Microsoft Word - ATT00007.doc Nova Biotechnologica 8-1 (2008) 45 DNA DAMAGE BY OXIDIZED FATTY ACIDS DETECTED BY DNA/SPE BIOSENSOR ĽUDMILA SIROTOVÁ, MARCELA MATULOVÁ Food Research Institute, Department Biocentre, Kostolná 7, SK- 900 01 Modra, Slovak Republic (sirotova@vup.sk) Abstract: Electrochemical DNA/screen-printed electrode biosensor (DNA/SPE biosensor) was tested for the detection of alterations in DNA formed as a consequence of the reaction between DNA and oxidative products of fatty acids. Interaction of DNA with a mixture of products generated during the oxidation of linoleic and oleic acids manifested DNA damage depending on a tested fatty acid and the presence of hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) determined after the oxidation of fatty acids. A bigger extent of the DNA damage was registered in the case of the interaction with oxidized linoleic acid with the high content of TBARS. The results achieved suggest the possible application of DNA/SPE biosensor in the detection of an interaction between DNA and products of fatty acid oxidation. Key words: DNA/SPE biosensor, fatty acid oxidation, DNA damage 1. Introduction The damage of DNA and its consequences have become the closely observed topics in the last years (MARNETT, 2000; MARNETT et al., 2003). Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of various endogenous and exogenous reactive compounds acting on DNA have been connected with ageing, the formation of such illnesses as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and immune system decline (HWANG and BOWEN, 2007). Some of the studies suggest that the oxidation of fatty acids and the consequent DNA damage play an important role in such processes (MARNETT, 2002; KANNER, 2007). The polyunsaturated fatty acids are extremely sensitive to attack of reactive oxygen species. The first products of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation are relatively short-lived lipid hydroperoxides. They are reduced to unreactive fatty acid alcohols or react with metals to aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, short fatty acids, esters, hydrocarbons, furans, and lactones, named as secondary products (BURCHAM, 1998). Some products are rather long-lived and can drift far from membranes and damage nucleic acids. DNA damages may occur as single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, abasic site formation, sister chromatide exchange, DNA- DNA and DNA-protein cross-links, damages to deoxyribose and base adduct formation. The phosphodiester backbone can be also damaged, leaving abnormal ends. Such alterations to DNA have been shown to disrupt transcription, translation, DNA replication and lead to mutations, cell senescence or death (TERMINI, 2000; BLAIR, 2001). Methods used for evaluation of DNA damage assess the overall state of DNA (cleavage of DNA strand, changes in structure, presence of bound compounds affecting the properties of DNA) or they are based on detecting the formed adducts. Gel electrophoresis (BOZKO et al., 2005; PHILIPS et al., 2005) and Comet assay (detection of cell DNA damage) (GONTIJO et al., 2001) are the methods currently 46 Sirotová, Ľ. and Matulová, M. employed for assessing the changes in DNA. Methods for detection of formed adducts allow qualitative and quantitative assessment of damage of individual bases. The detection of the adducts is possible using 32P-postlabelling HPLC method (NATH et al., 1996), by the chromatographic techniques as gas chromatography/electron capture/negative chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (GC/EC NCI/MS) (ROUZER et al., 1997), liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) (CHAUDHARY et al., 1995; JEONG et al., 2005; SINGH and FARMER, 2006) or by immunochemical techniques (KAWAI et al., 2002). Biosensors bring the new possibilities in the area of monitoring of the DNA damage (DRUMMOND et al., 2003). Particularly electrochemical DNA/screen printed electrode biosensor (DNA/SPE biosensor) constitutes a device for a rapid, cheap but sensitive detection of the changes on DNA (TUDORACHE and BALA, 2007). The detection schemes are based on a redox signal of the DNA base (adenine or often guanine) (XIE et al., 2007) and/or the special electrochemical indicators (TANSIL et al., 2005; NIU et al., 2006). Biosensors have been applied for observing of the alterations of DNA due to multiple chemical nucleases, antibiotics (LABUDA et al., 2000), samples from the environment (MASCINI, 2001) and have also been used for observing the impacts of the antioxidatively active substances on DNA (HEILEROVÁ et al., 2003; LABUDA et al., 2003; LIU et al., 2006). In our study we have tested DNA/SPE biosensor as a detection system for the assessment of the influence of oxidized fatty acids on DNA. 2. Material and methods 2.1 Materials Oleic acid, linoleic acid and Tween 20 were purchased from Sigma (Steinheim, Germany). Stock solution of calf thymus DNA (Calbiochem, Darmstadt, Germany) 1 mg.ml-1 was prepared in TE solution (10 mM Tris-HCl with 1 mM EDTA, pH 8). Electrochemical marker [Co(phen)3]ClO4 was supplied by FCHPT STU (Bratislava, Slovakia). All other chemicals were of analytical grade. 2.2 Fatty acid oxidation Both linoleic and oleic acid (3 g) were oxidized in Rancimat 743 (Metrohm, Herisau, Switzerland) test tube at 150°C for 4 h. The amount of 0.01 g of oxidized fatty acid was homogenized with 100 μl of Tween 20 solution (0.5 g/10 ml deionized water). 2.3 Peroxide value determination Peroxide value was determined by the IDF method (SHANTHA and DECKER, 1994). Briefly, oxidized fatty acid (0.01-0.3 g) was mixed in test tube with a mixture of chloroform:methanol 7:3 (v/v). Then NH4SCN and subsequently Fe(II) solutions were added to the fatty acid solution. The absorbance was measured Nova Biotechnologica 8-1 (2008) 47 spectrophotometrically at 500 nm against blank solution after 5 min incubation of the mixture in dark. Peroxide value was expressed in milliequivalents of peroxides per kg of fatty acid. 2.4 TBARS value determination Oxidized fatty acid and 2 ml of each 1% TBA and 20% iced acetic acid and 1 ml of deionized water were added to the mixture and then heated in a water bath to 100°C for 1 h. After cooling, 5 ml of chloroform were added to the mixture, then the entire mixture was centrifuged at 2 000xg for 10 min. The absorbance of supernatant was measured spectrophotometrically at 532 nm. The value of TBARS was expressed in nmol of MDA equivalent per g of fatty acid. 2.5 DNA/SPE biosensor A computerized voltammentric analyzer EcaPol 110 (Istran, Bratislava, Slovakia) was equipped by a screen-printed three electrode assembly (VUP Biocemtrum, Modra, Slovakia) including a carbon working electrode and the silver/silver chloride reference and counter electrodes. The working electrode, used without any chemical preconditioning, was modified by covering with 5 μl of the DNA stock solution and leaving the electrode to dry overnight. DNA/SPE biosensor was pretreated by immersion in 5 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0 under stirring for 2 min, then rinsed with water. The [Co(phen)3] 3+ indicator was accumulated under stirring for 120 s at an open circuit from 5 ml of its 5.10-5 M solution in 5 mM phosphate buffer. The differential pulse voltammogram (DPV) was recorded immediately from 400 to -400 mV at a pulze amplitude of 100 mV and 2 mV scan step at the scan rate of 25 mV/s. The indicator peak current (I0) was evaluated against the base-line using analyzer software and corrected by a subtraction of the mean indicator peak current measured at the unmodified SPE under the same conditions. Then, the DNA/SPE biosensor was regenerated by a removal of the accumulated [Co(phen)3] 3+ ions from the DNA layer by treating the sensor in 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0 under stirring for 120 s. The peak current I0 was obtained in triplicate. The DNA layer was covered with 5 µl of the oxidized fatty acid sample. After 20 min the DNA/SPE biosensor was treated for 120 s in surfactant solution (0.5 g/100 ml deionized water) (Procter and Gamble, Rakona, Czech Republic) under stirring at open circuit conditions. The sensor was rinsed with deionized water and then immersed into 5 mM phosphate buffer with [Co(phen)3] 3+ indicator for 120 s for its immobilization. The DPV was recorded immediately at the same conditions as above. The peak current I was obtained in triplicate. The degree of DNA damage was expressed as the ratio I/I0, the indicator peak current after interaction of DNA with oxidized fatty acid (I) against the indicator peak current of unmodified DNA on SPE (I0). Both I and I0 were corrected by a subtraction of the mean indicator peak current measured at the unmodified SPE under the same conditions. 48 Sirotová, Ľ. and Matulová, M. 2.6 Statistical analysis All data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. All raw data were processed using standard MS-EXCEL statistical package. 3. Results and Discussion DNA immobilized on a screen-printed electrode interacted with the solution of oxidized linoleic and oleic acid. The interaction was evaluated using the current response signal of the electrochemical intercalating indicator [Co(phen)3] 3+ measured by the DPV technique. A drop in the current response of the indicator indicates the damage of a DNA strand or the presence of a competing compound, creating the steric obstacles to the intercalation of the indicator. The lower value of I/I0 ratio the bigger DNA damage occurs. The DNA damage by oxidized linoleic and oleic acids is showed in Fig. 1. The extent of the DNA damage was dependent on the conditions of the fatty acid oxidation. The influence of unoxidized fatty acids under the selected conditions showed a moderate decrease in the current response signal of the indicator (by 13% for linoleic acid and by 3% for oleic acid). This could be due to the oxidative products already present in the samples, what can be confirmed by PV (peroxide value) and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) values determined for the respective fatty acids (Fig. 2 and 3). The DNA damage was bigger with the increasing time of oxidation of the tested fatty acid. The course of this dependence had an exponential character. After a 4-hour oxidation the current response signal of the indicator was lowered by 57% in the case of linoleic acid and by 48% for oleic acid. The achieved degree of the DNA damage is a result of the interaction between the products formed in the respective stage of fatty acid oxidation and their reactivity towards DNA. The DNA/SPE biosensor detected the bigger extent of the DNA damage in the case of the reaction mixture of oxidized linoleic acid compared to oxidized oleic acid. 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 0 1 2 3 4 t (h) I/I 0 linoleic acid oleic acid Fig. 1: The dependence of the DNA damage on the time of fatty acid oxidation assessed by DNA/SPE biosensor. Nova Biotechnologica 8-1 (2008) 49 During oxidation of fatty acids a mixture of products is formed depending on the type of fatty acid and the conditions of oxidation. Oxidation of fatty acids may be initiated by various ways, such as the presence of reactive oxygen species or other oxidatively active compounds, the activity of the specific enzymes or the increased temperature. As a consequence of oxidation of fatty acid, primary carbon centered radicals L• are produced to give rise to peroxyl radicals LOO• which are transformed to hydroperoxides LOOH. These compounds are further transformed to alkoxyl radicals LO• or decompose rapidly into a multitude of volatile and non-volatile products. Alcohols, saturated aldehydes, α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and epoxy compounds have been reported as the major secondary oxidation products (FRANKEL et al., 1992; BURCHAM, 1998). The presence of the respective compounds determines the degree of fatty acid oxidation and this can be detected by laboratory tests such as determination of the peroxide value (determines the amount of hydroperoxides produced – primary products) or TBARS value (determines the amount of substances able to react with thiobarbituric acid – secondary products). The comparison of linoleic and oleic acid shows that with the increasing time of oxidation the peroxide value fell but the TBARS value rose (Fig. 2 and 3). At the same time, the peroxide value was higher in the case of oleic acid, while the TBARS value was higher for linoleic acid. A drop in the peroxide value and a rise in the TBARS value indicate the successive transformation of hydroperoxides of fatty acids to the secondary products. This transformation is more noticeable in the case of linoleic acid compared with oleic acid. This can be explained by the fact that linoleic acid is more prone to oxidation when compared to oleic acid because of the higher number of multiple bonds. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 1 2 3 4 t (h) P V (m ili ek vi va le nt o f pe ro xi de .k g- 1 ) linoleic acid oleic acid Fig. 2: Peroxide value of oxidized fatty acids. Based on the comparison of a mixture of oxidized fatty acids and the DNA damage it is possible to suggest that under the selected conditions the presence of the secondary products has a more significant influence on the DNA damage than the presence of hydroperoxides. The extent of the DNA damage is increased with the increasing TBARS value. Studies on interactions between the DNA and hydroperoxides indicate that these compounds react with the DNA and cause cleavage 50 Sirotová, Ľ. and Matulová, M. of the double-stranded DNA or formation of the hydroperoxide-induced DNA adduct (TERMINI, 2000; BLAIR, 2001; KAWAI et al., 2002; WILLIAMS et al., 2006). 0 100 200 300 400 0 1 2 3 4 t (h) TB A R S (n m ol .g -1 ) linoleic acid oleic acid Fig. 3: TBARS amount in oxidized fatty acids. Base adducts are preferentially formed by α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, ketones and their epoxides and alkenes (EIDE et al., 1995). Especially the adducts with acrolein, crotonaldehyde (MARNETT, 1994), malondialdehyde (MDA) (MARNETT, 1999) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (YANG et al., 2003), which serve as biomarkers of certain diseases have been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the lowered current response signal of the indicator could be the result of the structural changes in the DNA strand or due to the base adducts formed, which hinder the indicator from intercalating into the minor and major grooves of DNA. 4. Conclusions Under the selected conditions DNA/SPE biosensor sensitively responded to the DNA damage caused by oxidized linoleic and oleic acids. Though the biosensor and the given indicator system does not enable to define the concrete type of the DNA damage, it can be used for proving the oxidative alterations in fatty acids or other lipidic samples. To effectively use the biosensor for evaluation of interactions between DNA and the oxidative products of fatty acids it is important to take into consideration reactivity of individual generated products towards DNA, a mechanism of their action, a type of the damage they cause and the selection of the proper technique and indicator for detection of the DNA damage. 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