2 (El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Ziyyat et al., 1997) CaryophyllCaryophyllCaryophyllCaryophyll aceaeaceaeaceaeaceae Saponaria officinalis L. Sarghina, Tighighacht Root, Seeds Powder and decoction Oral or external applicatio n 2 (Jamila and Mostafa, 2014; Merzouki et al., 2000) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 14 CombretacCombretacCombretacCombretac eaeeaeeaeeae Terminalia chebula Retz. Hlilaj khal Fruits Powder Local applicatio n 1 (Boufous et al., 2017) CompositaCompositaCompositaComposita eeee Anthemis tomentosa Boiss. Nouar el jenna Flowers Maceration External applicatio n 1 (El-Hilaly et al., 2003) CucurbitacCucurbitacCucurbitacCucurbitac eaeeaeeaeeae Bryonia dioica L. Enab dib Root Decoction Oral 1 (El-Hilaly et al., 2003) Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Handal, Hdejja Fruits Decoction Oral 2 (Merzouki et al., 2000; Ziyyat et al., 1997) CupressaceCupressaceCupressaceCupressace aeaeaeae Juniperus phoenicea L. Ar’ar Stem Powder Oral 1 (Bouyahya et al., 2017) EricaceaeEricaceaeEricaceaeEricaceae Arbutus unedo L. Sasnou Root Powder Local applicatio n 1 (Ziyyat et al., 1997) EuphorbiaEuphorbiaEuphorbiaEuphorbia ceaeceaeceaeceae Euphorbia falcata L. Hayat annofos Whole plant Infusion Oral 2 (Chaachouay et al., 2022; Merzouki et al., 2000) Ricinus communis L. Lkharouaa Leaves Decoction Inhalatio n 1 (Jamila and Mostafa, 2014) FabaceaeFabaceaeFabaceaeFabaceae Medicago sativa L. Fassa Seeds Infusion Oral 1 (Fadil et al., 2015) Trigonella foenum- graecum L. Halba Seeds Infusion Oral 1 (Fadil et al., 2015) FagaceaeFagaceaeFagaceaeFagaceae Quercus ilex L. D’bagh ou Fernân Root Powder Local applicatio n 2 (Chaachouay et al., 2022; Ouarghidi et al., 2013; Salhi et al., 2019) Vicia faba L. Fûl Leaves Powder Local applicatio n 1 (Salhi et al., 2019) GentianceaGentianceaGentianceaGentiancea eeee Centaurium erythraea Rafn. Korsat lhaya Flowers Maceration Local applicatio n 1 (Bouyahya et al., 2017) GeraniaceaGeraniaceaGeraniaceaGeraniacea eeee Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. Ifer laâtar Flowers, leaves Infusion Oral 1 (Fadil et al., 2015) JungladaceJungladaceJungladaceJungladace aeaeaeae Juglans regia L. Asswak Leaves Infusion Oral 1 (Merzouki et al., 2000) LamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceae Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. Chendgoura Leaves Decoction Oral 5 (Bachar et al., 2021; Bouyahya et al., 2017; Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010; Merzouki et al., 2000; Mikou et al., 2015) Calamintha officinalis Moench Manta Leaves Decoction Mouthwa sh 1 (Zougagh et al., 2019) Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Khzama Flowers, Leaves Decoction Oral 2 (Fadil et al., 2015; Mikou et al., 2015) Lavandula multifida L. Hlihla Stem Decoction Oral 1 (El-Hilaly et al., 2003) Lavandula stoechas L. Halhal Flowers Decoction Oral 5 (Bouyahya et al., 2017; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010; Merzouki et al., 2000; Saadi et al., 2013) Origanum compactum Benth Zaatar tadlaoui Leaves, Flowers Decoction Mouthwa sh 1 (Najem et al., 2020) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 15 Origanum majorana L. Merdeddouch Aerial parts Infusion Oral 1 (Merzouki et al., 2000) Origanum vulgare L. Zâtar Flowers, Leaves Decoction Oral 3 (Fadil et al., 2015; Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010; Mikou et al., 2015) Marrubium vulgare L. Merrîwut Leaves Powder Local applicatio n 1 (Salhi et al., 2019) Melissa officinalis L. Naanae souf Leaves Infusion Oral 1 (Mikou et al., 2015) Mentha pulegium L. Fliou Flowers, Leaves Infusion Oral or inhalation 3 (Fadil et al., 2015; Mikou et al., 2015; Saadi et al., 2013) Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds. Mchichtro Arial parts Infusion Oral 1 (Merzouki et al., 2000) Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. Timija Leaves Decoction Oral 1 (Zougagh et al., 2019) Mentha spicata L. Naenae Leaves Cataplasm Local applicatio n 1 (Salhi et al., 2019) Rosmarinus officinalis L. Azir, yazir Flowers, Leaves Infusion Oral 6 (El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Fadil et al., 2015; Mikou et al., 2015; Saadi et al., 2013; Skalli et al., 2019) Salvia officinalis L. Sâlmiya Leaves Maceration and infusion Oral and local applicatio n 7 (Bouyahya et al., 2017; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010; Mikou et al., 2015; Saadi et al., 2013; Salhi et al., 2019; Skalli et al., 2019) Salvia verbenaca L. Al’khiata Aerial part Powder Local applicatio n 1 (Merzouki et al., 2000) Thymus vulgaris L. Ziitra Flowers Infusion NI 1 (Mikou et al., 2015) LauraceaeLauraceaeLauraceaeLauraceae Cinnamomum verum J.Presl L’Karfa Bark Infusion and decoction Oral or mouthwas h 2 (Bachar et al., 2021; Zougagh et al., 2019) Laurus nobilis L. Rend, Ouarkat sidna moussa Leaves Decoction Oral 2 (Jamila and Mostafa, 2014; Ziyyat et al., 1997) LeguminosLeguminosLeguminosLeguminos eaeeaeeaeeae Anthyllis cytisoides L. Chtappa Root Decoction Oral 1 (Bachar et al., 2021) Cassia senna L. Lsana Leaves Decoction Oral 2 (Eddouks et al., 2017; Jamila and Mostafa, 2014) Ceratonia siliqua L. Kharoub Seeds Decoction Oral 1 (Bouyahya et al., 2017) Melilotus indicus (L.) All. Azroud Leaves, Flowers Infusion Oral 1 (Merzouki et al., 2000) LiliaceaeLiliaceaeLiliaceaeLiliaceae Allium sativum (L.) NI Bulb Decoction Oral 1 (Boufous et al., 2017) LinaceaeLinaceaeLinaceaeLinaceae Linum usitatissimum L. Zariat al kettan Seeds Powder Local applicatio n 1 (Salhi et al., 2019) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 16 LythraceaeLythraceaeLythraceaeLythraceae Lawsonia inermis L. L’hanna Leaves Powder and decoction Local applicatio n or oral 5 (Bachar et al., 2021; Boufous et al., 2017; Chaachouay et al., 2022; Fadil et al., 2015; Salhi et al., 2019) MalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceae Malva sylvestris L. Khobbeza Leaves Cataplasm Local applicatio n 1 (Zouhri and Aarab, 2018) MyristicaceMyristicaceMyristicaceMyristicace aeaeaeae Myristica fragrans Houtt. Lgouza Seeds Powder Oral 1 (Saadi et al., 2013) MyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceae Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Kalitus Flowers, Leaves Infusion and decoction Oral or mouthwas h 2 (Ziyyat et al., 1997; Zougagh et al., 2019) NitrariaceaNitrariaceaNitrariaceaNitrariacea eeee Peganum hamala L. Lharmal Stem, Seeds Decoction Oral 3 (Jamila and Mostafa, 2014; Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010; Ziyyat et al., 1997) OleaceaeOleaceaeOleaceaeOleaceae Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl Touzalt, Alssan Attir, Addardar Leaves, Fruits Powder Local applicatio n 1 (Merzouki et al., 2000; Ziyyat et al., 1997) Fraxinus excelsior L. Dardar Leaves Decoction Oral 1 (Bachar et al., 2021) Olea europaea L. Zebbûj, Zitoun Leaves, Fruits Powder and decoction Oral and local applicatio n 3 (Boufous et al., 2017; Bouyahya et al., 2017; Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010) Phillyrea angustifolia L. Benzemmour Leaves Decoction Local applicatio n 1 (Saadi et al., 2013) PapaveracePapaveracePapaveracePapaverace aeaeaeae Glaucium flavum Crantz Merzak Halabi Flowers Decoction Oral 1 (Chaachouay et al., 2022) Papaver rhoeas L. Bellamane Flowers Infusion Oral 1 (Fadil et al., 2015) PlantaginaPlantaginaPlantaginaPlantagina ceaeceaeceaeceae Plantago coronopus L. L-messâssa, Rjal laghrab Leaves Powder Local applicatio n 3 (El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Salhi et al., 2019; Zouhri and Aarab, 2018) PinaceaePinaceaePinaceaePinaceae Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Arz El Atlas Leaves Decoction Oral 1 (Chaachouay et al., 2021) PiperaceaePiperaceaePiperaceaePiperaceae Triticum durum Desf. Kam’h salb Bran Decoction Oral 1 (Bachar et al., 2021) PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Anjem Rhizome Decoction Oral 1 (Merzouki et al., 2000) PteridaceaePteridaceaePteridaceaePteridaceae Adiantum capillus- veneris L. Ziata Leaves Decoction Mouthwa sh 1 (Zougagh et al., 2019) RanunculaRanunculaRanunculaRanuncula ceaeceaeceaeceae Nigella sativa L. Habba sawda, Sanouj Seeds Powder and decoction Oral or mouthwas h 3 (Boufous et al., 2017; Saadi et al., 2013; Zougagh et al., 2019) RhamnaceaRhamnaceaRhamnaceaRhamnacea eeee Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lamk. Sadra Leaves Decoction Oral 1 (Ziyyat et al., 1997) RosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceae Rosa centifolia L. Lward lbeldi Flowers Infusion Oral 1 (Fadil et al., 2015) Rubus ulmifolius Schott. Tût azzarb, Serrmû Leaves Decoction Mouthwa sh 1 (Najem et al., 2020) RutaceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeRutaceae Citrus aurantium L. Range Leaves Decoction Oral 1 (Fadil et al., 2015) Citrus sp. Ouadmi Root Powder Oral 1 (Jamila and Mostafa, 2014) Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Litchin Leaves Decoction Oral 1 (Jamila and Mostafa, 2014) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 17 Ruta montana L. Fidjel Aerial part, Leaves Decoction and cataplasm Oral or local applicatio n 2 (Saadi et al., 2013; Ziyyat et al., 1997) SalicaceaeSalicaceaeSalicaceaeSalicaceae Populus nigra L. Safsaf Leaves Decoction Mouthwa sh 1 (Zougagh et al., 2019) Salix alba L. Oud lma Leaves Decoction Inhalatio n 1 (Jamila and Mostafa, 2014) SolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceae Capsicum frutescens L. Sudaniya, Flfel Har Fruits Cataplasm Local applicatio n 1 (Chaachouay et al., 2022) Datura stramonium L. Chdak jmal Leaves Cataplasm Local applicatio n 1 (Zouhri and Aarab, 2018) Mandragora automnalis Bertol. Bid el gul Fruits Raw Oral 1 (El-Hilaly et al., 2003) UrticaceaeUrticaceaeUrticaceaeUrticaceae Urtica dioica L. Horriga Leaves Decoction Local applicatio n 2 (Bachar et al., 2021; Ziyyat et al., 1997) Urtica urens L. Horiga elmelsa Leaves Decoction Mouthwa sh 2 (Najem et al., 2020; Zougagh et al., 2019) VerbenaceaVerbenaceaVerbenaceaVerbenacea eeee Verbena officinalis L. Lwiza Leaves Infusion Oral 1 (Fadil et al., 2015) Vitex agnus-castus L. El kherwae Leaves Infusion Oral 1 (El-Hilaly et al., 2003) ZingiberacZingiberacZingiberacZingiberac eaeeaeeaeeae Alpinia officinarum Hance Khudenjal Root Decoction Oral 1 (Saadi et al., 2013) Zingiber officinale Rosc. Skinjbir Rhizome Decoction and Infusion Oral 1 (Saadi et al., 2013) ZygophyllaZygophyllaZygophyllaZygophylla ceaeceaeceaeceae Zygophyllum gaetulum (Emb. and Maire) NI Leaves, Stem Powder and decoction Oral or external applicatio n 1 (Boufous et al., 2017) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 18 Table 2.Table 2.Table 2.Table 2. Anti-inflammatory activities of Moroccan medicinal plants used traditionally to treat inflammation FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily Plant speciesPlant speciesPlant speciesPlant species Local Local Local Local namenamenamename Parts Parts Parts Parts usedusedusedused Form ofForm ofForm ofForm of extractextractextractextract DoseDoseDoseDose Methods usedMethods usedMethods usedMethods used TherapeuticTherapeuticTherapeuticTherapeutic activityactivityactivityactivity Mechanism of Mechanism of Mechanism of Mechanism of aaaa ntintintinti---- inflammatory inflammatory inflammatory inflammatory activityactivityactivityactivity ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences AmaryllidaAmaryllidaAmaryllidaAmaryllida ceaeceaeceaeceae Allium subvillosum Salzm. ex Schult. & Schult.f. Basilah Bulbs Hydroethan olic extract 300 µg/cm2 Carrageenan- induced Ear edema in mice Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y effect 22 % inhibition at 300 µg/cm2 (Moussaid et al., 2011) AphloiacAphloiacAphloiacAphloiaceaeaeaea eeee Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn. Mfandrab o Leaves Methanol extract 100-200 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Immunomo dulatory and Anti- inflammator y Activities 93 % inhibition at 200 mg/kg after 5h (Hsoidrou et al., 2014) ApiaceaeApiaceaeApiaceaeApiaceae Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. Kamoun n es-sofi Seeds Hydroethan olic Extract 100-200 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Antidiabetic and Anti- Inflammator y Activities 84 % inhibition at 200 mg/kg after 6h (Es-Safi, Mechchate, Amaghnouje, Jawhari, et al., 2020) Apium graveolens L. Karafs Stems and leaves Hydrometh anolic extract 20 - 1000 μg/mL Nitric oxide inhibition assay Anti- inflammator y activity NO inhibition (IC50 of 270,38 ± 5.25 μg/mL) (Derouich et al., 2020) Coriandrum sativum L. Kasbour Stems and leaves Hydrometh anolic extract 20 - 1000 μg/mL Nitric oxide inhibition assay Anti- inflammator y activity NO inhibition (IC50 of 218,63 ± 6.41 μg/mL) (Derouich et al., 2020) Coriandrum sativum L. Kasbour Seeds Methanol extract 25-50 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Antioxidant, Anti- Inflammator y and Antidiabetic Proprieties 87 % inhibition at 25 mg/kg after 6h (Mechchate et al., 2021) Cuminum cyminum L. Kemmûn Seeds Methanol extract 50 - 800 μg/mL Inhibition of protein denaturation Antioxidant and anti- inflammator y properties 57,66 % inhibition at 200 μg/mL (IC50 = 134.87 μg/mL) (BOUHLALI et al., 2016) Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss Maadnou s Stems and leaves Hydrometh anolic extract 20 - 1000 μg/mL Nitric oxide inhibition assay Anti- inflammator y activity NO inhibition (IC50 of 142.45 ± 5.59 μg/mL) (Derouich et al., 2020) Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Maadnou s Aerial parts Hydro- ethanolic extract 500-1000 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Estrogenic and anti- inflammator y activities 63,33 % inhibition at 500 mg/kg after 6h (Slighoua et al., 2021) Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Maadnou s Aerial parts Polyphenol fraction 500-1000 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Estrogenic and anti- inflammator y activities 81,33 % inhibition at 220 mg/kg after 6h (Slighoua et al., 2021) Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn. Mfandrab o Leaves Methanol extract 100-200 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats mmunomod ulatory and Anti- inflammator y Activities 93 % inhibition at 200 mg/kg after 5h (Hsoidrou et al., 2014) ApocynaceApocynaceApocynaceApocynace aeaeaeae Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br. Eddaghm ouss Aerial parts Ethanol extract 100–200 mg/kg Xylene Induced Mouse Ear Edema Antioxidant Activity, Anti- Inflammator y and Analgesic Effects 62,04 % inhibition at 100 mg/kg (Kebbou et al., 2019) Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br. Eddaghm ouss Aerial parts Ethyl acetate extract 100–200 mg/kg Xylene Induced Mouse Ear Edema Antioxidant Activity, Anti- Inflammator y and Analgesic Effects 57,05 % inhibition at 100 mg/kg (Kebbou et al., 2019) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 19 Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br. Eddaghm ouss Aerial parts Hydroethan ol 50–100 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- Inflammator y, Antifungal, and Antibacteria l Activities 69,50 % inhibition at 100 mg/kg after 4h (Amrati et al., 2021) Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br. Eddaghm ouss Aerial parts N-butanol 50–100 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- Inflammator y, Antifungal, and Antibacteria l Activities 76,32 % inhibition at 100 mg/kg after 5h (Amrati et al., 2021) Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br. Eddaghm ouss Aerial parts Polyphenol rich fractions 50–100 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- Inflammator y, Antifungal, and Antibacteria l Activities 76,70 % inhibition at 100 mg/kg after 6h (Amrati et al., 2021) ArecaceaeArecaceaeArecaceaeArecaceae Phoenix dactylifera L. Jihl Fruit Aqueous extract 2 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y activity 68,2 % inhibition at 2 mg/kg (Bouhlali et al., 2018) Phoenix dactylifera L. Boufgous Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Anti- inflammator y activity 58,37 % inhibition at 500 μg after 4h (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Boufgous Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y activity 58,37 % inhibition at 30 mg/kg after 6h (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Boufgous Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Inhibition of protein denaturation Anti- inflammator y activity Inhibition of albumin denaturation (IC50 = 241.65 ± 6.69 μg/mL) (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Boufgous Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Nitric oxide inhibition assay Anti- inflammator y activity NO inhibition (IC50 of 114,45 ± 7.63 μg/mL) (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Boustha mmi Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Anti- inflammator y activity 77,17 % inhibition at 500 μg after 4h (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Boustha mmi Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y activity 58,37 % inhibition at 30 mg/kg after 6h (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Boustha mmi Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Inhibition of protein denaturation Anti- inflammator y activity Inhibition of albumin denaturation (IC50 = 138.04 ± 7.83 μg/mL) (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Boustha mmi Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Nitric oxide inhibition assay Anti- inflammator y activity NO inhibition (IC50 of 118,36 ± 5.92 μg/mL) (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Jihl Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Anti- inflammator y activity 71,69 % inhibition at 500 μg after 4h (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Jihl Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y activity 58,37 % inhibition at 30 mg/kg after 6h (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Jihl Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Inhibition of protein denaturation Anti- inflammator y activity Inhibition of albumin denaturation (IC50 = 116.63 ± 6.75 μg/mL) (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 20 Phoenix dactylifera L. Jihl Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Nitric oxide inhibition assay Anti- inflammator y activity NO inhibition (IC50 of 108,57 ± 5.15 μg/mL) (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Majhoul Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Anti- inflammator y activity 50,64 % inhibition at 500 μg after 4h (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Majhoul Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y activity 58,37 % inhibition at 30 mg/kg after 6h (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Majhoul Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Inhibition of protein denaturation Anti- inflammator y activity Inhibition of albumin denaturation (IC50 = 209.38 ± 9.01 μg/mL) (Bouhlali et al., 2020) Phoenix dactylifera L. Majhoul Seeds Methanol extract 20–1000 μg/mL Nitric oxide inhibition assay Anti- inflammator y activity NO inhibition (IC50 of 163,63 ± 6.39 μg/mL) (Bouhlali et al., 2020) AsparagaceAsparagaceAsparagaceAsparagace aeaeaeae Dipcadi serotinum (L.) Medik. Bssal Eddib Bulbs Hydroethan olic extract 300 µg/cm2 Carrageenan- induced Ear edema in mice Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y effect 22 % inhibition at 300 µg/cm2 (Moussaid et al., 2011) BrassicaceaBrassicaceaBrassicaceaBrassicacea eeee Moricandia sinaica (Boiss.) Boiss. Krombe Aerial parts Hydrometh anolic extract 250–500 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Analgesic, Anti- Inflammator y and Antipyretic Activities 52,4 % inhibition at 500 mg/mL (El-mekkawy et al., 2020) CactaceaeCactaceaeCactaceaeCactaceae Opuntia ficus- indica (L.) Mill. Lhindia Flowers Aqueous acetone extract 0,18–2.25 mg/mL Nitric oxide inhibition assay Antioxidant and anti- inflammator y activities 90% NO inhibition (IC50 of 0,19 mg/mL) (Benayad et al., 2014) CapparaceCapparaceCapparaceCapparace aeaeaeae Capparis spinosa L. Kabâr Leaves Ethanol extract 1.07 g/Kg Paw oedema assay in mice Anti- inflammator y activity 73,44 % inhibition at 1,07 g/kg (El Azhary et al., 2017) Capparis spinosa L. Kabâr Leaves Aqueous extract 100-500 µg/ml Unknown Anti- inflammator y activity inhibition of another pro inflammatory cytokine, IL-17 at 500 μg/ml (Moutia et al., 2016) CistaceaeCistaceaeCistaceaeCistaceae Cistus ladanifer L. Arguil, Bouchikh Leaves Aqueous Extract 150-200 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- Inflammator y and Analgesic Effects 93,77 % inhibition at 200 mg/kg after 3h (El Hamsas El Youbi et al., 2016) Cistus monspeliensis L. Arguil, Bouchikh Aerial parts Aqueous extract 500 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y and analgesic activities 85,78 % inhibition at 500 mg/kg after 6h (Sayah et al., 2017) Cistus salviifolius L. Arguil, Bouchikh Aerial parts Aqueous extract 500 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y and analgesic activities 91,57 % inhibition at 500 mg/kg after 6h (Sayah et al., 2017) ColchicaceColchicaceColchicaceColchicace aeaeaeae Androcymbiu m gramineum (Cav.) J.F.Macbr. Ssgëm Lerneb Bulbs Hydroethan olic extract 300 µg/cm2 Carrageenan- induced Ear edema in mice Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y effect 25 % inhibition at 300 µg/cm2 (Moussaid et al., 2011) CompositaCompositaCompositaComposita eeee Anacyclus pyrethrum (L) Oud AL Attass Roots Hydroalcoh olic extract 300 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Analgesic, Anti- Inflammator y, and Wound Healing Properties 96 % inhibition at 300 mg/mL (Jawhari et al., 2020) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 21 Anacyclus pyrethrum (L) Oud AL Attass Seeds Hydroalcoh olic extract 500 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Analgesic, Anti- Inflammator y, and Wound Healing Properties 96% inhibition at 500 mg/mL (Jawhari et al., 2020) Anacyclus pyrethrum (L) Oud AL Attass Capitul a Hydroalcoh olic extract 500 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Analgesic, Anti- Inflammator y, and Wound Healing Properties 98% inhibition at 500mg/mL (Jawhari et al., 2020) Anacyclus pyrethrum (L) Oud AL Attass Roots Aqueous extract 125-500 mg/kg Xylene–induced Ear edema Anti- inflammator y, Antinocicep tive and Antioxidant Activities 62 % inhibition at 500 mg/kg (Manouze et al., 2017) Anacyclus pyrethrum (L) Oud AL Attass Roots Methanol extract 125-500 mg/kg Xylene–induced Ear edema Anti- inflammator y, Antinocicep tive and Antioxidant Activities 65 % inhibition at 500 mg/mL (Manouze et al., 2017) Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter Amakarm an Leaves Aqueous extract 200 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti-infam matory and antioxidant activities 54 % inhibition at 200 mg/kg (Lounis et al., 2018) Lactuca sativa L. Mesiouka , harouka leaves Hydroalcoh olic extract 200–400 mg/kg Formaldehyde- induced pedal edema test in rats Antioxidant and Anti- inflammator y Activities 50,1 % inhibition at 400 mg/mL (Zekkori et al., 2018) Kleinia anteuphorbiu m (L.) Haw. Cigar Leaves Aqueous extract 200 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti-infam matory and antioxidant activities 43% inhibition at 200 mg/kg (Lounis et al., 2018) ClusiaceaeClusiaceaeClusiaceaeClusiaceae Allanblackia gabonensis (Pellegr.) Bamps Ntia Stem bark Methylene chloride fraction 37,5 - 300 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y and anti- nociceptive activities 83,33 % inhibition by carrageenan at 150mg/mL (Nguemfo et al., 2007) Allanblackia gabonensis (Pellegr.) Bamps Ntia Stem bark Methylene chloride fraction 37,5 - 300 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y and anti- nociceptive activities 42,10 % inhibition by histamine at 150 mg/ml (Nguemfo et al., 2007) Allanblackia gabonensis (Pellegr.) Bamps Ntia Stem bark Methylene chloride fraction 37,5 - 300 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y and anti- nociceptive activities 64,20 % inhibition by arachidonic acid at 150 mg/ml (Nguemfo et al., 2007) Allanblackia gabonensis (Pellegr.) Bamps Ntia Stem bark Methylene chloride fraction 37,5 - 300 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y and anti- nociceptive activities 40,29 % inhibition by dextran at 150 mg/ml (Nguemfo et al., 2007) Garcinia mangostana L. Tamoul Leaves Dichlorome thane extract 31.25 - 1000 µg/ml Inhibition of protein denaturation Antioxidant, Anti- inflammator y and Cytotoxicol ogical Properties Inhibition of protein denaturation (IC50 = 152.79±3.34 μg/m) (Chadon Alphonsine Assemian et al., 2019) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 22 Garcinia mangostana L. Tamoul Leaves Ethanol extract 31.25 - 1000 µg/ml Inhibition of protein denaturation Antioxidant, Anti- inflammator y and Cytotoxicol ogical Properties Inhibition of protein denaturation (IC50 = 652.33 ± 12.23 μg/mL) (Chadon Alphonsine Assemian et al., 2019) CoriariaceCoriariaceCoriariaceCoriariace aeaeaeae Coriaria myrtifolia L. Arwaz or rewiza Leaves Ethyl acetate extract 0,005 - 0,013 mg/kg The plantar edema model induced in rabbits by carrageenan. Antioxidant and anti- inflammator y activities 68,2 % inhibition at 0,005 mg/kg dose after 3h (Hafsé et al., 2017) CupressaceCupressaceCupressaceCupressace aeaeaeae Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. Al'Araar or Azouka Leaves Essential oil 100–200 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Antioxidant and anti- inflammator y activities 68,48 % inhibition at 200 mg/kg dose after 3h (El Jemli et al., 2017) Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. Al'Araar or Azouka Leaves Essential oil 100–200 mg/kg Trauma induced paw edema in rats Antioxidant and anti- inflammator y activities 84,51 % inhibition at 200 mg/kg dose after 3h (El Jemli et al., 2017) EricaceaeEricaceaeEricaceaeEricaceae Erica arborea L. Khlendj Aerial parts Ethanol extract 200–400 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Antioxidant and anti- inflammator y activities 59 % inhibition at 400 mg/kg dose after 3h (Amezouar et al., 2013) EuphorbiaEuphorbiaEuphorbiaEuphorbia ceaeceaeceaeceae Euphorbia granulata Forssk. Lubaina Whole plants Methanol extract 20–200 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y, antipyretic, analgesic activity 59,12 % inhibition at 200 mg/kg after 3h (Ghauri et al., 2021) FabaceaeFabaceaeFabaceaeFabaceae Albizia anthelmintica Brongn. _ Leaves Methanol extract 200–400 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y, pain killing and antipyretic activities 34 % inhibition at 400mg/mL (Sobeh, Rezq, et al., 2019) Albizia anthelmintica Brongn. _ Leaves Methanol extract 200–400 mg/kg Cyclooxygenase assay Anti- inflammator y, pain killing and antipyretic activities COX-1 inhibition (IC50 of 4,11 μg/mL) COX-2 inhibition (IC50 of 0,054 μg/mL (Sobeh, Rezq, et al., 2019) Albizia anthelmintica Brongn. _ Leaves Methanol extract 200–400 mg/kg Lipoxygenase assay Anti- inflammator y, pain killing and antipyretic activities 5-LOX inhibition (IC50 of ≥ 1,74 μg/mL) (Sobeh, Rezq, et al., 2019) GeraniaceaGeraniaceaGeraniaceaGeraniacea eeee Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. El aatricha Whole plants Essential oil 250 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Oxidative and sodium nitroprussid e stress and infammatio n 86,76 % inhibition at 250 mg/kg dose after 6h (Marmouzi et al., 2019) LamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceae Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. Chendgo ura Aerial parts Essential Oil 0,5 –3 mg/ml Inhibition of elastase activity Anti- inflammator y activity Elastase inhibition (IC50 of 192.21 ± 7.80 μg/mL) (Bouyahya et al., 2021) Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. Chendgo ura Aerial parts Essential Oil 40–160 µg/ml Inhibition of Tyrosinase activity Anti- inflammator y activity Tyrosinase inhibition (IC50 of 87.49 ± 0.98 μg/mL) (Bouyahya et al., 2021) Melissa officinalis L. Trandjan e Leaves Essential Oil 200–400 mg/kg Trauma induced paw edema in rats Anti- inflammator y activity 94,44 % inhibition at 400 mg/kg after 6h (Bounihi et al., 2013) Melissa officinalis L. Trandjan e Leaves Essential Oil 200–400 mg/kg carrageenan- induced paw edema test in rats Anti- inflammator y activity 70,58 % inhibition at 400 mg/kg after 6h (Bounihi et al., 2013) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 23 Mentha pulegium L. Fliou Aerial parts Hydroethan olic extract 300 µg/cm2 Carrageenan- induced Ear edema in mice Antioxidant, antiinflamm atory effect 28 % inhibition at 300 µg/cm2 (Moussaid et al., 2011) Origanum compactum Benth. Zaâtar Leaves Essential oil 4.21 mg/mL Lipoxygenase assays Antioxidant, antiinflamm atory, and antibacterial effect LOX inhibition (IC50 of 0.129 ± 0.004 mg/mL) (El Kharraf et al., 2021) Origanum compactum Benth Zaâtar Leaves Essential oil 4.21 mg/mL Acetylcholineste rase assays Antioxidant, antiinflamm atory, and antibacterial effect inhibition (IC50 of 0.13 ± 0.01 mg/mL) (El Kharraf et al., 2021) Rosmarinus officinalis L. Azir Leaves Essential oil 4.21 mg/mL Lipoxygenase assays Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y, and antibacterial effect LOX inhibition (IC50 of 0.548 ± 0.005 mg/mL) (El Kharraf et al., 2021) Rosmarinus officinalis L. Azir Leaves Essential oil 4.21 mg/mL Acetylcholineste rase assays Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y, and antibacterial effect inhibition (IC50 of 1.74 ± 0.17 mg/mL) (El Kharraf et al., 2021) Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Ziitra or Azukni Leaves Aqueous extract 50–150 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y and anticoagulan t effects 70 % inhibition at 100 mg/mL (Khouya et al., 2020) Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Ziitra Aerial parts Aqueous extract 900 µg/ear Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Anti- inflammator y, anticoagulan t and antioxidant effects 55,15 % inhibition at 900 µg/ear (Khouya et al., 2015) Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Ziitra Aerial parts Aqueous extract 50 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y, anticoagulan t and antioxidant effects 62,15 % inhibition at 50 mg/kg (Khouya et al., 2015) Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Ziitra Aerial parts Aqueous extract 200– 1500 μg/mL Inhibition of albumin denaturation Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y and anticoagulan t activities Inhibition of albumin denaturation (IC50 = 122.90 μg/mL) (Hmidani et al., 2019) Thymus broussonetii Boiss. Z’iitra Leaves Chloroform extract 300 μg cm 2 Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Anti- inflammator y activity 83,36 % inhibition at 1000 μg cm 2 dose after 6h (Ismaili et al., 2002) Thymus maroccanus Ball Z’iitra Aerial parts Ethanol extracts 300–600 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Antioxidant Activity, Anti- Inflammator y Potential 55,36 % inhibition at 300 mg/kg dose after 6h (Oubihi et al., 2020) Thymus maroccanus Ball Z’iitra Aerial parts Methanol extract 300–600 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Antioxidant Activity, Anti- Inflammator y Potential 57,51 % inhibition at 300 mg/kg dose after 6h (Oubihi et al., 2020) Thymus saturejoides Coss Azukni Leaves Hexane extract 300 µg cm−2 Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Anti- inflammator y and in vitro 24 % inhibition at 300 µg cm−2 dose after 6h (Ismaili et al., 2004) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 24 antioxidant activities Thymus saturejoides Coss Azukni Leaves Methanol extract 300 µg cm−2 Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Anti- inflammator y and in vitro antioxidant activities 29 % inhibition at 300 µg cm−2 dose after 6h (Ismaili et al., 2004) Thymus saturejoides Coss Azukni Leaves Chloroform extract 300 µg cm−2 Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Anti- inflammator y and in vitro antioxidant activities 65 % inhibition at 300 µg cm−2 dose after 6h (Ismaili et al., 2004) Thymus saturejoides Coss. Zaiitra Aerial parts Aqueous extract 900 µg/ear Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Anti- inflammator y, anticoagulan t and antioxidant effects 2,83 % inhibition at 900 µg/ear (Khouya et al., 2015) Thymus saturejoides Coss Zaiitra Aerial parts Aqueous extract 50 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y, anticoagulan t and antioxidant effects 8,93 % inhibition at 50 mg/kg (Khouya et al., 2015) Thymus saturejoides Coss Zaiitra Aerial parts Aqueous extract 200– 1500 μg/mL Inhibition of albumin denaturation Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y and anticoagulan t activities Inhibition of albumin denaturation (IC50 = 181.42 μg/mL) (Hmidani et al., 2019) Thymus vulgaris L. Z’itra Aerial parts Essential Oil 100–400 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y activity 58,4 % inhibition at 400 mg/mL (Abdelli et al., 2017) Thymus willdenowii Boiss. Z’itra Leaves Chloroform extract 300 μg cm 2 Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Anti- inflammator y activity 92 % inhibition at 300 μg cm 2 dose after 6h (Ismaili et al., 2001) Thymus zygis L. Z’itra Plant Aqueous extract 900 µg/ear Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Anti- inflammator y, anticoagulan t and antioxidant effects 31,52 % inhibition at 900 µg/ear (Khouya et al., 2015) Thymus zygis L. Z’itra Plant Aqueous extract 50 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y, anticoagulan t and antioxidant effects 87,20 % inhibition at 50 mg/kg (Khouya et al., 2015) Thymus zygis L. Z’itra Aerial parts Aqueous extract 900 µg/ear Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y and anticoagulan t activities 39,83 % inhibition at 900 µg/ear after 3h (Khouya et al., 2016) Thymus zygis L. Z’itra Aerial parts Dichlorome thane fraction 900 µg/ear Croton oil- induced ear edema in mice Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y and anticoagulan t activities 28,32 % inhibition at 900 µg/ear after 3h (Khouya et al., 2016) Thymus zygis L. Z’itra Aerial parts Aqueous extract 50 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y and anticoagulan t activities 86,61 % inhibition at 50 mg/kg (Khouya et al., 2016) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 25 Thymus zygis L. Z’itra Aerial parts Dichlorome thane fraction 50 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y and anticoagulan t activities 12,66 % inhibition at 50 mg/kg (Khouya et al., 2016) Thymus zygis L. Z’itra Aerial parts Aqueous extract 200– 1500 μg/mL Inhibition of albumin denaturation Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y and anticoagulan t activities Inhibition of albumin denaturation (IC50 = 133.25 μg/mL) (Hmidani et al., 2019) LeguminosLeguminosLeguminosLeguminos aeaeaeae Bauhinia reticulata DC. Nguiguis Leaves Methanol extract 40 μg/mL to 1000 μg/mL Inhibition of heat induced protein denaturation Antioxidant and the Anti- Inflammator y Effects 58,69 % Inhibition of albumin denaturation at 1000 μg/mL (IC50 = 121.43 ± 1.55 μg/mL) (Boualam et al., 2021) Bauhinia thonningii Schum. Nguiguis Leaves Methanol extract 40 - 1000 μg/mL Inhibition of heat induced protein denaturation Antioxidant and the Anti- Inflammator y Effects 67,39 % Inhibition of albumin denaturation at 1000 μg/mL (IC50 = 116.4 ± 0.73 μg/mL) (Boualam et al., 2021) LythraceaeLythraceaeLythraceaeLythraceae Lawsonia inermis L. Lhana Leaves Methanol extract 50 - 800 μg/mL Inhibition of protein denaturation Antioxidant and anti- inflammator y properties 82,42 % inhibition at 200 μg/mL (IC50 = 103.21 μg/mL) (BOUHLALI et al., 2016) Lawsonia inermis L. Lhena Leaves Oil 0,1 mg/ml Carrageenan induced pedal edema test in rabbits Antioxidant, Anti- inflammator y and Photoprotec tive Effects 90,30 % inhibition at 0,5 mg/ml after 5h (Zouhri et al., 2017) Punica granatum L. Ounk Hmam Fruit Methanol extract 50-150 mg/kg Albumin induced hind paw edema Anti- inflammator y and antinocicept ive effects 51 % inhibition at 150 mg/kg after 2h (Ouachrif et al., 2012) Myrtaceae Eugenia uniflora L. _ Leaves Methanol extract 100 mg/kg Carrageenan- induced hind paw edema Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y activities 32 % inhibition at 100 mg/kg after 1h (Sobeh, El-Raey, et al., 2019) Eugenia uniflora L. _ Leaves Methanol extract 100 mg/kg Cyclooxygenase assay Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y activities COX-1 inhibition (IC50 of 5,63 μg/mL) COX-2 inhibition (IC50 of 0,18 μg/mL) (Sobeh, El-Raey, et al., 2019) Eugenia uniflora L. _ Leaves Methanol extract 100 mg/kg Lipoxygenase assay Antioxidant, anti- inflammator y activities 5-LOX inhibition (IC50 of 2.14 μg/mL) (Sobeh, El-Raey, et al., 2019) Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry Kranfal Whole plants Essential oil 250 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Oxidative and sodium nitroprussid e stress and infammatio n 93,83 % inhibition at 250mg/kg after 6h (Marmouzi et al., 2019) RhamnaceRhamnaceRhamnaceRhamnace aeaeaeae Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. Sedra Seeds Oil 200-300 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y activity 64,33 % inhibition at 200mg/mL (El Hachimi et al., 2017) RosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceae Rosa × damascena Herrm. _ Flowers Methanol extract 50- 800 μg/mL Inhibition of protein denaturation Antioxidant and anti- inflammator y properties 79,5 % inhibition at 200 μg/mL (IC50 = 129.04 μg/mL) (BOUHLALI et al., 2016) SapotaceaeSapotaceaeSapotaceaeSapotaceae Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels Argan Seeds Argan oil 300 -500 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y activity 70,68 % inhibition at 500 mg/kg after 6h (Kamal et al., 2019) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 26 ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions The present review reported the anti-inflammatory effects of Moroccan medicinal plants from their traditional use to the pharmacological studies, which linked the ethnopharmacological uses to the biological activities. It was noticed that many Moroccan herbal remedies could be used as anti-inflammatory remedies. The study found that 100 plant species belonging to 52 families are used to treat inflammation. The dominant family in this study concerning species number was Lamiaceae, and the most cited plant species are Salvia officinalis L, Opuntia Ficus-Indica L, Lavandula stoechas L, Lawsonia Isermis L, and Rosmarinus officinalis L. In terms of efficiency, the aqueous extract of Cistus ladanifer, the hydroalcoholic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum, essential oil of Melissa officinalis and Syzygium aromaticum are the most effective anti-inflammatory agents in vivo models. Likewise, methanolic extracts of Cuminum cyminum, Lawsonia inermis, Rosa damascena and acetone extract of Opuntia ficus-indica are the most effective plant extracts for regulating inflammatory, and pro-inflammatory cells in the in vitro model. However, numerous plants used in Moroccan traditional medicinal have not been yet tested for their anti-inflammatory effects in laboratory. Therefore, further investigations are required regarding the in vitro and in vivo models and their bioactive compounds as well as their clinical investigations. In this way, it will also be essential to determine the toxicity of these plants in order to be able to apply them in clinical terms and contribute to develop now anti-inflammatory drugs. Authors’ ContributionsAuthors’ ContributionsAuthors’ ContributionsAuthors’ Contributions All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ethical approvalEthical approvalEthical approvalEthical approval (for researches involving animals or humans) Not applicable. Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels Argan Seeds Argan oil 300 -500 mg/kg Trauma induced paw edema in rats Anti- inflammator y activity 49,63 % inhibition at 500 mg/kg after 6h (Kamal et al., 2019) SolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceae Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy Irram Foliar parts Ethanol extract 350 -450 mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Analgesic, anti- inflammator y, and healing activities 82,20 % inhibition at 450 mg/kg after 6h (EL Moussaoui et al., 2020) ThymelaeaThymelaeaThymelaeaThymelaea ceaeceaeceaeceae Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. _ Aerial parts Aqueous extract 500 mg/kg Carrageenan- induced hind paw edema anti-inflam matory and antiarthritic activities 68 % inhibition at 500 mg/ml after 5h (Oudghiri and Azza, 2015) Thymelaea lythroides Barratte & Murb. _ Aerial parts Methanol extract 200 mg/kg LPS induced microglial activation Anti- inflammator y activity Thymelaea lythroides reduces LPS-induced microglial activation (Berkiks et al., 2018) ZygophyllaZygophyllaZygophyllaZygophylla ceaeceaeceaeceae Tetraena gaetula (Emb. & Maire) Beier & Thulin _ Aerial parts Aqueous extract 5oo mg/kg Carrageenan- Induced Paw edema in Rats Anti- inflammator y activity 47 % inhibition at 500mg/mL (Khabbal et al., 2006) Zouhri A et al. (2023). Not Sci Biol 15(1):11414 27 AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgements This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for- profit sectors. 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