oklahoma native plant record, volume 13, number 1, december 2013 1 oklahoma n ative plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society p. o. box 14274 tulsa, okla homa 74159-1274 volume 13, december 2013 issn 1536-7738 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ managing editor: sheila strawn production editor: paula shryock electronic production editor: sandy graue technical advisors: amy buthod, kristi rice the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2013 officers and board members president: adam ryburn vice-president: joe roberts secretary: sandy graue treasurer: mary korthase membership coordinator: tina julich historian: vacant past president: lynn michael board members: brooke bonner pearl garrison elaine lynch bruce smith janette steets jay walker chapter chairs: central: joe roberts cross timbers: mark fishbein mycology: steve marek northeast: alicia nelson southwest: carrie reed color oklahoma chair: pearl garrison conservation chair: chadwick cox gaillardia editor: chadwick cox website manager: adam ryburn http://www.oknativeplants.org award chairs: harriet barclay: rahmona thompson anne long: gloria caddell service: sue amstutz photography contest chair: lynn michael librarian: karen haworth mailings chair: karen haworth publicity chair: alicia nelson cover photo: aesclepias speciosa by leslie cole, onps photo contest winner . articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100094 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ http://www.oknativeplants.org/ oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 13 table of contents foreword ................................................................................................................................................. 3 ecology and taxonomy of water canyon, canadian county, oklahoma, m.s. thesis .............. 4 dr. constance e. taylor a checklist of the vascular flora of the mary k. oxley nature center, tulsa county, oklahoma ................................................................................................................... 29 ms. amy k. buthod smoke-induced germination in phacelia strictaflora ........................................................................ 48 dr. stanley a. rice and dr. sonya l. ross critic’s choice essay: a calvacade of oklahoma botanists in oklahoma − contributors to our knowledge of the flora of oklahoma ........................................................ 55 dr. ronald j. tyrl and ms. paula shryock editorial policies and procedures ................................................................................................... 101 five year index to oklahoma native plant record ........................................... inside back cover oklahoma native plant record, journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 13, december 2013 title page table of contents foreword journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 7, number 1, december 2007 1 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 volume 7, number 1, december 2007 issn 1536-7738 managing editor: sheila strawn technical editor: patricia folley technical advisor: bruce hoagland cd-rom producer: chadwick cox website: http://www.usao.edu/~onps/ the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps shall be open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2007 officers and board members president: kim shannon vice-president: gloria caddell secretary: paula shryock treasurer: mary korthase membership database: tina julich past president: constance murray board members: paul buck ron tyrl lynn michael monica macklin elfriede miller stanley rice central chapter chair: lou duke/ marilyn stewart cross-timbers chapter chair: paul richardson mycology chapter chair: clark ovrebo northeast chapter chair: sue amstutz gaillardia editor: chadwick cox harriet barclay award chair: constance taylor ann long award chair: patricia folley onps service award chair: sue amstutz historian: sharon mccain librarian: bonnie winchester website manager: chadwick cox photo poster curators: sue amstutz & marilyn stewart color oklahoma chair: tina julich conservation chair: chadwick cox field trip chair: patricia folley mailings chair: karen haworth merchandise chair: susan chambers nominating chair: paula shryock photography contest chair: tina julich publications chair: sheila strawn publicity chairs: kim shannon & marilyn stewart wildflower workshop chair: constance murray cover photo: courtesy of patricia folley. “this opuntia polyacantha was blooming away on a rocky shore on jed johnson lake in the wichita mountains wildlife refuge. the photo was taken with a nikon coolpix camera about the size of a deck of cards, and no tripod. cactus flowers are wonderful for holding still!” articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercialsharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100049 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1 table of contents foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ph.d. dissertation dr. charles s. wallis updated oklahoma ozark flora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 dr. bruce w. hoagland the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site . . . . 54 osage county, oklahoma dr. bruce w. hoagland and ms. amy buthod vascular plant checklists from oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 dr. michael w. palmer the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 mr. caleb stotts, dr. michael w. palmer, and dr. kelly kindscher botanizing with larry magrath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 editorial ms. patricia folley five-year index to oklahoma native plant record . . . . . . . . . inside back cover oklahoma native plant record, volume 2, number 1, december 2002 microsoft word onpsrecord8.doc oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 3 foreword this has been a very busy year for our authors, reviewers, and editors. thank you for waiting patiently for volume 8. i think you will agree that it was worth the wait. susan barber has provided our historic article for 2008. her thesis, “a floristic study of the vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma”, is long overdue to be published . she researched the relationships between soil and vegetation types, just one of the underlying causes for the great biodiversity in oklahoma. her thorough work provides much more to the reader than the title reveals. it is a data-rich source for future botany research, and we know you’ll enjoy it. “updated flora of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge” by keith carter, pablo rodriguez, and michael dunn marks a new step in botanical research in oklahoma. the herbarium at cameron university [camu] is now housing the refuge’s plant specimens, thanks to a grant and a lot of work by students, faculty, and staff at cameron university. this is the first effort to update information regarding species at the refuge since we published the late paul buck’s 1977 checklist of the flora in 2002. hopefully, it will spur interest in keeping the refuge list up-to-date and bring recognition to a very deserving state institution’s herbarium. we also hope that this will mark the beginning of a cooperative relationship between the society and our state institutions’ herbaria. one of the main goals of the record is the initiation of new sources of data for biodiversity research in oklahoma, and this paper is evidence that we are reaching that goal. it’s been several years since we’ve published clark ovrebo’s popular paper about lawn mushrooms. “spring mushrooms of oklahoma” by ovrebo and nancy weber is a new, enlightening and enjoyable article with colorful photos from which we can learn a great deal more about the intriguing kingdom of fungi. we’ve also been waiting several years for “ferns and rare ferns in oklahoma” by bruce smith. it’s finally here with photos to help identify them. hopefully, a checklist of oklahoma ferns will be forthcoming. finally, we have a memorial to paul buck, long-time board member and promoter of the society. constance murray has provided us with a look at what it was like to have a professional, as well as a personal relationship, with someone so many of us have known and respected, someone who had a tremendous impact on the study of botany and ecology in oklahoma. sheila strawn, editor journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 11, december 2011 five year index to oklahoma native plant record volume 6 4 the lichens of north central oklahoma, darvin w. keck 51 annotated nomenclatural update to keck (1961), douglas m. ladd 53 vascular flora of a red sandstone hills site, canadian county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 69 vascular flora of a riparian site on the canadian river, cleveland county, oklahoma, lacy burgess and bruce w. hoagland. 80 critic’s choice essay: cedar-apple rust, clark l. ovrebo volume 7 4 vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks, charles s. wallis 21 updated oklahoma ozark flora, bruce w. hoagland 54 the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site osage county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy buthod 67 vascular plant checklists from oklahoma, michael w. palmer 78 the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers, caleb stotts, michael w. palmer, and kelly kindscher 91 botanizing with larry magrath, patricia a. folley volume 8 4 a floristic study of the vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma, 1975 m. s. thesis, susan c. barber 37 updated list of taxa for vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma, susan c. barber 45 updated flora of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge keith a. carter, pablo rodriguez, and michael t. dunn 57 common spring mushrooms of oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo and nancy s. weber 61 fern habitats and rare ferns in oklahoma, bruce a. smith 67 tribute to paul buck, constance murray volume 9 4 vascular plants of southeastern oklahoma from san bois to the kiamichi mountains, 1969 ph.d. dissertation, f. hobart means 38 composition and structure of bottomland forest vegetation at the tiak research natural area, mccurtain county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland and newell a. mccarty 59 is seedling establishment very rare in the oklahoma seaside alder, alnus maritima ssp. oklahomensis?, stanley a. rice and j. phil gibson 64 whatever happened to cheilanthes horridula and cheilanthes lindheimeri in oklahoma? bruce a. smith 70 critic’s choice essay: invasive plants versus oklahoma’s biodiversity, chadwick a. cox volume 10 4 the identification of some of the more common native oklahoma grasses by vegetative characters, 1950 m. s thesis, william franklin harris 34 the vascular flora of hale scout reservation, leflore county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 54 the toxicity of extracts of tephrosia virginiana (fabaceae) in oklahoma mary gard 65 four western cheilanthoid ferns in oklahoma, bruce a. smith 77 critic’s choice essay: being a method proposed for the ready finding ... to what sort any plant belongeth, ronald j. tyrl oklahoma native plant society c/o tulsa garden center 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 survey of the vascular flora of the boehler seeps and sandhills preserve, ph.d. dissertation linda gatti clark 22 schoenoplectus hallii, s. saximontanus, and the putative s. hallii x s. saximontanus hybrid: observations from the wichita mountains wildlife refuge and the fort sill military reservation from 2002 – 2010 marian smith and paul m. mckenzie 33 spatial genetic structure of the tallgrass prairie grass dichanthelium oligosanthes (scribner’s panicum) molly j. parkhurst, andrew doust, margarita mauro-herrera, janette a. steets, and jeffrey m. byrnes 43 the effects of removal of juniperus virginiana l. trees and litter from a central oklahoma grassland jerad s. linneman, matthew s. allen, and michael w. palmer 61 the changing forests of central oklahoma: a look at the composition of the cross timbers prior to euro-american settlement, in the 1950s, and today richard e. thomas and bruce w. hoagland 75 critic’s choice essay: some thoughts on oklahoma plants and summer 2011’s exceptional drought leslie e. cole five year index to oklahoma native plant record – inside back cover journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 2, number 1, december 2002 82 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 editorial water, soil, and plant diversity in oklahoma sheila strawn in 1963 john shed and william penfound did a study on legume distribution. they found a general relationship between soils and vegetation types. sand deposits generally became forests while limestone and clay deposits generally became prairie (proc. okla. acad. sci. 44:2-6). but soil-to-plant relationships are not always that simple. tropographic effects such as slope and solar and wind exposure as well as precipitation rates can override the characteristics of the various soils making it difficult to determine specific soil types based on vegetation. in 1964 dr. paul buck wrote "relationships of the woody vegetation of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge to geological formations and soil types (ecology 45:2). he had found that when it rains, soil type and topographic features, together, control the movement of water. granite formations at the refuge erode to make a cobbly soil at the foot of the mountains that drains quickly, making it difficult for some plants to become established. different amounts and patterns of precipitation can also interact with soil type producing gradients of moisture availability for plants with different moisture requirements. some species can live only at certain positions across the moisture gradient. others are more tolerant of variable moisture availability. sugar maple is able to dominate some of the more mesic, cobbly patches near streams, while black-jack oak dominates the less mesic, cobbly upland patches in this newly formed soil. in places like the carolinas bountiful precipitation on limestone soils can actually make soil very poor in nutrients. organic acids from the abundant vegetation react with calcium, sodium, and magnesium ions in the soil the abundant rainfall then leaches them from the soil and washes them into the groundwater below the reach of roots. however, this is not usually the case in oklahoma. oklahoma actually loses more water to evaporation than it gets in precipitation. rivers and groundwater from the rocky mountains make up the difference. here, precipitation is not sufficient to leach all the minerals from our limestone soils. dense stands of forbs and grasses grow in the tallgrass prairie preserve where these mineral-rich formations are not leached by excess precipitation. southwest of the refuge the precipitation rate is so low that much of the water evaporates before it gets very deep into the soil. in those soils, the calcium ions accumulate at the lowest level of water penetration, sometimes, just inches from the surface and form a calcium carbonate. known as "caliche", this layer restricts root growth, so fewer species grow on caliche. gypswn, mostly calcium sulfate, was formed long ago in a similar manner when the seawater evaporated from the plains. in oklahoma mesquite and mixed grass are associated with “gyp soil”. soil and water relations alone do not explain why plants grow where they do in oklahoma. other variables like humus, micro-organisms, nematodes, grazing animals, fire, ice, windstorms, and human influence all work on a smaller scale and are responsible for much of the physical heterogeneity and resultant biodiversity. this small-scale heterogeneity is what actually accounts for our having more species than other continental united states, except california, florida, and texas. ironically, plant diversity in oklahoma has been woefully understudied. with the promise of improved medical treatments based on genetic engineering, we need to know where species are in oklahoma that might be beneficial. we are, therefore, obliged to preserve as much of our diversity as we can. but we will need to save it on the landscape level, because it is our diverse landscape that supports our diverse biota. indeed, researching and preservmg oklahoma's landscape-to-species relationships is worth researching and preserving twice as much elsewhere. onps strawn, s. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100015 oklahoma native plant society the purpose of the onps is to encourag e the study, protection, propag ation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. m embership in onps shall be open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life membership. officers and board president: pat folley vice-president: chad cox secretary: maurita nations treasurer: mary korthase board members: berlin heck iris mcpherson sue amstutz jim elder paul reimer larry magrath northeast chapter chair: jim elder central chapter chair: judy jordan cross-timbers chapter chair: ron tyrl historian: lynn allen conservation chair: berlin heck publicity co-chairs: ruth boyd & betty culpepper marketing chair: larry magrath photo contest: paul reimer ann long award chair: paul reimer harriet barclay award chair: connie taylor onps service award chair: sue amstutz newsletter editor: chad cox librarian: bonnie winchester website manager: chad cox managing editor: sheila strawn technical editor: pat folley technical advisor: bruce hoagland cover: cercis canadensis (redbud) photo courtesy of charles lewallen. “that man is truly ethical who shatters no ice crystal as it sparkles in the sun, tears no leaf from a tree…” albert schweitzer articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100001 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1 table of contents forward ...................................................................................................................... 2 ms. pat folley, onps president the spermatophyta of oklahoma county, oklahoma ....................................... 3 masters thesis of dr. u. t. waterfall floristic list for oklahoma county ..................................................................... 25 dr. bruce w. hoagland native orchids of oklahoma ............................................................................... 39 dr. lawrence k. magrath galium parisiense var. leiocarpum tausch, new for oklahoma ............................ 67 dr. lawrence k. magrath checklist of the ferns, natural falls state park ................................................. 68 dr. bruce a. smith onps critic’s choice essay : the limestone glade ............................................. 72 mr. jim norman 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 foreword the oklahoma biological survey is in the process of making an inventory of the plant specimens that have made their way into the herbaria housed at our universities. they will eventually make that information available on the world wide web. all kinds of information will be available, electronically, from those dried specimens. they are a priceless treasure, recording our past and the efforts made to understand it. putting that data on the web will be a way of making it accessible to people who have no physical access to the herbaria, and little time to extract it. other kinds of plant information are stored in the minds of our members and scientists. possibly, the files stored in computers will outlast them, maybe not. who knows? one thing we do know: people have been interested in the flora of oklahoma for more than a hundred years. some of their observations have been recorded but, for the most part, not in published form. believing that those records are important for the understanding of our current flora, the oklahoma native plant society has determined to bring some of those records to your eye in a more durable form. for many years, dr. u. t. waterfall’s keys to the flora of oklahoma has been the only statewide source of identification keys. few know that his first attempt to catalog the plants of oklahoma was a master’s thesis that includes a list of the plants he found in oklahoma county in the 1930’s. what a difference there is in oklahoma county between that time and this! to put that survey into perspective, we are including a working copy of the biological survey’s list for oklahoma county, made in the year 2000. this journal intends to publish in each issue, a previously unpublished historic study, which may serve as a baseline for your own investigations into your local flora. we will also include recent studies, student papers, current plant lists, and essays of permanent value. in the future, we hope to be able to publish either little’s or bebb’s catalog of plants of muskogee county, and other such lists as may be discovered. for that purpose, we challenge the members of oklahoma native plant society to offer records and observations which they may have available. not that there will ever be a complete record of the life in any one place, because life refuses to be reduced to a score-card, but because we believe that a knowledge of the plants of a specific location is a fundamental part of understanding other life that may be found there, including our own. you, our readers, will know of current or historic information that should be included in future issues. we hope you will share those with us. patricia folley, president oklahoma native plant society april, 2001 five year index to oklahoma native plant r ecord volume 9 4 vascular plants of southeastern oklahoma from san bois to the kiamichi mountains, 1969 ph. d. dissertation, f. hobart means 38 composition and structure of bottomland forest vegetation at the tiak research natural area, mccurtain county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and newell a. mccarty 59 is seedling establishment very rare in the oklahoma seaside alder, alnus maritime ssp. oklahomensis? stanley a. rice and j. phil gibson 64 whatever happened to cheilanthes horridula and cheilanthes lindheimeri in oklahoma? bruce a. smith 70 critic’s choice essay: invasive plants versus oklahoma’s biodiversity, chadwick a. cox volume 10 4 the identification of some of the more common native oklahoma grasses by vegetative characters, 1950 m. s. thesis, william franklin harris 34 the vascular flora of hale scout reservation, leflore county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 54 the toxicity of extracts of tephrosia virginiana (fabaceae) in oklahoma, mary gard 65 four western cheilanthoid ferns in oklahoma, bruce a. smith 77 critic’s choice essay: being a method proposed for the ready finding ... to what sort any plant belongeth, ronald j. tyrl volume 11 4 survey of the vascular flora of the boehler seeps and sandhills preserve, ph. d. dissertation, linda gatti clark 22 schoenoplectus hallii, s. saximontanus, and the putative s. hallii x s. saximontanus hybrid: observations from the wichita mountains wildlife refuge and the fort sill military reservation from 20022010, marian smith and paul m. mckenzie 33 spatial genetic structure of the tallgrass prairie grass dichanthelium oligosanthes (scribner’s panicum), molly j. parkhurst, andrew doust, margarita mauro-herrera, janette a. steets, and jeffrey m. byrnes 43 the effects of removal of juniperus virginiana l. trees and litter from a central oklahoma grassland, jerad s. linneman, matthew s. allen, and michael w. palmer 61 the changing forests of central oklahoma: a look at the composition of the cross timbers prior to euro-american settlement, in the 1950s and today, richard e. thomas and bruce w. hoagland 75 critic’s choice essay: some thoughts on oklahoma plants and summer 2011’s exceptional drought, leslie e. cole volume 12 4 possible mechanisms of the exclusion of johnson grass by tall grass prairies, m. s. thesis, marilyn a. semtner 33 a preliminary pawnee ethnobotany checklist, c. randy ledford 43 vascular flora of alabaster caverns state park, cimarron gypsum hills, woodward county, oklahoma, gloria m. caddell and kristi d. rice 63 a comparison of the composition and structure of two oak forests in marshall and pottawatomie counties, bruce smith 69 critic’s choice essay: virtual herbaria come of age, wayne elisens volume 13 4 ecology and taxonomy of water canyon, canadian county, oklahoma, m. s. thesis, constance a. taylor 29 a checklist of the vascular flora of the mary k. oxley nature center, tulsa county, oklahoma, amy k. buthod 48 smoke-induced germination in phacelia strictaflora, stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 55 critic’s choice essay: a calvacade of oklahoma botanists in oklahoma – contributors to our knowledge of the flora of oklahoma, ronald j. tyrl and paula a. shryock oklahoma native plant society p.o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 flora of kiowa county, oklahoma, m. s. thesis lottie opal baldock 38 gardens of yesteryear sadie cole gordon 43 oklahoma deciduous trees differ in chilling enhancement of budburst stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 50 mapping distribution in oklahoma and raising awareness: purple loosestrife (lythrum salicaria), multiflora rose (rosa multiflora), and japanese honeysuckle (lonicera japonica) katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman 67 non-twining milkweed vines of oklahoma: an overview of matelea biflora and matelea cynanchoides (apocynaceae) angela mcdonnell 80 critic’s choice essay: pollination ecology of our native prairie plants gloria m. caddell five year index to okla homa native plant r ecord – inside back cover journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 2, number 1, december 2002 oklahom a n ative plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society vol. 2 no. 1 december 2002 issn 1536-7738 managing editor, sheila a. strawn technical editor, patricia folley technical advisor, bruce hoagland cd-rom producer, chadwick cox website: http://www.usao.edu/~onps/ the purpose of the onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps shall be open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life membership. officers and board members president: patricia folley vice-president: chadwick cox conservation chair: open secretary: maurita nations publicity co-chairs: treasurer: mary korthase ruth boyd & betty culpepper board members: marketing chair: lawrence magrath berlin heck photo contest: paul reimer iris mcpherson ann long award chair: paul reimer sue amstutz harriet barclay award chair: james elder constance taylor paul reimer onps service award chair: sue amstutz lawrence magrath newsletter editor: chadwick cox librarian: bonnie winchester northeast chapter chair: james elder website manager: chadwick cox central chapter chair: judy jordan cross-timbers chapter chair: ronald tyrl cover: gaillardia pulchella (indian blanket) historian: lynn allen photo by paul buck, april 25, 1981. winner of the first onps photo contest in 1988. articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100009 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1 table of contents forward ...................................................................................................... 3 ms. patricia folley, onps president vascular plants of the wichita mountains ............................................ 4 dr. paul buck floristic list for comanche county, oklahoma ................................ 22 dr. bruce w. hoagland schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus ................................................... 54 wichita mountains wildlife refuge survey 2000 dr. lawrence k. magrath pontotoc ridge floristic survey: 1999 ................................................. 64 dr. forrest l. johnson ms. patricia folley (ed.) onps editorial ......................................................................................... 82 water, soil, and plant diversity in oklahoma dr. sheila a. strawn oklahoma native plant record, volume 14, number 1, december 2014 1 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society p. o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 volume 14, december 2014 issn 1536-7738 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ managing editor: sheila strawn production editor: paula shryock electronic production editor: sandy graue technical advisors: mark fishbein, kristi rice the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2014 officers and board members president: adam ryburn vice-president: joe roberts secretary: sandy graue treasurer: mary korthase membership coordinator: tina julich historian: vacant past president: lynn michael board members: mike dunn pearl garrison elaine lynch bruce smith sara souza jay walker chapter chairs: central: joe roberts cross timbers: mark fishbein mycology: steve marek northeast: connie murray southwest: doug kemper color oklahoma chair: pearl garrison conservation chair: chadwick cox gaillardia editor: chadwick cox website manager: adam ryburn http://www.oknativeplants.org award chair: gloria caddell photography contest chair: lynn michael librarian: karen haworth mailings chair: karen haworth publicity chair: alicia nelson cover photo: skipper on asclepias tuberosa (butterfly milkweed) by gloria caddell .articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100100 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 oklahoma native plant record volume 14 table of contents foreword .................................................................................................................................................... 3 flora of kiowa county, oklahoma, m.s. thesis .................................................................................. 4 ms. lottie opal baldock gardens of yesteryear ............................................................................................................................ 38 dr. sadie cole gordon oklahoma deciduous trees differ in chilling enhancement of budburst .................................. 43 dr. stanley rice and ms. sonya ross mapping distribution in oklahoma and raising awareness: purple loosestrife (lythrum salicaria), multiflora rose (rosa multiflora), and japanese honeysuckle (lonicera japonica) ...................................................................................................................................... 50 ms. katherine e. keil and dr. karen r. hickman non-twining milkweed vines of oklahoma: an overview of matelea biflora and matelea cynanchoides (apocynaceae) ........................................................................ 67 ms. angela mcdonnell critic’s choice essay: pollination ecology of our native prairie plants ........................................... 80 dr. gloria m. caddell editorial policies and procedures ......................................................................................................... 83 five year index to oklahoma native plant record ...................................................... inside back cover oklahoma native plant record, journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 14, december 2014 title page table of contents foreword oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 3 foreword and forward while i always look “forward” to preparing each volume for you, i haven’t always gotten the “foreword” right. in fact, the wrong word is used in the table of contents of the first four volumes. it is misspelled in both the table of contents and in the section headings of the last two volumes. ruth boyd, who has proof-read the journal with me every year since its inception in 2001 is most likely doing summersaults in her grave because i missed the error in the title for this section for 6 years in a row. i will do better. but had it not been for ruth’s keen eye and sharp editing pencil our journal would not have become the respected source of botanical research that it has. we remain indebted to her for correcting my many other errors. in this foreword to volume seven, the oklahoma native plant record mourns the passing of ruth boyd and of larry magrath, two of the society’s long-time members. larry magrath was one of our major contributers of scientific papers. had it not been for larry’s willingness to submit significant articles and encourage others to do so, we would have had a very thin journal for the first three years. both larry and ruth experienced poor health for several years, but continued to work with the record, giving me time to learn how to manage without being overwhelmed by editorial responsibilities. with the passing of ruth and larry, we will all have to step up and accept more responsibility for passing on the legacy of botanical research in oklahoma and our new staff of proof-readers will do their best to get it right. yes, it takes more than one to replace ruth. the record will always need new authors, reviewers, proof-readers and editors. if we don’t step up and do it, no one else will. it’s time for each of us, perfect or not, to move forward, doing the most and the best that we can. to build a larger legacy for oklahoma botany, one that is built on the best practices of research, we need to be open to allowing others to see our work and give us advice. with that comes responsibility. we must respect ownership of ideas. that’s why oklahoma native plant journal does not seek to own the work of our authors. we publish the articles while authors retain ownership and decide who else can use it. we believe in open sources and encourage open research. we look forward to receiving articles submitted to us in the future. in this volume bruce hoagland presents more articles based on data from the oklahoma natural heritage inventory. one gives us an updated perspective on charles s. wallis’ work vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks, which represents our historical article this year. wallis was born in 1911 and compiled this flora for his phd thesis at oklahoma state university in 1959. hoagland’s other contribution this year was done with amy buthod, as an inventory of vascular plants at the new oklahoma centennial botanical garden in osage county. as part of our goal to encourage new authors, we enthusiastically present caleb stott’s the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers. it is a review of relevant literature regarding one of oklahoma’s most endangered ecosystems. it is co-authored with mike palmer and kelly kindischer. in another article, mike palmer has also given us a great new research tool. it is a checklist for oklahoma floras. he has gathered all the known published floras of oklahoma and catalogued them in tabular form, referencing geographic, topographic, and taxonomic data to a bibliography of 85 references for oklahoma flora. with this volume, the oklahoma native plant record continues to bring you interesting and valuable scientific works which will enhance the purpose of the society, to promote the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of native plants of oklahoma. thank you for your support. sheila strawn, editor microsoft word 2014onpr_20150103final_txt.docx oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 14, december 2014 foreword we are very excited that such a wide range of contributors, from gardeners and students to professional botanists and ecologists, submitted articles for volume 14. this demonstrates the strength of our membership and helps us, as a society, bring all our interests together in a way that best promotes our goal of encouraging the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of the native plants of oklahoma. our “historic” article this year is about the flora of kiowa county. there is very little historic plant distribution information from that far southwestern part of the state, but we hope that lottie o. baldock’s 1938 master’s thesis will spark interest there. this article will be of special value to today’s botanists and ecologists studying historic species distributions and environmental changes. stan rice and sonya ross have done a small scale study of the different effects our warmer winter temperatures might have on the timing of spring budburst in three native tree species: sycamore (platanus occidentalis), pecan (carya illinoensis), and sweetgum (liquidambar styraciflua). katie keil raises awareness of three invasive species by updating and proposing revisions in the formats of distribution maps for purple loosestrife (lythrum salicaria), japanese honeysuckle (lonicera japonica), and multiflora rose (rosa multiflora). sadie gordon reports on research that she has done regarding the use of native species in historic, domestic gardens in the ne oklahoma, se kansas, sw missouri, and nw arkansas region. all three of these articles will pique the interests of both professional and amateur botanists and gardeners. angela mcdonnell’s article will be valuable to both professional and amateur field biologists. she describes the characteristic features and distributions of two milkweed vines, matelea biflora and m. cynanchoides, and provides a valuable key for the species in that genus that, until now, have been difficult to discern. educators will be inspired by gloria caddell’s critic’s choice essay. as professor of botany at the university of central oklahoma, she describes pollination studies done by undergraduate students at uco’s field site at lake arcadia east of edmond as well as the arcadia conservation education area. as we continue to develop the quality of the journal and its usefulness for botanists, researchers, enthusiasts, and gardeners, the global footprint of the society grows. statistics show that, in addition to the hundreds of printed volumes sold, valuable information from the oklahoma native plant record has been accessed thousands of times from oklahoma state university’s ejournals digital collections. the oklahoma native plant record is listed in the “directory of open access journals”, and our abstracts are indexed in the “centre for agricultural bioscience international”, which is based in the u.k. our editorial board has included many society members over the years, and the record could not have reached those milestones without their help. we are especially grateful to paula shryock, who has been our valuable, multi-talented production editor in this process since 2008. sandy graue has updated our previous electronic versions, produced between 2001 and 2010, and reformatted them for upload into the osu digital collections website. she has been our electronic production editor since she joined us in 2010, and she now uploads each new volume of the record. we thank both of them for the time and work they put into getting our journal out each year. we also appreciate the many members and colleagues who have authored and reviewed articles, as well as the members who have served on our editorial board as technical assistants and proof-readers. we thank them all for their support. sheila strawn, managing editor journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 8, number 1, december 2008 67 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 murray, c.s. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100064 tribute to paul buck paul buck passed away on january 16, 2008. respected and admired by his colleagues and friends, he left a legacy of lifelong commitment to ecology and botany. paul was a founding member of the board of directors of the oklahoma native plant society in 1987, and, after serving on its board for several subsequent terms, he was the second recipient of the onps service award. in the early days of onps he was an active leader and participant in society field excursions throughout the state. paul was at the organizing core of the onps color oklahoma committee, serving on its first board from 2003 through 2006. for more than ten years he wrote a column entitled “botany bay” for the onps quarterly newsletter, gaillardia. in each issue he presented a puzzling or intriguing botanical problem and then decoded it in colorful terms, accessible to both amateur and professional botanists. most knew paul as professor of botany at the university of tulsa. he was there from 1964 to 1987, teaching and inspiring students, majors and non-majors alike. for decades he transported students all over the state to oklahoma academy of science (oas) field meetings and technical meetings, to southwest association of naturalists meetings, and on spring break excursions to mexico and new mexico he encouraged students to attend the university of oklahoma biological station, which he had attended as a student, and rocky mountain biological station, at which he taught during the summer. paul was the faculty advisor of the tu student chapter of zero population growth. with his colleague, estelle levetin, he established the longest pollen record in the u.s., also one of the longest in the world. after paul retired from the university of tulsa he continued to curate the harriet g. barclay herbarium there and to teach and guide students. in the mid-1980s paul was a founding member of the flora of oklahoma committee, a group of oklahoma botanists dedicated to writing the flora of oklahoma. this has been and continues to be a monumental work to write and update keys and descriptions of all the vascular plant species in oklahoma, replacing the keys of u.t. waterfall. paul actively participated in the flora of oklahoma board of directors until retiring in the spring of 2006 as its treasurer. paul was elected president of the oklahoma academy of science in 1971 and served as executive secretary-treasurer in the late 1980s and early 1990s. he was recognized by oas for his meritorious service to oklahoma scientists with the tenure service award in 1991, the education service award in 1994, and the oas lifetime achievement award presented at a botanical symposium in his honor in 2006. oas continues to publish paul’s distribution and identification of woody plants of oklahoma in the winter condition (1983). paul was founder of the mary kay oxley nature center, a natural area along bird creek at the edge of mohawk park in tulsa. along with harriet barclay, he was instrumental in encouraging the nature conservancy to purchase both red bud valley nature preserve in 1970 and the tall grass prairie preserve in 1989. he served on the boards of all three of these organizations for many years until they were well established. he also served on the board of the oklahoma nature conservancy. many are surprised to learn that paul buck was not a native oklahoman. he was born in lansing, michigan, september 9, 1927. at 17 he joined the us navy and was stationed in norman, oklahoma. on leave 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 murray, c.s. in tulsa, he met lou ann clark, whom he later married. in tulsa he served on the tulsa police force as a “beat cop” in oakhurst in west tulsa. working the night shift enabled him to attend classes at the university of tulsa during the day. there he was inspired by harriet barclay and ralph kelting to pursue a career in botany. after his bs and ms at ut, he attended the university of oklahoma where he worked with elroy rice. his dissertation, relationships of woody vegetation of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge to geological formations and soil types, was among the first ecological studies of the wichita refuge. in 2002 oklahoma native plant record published “vascular plants of the wichita mountains”, from an informational pamphlet previously used by refuge biologists, which was based on that work. paul’s commitment to botany, ecology, and environmental conservation extended beyond formal and academic venues. he involved neighborhood children in observing the natural world. paul was active in community and student efforts to start recycling programs. he led boy scout trips to philmont in new mexico and spoke to citizen groups at the tulsa library. he rode his bicycle to campus for years, attired in a tuxedo. paul even rode his bicycle to his daughter’s wedding. he lived his commitment to conservation and never lost his joy and wonder at the beauty and complexity of the natural world. nothing in this formal description can convey the serene and honorable way in which paul conducted his life. as he mentored and encouraged students, he persisted in his community activism and cared for his mentor and colleague, harriet barclay in her later years. he did so with kindness and good humor. nor can it convey the remarkable grace with which he accepted the unfairness and disability of parkinson’s disease as it limited his field experiences in his own later years. paul was remembered in a memorial service may 3, 2008 at the harriet g. barclay nature center at red bud valley. it was a glorious spring afternoon, sun shining, gentle breeze – oklahoma at its best. family and friends, colleagues and former students, neighbors and community activists were all in attendance, remembering the life of the man who had formed, shared, or changed their lives and left this world a better place for his having been here. paul is survived by lou ann clark buck, his wife of more than fifty years, and by his children, paul buck iii of gunnison, colorado and dana buck of atlanta, georgia. intellectually and inspirationally, he is survived by us all. paul’s knowledge of the natural world and his tireless pursuit of its further understanding inspired students, future scientists, and laymen for more than five decades. his gentle manner, his patience, his persistence, and his kindness, even in the face of personal, professional, political, and environmental adversity, make him a model for each of us as we continue his commitment to the botany and ecology of oklahoma. constance murray, 1 june 2008 onps journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 11, december 2011 oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 11, december 2011 foreword looking back over the last 10 years of publishing the oklahoma native plant record gives us an honest sense of accomplishment. it has been an uphill struggle to establish our journal, but with the turning of the decade, the record has also turned the corner. as of this year all volumes are available online through oklahoma state university’s edmon low library as an e-journal publication. it can be accessed globally at http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/. this year the historic paper is one of the chapters of linda gatti clark’s 1997 ph.d. dissertation for oklahoma state university (osu). we will have to wait for an update to this flora of boehler seeps from another source, but it should provide an important comparison of changes in species over time in this unique habitat. marian smith is from southern illinois university and paul mckenzie is endangered species biologist and coordinator for the us fish and wildlife service. their paper on hybridization of two local species of sedges is the first to be submitted entirely online, a good sign that we are finally getting established. incorporating online submission and publishing seems to be one of the most effective ways to connect with out-of-state scientists. yet, this article is also a link to the past, being inspired by dr. larry magrath, late member of oklahoma native plant society. molly parkhurst, andrew doust, margarita mauro-herrera, jeffrey byrnes, and janette steets from osu have introduced a brand new topic for the record; a population genetics study of scribner’s panicum, one of our native grasses. this up-to-date molecular research paper is likely to be cited in larger journals and is yet another sign of our progress. jerad linneman, one of michael palmer’s former students, addressed some of the redcedar controversies in his m.s. thesis from osu, but was hired by the u. s. government before he could publish it. matthew allen, also from osu, was recruited to update and co-author it for our journal. we appreciate michael palmer’s initiative and assistance in acquiring the manuscript. it is very timely, considering the redcedar controversies and their role in recent wildfires. this paper discusses the effects of removing redcedar from old field grasslands. richard thomas’s paper is also a “hot” topic. it is an interdisciplinary study based on climate change and biogeographic interaction. this article can be used by local botanists and teachers to relate environmental science and climate change to local consequences. it is a comparison of the composition of the cross timbers before euro-american settlement. remember and tell everyone you know that the record is now available online. if you want a printed copy of any of our future volumes, get your order in early. only 50 copies will be printed each year. sheila strawn managing editor oklahoma native plant record 67 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 magrath, l.k. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.1000066 galium parisiense var. leiocarpum tausch, new for oklahoma lawrence k. magrath curator, usao (ocla) herbarium chickasha, oklahoma73018-5358 while doing some routine plant collecting in chickasha in june of 1999 i found a galium with which i was not familiar. however, when i tried to key it out in smith (1994) it immediately keyed to galium parisiense l. var. leiocarpum tausch. it also keyed out in fernald (1950), britton (1907), and munz and keck (1963) and hickman (1993). this species is originally from europe. oklahoma: grady county: chickasha, walmart plaza on ponderosa drive; t6n, r7w, sw 1/4 sec 3; open disturbed grassy area on west side of street, red clay and some sand; elevation ca 1100 ft; scattered to locally abundant in ca 5 acre area; flowers greenish-white, some with red-brown corolla lobes; 9 june 1999; l.k. magrath 20590 (ocla). additional collections at same site: 25 june 1999; l.k. magrath, pete taylor, et al 20693 (ocla). 27 may 2001; l.k. magrath 21449 (ocla). 24 june 2001; l.k. magrath 21452 (ocla). plants dead but with some seeds persisting. oklahoma: oklahoma county: oklahoma city, will rogers park and garden center at nw 36 th street and i-240; grassy area near edge of wooded area southeast of rose garden; scattered; most plants already dead, but with some seeds persisting; 16 june 2001; l.k. magrath 21451 (ocla) also found at the same site: galium pedemontanum (bell.) all. oklahoma: grady county: chickasha, walmart plaza on ponderosa drive; t6n, r7w, sw 1/4 sec 3; open disturbed grassy area on west side of street, red clay and some sand; elevation ca 1100 ft; scattered to locally abundant in ca 5 acre area; flowers yellow to greenish-yellow; 25 april 2001; l.k. magrath, stephen garvin, val maseykin et al. 21344 (ocla); another collection at same site: 27 may 2001; l. k. magrath 21448 (ocla). significance: galium parisiense l. var. leiocarpum tausch represents an extension west from north central arkansas (baxter, fulton, newton & pope counties). this is a rather significant jump to the west from ozarkian woodlands habit to a relatively open mid-grass prairie habitat. the galium pedemontanum (bell.) all. is an extension northward and westward from southern and eastern oklahoma (taylor & taylor 1994). i would guess that both species arrived in chickasha via freight being delivered to the walmart shopping center. the oklahoma city location is near an area with numerous visitors, and next to an interstate highway, so there are several possibilities that might account for its presence at this location. it may be worth checking similar locations in other cities in oklahoma for these species and other possible introductions. references: britton, n. l. 1907. manual of the flora of the northern states and canada. 2nd ed. henry holt & co. ny. fernald, m. l. 1950. gray's manual of botany. 8 th ed. american book co. ny. gleason, h. a. and a. cronquist. 1963. manual of vascular plants of northeastern united states and adjacent canada. d. van nostrand co., inc. princeton, n.j. hickman, j. c. ed. 1996. the jepson manual: higher plants of california. univ. of california press. berkeley, ca munz, p. a. & d. d. keck. 1963. a california flora. univ. of california press. berkeley, ca. smith, e. b. 1978. an atlas and annotated list of the vascular plants of arkansas. dept. of botany & bacteriology, univ. of arkansas at fayetteville; fayetteville, ar. smith, e. b. 1994. keys to the flora of arkansas. univ. arkansas press; fayetteville, ar. taylor, r. j. & c. e. s. taylor. 1994. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. biology dept. herbarium, southeastern oklahoma state univ.; durant, ok oklahoma native plant record, volume 11, number 1, december 2011 1 oklahoma n ative plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society 2435 south peoria tulsa, okla homa 74114 volume 11, december 2011 issn 1536-7738 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ managing editor: sheila strawn production editor: paula shryock electronic production editor: sandy graue technical advisor: bruce hoagland editorial assistants: patricia folley, kristi rice the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2011 officers and board members president: lynn michael vice-president: marilyn stewart secretary: sandy graue treasurer: mary korthase membership coordinator: tina julich historian: sharon mccain past president: kim shannon board members: clare miller buddy miller marilyn stewart ron tyrl brooke bonner janette steets central chapter chair: joe roberts cross-timbers chapter chair: ron tyrl mycology chapter chair: steve marek northeast chapter chair: alicia nelson color oklahoma chair: tina julich conservation chair: chadwick cox gaillardia editor: chadwick cox website manager: chadwick cox http://projects.usao.edu/~onps/index.html harriet barclay award chair: rahmona thompson anne long award chair: gloria caddell onps service award chair: sue amstutz photo poster curators: sue amstutz & marilyn stewart photography contest chair: kim shannon nominations chair: sheila strawn librarian: karen haworth mailings chair: karen haworth publicity chairs: kim shannon & marilyn stewart wildflower workshop chair: lynn michael cover photo by carolyn lilly “fritillary and thistle”, 1st place photo contest winner, special category: flora and fauna, 2011. articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ncsa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100079 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/� http://projects.usao.edu/~onps/index.html� oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 11 table of contents foreword ................................................................................................................................................. 3 survey of the vascular flora of the boehler seeps and sandhills preserve, ph.d. dissertation ................................................................................... 4 dr. linda gatti clark schoenoplectus hallii, s. saximontanus, and the putative s. hallii ×s. saximontanus hybrid: observations from the wichita mountains wildlife refuge and the fort sill military reservation 2002 – 2010 .......................................................... 22 dr. marian smith and dr. paul m. mckenzie spatial genetic structure of the tallgrass prairie grass dichanthelium oligosanthes (scribner’s panicum) ........................................................................................... 33 ms. molly j. parkhurst, dr. andrew doust, dr. margarita mauro-herrera, dr. janette a. steets, and dr. jeffrey m. byrnes the effects of removal of juniperus virginiana l. trees and litter from a central oklahoma grassland .............................................................................................. 43 mr. jerad s. linneman, dr. matthew s. allen, and dr. michael w. palmer the changing forests of central oklahoma: a look at the composition of the cross timbers prior to euro-american settlement, in the 1950s, and today ....................................................................................................... 61 dr. richard e. thomas and dr. bruce w. hoagland critic’s choice essay: some thoughts on oklahoma plants and summer 2011’s exceptional drought ............................................................................................................ 75 leslie e. cole, d.v.m. editorial policies and procedures ..................................................................................................... 77 five year index to oklahoma native plant record ........................................... inside back cover oklahoma native plant record, journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 11, december 2011 title page table of contents foreword 1 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 volume 8, number 1, december 2008 issn 1536-7738 managing editor: sheila strawn technical editors: paula shryock & erin miller technical advisor: bruce hoagland cd-rom producer: chadwick cox website: www.usao.edu/~onps/ the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2008 officers and board members president: kim shannon vice-president: gloria caddell secretary: paula shryock treasurer: mary korthase membership database: tina julich past president: constance murray board members: monica macklin lynn michael constance murray stanley rice bruce smith ron tyrl central chapter chair: marilyn stewart cross-timbers chapter chair: paul richardson mycology chapter chair: clark ovrebo northeast chapter chair: sue amstutz gaillardia editor: chadwick cox harriet barclay award chair: rahmona thompson anne long award chair: patricia folley onps service award chair: sue amstutz historian: sharon mccain librarian: bonnie winchester website manager: chadwick cox photo poster curators: sue amstutz & marilyn stewart color oklahoma chair: tina julich conservation chair: chadwick cox mailings chair: karen haworth merchandise chair: susan chambers nominating chair: paula shryock photography contest chair: tina julich publicity chairs: kim shannon & marilyn stewart wildflower workshop chair: constance murray cover photo: courtesy of patricia folley helianthus maximilianii schrad. maximilian’s sunflower articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100057 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1 table of contents foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 a floristic study of the vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma, m.s. thesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 dr. susan c. barber updated list of taxa for vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 dr. susan c. barber updated flora of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 mr. keith a. carter, mr. pablo rodriguez, and dr. michael t. dunn common spring mushrooms of oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 dr. clark l. ovrebo and dr. nancy s. weber fern habitats and rare ferns in oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 dr. bruce a. smith tribute to paul buck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 dr. constance l. murray five year index to oklahoma native plant record . . . . . . . . . . . . . inside back cover 2008_frontmatter1 2008_frontmatter2 journal of the oklahoma native plant society volume 13, december 2013 oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 13, december 2013 foreword this year we have a special critic’s choice essay, “a cavalcade of field botanists in oklahoma” by ron tyrl and paula shryock. it is a tribute to all those botanists who have contributed to the database of native plant species in oklahoma. many are native oklahomans. many have been members of the oklahoma native plant society. all have been dedicated to documenting the state’s botanical diversity. they have been compiling biographical and professional information to write this article for us for several years. we are excited to share it with you in volume 13. one of those botanists ron tyrl writes about is connie taylor, author of our historical article in this volume. a professor emeritus at southeastern oklahoma state university, she submitted her master’s thesis to the university of oklahoma in 1961, based on research done in the water canyon complex. it is a taxonomic comparison of the canyons, based on their ecology; their geology, microclimate, and habitat. she has revised her thesis and updated her species list so that we can make the data globally available. her figures and detailed descriptions of the canyons help the reader picture the landscape and hypothesize about the causes and effects of the environmental conditions with which the species interact. data from this study could provide an important building block for long term ecological studies and future research in climate change effects. while many researchers have reported on the effects of fire, a common environmental factor in oklahoma, stan rice and sonya ross have been looking at several different effects of fire, including the effects of chemicals in smoke on plant establishment after a fire. it is a preliminary report that looks at germination rates of phacelia strictifloria seeds that have been watered with smoke-produced chemicals dissolved in water. also in this issue, amy buthod, of the oklahoma biological survey and oklahoma natural heritage inventory, provides us with another valuable flora; that of the oxley nature center in mohawk park in northwestern tulsa county. this study has provided voucher specimens for oxley personnel to use in education and outreach, as well as a species list for their use and for your enjoyment when you visit there. open access journals published by non-profit or not-for-profit organizations can provide a quick way to share data and bring valuable feedback to the author. they are a valid way of ensuring conflict of interest is not the issue that it can be when publication is profit driven. however, it depends heavily upon authors to review each other’s articles and upon volunteer editorial staff to proof-read and format them. please volunteer to write, review, or serve on the editorial board of the oklahoma native plant record. we need your help to get more of oklahoma’s native plant research out to the world. remember to tell everyone that all volumes of the record are now available online through oklahoma state university’s edmon low library as an e-journal publication. our abstracts are indexed by the centre for agricultural biosciences international (cabi). the journal is listed in the directory of open access journals (doaj). it can be accessed globally at http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ sheila strawn managing editor http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 7, number 1, december 2007 91 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 editorial botanizing with larry magrath sunday, october 4, 1998. a field trip for two doesn’t take much planning – a phone call will do: “one of my students has brought in a collection of scirpus hallii. want to go with me on sunday to verify the site?” well, of course! larry was one of the state’s most ardent collectors, and s. hallii (name since changed to schoenoplectus hallii) is a sedge. that makes it a plant i need to know. just after 8 a.m. that sunday i picked up larry and his gear in chickasha, and we headed southwest. but first – he’d thought of another lake that was “almost on the way”, and there were exposed mud flats just covered with sedges. so we went due west for maybe 10 miles, to lake burtschi. there were thousands of inch-tall sedges of several different species; cyperus surinamensis, c. aristatus, fimbristylis autumnalis, and fuirena simplex, mostly. they lay on the damp sand like a city lawn; tiny annual species doing their best to set seed before frost. there we also collected samples of arundo donax, a grass that grows in shallow water, and can reach more than two meters tall. then, “since we are in the neighborhood” we stopped at a private property called williams’ wilderness, whose owner had given permission. there we found an orchid, hexalectris spicata and some other goodies. traveling sw on sh19, we stopped along the south edge of apache near lakeside village to see how lake ellsworth had fared. that lake was down ten feet, and had exposed acres of sandy bottom, much of it covered with the tiny annual sedges. all were in furious bloom. there we collected a sedge-like grass, eragrostis reptans; as well as fimbristylis vahlii, cyperus odoratus, amannia coccinea, and a strange liverwort called riccocarpus natans. the upper edges were banked with a vigorous morning glory with small white flowers, ipomoea lacunosa. finally we reached jed johnson lake in the wichita mountain wildlife reservation. there, an expanse of mud flats some 4 meters wide and ten meters long had been exposed by the low water. the shoreline was composed of broken red-granite gravels and sand, much disturbed by fishermen. scirpus hallii was there in abundance and in bloom or fruit. larry counted 114 plants, and each of us collected a specimen for our herbarium. our trip had been both entertaining and successful. think it was over? you’ve never been on a field trip with larry! we were free to wander as far and wide as our strength and the day lasted. we checked rush lake, also on the reserve, and found it embedded in a huge stand of eleocharis quadrangulata. while i took pictures, a curious armadillo came right up and sniffed near-sightedly at my shoe. lunch with larry was always a challenge: it had to be fast, and it had to be vegetarian. veggie fast food isn’t readily available along country roads. we settled for sub sandwiches at the love’s station on sh49. dodging traffic through lawton, we took sh 7 east to sh 65, then went south through temple, turned east there on sh 5, and soon arrived at moneke park near lake waurika. hiking through an open forest community, we found the other relative of poke-weed, rivina humilis, and in bloom. first time i’d ever seen that. it was a real treat. our day was coming to an end. the cloud bank that had hovered to the west all day long grew higher and darker. we reluctantly headed north on us 81, but soon https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100056 92 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 6,number 1,december 2006 had to make a stop just north of addington. there, beside the highway, is a large prairiedog community, and we enjoyed their company until it grew too dark for photography. by the time we reached chickasha, it was pitch-black except for the lightning that was almost intense enough to drive by. larry unloaded his prizes in a heavy downpour, and i headed for home by sh9. again, lightning and heavy, heavy rain accompanied the trip. by way of the evening news, i learned that ninnekah, just south of chickasha, had been struck by a tornado right after we drove through, and that a swarm of them had produced the lightning that made the passage so interesting. the tornadoes had covered a large swath of central oklahoma that night while larry and i were busy pressing the plants and writing up our notes. over the years there were many such field trips with larry, most of them with the oklahoma native plant society or the nature conservancy. each of them was “floriferous” and interesting. the photo below is from one of our trips to round mountain in leflore county with jim norman and charles lewallen, who set up the remote photo. patricia folley, 1 june 2007 onps larry magrath, botanizing with patricia folley, charles lewallen, and jim norman. 72 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 critic’s choice essay 23 may 1991: the limestone glade jim norman today, we’re going to have a look at a rather special place i refer to as “my limestone glade”. a glade is defined as a “grassy open area in a woods.” now, add to this a thin cover of poor soil on a solid, limestone base, a scattering of stunted elms, hackberries and scrub oaks and a handful of ticks and chiggers. you have a habitat for a surprising variety of wildflowers. just to be on the safe side, i went up there wednesday to make sure i had a name for all the 35 or so species in bloom. to reach this botanical hot spot, drive 4 miles east of fort gibson on u.s. 62 to four mile road. turn north toward hulbert and go 9 miles. at an old lane on the right, park and get out. almost immediately you’ll be aware of a deliciously minty aroma. the lane is carpeted with tiny lavender flowers on 6-inch stems. this is wild pennyroyal [hedeoma drummondii or h. pulegioides] – a real olfactory treat! the strange-looking flower with the stem running up through the tiered white and purple blooms is lemon mint [monarda citriodora], a not-so-aromatic relative of the pennyroyal. for the nature nut, this place has a lot to offer – including thorny patches of yellow-flowered prickly pear cacti [opuntia compressa]. there also are many scorpions and tarantulas: just look under a few of the loose, flat rocks to find them. this area is also the most dependable place i know for finding choice birds such as the painted bunting. roger tory peterson describes this bird as “the most gaudily colored north american songbird”. there is a pair in this area each summer; the male perched in a tree and singing his bright little warble, and the dull-greenish female on her nest in a nearby bush. just to the left of the trail are some low, shrubby plants called stickleaf [mentzelia oligosperma]. the leaves are the original velcro and will stick to your jeans so thoroughly it’s difficult to scrape them off, even with a knife. like stick-tights, beggars’ lice, and others, they’ve evolved with dispersal in mind. toward the end of the trail there is an area of flat rock with hardly any soil on it. sedum, called pink stonecrop [sedum pulchellum], and flameflower [talinum calycinum] grow here and thrive in this bare-bones situation. both of these plants have thick, fleshy leaves that enable them to withstand long dry spells. another plant here on the glade is agave, or american aloe [manfreda virginica]. not quite in bloom yet, you can recognize it by the rosettes of thick, fleshy, sharp-pointed leaves. in a couple of weeks the 6or 7-foot blooming stalks will make them more conspicuous. and finally, i would say the rarest plant – the one i’ve found only here in all my searches for plants in eastern oklahoma – is the western marbleseed [onosmodium molle]. not very showy, the blooms are a dull whitish color and not anything to write home about. it’s the seeds that make the impression. they are like small, whitish-pink pearls – round, shiny and just as hard. marbleseed is the perfect name. ed. note: i found this spot to be about three miles north of the road from ft. gibson dam, or ½ mile south of sh 80 as it turns west on the south side of hulbert. if you go, remember that this is private land, unfenced because the owner knows that it is used by birders and school groups. [p.f.] o n p s https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100008 oklahoma native plant record, journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 1, number 1, december 2001 premier issue title page table of contents foreword the spermatophyta of oklahoma county, oklahoma, masters thesis of dr. u. t. waterfall floristic list for oklahoma county by dr. bruce w. hoagland native orchids of oklahoma by dr. lawrence k. magrath galium parisiense var. leiocarpum tausch, new for oklahoma by dr. lawrence k. magrath checklist of the ferns, natural falls state park by dr. bruce a. smith onps critic’s choice essay : the limestone glade by mr. jim norman editorial policies and practices back page index journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 8, number 1, december 2008 57 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 ovrebo & weber https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100062 common spring mushrooms of oklahoma clark l. ovrebo nancy s. weber department of biology department of forest ecosystems university of central oklahoma and society edmond, ok 73034 oregon state university e-mail: covrebo@uco.edu corvallis, oregon 97331 introduction springtime brings a resurgence of greenery and wildflowers to the landscape. for those interested in fungi it is time to look for mushrooms as well. in oklahoma spring mushrooms appear for approximately two to three-weeks from late march to mid-april. the exact time depends on temperature, moisture, and in which corner of the state you hunt mushrooms. collectors might encounter a few of the “gilled mushrooms”, basidiomycota, during the spring, but it is the members of the phylum ascomycota, often referred to as “ascomycetes”, that are the most prominent and popular of the spring fungi. here, we present a selection of common ascomycetes in the order pezizales, the morels and related cup-fungi that you may encounter in the spring woods. the ascomycota includes a diverse group of fungi ranging from yeasts to devastating plant pathogens, to edible wild mushrooms. members of this phylum bear their spores in microscopic sac-like structures called asci. some ascomycetes form fruiting bodies called ascocarps or ascomata. in the order pezizales, the basic form of the ascocarp is called an apothecium. apothecia resemble a cup or saucer with the asci lining the cup or covering the upper surface of the saucer; these fungi are often referred to as “cup-fungi.” in some species the apothecium has a stalk or stem. in others the apothecium may be recurved or contorted into any of a number of shapes including thimbles and pitted or wrinkled caps. below we provide photographs and brief descriptions of the more commonly encountered spring-fruiting members of the pezizales. more details can be found in most mushroom field guides. common names, where known, are given in parentheses. we are hesitant to provide information on edibility. great care must be taken to be absolutely sure of a mushroom’s identity. only after becoming proficient at identifying mushrooms, and only then, can one determine edibility. vouchers for specimens described here are housed in the mycological collection of the university of central oklahoma’s herbarium (csu). order pezizales morchella esculenta (common, yellow or tan morel) this is by far the most popular spring mushroom collected for consumption. it is recognized by its pitted cap with light tan or gray pits separated by creamy-white ribs when young. the ribs do not blacken at maturity. the entire length of the cap is attached to the stalk and both the cap and stalk are hollow. two slightly different forms of this species are illustrated. one has a more rounded cap (fig. 1) and the other is more tapered (fig. 2). the morphological variation within this species needs further investigation, so we cannot be certain whether these variations represent distinct species. websites such as www.mushroomexpert.com/morchella_yello w.html can offer more information. the common morel is usually found in wooded areas. river bottom forests seem to be good places in oklahoma for finding morels. we have frequently found morels near eastern red cedar trees as well. don’t count out metropolitan areas. the first author has found them in his own yard and on the university of central oklahoma campus. 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 ovrebo, c.l. figure 1 morchlla esculenta with rounded cap. figure 2 morchella esculenta with tapered cap. morchella semilibera (half-free morel) it fruits at about the same time as the common morel and differs from the common morel by the way that the cap is attached to the stalk (fig. 3). the lower half of the cap is free from the stalk and resembles a skirt. the ribs of the cap turn dark brown to black with age and the caps are often darker and smaller than those of the common morel. figure 3 morchella semilibera gyromitra caroliniana gyromitra c. is by far the largest spring mushroom found in oklahoma (fig. 4). the cap is brownish red and convoluted or brainlike. the stalk is robust with the exterior formed into irregular, rounded ridges separated by irregular grooves. the inside tissue of the cap and stalk appears to be stuffed with folded or convoluted tissue (fig. 5). figure 4 gyromitra caroliniana external view figure 5 gyromitra caroliniana showing internal structure 59 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 ovrebo & weber verpa conica (bell morel) it is recognized by the brown, smooth to slightly wavy, bell-shaped apothecium that is attached only at the stalk apex (fig. 6), resembling a thimble sitting on a finger. for that reason it is also called the thimble morel. figure 6 verpa conica helvella acetabulum this differs in outward appearance from the previous because the apothecium is cup-shaped (fig. 7). the inside of the apothecium is brown to grayish brown. a very short stalk may be present or absent. its surface has sharp-edged ribs that extend onto the lower surface of the apothecium, sometimes nearly to the margin of the cup. figure 7 helvella acetabulum helvella stevensii this is a relatively small fungus. the spore-bearing surface of its apothecium is ivory to pale tan at maturity. in some views mature apothecia often resemble pies with a missing wedge (fig. 8) or have three lobes, but in young apothecia the margins are rolled over the spore-bearing surface. the undersurface of the apothecium is covered with short hairs that can be seen with a hand lens. the stalk is round in outline or slightly flattened. figure 8 helvella stevensii urnula craterium (devil’s urn) the apothecium of this fungus is shaped more like a water or wine goblet than a drinking cup because of its long stalk (fig. 9). apothecia are dark brownish black overall and typically arise in clusters from, or adjacent to, downed logs. urnula craterium is generally the first fungus to appear in the spring, often well in advance of the morels. figure 9 urnula craterium 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 ovrebo, c.l. sarcoscypha occidentalis (stalked scarlet cup) this cup fungus makes its first appearance in late spring and fruits throughout the summer and into the early fall. it is a small fungus with the apothecium seldom being larger than one cm across (fig. 10). the apothecium is bright red and the stipe is white. this fungus appears to fruit on the soil but is actually attached to buried wood. figure 10 sarcoscypha occidentalis 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 checklist of the ferns, natural falls state park bruce a. smith biology instructor, mcloud high school mcloud, ok 74851 natural falls state park, formerly known as dripping springs is located in northeast oklahoma. the park’s natural beauty and flora have attracted visitors since 1907. in a 1988 visit to the oklahoma state university herbarium, i noticed that several herbarium sheets of ferns were collected from dripping springs. this was intriguing and made me want to visit the area. due to my interest in floristics and taxonomy, natural falls state park seemed the perfect place to create a checklist of ferns. thus, the objective of this study was to create an inventory of the ferns of dripping springs using my collection and the collections and observations from earlier botanists. a systematic collection of the ferns of dripping springs was conducted on august 7, 1998, october 15, 1998, and october 20, 2001. using standard taxonomic methods, each plant was identified to species and subsequently inventoried. in three days of collecting, 17 species from 6 families and 12 genera were encountered. since 1925 a total of 19 species from 6 families and 12 genera have been reported to occur. introduction natural falls state park, formerly known as dripping springs is located in northeast oklahoma. the park’s natural beauty and flora have attracted visitors since 1907. botanists such as harriet barclay, charles wallis, edgar wherry and several others have taken a special interest in the park because of its interesting flora, especially the ferns. in the 1980’s the privately owned park was closed due to the poor condition of the buildings on the property (1). in 1990 dripping springs was purchased by the oklahoma tourism and recreation department with plans to make it once again accessible to the public (2). in a 1988 visit to the oklahoma state university herbarium i noticed that several herbarium sheets of ferns were collected from dripping springs. this was intriguing and made me want to visit the area. in july 1989, while on vacation in northeast oklahoma my family and i visited the park only to find that it had closed. in 1998 i learned through a fellow botanist that the area was once again open to the public. due to my interest in floristics and taxonomy, natural falls state park seemed to be the perfect place to create a checklist of ferns. thus, the objective of this study was to create an inventory of the ferns of dripping springs by using my collection and the collections and observations from earlier botanists. the study area dripping springs is located west of siloam springs in the southeast corner of delaware county r25e, t20n, sec. 32 (3). the most eye-catching feature in the park is the 25-meter waterfall (2). the surrounding area above the waterfall and ravine below was the site of this study and past studies by other botanists. as is common in the ozarks, the surface rock contains chert that gives rise to acid soils. underlying the spring is a stratum of limestone of both fernvale and fite formations. thus the soils at the lower levels (ravine) are somewhat alkaline (4). soils in the sampling areas include clarkesville very cherty silt loam, clarkesville stony silt loam, and staser gravelly loam. climate of the area is moist and warm temperature (5). smith, b.a. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100007 oklahoma native plant record 69 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 smith, b.a. inventory of ferns a systematic collection of the ferns of dripping springs was conducted on august 7, 1998 and october 20, 2001. collecting focused on the ferns that grew in the ravine floor and rock surfaces. using standard taxonomic methods, each plant was identified to species and subsequently inventoried. specimens typically were collected in fertile condition with the exception of botrychium virginianum. nomenclature for the taxa follows flora of north america (6). vouchers will be deposited in the oklahoma state university herbarium (okla). flora of natural falls state park (dripping springs) in three days of collecting, 17 species from 6 families and 12 genera were encountered (table 1). fern collections and recordings from 1925-1977 are listed in tables 2 and 3. from 1925-2001 a total of 19 species from 6 families and 12 genera have been reported to occur. ferns designated as rare by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (7) were asplenium bradleyi (s1). acknowledgements a special thanks to the staff at natural falls state park and tom crider for allowing me to have this opportunity. i hope the checklist will be useful. i also thank dr. ron tyrl for his advice on this study. finally i want to thank the mcloud high school botany class for accompanying me on the october 20, 2001 field trip references 1. the delaware county historical society. heritage of the hills: a delaware county history. jay, ok (1979). 2. news release oklahoma tourism and recreation department. oklahoma city, ok (1997). 3. the roads of oklahoma. map. fredericksburg, tx (1997). 4. wherry, e. “ferns of dripping springs, oklahoma.” american fern journal 18:61 (1928). 5. cole, e., soil survey of cherokee and delaware counties, oklahoma, u.s. government printing office, washington, d.c. (1970). 6. flora of north america editorial committee, flora of north america, vol. 2, pteridophytes and gymnosperms. oxford university press, new york (1933). 7. oklahoma natural heritage inventory. short working list of rare plants 22 may 2001. oklahoma biological survey, norman (2001). 70 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 smith, b.a. table 1. checklist of ferns, natural falls state park (dripping springs) collected by bruce smith august 7, 1998 and october 15, 1998, and october 20, 2001 aspleniaceae asplenium bradleyi d.c. eaton. bradley’s spleenwort, august 7, 1998 3590 (okla) asplenium platyneuron (l.) britton, sterns, & poggenb. ebony spleenwort, 3578 (okla) asplenium rhizophyllum l. walking fern 3562 (okla) asplenium trichomanes l. maidenhair spleenwort 3619 (okla) dryopteridaceae cystopteris bulbifera (l.) bernh. bulblet bladder fern 3589 (okla) cystopteris tennesseensis shaver tenessee bldder fern 3573 (okla) dryopteris marginalis (l.) a. gray marginal shield fern 3568 (okla) onoclea sensibilis l. sensitive fern 3774 (okla) polystichum acrostichoides (michx.) schott. christmas fern 3580 (okla) woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. blunt lobed woodsia 3622 (okla) ophioglossaceae botrychium virginianum (l.) sw. rattlesnake fern 3773 (okla) polypodiaceae pleopeltis polypodioides (l.) e.g. andrews & windham resurrection fern 3772 (okla) pteridaceae adiantum capillus-veneris l. southern maidenhair fern 3565 (okla) adiantum pedatum l. northern maidenhair fern3576 (okla) cheilanthes lanosa (michx) d.c. eaton. hairy lip fern 3584 (okla) pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link purple cliff brake fern 3582 (okla) thelypteridaceae phegopteris hexagonoptera (michx.) fee broad beech fern 3571 (okla) table 2. checklist of ferns natural falls state park (dripping springs) reported by john k. small and edgar t. wherry may 3,1925 (4) aspleniaceae asplenium bradleyi d.c. eat. bradley’s spleenwort asplenium platyneuron (l.) britton, sterns, & poggenb. ebony spleenwort asplenium resiliens kunze little ebony spleenwort asplenium rhizophyllum l. walking fern asplenium trichomanes l. maidenhair spleenwort dryopteridaceae cystopteris bulbifera (l.) bernh. bulblet bladder fern cystopteris fragilis (l.) bernh. brittle fern dryopteris marginalis (l.) a. gray marginal shield fern polystichum acrostichoides (michx.) schott. christmas fern pteridaceae adiantum capillus-veneris l. southern maidenhair fern cheilanthes lanosa (michx.) d.c.eaton hairy lip fern oklahoma native plant record 71 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 smith, b.a. table 3. checklist of ferns natural falls state park (dripping springs) collected from 1928-1977 aspleniaceae asplenium platyneuron (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. june 30, 1957 charles wallis 4454 (okla) asplenium rhizophyllum l. may 4, 1928 robert stratton 798 (okla) july 17, 1929 robert stratton (okla) july 7, 1950 u.t. waterfall 9571 (okla) june 30, 1957 charles wallis 4456 (okla) june 16, 1972 john and connie taylor 10792 (okla) asplenium trichomanes l. may 7, 1938 milton hopkns 3250 (okla) july 7, 1950 u.t. waterfall 9561 (okla) dryopteridaceae cystopteris bulbifera (l.) bernh. june 30, 1957 charles wallis 4449 (okla) cystopteris tennesseensis shaver july 7, 1950 u.t. waterfall 9569 (okla) june 16, 1972 john and connie taylor 10791 (okla) dryopteris marginalis (l.) a. gray may 4, 1928 t.a. tripp 137 (okla) may 7, 1938 milton hopkins 3235 (okla) june 16, 1972 john & connie taylor 10794 (okla) september 4, 1977 t.a. zanoni 3349 (okla) polystichum acrostichoides (michx.) schott june 30, 1957 charles wallis 4451 (okla) woodsia obtuse (spreng.) torr. july 16, 1929 robert stratton 1722 (okla) july 8, 1957 charles wallis 4724 (okla) polypodiaceae pleopeltis polypodioides (l.) e.g. andrews & windham june 30, 1957 charles wallis 4455 (okla) ophioglossaceae botrychium virginianum (l.) sw. april 28, 1957 charles wallis 3660 (okla) pteridaceae adiantum capillus-verneris l. june 2, 1963 charles wallis 8760 (okla) july 7, 1950 u.t. waterfall 9570 (okla) june 16, 1972 john and connie taylor 10788 (okla) adintum pedatum l. may 4, 1928 robert stratton 804 (okla) may 7, 1938 milton hopkins 3254 (okla) cheilanthes lanosa (michx.) d.c. eaton august 11, 1932 featherly and still (okla) may 7, 1938 milton hopkins 3251 (okla) pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link july 7, 1950 u.t. waterfall 9560 (okla) thelypteridaceae phegopteris hexagonoptera (michx.) fee july 18, 1929 robert stratton (okla) oklahoma native plant record, volume 14, number 1, december 2014 80 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 gloria m. caddell https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100107 critic’s choice essay pollination ecology of our native prairie plants gloria m. caddell department of biology university of central oklahoma the oklahoma prairie in the summer is an ideal place and time to study pollination ecology. with its "cornucopia" pattern of flowering, where many plants flower synchronously, it has many flowers available every day. this past summer at the oklahoma department of wildlife conservation's arcadia conservation education area, dr. rebecca pace, an entomologist, and i taught a course in pollination ecology for the university of central oklahoma. i was glad to once again slow down and really pay attention to our native plants. the goals for each student were to choose an insect-pollinated species and determine its flowering phenology, i.e. the timing of the life cycle, its mating system, attractants, and pollinators; to gain an understanding of diverse pollination strategies; and to learn how synchronously-flowering plants within a community compete for and share pollinators. students often study members of the sunflower family (compositae) because they are so common here. although composites are intimidating because of their tiny flowers that are difficult to manipulate, the students quickly come to appreciate them as they see the diversity of pollinators they attract as well as the intricate details of their phenology. some students, especially those studying winecup (callirhoe involucrata) and trailing ratany (krameria lanceolata), dealt with high levels of herbivory or florivory. although it is frustrating to find buds with holes and extensive damage by insect larvae, this is an important phenomenon that affects fruit and seed set in natural populations and that can have long-term effects on the distribution of plant species. how are such pollination ecology studies conducted? the students first become familiar with their flowers — the numbers and degree of fusion of parts, their symmetry, and whether or not the flowers are aggregated into inflorescences. all these traits influence the orientation and behavior of insect visitors, the placement of pollen on an insect's body, and the subsequent deposition of pollen on stigmas. viewing the petals under high magnification allowed students to determine the type(s) of color-producing pigments. if the cells appear to be filled with colored "water balloons", the pigments are watersoluble and are in the cell's large vacuole. if the color is scattered in "dots" within the cells, the pigments are water-insoluble and are located in tiny cellular structures called plastids. by recording observations each day in the field, students determined their species’ phenological events. they described the sequence in which flowers open throughout the life of their plant or inflorescence and described all flower stages from tight buds to withering. the flowers of some species opened early in the morning, but students studying the lazy daisy (aphanostephus skirrhobasis), sleepy daisy (xanthisma texanum), and passion flower (passiflora incarnata) had to patiently wait for them to "wake up" by midday. by opening at different times of day, flowering species of a community can share pollinators. oklahoma native plant record 81 volume 14, december 2014 gloria m. caddell at close inspection, the differences among flowers become apparent, including size and color of the various parts, and position of parts relative to one another. the position of the anthers and stigmas is of crucial importance, as well as how the anthers release their pollen; different species might share pollinators by placing pollen on different parts of a pollinator's body, so that pollen of each species is transferred to a stigma of a flower of the same species. within a single flower, the anthers sometimes release pollen before the stigma is receptive to it, or vice versa. this difference in timing of the male and female parts of a flower reduces self-pollination. nectar production is often associated with the peak activity time of pollinators, but can be highly variable. tiny capillary tubes can be inserted into nectaries at various stages and times of day to draw out any available nectar. nectaries are often hidden, located within the flowers, or they may be extra-floral. for example, those of the passion flower (passiflora incarnata) are on the leaf stalk where they attract ants that defend it against herbivores. flowers can signal insects that they have pollen and nectar rewards. for example, prairie gaillardia has bright yellow styles and stigmas that contrast with the maroon disk flower petals when rewards for insects are available. as the flowers get older, the styles and stigmas turn maroon. older flowers might help attract pollinators to the inflorescence, but pollinators will visit younger more-rewarding flowers once they land. the flowers of most composites open from the periphery to the center of the inflorescence, so there are often concentric rings of flowers in various stages. students could determine whether their flowers self-pollinated, self-fertilized, or even produced seeds without sex! pollen-producing stamens were removed from some flowers; then, the flower was bagged and later checked to see if seeds were produced. some flowers were pollinated by hand with pollen from another flower on the same plant, while others were cross-pollinated with pollen from different plants. students added pollen to flowers left open to determine whether or not it increased fruit and seed set and to determine if pollinators are sufficient. from dawn to dusk, students recorded insect visitors to their species. to determine whether insects were just "visitors" or effective pollinators, they gathered pollen from flowers, viewed it under a scanning electron microscope, and compared it with the pollen loads on insect visitors to the same plant. this allowed them to determine whether the visitors were able to carry pollen, and whether they had visited flowers of a single species or several species at the same time. bees are generally the most efficient insect pollinators; they are able to carry large amounts of pollen, can learn to tell differences among flowers, can learn to "handle" them, and they show floral constancy by revisiting flowers of the same species. if you would like to delve into and be amazed at what is currently known about pollination biology across the world, i suggest the comprehensive and up-to-date (2011) book pollination and floral ecology by pat willmer, published by the princeton university press. 82 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 gloria m. caddell halictid bee visiting passion flower (passiflora incarnata). note the extra-floral nectaries on the leaf stalk. lanceleaf gaillardia (gaillardia aestivalis). note ring of styles emerging from newly-opened flowers. pollinators visit newly-opened flowers of gaillardia aestivalis. bumblebee on dalea candida. all photos by gloria caddell. bacf critic’s choice essay: pollination ecology of our native prairie plants by dr. gloria m. caddell journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 8, number 1, december 2008 61 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 smith, b.a. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100063 fern habitats and rare ferns in oklahoma dr. bruce a. smith mcloud high school mcloud, oklahoma e-mail: fronds02@yahoo.com this paper features some of the more common fern habitats in oklahoma and provides information on four rare oklahoma ferns from two fern families: aspleniaceae and pteridaceae. surprisingly, ferns can be found in a variety of habitats across oklahoma. introduction with over 2500 species of vascular plants (taylor and taylor 1991), oklahoma is rich in both plant and habitat diversity. the vast majority of oklahoma’s vascular plants are flowering plants. less than 100 species are ferns and fern allies. needless to say, ferns and fern allies do not get the same attention as do flowering plants. one obvious reason is that they are not as showy and do not catch our eye as wildflowers do. secondly, we tend to visit wildflower habitats more often than fern habitats. ferns live in some of the most interesting places, however. if you are in the quartz mountains you may be staring at a western diamondback snake and a star cloak fern on the same rock. if you are hunting the netted chain fern in southeastern oklahoma you may be up to your ankles in mud. one of the objectives of this article will be to introduce you to some of the typical habitats and places that you can find ferns. you will also be introduced to some of the rare ferns of oklahoma. habitat information for some of the species is from the flora of north america (1993). rare species are those listed in the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2005). collection dates and distribution information are from the oklahoma biological survey database and from personal encounters with the species. authority and common names are from taylor and taylor (1991) and the flora of north america (1993). technical descriptions of each species can also be obtained from the flora of north america. to distinguish between the different taxa i would encourage readers to use field guides and a good dichotomous key such as keys and descriptions for the vascular plants of oklahoma (tyrl et al. 2007) or the illustrated flora of north central texas (diggs et al. 1999). fern habitats one of the best places to look for ferns is on rock outcrops with mosses. rocks are great places to find ferns, no matter what part of the state you are in. ferns can even be found embedded in mosses on trees. if you can’t find them on rocks and trees, look for them in marshes, bogs, mudflats, woodland forests, areas with rocky soils, near waterfalls, and even floating on the water surface. the places you will likely not find them are in lawns or prairies. often, when someone has brought or described to me the leaf of a “fern” they found in such a habitat, it has been achillea millefolium l., the common yarrow. common yarrow is a flowering plant in the composite family asteraceae. do not let the rocky outcrop habitats in quartz mountain resort, or other islands of the wichita mountains (fig. 1), discourage you from looking for ferns. southwestern oklahoma is a great place to see several families of ferns including the aspleniaceae, dryopteridaceae, and especially the maidenhair family, pteridaceae. figure 1 rock outcrop, quartz mountain resort. 62 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 smith, b.a. the overhang of the cave at robbers cave state park and lodge supports a healthy population of asplenium bradleyi d.c. eaton, bradley’s spleenwort, one of oklahoma’s rarer ferns (fig. 2). i have visited this same population many times over the years. the population appears to have grown and is healthier than ever. figure 2 rock outcrop overhang of robbers cave. limestone crevices can hold lichens as well as argyrochosma dealbata (pursh) windham, the powdery cloak-fern (fig. 3). the arbuckle mountains are great places to see several species of ferns, especially the maidenhair ferns. figure 3 argyrochosma dealbata in limestone crevice with lichens, turner falls in the arbuckle mountains. cheilanthes lanosa (michx.) d.c. eaton, the hairy lipfern, grows on rocky soil with a spike moss on elk mountain in the wichita mountains (fig. 4). other granitic rocks on which to find this fern are in the great plains state park and quartz mountain resort. figure 4 cheilanthes lanosa with spike moss. cheilanthes lanosa also grows on other rock types such as the limestone at beavers bend resort park and robbers cave state park and lodge. this fern is one of the few in oklahoma that has the ability to take over large patches of hillsides in open areas (fig. 5). figure 5 cheilanthes lanosa in an open area, beavers bend resort park. i do not know of any oklahoma epiphytic ferns other than pleopeltis polypodioides (l.) andrews & windham (figs. 6 & 7), the resurrection fern. it is common in eastern forests on both mossy covered rocks and mossy covered trees. it occurs as far west as johnston county. 63 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 smith, b.a. figure 6 pleopeltis polypodiodes , the resurrection fern, in idabel city park. figure 7 p. polypodioides growing as an epiphyte. osmunda cinnamomea l., cinnamon fern, grows under the canopy of a mesic forest in choctaw county (fig. 8). cinnamon ferns can live in acidic soils, vernal seeps, and moist areas. cinnamon ferns can be seen on public land at ferndale bog in mcgee creek state park. the best time to visit them is in may when you can see their cinnamon colored fertile fronds. figure 8 cinnamon fern in choctaw county woodwardia areolata (l.) t. moore (fig. 9) grows in wet forest soils in choctaw county, but they can also be found in seeps and acidic bogs. look carefully at the erect fertile frond in the foreground. the elongated sori of each leaflet fit end to end forming a chain, thus the common name, netted chain fern. growing laterally in the background you can see the sterile fronds that do not produce sori. both fronds are part of the same rhizome. this is an interesting species to see, especially when both types of fronds are present. it is a southeastern oklahoma species that can be seen in at least five counties. figure 9 woodwardia areolata with fertile frond in foreground. onoclea sensibilis l. (fig. 10) grows in marshy soils on mccurtain county roadsides. sensitive ferns can be found in open swamps, thickets, 64 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 smith, b.a. marshes, or lowland woods. like woodwardia areolata, the sensitive fern has separate fertile (brown) fronds and sterile (green) fronds. this species has a much wider distribution than the netted chain fern. the sensitive fern is seen as far west as creek county. figure 10 onoclea sensibilis with fertile brown fronds. mudflats like the one at the university of oklahoma biological station in marshall county are not the greatest habitat to look for ferns (fig. 11). however, marsilea vestita hook. and grev., water clover, was collected there in 2006. figure 11 mudflat habitat at ou biological station. on the falls and rocks in the creek area at price falls in falls creek baptist assembly (fig. 12) you can see adiantum capillus-veneris l., the southern maidenhair fern. the tissue thin fronds require moist cool air to survive. climb fifteen feet above the waterfall on the rock and away from the creek and you will not find it. falls creek is a wonderful place to find several species of the pteridaceae: adiantum capillus-veneris, argyochosma dealbata, astrolepis integerrima (hook.) benham & windham, cheilanthes tomentosa l., and pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link. figure 12 price falls at falls creek baptist assembly. rare ferns i do not remember when i first became a “pteridomaniac”. the spore must have begun developing in 1977 after enrolling in my first field botany course, plant taxonomy, under dr. doyle mccoy. since 1977 i have taken my share of botany field trips all over the state. in fact, i consider every day a botany field trip, always looking for that fern or other plant that i have never seen as well as those “old friends”, as dr tyrl would call them, like asplenium platyneuron (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (fig. 13) and woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. (fig. 14), two ferns that are as common as dandilions. figure 13 asplenium platyneuron, ebony spleenwort, a very common fern. 65 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 smith, b.a. figure 14 woodsia obtusa, blunt-lobed cliff fern, another common fern the following species are relatively rare in oklahoma and are listed as “species of concern” by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2008). the first three are in aspleniaceae family and the last is in pteridaceae. i have had the good fortune to see each of them more than once, some in multiple locations, others in only one location. asplenium bradleyi d.c. eaton (fig. 15) common name: bradley’s spleenwort distribution: latimer county, also seen in atoka county. note: this is a difficult species to describe, but it can easily be identified using a field guide or dichotomous key. figure 15 asplenium bradleyi growing on sandstone rock, robbers cave state park and lodge. asplenium pinnatifidum nutt. (fig. 16) common name: lobed spleenwort distribution: latimer county. note: this species has only been reported at robbers cave state park and lodge, but there are several populations throughout the park, including robbers cave. figure 16 asplenium pinnatifidum, robbers cave state park and lodge. asplenium septentrionale (l.) hoffm. (fig. 17) common name: forked spleenwort distribution: cimarron county. note: this fern does not have the typical fern appearance. the novice might even mistake it for a grass. the fronds have a grass-like appearance with narrow linear blades. the blade apex can be forked, thus its common name. figure 17 asplenium septentrionale, north of black mesa state park and nature preserve. 66 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 smith, b.a. cheilanthes wootonii maxon (fig. 18) common name: beaded lipfern distribution: cimarron, greer, and kiowa counties, but also seen in canadian county. note: cheilanthes species are difficult to identify. c. wootonii hook. can easily be mistaken for c. eatonii baker, c. tomentosa link, or even c. lindheimeri. you’ll need a good dichotomous key such as keys and descriptions for the vascular plants of oklahoma (tyrl et al. 2007) to identify members of this genus. figure 18 cheilanthes wootonii, methodist canyon camp. conclusion i hope you will visit a fern habitat on a future field trip. you do not need to wait until spring to see ferns because there are several species in our state that are evergreens. you will find ferns to be both fascinating and beautiful. if you are fortunate enough to come across one of these rare ferns, please practice good conservation by not collecting it and by protecting its habitat. acknowledgements my thanks to the following individuals: richard butler for accompanying me on many field trips the last five years and helping to edit portions of the article: mickey cooper for giving me my start in botany; doyle mccoy for giving me my start in oklahoma native plants; ron tyrl for training me as a botanist and providing so many great botanical opportunities; richard butler, catherine eimen, bruce hoagland, and sheila strawn, for helping to edit portions of this article; and to my wife, sharon, for helping to edit the article and for allowing me to pursue my passion. i also give my thanks for access to these properties: hoby family property; university of oklahoma biological station; falls creek baptist assembly; methodist canyon camp; southwest baptist assembly; turner falls; idabel city park; and the following state facilities: beavers bend resort park, black mesa state park and nature preserve, great plains state park, mcgee creek state park, quartz mountain resort, red rock canyon state park, and robbers cave state park and lodge. literature cited diggs gm jr., lipscomb bl, and o’kennon r. 1999. shinner’s & mahler’s illustrated flora of north central texas. botanical research institute of texas, sida, botanical miscellany no. 6. flora of north america, editorial committee. flora of north america. 1993. vol 2. pteridophytes and gymnosperms, new york, oxford university press. oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2008. oklahoma natural heritage inventory working list of rare oklahoma plants. oklahoma biological survey. <www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/plants> accessed december 2008. taylor rj and taylor ces. 1991. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. biological department herbarium, durant, southeastern oklahoma state university. tyrl rj, barber sc, buck p, elisens wj, folley pa, magrath lk, murray cl, smith ba, taylor ces, and thompson ra. 2007. keys and descriptions for the vascular plants of oklahoma. noble, flora of oklahoma, inc. journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 2, number 1, december 2002 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus 2000 wichita mountain wildlife refuge survey dr. lawrence k. magrath curator-usao (ocla) herbarium chickasha, ok 73018-5358 a survey to determine locations of populations of schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus was conducted at wichita mountains wildlife refuge in august and september 2000. one or both species were found at 20 of the 134 locations surveyed. a distinctive terminal achene character was found specifically that the transverse ridges of s. hallii appeared to be rounded and s. saximontanus appeared to be rounded with a projecting narrow wing. basal macroachenes have not yet been properly described but are borne singly at the base of each culm and are about 3-4 times larger than the terminal achenes. it is speculated that amphicarpy may be related to grazing pressure, the basal macroachene being produced even if the upper portion is consumed, as a response to grazing. both species are grazed/disturbed by bison, elk, and longhorns on the refuge. introduction a survey to determine locations of populations of schoenoplectus hallii (a. gray) s.g. smith (hall’s bulrush) and s. saximontanus (fernald) j. raynal (rocky mountain bulrush) was conducted on the wichita mountains wildlife refuge during late august through september 2000. the survey team members were myself, sam waldstein, refuge manager; chip kimball, range biologist; and bob timberman, biology technician. sites selected for observation were areas similar to the jed johnson dam habitat, which is the site of the original collection of s. hallii made in 1987. selection of sites to be surveyed was done by wmwr team members. the three sundays spent in the field were some of the hottest of the season with temperatures ranging from 100o to 110of. general observations the presence of schoenoplectus halllii and s. saximontanus at the various sites sampled. represent, for the most part, a response to the drawdown of water levels in the various lakes and ponds. the plants seem to occur mainly on magrath, l.k. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100013 the drawdown mud, sand, or gravel flats. however in some places they occur in shallow water up to a depth of about a foot [30.5cm]. they seem to compete with perennial emergent plants and with most emergent annuals. in addition to the 36 sites that i personally examined, wmwr staff examined an additional 98 sites with similar habitat and found no schoenoplectus present. schoenoplectus occurred in only 20 of the 134 sites (14.93%). of those 134 sites, 4 had both species present (3%), 14 had s. halllii present (10.45%) and 10 had s. saximontanus present (7.46%) (see table). based on the wmwr observations, it is strongly advised that the adjacent area of fort sill should be inventoried since these two species are, most likely, present there. however, rahmona thompson who has conducted plant surveys at fort sill has not found either species at this time (pers. comm. 2002). at several of the sites plants had been uprooted as a result of trampling by bison and other animals in the mud flat areas. the number of uprooted plants ranged between 0.0% and 1.0% at those oklahoma native plant record 55 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. locations, but in general was less than .05%. while this obviously does cause some damage to populations in localized areas the damage appears to be negligible and it is even possible that it may be an important transport method of matured achenes to previously uncolonized areas. this could readily be accomplished by mud containing seeds or inflorescences with seeds adhering to the hooves, hair, or skin of the lower part of the animals’ legs. there appear to be three useful characters associated with the achenes that can be used to separate the two species: style branching, achene cross section, and transverse ridges. s. hallii s. saximontanus style branches mostly bifid trifid achene cross section unequally biconvex (1 of 2 sides may be flat) trigonus (3-sided) transverse ridges rounded mostly rounded with narrow wing to my knowledge, “transverse ridges” has not been mentioned in the literature on these two taxa. mckenzie (1988) does not mention this character in his status assessment report on s. hallii, nor does yatskievych (1999) in steyermark’s flora of missouri. dr. marian smith at southern illinois university is working on both terminal achenes and basal macroachenes using scanning electron microscopy and more precise measuring techniques (pers. comm. 2001). so this may be a new useful character to separate these two taxa. (see figures). mckenzie (1998) reports that “heavy grazing has been noted at sites in kansas, missouri, and wisconsin but it is not known whether this disturbance negatively impacts the species…” it is my hypothesis that amphicarpy may well be a response to heavy grazing pressure disturbance by native grazing animals such as bison, elk, and deer prior to the introduction of exotic grazers such as cattle, horses and sheep by european settlers. it would be a way that the plant could insure seed production even if it is heavily grazed and the terminal achenes damaged or destroyed. the observation that the plant produces only a very limited number of basal macroachenes (one per culm) with significantly more food reserves per achene would seem to support this interpretation. the smaller, more numerous terminal achenes would offer a relatively easy method for seeds to be transported farther distances and to new sites while the macroachenes would provide an excellent way to persist in presently occupied sites. the number and identification of the two species at sites where both occur could be somewhat problematic. s.g. smith and a. e. schuyler independently identified a hybrid from wmwr that was collected by m. smith and mckenzie july 28, 2002 as the first documented, putative hybrid of the two species ever recorded. [usa oklahoma: comanche co., wmwr, 28 july 02, p. mckenzie 2028 pers., wis, mo] (pers. comm. mckenzie 2002; smith 2002). there obviously needs to be further research done to confirm or deny this hypothesis as well as possible hybridization between the two species at the refuge. voucher specimens of schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus resulting from this study are kept in the usao herbarium (ocla) at the university of science and arts of oklahoma in chickasha, oklahoma. 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. fig. (a) and (b) fruit and inflorescence of schoenoplectus saximontanus (steyermark’s flora of missouri, 1999. used by permission). fig. (e), (f), and (g) fruit, inflorescence, and habit of schoenoplectus hallii (steyermark’s flora of missouri, 1999. used by permission). oklahoma native plant record 57 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. table schoenoplectus occurrence in thirty-six survey sites august and september 2000 (based on achene characteristics of the two species) site # description & date abundance/# collected/voucher# s. hallii s. saximontanu 1-pond 27-aug draw-down mudflat around pond some plants grazed, some uprooted some dried out on shore few floating in water still alive 0 scat/8/21254 2-pond 27-aug draw-down mudflat 0 0 3-pond 27 aug draw-down mudflat 0 0 4-corral area 27 aug stream with draw-down mudflat utricularia observered 0 0 5-kiowa lake 27 aug draw-down mud flat around pond some plants grazed, some uprooted some dried out on shore few floating in water still alive 0 scattered/4/21259 6-wing pasture west of creek 27 aug draw-down mud flat around pond some plants grazed 0 rare/12/21261 7-buford lake 27 aug draw-down mud flats utricularia and nelumbo abundant 0 0 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. 8-quanah parker lake 27 aug near nature center draw-down mud flat around pond scat/6/21263 0 9-new pond by crater lake 27 aug south of visitor center draw-down mud flat 0 0 10-pond at sulphur trap corrals 27 aug east of visitor center draw-down mud flat 0 0 11-pond in sulphur trap 27 aug north of visitor center draw-down mud flat around pond 0 0 12-jed johnson lake 18 aug 8 identifiable plants. not collected plants just coming into bloom original site for the original collections for wmwr rare/0/0 27 aug 8 identifiable plants no collections made rare/0/0 13-crater lake 27 aug draw-down mud flat apparently too much perennial vegetation present 0 0 14-west gate pond 3 sep draw-down mud flat apparently too much perennial vegetation present 0 0 15-comanche lake 18 aug draw-down mud flat scat/2/21237 0 oklahoma native plant record 59 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. 3 sep draw-down mud flat mixed populations scat-loc com/24/21272 scat-locom/83/27271 16-grama lake near dam & gram flat 18 aug draw-down mud flat several hundred plants numerous basal rosettes in shallow water (20-30 cm) 0 scat/3/21236 3 sep mixed populations on draw-down several hundred plants numerous submerged basal rosettes in shallow water (20-30 cm) scat-loc com/48/21274 scat-loc com/15/21273 10 sep revisit & complete walk-around both present on draw-down mud flat several thousand plants dominant plant in a few places numerous basal rosettes present in shallows in several areas scat-loc abd/211/21216 scat/99/21322 17-hollis lake 3 sep apparently too much perennial vegetation in draw-down zone 0 0 18-pond 0.5 mile west of hollis 3 sep com-loc abd/300+/21278 0 19-pond 3 sep draw-down mudflat 0 0 20-pond 3 sep draw-down mudflat 0 0 21-boggy flats 18 august 2000 draw-down mudflat around pond some plants grazed or uprooted some dried out on shore few floating in water still alive first located by sam waldenstein on aug 17, 2000. 0 loc abd/x/21231 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. sun 3 september 2000 draw-down mud flats on ponds 0 loc abd/5/21280 22-pond southwest of grace mountain 3 sep draw-down mud flat water-clover fern present 0 0 23-cut throat lake 3 sep draw-down mud flat water-clover fern present beautiful clear water and bass 0 0 24-northwest corner of pinchot loop 3 sep draw-down mud flat around pond 0 0 25-barow pit east side of pinchot loop 3 sep draw-down mud flat around pond 0 0 26-straight east of site 25 3 sep draw-down mud flat around pond bacopa present scat/8/21287 0 27-medicine tank 3 sep draw-down mud flat around pond colonial bryozoan pectinatella magnifica leidy in shallow water by dam identification by dr. mike mather, usao common/12/21290 scat/3/21289 28-west gate road, buffalo gap 10 sep draw-down mud flat around pond bacopa present 0 scat/11/21303 29-winter valley at end of wing fence at hot trap 10 sep draw-down mud flat around pond mixed collection not discovered until laboratory observations were made. rare/3/21304 in part* rare/6/21304 in part* oklahoma native plant record 61 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. 30-winter valley southeast fo road 10 sep draw-down mudflat around pond bacopa present scat/2/21305 0 31-north end of research 10 sep draw-down mud flat around pond bacopa present 0 scat/14/21306 32-pond in exhibition pasture 10 sep pond in exhibition pasture draw-down mud flat one plant/0/0 0 33 ingram house pond 10 sep draw-down mud flat several hundred plants bacopa present scat-loc com/19/21309 0 34-quanah parker 10 sep near dam draw-down mud flat several thousand? plants scat-loc com/54/21210 0 35-quanah parker 10 sep se of environmental center draw-down mud flat several hundred plants scat-loc com/7/21313 scat-loc com/25/21311 36-elmer thomas lake 10 sep draw-down mud flat along north shore scat-loc abd/46/21314 0 key to abundance descriptors rare = fewer than 10 plants at site scat = scattered, a few plants occurring over several square meters common = many plants occurring over several square meters abundant = large numbers of plants (often the local dominant plant) loc com = many plants in a small area, but may be scattered over a large area loc abd = large numbers of plants in small area, but may be scattered over a large area 62 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. references mckenzie, paul m. 1998. hall’s bulrush (schoenoplectus hallii) status assessment. u.s. fish and wildlife service. columbia, mo. yatskievych, george. 1999. steyermark’s flora of missouri, vol 1, rev. ed. missouri dept. of conservation in cooperation with the missouri botanical garden press. st. louis, mo. editor’s note: exact locations of individual sites were determined by gps and are recorded in the wmwr database. however, that information and access to the sites is strictly limited and permission must be requested from the refuge manager. oklahoma native plant record 63 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. wichita mountains wildlife refuge, comanche county echinocerus baileyi on elk mountain trail (photos by sheila strawn) oklahoma native plant record, volume 14, number 1, december 2014 oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 14, december 2014 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100104 oklahoma deciduous trees differ in chilling enhancement of budburst stanley a. rice sonya l. ross department of biological science physical plant department southeastern oklahoma state university southeastern oklahoma state university durant, ok 74701 durant, ok 74701 srice@se.edu sross76@se.edu keywords: climate change, phenology abstract in many tree species, winter chilling accelerates budburst in response to spring warmth. global climate change has already accelerated budburst in deciduous tree species around the world. but as global climate change leads to milder winters, trees species also experience less chilling, which may actually delay spring budburst in some species. we hypothesized that reduced duration of winter chilling would delay spring budburst in sycamore (platanus occidentalis) and pecan (carya illinoinensis), but would not delay it in sweetgum (liquidambar styraciflua). we tested this hypothesis experimentally by manipulating the number of weeks of chilling from 0 to 6 weeks. lack of winter chilling did not delay budburst in sweetgum but did delay it in sycamore and pecan, in agreement with the hypothesis. mild winters in oklahoma may eventually favor the growth of sweetgums at the expense of sycamores and pecans. introduction earlier spring budburst in deciduous trees is widely recognized as one of the consequences of global climate change. it has been occurring for the last century and a half and has continued in recent decades (schwartz et al. 2006; ibañez et al. 2010; polgar and primack 2011). this conclusion is based upon several sources of information: comparison of recent with historical budburst dates, including the records of henry david thoreau at walden pond, and comparisons of recent with historical herbarium specimens and photographs (primack et al. 2004; millerrushing et al. 2006; primack 2014); satellite imagery during recent decades (liang et al. 2011); yearly records of individual woody plants during recent decades (schwartz 1994; rice and schwartz, in prep.); and functional models (e.g. morin et al. 2009). the first author of this paper has maintained an ongoing record of budburst times for about 400 individuals of 22 deciduous tree species in durant, oklahoma, starting in 2006. by observing each tree at least weekly, and usually more often, the first author determined budburst date for each individual using a protocol similar to that of the globe program (globe.gov 2014). the data clearly indicate earlier budburst during the nine-year period, particularly from 2008-2012, during which time several tree species advanced their budburst time about two days per year. this did not occur in all species, however. in particular, budburst did not change in american elm (ulmus americana l.) and became later each year in silver maple (acer saccharinum l.), probably in association with summer drought and heat damage that either directly, or indirectly through pathogens, killed many of these trees (rice and schwartz, in prep). 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross it is, however, invalid to extrapolate the trend toward earlier budburst for most tree species, because many woody species benefit from chilling for timely budburst (schwartz and hanes 2010). chilling induces the development of structures within buds and/or alters the concentration of plant growth substances such as cytokinins (hewett and wareing 1973), a process sometimes called vernalization. if winters in some areas (such as southern oklahoma) become brief and warm, the buds of some species may experience insufficient chilling and therefore reduced fitness (luedeling et al. 2011). some tree species also require a minimum daylength for budburst (e.g., heide 1993a). in general, we would expect tree species that open their buds early in the spring to have floral and vegetative structures already well-formed within the buds prior to winter, while these structures may have to develop during the winter in tree species that open their buds later in the spring. the tree species in the latter group may require chilling to initiate and complete the process of bud development. we therefore hypothesized that tree species that open their buds early in the spring do not have as much chilling enhancement of budburst as tree species that open their buds later in the spring. specifically, we expected a negative association between time of budburst and chilling enhancement. we used three species to test this hypothesis in oklahoma: sweetgum (liquidambar styraciflua l., altiginaceae), which opens its buds earliest of these three species, often in february; sycamore (platanus occidentalis l., platanaceae), which opens its buds later, often in march; and pecan (carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch, juglandaceae), which opens its buds last of these three species, often in april. numerous studies have examined the effect of chilling on budburst, but most of these studies have been conducted at higher latitudes (e.g., hunter and lechowicz 1992; heide 1993b; chuine 2000). we wanted to test the hypothesis using oklahoma trees, which may differ genetically from trees of the same species that live in other locations. for example, research in other parts of the world show that trees such as pecans (kuden et al. 2013) have a chilling enhancement of budburst, but we cannot conclude from this that oklahoma trees of these species have a similar chilling enhancement. methods we selected five individual trees at least 10 meters in height that are in the long-term data set from each of the three species. all were in parks or along streets in durant, oklahoma (fig. 1). we originally also included post oak (quercus stellata wangenh.), but mortality of twigs during the experiment reduced the sample size to only one twig in two of the treatments. from each tree, we obtained six twigs with intact terminal and axillary buds, two for each of the three chilling treatments described below, resulting in 30 twigs for each species (total of 90 twigs). we gathered twigs on 18 november 2013, after leaf senescence was well advanced but before the first frost. we labeled all twigs with masking tape. for each tree, we placed two twigs in a plastic food storage container with wet paper towels and stored them in a refrigerator at about 10º c for three weeks, and we stored two other twigs for six weeks. six weeks is considerably less than the average of approximately 18 weeks between first (about november 9) and last (about march 28) frost during the previous four decades in durant, oklahoma (fig. 2). at the end of chilling, we removed the twigs and placed them in warm conditions to allow budburst to begin. we also placed two twigs from each tree immediately into warm conditions (0 weeks). these unchilled twigs were the control. the warm conditions were in a temperature-controlled laboratory oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 14, december 2014 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross (about 25º c) under continuous fluorescent illumination. once we exposed the buds to warm conditions, we kept the cut ends of the twigs continuously submerged in water. we checked each twig at least twice a week for signs of budburst, defined as green tissue showing through separated bud scales (fig. 3). we also changed the water and cleansed the cut ends of the twigs with a brush to prevent decomposers, living off of sap, from blocking the xylem. eighteen of the original 90 twigs failed to burst their buds during this experiment and were presumed dead. figure 1 the general habitat of the trees used in this study in november 2013 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross figure 2 average first and last freeze dates in oklahoma, 1961-2010 average. maps modified and used with permission from oklahoma climatological survey (http://climate.ok.gov/index.php/climate). figure 3 buds of sweetgum (liquidambar styraciflua) at various stages of budburst. the top bud has not yet opened, and the bud at the lower right is just beginning to open. durant oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 14, december 2014 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross results and discussion results shown in the following table indicate that chilling greatly reduced the budburst time in sycamore (p < 0.001) and pecan (p = 0.012) but not in sweetgum (p = 0.089). because the data distribution was skewed toward early budburst dates, we used separate kruskal-wallis analyses for each species to obtain these values (ibm spss 2011). all three species burst their buds quickly following six weeks of chilling. budburst of unchilled sycamore and pecan buds were significantly delayed while unchilled sweetgum buds burst quickly after exposure to warm temperatures. table mean number of days of exposure to warmth that induced budburst in three species of trees in southeast oklahoma. values in parentheses indicate the number of twigs that were exposed to different levels of the treatment (= chilling). asterisk (*) indicates significant difference using kruskal-wallis test at p < 0.05. weeks of chilling species zero three six p-value liquidambar styraciflua 26.3 (7) 29.8 (9) 24.7 (6) 0.089 platanus occidentalis 63.0 (6) 38.0 (10) 21.3 (9) 0.001* carya illinoinensis 53.3 (6) 32.6 (10) 23.4 (9) 0.012* discussion the data confirmed the association between time of budburst and chilling enhancement, based on oklahoma specimens of three tree species. we would expect sweetgum to respond the most to warmer winters. gunderson et al. (2012) reported that experimentally-imposed warmer temperatures caused earlier budburst in sweetgum than in three other tree species, consistent with our results. global climate change has been associated not only with earlier spring budburst in deciduous trees but also earlier flowering in spring wildflowers and earlier spring activity in many kinds of animals (miller-rushing et al. 2008; willis et al. 2008; primack 2014). the extent to which different species respond to global climate change may alter the species makeup of an ecological community (miller-rushing and primack 2008). if future global climate change should cause forests in the southern united states, such as those in southern oklahoma, to have very mild winters, not all deciduous tree species will continue their trend toward earlier budburst. instead, some tree species—such as the sycamores and pecans in this study—may reverse their trend toward earlier budburst and instead have later budburst. flexibility of phenological response appears to be an important contributor to survival in a world of global climate change. the eventual loss of chilling temperatures may alter the relative growth patterns of deciduous tree species in oklahoma. 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross acknowledgement the authors would like to thank an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments and suggestions for this manuscript. references chuine, i. 2000. a unified model for budburst of trees. journal of theoretical biology 207(3):337-347. globe.gov 2014. budburst protocol. http://www.globe.gov/documents/356 823/2538681/earth_prot_budburst.pdf. accessed 19 june 2014. gunderson, c.a., n.t. edwards, a. v. walker, k.h. o’hara, c.m. campion, and p.j. hanson. 2012. forest phenology and a warmer climate— growing season extension in relation to climatic provenance. global change biology 18(6):2008-2025. heide, o.m. 1993a. dormancy release in beech buds (fagus sylvatica) requires both chilling and long days. physiologica plantarum 89(1):187-191. heide, o.m. 1993b. daylength and thermal time responses of budburst during dormancy release in some northern deciduous trees. physiologia plantarum 88(4):531-540. hewett, p.f. and e.w. wareing. 1973. cytokinins in populus×robusta: changes during chilling and bud burst. physiologia plantarum 28(3):393-399. hunter, a.f. and m.j. lechowicz. 1992. predicting the timing of budburst in temperate trees. journal of applied ecology 29(3):597-604. ibáñez, i., r.b. primack, a.j. millerrushing, e. ellwood, h. higuchi, s.d. lee, h. kobori, and j.a. silander. 2010. forecasting phenology under global warming. philosophical transactions of the royal society b365:3247-3260. ibm corp. released 2011. ibm spss statistics for windows, version 20.0. armonk, ny: ibm corp. kuden, a.b., o. tuzcu, s. bayazit, b. yildirim, and b. imrak. 2013. studies on the chilling requirement of pecan nut (carya illinoensis koch) cultivars. african journal of agricultural research 8(24):31593165. liang, l., m.d. schwartz, and s. fei. 2011. validating satellite phenology through intensive ground observation and landscape scaling in a mixed seasonal forest. remote sensing of environment 115:143-157. luedeling, e., e.h. girvetz, m.a. semenov, and p.h. brown. 2011. climate change affects winter chill for temperate fruit and nut trees. plos one 6(5):e20155. miller-rushing, a.j., r.b. primack, d. primack, and s. mukunda. 2006. photographs and herbarium specimens as tools to document phenological changes in response to global warming. american journal of botany 93(11):16671674. miller-rushing, a.j. and r. b. primack. 2008. global warming and flowering times in thoreau’s concord: a community perspective. ecology 89(2):332-341. miller-rushing, a.j., t.l. lloyd-evans, r.b. primack, and p. satzinger. 2008. bird migration times, climate change, and changing population sizes. global change biology 14(9):1959-1972. morin, x., m.j. lechowicz, c. augspurger, j. o’keefe, d. viner, and i. chiune. 2009. leaf phenology in 22 north american tree species during the 21st century. global change biology 15(4):961975. polgar, c.a. and r.b. primack. 2011. leafout phenology of temperate woody plants: from trees to ecosystems. new phytologist :doi: 10.1111/j.14698137.2011.03803.x. primack, r.b. 2014. walden warming: climate change comes to thoreau’s woods. [chicago]: university of chicago press. oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 14, december 2014 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross primack, d., c. imbres, r.b. primack, a.j. miller-rushing, and p. del tredici. 2004. herbarium specimens demonstrate earlier flowering times in response to warming in boston. american journal of botany 91(8):12601264. schwartz, m.d. 1994. monitoring global change with phenology: the case of the spring green wave. international journal of biometeorology 38(1):18-22. schwartz, m.d., r. ahas, and a. aasa. 2006. onset of spring starting earlier across the northern hemisphere. global change biology 12:343-351. schwartz, m.d. and j.m. hanes. 2010. continental scale phenology: warming and chilling. international journal of climatology 30:1595-1598. willis, c.g., b. ruhfel, r.b. primack, a.j. miller-rushing, and c.c. davis. 2008. phylogenetic patterns of species loss in thoreau's woods are driven by climate change. proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa 105(44):17,029-17,033. . oklahoma deciduous trees differ in chilling enhancement of budburst by dr. stanley rice and ms. sonya ross oklahoma native plant record, volume 14, number 1, december 2014 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 sadie cole gordon https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100103 gardens of yesteryear sadie cole gordon master gardener grove, oklahoma sadiegordon@att.net keywords: cultivated, heritage, historic, oklahoma abstract begun as a response to a request to develop a historically accurate museum garden representing home gardens before and after oklahoma’s statehood in 1907, research reported in this article describes both native and non-native plants cultivated in gardens in northeast oklahoma, southwest missouri, southeast kansas, and northwest arkansas between 1841 and 1930. much of the evidence of the diversity of plants grown in home gardens by native americans who were moved here and homesteaders who settled here is found in historic records that have only recently been digitized for global accessibility. introduction the initial goal of this project was to investigate the history of home gardens in northeastern oklahoma during the time period of 1860-1930 so that a historically accurate museum garden could be developed. this historical investigation focused on identifying both native and nonnative plants that were available for cultivation by homesteaders before and after oklahoma statehood. many difficulties exist for those who are interested in researching garden history. this is especially true concerning early home gardens in northeast oklahoma. therefore, the decision was made to enlarge the geographical area of study to include southwest missouri, northwest arkansas, and southeast kansas, since the growing conditions of these three regions are similar to northeast oklahoma. furthermore, these three neighboring areas established statehood many years before oklahoma, and it seemed likely that by researching all these areas, more historical evidence could be found that might be helpful in this project. research yielded unexpected records of plants cultivated in native american gardens as early as 1841, which has also been included here. historical archives and agricultural bulletins from all of these areas were useful for the identification of native plants used by native americans before settlement and by homesteaders during that time period. species nomenclature has been updated following the plants database compiled by the united states department of agriculture, natural resources conservation service (usda, nrcs 2014). native american gardens ethan allen hitchcock, an army officer, had been sent by the united states government to investigate conditions among native american tribes and nations from november 1841 through march 1842 in a region that included the grand saline river near what is now salina, oklahoma (foreman 1996). he had described the cherokees of this area as having well cultivated fields, gardens, and orchards. in 1873, a review was made of agricultural conditions among 24 native american tribes who were living in indian territory and was presented to the general council oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 14, december 2014 sadie cole gordon of the indian territory meeting at okmulgee. the report described the gardens as being well cultivated. the plants were not identified as to whether they were native; however, the information provides documentation about the home gardens at that time. the cherokees were growing corn, wheat, and tobacco for home use. the muskogee nation reported growing fruit. in tahlequah, there was an establishment called the cherokee nursery where a large number of fruit trees could be purchased. the cherokee delegation also reported that honeysuckle was growing near windows of their homes (wright 1956). norman graebner described similar agricultural conditions in his article, “provincial indian society in eastern oklahoma”. he observed vegetables such as beans, potatoes, squash, turnips, and pumpkins, as well as new varieties from other states, growing in gardens. he went on to explain that there was a great variety of fruit trees. in the spring and summer, food such as edible wild vegetables and fruit supplemented garden foods (graebner 1906). m. a. carleton, a botanist from the kansas agricultural experimental studies, visited eastern oklahoma in the summer of 1891. he described the eastern part of the territory as having soil of a clayey consistency that was desirable for growing fruits such as plums. he observed native fruits in both the cherokee and creek nations areas. they included prunus angustifolia marsh. (chickasaw plum), prunus americana marsh. (ordinary wild plum), and prunus serotina ehrh. var. serotina (wild cherry). he also reported that he saw many rubus flagellaris willd. (common blackberry) and rubus occidentalis l. (raspberry) growing in the town of vinita. he identified another species of blackberry, rubus trivialis michx. (southern blackberry), as well (carleton 1892). gardens of early settlers very few historic landscape plans are available for documenting home gardens in the united states (griffith 2008). the first home gardens in the four state region were devoted to growing food for survival and were planted nearby. it is likely that early settlers depended on both native and nonnative plants. the development of the railroad system, as well as the nearby fort smith, arkansas port, offered the home gardener many possibilities to purchase plants if income was sufficient (slossen 1951). later, as small crops of corn, wheat, and barley were successful and the railroad was expanded, communities developed so that foods could be purchased or bartered. in later years, the gardens were enlarged to include flowers and ornamental shrubs as well as fruits such as raspberries and strawberries. an issue important to the establishment of early gardens was weeds. oklahoma agricultural station bulletin no. 41 from may 1899 by e. e. bogue, a botanist and entomologist, explored the topic of “weeds of oklahoma”. he asserted that one of his objectives was to call attention to weeds that interfere with agriculture. he identified solanum carolinense l. var. carolinense (horse nettle), acacia angustissima (mill.) kuntze (prairie acacia), amaranthus cruentus l. (red amaranthus), convolvulus arvensis l. (field binderweed), erigeron annuus (l.) pers. (eastern daisy fleabane), and passiflora incarnata l. (passion vine). he also identified 10 native sunflowers and compared the differences between them and the ones he saw in kansas in 1898. the most common one in oklahoma was helianthus annuus l. (common sunflower). he stated that in favorable conditions they grow to be 12–14 feet (4 m) tall (bogue 1899). it is highly likely that these weeds were transplanted to the home garden for their ornamental flowers. 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 sadie cole gordon the following year, bogue authored another bulletin, “annotated catalog of ferns and flowering plants of oklahoma”, which provides identification of native plants growing without cultivation in the territory. the author asserted that the results recorded in the bulletin were “those obtained by four years of more or less constant study and observation on the flora of the territory”. he went on to affirm that this is the first attempt made to permanently record the plants of oklahoma (bogue 1900a). bogue admitted that he did not travel to every part of the territory, but he claimed that he made visits to the southern and eastern section as well as payne county. among his findings he observed that: …in the eastern part, the climate is more moist and surface of the country is more broken than in other parts of the territory. in the western part are extensive level plains of more or less sandy soil which do not support a great variety of plants… in the eastern part of the territory, limestone crops out more or less, and here plants differ a little from those found in other parts of the territory. sandstone frequently crops out or comes very near the surface. in such places are plants which occur nowhere else. in some places sandstone exposes walls more or less extensive, even to the height of twenty feet or more. in the crevices of these rocks some ferns of small growth can be found. (bogue 1900b) he identified 750 plants growing throughout the territory, including two ferns growing in pawhuska: asplenium trichomanes l. ssp. trichomanes (maidenhair spleenwort) and polystichum acrostichoides (michx.) schott var. acrostichoides (christmas fern). plants he identified that were suitable for cultivation include clitoria mariana l. (butterfly pea [atlantic pigeon wings]), oxalis violacea l. (violet wood sorrel), callirhoe involucrata (torr. & a. gray.) a. gray (purple poppy mallow), oenothera speciosa torr. (showy primrose), conoclinium coelestinum (l.) dc. (blue mistflower), and solidago speciosa nutt. (showy golden rod) (bogue 1900a). use of native plants and trees in early home gardens occurred more frequently in the central and great plains regions than other parts of the united states. extreme weather changes, wind, soil conditions, and pests were some of the challenges of gardening in this region. inability to secure commercially cultivated plants could also have contributed to the transplantation of native plants into the home gardens of northeast oklahoma (adams 2004). it is obvious that those who dared to travel far away from their birthplaces during 1860–1930 to settle in oklahoma experienced many physical hardships. they depended on native plants and trees for survival. the first plants grown were those that could provide food, while herbs were grown for medicinal use rather than ornamentation. brides were often given seeds and plants as their dowries. these gifts included native plants as well as cultivated ones (ise 1996). many garden historians also believe that the early gardens served as powerful sources of identity or a link to their pasts which helped them cope with the psychological hardships (haavisto and o’sullivan 1995). like early american colonists, the first gardens developed in this four-state region were planted very close to the residence of the settler, using landscape plans that offered security. likewise, many of the homesteaders who settled in oregon used this same plan which is commonly referred to as a “dooryard garden” (calkins 1996). furthermore, water often had to be transported from a distance; therefore, any oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 14, december 2014 sadie cole gordon used household water could be reused. often the water was tossed from a bucket into the garden. the term “dooryard garden” describes this landscaping arrangement. fencing was a priority due to the potential damage that might occur from wildlife and livestock. theft of food from the garden was also a concern. thus, a garden placed in close proximity to the home was a way of enforcing security (calkins 1996; haavisto and o’sullivan 1995). by 1886, university of arkansas was offering classes on the subject of home gardens (reynolds and thomas 1910). as early as 1886 there is evidence that dooryard gardens were indeed important in the region. in an article authored by lou pancost of iola, kansas in the kansas horticultural report meeting for the year 1886 entitled “the home garden”, emphasis is made that a home garden should be located near the house and be surrounded by a fence (pancost 1887). another article reported to this same group is “flowering plants and shrubs: their management in dooryard gardens” (milliken 1887). during this same time, cultivated apple trees from northwest arkansas were being sold commercially (fruit-full arkansas 2013). likewise, cultivated fruit trees could be obtained from stark brothers nursery in louisiana, missouri (booth and mooring 1911). an assortment of garden plants such as peonies, daylilies, and iris could be purchased from gilbert wild nursery in sarcoxie, missouri (slosson 1951). examination of notes from the missouri horticultural society meetings during 1893 confirms that native plants were recommended for use in the home gardens. c. w. elliot (1894), in “some desirable native perennials”, points out that many plants advertised for sale at that time are native to missouri. perennials that he identifies for their beauty in the garden include asclepias incarnata l. ssp. incarnata (flesh colored asclepias or swamp milkweed), baptisia australis (l.) r. br. (deep blue baptisia or blue wild indigo), aruncus dioicus (walter) fernald var. vulgaris (maxim.) h. hara (goat’s beard [bride’s feathers]), and coreopsis lanceolata l. (coreopsis or lanceleaf tickseed). the goal of this article is to provide information about native plants in historical gardens and to spark interest in native plant advocacy. it is hoped that bringing this historic data to the attention of professional botanists, amateur gardeners, and those who love nature will promote and insure the preservation and propagation of native plants. literature cited adams, denise. 2004. restoring american gardens, an encyclopedia of heirloom ornamental plants: 1640-1940. portland (or): timber press. bogue, e.e. 1899. weeds of oklahoma, oklahoma agricultural experiment station bulletin #41. stillwater (ok): oklahoma agricultural experiment station. bogue, e.e. 1900a. an annotated catalog of ferns and flowering plants. oklahoma agricultural experiment station bulletin #45. stillwater (ok): oklahoma agricultural experiment station. bogue, e.e. 1900b. native oklahoma plants. oklahoma agricultural experiment station bulletin # 45. stillwater (ok): oklahoma agricultural experiment station. booth, n.o. and d.c. mooring. 1911. varieties of fruits raised in oklahoma. oklahoma agricultural experiment station bulletin #95. stillwater (ok): oklahoma agricultural experiment station. 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 sadie cole gordon calkins, erica. 1996. hatchet, hands and hoe. caldwell (id): the pioneer spirit caxton printers, ltd. carleton, m.a. 1892. observations of the native plants of oklahoma territory and adjacent districts. contributions from the united states national herbarium, vol. 1 number 6. elliott, c.w. 1894. some desirable native perennials. 36th annual report of the missouri state horticultural society. jefferson city, (mo): tribune printing company, state printers and binders. foreman, grant, ed. 1996. a traveler in oklahoma territory: the journal of ethan allen hitchcock. norman (ok): university of oklahoma press. fruit-full arkansas: apples. special collections, university of arkansas libraries, fayetteville. january 2013. [cited february 2013] http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/l andingpage/collection/apples. graebner, norman. 1906. provincial indian society in eastern oklahoma. guthrie (ok): state capitol company. griffith, lawrence. 2008. flowers and herbs of early america. new haven (ct): yale university press. haavisto, rhonda and jane o’sullivan. may 13, 1995. a dooryard garden: using herbs from the colonial period. [internet] the new england unit of the herb society of america: dartmouth (ma) [cited 2014 aug 14]. available from: http:www.neuhsa.org/dooryard.html. ise, john. 1996. sod and stubble. lawrence (ks): university of kansas press. milliken, robert. 1887. kansas horticultural report meetings for the year 1886. volume 16. kansas publishing house: l.t.d. thacker state printer. pancost, lou. 1887. the home garden. kansas horticultural report meetings for the year 1886. volume 16. kansas publishing house: l.t.d. thacker state printer. reynolds, john hugh and david yancey thomas. 1910. history of the university of arkansas. fayetteville (ar): university of arkansas. slosson, elvenia, ed. 1951. pioneer american gardening. new york: coward-mccann. usda, nrcs. 2014. the plants database national plant data team, greensboro, nc 27401-4901 usa. [cited 2014 nov]. http://plants.usda.gov. wright, muriel. 1956. a report to the general council of the indian territory meeting at okmulgee in 1873. chronicles of oklahoma, volume 34. oklahoma city (ok): oklahoma historical society. . gardens of yesteryear by dr. sadie cole gordon journal of the oklahoma native plantsociety, volume 3, number 1, december 2003 oklahoma native plant record 73 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 caddell, g. m. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100024 critic’s choice essay take time to watch, not just smell the wildflowers! gloria m. caddell although plant-pollinator interactions between orchids and bees in the tropics may seem more interesting than those closer to home, oklahoma is full of fascinating plantpollinator interactions and mechanisms. the most important pollination agents in oklahoma are wind and insects. wind is particularly effective where many plants of the same species grow close together. prairie grasses, and dominant trees of our forests and woodlands, e.g. post oak and blackjack oak, are wind-pollinated. there are few things more beautiful than anthers dangling from a grass spikelet along with feathery stigmas that trap wind-borne pollen! in spring, male flowers of oaks are borne on pendulous catkins, releasing pollen that catches on stigmas of tiny female flowers held close to the branch. insects are major pollinators of our prairie forbs, and their flowers are visited by a variety of insects, including butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, bees, and wasps. of these, bees are most important. you can observe bumblebees with glistening, saddlebag-shaped pollinia of green milkweed (asclepias viridis) on their legs. you can hear their buzzing as bees clasp the anther cone of western horsenettle (solanum dimidiatum) and use their flight muscles to vibrate pollen out through pores at the top of the anthers. flower characters such as color, shape, size, and amount of nectar can sometimes be used to predict major pollinator(s) of a species. but it takes many hours of observing and collecting insect visitors to see if they are carrying pollen, to determine which are actual pollinators. my students and i have observed over 20 families of insect visitors to a single species, but find that only two or three effectively transfer pollen. differences in flowers among species are often clearly related to pollination, but differences among flowers within a single species may also be related to pollination and are equally intriguing. within a population you find sometimes subtle, and at other times obvious, differences between flowers at different stages. for example, when a pink gentian (sabatia campestris) flower opens its anthers are bright yellow and release pollen, but its style branches are green, coiled together, and lay flat against the petals. as the anthers wither the style branches uncoil, become erect, turn bright yellow, and their stigmas become receptive to pollen. in any population and even on the same plant, you can find flowers with style branches in various stages of uncoiling. difference in timing between pollen release and stigma receptivity is a mechanism to promote cross-pollination. when flowers of fog fruit (phyla) open, they have a yellow spot near the corolla tube opening (the “throat”). later in the day the spot turns a rosy-lavender color, less visible to bees. older flowers remain on the inflorescence as new flowers open, but in many cases such as this, newer, more attractive flowers offer a greater reward, e.g. more nectar. in prairie bluet (hedyotis nigricans) some plants bear flowers with long styles and short stamens. others bear flowers with short styles and long stamens with clearly visible blue anthers. insects that contact anthers of long stamens will likely transfer that pollen to a long-styled flower on another plant. so this mechanism also promotes cross-pollination. details of flowering stages and plantpollinator interactions of many oklahoma plants have not been well-documented. i encourage you to stop, sit, and not only take the time to “smell” the wildflowers, but to watch them as well. you will surely see things that have never been observed before! bacf oklahoma native plant record, volume 13, number 1, december 2013 oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100098 48 smoke-induced germination in ph acelia str ictaflor a stanley a. rice department of biological sciences southeastern oklahoma state university durant, ok 74701-0609 srice@se.edu sonya l. ross department of biological sciences southeastern oklahoma state university durant, ok 74701-0609 sross76@student.se.edu key words: butenolides, cross-timbers, fire, karrikens, reg eneration abstract seedlings of phacelia strictiflora a.l. de jussieu (hydrophyllaceae) germinate profusely after major fires in the cross timbers forest of oklahoma and rarely at other times and places. seed germination was greatly enhanced under laboratory conditions by exposure to a water suspension of smoke chemicals. this is the first report of smoke enhancement of germination in a native oklahoma plant species. many plant species grow abundantly after disturbances including fires, but smoke enhancement of germination allows p. strictiflora to grow abundantly after fires and only rarely after other kinds of disturbance. introduction seeds of some plant species rarely germinate except after fires. these species grow in ecological communities that depend upon a fire cycle for regeneration. examples include the chaparral (keeley and fotheringham 1998a; keeley et al. 2012), the shrublands of western australia (dixon et al. 1995; thomas et al. 2007; turner et al. 2009), and the south african fynbos (delange and boucher 1990). germination after fire may confer a great advantage on seedlings because the adult plants often form a dense cover against which the seedlings would be unable to successfully compete for light, water, and nutrients. post-fire germination also allows seedlings to benefit from a flush of mineral nutrients provided by the ashes. moreover, in firecycle communities, seeds may require exposure to one or more chemical components of smoke in order to germinate. in some cases, these chemicals may be oxidizing gases such as no2 (keeley and fotheringham 1998b), while in other cases they may be a group of butenolides known as karrikins, which are growth regulators produced by the combustion of cellulose (flematti et al. 2004; chiwocha et al. 2009; dixon et al. 2009). in many cases, profuse germination after fires may result mainly from the sudden and greater abundance of light, water, and nutrients at the ground level, rather than from exposure to smoke chemicals. many forms of disturbance other than fire also provide flushes of these resources. in this paper, we report that seed germination of phacelia strictiflora a. l. de jussieu (hydrophyllaceae) is very strongly enhanced by smoke and rarely occurs without smoke stimulation. we also present evidence that post-fire germination of p. strictiflora seeds is not simply due to availability of a flush of resources or to stratification. this is the first report of mailto:srice@se.edu mailto:sross76@student.se.edu oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 13, december 2013 smoke enhancement of germination in a native oklahoma plant species. phacelia strictiflora is a native oklahoma plant species that is a close relative of the chaparral p. grandiflora, in which smoke strongly enhances germination (keeley and fotheringam 1998a). p. strictiflora grows in poor soils in the south central united states. in oklahoma, p. strictiflora is normally a rare spring annual in the cross timbers forest, which is noted for its poor soils. however, after major summer fires, p. strictiflora may grow and bloom profusely, forming nearly a monoculture in some areas, in the following spring (figures 1, 2). the strong association between fire and germination led us to hypothesize that smoke chemicals greatly enhance the germination of p. strictiflora seeds. materials and methods we collected seeds from mature, dry phacelia strictiflora plants in a postfire area of the blue river wildlife conservation area maintained by the oklahoma department of wildlife conservation, near the junction of state highway 7 and the blue river in bryan county (34º 21.50’ n, 96º 35.41’ w). a wildfire destroyed most of the adult trees in 2011. we collected seeds of mature, senescent plants in may 2012 from ten different 25 m2 areas within the burned forest. we stored the dry seeds in plastic bags in the laboratory, at first at room temperature and later in a refrigerator, but we did not moisten the seeds except in the stratification treatment (see below). we used a dissecting microscope to carefully select healthy seeds (plump and free of discoloration) to use in the following experiments. figure 1 phacelia strictiflora at the blue river wildlife conservation area the april following the 2011 fire. stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 50 figure 2 abundant post-fire growth of phacelia stricitflora in the cross timbers forest at the blue river wildlife conservation area in april 2012. oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 13, december 2013 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross we first explored the likely range of conditions that may induce germination of p. strictiflora seeds. we exposed seeds to a broad range of conditions, including: heat and smoke from a grill in which we burned dried branches of q. stellata; ground ashes; physical scarification with sandpaper; a 3 mg/ml solution of miracle-gro® complete fertilizer; a 5% solution of colgin brand liquid smoke®; sulfuric acid (diluted to ph = 3); and ammonium hydroxide (diluted to ph = 10). we used 30 petri plates, each with 20 seeds, for a total of 600 seeds. we kept all petri plates on racks underneath fluorescent lights in a temperaturecontrolled laboratory for a month. for the two main experiments, we produced an aqueous suspension of smoke molecules in the following manner. we placed 150 ml (5.07 oz) of water in the reservoir of a commercial hookah pipe and burned post oak wood in the bowl. we drew smoke through the water using a nasal aspirator for three hours, during which time we replenished the oak wood as it burned. the result was a water suspension that was visibly amber and smelled like smoke. we diluted some of this suspension to halfstrength, and some of it to quarter-strength. we kept the three dilutions in refrigerated test tubes sealed with parafilm to discourage the diffusion of volatile smoke chemicals and performed the experiments during storage of the water suspension. in the first of these experiments, we compared stratified with unstratified seeds. we stratified some seeds by keeping them for a month in a refrigerator in moist paper towels inside of open plastic bags. for each of the following conditions, we then prepared four petri plates, each with 25 stratified seeds kept under the following conditions: • distilled water (control) • quarter-strength smoke solution • half-strength smoke solution • full strength smoke solution we did the same with petri dishes of unstratified seeds. the result was a sample of 400 stratified seeds (in sixteen plates) and 400 unstratified seeds (in sixteen plates), for a total sample size of 800 seeds. we kept all petri plates on racks underneath fluorescent lights in a temperature-controlled laboratory for a month. as needed, we added distilled water to the plates, but no additional smoke solution. in the second of these experiments, we used only unstratified seeds that had been stored in a refrigerator. we placed two control plates, two quarter-strength plates, two half-strength plates, and two full strength plates, each with 25 seeds, under the fluorescent lights (n = 200) and in darkness (a drawer adjacent to the lights; n = 200), for a total sample size of 400 seeds. temperature under the lights was slightly higher (26º c, 78.8º f) than temperature in darkness (22º c, 71.6º f). we analyzed the germination results using a chi-square analysis. we could not use a parametric test because in many of the petri dishes no seeds germinated. the preponderance of zeroes made parametric analysis invalid. results none of the 600 seeds germinated in the initial studies. from this we concluded that seed dormancy in phacelia strictiflora prevented germination in response to a flush of nutrients or a change in ph. we also concluded that dormancy of p. strictiflora seeds could not be easily broken by heat or physical abrasion. in the experiment that compared stratified with unstratified seeds, no control seeds germinated, and only one seed germinated when exposed to full-strength smoke suspension. the greatest germination occurred in half-strength and quarterstrength smoke suspension (table 1). this pattern was significant for both stratified oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 52 (p = 0.001) and unstratified (p = 0.001) seeds, analyzed separately. not only did stratified seeds display lower total germination than unstratified seeds, but they germinated more slowly. unstratified seeds began to germinate after 7 days, while stratified seeds did not begin to germinate until 21 days. contrasting with the preliminary experiments, the experiment that compared seeds exposed to light and darkness resulted in 11 of the 50 dark control seeds germinating. however, no seeds germinated in full-strength smoke suspension, and the greatest germination still occurred in halfstrength and quarter-strength smoke suspensions, as in experiment 1 (p = 0.001) (table 2). overall germination was greater in darkness than in light (p = 0.001) ___________________________________________________________________________ table 1 number and percentage of stratified and unstratified phacelia strictiflora seeds that germinated. each treatment contained 100 seeds (n = 800). unstratified seeds cold-stratified seeds full-strength smoke suspension 0 (0%) 1 (1%) half-strength smoke suspension 54 (54%) 16 (16%) quarter-strength smoke suspension 37 (37%) 5 (5%) control 0 (0%) 0 (0%) ___________________________________________________________________________ table 2 number and percentage of phacelia strictiflora seeds that germinated in the light and the dark. each treatment contained 50 seeds (n = 400). light dark full-strength smoke suspension 0 (0%) 0 (0%) half-strength smoke suspension 13 (26%) 21 (42%) quarter-strength smoke suspension 13 (26%) 27 (54%) control 0 (0%) 11 (22%) ___________________________________________________________________________ discussion and conclusions very few control seeds of phacelia strictiflora germinated. we cannot explain why 11 control seeds germinated in darkness in the final experiment, while no control seeds germinated in previous experiments. one possibility is that smoke chemicals diffused through the air from plates with smoke suspensions into some control plates, since all the plates were in the same drawer. but we have observed that a few phacelia seedlings germinate in the field in years without fire. even the post-fire herbaceous plants of the chaparral have a low level of seed germination under control conditions; a few control seeds germinated in seven of twelve chaparral species (including p. grandiflora) investigated by keeley and fotheringam (1998a). we have nevertheless demonstrated a strong smoke enhancement of p. strictiflora seed oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 13, december 2013 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross germination, similar to that of post-fire species in fire-dependent ecological communities. halfor quarter-strength smoke suspension greatly enhanced seed germination. the failure of seeds to germinate upon exposure to the fullstrength suspension agrees with the conclusions of drewes et al. (1995) that high concentrations of smoke chemicals can inhibit germination. the possibility that the seeds require exposure to light in order to respond to smoke (todorović et al. 2005) was not supported in this species by our experiments. greater germination in the dark in the final experiment may have resulted from the slightly lower temperature. growth chambers with full temperature control were not available for this research. we demonstrated that cold stratification was unnecessary as well as insufficient for germination. in southern oklahoma, many annual species germinate and grow during the mild winters, and the same may be true of p. strictiflora. in fact, cold stratification appeared to mildly inhibit germination. in the tallgrass prairie of north america, recurring fires destroy woody vegetation and promote the re-growth of perennial grasses and forbs. however, smoke enhances germination in only about one-third of prairie species (jefferson et al. 2008). this may be due to the fact that most post-fire re-growth in the tallgrass prairie comes from the re-sprouting of perennials rather than the germination of seeds. seed germination in prairies often occurs after soil disturbance by animals. the cross timbers forest is an ecotonal community between the eastern deciduous forest and the tallgrass prairie. however, even though its common name is “prairie phacelia,” p. strictiflora appears to be more common in deciduous forest than in prairie habitats. butenolides such as karrikins may stimulate germination and promote seedling vigor even in species of plants, including agricultural plants, that do not require them (stevens et al. 2007; ghehebriot et al. 2008; lindon and menges 2008; nelson et al. 2009; hong and kang 2011). unlike these species, however, smoke enhancement of p. strictiflora germination appears to be strong enough to effectively limit its growth to post-fire conditions. in this way, p. strictiflora more closely resembles the post-fire plant species of fire-dependent ecological communities than it does the other plant species of the deciduous forest. a seed bank, produced by postfire growth after previous fires, is the only likely explanation of the massive postfire growth of p. strictiflora in 2012. too few individuals grow without fire to permit such profuse germination without a persistent seed bank. the seed bank remains largely, but not completely, dormant until a fire occurs. further, we have observed massive blooms of p. strictiflora only in cross timbers forests growing on granite substrate, but no such blooms in forests growing on limestone. the thinner soils that develop over granite may have, over time, favored the growth of p. strictiflora, allowing it to build up a seed bank in those soils. investigation of the phacelia seed bank is an opportunity for future research. smoke enhancement of seed germination has not been reported for other native oklahoma plant species. we have observed another species, selenia aurea (brassicaceae), growing abundantly after the same fire that promoted the mass flowering of p. strictiflora, but the possibility that s. aurea benefits from or requires smoke for germination has not been investigated. references chiwocha, s., k. dixon, g.r. flematti, e.l. ghisalberti, d.j. merritt, d.c. nelson, and j. stevens. 2009. karrikins: a new family of plant growth regulators in smoke. plant science 177 (4):252–256. oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 54 delange, j.h. and c. boucher. 1990. autecological studies on audouinia capitata (bruniaceae). i. plant-derived smoke as a seed germination cue. south african journal of botany 56 (6):700–703. dixon, k.w., s. roche, and j.s. pate. 1995. the promotive effect of smoke derived from burnt native vegetation on seed germination of western australian plants. oecologia 101 (2):185–192. dixon, k., d. merritt, g. flematti, and e. ghisalberti. 2009. karrikinolide: a phytoreactive compound derived from smoke with applications in horticulture, ecological restoration, and agriculture. acta horticulturae 813:155–170. drewes, f.e., m.t. smith, and j. van staden. 1995. the effect of a plantderived smoke extract on the germination of light-sensitive lettuce seed. plant growth regulation 16:205–209. flematti, gavin r. et al. 2004. a compound from smoke that promotes seed germination. science 305:977. ghehebriot, h.m. et al. 2008. smoke-water and a smoke-isolated butenolide improve germination and seedling vigour of eragrostis tef (zucc.) trotter under high temperature and low osmotic potential. journal of agronomy and crop science 194:270–277. hong, e. and h. kang. 2011. effect of smoke and aspirin stimuli on the germination and growth of alfalfa and broccoli. electronic journal of environmental, agricultural, and food chemistry 10 (2):1918–1926. jefferson, l.v., m. pennacchio, k. havens, b. forsberg, d. sollenberger, and j. ault. 2008. ex situ germination responses of midestern usa prairie species to plant-derived smoke. american midland naturalist 159 (1):251–256. keeley, j.e. and c.j. fotheringham. 1998a. smoke-induced seed germination in california chaparral. ecology 79 (7):2320– 2336. keeley, j.e. and c.j. fotheringham. 1998b. mechanism of smoke-induced seed germination in a post-fire chaparral annual. journal of ecology 86 (1):27–36. keeley, j.e., c.j. fotheringham, and p.w. rundel. 2012. postfire chaparral regeneration under mediterranean and non-mediterranean climates. madroño 59 (3):109–127. lindon, h.l. and e. menges. 2008. effects of smoke on seed germination of twenty species of fire-prone habitats in florida. castanea 73 (2):106–110. nelson, d.c., j.a. riseborough, g.r. flematti, j. stevens, e.l. ghisalberti, k.w. dixon, and s.m. smith. 2009. karrikins discovered in smoke trigger arabidopsis seed germination by a mechanism requiring gibberellic acid synthesis and light. plant physiology 149:863–873. stevens, j.c., d.j. merritt, g.r. flematti, e.l. ghisalberti, and k.w. dixon. 2007. seed germination of agricultural weeds is promoted by the butenolide 3-methyl2h-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one under laboratory and field conditions. plant soil 298:113–124. thomas, p.b., e.c. morris, and t.d. auld. 2007. response surfaces for the combined effects of heat shock and smoke on germination of 16 species forming soil seed banks in south-east australia. austral ecology 32:605–616. todorović, s., z. giba, s. żivković, d. grubišić, and r. konjević. 2005. stimulation of empress tree seed germination by liquid smoke. plant growth regulation 47 (2-3):141–148. turner, s.r., d.j. merritt, m.s. renton, and k.w. dixon. 2009. seed moisture content affects afterripening and smoke responsiveness in three sympatric australian native species from fireprone environments. austral ecology 34:866–877. smoke-induced germination in phacelia strictaflora by dr. stanley a. rice and dr. sonya l. ross journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 15, december 2015 oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 15, december 2015 foreword after 15 years, we are more than pleased with the variety of excellent articles submitted and accepted for publication in the oklahoma native plant record. this year, as most years, together, they meet all onps goals. “encouraging the study of native plants.” we never know how the record of a single study will encourage future research, but we are sure our historic article will be of special value to today’s botanists and ecologists studying historic species distributions and environmental changes. in 1934, ben osborn may not have been aware of how valuable his list of flowering dates would be to the issue of global warming, but his article, “first flowering dates for central oklahoma” fills that role. in his preface to that article, dr. wayne elisens contributes the history that puts that data into perspective. floristic surveys, like that of black mesa by amy buthod and bruce hoagland from the oklahoma biological survey, and descriptions like those in forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia by chad king, from the university of central oklahoma, make future comparative studies not only possible, but likely. “encouraging the protection of native plants.” kudzu (pueraria montana) has long been described as an invasive species, but like many exotic species that have been introduced without thought of how they would interact with native species, it didn’t start out that way. marli claytor and karen hickman from oklahoma state university summarize the current extent of kudzu and what might be done to protect our native species. “encouraging the propagation of native plants.” the risks of monoculture plantings and the benefits of planting multiple species within gardens is the topic of the article by oklahoma state university’s bonner, rebek, cole, kahn, and steets. this research is important for landscapers and gardeners because of plant species’ effects on arthropod abundance, a main point of douglas tallamy’s recent presentations at the society’s events in tulsa and oklahoma city. their article provides the data and reasons to heed his advice. “encouraging the appreciation of native plants.” for enthusiasts and plant lovers, this year we have started a new tradition, by chosing our critic’s choice essay from previous “botanist’s corner” articles published in the gaillardia, the society’s newsletter. this year’s essay, by the late paul buck, about an often maligned native species, is entitled “mistletoe, phoradendron serotinum”. “encouraging the use of native plants.” in the past, we have published articles about how native americans used native plant species. “antifungal activity in extracts of plants from southwestern oklahoma against aspergillus flavus” shows us how plants can be used for more current medicinal purposes. it is also a great example of research projects that can inspire students who are involved to continue in botany. this year’s student research project is from tahzeeba frisby and her students at cameron university in lawton. as you can see, articles for all interest groups of our membership (gardeners, academic faculty, landscapers, and enthusiasts) are represented. it is the wide variety of authors who contribute to our journal that helps us bring those many interests together in ways that best promote our goals. why not consider submitting your manuscript next year? remember that our editorial board includes a manuscript editor, dr. mark fishbein, who can find help for first time and citizen-scientist authors. tell us about your ideas and submit your articles early, so we can see that your work gets the most helpful reviews and comments. don’t forget that the oklahoma native plant record is a professionally reviewed publication, listed globally in the “directory of open access journals”, and our abstracts are indexed in the “centre for agricultural bioscience international”, which is based in the u.k. sheila strawn, managing editor oklahoma native plant record, volume 15, number 1, december 2015 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society p. o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 volume 15, december 2015 issn 1536-7738 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ managing editor: sheila strawn production editor: paula shryock electronic production editor: sandy graue manuscript editor: mark fishbein technical advisor: kristi rice the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2015 officers and board members president: joe roberts vice-president: sheila strawn secretary: sandy graue treasurer: mary korthase historian: adam ryburn past president: adam ryburn board members: mike dunn pearl garrison elaine lynch jay pruett bruce smith lara souza chapter chairs: central: adam ryburn cross timbers: mark fishbein northeast: connie murray southwest: doug kemper publicity/merchandise chair: alicia nelson conservation chair: chadwick cox tulsa garden club liaison: sue amstutz betty kemm service award: sue amstutz awards chair: gloria caddell membership database: tina julich photo contest chair: lynn michael mailings/printings chair: karen haworth gaillardia editors: adam ryburn, marilyn stewart website manager: adam ryburn http://www.oknativeplants.org cover photo: euonymous americana (hearts-a-bustin; strawberry bush) by connie arnold articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100108 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ http://www.oknativeplants.org/ 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 oklahoma native plant record volume 15 table of contents foreword .................................................................................................................................................... 3 preface to first flowering dates for central oklahoma .................................................................... 4 dr. wayne elisens first flowering dates for central oklahoma ....................................................................................... 6 mr. ben osborn forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia, oklahoma county, oklahoma (1820–2014) ......................................................................................................................... 19 dr. chad king interplanting floral resource plants with vegetable plants enhances beneficial arthropod abundance in a home garden. ..................................................................... 31 ms. chrisdon b. bonner, dr. eric j. rebek, dr. janet c. cole, dr. brian a. kahn, and dr. janette a. steets contributions to the flora of cimarron county and the black mesa area ................................... 49 ms. amy k. buthod and dr. bruce w. hoagland antifungal activity in extracts of plants from southwestern oklahoma against aspergillus flavus. .......................................................................................................................... 78 dr. tahzeeba frisby and cameron university students kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. abundance and distribution in oklahoma. ................... 96 ms. marli claytor and dr. karen r. hickman critic’s choice essay: mistletoe, phoradendron serotinum (raf.) johnston ........................................... 105 dr. paul buck editorial policies and procedures ....................................................................................................... 107 five year index to oklahoma native plant record ............................................... inside back cover oklahoma native plant record, journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 15, december 2015 title page table of contents foreword oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100004 floristic list for oklahoma county from hoagland, b. w. 2001, atlas and catalog of flora of oklahoma bruce w. hoagland director, oklahoma natural heritage inventory university of oklahoma norman, oklahoma this list, generated on 19 february 2001, is an ongoing project. the most complete records at this time are from the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma. others [indicated with *] are from oklahoma state university, university of science and arts of oklahoma, southeastern oklahoma state university and northwestern oklahoma state university. acanh acacia angustissima prairie acacia var. hirta acmo4 acalypha monococca slender threeseed mercury acos acalypha ostryifolia pineland threeseed mercury acvi acalypha virginica virginia threeseed mercury acne2 acer negundo boxelder acnei2 acer negundo var. interius boxelder aecy aegilops cylindrica jointed goatgrass agas2 agalinis aspera tall false foxglove agde6 agalinis densiflora osage false foxglove agfa2 agalinis fasciculata beach false foxglove aghe4 agalinis heterophylla prairie false foxglove agro3 agrimonia rostellata beaked agrimony aghy agrostis hyemalis winter bentgrass agpe agrostis perennans upland bentgrass alca3 allium canadense meadow garlic alcaf allium canadense var.fraseri fraser meadow garlic alcah allium canadense var. hyacinthoides hyacinth meadow garlic alcal allium canadense var. lavandulare meadow garlic alcam allium canadense var. mobilense meadow garlic aldr allium drummondii drummond's onion alpe2 allium perdulce* plains onion alca4 alopecurus carolinianus carolina foxtail amal amaranthus albus prostrate pigweed amhy amaranthus hybridus slim amaranth ampa amaranthus palmeri carelessweed amre amaranthus retroflexus redroot amaranth amru amaranthus rudis tall amaranth amsp amaranthus spinosus spiny amaranth amtrt ambrosia trifida var. texana texan great ragweed amco ammannia coccinea valley redstem amro3 ammannia robusta grand redstem amca6 amorpha canescens leadplant amfr amorpha fruticosa desert false indigo amar5 ampelopsis arborea peppervine amco2 ampelopsis cordata heartleaf peppervine amly amsinckia lycopsoides tarweed fiddleneck 26 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. ange andropogon gerardii big bluestem angl2 andropogon glomeratus bushy bluestem ante2 andropogon ternarius splitbeard bluestem anoc2 androsace occidentalis western rockjasmine anca45 androstephium caeruleum blue funnel lily anca9 anemone caroliniana carolina anemone apsk aphanostephus skirrhobasis arkansas dozedaisy apam apios americana groundnut apca apocynum cannabinum indianhemp arse2 arenaria serpyllifolia thymeleaf sandwort arpo2 argemone polyanthemos* crested pricklypoppy arba2 aristida basiramea forked threeawn arol aristida oligantha prairie threeawn arpu8 aristida purpurascens arrowfeather threeawn arpul aristida purpurea var. longiseta fendler threeawn asam asclepias amplexicaulis clasping milkweed asasc asclepias asperula ssp. capricornus antelopehorns assp asclepias speciosa showy milkweed asst asclepias stenophylla slimleaf milkweed astu asclepias tuberosa butterfly milkweed astui asclepias tuberosa ssp. interior butterfly milkweed asve asclepias verticillata whorled milkweed asvi asclepias viridiflora green comet milkweed asvi2 asclepias viridis green antelopehorn asof asparagus officinalis garden asparagus asca11 astragalus canadensis canadian milkvetch ascrc3 astragalus crassicarpus var. crassicarpus groundplum milkvetch aslo4 astragalus lotiflorus lotus milkvetch aspl2 astragalus plattensis platte river milkvetch atpr atriplex prostrata triangle orache augrs aureolaria grandiflora var. serrata largeflower yellow false basa baccharis salicina great plains false willow baalm baptisia alba var. macrophylla largeleaf wild indigo baaum baptisia australis var. minor blue wild indigo babrl2 baptisia bracteata var. leucophaea longbract wild indigo bete bergia texana* texas bergia bibi7 bidens bipinnata spanish needles bice bidens cernua nodding beggartick bifr bidens frondosa devil's beggartick bitr bidens tripartita threelobe beggarticks bocy boehmeria cylindrica* smallspike false nettle boasl boltonia asteroides var. latisquama white doll's daisy bois bothriochloa ischaemum yellow bluestem bosa bothriochloa saccharoides silver bluestem bocu bouteloua curtipendula sideoats grama bogr2 bouteloua gracilis blue grama bohi2 bouteloua hirsuta hairy grama bohip bouteloua hirsuta var. pectinata tall grama oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. brni brassica nigra black mustard brmi2 briza minor little quakinggrass brca6 bromus catharticus rescuegrass brco4 bromus commutatus meadow brome brja bromus japonicus japanese brome brra2 bromus racemosus bald brome brse bromus secalinus rye brome brst2 bromus sterilis poverty brome brte bromus tectorum cheatgrass brpa4 broussonetia papyrifera paper mulberry buam buchnera americana american bluehearts buar3 buglossoides arvensis corn gromwell caal callirhoe alcaeoides light poppymallow cadi2 callirhoe digitata winecup cain2 callirhoe involucrata purple poppymallow cabe6 calylophus berlandieri berlandier's sundrops cabep2 calylophus berlandieri ssp. pinifolius berlandier's sundrops case12 calylophus serrulatus yellow sundrops case13 calystegia sepium hedge false bindweed casif calystegia silvatica ssp. fraterniflora shortstalk false bindweed cami2 camelina microcarpa littlepod false flax cara2 campsis radicans trumpet creeper cabu2 capsella bursa-pastoris shepherd's purse capaa2 cardamine parviflora var. arenicola sand bittercress cadr cardaria draba whitetop cadrd cardaria draba ssp. draba heartpod hoarycress caha13 cardiospermum halicacabum love in a puff caco15 carya cordiformis bitternut hickory cail2 carya illinoinensis pecan ceam ceanothus americanus new jersey tea cesc celastrus scandens american bittersweet celar celtis laevigata var. reticulata* netleaf hackberry ceoc celtis occidentalis* common hackberry cete celtis tenuifolia* dwarf hackberry cesp4 cenchrus spinifex coastal sandbur ceoc2 cephalanthus occidentalis common buttonbush cebr3 cerastium brachypodum shortstalk chickweed cefov2 cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare big chickweed cenu2 cerastium nutans nodding chickweed chpr chaerophyllum procumbens spreading chervil chta chaerophyllum tainturieri hairyfruit chervil chtat chaerophyllum tainturieri var. tainturier hairyfruit chervil chfa2 chamaecrista fasciculata sleepingplant chgl13 chamaesyce glyptosperma ribseed sandmat chhu3 chamaesyce humistrata spreading sandmat chma15 chamaesyce maculata spotted sandmat chmi8 chamaesyce missurica prairie sandmat chnu9 chamaesyce nutans eyebane chpr6 chamaesyce prostrata 28 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. prostrate sandmat chse4 chamaesyce serpens matted sandmat chla5 chasmanthium latifolium indian woodoats chal7 chenopodium album lambsquarters chalm2 chenopodium album var. missouriense missouri lambsquarters chama1 chenopodium ambrosioides var. ambrosioides mexican tea chpr5 chenopodium pratericola desert goosefoot chsi2 chenopodium simplex mapleleaf goosefoot chst2 chenopodium standleyanum standley's goosefoot chve2 chloris verticillata tumble windmill grass chte2 chorispora tenella crossflower clvi3 claytonia virginica virginia springbeauty clpi clematis pitcheri bluebill clan cleomella angustifolia narrowleaf rhombopod clma4 clitoria mariana atlantic pigeonwings cnte cnidoscolus texanus texas bullnettle coca cocculus carolinus carolina coralbead coco3 commelina communis asiatic dayflower cocol commelina communis var. ludens asiatic dayflower coer commelina erecta whitemouth dayflower coera commelina erecta var. angustifolia whitemouth dayflower coere commelina erecta var. erecta whitemouth dayflower coor conringia orientalis hare's ear mustard coar4 convolvulus arvensis field bindweed codr2 cooperia drummondii evening rainlily codr cornus drummondii roughleaf dogwood cocuo corydalis curvisiliqua ssp. occidentalis curvepod fumewort comia2 corydalis micrantha ssp. australis smallflower fumewort comim2 corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha smallflower fumewort crmo2 crataegus mollis arnold hawthorn crvi2 crataegus viridis green hawthorn crsa4 crotalaria sagittalis arrowhead rattlebox crca6 croton capitatus hogwort crgl2 croton glandulosus vente conmigo crgls croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis vente conmigo crli2 croton lindheimerianus threeseed croton crmo6 croton monanthogynus prairie tea crte4 croton texensis texas croton cufo cucurbita foetidissima missouri gourd cupe3 cuscuta pentagona fiveangled dodder cyat cycloloma atriplicifolium winged pigweed cyla cynanchum laeve honeyvine cyda cynodon dactylon bermudagrass cybi6 cyperus bipartitus slender flatsedge cycr6 cyperus croceus baldwin's flatsedge cyer2 cyperus erythrorhizos redroot flatsedge cyes cyperus esculentus chufa flatsedge cylul cyperus lupulinus ssp. lupulinus great plains flatsedge cyod cyperus odoratus fragrant flatsedge cypo cyperus polystachyos* oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. manyspike flatsedge cysq cyperus squarrosus bearded flatsedge daau dalea aurea golden prairie clover dacac dalea candida var. candida white prairie clover dacao dalea candida var. oligophylla white prairie clover daen dalea enneandra nineanther prairie clover dalal dalea lanata var. lanata woolly prairie clover damu dalea multiflora roundhead prairie clover dapu5 dalea purpurea violet prairie clover dapup dalea purpurea var. purpurea violet prairie clover daviv dalea villosa var. villosa silky prairie clover dast datura stramonium jimsonweed daca6 daucus carota queen anne's lace dapu3 daucus pusillus american wild carrot deca3 delphinium carolinianum* carolina larkspur decav2 delphinium carolinianum ssp. virescens carolina larkspur deil desmanthus illinoensis prairie bundleflower dele2 desmanthus leptolobus slenderlobe bundleflower deca8 desmodium canescens hoary ticktrefoil deci desmodium ciliare hairy small-leaf ticktrefoil decuc desmodium cuspidatum var. cuspidatum largebract ticktrefoil deil2 desmodium illinoense illinois ticktrefoil dema2 desmodium marilandicum smooth small-leaf ticktrefoil depa6 desmodium paniculatum panicledleaf ticktrefoil depap2 desmodium paniculatum var. paniculatum panicledleaf ticktrefoil dese desmodium sessilifolium sessileleaf ticktrefoil diar dianthus armeria deptford pink diac2 dichanthelium acuminatum tapered rosette grass diacl dichanthelium acuminatum var. lindheimeri lindheimer panicgrass dila9 dichanthelium laxiflorum openflower rosette grass diol dichanthelium oligosanthes heller's rosette grass diols dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum scribner's rosette grass disc3 dichanthelium scoparium velvet panicum disps3 dichanthelium sphaerocarpon var. sphaerocarpon roundseed panicgrass dibr2 dicliptera brachiata branched foldwing dico6 digitaria cognata carolina crabgrass difi digitaria filiformis slender crabgrass disa digitaria sanguinalis hairy crabgrass dite2 diodia teres poorjoe ditet diodia teres var. teres poorjoe divi5 diospyros virginiana common persimmon drbr draba brachycarpa shortpod draba drcu draba cuneifolia wedgeleaf draba drcuc draba cuneifolia var. cuneifolia wedgeleaf draba drre2 draba reptans carolina draba eccr echinochloa crus-galli barnyardgrass 30 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. ecbe2 echinodorus berteroi upright burrhead ecpr eclipta prostrata false daisy elat eleocharis atropurpurea purple spikerush elco2 eleocharis compressa flatstem spikerush elen eleocharis engelmannii engelmann's spikerush elmo2 eleocharis montevidensis sand spikerush elpa3 eleocharis palustris common spikerush elpa5 eleocharis parvula dwarf spikerush lin3 eleusine indica indian goosegrass elny ellisia nyctelea aunt lucy eqhy equisetum hyemale scouringrush horsetail eqhya equisetum hyemale var. affine scouringrush horsetail eqfe equisetum x ferrissii erci eragrostis cilianensis stinkgrass ercu eragrostis curtipedicellata gummy lovegrass erfr eragrostis frankii sandbar lovegrass erpe eragrostis pectinacea tufted lovegrass erpi2 eragrostis pilosa indian lovegrass erse eragrostis secundiflora red lovegrass erseo eragrostis secundiflora ssp. oxylepis red lovegrass ersp eragrostis spectabilis purple lovegrass ertr3 eragrostis trichodes sand lovegrass erco8 eriochloa contracta prairie cupgrass erlol4 eriogonum longifolium var. longifolium longleaf buckwheat erci6 erodium cicutarium redstem stork's bill ercac erysimum capitatum var. capitatum sanddune wallflower erre4 erysimum repandum spreading wallflower erme15 erythronium mesochoreum midland fawnlily euat3 euonymus atropurpurea eastern wahoo euco10 euphorbia corollata flowering spurge eude4 euphorbia dentata toothed spurge euhe4 euphorbia heterophylla mexican fireplant euhe5 euphorbia hexagona sixangle spurge euma8 euphorbia marginata snow on the mountain eupu7 euphorbia pubentissima false flowering spurge eusp euphorbia spathulata warty spurge evnu evolvulus nuttallianus shaggy dwarf morning-glory fipu fimbristylis puberula hairy fimbry fiva fimbristylis vahlii vahl's fimbry frvig3 fragaria virginiana ssp. grayana virginia strawberry frpe fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash frfl froelichia floridana plains snakecotton frgr3 froelichia gracilis slender snakecotton fusi fuirena simplex western umbrella-sedge gavo galactia volubilis downy milkpea gaap2 galium aparine stickywilly gapip galium pilosum var. puncticulosum hairy bedstraw gavi galium virgatum southwestern bedstraw galo3 gaura longiflora longflower beeblossom gamo5 gaura mollis velvetweed gasi gaura sinuata wavyleaf beeblossom gasu2 gaura suffulta kisses gatr5 gaura triangulata oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. prairie beeblossom gavi2 gaura villosa woolly beeblossom geca5 geranium carolinianum carolina geranium geca7 geum canadense white avens gecac5 geum canadense var. camporum white avens glbib glandularia bipinnatifida var. bipinnatifida dakota mock vervain glca2 glandularia canadensis rose mock vervain glpu4 glandularia pumila pink mock vervain glhe2 glechoma hederacea ground ivy glle3 glycyrrhiza lepidota american licorice havi2 hackelia virginiana beggarslice hedr hedeoma drummondii drummond's false hehi hedeoma hispida rough false pennyroyal heni4 hedyotis nigricans diamondflowers henin hedyotis nigricans var. nigricans diamondflowers hean3 helianthus annuus common sunflower hegr4 helianthus grosseserratus sawtooth sunflower hema2 helianthus maximiliani maximilian sunflower hemo2 helianthus mollis ashy sunflower hepe helianthus petiolaris prairie sunflower hetu helianthus tuberosus jerusalem artichoke hela helianthus x laetiflorus cheerful sunflower hete3 heliotropium tenellum pasture heliotrope hila2 hibiscus laevis halberdleaf rosemallow hitr hibiscus trionum flower of an hour hopu3 houstonia pusilla tiny bluet hydr hypericum drummondii nits and lice hyhy hypericum hypericoides st. andrew's cross hyhym hypericum hypericoides ssp. multicaule st. andrew's cross hymu hypericum mutilum dwarf st. johnswort hypr hypericum prolificum shrubby st. johnswort hyps hypericum pseudomaculatum* false spotted st. johnswort hypu hypericum punctatum spotted st. johnswort hyhi2 hypoxis hirsuta common goldstar inmil indigofera miniata var. leptosepala western indigo ipla ipomoea lacunosa whitestar iple ipomoea leptophylla bush morning-glory ippa ipomoea pandurata man of the earth irrh iresine rhizomatosa juda's bush ivana iva annua var. annua annual marshelder juni juglans nigra black walnut jubi juncus biflorus bog rush jubr juncus brachycarpus whiteroot rush judi2 juncus diffusissimus slimpod rush judu2 juncus dudleyi dudley's rush juin2 juncus interior inland rush juma4 juncus marginatus grassleaf rush jusc juncus scirpoides needlepod rush juto juncus torreyi torrey's rush juvav juncus validus var. validus roundhead rush juvi juniperus virginiana eastern redcedar kapa kallstroemia parviflora warty caltrop krla krameria lanceolata trailing krameria 32 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. kust kummerowia stipulacea korean clover lasa lactuca saligna* willowleaf lettuce laam lamium amplexicaule henbit deadnettle lapu2 lamium purpureum purple deadnettle lala4 lathyrus latifolius perennial pea lemu3 lechea mucronata hairy pinweed lete lechea tenuifolia narrowleaf pinweed leor leersia oryzoides rice cutgrass leau3 lepidium austrinum southern pepperwort lede lepidium densiflorum common pepperweed leded lepidium densiflorum var. densiflorum common pepperweed leob lepidium oblongum veiny pepperweed levi3 lepidium virginicum virginia pepperweed lefuf leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis bearded sprangletop lepam leptochloa panicea ssp. mucronata mucronate sprangletop leca8 lespedeza capitata roundhead lespedeza lecu lespedeza cuneata chinese lespedeza lepr lespedeza procumbens trailing lespedeza lest5 lespedeza stuevei tall lespedeza levi7 lespedeza virginica slender lespedeza lemu leucospora multifida narrowleaf paleseed livu2 linaria vulgaris butter and eggs libeb2 linum berlandieri var. berlandieri berlandier's yellow flax lipr linum pratense meadow flax lirir linum rigidum var. rigidum stiffstem flax lisu4 linum sulcatum grooved flax lidr3 lipocarpha drummondii drummond's halfchaff sedge list2 liquidambar styraciflua sweetgum lica13 lithospermum caroliniense carolina puccoon licac9 lithospermum caroliniense var. croceum carolina puccoon liin2 lithospermum incisum narrowleaf stoneseed loca2 lobelia cardinalis cardinalflower lofod lomatium foeniculaceum ssp. daucifolium desert biscuitroot loja lonicera japonica japanese honeysuckle lounu lotus unifoliolatus var. unifoliolatus american bird's-foot trefoil lual2 ludwigia alternifolia seedbox lupa ludwigia palustris marsh seedbox lute lupinus texensis texs lupine lyam lycopus americanus american water horehound lyal4 lythrum alatum winged lythrum lyall lythrum alatum var. lanceolatum winged lythrum mapo maclura pomifera osage orange matr magnolia tripetala* umbrella-tree maro11 malva rotundifolia low mallow melu medicago lupulina black medick memi medicago minima burr medick mesa medicago sativa alfalfa meof melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover mepe3 melothria pendula guadeloupe cucumber meca3 menispermum canadense oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. common moonseed mesp3 mentha spicata spearmint minu6 mimosa nuttallii nuttall's sensitive-briar midr minuartia drummondii drummond's stitchwort mipa6 minuartia patula pitcher's stitchwort mial4 mirabilis albida white four o'clock mili3 mirabilis linearis narrowleaf four o'clock miny mirabilis nyctaginea heartleaf four o'clock move mollugo verticillata green carpetweed mocl2 monarda clinopodioides basil beebalm mofi monarda fistulosa wild bergamot mofim3 monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. mollis wild bergamot monu monolepis nuttalliana nuttall's povertyweed moal morus alba white mulberry moru2 morus rubra red mulberry mura muhlenbergia racemosa marsh muhly musy muhlenbergia sylvatica woodland muhly myve myosotis verna spring forget-me-not nelu nelumbo lutea american lotus neph nemophila phacelioides largeflower baby blue eyes nelu2 neptunia lutea yellow puff nobi2 nothoscordum bivalve crowpoison nuca nuttallanthus canadensis canada toadflax nute nuttallanthus texanus texas toadflax nyod nymphaea odorata american white waterlily nyodt nymphaea odorata ssp. tuberosa* american white waterlily oebi oenothera biennis common evening-primrose oela oenothera laciniata cutleaf evening-primrose oeli oenothera linifolia threadleaf evening-primrose oemao2 oenothera macrocarpa ssp. oklahomensis oklahoma evening-primrose oerh oenothera rhombipetala fourpoint evening-primrose oesp2 oenothera speciosa pinkladies oetr2 oenothera triloba stemless evening-primrose oeviv oenothera villosa ssp. villosa hairy evening-primrose onmoo2 onosmodium molle ssp. occidentale western marbleseed open ophioglossum engelmannii limestone adderstongue oxco oxalis corniculata creeping woodsorrel oxst oxalis stricta common yellow oxalis oxvi oxalis violacea violet woodsorrel oxla3 oxytropis lambertii purple locoweed paan panicum anceps beaked panicgrass padi panicum dichotomiflorum fall panicgrass pahi3 panicum hillmanii hillman's panicgrass paob panicum obtusum vine mesquite pavi2 panicum virgatum switchgrass paja paronychia jamesii james' nailwort paqu2 parthenocissus quinquefolia virginia creeper pasm pascopyrum smithii western wheatgrass padi6 paspalum distichum knotgrass papu5 paspalum pubiflorum hairyseed paspalum pain6 passiflora incarnata purple passionflower pecu3 pediomelum cuspidatum 34 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. largebract indian breadroot pedi9 pediomelum digitatum palmleaf indian breadroot pees pediomelum esculentum large indian breadroot peat2 pellaea atropurpurea purple cliffbrake pebu penstemon buckleyi buckley's beardtongue peco4 penstemon cobaea cobaea beardtongue pefe penstemon fendleri fendler's penstemon pela10 penstemon laxiflorus nodding beardtongue peok penstemon oklahomensis oklahoma beardtongue petu penstemon tubiflorus white wand beardtongue phst phacelia strictiflora prairie phacelia phstl phacelia strictiflora var. lundelliana lundell's phacelia phca6 phalaris caroliniana carolina canarygrass phpi phlox pilosa downy phlox phpio2 phlox pilosa ssp. ozarkana ozark phlox phle14 phoradendron leucarpum oak mistletoe phle5 phryma leptostachya american lopseed phan5 physalis angulata cutleaf groundcherry phcic3 physalis cinerascens var. cinerascens smallflower groundcherry phhe5 physalis heterophylla clammy groundcherry phhi8 physalis hispida prairie groundcherry phpu8 physalis pumila dwarf groundcherry phviv3 physalis virginiana var. virginiana virginia groundcherry pham4 phytolacca americana american pokeweed phama3 phytolacca americana var. americana american pokeweed pisa6 pisum sativum garden pea plar3 plantago aristata largebracted plantain plla plantago lanceolata narrowleaf plantain plpa2 plantago patagonica woolly plantain plpu plantago pusilla dwarf plantain plrh plantago rhodosperma redseed plantain plru plantago rugelii blackseed plantain plvi plantago virginica virginia plantain ploc platanus occidentalis american sycamore plca7 pluchea camphorata camphor pluchea plodo pluchea odorata var. odorata sweetscent podot polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma sandyseed clammyweed poal4 polygala alba white milkwort poin4 polygala incarnata procession flower pove polygala verticillata whorled milkwort povei polygala verticillata var. isocycla whorled milkwort pobic polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum smooth solomon's seal poame polygonum amphibium var. emersum longroot smartweed poav polygonum aviculare prostrate knotweed poco10 polygonum convolvulus black bindweed pohy polygonum hydropiper marshpepper knotweed pohy2 polygonum hydropiperoides swamp smartweed pola4 polygonum lapathifolium curlytop knotweed pope2 polygonum pensylvanicum pennsylvania smartweed oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. pope3 polygonum persicaria spotted ladysthumb popu5 polygonum punctatum dotted smartweed pora3 polygonum ramosissimum bushy knotweed posc3 polygonum scandens climbing false buckwheat poscs polygonum scandens var. scandens climbing false buckwheat pote2 polygonum tenue pleatleaf knotweed povi2 polygonum virginianum jumpseed ponu4 polytaenia nuttallii nuttall's prairie parsley pool portulaca oleracea little hogweed popi3 portulaca pilosa kiss me quick pore5 potentilla recta sulphur cinquefoil prvu prunella vulgaris common selfheal pran3 prunus angustifolia chickasaw plum pranw prunus angustifolia var. watsonii watson's plum prgr prunus gracilis oklahoma plum prme prunus mexicana mexican plum prpe3 prunus persica peach prse2 prunus serotina black cherry prvi prunus virginiana* chokecherry pste5 psoralidium tenuiflorum slimflower scurfpea quma2 quercus macrocarpa bur oak quma3 quercus marilandica blackjack oak qumu quercus muehlenbergii chinkapin oak qupr quercus prinoides dwarf chinkapin oak quru quercus rubra northern red oak qust quercus stellata post oak qulo2 quincula lobata chinese lantern rasc3 ranunculus sceleratus* cursed buttercup rhcol2 rhus copallinum var. latifolia winged sumac rhgl rhus glabra smooth sumac rhla5 rhynchosia latifolia prairie snoutbean rhgl2 rhynchospora globularis globe beaksedge rhha rhynchospora harveyi harvey's beaksedge riauv ribes aureum var. villosum golden currant rops robinia pseudoacacia black locust rona2 rorippa nasturtium aquaticum watercress ropaf2 rorippa palustris ssp. fernaldiana fernald's yellowcress rose rorippa sessiliflora stalkless yellowcress rosi2 rorippa sinuata spreading yellowcress rote2 rorippa teres southern marsh yellowcress rofo rosa foliolosa white prairie rose romu rosa multiflora multiflora rose rora rotala ramosior lowland rotala ruab rubus aboriginum garden dewberry ruar2 rubus argutus sawtooth blackberry ruok rubus oklahomus oklahoma blackberry rutr rubus trivialis southern dewberry ruhu ruellia humilis fringeleaf wild petunia rust2 ruellia strepens limestone wild petunia rual4 rumex altissimus pale dock rucr rumex crispus* curly dock ruha2 rumex hastatulus heartwing sorrel 36 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. ruve2 rumex venosus veiny dock saan sabatia angularis rosepink saca3 sabatia campestris texas star sade sagina decumbens trailing pearlwort saex salix exigua sandbar willow satr12 salsola tragus prickly russian thistle saaz salvia azurea azure blue sage sanic4 sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis common elderberry savap samolus valerandi s sp. parviflorus seaside brookweed saan2 sanguisorba annua prairie burnet saca15 sanicula canadensis canadian blacksnakeroot saof4 saponaria officinalis bouncingbet scsc schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem scaca schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus hardstem bulrush scam6 schoenoplectus americanus chairmaker's bulrush scli5 scirpus lineatus rusty bulrush, drooping scci scleria ciliata fringed nutrush sctr scleria triglomerata whip nutrush scla2 scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap scpa7 scutellaria parvula small skullcap sema11 senna marilandica maryland senna sivi2 sibara virginica virginia winged rockcress sisp sida spinosa prickly fanpetals sian2 silene antirrhina sleepy silene sial2 sisymbrium altissimum tall tumblemustard siof sisymbrium officinale hedgemustard sian3 sisyrinchium angustifolium narrowleaf blue-eyed grass sica9 sisyrinchium campestre prairie blue-eyed grass sila5 sisyrinchium langloisii roadside blue-eyed grass smbo2 smilax bona-nox saw greenbrier smhe smilax herbacea smooth carrionflower smro smilax rotundifolia roundleaf greenbrier smta2 smilax tamnoides bristly greenbrier soca3 solanum carolinense carolina horsenettle sodi solanum dimidiatum western horsenettle soel solanum elaeagnifolium silverleaf nightshade sopt3 solanum ptychanthum west indian nightshade soro solanum rostratum buffalobur nightshade sogi solidago gigantea giant goldenrod soaf sophora affinis eve's necklacepod sonu sophora nuttalliana silky sophora sppe spartina pectinata prairie cordgrass spdi2 spermolepis divaricata roughfruit scaleseed spec2 spermolepis echinata bristly scaleseed spin spermolepis inermis red river scaleseed spco sphaeralcea coccinea scarlet globemallow spce spiranthes cernua nodding ladies'-tresses spla4 spiranthes lacera* northern slender spma5 spiranthes magnicamporum great plains ladies'-tresses spov spiranthes ovalis october ladies'-tresses spve spiranthes vernalis spring ladies'-tresses stme2 stellaria media common chickweed stmem stellaria media ssp. oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. media common chickweed stli2 stenosiphon linifolius false gaura stsy stillingia sylvatica queen's-delight sthy streptanthus hyacinthoides smooth jewelflower sthe4 strophostyles helvula trailing fuzzybean stle6 strophostyles leiosperma slickseed fuzzybean stbi2 stylosanthes biflora sidebeak pencilflower syor symphoricarpos orbiculatus coralberry sydi2 symphyotrichum divaricatum southern annual saltmarsh taca talinum calycinum largeflower fameflower tapa3 talinum parviflorum sunbright taga tamarix gallica salt cedar, french tamarisk tevi tephrosia virginiana virginia tephrosia teca3 teucrium canadense canada germander tecac teucrium canadense var. canadense canada germander tecao teucrium canadense var. occidentale western germander thar5 thlaspi arvense field pennycress toar torilis arvensis spreading hedgeparsley troc tradescantia occidentalis prairie spiderwort troh tradescantia ohiensis bluejacket trte tribulus terrestris puncturevine trdu2 trifolium dubium suckling clover trpr2 trifolium pratense red clover trre3 trifolium repens white clover trle3 triodanis leptocarpa slimpod venus' trpeb triodanis perfoliata var. biflora clasping venus' trda3 tripsacum dactyloides eastern gamagrass tydo typha domingensis southern cattail tyla typha latifolia broadleaf cattail ulam ulmus americana* american elm ulru ulmus rubra* slippery elm urte2 urochloa texana texas signalgrass vaam2 valerianella amarella hairy cornsalad vara valerianella radiata beaked cornsalad veth verbascum thapsus common mullein vebr verbena bracteata bigbract verbena vest verbena stricta hoary verbena veur verbena urticifolia white vervain veurl verbena urticifolia var. leiocarpa white vervain veal verbesina alternifolia wingstem vear veronica arvensis corn speedwell vepe2 veronica peregrina neckweed vepep veronica peregrina ssp. peregrina neckweed vepex2 veronica peregrina ssp. xalapensis hairy purslane speedwell viru viburnum rufidulum rusty blackhaw viamm3 vicia americana ssp. minor mat vetch visa vicia sativa garden vetch vivi vicia villosa winter vetch viviv8 vicia villosa ssp. varia winter vetch vibi viola bicolor field pansy 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 hoagland, b.w. vipa3 viola palmata early blue violet visa2 viola sagittata arrowleaf violet viso viola sororia common blue violet vitr viola tricolor johnny jumpup vici2 vitis cinerea graybark grape vivu vitis vulpina frost grape vuoc vulpia octoflora sixweeks fescue woob2 woodsia obtusa bluntlobe cliff fern xastc xanthium strumarium var. canadense canada cockleburr xastg xanthium strumarium var. glabratum rough cockleburr yugl yucca glauca soapweed yucca yuglg2 yucca glauca var. glauca* soapweed yucca zaam zanthoxylum americanum common pricklyash zinu zigadenus nuttallii nuttall's deathcamas oklahoma native plant record, volume 15, number 1, december 2015 oklahoma native plant record 105 volume 15, december 2015 paul buck https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100117 critic’s choice essay mistletoe, phoradendron serotinum (raf.) johnston reprinted from gaillardia, spring 1993 paul buck, deceased professor emeritus department of biological science university of tulsa every oklahoma child quickly becomes familiar with the common mistletoe, the green leaved growth on naked branches of large trees in mid-winter. this native plant occurs over most of the state and is particularly popular as one of the year-end holiday decorations. we all know it is permissible to steal a kiss from someone standing “under the mistletoe.” although considered by many to be a parasite, in reality the plant is only semiparasitic. it does obtain water, minerals, and perhaps some proteins from the host, but it is able to carry out photosynthesis and therefore produce most of its own food. in spite of the plant invading its tissue, the host is seldom harmed, unless of course there is a very heavy infestation. just 100 years ago in february 1893, mistletoe became the floral emblem of the territory of oklahoma. in 1909, the second state legislature conferred the same designation for the state of oklahoma. the following explanation for its selection appeared in the chronicles of oklahoma, the publication of the oklahoma historical society. tradition has it that the first grave made in oklahoma country in the winter after the opening of 1889 was covered with mistletoe since there were no other floral offerings in the new country except the green of the mistletoe with its white berries growing in great clusters on the elms along the dry creek beds and branches. all through the winter, the green bank of the lonely grave could be seen far across the prairie against the sere brown grass or the melting snow of early spring. thus, the mistletoe became associated with sacred thoughts among the pioneer settlers. in oklahoma, mistletoe is most commonly associated with ulmus americana (american elm), a species which has been badly ravaged by dutch elm disease, a fungus with tissue choking the water translocating tissues. mistletoe may also be found on hackberries, oaks, maples, ash, sycamore, and other native deciduous trees. this is fortunate; otherwise, the species might well become a candidate for rare or endangered status. the plants are dioecious (unisexual: staminate and pistillate flowers on different individuals). flowers are about 2 mm across, without petals, and borne on spike-like stalks from the bases of the leaves. the fruit, which are readily consumed by birds, are whitish, mucilaginous, one-seeded drupes, appearing during the winter. it has been suggested that dispersal takes place when the sticky seeds are “glued” to a twig as a bird wipes its bill, or the ingested, but unharmed, seeds are deposited on a limb with fecal material. 106 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 paul buck used as a medicinal plant by indians and pioneers, a tea was prepared to relax nervous tension and muscle irritability and to increase blood pressure. other uses were to lessen bleeding, promote clotting, stimulate uterine contraction, and arrest postpartum hemorrhage. however, caution is advisable. like virtually all medications, mistletoe can be poisonous under certain conditions such as improper dosage levels, sensitive individuals, or with the very young, elderly, or feeble. there is no reliable information on safe dosages. although consumption of the fruit is harmless to pigs, 13 hereford cattle, forced to consume the plant when their pasture was reduced, died within 10 hours after the onset of symptoms. death was due to collapse of the cardiovascular system. several deaths among children, having consumed the fruit, have been documented. such is the state’s floral emblem, the oklahoma mistletoe, phoraendron serotinum — an interesting, beneficial, and potentially dangerous member of our native flora. bacf critic’s choice essay: mistletoe, phoradendron serotinum (raf.) johnston by dr. paul buck oklahoma native plant record, volume 11, number 1, december 2011 oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 cole, l.e. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100086 75 some thoughts on oklahoma plants and summer 2011’s exceptional drought leslie e. cole, d.v.m. oklahoma has just had a summer of incredible heat and exceptional drought (d4), the worst such designation possible from the national drought monitor and marked by a menacing dark red on the drought maps they make. the impacts of this tough climate event can be seen everywhere one looks from the dormant or dead blackjacks and eastern redcedars to the thin young crows, and felt in the economy and our communities. we can set the stage for these musings by quoting mr. gary mcmanus, associate state climatologist, oklahoma climatological survey. oklahoma is “… just coming off one of our driest you-name-the-period on record. the current drought originated in september 2010 with the arrival of la nina in the equatorial pacific waters. this water year, which ended september 2011, finished as the second driest on record for oklahoma with a statewide average precipitation total of 20.26 inches, 16.43 inches below normal. the driest such period on record was 18.69 inches from the 1955-1956 water year. for the panhandle, west central, central and southwestern parts of the state, it was easily the driest water year on record. southwest oklahoma’s water year average of 12.68 inches was more than 18 inches below normal and nearly 5 inches drier than the previous record low total of 17.45 inches, again from the 1955-56 water year.” and to gain perspective on the record heat of summer 2011, also from mr. mcmanus… “according to data from the oklahoma mesonet, the state’s climatological summer, june 1 through august 31, ended with a statewide average of 86.8 degrees, obliterating the previous state record of 85.2 degrees from the summer of 1934.” oklahoma has won the prize for hottest summer for any state since records began. oklahoma agriculture has experienced nearly $2 billion dollars in losses due to the current drought, according to estimates by oklahoma state university’s division of agricultural sciences and natural resources. the oklahoma department of agriculture, food, and forestry estimates crop losses of more than $953 million and cattle losses of about $1 billion. much of oklahoma is still prairie grassland and well suited to produce protein from grazing herbivores like cattle. oklahoma is home to the second largest beef cattle herd in the united states and the drought, with its withered grasses and forage and dried ponds, has hit the state’s beef producers hard, particularly those west of interstate 35 and in southwest oklahoma, according to the oklahoma cattlemen’s association. these agricultural losses will be the highest ever recorded in a single year for our state. as a veterinarian, i suspect that a lot of less than ideal hay will be fed and less than ideal areas will be grazed in oklahoma this fall and winter. we could see increased oral injury in livestock due to the presence of higher numbers of mature grass seed heads in graze and late cut hay (like setaria or foxtail grass) with stiff barbed bristles that easily penetrate flesh and are kept there by the barbs. relatively small amounts of these types of oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 cole, l. e. 76 bristled seed heads in hay can produce these lesions (1.8% for setaria). a significant volume of hay is being shipped into oklahoma from out of state. there could be toxic plants and seeds associated with this out of state hay that we don’t normally see in oklahoma. those concerned about livestock health and oklahoma native plants should be on the lookout for these aliens. drought stressed plants can accumulate or produce toxins not usually present under more “normal” conditions. cyanogenetic glycosides that yield hydrocyanic acid (hcncyanide) upon hydrolysis are a concern in stressed sorghum spp. (sudan grass, johnsongrass, etc.), prunus spp. and others. nitrate levels in stocks, other forage or some hay are a concern as well. plants that accumulate or produce toxins are usually avoided by browsers and grazers; however, when said browsers and grazers are faced with eating dirt or that less than palatable toxic plant, the toxic plant gets eaten. oklahoma has many toxic plants that can cause problems if ingested by livestock; for example, the loco weeds (astragalus spp. and oxytropis spp.), selenium accumulators (astragalus spp. again and stanleya spp.), oxylate accumulators (rumex spp. and chenopodium spp.) and saponin producers (phytolacca and sesbania spp.). even some of oklahoma’s smallest plants have been important in this past summer’s heat and drought. “blooms” or explosive reproduction of bluegreen algae in warm state waters this summer have made the headlines. individual cells of these organisms are microscopic but they are collected into colonies, filaments or masses of filaments. cattle, sheep, horses, swine, dogs, cats, fowl, geese, wild and domestic ducks, game and song birds, fish, rodents, and small game have been killed by ingesting these smallest of plants. lack of water can eventually lead to catastrophic biological failures and death in plants. one can think about the wilting of leaves and decreased turgor pressure, hydraulic failure with stomata closure and reduced photosynthesis and the myriads of other adaptations, mechanisms and strategies that plants employ to survive the stresses of oklahoma’s wild climate and unique ecology. what i remember most about this year’s drought was the amazing green-up of the grasses and the abundant fall flowers that followed the relatively meager fall rains. the native plants of oklahoma are scientifically fascinating, true survivors, and incredibly beautiful. kingsbury, john m. 1964. poisonous plants of the united states and canada. prentice hall: englewood cliffs, nj. national agricultural statistics service (nass). oklahoma field office and the oklahoma department of agriculture, food, and forestry (odaff). oklahoma agricultural statistics 2011. onps critic’s choice essay: some thoughts on oklahoma plants and summer 2011’s exceptional drought by leslie e. cole, d.v.m. journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 8, number 1, december 2008 37 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 barber, s.c. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100060 updated list of taxa for vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma susan c. barber associate provost and professor of biology oklahoma city university 2501 n. blackwelder, oklahoma city, ok 73106-1493 email: sbarber@okcu.edu the following is a list of vascular plants of the redbed plains and gypsum areas of southwestern oklahoma based on specimens collected by the author and deposited in the oklahoma state herbarium and the bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma. in addition, 26 taxa collected by previous workers and four observed, but not collected, are included and so indicated. each taxon is listed alphabetically within its family and families are listed in order according to the engler-prantl classification scheme. nomenclature originally followed that of correll and johnston (1970) and waterfall (1969), but has been updated by bruce hoagland of the oklahoma biological survey according to the national plant data center, baton rouge, la <http://plants.usda.gov> accessed january 2009. marsileaceae marsilea vestita hook. & grev. (syn. = marsilea mucronata a. braun) polypodiaceae pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link var. atropurpurea cupressaceae juniperus pinchoti sudw.; u.t. waterfall(11261) april 4, 1953. j. virginiana l. ephedraceae ( = gnetaceae) ephedra antisyphilitica berl. ex c.a. mey. typhaceae typha angustifolia l. gramineae (poaceae) andropogon gerardii vitman var. gerardii a. hallii hack. aristida oligantha michx. a. purpurea nutt. a. purpurea nutt. var. fendleriana (steud.) vasey (syn. = a. fendleriana steud.) a. purpurea nutt. var. longiseta (steud.) vasey (syn. = a. longiseta steud.) arundo donax l. avena sativa l. bothriochloa ischaemum (l.) keng (syn.= andropogon ischaemum l.) b. saccharoides (sw.)rydb. (syn.= andropogon saccharoides sw.) bouteloua barbata lag.; u.t. waterfall (8729) august 26, 1948. b. curtipendula (michx.) torr. b. dactyloides (nutt.) j.t. columbus (syn. = buchloe dactyloides (nutt.) engelm.) b. gracilis (willd. ex kunth) lag. ex griffiths b. hirsuta lag. bromus arvensis l. (syn. = b. japonicus thunb.) b. catharticus vahl (syn. = b. unioloides kunth, bromus willdenowii) b. tectorum l. 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 barber, s.c. calamovilfa gigantea (nutt.) scribn. & merr. cenchrus spinifex cav. chloris cucullata bisch. c. verticillata nutt. cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop distichlis spicata (l.) greene (syn. = distichlis spicata l. var. stricta (torr.) scribn.) echinochloa crus-galli (l.) p. beauv. elymus canadensis l. e. elymoides (raf.) swezey ssp. elymoides (syn. = sitanion hystrix (nutt.) j.g. sm.); j.g. smith (199) june 8, 1931; u.t. waterfall (8954) june 14, 1949. e. virginicus l. eragrostis barrelieri daveau e. cilianensis (all.) vign. ex janchen e. curvula (schrad.) nees (observed only) eragrostis secundiflora j. presl ssp. oxylepis (torr.) s.d. koch (syn. = e. oxylepis (torr.) torr. var. oxylepis) e. trichodes (nutt.) alph. wood (syn. = e. trichodes (nutt.) alph. wood var. pilifera (scheele) fernald) erioneuron pilosum (buckley) nash hordeum pusillum nutt. muhlenbergia arenicola buckley g.w. stevens (1111) june 21, 1913. m. asperifolia (nees & meyen ex trin.) parodi; u.t. waterfall august 26, 1948. panicum capillare l. var. capillare p. virgatum l. pascopyrum smithii (rydb.) a. löve (syn. = agropyron smithii (rydb. var. smithii) phalaris caroliniana walter pleuraphis mutica buckley poa arachnifera torr. polypogon monspeliensis (l.) desf. schedonnardus paniculatus (nutt.) trel. schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash (syn. = andropogon scoparius michx.) setaria leucophila (schribn. & merr.) k. schum. setaria pumila (poir.) roem. & schult. ssp. pumila (syn. = setaria lutescens (wiegel) f.t. hubb.) setaria reverchonii (vasey) pilg. ssp. reverchonii (syn. = p. reverchonii vasey); u.t. waterfall (7774) june 3, 1948 (7802) june 5, 1948. s. virdis (l.) p. beauv. sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash sorghum halepense (l.) pers. sporobolus airoides (torr.) torr. s. compositus (poir.) merr. var. compositus (syn. = s. asper (michx.) kunth). s. cryptandrus (torr.) a. gray s. giganteus nash; r.j. tyrl (883) & s.c. barber september 28, 1974. tridens albescens (vasey) woot. & standl. t. flavus (l.) hitchc. tridens muticus (torr.) nash var. elongatus (buckley) shinners (syn. = t. elongatus (buckley) nash) urochloa texana (buckley) r. webster (syn. = panicum texanum buckley) cyperaceae cyperus retroflexus buckley (syn. = c. uniflorus torr. & hook.) eleocharis compressa sull. e. macrostachya britton schoenoplectus americanus(pers.) volkart ex schinz & r. keller (syn. = scirpus americanus pers. var. americanus) commelinaceae commelina erecta l. var. erecta tradescantia occidentalis (britton) smyth t. ohiensis raf. forma ohiensis liliaceae allium drummondii regel androstephium coeruleum (scheele) greene forma coeruleum nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britton yucca glauca nutt. var. glauca iridaceae sisyrinchium angustifolium mill. 39 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 barber, s.c. salicaceae populus deltoides bartram ex marsh. salix nigra marsh. fagaceae quercus havardii rydb. ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. celtis laevigata willd. var. reticulata (torr.) l.d. benson (syn. = c. reticulata torr.) c. occidentalis l. moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) c.k. schneid. morus alba l. polygonaceae eriogonum annuum nutt. e. longifolium nutt. var. longifolium polygonum lapathifolium l. p. pensylvanicum l. (syn. = polygonum bicorne raf.) rumex altissimus alph. wood r. crispus l. r. hymenosepalus torr. chenopodiaceae atriplex argentea nutt.; u.t. waterfall (8733) august 25, 1948. a. canescens (push) nutt. chenopodium album l. c. incanum (s. watson) a. heller u.t. waterfall (9084) june 14, 1949. kochia scoparia (l.) a.j. scott salsola tragus l. (syn. = salsola kali l. ssp. tenuifolia moq.) suaeda calceoliformis (hook.) moq. (syn. = suaeda depressa (pursh) s. watson) amaranthaceae amaranthus palmeri s. watson tidestromia lanuginosa (nutt.) standl. nyctaginaceae abronia fragrans nutt. ex hook. r.j. tyrl (855), c. mcdonald & p. risk may 15, 1974. portulacaceae portulaca pilosa l. caryophyllaceae arenaria serpyllifolia l. cerastium brachypodum engelm. ex a. gray) b.l. rob. paronychia jamesii torr. & a. gray (formerly in the illecebraceae) silene antirrhina l. forma antirrhina ranunculaceae anemone caroliniana walter forma violacea clute delphinium carolinianum walter ssp. virescens (nutt.) r.e. brooks (syn. = delphinium virescens nutt. var. pernardii (hutt.) l.m. perry) myosurus minimus l. (syn. = m. minimus l. var. interior boivin) papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey cruciferae (brassicaceae) camelina microcarpa andrz. ex dc. capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. descurainia pinnata (walter) britton ssp. halictorum (cockerell) detling (syn. = d. pinnata (walt.) britt. var. osmiarum (cockerell) shinners) d. sophia (l.) webb ex prantl dimorphocarpa candicans (raf.) rollins (syn. = dithyrea wislizenii engelm. var. palmeri payson) draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & a. gray erysimum repandum l. lepidium austrinum small l. virginicum l. var. medium (greene) c.l. hitchc. lesquerella gordonii (a. gray) watson sibara virginica (l.) rollins 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 barber, s.c. rosaceae prunus angustifolia marsh. leguminosae (fabaceae) acacia angustissima (mill.) kuntze var. hirta (nutt.) b.l. rob. (syn. = acacia hirta nutt.) astragalus lindheimeri englem. ex a. gray a. lotiflorus hook. a. missouriensis nutt. a. mollissimus torr. a. nuttallianus dc. var. nuttallianus a. plattensis nutt. a. racemosus prush caesalpinia gilliesii (wall. ex hook.) wall. ex d. dietr. chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene var. fasciculata (syn. = cassia fasciculata michx.) dalea aurea nutt. ex pursh d. candida michx. ex willd. var. oligophylla (torr.) shinners (syn. = petalostemon candidus michx. var. oligophyllus (torr.) f.j. herm.) d. enneandra nutt. d. villosa (nutt.) spreng (syn. = petalostemon villosum nutt.) desmanthus illinoensis(michx.) macmill. ex b.l. rob. & fernald gleditsia triacanthos l. hoffmannseggia glauca (ortega) eifert (syn. = hoffmannseggia densiflora benth.) indigofera miniata ortega (i. miniata ortega var. leptosepala (nutt.) turner) medicago minima (l.) l. mimosa borealis a. gray m. microphylla dryand. (syn. = schrankia uncinata willd.) pediomelum cuspidatum (pursh) rydb. (syn. = psoralea cuspidata pursh) pomaria jamesii (torr. & a. gray) walp. (syn. = hoffmannseggia jamesii torr. & a. gray) psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. (syn. = psoralea tenuiflora pursh) prosopis glandulosa torr. var. glandulosa strophostyles leiosperma (torr. & a. gray.) piper vicia ludoviciana nutt. krameriaceae krameria lanceolata torr. linaceae linum pratense (norton) small (syn. = linum lewisii pursh var. pratense norton) l. rigidum pursh var. rigidum oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata l. o. dillenii jacq. geraniaceae erodium cicutarium (l.) l’hér. ex aiton e. texanum a. gray geranium carolinianum l. zygophyllaceae kallstroemia parviflora j.b.s. norton (syn. = k. intermedia rydb.) tribulus terrestris l. polygalaceae polygala alba nutt. euphorbiaceae chamaesyce albomarginata (torr. & a. gray) small (syn.= euphorbia albomarginata torr. & a. gray) c. glyptosperma (engelm.) small (syn. = euphorbia glyptosperma engelm.) c. lata (engelm.) small (syn. = euphorbia lata engelm.) c. missurica (raf.) shinners (syn. = euphorbia missurica raf.) cnidoscolus texanus (müll. arg.) small croton texensis (klotzsch) müll. arg. euphorbia cuphosperma (engelm.) boiss. (syn. = e. dentata michx. var. cuphosperma (engelm.) fern.) e. hexagona nutt. ex spreng. e. marginata pursh e. spathulata lam. reverchonia arenaria a. gray; u.t. waterfall (8340) july 21, 1948. stillingia sylvatica l. anacardiaceae rhus trilobata nutt. var. trilobata (syn. = r. aromatica 41 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 barber, s.c. aiton var. flabelliformis shinners) r. microphylla engelm. ex a. gray u.t. waterfall (8447) may 13, 1950. toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze ssp. radicans (syn. = rhuss radicans l. var. radicans) sapindaceae sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l.d. benson (syn. = sapindus drummondii hook. & arn.) rhamnaceae ziziphus obtusifolia (hook. ex torr. & a. gray) a. gray (syn. = condalia obtusifolia (hook. ex torr. & a. gray) weberb.) vitaceae vitis acerifolia raf. malvaceae callirhoe involucrata (torr. & a. gray) a. gray var. involucrata malvella leprosa (ortega) krapov. (syn. = sida leprosa (ortega) k. schum. var. hederaceae (douglas ex hook.) k. schum.) u.t. waterfall (9016) june 16, 1949. rhynchosida physocalyx (a. gray) fryxell (syn. = sida physocalyx a. gray); u.t. waterfall (8996) june 15, 1949. sphaeralcea coccinea (nutt.) rydb. tamaricaceae tamarix gallica l. loasaceae mentzelia decapetala (pursh ex sims) urb. & gilg ex gilg m. nuda (pursh) torr. & a. gray m. nuda (pursh) torr. & a. gray var. stricta (osterh.) harrington (syn. = m. stricta (osterhout) greene) m. oligosperma nutt. ex sims cactaceae cylindropuntia davisii (engelm. & bigelow) f.m. knuth (syn. = opuntia davisii engelm. & bigelow) c. leptocaulis (dc.) f.m. knuth (syn. = o. leptocaulis dc.) echinocactus texensis hopffer echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) hort ex haage opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. (syn. = opuntia compressa auct. non j.f. macbr.) lythraceae ammannia coccinea rottb. onagraceae calylophus hartwegii (benth.) p.h. raven ssp. fendleri (a. gray) towner & p.h. raven c. hartwegii (benth.) p.h. raven ssp. pubescens (a. gray) towner & p.h. raven (syn. = c. hartwegii (benth.) p.h. raven var. pubescens (a. gray) shinners) c. serrulatus (nutt.) p.h. raven gaura longiflora spach (syn. = gaura filiformis small) g. mollis james (syn. = g. parviflora douglas ex lehm.) g. sinuata nutt. ex ser. g. suffulta engelm. ex a. gray g. villosa torr. ssp. villosa oenothera grandis (britton) smyth (syn. = o. laciniata hill var. grandiflora (s. watson) b.l. rob.) o. rhombipetala nutt. ex torr. & a. gray o. speciosa nutt. o. triloba nutt. stenosiphon linifolius (nutt. ex james) heynh. umbelliferae (apiaceae) ammoselinum popei torr. & a. gray cymopterus macrorhizus buckley daucus pusillus michx. eurytaenia texana torr.& a. gray waterfall (11981) june 4, 1954. lomatium foeniculaceum (nutt.) j.m. coult. & rose ssp. daucifolium (torr. & a. gray) w.l. theobald (syn. = l. daucifolium (torr. & a. gray) j. m. coult. & rose) torilis arvensis (huds.) link 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 barber, s.c. primulaceae androsace occidentalis pursh samolus ebracteatus kunth plumbaginaceae limonium limbatum small; u.t. waterfall (8319) july 21, 1948. oleaceae fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. asclepiadaceae asclepias asperula (decne.) woodson ssp. capricornu (woodson) woodson (syn. = a. asperula (decne.) woodson var. decumbens (nutt.) shinners) a. arenaria torr. a. engelmanniana woodson cynanchum laeve (michx.) pers. matelea biflora (raf.) woodson convolvulaceae convolvulus arvensis l. cressa truxillensis kunth; u.t. waterfall (9423) may 13, 1950. cuscuta sp. observed only. evolvulus nuttallianus schult. polemoniaceae ipomopsis longiflora (torr.) v.e. grant hydrophyllaceae nama hispidum a. gray n. stevensii c.l. hitchc. phacelia integrifolia torr. boraginaceae cryptantha minima rydb. lappula occidentalis (s. watson) greene var. occidentalis (syn. = l. redowskii (hornem.) greene var. occidentalis (s. watson) rydb.) l. occidentalis (s. watson) greene var. cupulata (a. gray) higgins (syn. = l. texana (scheele) britton) lithospermum incisum lehm. verbenaceae glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. (syn. = verbena canadensis (l.) britton) g. pumila (rydb.) umber (syn. = v. pumila rydb.) verbena bracteata cav. ex lag. & rodr. v. halei small v. plicata greene labiatae (lamiaceae) hedeoma drummondii benth. lamium amplexicaule l. forma amplexicaule monarda citriodora cerv. ex lag. m. punctata l. ssp. punctata var. occidentalis (epling) palmer & steyerm. (syn. = m. punctata l. ssp. occidentalis epling) salvia azurea michx. ex lam. var. grandiflora benth. scutellaria drummondii benth. s. wrightii a. gray forma wrightii teucrium canadense l. var. canadense (syn. = teucrium canadense l. var. virginicum (l.) eaton) t. laciniatum torr. solanaceae chamaesaracha coniodes (moric. ex dunal) britton datura wrightii regel (syn. = d. meteloides auct. non dunal. p.p.) lycium berlandieri dunal; u.t. waterfall (8994) june 15, 1949. nicotiana obtusifolia m. martens & galeotti var. obtusifolia (syn. = n. trigonophylla dunal); u.t. waterfall (7801) june 5, 1948. quincula lobata (torr.) raf. (syn. = physalis lobata torr. var. lobata) solanum dimidiatum raf. (syn. = s. torreyi a. gray forma torreyi) s. elaeagnifolium cav. s. rostratum dunal s. triflorum nutt.; g.w. stevens (1096) june 23, 1913. scrophulariaceae castilleja purpurea (nutt.) g. don var. citrina (pennell) shinners (syn. = c. citrina pennell) penstemon albidus nutt. p. cobaea nutt. p. fendleri torr.& a. gray veronica arvensis l. v. peregrina l. ssp. xalapensis (kunth) pennell 43 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 barber, s.c. bignoniaceae catalpa bignonioides walter chilopsis linearis (cav.) sweet. martyniaceae proboscidea louisianica (mill.) thell. observed only. plantaginaceae plantago patagonica jacq. (syn. = p. purshii roem. & schult. var. spinulosa (decne.) shinners) p. rhodosperma decne. p. virginica l. p. wrightiana decne. rubiaceae houstonia humifusa (a. gray) a. gray (syn. = hedyotis humifusa a. gray) stenaria nigricans (lam.) terrell (syn. = h. nigricans (lam.) fernald) cucurbitaceae cucurbita foetidissima kunth ibervillea lindheimeri (a. gray) greene; u.t. waterfall (9406) may 13, 1950. campanulaceae triodanis holzingeri mcvaugh t. perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. compositae (asteraceae) achillea millefolium l. ambrosia psilostachya dc. var. lindheimeriana (scheele) blankenship a. trifida l. var. texana scheele amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. (syn. = gutierrezia dracunculoides (dc.) s.f. blake) aphanostephus pilosus buckley a. ramosissimus dc. a. skirrhobasis (dc.) trel. artemisia filifolia torr. a. ludoviciana nutt. ssp. ludoviciana baccharis salicina torr. & a. gray b. texana (torr.& a. gray) a. gray; u.t. waterfall (8361) july 23, 1948. berlandiera lyrata benth. var. lyrata centaurea americana nutt. chaetopappa ericoides (torr.) g.l. nesom (syn. = aster leucelene s.f. blake) cirsium texanum buckley conyza canadensis (l.) conq. var. glabrata (a. gray) conq. croptilon hookerianum (torr.& a. gray) house var. hookerianum (syn. = haplopappus divaricatus (nutt.) a. gray var. hookerianus (torr. & a. gray) waterf.) engelmannia peristenia (rafr.) goodman & c.a. lawson (syn. = e. pinnatifida a. gray ex nutt.) evax verna raf. flaveria campestris j.r. johnst. u.t. waterfall (8735) august 25, 1948. gaillardia pinnatifida torr. g. pulchella fouq. g. suavis (a. gray & engelm) britton & rusby grindelia nuda alph. wood var. nuda (syn. = g. squarrosa (pursh) dunal var. nuda (alph. wood) a. gray) g. papposa g.l. nesom & suh (syn = haplopappus ciliatus (nutt.) dc.) gutierrezia sarothrae (pursh) britton & rusby haploesthes greggii a. gray var. texana (j.m. coul.) i.m. johnst. helenium microcephalum dc. helianthus annuus l. h. petiolaris nutt. heterotheca canescens (dc.) shinners (syn. = chrysopsis villosa (pursh) nutt. ex dc. var. canescens a. gray) h. stenophylla (a. gray) shinners var. stenophylla (syn. = chrysopsis villosa (pursh) nutt. ex dc. var. stenophylla (a. gray) a. gray) h. subaxillaris (lam.) britton & rusby (syn. = heterotheca latifolia buckley) hymenopappusi scabiosaeus l’her var. corymbosus (torr. & a. gray) b.l. turner h. tenuifolius pursh; u.t. waterfall (7307) june 28, 1947. hymenoxys odorata dc. 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 barber, s.c. iva annua l. var. annua (syn. = iva ciliata willd.) liatris punctata hook. var. nebraskensis gasier l. punctata hook. var. punctata lindheimera texana a. gray & engelm. lygodesmia texana (torr. & a. gray) greene (syn. = lygodesmia aphylla (nutt.) dc. var. texana torr & a. gray.) machaeranthera pinnatifida (hook.) shinners ssp. pinnatifida var. pinnatifida (syn. = haplopappus spinulosis (pursh) dc.) palafoxia sphacelata (nutt. ex torr.) cory pluchea odorata (l.) cass. var. odorata (syn. = p. purpurascens (sw.) dc.) psilostrophe tagetina (nutt.) greene var. cerifera (a. nelson) b.l. turner (syn. = p. villosa rydb.) pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. p. pauciflorus (d. don) dc. (syn. = p. multicaulis dc. var. geiseri (shinners) northington) ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & stand. forma columnifera r. tagetes (james) barnhart; g.w. stevens (1080) june 21, 1913. rudbeckia hirta l. var. pulcherrima farw. senecio riddellii torr. & a. gray silphium laciniatum torr. var. laciniatum solidago gigantea aiton (syn. = s. gigantea aiton var. leiophylla fernald) s. missouriensis nutt. var. faciculata holz. symphyotrichum divaricatum (nutt.) g.l. nesom (syn. = aster subulatus michx. var. ligulatus shinners) s. ericoides (l.) g.l. nesom (syn. = aster ericoides l.) s. oblongifolium (nutt.) g.l. nesom (syn. = aster oblongifolius nutt.) tetraneuris scaposa (dc.) greene (syn. = hymenoxys scaposa (dc.) k.f. parker var. scaposa) thelesperma filifolium (hook.) a. gray t. megapotamicum (spreng.) kuntze tragopogon dubius scop. (syn. = t. major jacq.) verbesina encelioides (cav.) benth. & hook. f. ex a. gray vernonia baldwinii torr. var. interior (small) faust v. marginata (torr.) raf.; bruce harkins (91) october 17, 1970. xanthisma texanum dc. ssp. drummondii (torr. & a. gray) semple (syn. = x. texanum dc. var. drummondii (torr. & a. gray) a. gray) xanthium strumarium l. var. canadense (mill.) torr.& a. gray x. strumarium l. var. glabratum (dc.) cronquist. zinnia grandiflora nutt. oklahoma native plant record, volume 15, number 1, december 2015 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 wayne elisens https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100110 preface to first flowering dates for central oklahoma wayne elisens professor of plant biology curator of the bebb herbarium (okl) department of microbiology and plant biology university of oklahoma norman, ok elisens@ou.edu global climate change is predicted to have deleterious effects on human health and welfare including frequency of extreme weather events, sea level rise and coastal flooding, decreased agricultural productivity, fluctuating biotic interactions and range shifts, and altered seasonality and phenology (ipcc 2014). phenology, the study of cyclic and seasonal natural phenomena such as flowering and animal migrations, is especially important as an indicator of changing climates and ecosystem changes (e.g., diez et al. 2012). for plants, tracking of firstor peak-flowering events has been a common approach to investigate species’ responses to climatic factors. individuals, organizations, and botanical gardens have recorded flowering times for a wide range of species over many years (tooke & battey 2010). currently, academic as well as citizen scientists are actively engaged in gathering plant phenological data. schools, online communities, and native plant societies are often involved in phenological tracking activities (e.g., haggerty and mazer 2008) by partnering with agencies such as the usa national phenology network (www.usanpn.org). below is a privately printed but unpublished report of first flowering dates for a variety of species in central oklahoma from 1927–1929 and 1933. much of the baseline data was gathered by lois gould in 1927–1929 (gould 1928, 1929a, 1929b) in central oklahoma as part of a comparative study among 14 midwestern colleges and universities. in 1933, ben osborn added observations from norman and oklahoma city and organized the compiled data chronologically to provide a 3-year record of flowering phenology by earliest and average flowering date, species name, common name, location, year of observation, and observer (gould or osborn). mr. osborn typed this report and deposited a copy in the library of the robert bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma as “separate no. 27” where it has remained until this printing. the present report has not been published formally to the best of our knowledge. we hope this summary of first flowering in central oklahoma in the early twentieth century will assist present-day investigations of the biological effects of climate change by providing a valuable plant phenological benchmark. lois h. gould, daughter of dr. charles gould who was the former director of the oklahoma geological survey, received a b.a. in botany from the university of oklahoma in 1930. her passions included art, plants, and birds. ms. gould married the canadian entomologist dr. ralph d. bird, who taught at the university of oklahoma from 1929 to 1933. mrs. (gould) bird moved to canada when her husband accepted a position at a canadian federal entomology laboratory (anonymous 1972). oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 15, december 2015 wayne elisens ben o. osborn received the first bachelor’s degree in agricultural journalism from oklahoma a&m college (oklahoma state university) in 1931. he began his career as a copy editor with the oklahoma livestock news and was a news and radio script writer for the oklahoma agricultural extension service. he then embarked on a 36-year career with the usda as a soil conservationist, information specialist, speechwriter, and editor for the journal of soil and water conservation (anonymous 1999 ). with co-author elizabeth barkley, mr. osborn published a list of the vascular plants of pottawatomie county, oklahoma (barkley and osborn 1933). literature cited anonymous. 1972, march 4. ralph durham bird obituary. manitoba free press. anonymous. 1999, november 9. ben o. osborn obituary. the washington post. barkley, e.a. and b. osborn. 1933. a preliminary list of the vascular plants of pottawatomie county, oklahoma. norman (ok): university of oklahoma. diez, j.m., i. ibañez, a.j. miller-rushing, s.j. mazer, t.m. crimmins, m.a. crimmins, c.d. bertelsen, and d.w. inouye. 2012. forecasting phenology: from species variability to community patterns. ecology letters 15:545−553. gould, l. 1928. notes on the phenology of middle western spring flowers. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 8:59−62. gould, l. 1929a. phenological notes for 1928 on middle western spring flowers. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 9:39−42. gould, l. 1929b. lateness of the spring of 1928 as determined by comparison of first blooming dates. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 9:43−46. haggerty, b.p. and s.j. mazer. 2008. the phenology handbook. santa barbara (ca): university of california. ipcc, intergovernmental panel on climate change. 2014. climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. part a: global and sectoral aspects. field, c.b, v.r. barrow, d.j. dokken, k.j. mach, m.d. mastrandrea, t.e. bilir, m. chatterjee, k.l. ebi, y.o. estrada, r.c. genova, b. girma, e.s. kissel, a.n. levy, s. maccracken, p.r. mastrandrea, and l.l. white (eds.). new york: cambridge university press. tooke, f. and n. h. battey. 2010. temperate flowering phenology. journal of experimental botany 61:2853−2862. preface to first flowering dates for central oklahoma by dr. wayne elisens journal of the oklahoma native plantsociety, volume 3, number 1, december 2003 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 issn 1536-7738 managing editor: sheila strawn technical editor: patricia folley technical advisor: bruce hoagland cd-rom producer: chadwick cox website: http://www.usao.edu/~onps/ the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps shall be open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. officers and board members president: james elder vice-president: constance murray secretaries: kimberly a. shannon tina julich treasurer: mary korthase past president: patricia folley board members: paul buck kay gafford melynda hickman lawrence magrath elfriede miller paul reimer northeast chapter chair: constance murray central chapter chair: susan chambers cross-timbers chapter chair: suzanne mcallister mycology chapter: clark ovrebo historian: carla and dale chlouber ann long award chair: paul buck harriet barclay award chair: constance taylor onps service award chair: sue amstutz conservation chair: chadwick cox publicity co-chairs: ruth boyd betty culpepper publications co-chairs: sheila strawn constance taylor marketing co-chairs: lawrence magrath susan chambers photo contest co-chairs: patricia and chadwick cox newsletter editor: chadwick cox librarian: bonnie winchester website manager: chadwick cox mailing committee chair: karen haworth color oklahoma committee chair: constance murray wildflower workshop chair: larry magrath cover: phoradendron serotinum, mistletoe in flower, by charles lewallen. articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ncsa/ 4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100016 oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 . 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 3 number 1 table of contents forward.........................................................................................3 mr. james f. elder, onps president black mesa flora study…………………………………………4 dr. james k. mcpherson black mesa state park flora update……………………………19 ms. patricia a. folley vascular flora of the keystone wildlife management area……23 dr. bruce w. hoagland and ms. amy k. buthod floristic survey of the nature conservancy’s preserve in johnston county, oklahoma …………….…..……….38 ms. kimberly a. shannon historical accounts of the transformation of a prairie town….51 mr. todd d. fagin and ms. melissa scott brown three bird orchid and crane-fly orchid in oklahoma………….68 dr. lawrence k. magrath take time to watch, not just smell the wildflowers…………..73 dr. gloria m. caddell journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 15, december 2015 five year index to oklahoma native plant record volume 10 4 the identification of some of the more common native oklahoma grasses by vegetative characters, 1950 m. s. thesis, william franklin harris 34 the vascular flora of hale scout reservation, leflore county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 54 the toxicity of extracts of tephrosia virginiana (fabaceae) in oklahoma, mary gard 65 four western cheilanthoid ferns in oklahoma, bruce a. smith 77 critic’s choice essay: being a method proposed for the ready finding ... to what sort any plant belongeth, ronald j. tyrl volume 11 4 survey of the vascular flora of the boehler seeps and sandhills preserve, ph. d. dissertation linda gatti clark 22 schoenoplectus hallii, s. saximontanus, and the putative s. hallii x s. saximontanus hybrid: observations from the wichita mountains wildlife refuge and the fort sill military reservation from 20022010, marian smith and paul m. mckenzie 33 spatial genetic structure of the tallgrass prairie grass dichanthelium oligosanthes (scribner’s panicum), molly j. parkhurst, andrew doust, margarita mauro-herrera, janette a. steets, and jeffrey m. byrnes 43 the effects of removal of juniperus virginiana l. trees and litter from a central oklahoma grassland, jerad s. linneman, matthew s. allen, and michael w. palmer 61 the changing forests of central oklahoma: a look at the composition of the cross timbers prior to euro-american settlement, in the 1950s and today, richard e. thomas and bruce w. hoagland 75 critic’s choice essay: some thoughts on oklahoma plants and summer 2011’s exceptional drought, leslie e. cole volume 12 4 possible mechanisms of the exclusion of johnson grass by tall grass prairies, m. s. thesis marilyn a. semtner 33 a preliminary pawnee ethnobotany checklist, c. randy ledford 43 vascular flora of alabaster caverns state park, cimarron gypsum hills, woodward county, oklahoma, gloria m. caddell and kristi d. rice 63 a comparison of the composition and structure of two oak forests in marshall and pottawatomie counties, bruce smith 69 critic’s choice essay: virtual herbaria come of age, wayne elisens volume 13 4 ecology and taxonomy of water canyon, canadian county, oklahoma, m. s. thesis, constance a. taylor 29 a checklist of the vascular flora of the mary k. oxley nature center, tulsa county, oklahoma amy k. buthod 48 smoke-induced germination in phacelia strictaflora, stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 55 critic’s choice essay: a calvacade of oklahoma botanists in oklahoma – contributors to our knowledge of the flora of oklahoma, ronald j. tyrl and paula a. shryock volume 14 4 flora of kiowa county, oklahoma, m. s. thesis, lottie opal baldock 38 gardens of yesteryear, sadie cole gordon 43 oklahoma deciduous trees differ in chilling enhancement of budburst stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 50 mapping distribution in oklahoma and raising awareness: purple loosestrife (lythrum salicaria), multiflora rose (rosa multiflora), and japanese honeysuckle (lonicera japonica) katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman 67 non-twining milkweed vines of oklahoma: an overview of matelea biflora and matelea cynanchoides (apocynaceae), angela mcdonnell 80 critic’s choice essay: pollination ecology of our native prairie plants, gloria m. caddell oklahoma native plant society p.o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 preface to first flowering dates for central oklahoma, wayne elisens 6 first flowering dates for central oklahoma, ben osborn 19 forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia, oklahoma county, oklahoma (1820–2014), chad king 31 interplanting floral resource plants with vegetable plants enhances beneficial arthropod abundance in a home garden. chrisdon b. bonner, eric j. rebek, janet c. cole, brian a. kahn, and janette a. steets 49 contributions to the flora of cimarron county and the black mesa area amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 78 antifungal activity in extracts of plants from southwestern oklahoma against aspergillus flavus, tahzeeba frisby and cameron university students 96 kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. abundance and distribution in oklahoma marli claytor and karen r. hickman 105 critic’s choice essay: mistletoe, phoradendron serotinum (raf.) johnston, paul buck five year index to oklahoma native plant record – inside back cover journal of the oklahoma native plantsociety, volume 3, number 1, december 2003 oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 additions to black mesa flora study patricia folley bebb herbarium university of oklahoma many changes have taken place in far western oklahoma since jim mcpherson’s untimely death in 1994. then the mesa lobe containing the highest point in oklahoma and its surrounding slopes was owned and managed by the oklahoma chapter of the nature conservancy, but it soon became part of black mesa state park. private lands still separate the two portions of the park, but they are now connected by a public road. since that time and during the course of several weekend outings with the oklahoma academy of science and the oklahoma native plant society, i have been adding to mcpherson’s list, as many plant species as could be found in bloom or fruit. these species are not already listed by mcpherson as present in the mesa area. voucher specimens are housed in the robert bebb herbarium (okl) at the university of oklahoma. most visitors to black mesa camp in the original park area near lake etling. in this list plants collected at that site are noted as “park”. plants found along the roads leading to the mesa or to the outlying canyons are noted as “roadside”. a few plants were found only at privately owned, tessequite canyon, one of the many side canyons leading down from the mesa. those are identified with the name “tessequite”. “mesa” denotes plants from black mesa or its slopes. mcpherson’s collections were solely from the mesa. through the years black mesa state park has been studied by several botanists, including c.m. rogers and u.t. waterfall, as well as mcpherson. it is hoped that their work, along with this list will serve as a basis for the initiation of future explorations in that geographic region. the approximate gps location of black mesa state park is between latitudes 36.833 and 36.861 and longitudes 102.862 and 102.900 the elevation of the mesa ranges from 4960 ft (1512 m) to 4973 ft (1516 m). it is now contained within black mesa state park which contains approximately 349 acres of land. references correll, d.s. and m.c. johnston. 1970. manual of the vascular plants of texas, renner, tx: texas research foundation. taylor, j.r. and c.e.s. taylor. 1991. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. [published by the authors at southeastern oklahoma state university]. tyrl, r.j., susan barber, paul buck, wayne elisens, james estes, patricia folley, lawrence magrath, constance taylor, and rahmona thompson. the flora of oklahoma. the flora of oklahoma editorial board. forthcoming. usda-nrcs 2003. the plants database. (http://plants.usda.gov/plants.) folley, p.a. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100019 20 oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 additional plant list for black mesa 2003 common name site status longhorn milkweed park native nodding tickseed park introduced fetid marigold park native wright’s cudweed park native rayed palafoxia roadside native paperflower park native groundsel mesa native prairie ironweed park native bindweed heliotrope park native many-flowered puccoon park native wallflower park native hedgehog cactus mesa native brittle prickly pear park native white-spine prickly pear park native brownspine prickly pear park native cardinal flower park native rocky mountain beeplant park native james' clammyweed park native nailwort roadside native 4-wing saltbush park native family/species family asclepiadaceae asclepias macrotis family asteraceae bidens cernua dyssodia papposa gnaphalium wrightii palafoxia sphacelata psilostrophe villosa senecio flaccidus vernonia fasciculata family boraginaceae heliotropium convolvulaceum lithospermum multiflorum family brassicaceae erysimum asperum family cactaceae echinocereus viridiflora opuntia fragilis opuntia macrorhiza opuntia phaeacantha family campanulaceae lobelia cardinalis family capparidaceae cleome serrulata polanisia jamesii family caryophyllaceae paronychia sessiliflora family chenopodiaceae atriplex canescens chenopodium leptophyllum folley, p. a. narrowleaf goosefoot park native oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 folley, p.a. kochia scoparia tumbleweed roadside introduced family cyperaceae carex brevior sedge park native cyperus globulosus park native scirpus acutus hardstem bulrush park native scirpus atrovirens darkgreen bulrush park native family dryopteridaceae cystopteris fragilis brittle fern park native family fabaceae astragalus ceramicus painted milkvetch park native colutea arborescens roadside introduced dalea tenuifolia slimleaf prairie clover park native family fagaceae quercus mohriana shin oak tessequite native family lamiaceae teucrium laciniatum cutleaf germander park native family liliaceae nolina texana beargrass tessequite native yucca harrimaniae new mexico yucca park native family loasaceae mentzelia oligosperma stickleaf park native family nyctaginaceae mirabilis albida white 4 o'clock park native mirabilis nyctaginea wild 4 o'clock park native family onagraceae gaura villosa wooly gaura roadside native oenothera engelmannii engelmann’s eve. primrose roadside native oenothera latifolia mountain eve. primrose park native family poaceae andropogon virginicus sand sedge park native chloris virgata park native distichlis spicata saltgrass park native oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 22 marsh muhly park native switchgrass park native rabbit-foot grass park native prickleaf gilia base of mesa native no common name park & mesa native water knotweed park native tall dock park native small-flowered buttercup lake native western wood-rose park native wafer ash mesa native water speedwell park introduced cutleaf verbena park native muhlenbergia racemosa panicum virgatum polypogon monspeliensis family polemoniaceae gilia rigidula family polygonaceae eriogonum tenellum polygonum amphibium rumex altissimus family ranunculaceae ranunculus abortivus family rosaceae rosa woodsii family rutaceae ptelia trifoliata family scrophulariaceae veronica anagalis-aquatica family verbenaceae glandularia bipinnatifida family vitaceae vitis acerifolia folley, p.a. no common name park native journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 8, number 1, december 2008 45 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 carter, et al. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100061 an updated flora of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge keith a. carter, pablo rodriguez, and michael t. dunn 1. department of biological sciences, cameron university, lawton, oklahoma 73505 1 author for correspondence: phone 580-581-2287; e-mail: michaeld@cameron.edu the herbarium collections of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge have been transferred to the cameron university herbarium (camu) so that they could be safely curated, and electronically databased and still remain accessible to refuge personnel while for the first time becoming readily available to other interested researchers. this paper is a report on the initial inventory of the specimens. the 1784 specimen collection includes 101 families, 339 genera, and 634 species that have been physically repaired and taxonomically updated as needed, accessioned into the camu collections, and entered into the specify database. introduction the wichita mountains are some of the oldest exposed mountains in the world and because the area was too rocky to plow, they formed a natural refugium that preserved what is arguably the largest remaining intact tract of southern mixed-grass prairie in existence. the mountains were part of the kiowa-comanche-apache reservation in the late 19th century. when the reservation was opened to settlement in 1901, the land was set aside by the federal government. originally administered by the department of the interior, jurisdiction was transferred to the forest service in 1905, and in 1935 management of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge (wmwr) was transferred to what is now the fish and wildlife service (morgan, 1973). in 1907 bison were reintroduced to the refuge and in 1927 congress issued a mandate to preserve the bloodline of texas longhorn cattle. elk, which had been extirpated by 1875 were transplanted from jackson hole, wyoming, and today in addition to the buffalo, longhorn cattle, and elk that get most of the public’s attention, the refuge is home to over 50 mammal species including prairie dogs, coyotes, bobcats, and mountain lions (tyler, 2005). in addition, over 240 bird, 64 reptile and amphibian, and 36 fish species have been identified. eight hundred and six vascular plants have been identified at the wmwr (eskew, 1938; osborn and allan, 1949; buck, 1977). much of the natural history of the refuge is recorded in herbarium collections that were housed in the basement of the headquarters building. in 2005, refuge management recognized the need to protect the specimens, and make the data available to the scientific community as well as the general public, but still keep the data accessible to refuge biologists and technicians. the only facility that met all of the criteria was the cameron university herbarium (camu), and in 2006 the specimens were transferred to camu as a permanent loan. in 2008 the national science foundation (nsf) provided funding to procure additional cabinets and equipment and to hire student workers to enter the specimens into the specify database. this paper is the first report of the inventory of these specimens and will serve as a benchmark for future studies that will update the complete flora of the refuge. the 23,885 hectare wichita mountains wildlife refuge is located in northwestern comanche county, oklahoma (fig.), ranging from 34°41’n to 34°50’n and 98°48’30”w to 98°30’30”w. elevation ranges from 404 m (1330 ft) where cache creek crosses the wmwr southern boundary to 756 m (2479 ft) at the summit of mt. pinchot. the mountains themselves are predominantly cambrian igneous rock and the surrounding 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 carter, et al. plains are predominantly permian sedimentary rock (price and gilbert, 1996). the ecoregion is categorized as great plains steppe shrub province (bailey, 1995) or central great plains (woods et al., 2005) and receives on average 86.84 cm (34.19 in) of precipitation annually, with may the wettest month (mean 13.03 cm [5.13 in]) and january the driest (mean 3.50 cm [1.38 in]). mean annual temperature is 22.220c (72.00f) (oklahoma climatological survey, 2007). materials and methods a total of 1784 specimens were accepted as a permanent loan from wmwr to camu in june 2006. nsf-biological research collections funds were awarded in 2008 and were used to purchase new herbarium cabinets and begin curation during that summer. specimens were first triaged for damage and physically repaired as necessary. preliminary identification and taxonomic updating were the responsibility of kac. specimens were then entered into the specify database by kac and pr. all identifications and taxonomic updates were then verified by mtd before annotations were added and specimens were fumigated and curated into separate color coded genus folders. because taxonomy for many of the specimens is ambiguous and no completed treatment of the flora of oklahoma was broadly accepted, a combination of mcgregor et al., (1986), diggs et al (1999) and judd et al., (2008) was used to update the taxonomy of the specimens (details available upon request). results and discussion three of the 1784 specimens were collected outside the wmwr proper but all three have duplicates collected on the refuge. the collection includes 101 families, 339 genera, and 634 species (appendix), including: 1 family of charophyceans, 6 families of seedless vascular plants, 2 gymnosperm families, 1 basal angiosperm, 16 monocot families and 75 eudicot families. the largest families are asteraceae with 88 species and poaceae with 99 species. the largest monocot genera are carex and eragrostis with 12 species each. the largest herbaceous and woody eudicots are respectively polygonum with nine and quercus with eight species each. now that these preliminary data have been compiled, we hope to expand the project by updating the taxonomy of the classic buck (1977) report on the flora of wmwr to enable direct comparison with this assemblage, quantify the percentage of exotics in the collections, and with the permission of wmwr biologists and administrators, begin surveying the refuge for some of the rarer plants in the collection to identify those taxa in danger of extirpation. acknowledgements we would like to acknowledge nsf-dbibrc grant 0749657 for funding this research, and sam waldstein (former refuge manager), ralph bryant acting refuge manager (2006), jeff rupert (refuge manager) and walter munsterman (wildlife biologist) for their support of this project. in addition, donna lohr, amber roy, and tom sodhi assisted as student researchers. references bailey rg 1995. description of the ecoregions of the united states. www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/index .html buck p 1977. vascular plants of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge 1977. unpublished informational handout of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge. reprinted in: oklahoma native plant record, 2 (1): 4-21, 2002. diggs gm jr., lipscomb bl, and o’kennon rj. 1999. shinners & mahler’s illustrated flora of north central texas. botanical research institute of texas, fort worth, tx: 1626p. eskew ct 1939. the flowering plants of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge, oklahoma. american midland naturalist, 20: 695-703. judd ws, campbell cs, kellogg ea, stevens pf, and donoghue mj. 2008. plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach, 3rd ed., sinauer associates, sunderland, massachusetts: 611p. 47 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 carter, et al. mcgregor rl, barkley tm, brooks re, and schofield ek. 1986. flora of the great plains. university of kansas press, lawrence, kansas: 1402p. morgan eb, 1973. the wichita mountains, ancient oasis of the prairies. texan press, waco, texas: 253p. oklahoma climatological survey. 2007. oklahoma climatological data. university of oklahoma, norman. (www.ocs.ou.edu). osborn b and allan pf. 1949. vegetation of an abandoned prairie dog town in tallgrass prairie. ecology, 30:322-332. price jd and gilbert mc. 1996. geologic map of the mount scott area, eastern wichita mountains, oklahoma. u.s.g.s. national cooperative mapping program. specify software project, biodiversity research center, university of kansas, lawrence, ks 66045. www.specifysoftware.org tyler jd 2005. birds of southwestern oklahoma and north central texas. transcript press norman, oklahoma: 119p. woods aj, omernik jm, butler dr, ford jg, henley je, hoagland bw, arndt ds, and moran bc. 2005. ecoregions of oklahoma (color photo with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs). u.s. geological survey, reston, virginia. figure location of wichita mountains wildlife refuge, comanche county, oklahoma 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 carter, et al. appendix green algae characeae chara vulgaris l. seedless vascular plants isoetaceae isoetes melanopoda gay & dur. equisetaceae equisetum laevigatum a. braun aspleneaceae asplenium trichomanes l. dryopteridaceae dryopteris marginalis (l.) a. gray woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. marsileaceae pilularia americana a. braun marsilea vestita hood. and grev. pteridaceae cheilanthes eatoni baker cheilanthes lanosa (michx.) d.c. eaton cheilanthes tomentosa link. pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link. pellaea wrightiana hook. gymnosperms cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. pinaceae pinus elliottii englm. angiosperms monocots agavaceae manfreda virginica (l.) salisb. ex rose alismataceae echinodorus berteroi (spreng.) fassett sagittaria latifolia willd. sagittaria montevidensis cham. & schlecht. araceae arisaema dracontium (l.) schott commelinaceae commelina erecta l. tradescantia occidentalis (britt.) smyth tradescantia ohiensis raf. cyperaceae bulboschoenus maritimus (l.) palla bulbostylis capillaris (l.) kunth ex c.b. clarke carex amphibola steud. carex annectens (bickn.) bickn. carex austrina mack. carex blanda dewey carex emoryi dewey carex festucacea schkuhr. ex willd. carex frankii kunth. carex gravida bailey carex grisea wahl. carex microrhyncha mack. carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. carex vulpinoidea michx. cyperus acuminatus torr. & hook. ex torr. cyperus echinatus (l.) wood cyperus erythrorhizos muhl. cyperus esculentus l. cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks. cyperus odoratus l. cyperus pseudovegetus steud. cyperus schweinitzii torr. cyperus setigerus torr. & hook cyperus squarrosus l. cyperus strigosus l. eleocharis acutisquamata buckley eleocharis compressa sulliv. eleocharis engelmanni steud. eleocharis montevidensis kunth. eleocharis obtusa (willd.) schult. eleocharis palustris (l.) roem. & schult. eleocharis parvula (roemer & j.a. schutles) link ex bluff, nees & schaeur eleocharis quadrangulata fern. eleocharis tenuis (willd.) schult. eleocharis wolfii (a.gray) a.gray ex britton fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl. fimbristylis vahlii (lam.) link. 49 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 carter, et al. fuirena simplex vahl. lipocarpha micrantha (vahl.) tucker schoenoplectus acutus (muhl ex bigelow) a. love & d. love schoenoplectus pungens (vahl.) palla schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (k.c. gmel.) palla scleria pauciflora muhl. scirpus atrovirens muhl. scirpus pendulus muhl. hydrocharitaceae najas guadalupensis (spreng.) morong. iridaceae sisyrinchium angustifolium mill. juncaceae juncus acuminatus michx. juncus dudleyi wiegand. juncus interior wieg. juncus marginatus rostk. juncus tenuis woot. & standl. juncus torreyi coville lemnaceae lemna minor l. liliaceae allium canadense l. allium drummondii regel. allium stellatum ker. androstephium coeruleum (scheele) greene camassia scilloides (raf.) cory cooperia drummondii herbert erythronium americanum ker. nothoscordum bivalve greene ex rydb. orchidaceae spiranthes magnicamporum sheviak. poaceae agrostis hyemalis (walter) b.s.p. agrostis elliottiana schult. alopecurus carolinianus walt. andropogon gerardii vitman. aristida dichotoma michx aristida longespica poir. aristida oligantha michx. aristida purpurea nutt. bothriochloa barbinodes (lag.) herter. bothriochloa laguroides (d.c.) herter. bouteloua curtipendula (michx) torr. bouteloua gracilis (willd ex kunth) lag. ex griffiths bouteloua hirsuta lag. bouteloua rigidiseta (steud.) hitchc. bromus arvensis l. bromus catharticus vahl bromus commutatus schrad. bromus japonicus thunb. ex murray bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. buchloe dactyloides (nutt.) engelm. cenchrus spinifiex cav. chasmanthium latifolium (mickx.) h.o. yates chloris verticillata nutt. chloris virgata sw. coelorachis cylindrica (michx.) nash cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. dactylis glomerata l. dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark dichanthelium depauperatum (muhl.) gould dichanthelium linearifolium (scribn. ex nash) gould dichanthelium malacophyllum (nash) gould dichanthelium oligosanthes (j.a. schultes) gould digitaria californica (benth.) henr. digitaria cognata (schultes) pilger digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop. echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv. eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. elymus canadensis l. elymus virginicus l. eragrostis capillaris (l.) nees eragrostis cilianensis (all.) vignalo ex janch eragrostis curtipedicellata buckley eragrostis hypnoides (lam.) b.s.p. eragrostis intermedia hitchc. eragrostis pectinacea (mickx.) nees ex steud. eragrostis pilosa (l.) beauv. eragrostis reptans (michx.) nees eragrostis secundiflora j. presl. eragrostis sessilispica buckley eragrostis spectabilis (pursh.) steud. eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) a.w. wood eriochloa contracta hitchc. eriochloa sericea (scheele) munro ex vasey erioneuron pilosum (buckley) nash festuca versuta beal hordeum pusillum nutt. 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 carter, et al. leersia oryzoides (l.) sw. leptochloa fascicularis (lam.) a. gray limnodea arkansana (nutt.) l.h. dewey lolium pratense (huds.) s.j.darbyshire melica nitens (scribn) nutt. ex piper muhlenbergia capillaris (lam.) trin. muhlenbergia mexicana (l.) trin. muhlenbergia racemosa (michx) b.s.p. panicum anceps michx. panicum capillare l. panicum dichotomiflorum michx. panicum obtusum kunth. panicum philadelphicum bernh. ex trin. panicum virgatum l. pascopyrum smithii (rydb.) a. love paspalum dilatatum poir. paspalum pubiflorum rupr. paspalum setaceum michx. phalaris caroliniana walter poa annua l. poa arachnifera torr. poa compressa l. schedonnardus paniculatus (nutt.) trel. setaria parviflora (poir) kerguélen setaria viridis (l.) p. beauv. schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash sorghum halepense (l.) pers. spartina pectinata link sphenopholis obtusata (michx) scribn. sporobolus airoides torr. sporobolus clandestinus (biehler) hitchc. sporobolus compositus (poir.) merr. sporobolus cryptandrus (torr) a. gray sporobolus neglectus nash sporobolus pyramidatus (lam.) hitchc. sporobolus vaginiflorus (torr ex a. gray) a.w. wood tridens albescens (vasey) wooton & standl. tridens flavus (l.) hitchc. tridens muticus (torr) nash tridens strictus (nutt) nash tripsacum dactyloides (l.) l. vulpia octoflora (walter) rydb. pontederiaceae heteranthera limosa (sw.) willd potamogetonaceae potamogeton ampifolius tuckerm. potamogeton diversifolius raf. potamogeton nodosus poir potamogeton pusillus l. smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. smilax pseudochina l. smilax rotundifolia l. smilax tamnoides l. typhaceae typha domengensis l. typha latifolia l. eudicots acanthaceae justicia americana (l.) vahl ruellia caroliniensis (j.f. gmel) steud. ruellia humilis nutt. amaranthaceae alternanthera caracasana kunth amaranthus albus l. amaranthus hybridus l. amaranthus retroflexus l. amaranthus rudis sauer froelichia floridana (nutt.) moq. froelichia gracilis (hook.) moq. gossypianthus lanuginosus (poir.) moq guilleminea densa (humb. & bonpl. ex willd.) moq. anacardiaceae rhus glabra l. rhus trilobata nutt. toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze apiaceae ammoselinum popei torr. & gray chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. cicuta maculata l. daucus pusillus michx. eryngium leavenworthii torr. & gray lomatium foeniculaceum (nutt.) coult. & rose polytaenia nuttallii dc. ptilimnium nuttallii (dc.) britt. sanicula canadensis l. spermolepis divaricata (walt.) raf. ex ser. spermolepis echinata (nutt. ex dc.) heller 51 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 carter, et al. apocynaceae apocynum cannabinum l. amsonia ciliata walt. asclepiadaceae asclepias asperula (dcne.) woods. asclepias latifolia engelm. & gray asclepias pumila (gray) vail asclepias stenophylla gray asclepias tuberosa l. asclepias verticillata l. asclepias viridis walt. asteraceae achillea millefolium l. ambrosia artemisiifolia l. ambrosia psilostachya dc. ambrosia trifida l. antennaria parlinii fern. aphanostephus pilosus buckl. aphanostephus ramosissimus dc. aphanostephus skirrhobasis (dc.) trel. artemisia dracunculus l. artemisia filifolia torr. artemisia longifolia nutt. artemisia ludoviciana nutt. aster ericoides l. aster oblongifolius nutt. aster patens ait. aster subulatus michx. baccharis salicina torr. & gray bidens cernua l. bidens frondosa l. brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners centaurea americana nutt. chaetopappa asteroides nutt. ex dc. cirsium ochrocentrum gray cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. conyza ramosissima cronq. coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet coreopsis tinctoria nutt. dysodiopsis tagetoides (torr. & gray) rydb. echinacea angustifolia dc. eclipta prostrata (l.) l. engelmannia peristenia (raf.) goodman & c.a. watson erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. eupatorium serotinum michx. evax prolifera nutt. ex dc. evax verna raf. gaillardia aestivalis (walt.) h. rock gaillardia pulchella foug. gaillardia suavis (gray & engelm.) britt. & rusby gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera grindelia papposa mckelvey grindelia squarrosa (pursh) dunal gutierrezia dracunculoides (dc.) s.f. blake helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock helenium microcephalum d.c. helianthus annuus l. helianthus hirsutus raf. helianthus maximiliani schrad. helianthus pauciflorus nutt. helianthus petiolaris nutt. heterotheca canescens (dc.) shinners heterotheca stenophylla (gray) shinners hieracium longipilum small hymenopappus scabiosaeus l'hér. hymenopappus tenuifolius pursh iva annua l. krigia caespitosa (raf.) k.l. chambers krigia dandelion (l.) nutt. lactuca canadensis l. lactuca serriola l. lactuca tatarica (l.) c.a. mey liatris aspera michx. liatris punctata hook. liatris scariosa (l.) willd. machaeranthera pinnatifida (hook.) shinners nothocalais cuspidata (pursh) greene packera plattensis (nutt) w.a. weber & a. love palafoxia sphacelata (nutt. ex torr.) cory pluchea camphorata (l.) dc. polanisia dodecandra (l.) d.c. pseudognaphalium canescens dc. pseudognaphalium stramineum (kunth) w.a. weber pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. ratibida columnifera (nutt.) wooton & standl. rudbeckia hirta l. silphium asteriscus l. silphium laciniatum l. silphium radula nutt. solidago arguta ait. solidago gigantea ait. solidago missouriensis nutt. solidago petiolaris ait. tetraneuris linearifolia (hook.) greene thelesperma filifolium (hook.) gray townsendia exscapa (richards.) potter vernonia baldwinii torr. 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 carter, et al. xanthium strumarium l. xanthisma texanum dc. boraginaceae buglossoides arvensis (l.) i.m. johnston lithospermum incisum lehm. mysotis verna nutt. brassicaceae draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & a. gray draba cuneifolia nutt. ex torr. & a. gray draba reptans (lam.) fern. descurainia pinnata (walt.) britt. erysimum capitatum (dougl. ex hook.) greene lepidium oblongum small lepidium virginicum l. lesquerella auriculata (engelm & a. gray) s. watson lesquerella engelmannii (a.gray) s. watson lesquerella gracilis (hook.) s. watson lesquerella ovalifolia rydb. ex britt. rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (l.) hayek rorippa palustris (l.) bess. rorippa sessiliflora (nutt.) hitchc. sibara virginica (l.) rollins callitrichaceae callitriche heterophylla pursh. campanulaceae lobelia appendiculata a. dc. lobelia cardinalis l. triodanis leptocarpa (nutt.) nieuwl. triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. capparaceae cleomella angustifolia torr. caprifoliaceae viburnum rufidulum raf. symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench caryophyllaceae cerastium brachypodum (engelm. ex gray) b.l. robins. minuartia michauxii (fenzl.) farw. minuartia patula (michx.) mattf. paronychia jamesii torr. & a. gray paronychia virginica spreng. sagina decumbens (ell.) torr & a. gray silene antirrhina l. ceratophyllace ceratophyllum demersum l. chenopodiaceae chenopodium album l chenopodium leptophyllum (moq.) nutt. chenopodium simplex (torr.) raf. chenopodium standleyanum aell. salsola tragus l monolepis nuttalliana (schult.) greene cistaceae lechea tenuifolia michx. clusiaceae hypericum drummondii (grev. & hook) torr. & a. gray hypericum mutilum l. convolvulaceae convolvulus arvensis l. evolvulus nuttallianus schult. cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey cuscutaceae cuscuta gronovii willd. cuscuta coryli engelm. crassulaceae sedum nuttallianum raf. cucurbitaceae cyclanthera dissecta (torr. & gray) arn. cucurbita foetidissima kunth ibervillea lindheimeri (gray) greene melothria pendula l. ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. euphorbiaceae acalypha gracilens a. gray acalypha ostryifolia riddell chamaesyce glyptosperma (engelm) small chamaesyce maculata (l.) small chamaesyce missurica (raf.) shinners chamaesyce nutans (lag.) small chamaesyce prostrata (aiton) small croton capitatus michx. croton glandulosus l. 53 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 carter, et al. croton lindheimerianus scheele. croton monanthogynus michx. croton texensis (klotzch.) muell. arg. euphorbia commutata engelm. euphorbia corollata l. euphorbia dentata michx. euphorbia marginata pursh. euphorbia spathulata lam. phyllanthus caroliniensis walt. phyllanthus polygonoides nutt. ex spreng. stillingia sylvatica garden ex l. tragia ramosa torr. fabaceae acacia angustissima (mill.) kuntze amorpha canescens pursh. amorpha fruticosa l. apios americana medik. astragalus crassicarpus nutt. astragalus plattensis nutt. baptisia australis (l.) r. br. baptisia bracteata muhl. ex elliot baptisia sphaerocarpa nutt. cercis canadensis l. chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene clitoria mariana l. crotalaria sagittalis l. dalea aurea nutt. ex pursh. dalea candida willd. dalea enneandra nutt. dalea multiflora (nutt.) shinners dalea purpurea vent. dalea tenuis (j.m. coult) shinners desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macm desmanthus leptolobus torr & a. gray desmodium ciliare dc. desmodium nudiflorum (l.) dc. desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & a.gray galactia volubilis (l.) britt. glycyrrhiza lepidota (nutt.) pursh. gymnocladus dioicus (l.) koch. hoffmanseggia glauca (ortega) eifert indigofera miniata ortega lespedeza capitata michx. lespedeza procumbens michx. lespedeza virginica (l.) britt. lotus unifoliolatus (hook.) benth. melilotus albus medik. neptunia lutea (leavenw.) benth. pediomelum esculentum (pursh.) rydb. pediomelum linearifolium (torr. & a. gray) j.w. grimes psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh.) rydb. senna marilandica (l.) link. strophostyles helvula (l.) elliott strophostyles leiosperma (torr. & a.gray) piper strophostyles umbellatum (muhl ex willd.) britt. stylosanthes biflora (l.) britton, sterns. & pogg. vicia ludoviciana nutt. fagaceae quercus buckleyi nixon & dorr. quercus macrocarpa michx. quercus marilandica muench. quercus muehlenbergii engelm. quercus shumardii buckl. quercus stellata wang. quercus velutina lam. quercus virginiana mill. fumariaceae corydalis aurea willd. gentianaceae sabatia campestris nutt. geraniaceae geranium carolinianum l. grossulariaceae ribes aureum pursh haloragaceae myriophyllum pinnatum (walter) britton, stens & poggenb. myriophyllum spicatum l. hydrophyllaceae nama hispidum a. gray juglandaceae carya illinoinensis (wang.) k. koch juglans major (torr.) heller juglans microcarpa berland juglans nigra l. krameriaceae krameria lanceolata torr. 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 carter, et al. lamiaceae hedeoma hispida pursh. lycopus americanus muhl. monarda citriodora cerv. ex lag. monarda clinopodioides a. gray monarda fistulosa l. monarda pectinata nutt. nepeta cataria l. salvia azurea michx. ex lam. salvia reflexa hornem. scutellaria drummondii benth. scutellaria wrightii a. gray scutellaria resinosa torr. teucrium canadense l. teucrium laciniatum torr. trichostema brachiatum l. lentibulariaceae utricularia gibba l. linaceae linum berlandieri hook. linum hudsonioides planch. linum imbricatum (raf.) shinners linum rigidum pursh linum sulcatum riddell loasaceae mentzelia oligosperma nutt. mentzelia nuda (pursh.) torr & a. gray lythraceae ammannia auriculata willd. ammannia coccinea rottb. lythrum alatum pursh. malvaceae callirhoe involucrata (torr. & a. gray) a. gray sphaeralcea coccinea nutt. menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. molluginaceae mollugo verticillata l. moraceae morus rubra l. nyctaginaceae mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macm. mirabilis linearis (gray) greene mirabilis glabra (s. wats.) standl. mirabilis hirsuta a. nels. mirabilis albida (walter) heimerl. oleaceae fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. onagraceae calylophus serrulatus (nutt.) p.h. raven gaura coccinea nutt. ex pursh. gaura parviflora douglas ex lehm. gaura sinuate nutt. gaura suffulta engelm. ex a. gray gaura triangulata buckley ludwigia alternifolia l. ludwigia decurrens (walt.) dc. ludwigia peploides (kunth) raven ludwigia repens j.r. forst oenothera biennis l. oenothera brachycarpa a. gray oenothera grandis (britton) smith oenothera jamesii a. gray oenothera laciniata hill oenothera linifolia nutt. oenothera macrocarpa (a. gray) w.l. wagner oenothera triloba nutt. stenosiphon linifolius (nutt. ex e. james) heynh. oxalidaceae oxalis violacea rydb. oxalis stricta l. papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey pedaliaceae proboscidea louisianica (mill.) thell. phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. plantago elongata pursh. plantago patagonica jacq. plantago virginica l. plantago wrightiana dcne. 55 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 carter, et al. polemoniaceae ipomopsis rubra fern. polygalaceae polygala alba nutt. polygala verticillata l. polygonaceae eriogonum annum nutt. eriogonum longifolium nutt. polygonum amphibium l. polygonum convolvulus l. polygonum hydropiperoides michx. polygonum lapathifolium l. polygonum pensylvanicum l. polygonum punctatum ell. polygonum ramosissimum michx. polygonum scandens l. polygonum tenue michx. rumex altissimus wood rumex crispus l portulacaceae claytonia virginica l. portulaca pilosa l. portulaca umbraticola kunth. portulaca oleracea l. talinum calycinum engelm. talinum parviflorum nutt. primulaceae adrosace occidentalis l. dodecatheon meadia l. samolus valerandi l. ranunculaceae anemone berlandieri pritz delphinium carolinianum walt. myosurus minimus l. rhamnaceae ceanothus herbaceus raf. rosaceae agrimonia parviflora aiton crataegus reverchonii sarg. crataegus viridis l. geum aleppicum jacq. geum canadense jacq. potentilla arguta pursh prunus angustifolia marsh. prunus gracilis engelm. & a. gray prunus mexicana s. watson prunus virginiana l. rubus aboriginum rydb. rubus occidentalis l. rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. diodia teres walt. galium aparine l. galium pilosum aiton galium texense a. gray galium virgatum nutt. hedyotis nigricans (lam.) fosberg houstonia caerulea l. houstonia pusilla schoepf rutaceae ptelea trifoliata l. salicaceae populus alba l. populus deltoides marsh salix caroliniana michx. salix nigra marsh. santalacaceae comandra umbellata (l.) nutt. sapindaceae aesculus glabra willd. acer grandidentatum nutt. acer saccharinum l. acer saccharum marsh. sapindus saponaria l. . sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. scrophulariaceae agalinis fasciculata pennell bacopa rotundifolia (michx.) wettst. castilleja purpurea (nutt.) g. don. castilleja sessiliflora pursh. collinsia violacea nutt. gratiola virginiana l. leucospora multifida (michx) nutt. linaria canadensis (l.) dumont. lindernia dubia (l.) pennell 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008 carter, et al. penstemon cobaea nutt penstemon oklahomensis pennell scrophularia lanceolata pursh. veronica arvensis l. veronica peregrine l. simaroubaceae ailanthus altissima (p. mill.) swingle solanaceae physalis cinerascens (dunal) hitchc. physalis longifolia nutt. quincula lobata (torr.) raf. solanum dimidiatum raf. solanum elaeagnifolium cav. solanum ptycanthum dunal solanum rostratum dunal ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. ulmus americana l. ulmus rubra muhl urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. verbenaceae glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber lippia cuneifolia (torr.) steud lippia nodiflora (l.) michx. verbena bracteata lag. & rodr. verbena stricta vent. verbena urticifolia l. violaceae hybanthus verticillatus (ortega) baill viola bicolor pursh viola missouriensis greene viola sororia willd. vitaceae ampelopsis cordata michx. cissus incisa des moul. parthenocissus quinquefolia (buckley) britton ex small vitis cinerea (englm.) millardet. vitis riparia michx. vitis rupestris scheele zygophyllaceae kallstroemia californica (s. wats.) vail tribulus terrestris l. oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 16, december 2016 foreword the effects of climate change on the phenology and pollination of plants is expected to be a major factor in the problem of maintaining biodiversity as well as that of feeding a growing global population. though ecologists and agricultural researchers have historically tried to stay out of each other’s domains, climate change has dealt them a globe of shared problems that will not easily be teased apart. for example, the honey bees that agriculture depends upon to pollinate crops are not native to north america. whether those introduced pollinators help or hinder native species is a complicated problem, but they are certainly a part of the environment that researchers are going to have to study more closely as the world’s population grows. many native species and human-produced cultivars have co-evolved to depend upon or compete with each other in ways that we haven’t yet discovered. we are reaching back in time to pull out some phenology and pollination data that can be compared with current data to study changes in species genomes or gene activity that might be related to climate change. connie taylor wrote “pollination ecology of sabatia campestris” in 1972 based on data she collected while taking a summer course at the university of oklahoma biological station at lake texoma. written as a student research paper, its significance lies not in numerical data, but in her descriptions of pollination processes she observed in the field, which differed from those processes described from research done in green house environments. shang-wen liaw was a graduate student at the university of central oklahoma who studied under gloria caddell. his 1999 master’s thesis went unpublished as he took advantage of an opportunity to go directly into a ph.d. program. we are proud to publish “the structure of the gynostegium, breeding system, and pollination ecology of spider milkweed, asclepias viridis.” if that requires more phenology and pollination terminology than you know, you can flip to the critic’s choice essay in the back where we’ve reprinted paul buck’s botany bay article from the fall 2000 gaillardia, “a conversation with a small beetle.” his explanation of pollination from the standpoint of the pollinator is both entertaining and educating. you can take a break from pollination studies and read amy buthod’s floristic inventory of kessler atmospheric and ecological field station. this site holds great potential for future climate change comparisons using sophisticated environmental monitoring equipment that will enable a coupling of species inventories with climate change. we also have an assessment of a five-year recovery from a burn at wichita mountains wildlife refuge by oklahoma city university authors, laura jardine, adam ryburn, and anthony stancampiano. this is a great piece of local ecological research that can play an important role in predicting dynamics due to fires which may become more frequent due to climate change. again this year, we have something for everyone. if you do research in or about oklahoma’s native plant environments, please consider submitting your own manuscript next year. we want manuscripts based on the newest concepts in research as much as we want manuscripts based on historical data. we want manuscripts written by authors with years of experience, but our editorial staff is also ready to help first-time authors get the experience they need to develop science writing skills. the oklahoma native plant record is a professionally reviewed publication. our abstracts are indexed in the “centre for agricultural bioscience international” that is based in the u. k., and the record is listed in the “directory of open access journals” https://doaj.org. sheila strawn, managing editor https://doaj.org/ journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 7, number 1, december 2007 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site osage county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland amy buthod oklahoma biological survey oklahoma biological survey department of geography university of oklahoma university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019-0575 norman, ok 73019-0575 * e-mail: bhoagland@ou.edu this paper is a report on the results of an inventory of the vascular plants at the future site of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden in osage county, oklahoma. we collected a total of 293 taxa in 208 genera and 68 families. the families poaceae and asteraceae had the greatest number of species with 50 and 44 species respectively. fortyone species of woody plants were present. forty-four non-native species were present, representing 15% of the flora. no species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were present. introduction the objective of this study was to complete a floristic inventory at the future site of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden (ocbg) in southeast osage county (36.2017°n to 36.2109°n and 96.0555°w and 96.0678°w). construction of the ocbg is scheduled to begin in late 2007 on 87 hectares (215 acres). the master plan, developed by marshall tyler rausch of pittsburgh, pennsylvania, includes a mexican garden, oklahoma wildflower garden, cross timbers prairie and woodland, folk garden, horticultural therapy garden, children’s garden, demonstration gardens, and others. in addition, a 17-acre lake, an amphitheater, a visitor center, education buildings, and a conservatory will be constructed (oklahoma centennial botanical garden 2007). the ocbg site is located in the claremore cuesta plains geomorphic province of southeastern osage county (curtis and ham 1979). surface geology is predominantly pennsylvanian sandstone and shale (branson and johnson 1979). soils belong to the niotaze-darnell association, described as moderately deep and shallow, hoagland, b.w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100053 gently sloping to steep, loamy soils over shale and sandstone (bourlier et al. 1979). the climate is subtropical humid (cf) (trewartha 1968). summers are warm and humid. mean july temperature is 27.5oc (81.5of). winters are relatively short and mild with a mean january temperature of 1.5oc (34.7of). mean annual precipitation is 111.7 cm (43.8 in) (oklahoma climatological survey, 2007). elevation ranges from 259 to 302 m (849.5 to 990.6 ft). potential natural vegetation at ocbg is post oak-blackjack forest and tallgrass prairie (duck and fletcher 1943). historical land use of the site has included livestock grazing and oil exploration. methods three collection sites were visited monthly for floristic sampling. the predominant vegetation association at these sites was classified according to hoagland (2000). additional collections were also made opportunistically throughout the ocbg. collecting began in july of 2006 and continued through july of 2007. vouchers for non-native species were made from naturalized populations only, thus 55 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland & buthod excluding cultivated and ornamental plants. specimens were processed following standard procedures and deposited at the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma (okl). manuals used for specimen identification included waterfall (1973) and steyermark (1963). origin, either native or introduced to north america, was determined using the plants database (usda-nrcs, 2007). nomenclature follows the united states department of agriculture-natural resources conservation service (usda-nrcs 2007). results and discussion a total of 293 taxa of vascular plants in 68 families and 208 genera were collected at the ocbg (appendix). of the angiosperms, 92 species were liliopsida and 199 were magnoliopsida (table). there was one species of pteridophyta and one of coniferophyta. forty-one species were trees, shrubs, and woody vines. the poaceae with 50 taxa, and the asteraceae with 44 taxa, were the largest families. the genera symphyotrichum (formerly aster) and cyperus had the most species, with seven and six species respectively. one hundred and seven taxa were annuals, 2 were biennials and 184 were perennials. forty-four species (15% of the flora) in 25 families were non-native to oklahoma. the percentage of non-native species at the ocbg is high when compared to other floristic surveys from oklahoma, which range from 6.6%-15% (hoagland and buthod 2004; hoagland and johnson 2005). the greatest numbers of non-native species occurred in the poaceae, with eleven and fabaceae, with eight. no species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2007) were encountered. collection sites selected at ocbg occurred within four vegetation associations. a description of each vegetation category follows: 1. quercus stellata-quercus marilandica forest association [qsqm] this vegetation association occupied a small percentage of the ocbg. common associated species included amelanchier arborea, antennaria plantaginifolia, baptisia bracteata var. leucophaea, danthonia spicata, helianthus hirsutus, hypericum hypericoides, symphyotrichum patens, myosotis verna, opuntia humifusa, sideroxylon lanuginosum, smilax rotundifolia, ulmus alata, and viburnum rufidulum. 2. schizachyrium scoparium-sorghastrum nutans [ssn] this herbaceous grassland vegetation association occupied the greatest area at the ocbg. soils were typically shallow with exposed cobble. associated species included amorpha canescens , arnoglossum plantagineum, callirhoe alcaeoides , coreopsis grandiflora, cyperus echinatus, echinacea atrorubens, krameria lanceolata, lespedeza cuneata, minuartia drummondii, and pediomelum linearifolium. 3. wetland and aquatic vegetation [wetl] wetland vegetation was restricted to a small stream bisecting the site and its associated beaver pond. common associates included alisma subcordatum, ammannia auriculata, callitriche heterophylla, cephalanthus occidentalis, eclipta prostrata, fimbristylis autumnalis, juncus brachycarpus, ludwigia palustris, nelumbo lutea, polygonum pensylvanicum, sagittaria ambigua, and samolus ebracteatus. 4. disturbed areas and old-field vegetation [daof] disturbed areas coincided with roadways and oil extraction sites. common associated species included achillea millefolium, aegilops cylindrica, capsella bursapastoris, carduus nutans, convolvulus arvensis, daucus pusillus, juniperus virginiana, lamium amplexicaule, rhus copallinum, r. glabra, and torilis arvensis. 56 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland & buthod literature cited bourlier, b.g., j.d. nichols, w.j. ringwold, p.j. workman, and s. clemmons. 1979. osage county soil survey. united states department of agriculture, washington, dc. branson, c.c., and k.s. johnson. 1979. generalized geologic map of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s., c.c. branson, n.m. curtis, w.e. ham, w.e. harrison, m.v. marcher, and j.f. roberts (eds.). geology and earth resources of oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey, norman, oklahoma. curtis, n.m. and w.e. ham. 1979. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s., c.c. branson, n.m. curtis, w.e. ham, w.e. harrison, m.v. marcher, and j.f. roberts (eds.). geology and earth resources of oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey, norman, oklahoma. duck, l.g., and j.b. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. in: duck, l.g., and j.b. fletcher (eds.). a survey of the game and furbearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma department of wildlife conservation, oklahoma city, oklahoma. hoagland, b.w. 2000. the vegetation of oklahoma: a classification of landscape mapping and conservation planning. southwest naturalist 45: 385-420. hoagland, b.w. and f.l. johnson. 2004. vascular flora of red slough and grassy slough wildlife management areas, gulf coastal plain, mccurtain county, oklahoma. castanea 69: 284296. hoagland, b.w. and f.l. johnson. 2005. vascular flora of the deep fork river in okmulgee, creek, and okfuskee counties. publications of the oklahoma biological survey 6: 15-29. oklahoma climatological survey. 2007. oklahoma climatological data. university of oklahoma, norman. (www.ocs.ou.edu accessed 1 august 2007). oklahoma centennial botanical garden. 2007. oklahoma centennial botanical garden research and education center. tulsa, oklahoma. www.oklahomacentennialbotanicalgar den.com accessed 1 september 2007). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2007. oklahoma natural heritage inventory working list of rare oklahoma plants. university of oklahoma, norman. (www.biosurvey.ou.edu/publicat.html accessed 1 august 2007). palmer, m.w., g.l. wade, and p. neal. 1995. standards for the writing of floras. bioscience 45: 339-345. steyermark, j.a. 1963. flora of missouri. iowa state university press. ames, iowa. trewartha, g.t. 1968. an introduction to climate. mcgraw-hill, new york, new york. usda-nrcs. 2007. the plants database. national plant data center, baton rouge, la 70874-4490 usa. (http://plants.usda.gov accessed 1 may 2007). waterfall, u.t. 1973. keys to the flora of oklahoma. published by the author, stillwater, oklahoma. 57 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland & buthod table summary of floristic collections from the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site, osage county, oklahoma. format follows palmer et al. (1995). figure oklahoma centennial botanical garden site, osage county, oklahoma. taxonomic group taxa native nonnative pteridophyta 1 1 0 coniferophyta 1 1 0 magnoliophyta 291 247 44 magnoliopsida 199 165 34 liliopsida 92 82 10 total 293 249 44 58 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland & buthod appendix annotated species list for the oklahoma centennial botanical garden, osage county, oklahoma. the first entry is habitat (qsqm=quercus stellata-quercus marilandica forest association, sssn=schizachyrium scoparium-sorghastrum nutans grassland association, wetl=wetland and aquatic vegetation, daof=disturbed areas and old-field vegetation); followed by the life history (a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial); habit (t=tree, s=shrub, v=woody vine, h=herb, g=graminoid); and collection number. exotic species are denoted with an asterisk. voucher specimens were deposited at the robert bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma (okl). pteridophyta aspleniaceae asplenium platyneuron (l.) b.s.p. (ebony spleenwort) qsqm; p; h; obg-152 coniferophyta cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. (eastern red cedar) qsqm; p; t; obg-231 magnoliophyta magnoliopsida acanthaceae ruellia humilis nutt. (fringeleaf wild petunia) sssn; p; h; obg-285 r. strepens l. (limestone wild petunia) qsqm; p; h; obg-153 amaranthaceae amaranthus albus l. (prostrate pigweed) daof; a; h; obg-012 anacardiaceae rhus aromatica ait. (fragrant sumac) qsqm; p; s; obg-184 r. copallinum l. (flameleaf sumac) sssn; p; s; obg-247 r. glabra l. (smooth sumac) sssn; p; s; obg-255 toxicodendron radicans l. (kuntze) (poison ivy) qsqm; p; s; obg-334 apiaceae chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. (hairyfruit chervil) daof, qsqm, sssn; a; h; obg198 daucus carota* (queen anne’s lace) daof; b; h; obg-296 d. pusillus michx. (american wild carrot) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-254 ptilimnium nuttallii (dc.) britt. (laceflower) sssn; a; h; obg-304 spermolepis divaricata (walt.) raf. ex ser. (roughfruit scaleseed) sssn; a; h; obg305 torilis arvensis* (huds.) link (spreading hedgeparsley) daof; a; h; obg-256 aquifoliaceae ilex decidua walt. ( possumhaw) qsqm; p; s; obg-144 asclepiadaceae asclepias viridis walt. (green antelopehorn) sssn; p; h; obg-032 asteraceae achillea millefolium l. (common yarrow) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-219 ambrosia psilostachya dc. (cuman ragweed) daof; p; h; obg-079 amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. (prairie broomweed) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-097 antennaria plantaginifolia (l.) richards. (woman’s tobacco) qsqm; p; h; obg-187 arnoglossum plantagineum raf. (groovestem indian plantain) sssn; p; h; obg-221 carduus nutans* l. (nodding plumeless thistle) daof; b; h; obg-208 cirsium altissimum (l.) hill (tall thistle) sssn; p; h; obg-114 59 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland & buthod c. undulatum (nutt.) spreng. (wavyleaf thistle) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-279 conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. (canadian horseweed) daof; a; h; obg-091 c. ramosissima cronq. (dwarf horseweed) daof; a; h; obg-089 coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet (largeflower tickseed) sssn; p; h; obg300 c. tinctoria nutt. (golden tickseed) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-059 echinacea atrorubens nutt. (topeka purple coneflower) sssn; p; h; obg-284 eclipta prostrata (l.) l. (false daisy) wetl; a; h; obg-073 erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. (prairie fleabane) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-015 eupatorium serotinum michx. (lateflowering thoroughwort) qsqm; p; h; obg-062 euthamia gymnospermoides greene (texas goldentop) sssn; p; h; obg-148 gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera (spoonleaf purple everlasting) -qsqm; p; h; obg-237 grindelia lanceolata nutt. (narrowleaf gumweed) daof, sssn; p; h; obg048 g. papposa nesom & suh (spanish gold) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-020 helenium amarum (raf.) h.rock (yellowdicks) daof; a; h; obg-106 helianthus hirsutus raf. (hairy sunflower) qsqm; p; h; obg-121 iva angustifolia nutt. ex dc. (narrowleaf marshelder) wetl; a; h; obg-125 krigia caespitosa (raf.) chambers (weedy dwarfdandelion) qsqm; a; h; obg-240 packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & a. löve (prairie groundsel) qsqm; p; h; obg-192 pluchea camphorata (l.) dc. (camphor pluchea) wetl; p; h; obg-011 pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & burtt (rabbit tobacco) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-002 pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walt.) dc. (carolina desert chicory) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-280 rudbeckia hirta l. (blackeyed susan) sssn; a; h; obg-251 solidago speciosa nutt. (showy goldenrod) sssn; p; h; obg-132 s. ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. (elmleaf goldenrod) qmqv; p; h; obg-049 sonchus asper* (l.) hill (spiny sowthistle) daof; a; h; obg-185 symphyotrichum cordifolium (l.) nesom (common blue wood aster) qsqm; p; h; obg-130 s. ericoides (l.) nesom var. ericoides (white heath aster) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-154 s. lanceolatum (willd.) nesom var. lanceolatum (white panicle aster) qsqm, sssn; p; h; obg-133 s. oblongifolium (nutt.) nesom (aromatic aster) sssn; p; h; obg-129 s. patens (ait.) nesom (late purple aster) qsqm, sssn; p; h; obg-100 s. praealtum (poir.) nesom var. praealtum (willowleaf aster) sssn; p; h; obg-134 s. subulatum (michx.) nesom (eastern annual saltmarsh aster) daof, sssn, wetl; a; h; obg-105 taraxacum officinale* g.h. weber ex wiggers (common dandelion) daof; p; h; obg180 verbesina virginica l. (white crownbeard) qsqm; p; h; obg-096 vernonia arkansana dc. (arkansas ironweed) qsqm; p; h; obg-007 v. baldwinii torr. (baldwin’s ironweed) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-024 xanthium strumarium l. (rough cocklebur) wetl; a; h; obg-064 boraginaceae myosotis verna nutt. (spring forget-me-not) qsqm; a; h; obg-267 brassicaceae brassica nigra* (l.) w.d.j. koch (black mustard) daof; a; h; obg-195 capsella bursa-pastoris* (l.) medik. (shepherd’s purse) daof; a; h; obg-327 60 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland & buthod cardamine parviflora l. var. arenicola (britt.) o.e. schulz (sand bittercress) qsqm; a; h; obg-194 erysimum repandum* l. (spreading wallflower) daof; a; h; obg-197 lepidium densiflorum schrad. (common pepperweed) daof, sssn; a; h; obg190 cactaceae opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. (devil’s tongue) qsqm, sssn; p; s; obg-169 callitrichaceae callitriche heterophylla pursh (twoheaded water-starwort) wetl; a; h; obg-216 campanulaceae triodanis biflora (ruiz & pavón) greene (clasping venus’ looking-glass) sssn; a; h; obg-241 caprifoliaceae lonicera japonica* thunb. (japanese honeysuckle) qsqm; p; v; obg-214 sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli (common elderberry) qsqm; p; s; obg265 symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench (coralberry) qsqm; p; s; obg-082 viburnum rufidulum raf. (rusty blackhaw) qsqm; p; s; obg-189 caryophyllaceae arenaria serpyllifolia* l. (thymeleaf sandwort)daof; a; h; obg-242 cerastium pumilum* w. curtis (european chickweed) daof; a; h; obg-191 dianthus armeria* l. (deptford pink) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-235 minuartia drummondii (shinners) mcneill (drummond’s stitchwort) sssn; a; h; obg-273 stellaria media* (l.) vill. (common chickweed) daof; a; h; obg-176 clusiaceae hypericum hypericoides (l.) crantz (st. andrew’s cross) qsqm; p; h; obg-098 h. punctatum lam. (spotted st. johnswort) qsqm; p; h; obg-295 convolvulaceae convolvulus arvensis* l. (field bindweed) daof; p; h; obg-253 cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. (roughleaf dogwood) qsqm; p; t; obg-232 cuscutaceae cuscuta cuspidata engelm. (cusp dodder) daof; p; h; obg-131 ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. (common persimmon) qsqm; p; t; obg-213 euphorbiaceae acalphya monococca (engelm. ex gray) l. mill. & gandhi (slender threeseed mercury) sssn; a; h; obg-281 a. virginica l. (virginia threeseed mercury) qsqm; a; h; obg-119 chamaesyce maculata (l.) small (spotted sandmat) daof; a; h; obg-023 croton capitatus michx. (hogwort) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-084 c. monanthogynus michx. (prairie tea) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-146 c. willdenowii g. l. webster (willdenow’s croton) sssn; a; h; obg-043a euphorbia dentata michx. (toothed spurge) qsqm; a; h; obg-102 e. heterophylla l. (mexican fireplant) qsqm; a; h; obg-081 e. spathulata lam. (warty spurge) sssn; a; h; obg-277 phyllanthus caroliniensis walt. (carolina leafflower) daof; a; h; obg-072 61 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland & buthod fabaceae amorpha canescens pursh (leadplant) sssn; p; s; obg-150 a. fruticosa l. (desert false indigo) sssn, wetl; p; s; obg-076 baptisia bracteata muhl. ex ell. var. leucophaea (nutt.) kartesz & gandhi (longbract wild indigo) sssn; p; h; obg193 cercis canadensis l. (eastern redbud) qsqm; p; t; obg-208 chamaecrista nictitans (l.) moench (partridge pea) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-087 crotalaria sagittalis l. (arrowhead rattlebox) sssn; p; h; obg-043 dalea purpurea vent. (violet prairie clover) sssn; p; h; obg-258 galactia volubilis (l.) britt. (downy milkpea) qsqm; p; h; obg-103 gleditsia triacanthos l. (honeylocust) qsqm; p; t; obg-115 kummerowia stipulacea* (maxin.) makino (korean clover) daof; a; h; obg-090 lathyrus hirsutus* l. (caley pea) daof; a; h; obg-282 lespedeza cuneata* (dum.-cours.) g. don (chinese lespedeza) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-107 l. repens (l.) w. bart. (creeping lespedeza) qsqm; p; h: obg-156 l. violacea (l.) pers. (violet lespedeza) qsqm; p; h; obg-035 l. virginica (l.) britt. (slender lespedeza) qsqm; p; h; obg-022 medicago lupulina* l. (black medick) daof; a; h; obg-172 melilotus officinalis* (l.) lam. (yellow sweetclover) daof; a; h; obg-060 mimosa nuttallii (dc.) b.l. turner (nuttall’s sensitive-briar) sssn; p; h; obg-264 pediomelum linearifolium (torr. & gray) j. grimes (narrowleaf indian breadfruit) sssn; p; h; obg-299 stylosanthes biflora (l.) b.s.p. (sidebeak pencilflower) sssn; p; h ; obg-252 trifolium dubium* sibthorp (suckling clover) daof; a; h; obg-243 t. pratense* l. (red clover) daof; a; h; obg290 vicia villosa* roth (winter vetch) daof; a; h; obg-288 fagaceae quercus muehlenbergii engelm. (chinkapin oak) qsqm; p; t; obg-145 q. shumardii buckl. (shumard’s oak) qsqm; p; t; obg-139 q. stellata wangenh. (post oak) qsqm; p; t; obg-083 q. velutina lam. (blackjack oak) qsqm; p; t; obg-335 gentianaceae sabatia campestris nutt. (texas star) sssn; a; h; obg-283 geraniaceae geranium carolinianum l. (carolina geranium) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-275 haloragaceae myriophyllum aquaticum* (vell.) verdc. (parrot feather watermilfoil) wetl; p; h; obg-202 juglandaceae carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch (pecan) qsqm; p; t; obg-135 c. texana buckl. (black hickory) qsqm; p; t; obg-128 krameriaceae krameria lanceolata torr. (trailing krameria) sssn; p; h; obg-250 lamiaceae hedeoma drummondii benth. (drummond’s false pennyroyal) sssn; p; h; obg-276 lamium amplexicaule* l. (henbit deadnettle) daof; a; h; obg-181 l. purpureum* l. (purple deadnettle) daof; a; h; obg-182 monarda fistulosa l. (wild bergamot) qsqm; p; h; obg-260 62 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland & buthod prunella vulgaris l. (common selfheal) qsqm; p; h; obg-257 pycnanthemum tenuifolium schrad. (narrowleaf mountain mint) qsqm; p; h; obg-249 salvia azurea michx. ex lam. (azure blue sage) sssn; p; h; obg-093 scutellaria parvula michx. (small skullcap) sssn; p; h; obg-302 teucrium candense l. (canada germander) wetl; p; h; obg-101 linaceae linum medium (planch.) britt. (stiff yellow flax) sssn; a; h; obg-031 l. sulcatum riddell (grooved flax) sssn; a; h; obg-030 lythraceae ammannia auriculata willd. (eared redstem) wetl; a; h; obg-013 cuphea viscosissima jacq. (blue waxweed) wetl; a; h; obg-058 malvaceae callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.) gray (light poppymallow) sssn; p; h; obg-270 menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. (carolina coralbead) qsqm; p; h; obg-226 nelumbonaceae nelumbo lutea willd. (american lotus) wetl; p; h; obg-287 oleaceae fraxinus americana l. (white ash) qsqm; p; t; obg-155 ligustrum quihoui* carr. (waxyleaf privet) qsqm; p; s; obg-143 l. sinense* lour. (chinese privet) qsqm; p; s; obg-046 onagraceae gaura villosa torr. (wooly beeblossom) sssn; p; h; obg-010 ludwigia palustris (l.) ell. (marsh seedbox) wetl; p; h; obg-001 l. peploides (kunth) raven (floating primrosewillow) wetl; p; h; obg-067 oenothera linifolia nutt. (threadleaf eveningprimrose) sssn; a; h; obg-220 oxalidaceae oxalis stricta l. (common yellow oxalis) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-095 o. violacea (violet woodsorrel) qsqm, sssn; p; h; obg-199 passifloraceae passiflora incarnata l. (purple passionflower) sssn; p; h; obg-248 plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. (largebraced plantain) qsqm; a; h; obg-225 p. virginica l. (virginia plantain) sssn; a; h; obg-271 polygalaceae polygala incarnata l. (procession flower) sssn; a; h; obg-274 polygonaceae polygonum pensylvanicum l. (pennsylvania smartweed) wetl; a; h; obg-298 p. punctatum ell. (dotted smartweed) wetl; a; h; obg-071 rumex crispus* l. (curly dock) daof, wetl; p; h; obg-209 portulacaceae phemeranthus parviflorum (nutt.) kiger (sunbright) sssn; p; h; obg-033 portulaca oleracea* l. (little hogweed) daof; a; h; obg-108 primulaceae samolus ebracteatus kunth (limewater brookweed) wetl; p; h; obg-137 63 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland & buthod ranunculaceae delphinium carolinianum walt. (carolina larkspur) sssn; p; h; obg-229 rosaceae amelanchier arborea (michx. f.) fern. (common serviceberry) qsqm; p; t; obg-183 crataegus mollis scheele (arnold hawthorn) qsqm; p; s; obg-167 c. viridis l. (green hawthorn) qsqm; p; s; obg-186 prunus mexicana s. wats. (mexican plum) qsqm; p; t; obg-110 p. serotina ehrh. (black cherry) qsqm; p; t; obg-045 rosa multiflora* thunb. ex murr. (multiflora rose) qsqm; p; v; obg-263 r. setigera michx. (climbing rose) sssn; p; v; obg-292 rubus sp. (blackberry) daof, qsqm; p; v; obg-204 rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. (common buttonbush) wetl; p; s; obg-050 diodia teres walt. (poorjoe) sssn; a; h; obg070 galium aparine l. (stickywilly) daof, qsqm; a; h; obg-233 g. pilosum ait. var. puncticulosum (michx.) torr. & gray (hairy bedstraw) qsqm; p; h; obg-061 g. virgatum nutt. (southwestern bedstraw) sssn; a; h; obg-233 houstonia pusilla schoepf (tiny bluet) sssn; a; h; obg-174 sherardia arvensis* l. (blue fieldmadder) daof; a; h; obg-177 salicaceae populus deltoides bartr. ex marsh. (eastern cottonwood) wetl; p; t; obg-118 salix nigra marsh. (black willow) wetl; p; t; obg-051 sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. (gum bully) qsqm; p; t; obg-052 scrophulariaceae bacopa rotundifolia (michx.) wettst. (disk waterhyssop) wetl; p; h; obg-109 castilleja indivisa engelm. (entireleaf indian paintbrush) sssn; a; h; obg-200 lindernia dubia (l.) pennell (yellowseed false pimpernel) wetl; a; h; obg-078 nuttallanthus canadensis (l.) d.a. sutton (canada toadflax) sssn; a; h; obg-272 veronica polita* fries (gray field speedwell) daof; a; h; obg-173 solanaceae physalis pubescens l. (husk tomato) sssn; a; h; obg-014 solanum americanum p. mill. (american black nightshade) qsqm; a; h; obg-017 s. carolinense l. (carolina horsenettle) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-075 s. elaeagnifolium cav. (silverleaf nightshade) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-116 s. rostratum dunal (buffalobur nightshade) daof; a; h; obg-075 ulmaceae ulmus alata michx. (winged elm) qsqm; p; t; obg-245 u. rubra muhl. (slippery elm) qsqm; p; t; obg-246 valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. (beaked cornsalad) sssn; a; h; obg-268 verbenaceae verbena bracteata cav. ex lag. & rodr. (bigbract verbena) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-113 v. stricta vent. (hoary verbena) daof; p; h; obg-278 v. urticifolia l. (white vervain) qsqm; p; h; obg-141 64 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland & buthod vitaceae parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. (virginia creeper) qsqm; p; v; obg-222 vitis cinerea (engelm.) millard (graybark grape) qsqm; p; v; obg-297 zygophyllaceae tribulus terrestris* l. (puncturevine) daof; a; h; obg-019 liliopsida alismataceae alisma subcordatum raf. (american water plantain) wetl; p; h; obg-286 sagittaria ambigua j.g. sm. (kansas arrowhead) -wetl ; p; h; obg-266 s. latifolia willd. (broadleaf arrowhead) -wetl ; p; h; obg-027 commelinaceae commelina erecta l. (whitemouth dayflower) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-028 tradescantia ohiensis raf. (bluejacket) sssn; p; h; obg-236 cyperaceae carex aggregata mackenzie (glomerate sedge) qsqm; p; g; obg-328 c. blanda dewey (eastern woodland sedge) qsqm; p; g; obg-326 c. festucacea schkuhr ex willd. (fescue sedge) qsqm; p; g; obg-330 c. frankii kunth (frank’s sedge) -wetl; p; g; obg-163 c. microdonta torr. & hook. (littletooth sedge) sssn; p; g; obg-203 cyperus croceus vahl (baldwin’s flatsedge) sssn; p; g; obg-166 c. echinatus (l.) wood (globe flatsedge) sssn; p; g; obg-099 c. odoratus l. (fragrant flatsedge) wetl; a; g; obg-164 c. squarrosus l. (bearded flatsedge) daof; a; g; obg-065 c. strigosus l. (strawcolored flatsedge) sssn; p; g; obg-161 c. virens michx. (green flatsedge) wetl; p; g; obg-147 eleocharis lanceolata fern. (daggerleaf spikerush) wetl; a; g; obg-325 e. obtusa (willd.) j.a. schultes (blunt spikerush) wetl; a; g; obg-127 e. palustris (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes (common spikerush) wetl; p; g; obg324 fimbristylis autumnalis (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes (slender fimbry) wetl; a; g; obg-069 f. puberula (michx.) vahl (hairy fimbry) wetl; p; g; obg-322 f. vahlii (lam.) link (vahl’s fimbry) wetl; a; g; obg-063 isolepis carinata hook. & arn. ex. torr. (keeled bulrush) wetl; a; g; obg-239 rhynchospora globularis (chapman) small (globe beaksedge) -wetl; p; g; obg-323 scirpus pendulus muhl. (rufous bulrush) wetl; p; g; obg-244 iridaceae sisyrinchium campestre bickn. (prairie blueeyed grass) sssn; p; h; obg-201 juncaceae juncus brachycarpus engelm. (whiteroot rush) wetl; p; g; obg-318 j. diffusissimus buckl. (slimpod rush) wetl; p; g; obg-055 j. interior wieg. (inland rush) sssn; p; g; obg-321 j. marginatus rostk. (grassleaf rush) wetl; p; g; obg-319 j. tenuis willd. (poverty rush) wetl; p; g; obg-168 lemnaceae lemna minor l. (common duckweed) wetl; p; h; obg-332 wolffia columbiana (columbian watermeal) wetl; p; h; obg-333 65 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland & buthod liliaceae allium canadense (meadow garlic) sssn; p; h; obg-188 erythronium mesochoreum knerr (midland fawnlily) qsqm; p; h; obg-301 hypoxis hirsuta (l.) coville (common goldstar) sssn; p; h; obg-217 nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britt. (crowpoison) sssn; p; h; obg-179 orchidaceae spiranthes vernalis engelm. & gray (spring ladies’-tresses) sssn; p; h: obg-291 poaceae aegilops cylindrica* host (jointed goatgrass) daof; a; g; obg-210 agrostis hyemalis (walt.) b.s.p. (winter bentgrass) sssn; p; g; obg-307 a. perennans (walt.) tuckerman (upland bentgrass) qsqm; p; g; obg-306 andropogon gerardii vitman (big bluestem) sssn; p; g; obg-112 a. virginicus l. (virginia wildrye) sssn; p; g; obg-117 aristida dichotoma michx. (churchmouse threeawn) sssn; a; g; obg-038 bothriochloa laguroides (dc.) herter (silver beardgrass) daof, sssn; p; g; obg-005 bromus catharticus* vahl (rescuegrass) daof; a; g; obg-206 b. tectorum* l. (cheatgrass) daof; a; g; obg-309 buchloe dactyloides (buffalograss) sssn; p; g; obg-218 danthonia spicata (l.) beauv. ex roemer & j.a. schultes (poverty oatgrass) qsqm; p; g; obg-207 dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. fasciculatum (torr.) freckmann (western panicgrass) qsqm; p; g; obg124 d. depauperatum (muhl.) gould (starved panicgrass) qsqm; p; g; obg-311 d. malacophyllum (nash) gould (softleaf rosette grass) qsqm; p; g; obg-120 d. scoparium (lam.) gould (velvet panicum) qsqm; p; g; obg-317 d. villosissimum (nash) freckmann (whitehair rosette grass) qsqm; p; g; obg-310 digitaria cognata (j.a. schultes) pilger (carolina crabgrass) daof; p; g; obg003 d. sanguinalis (l.) scop. (hairy crabgrass) daof; a; g; obg-004 echinochola crus-galli* (l.) beauv. (barnyardgrass) wetl; a; g; obg-025 eleusine indica* (l.) gaertn. (indian goosegrass) daof; a; g; obg-068 elymus virginicus l. (virginia wildrye) qsqm, sssn; p; g; obg-312 eragrostis barrelieri* daveau (mediterranean lovegrass) daof; a; g; obg-008 e. intermedia a.s. hitchc. (plains lovegrass) qsqm; p; g; obg-021 e. spectabilis (pursh) steud. (purple lovegrass) daof, sssn; p; g; obg-018 hordeum pusillum nutt. (little barley) sssn; a; g; obg-211 leersia oryzoides (l.) sw. (rice cutgrass) wetl; p; g; obg-314 l. virginica willd. (whitegrass) -wetl; p; g; obg-140 lolium perenne* l. (perennial ryegrass) daof; p; g; obg-230 muhlenbergia sobolifera (muhl. ex willd.) trin. (rock muhly) qsqm; p; g; obg-029 panicum anceps michx. (beaked panicgrass) qsqm, sssn; p; g; obg-104 p. dichotomiflorum michx. (fall panicgrass) wetl; a; g; obg-122 p. philadelphicum bernh. ex trin. (philadelphia panicgrass) sssn; a; g; obg-123 p. rigidulum bosc ex nees (redtop panicgrass) wetl; p; g; obg-162 p. virgatum l. (switchgrass) sssn; p; g; obg094 paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex fourn. (hairyseed paspalum) sssn, wetl; p; g; obg-053 phalaris caroliniana walt. (carolina canarygrass) wetl; a; g; obg-228 66 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland & buthod poa annua* l. (annual bluegrass) qsqm; a; g; obg-178 schedonnardus paniculatus (nutt.) trel. (tumblegrass) daof, sssn; p; g; obg057 schedonorus phoenix* (scop.) holub daof; p; g; obg-238 schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash (little bluestem) sssn; p; g; obg-149 setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen (marsh bristlegrass) wetl; p; g; obg-158 s. pumila* (poir.) roemer & j.a. schultes (yellow foxtail) daof; a; g; obg-009 sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash (indian grass) sssn; p; g; obg-336 sorghum halepense* (l.) pers. (johnsongrass) daof, sssn; p; g; obg-111 sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. (prairie wedgescale) qsqm; p; g; obg-308 sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) gray (sand dropseed) sssn; p; g; obg-016 steinchisma hians (ell.) nash (gaping grass) wetl; p; g; obg-262 tridens strictus (nutt.) nash (longspike tridens) daof, sssn; p; g; obg-044 vulpia elliotea (raf.) fern. (squirreltail fescue) sssn; a; g; obg-315 v. octoflora (walt.) rydb. (sixweeks fescue) sssn; a; g; obg-315 potamogetonaceae potamogeton diversifolius raf. (waterthread pondweed) wetl; p; h; obg-160 smilacaceae smilax rotundifolia l. (roundleaf greenbriar) qsqm; p; v; obg-223 s. tamnoides l. (bristly greenbriar) qsqm; p; v; obg-224 typhaceae typha domingensis pers. (southern cattail) wetl; p; h; obg-126 oklahoma native plant record, volume 3, number 1, december 2003 oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 foreword over the years our state’s ecology has been affected by many changes. new dams, turnpikes, urban sprawl, forestry practices, highway right of away mowing, and excessive use of herbicides are just a few of the activities that have had a profound impact upon our state’s native vegetation, many within my lifetime. concerned oklahomans founded the oklahoma native plant society (onps) in 1987 with the goal of encouraging the study, protection, use, and appreciation of our native plants. many of our citizens are unaware of the unique geographic and biological characteristics of oklahoma. botanists and ecologists have debated where oklahoma should be placed on the biodiversity scale. states such as california, texas, north carolina, and florida have more species. california and texas have more bioregions. when you consider our geographic location, numbers of species, and bioregions, oklahoma is considered by many to be number three in terms of biodiversity. many western and eastern, as well as northern and southern species intermingle here. our extensive river system, moving primarily from the northwest to the southeast, further divides the state into unique regions. the sand dunes and the great salt plains are classic examples. early explorers and botanists made extensive use of these waterways, washington irving and thomas nuttall are two of the most prominent. the state’s elevation and annual rainfall amounts change as you move from west to east, resulting in different bioregions across our state. as a youngster growing up in oklahoma city, i would often spend time with a map of oklahoma and wonder about the regions in our state. black mesa, the high plains prairies, the forests of eastern oklahoma, and the ozark, quachita, wichita, quartz, and arbuckle mountain regions were some of the areas i would dream of someday visiting. eventually, through family vacations, ecology field trips in college, and my association with onps, i was able to visit many of these places. our state is truly diverse. much of my appreciation of this is due to my associations with onps and as a student in harriet barclay’s ecology class. the new field guide to oklahoma plants, by ron tyrl, terrence bidwell, and ronald masters has an excellent introductory section covering the ecogeography and vegetation of oklahoma. this guide has fine maps and explanations on the geography, soils, and vegetation types. rolling hills, plains, and unique mountain regions characterize the state. six forest types are recognized: oak-hickory, oak-pine, post oak-blackjack oak, loblolly pine, cypress bottoms, and bottom land (flood plain). dr. david stahle, from the tree-ring laboratory at university of arkansas, states that the cross-timbers region (post oak-blackjack oak ) in oklahoma is one of the largest remaining old growth forests in north america. our state also consists of tallgrass, shortgrass, and mixed grass prairie regions. the field guide recognizes five different shrubgrassland types; sandsage grassland, mesquite grassland, shinnery oak–grassland, stabilized dunes, and pinon-juniper mesa. the oklahoma native plant record has covered some of these areas in past issues. it is becoming an excellent forum for discussing our state’s unique diversity. much of the journal’s success goes to those original onps founding members, whose foresight and concerns about our state have been an inspiration to us all. this journal is a monument to their efforts. i encourage everyone to support and contribute to its success. james elder onps president june 2003 journal of the oklahoma native plantsociety, volume 3, number 1, december 2003 oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 68 three birds orchid and crane-fly orchid in oklahoma dr. lawrence magrath corresponding member, american orchid society conservation committee former chair, southwestern region orchid growers association curator, usao (ocla) herbarium chickasha, ok 73018-5358 the three birds orchid or nodding pogonia, triphora trianthophora (sw.) rydb., is one of the most beautiful jewels of the fall orchid collection in the eastern 1/3 of the country. it occurs from vermont and ontario, south to florida, west to texas, and north to michigan. pridgeon and urbatsch (1977) cite one collection from west feliciana parish in louisiana. in kansas it was long listed as part of the orchid flora, based on a report by popenoe. however, no one had seen a living specimen until rufus thompson, an algae specialist at the university of kansas, discovered them in baldwin woods south of the city of lawrence (douglas county) in late august 1971. after his report several botanists from the university of kansas also found it in baldwin woods and later in several other counties. still later, when working in the herbarium at the smithsonian institution in washington, d.c., i found a specimen collected by popenoe in topeka in shawnee county in 1876. in oklahoma it has been known to occur in cleveland county in central oklahoma since 1947. a collection from leflore county in the southeastern part of the state was made in 1967. since 1972 it has been found in choctaw, caddo, adair counties, and most recently in canadian county by dr. paul buck in 1993. there magrath, l. k. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100023 have been several other unconfirmed reports in oklahoma. in arkansas it has been found in several counties in the ozark mountains, which cross the border into oklahoma. one of the reasons that so few people have reported seeing this delightful little orchid is probably that it blooms in late august and early september. that is a time when few orchid or wildflower enthusiasts are out in the woods because of the ticks, mosquitoes, and miserable hot weather. nevertheless, it is a flower well worth the trouble endured to find it. it grows in rich mixed deciduous woodlands or deciduous-pine woodlands in the deep humus or leaf mold of moist shaded areas. this species is often associated with other fall flowering orchids such as corallorhiza odontorhiza and tipularia discolor. it may occur as a single stem, a few scattered stems, or as large colonies up to 3 feet in diameter with hundreds or occasionally thousands of stems, such as are found at the battiest site in northern mccurtain county, oklahoma. the 7-30 cm (3-12 inches) plants produce from one to six (rarely seven) flowers about the size of a nickel at the tip of succulent green stems. typically the plants are about 1018 cm (4-7 inches) tall. the flowers open white with a delicate patch formed by three crests or lamellae of emerald green oklahoma native plant record 69 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 magrath, l.k. in the center of the lip. as the flowers age, they become flushed with pink or lavender. when observed under magnification the flowers appear to be sculpted out of transparent or translucent crystal. they are truly a delight to behold. the plants have underground stolons bearing fleshy tuberoids (medley 2002). the tuberoids rarely ever penetrate into the soil, but rather appear to be confined to the layer of decaying organic matter. any attempts to cultivate this plant should take this into account. oklahoma native plant society (onps) and southwestern region orchid growers association (swroga) conservation committees would appreciate knowing of additional locations for this orchid. it is probably more common than previously believed. however, proof is in the finding! the crane-fly orchid, tipularia discolor (prush) nutt., is one of the more interesting and elusive native orchids. its name is derived from the latin tippula “water-spider” + discolor “variegated, of different colors.” it is one of the late summer orchids found in arkansas, southeastern oklahoma, eastern texas, and louisiana. the genus contains three recognized species: tipularia josephi in the himalayan mountains, t. japonica in japan and t. discolor in the united states. it ranges from florida west to eastern texas through oklahoma, arkansas, missouri, southern illinois, and indiana east to pennsylvania, new jersey, and massahusetts, as well as along the atlantic coast. it may be the most common orchid in arkansas (slaughter 1993). in oklahoma it was first collected in 1968 two miles south of honobia by steve stephens from the university of kansas. the collection consisted of one flowering plant (magrath 1973). since then it has been found throughout the southeastern part of oklahoma in colonies often numbering in the thousands. according to luer (1975) “the plants are characterized by their series of undergournd tubers which are actually corms connected by slender rhizomes.” a new corm is produced each year. each new mature corm produces a solitary ovoid, overwintering leaf which disappears in may or june. the inflorescence is produced in august. the scape is slender and is terminated by a raceme of small, dull flowers. the sepals and petals are free but one petal partially overlaps the dorsal sepal. the lip is threelobed and has a spur at the base. homoya (1993) describes the inflorescence as “giving an impression of a swarm of flying gnats, mosquitoes, or small crane-flies.” to find a large colony of these plants in full bloom in a dimly lit woods and to watch the flowers dance with every little bit of breeze is a treat. then they truly seem like insects in flight. homoya (1993) notes that, “the flowers of tipularia are unique among north american orchids in that they are not bilaterally symmetrical. instead, the sepals and petals are positioned so that the flower is lopsided, with an unlike number of petals and sepals to either side of the column. moreover, the flowers are angled to one side of the main stem, some to the right, others to the left.” homoya (1993) further notes that tipularia commonly sets seed capsules. occasionally, isolated solitary plants may not be pollinated, but wherever there is a population, each plant normally will have between 80 to 100% capsule set. tipuolaria like aplectrum (adamand-eve, putty root) has a series of corms connected by a slender rhizome. both produce an over-wintering single leaf, although aplectrum is usually 2-5 times oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 magrath, l. k. 70 larger and accordion pleated, both are typically purplish on the underside of the leaf. aplectrum is, however, a late spring to early summer flowering plant, while tipulari is a late summer flowering plant. in oklahoma its late flowering time overlaps with golden plume, platanthera ciliaris, and three-bird orchid, triphora trianthophora. tipularia tends to grow in decaying leaf litter in relatively well drained areas often over a rocky substrate, and seems to prefer drier locations than does aplectrum. homoya (1993) notes that tipularia “is clearly advancing its range” in indiana. i feel that the same is true in oklahoma. the orchid can be cultivated in shaded areas where decaying leaf litter that is relatively moist, but well drained. basically the same type of habitat in which triphora trianthophora and malaxis unifolia (green adder’s mouth) would grow. i have also successfully grown it in terrarium culture. since it produces large numbers of seed capsules, it would seem to be a good candidate for growing in flask from seed and it is to be hoped that at some time in the near future it will be available in the form of nursery propagated plants, as opposed to collected plants. while it is hoped that this native will soon begin to come into cultivation and that the triphora trianthophora will be found in more locations, as always, we recommend that when in natural settings leave only footprints, being careful not to damage young seedlings, and take only memories and photos. references correll, d.s. 1950. native orchids of north american north of mexico. waltham, ma: chronica botanica company. homoya, m.a. 1993. orchids of indiana. indiana university press: indiana academy of science. luer, c.a. 1975. the native orchids of the united states and canada excluding florida. bronx, ny: new york botannical garden. magrath, l.k. 1973. the native orchids of the prairies and plains region of north america [dissertation]. lawrence, ks: university of kansas. medley, m. 2002. triphora in flora of north america. vol.26: magnoliophyta: liliidae: liliales and orchidales. flora of north america editoral committee. new york and oxford: oxford univ. press. pridgeon, a.m. & l.e. urbatsch. 1977. contributions to the flora of louisiana. 2. distribution and identification of orchidaceae. castanca 42:293-304. slaughter, carl r. 1993. wild orchids of arkansas. isbn: 0-9638497-0-0. published by the author. yatskievych, g. 1999. steyermark’s flora of missouri, vol 1, rev. ed. missouri dept. of conservation in cooperation with the missouri botanical garden press. st. louis, mo. oklahoma native plant record 71 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 magrath, l.k. three birds orchid, triphora trianthophora (sw.) rydb. photos courtesy charles lewallen. 72 oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 magrath, l. k. crane-fly orchid, tipularia discolor (prush) nutt. photos curtesy of charles lewallen. oklahoma native plant record, volume 16, number 1, december 2016 1 oklahoma native plant r ecord journal of the okla hom a native plant society p. o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 volume 16, december 2016 issn 1536-7738 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ managing editor: sheila strawn production editor: paula shryock electronic production editor: sandy graue manuscript editor: mark fishbein technical advisor: erica corbett the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2016 officers and board members president: joe roberts vice-president: sheila strawn secretary: sandy graue treasurer: mary korthase historian: adam ryburn past president: adam ryburn board members: mike dunn pearl garrison elaine lynch jay pruett bruce smith sara souza chapter chairs: central: patrick bell cross timbers: vacant northeast: connie murray southwest: helen riley publicity/merchandise chair: alicia nelson conservation chair: chadwick cox tulsa garden club liaison: sue amstutz awards chair: sue amstutz membership database: tina julich photo contest chair: lynn michael mailings/printings chair: karen haworth gaillardia editor: marilyn stewart website manager: adam ryburn http://www.oknativeplants.org cover photo: tradescantia ohiensis raf. (spiderwort) at wichita mountains wildlife refuge by lisa roberts, medicine park, ok articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100118 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ http://www.oknativeplants.org/ 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 oklahoma native plant record volum e 16 table of contents foreword .................................................................................................................................................... 3 pollination ecology of sabatia campestris nutt. (gentianaceae) .......................................................... 4 dr. constance e. taylor the structure of the gynostegium, breeding system, and pollination ecology of spider milkweed, asclepias viridis walter (apocynaceae). m. s. thesis ........................................ 10 mr. shang-wen liaw a floristic inventory of the university of oklahoma’s kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county, oklahoma .............................................................. 45 ms. amy k. buthod and dr. bruce w. hoagland effects of fire severity on habitat recovery in a mixed grass prairie ecosystem ................................................................................................................................... 64 ms. laura e. jardine, dr. adam k. ryburn, and dr. anthony j. stancampiano critic’s choice essay: a conversation with a small beetle. gaillardia, fall 2000 .............................. 79 dr. paul buck editorial policies and procedures ......................................................................................................... 81 five year index to oklahoma native plant record ............................................... inside back cover oklahoma native plant record, journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 16, december 2016 title page table of contents foreword journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 7, number 1, december 2007 67oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 palmer, m.w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100054 vascular plant checklists from oklahoma michael w. palmer department of botany oklahoma state university stillwater ok 74078 email: mike.palmer@okstate.edu a bibliography of 85 references involving oklahoma flora is provided, 52 of which provide a vascular plant species list from an unambiguous area. i list geographic, topographic, and taxonomic summary data for 59 floras (some references provide multiple lists). the species-area relationship for oklahoma (with a z value of 0.15) is similar to that of north america as a whole. in the face of imminent climate change, the pace of floristic research in oklahoma needs to accelerate. introduction vascular plant checklists are proving valuable as raw material for broad-scale analyses of biodiversity (qian and ricklefs 1999; chiarucci and bonini 2005). but they also prove a more basic (and arguable more essential) function: to guide practicing botanists in the field. for either purpose, it is useful to have access to bibliographic data to find such floras. the floras of north america project (not to be confused with the flora of north america project; flora of north america editorial committee 1993) is an attempt to catalogue and analyze vascular floras within north america, north of mexico. the purpose of this paper is to present a bibliography of floristic checklists within oklahoma, and to provide basic geographic and taxonomic data for comparative purposes. methods i used standard library techniques as well as informal inquiries to gather bibliographic information on floras from throughtout north america. i then extracted geographic data (with help from maps and geographic databases) and summarized the number of taxa in the species lists. in some cases geographic data are approximate. details about the methodology are given in fridley et al. (2006), palmer (1995, 2005, 2007), qian (in press), and withers et al. (1998) as well as http://botany.okstate.edu/floras/index.html results and discussion i found 85 references including floristic lists, or with titles suggesting the presence of such lists (appendix 1). of these, i was able to gather complete data (minimum and maximum latitude and longitude, minimum and maximum elevation, and the number of families, genera, species, total taxa, and % alien species) for 51 references (appendix 2). the vascular plant species-area relationship for oklahoma is remarkably similar to that of north america as a whole (figure). the slope of the line, known in biogeography as the z coefficient, is 0.150, and is similar to that of many continental species-area relationships (rosenzweig 1995). the fact that there is much scatter around the species-area relationship implies that there may be interesting variation in biodiversity that can be explained by environmental or biogeographic factors. 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 palmer, m.w. while the list of oklahoma floras may seem impressive, a number of other states (led by california, virginia, iowa, louisiana, illinois, texas, arizona, ohio, new york, and wyoming) have surpassed us in numbers of floristic publications. current work by oklahoma botanists is helping to rectify the situation, with the work of bruce hoagland and his colleagues being most notable. nevertheless, there are ample opportunities for new teams of botanists, including dedicated amateurs, to become involved with basic floristic research. indeed, with extreme climate change predicted for the region (seager et al. 2007), it may not be too long before we lose many of our vascular plant species. thus, the time to document their existence is now. references cited chiarucci, a. and i. bonini. 2005. quantitative floristics as a tool for the assessment of plant diversity in tuscan forests. forest ecology and management 212: 160-170. committee, f.o.n.a.e. 1993. flora of north america. oxford university press, new york. fridley, j.d., h. qian, p.s. white, and m.w. palmer. 2006. plant species invasions along the latitudinal gradient in the united states: comment. ecology 87: 3209-3213 palmer, m.w. 1995. how should one count species? natural areas journal 15: 124-135. palmer, m.w. 2005. temporal trends of exotic species richness in north american floras: an overview. écoscience 12: 386-390. palmer, m.w. 2007. species-area curves and the geometry of nature. pages 15-31 in: d. storch, p.a. marquet, and j.h. brown, editors. scaling biodiversity. cambridge university press, cambridge. qian, h., j.d. fridley, and m.w. palmer. a latitudinal gradient in species-are relationships for vascular plants of north america. american naturalist. in press. qian, h. and r.e. ricklefs. 1999. a comparison of the taxonomic richness of vascular plants in china and the united states. american naturalist 154: 160-181. rosenzweig, m.l. 1995. species diversity in space and time. cambridge university press, cambridge. seager, r., m. ting, i. held, y. kushnir, j. lu, g. vecchi, h-p. huang, n. harnik, a. leetmaa, n-c. lau, c. li, j. velez, and n. naik. 2007. model projections of an imminent transition to a more arid climate in southwestern north america. science 316: 1181-1184. tyrl, r.j., s.c. barber, p. buck, w.j. elisens, p. folley, l.k. magrath, c.l. murray, b.a. smith, c.e.s. taylor, and r.a. thompson. 2007. keys and descriptions of the vascular plants of oklahoma. flora oklahoma inc., noble. withers, m.a., m.w. palmer, g.l. wade, p.s. white, and p.r. neal. 1998. changing patterns in the number of species in north american floras. in t.d. sisk, editor. perspectives on the land use history of north america: a context for understanding our changing environment. usgs, biological resources division, bsr/bdr-19980003; p 23-32. 69oklahoma native plant recordvolume 7, number 1, december 2007 palmer, m.w. oklahoma (solid line, filled circles): y = 0.150x + 2.02 north america (dashed line, open circles): y = 0.156x+ 2.00 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 log (area, in hectares) lo g (n um be r of sp ec ie s) figure species-area relationship for 59 oklahoma floras (data from appendix 2) in comparison with 2283 lists from throughout north america. 70 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 appendix 1 vascular plant checklists written within oklahoma. although not conventionally included in bibliographies, first names are included, when available, to allow more ready identification of the scholars involved. the citation ends with a bracketed reference number associated with the floras of north america project and the author reference in appendix 2. some citations are not floras, but are included here because their titles resemble those of floras and including them in this list avoids accidental rediscovery. keywords follow the citations: complete = all taxonomic and geographic data have been gathered; data duplicate = the same data are available in another source listed elsewhere; no area = the geographical area is impossible to determine based on available information; no data yet = the reference has either not yet been seen, or it has not been evaluated; not a flora = despite the name, the document is not a flora; other states = data include regions outside oklahoma; taxa excluded = data were not gathered because some taxa (e.g. ferns, graminoids) were intentionally excluded. baalman, r.j. (1964): plants collected at salt plains national wildlife refuge during 1963 and 1964. salt plains national wildlife refuge, jet. complete [3248] baalman, r.j. (1965): vegetation of the salt plains wildlife refuge, jet, oklahoma. ph.d. dissertation, university of oklahoma, norman. 129 p. no data yet [21328] baldock, l.o. (1938): flora of kiowa county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, oklahoma agricultural and mechanical college, stillwater. 71 p. complete [89] barber, s.c. (1989): floristic components of the gypsum hills and redbed plains of southwestern oklahoma. southwest. nat. 24, 431-437. data duplicate [91] barber, s.c. (1975): a floristic study of the vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma. m.s. thesis, oklahoma state university, stillwater. 84 p. complete [90] barkley, e.a. (1933): a preliminary survey of the vascular plants of pottawatomie county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci., 45-46. not a flora [1547] barkley, e.a.d. (1933): a preliminary list of the vascular plants of pottawatomie . county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. 27 p. complete [92] bogue, e.e. (1900): annotated catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of oklahoma. okla. exp. sta. bull. 45, 348. complete [1228] buck, p. (1977): vascular plants of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge. unpublished report. complete [674] buckallew, r.; caddell, g.m. (2001): a floristic study of plant communities at the uco selman living laboratory in the gypsum hills of northwestern oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 81, 81. data duplicate [20922] buckallew, r.r.; caddell, g.m. (2003): vascular flora of the university of central oklahoma selman living laboratory, woodward county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 83, 31-45. complete [21316] buckallew, r.r. (2002): a floristic survey and description of vascular plant communities at the selman living laboratory, woodward county, oklahoma. ms thesis, university of central oklahoma. 122 p. complete [21259] palmer, m.w. 71 palmer, m.w. bull, r.z. (1932): vascular plants of greer county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. 29 p. complete [94] clark, l.c.g. (1997): floristic and biosystematic investigations in plant taxonomy. ph.d. dissertation, oklahoma state university. 248 p. complete [20002] crandall, r.m. (2003): vegetation of the pushmataha wildlife management area, pushmataha county, oklahoma. ms thesis, oklahoma state university, stillwater. 114 p. complete [21287] dale, e.e. jr (1946): a preliminary survey of the flora of the arbuckle mountains. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. data duplicate [2208] dale, e.e., jr (1956): a preliminary survey of the flora of the arbuckle mountains. texas j. sci. 8, 41-73. complete [96] dale, e.e., jr (1959): the grasslands of platt national park, oklahoma. southwest. nat. 4, 45-60. no area [2210] dwyer, d.d. (1958): an annotated plant list of adams' ranch, osage county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, fort hays kansas state college, hays. no data yet [97] eskew, ct (1938): the flowering plants of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge. amer. midl. nat. 20, 695-703. taxa excluded [556] eskew, ct (1937): the flowering plants of wichita national forest. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. taxa excluded [1116] folley, p (1994): checklist of plants found in cleveland county. 15100 etowah rd., noble ok 73068, (405)872-8361. complete [4852] folley, p. (2003): additions to black mesa flora study. oklahoma native plant record 3, 19-22. complete [21363] gage, h.a. (1908): a preliminary list of the plants of the arbuckle mountains. b.a. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. 48 p. complete [98] great plains flora association (1977): atlas of the flora of the great plains. univ. of iowa press, ames, iowa. 600 pages. no data yet, other states [804] great plains flora association (1986): flora of the great plains. university press of kansas, lawrence. 1392 pages. complete, other states [536] hayes, c.r. (2003): the vascular flora of the sally bull hollow tract of the ozark plateau national wildlife refuge, adair county, oklahoma. ms thesis, oklahoma state university. 33 p. complete [21266] hoagland, b.w.; buthod, a.k. (2003): vascular flora of the keystone wildlife management area, creek, pawnee, and osage counties, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 3, 23-37. complete [21364] hoagland, b.w.; buthod, a.k. (2004): vascular flora of hugo lake wildlife management area, choctaw county, oklahoma. southeastern naturalist 3, 701-714. complete [21407] hoagland, bw; buthod, ak (2005): vascular flora of a gypsum dominated site in major county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 85, 1-8. complete [21706] hoagland, b.w.; buthod, a.k.; elisens, w. (2004): vascular flora of washita battlefield national historic site, oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 72 oklahoma native plant recordvolume 7, number 1, december 2007 roger mills county, oklahoma. sida 21, 1187-1197. complete [21491] hoagland, b.w.; crawford, p.h.c.; crawford, p.t.; johnson, f. (2004): vascular flora of hackberry flat, frederick lake, and suttle creek, tillman county, oklahoma. sida 21, 429-445. complete [21360] hoagland, b.w.; johnson, f. (2004): the vascular flora of red slough and grassy slough wildlife management areas, gulf coastal plain, mccurtain county, oklahoma. castanea 69, 284296. ; complete [21479] hoagland, b.w.; johnson, f. (2004): vascular flora of love valley wildlife management area, love county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 84, 9-18. complete [21707] hoagland, b.w.; johnson, f.l. (2001): vascular flora of the chickasaw national recreation area, murray county, oklahoma. castanea 66, 383400. complete [20021] hoagland, b.w.; wallick, k. (2003): vascular flora of oolagah wildlife management area in nowata county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 83, 47-62. complete [21315] hoagland, b.w. (2001): floristic list for oklahoma county. oklahoma native plant record 1, 25-38. complete [20010] holzinger, j.m. (1892): list of plants collected by c. s. sheldon and m. a. carleton in the indian territory in 1891. contrib. u.s. nat. herb. 1, 189-219. not a flora [1305] jeffs, r.e. (1931): a key to the ferns and seed plants of oklahoma. university mimeograph pub. norman. taxa excluded [2229] jeffs, r.e.; little, elbert l., jr (1930): a preliminary list of the ferns and seed plants of oklahoma. univ. okla. biol. surv. publ. 2, 39-101. complete [1117] johnson, f.l.; estes, j.r.; lomolino, m.v.; roedel, m.d.; proctor, m.d.; mccarty, n.a.; leimgruber, p.; demarais, b.d.; fuller, m.m.; holloway, a.k.; schnell, g.d. (1996): biological survey of vance air force base. (final report to department of the air force, headquarters 338 training support group (atc) 338 cons/lgcu, 550 d street east ste 08, randolph air force base, texas 78150-4434. contract no. m6700491d0018) oklahoma biological survey, norman. 102 pages. complete [21371] johnson, f.l.; folley, patricia a.; mccarty, n.a.; benesh, d.l. (1998): floral inventory of pontotoc ridge preserve, oklahoma. (report to the nature conservancy) oklahoma native plant society and oklahoma biological survey, norman. 24 pages. complete [21372] johnson, f.l.; proctor, md; mccarty, na; benesh, dl (1996): biological survey of altus afb, oklahoma. part 1. floral inventory. oklahoma biological survey, norman. complete [21373] johnson, f.l.; proctor, md; young, ea; mccarty, na; vezey, el; schnell, gd (1994): floral inventory of camp gruber, oklahoma. (final report to u.s. army construction engineering research laboratories, champaign, illinois. contract #daca 88-90-d0038, delivery order no. 0001) oklahoma biological survey, university of oklahoma, norman. 49 pages. complete [21370] palmer, m.w. 73 palmer, m.w. johnson, f.l.; thompson, r.a.; rudman, r.; estes, j.r.; schnell, g.d.; harris, k.d. (1990): floral inventory of fort sill, oklahoma. oklahoma biological survey, norman, oklahoma. 114 pages. (report to u.s. army construction engineering research laboratory, champaign, il) complete [671] lahman, m.s. (1931): observations of the flora of delaware county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 11, 32-34. complete, not a flora [2050] little, e.l. jr (1938): flora of muskogee county, oklahoma. amer. midl. nat. 19, 369-389. complete [99] little, e.l. jr (1929): a botanical survey of muskogee county, oklahoma. ph.d. dissertation, university of chicago. 203 p. complete [1882] mccoy, d.a. (1958): vascular plants of pontotoc county, oklahoma. amer. midl. nat. 59, 371-396. complete [101] mcdonald, c.b. (1974): a floristic study of washington county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 56, 53-54. not a flora [103] mcdonald, c.b. (1974): a floristic study of the native or naturalized vegetation of washington county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, oklahoma state university, stillwater. 93 p. taxa excluded [102] mcgregor, r.l.; barker, w.t.; barkley, t.m.; wilson, js (1975): checklist of the plants of the great plains. university of kansas herbarium, lawrence, kansas. no data yet, other states [70] mcpherson, j.k. (2003): black mesa flora study. oklahoma native plant record 3, 8-18. complete [21362] means, f.h. (1969): vascular plants of southeastern oklahoma from the sans bois to the kiamichi mountains. ph.d. thesis, oklahoma state university, stillwater. 179 p. complete [104] mericle, l.w. (1941): the spermatophytes of custer county, oklahoma. ms thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. taxa excluded [21357] myers, w.s. (1929): a preliminary report on the flora of the wichita mountains. m.s. thesis, university oklahoma, norman. 121 p. no data yet [105] ozga, c.m. (1992): atlas to the flora of woods county. northwestern oklahoma state university, alva. 206 pages. no data yet [20844] palmer, m.w. (1993): vascular plant diversity in oklahoma. oklahoma state university center for water research, stillwater. 30 pages. complete [1975] riddell, j.l.: (1835): a synopsis of the flora of the western states. e. deming, cincinnati, oh. 116 pages. no data yet, other states [1663] roe, s.a. (1992): the vegetation of a tract of ancient cross timbers in osage county, oklahoma. ms thesis, oklahoma state university. 86 p. complete [20001] rogers, c.m. (1953): the vegetation of the mesa de maya region of colorado, new mexico and oklahoma. lloydia 16, 257-290. complete [2051] rydberg, p.a. (1932): flora of the prairies and plains of central north america. new york botanical garden, bronx, ny. 969 pages. no area, other states [651] oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 74 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 schnell, g.d.; johnson, f.l.; gentry, j.l. jr (1979): flora and fauna of oklahoma abandoned mine lands. oklahoma biological survey, norman. 132 pages. not a flora [106] shannon, k.a. (1997): a floristic survey of the nature conservancy's preserve in johnston county, oklahoma. ms thesis, oklahoma state university. 38 p. complete [20003] shannon, k.a. (2003): floristic survey of the nature conservancy's pennington creek preserve in johnston county, oklahoma 1997. oklahoma native plant record 3, 38-50. data duplicate [21365] sherwood, r.t.b.; risser, p.g. (1980): annotated checklist of the vascular plants of little sahara state park, oklahoma. southwest. nat. 25, 323338. complete [107] smith, b.a.; tyrl, r.j.; masters, r.e. (1997): floristic inventory of the mccurtain county wilderness area, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 77, 99-102. complete [20005] smith, b.a. (1997): floristic investigations of the flora of oklahoma. ph.d. dissertation, oklahoma state university. 171 p. data duplicate [20004] stemen, t.r.; myers, ws (1937): oklahoma flora. harlow publishing corporation, oklahoma city. 706 pages. taxa excluded [829] stevens, g.w. (1916): the flora of oklahoma. m.s. thesis, harvard university, cambridge, mass. taxa excluded [2211] taylor, c.e.s. (1961): ecology and taxonomy of water canyon, canadian county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. 43 p. no data yet [2054] taylor, c.e.s.; magrath, l.k.; folley, p.; buck, p.; carpenter, s. (1996): oklahoma vascular plants: additions and distributional comments. proc. okla. acad. sci. 76, 31-34. no data yet [20870] taylor, r.j.; taylor, c.e.s. (1991): an annotated list of the fern, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. 2nd ed. biology department herbarium, southeastern oklahoma state university, durant, ok. 117 pages. complete [1964] taylor, r.j.; taylor, c.e.s. (1994): an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. 3rd ed. southeastern oklahoma state university, durant, oklahoma. 133 pages. complete [20006] taylor, r.j.; taylor, c.e.s. (eds.) (1989): an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms, and flowering plants of oklahoma. 1st ed. southeastern oklahoma state university, durant, oklahoma. 110 pages. no data yet [4303] the nature conservancy (1993): plants of the tallgrass prairie preserve, osage county. tallgrass prairie preserve, pawhuska office. complete [4095] tyrl, r.j. (1980): identification and mapping of the extant flora at the deer creek archaeological site (34ka 3, kaw lake, oklahoma). (final report.) environmental resources branch, u.s. army corps of engineers, tulsa, oklahoma. 31 pages. complete [2056] university of tulsa, faculty of natural sciences (1977): a biological inventory of the fort gibson lake area. u.s. dept. of the army, corps palmer, m.w. 75oklahoma native plant recordvolume 7, number 1, december 2007 palmer, m.w. of engineers, tulsa dist. no area [2212] van vleet, a.h. (1902): plants of oklahoma. dept. of geol. and nat. hist. second biennial report. 1901-1902:138-160. complete [1232] wallis, c.s. (1959): vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks. ph.d. thesis, oklahoma state university, stillwater. no data yet [108] waterfall, u.t. (1952): a catalogue of the flora of oklahoma. the research foundation, stillwater. 91 pages. no data yet [3064] waterfall, u.t. (1962): keys to the flora of oklahoma. the research foundation, oklahoma state university, stillwater. 243 pages. no data yet [20246] waterfall, u.t. (1969): keys to the flora of oklahoma. published by the author, stillwater, ok. 246 pages. no data yet [830] waterfall, u.t.; wallis, cs (1963): a list of the vascular flora of oklahoma ozarks. proc. okla. acad. sci. 44, 11-22. complete [109] white, p.j. (1901): a study of the flora of oklahoma. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. 96 p. complete [1234] 76 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 palmer, m.w. appendix 2 geographic data and taxonomic data from oklahoma floras. the reference numbers correspond to author references in appendix 1. multiple checklists within a reference are indicated by decimals. note that lists for some areas (especially the state of oklahoma as a whole) have been compiled multiple times. site name year latitude longitude min. elev. (m) max. elev. (m) area (hectares) # families # genera # spp # tot. taxa % of species alien appendix i author reference great plains 1986 41.5 -104.0 290 1600 152226662 160 851 2862 3189 11.5 grea 536 mesa de maya region 1953 37.3 -103.7 1524 2088 56175 75 293 577 589 8.3 roge 2051 black mesa preserve 1994 36.9 -103.0 1456 1516 36 55 172 243 244 6.6 mcph 21362 black mesa state park 2004 36.9 -102.9 1298 1516 312 58 191 300 301 7.0 foll 21363 washita battlefield nhp 2004 35.6 -99.7 588 610 136 62 201 271 271 11.4 hoag 21491 greer county 1932 34.9 -99.6 487 669 165700 65 245 401 401 6.7 bull 94 gypsum hills and redbed plains 1975 34.7 -99.5 366 671 514892 63 230 354 359 9.6 barb 90 altus air force base 1996 34.7 -99.3 408 425 1036 63 175 232 233 17.2 john 21373 selman living laboratory 2002 36.7 -99.2 511 560 130 60 155 226 226 9.7 buck 21259 selman living laboratory 2003 36.7 -99.2 511 560 130 61 149 229 229 9.2 buck 21316 kiowa co. 1937 34.8 -99.1 399 730 265475 81 269 497 527 7.6 bald 89 gypsum dominated site 2005 36.4 -98.9 457 508 80 61 173 233 233 9.4 hoag 21706 hackberry flat 2004 34.3 -98.9 349 366 2770 33 99 121 122 17.4 hoag 21360.2 three sites in tillman county 2004 34.4 -98.9 332 381 3842 69 241 357 352 13.7 hoag 21360 suttle creek 2004 34.2 -98.9 332 358 161 55 155 182 182 9.3 hoag 21360.3 little sahara state park 1980 36.5 -98.9 423 470 146 55 145 181 181 6.6 sher 107 frederick lake 2004 34.5 -98.9 360 381 911 52 155 185 187 10.3 hoag 21360.1 oklahoma 1952 35.2 -98.8 87 1516 17814538 141 741 2247 2542 8.9 wate 3064 oklahoma 1994 35.2 -98.8 87 1516 17814538 172 850 2549 2844 14.6 tayl 20006 territory of oklahoma 1900 35.3 -98.8 110 1516 10108770 97 377 724 737 6.6 bogu 1228 territory of oklahoma 1902 35.3 -98.8 111 1516 10108770 103 412 811 812 6.4 van 1232 oklahoma 1930 35.3 -98.8 88 1516 17781645 125 661 1957 1981 7.7 jeff 1117 oklahoma 1991 35.2 -98.8 87 1517 17944297 159 846 2548 2830 11.9 tayl 1964 wichita mountain wildlife refuge 1977 34.8 -98.7 387 751 23885 104 359 730 749 5.5 buck 674 fort sill 1990 34.7 -98.5 329 673 38300 99 344 556 562 11.5 john 671 salt plain national wildlife refuge 1964 36.8 -98.2 343 369 12955 71 200 293 298 9.6 baal 3248 77oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 palmer, m.w. kegelman auxiliary field 1996 36.7 -98.1 345 370 431 68 187 276 277 9.1 john 21371.1 pottawatomie county 1933 35.1 -98.0 274 345 212380 76 228 372 374 10.2 bark 92 oklahoma 1901 36.0 -98.0 86 1516 17781904 93 226 419 421 1.4 whit 1234 vance air force base 1996 36.3 -97.9 388 401 740 31 77 94 94 46.8 john 21371 cleveland county 1994 35.2 -97.9 311 386 137011 160 362 605 605 17.5 foll 4852 frank tract 1998 36.2 -97.7 229 323 340 72 187 268 268 7.5 roe 20001 oklahoma county 2001 35.6 -97.4 267 429 186000 91 308 601 644 12.5 hoag 20010 deer creek archaeological site 1980 36.7 -97.4 291 294 12 48 113 147 148 12.9 tyrl 2056 arbuckle mountains 1908 34.4 -97.1 228 396 55943 73 162 211 221 5.7 gage 98 love valley wma 2004 33.8 -97.1 197 243 3134 86 258 368 368 8.4 hoag 21707 chickasaw nra 2001 34.5 -97.0 240 352 3849 105 397 713 717 12.2 hoag 20021 arbuckle mountains 1947 34.5 -96.9 229 415 222740 96 397 823 867 8.4 dale 96 pennington creek 1997 34.4 -96.7 251 263 3 64 157 203 203 4.9 shan 20003 pontotoc county 1958 34.7 -96.7 244 396 185781 98 380 698 730 1.6 mcco 101 pontotoc ridge preserve 1998 34.4 -96.6 257 340 1174 79 261 399 402 7.0 john 21372 keystone wma 2003 36.1 -96.5 222 237 4893 79 254 380 380 15.5 hoag 21364 tallgrass prairie preserve 1993 36.8 -96.4 256 352 12250 78 273 496 496 11.5 palm 1975 tallgrass prairie preserve 1993 36.8 -96.4 256 352 12250 81 258 517 517 8.9 the 4095 boehler seeps and sandhills preserve 1997 34.2 -95.9 155 175 235 84 225 345 346 4.3 clar 20002 oolagah wildlife management area 2003 36.7 -95.6 192 258 5226 95 305 470 470 8.3 hoag 21315 hugo lake wma 2004 34.1 -95.5 121 154 6475 113 359 573 573 8.9 hoag 21407 muskogee county 1938 35.5 -95.4 183 301 213934 131 424 829 842 8.9 litt 99 muskogee county 1929 35.6 -95.4 142 300 219240 104 423 828 842 9.1 litt 1882 pushmataha wma 2003 34.5 -95.4 150 400 7690 96 287 447 447 7.2 cran 21287 camp gruber 1994 35.7 -95.1 152 327 19500 101 347 561 568 8.0 john 21370 sans bios/kiamichi 1969 34.8 -94.9 152 914 277482 119 457 991 1067 7.9 mean 104 oklahoma ozarks 1963 36.1 -94.8 140 457 875316 125 515 1206 1318 2.8 wate 109 red slough/grassy slough wma 2004 33.8 -94.8 200 113 2422 106 269 426 426 6.6 hoag 21479 red slough wma 2004 33.7 -94.8 100 104 2158 106 269 422 422 6.6 hoag 21479.1 grassy slough wma 2004 33.8 -94.8 105 113 264 92 221 318 318 6.6 hoag 21479.2 mccurtain county wilderness 1997 34.3 -94.7 183 415 5701 95 236 359 359 5.8 smit 20005 sally bull hollow tract 2003 34.7 -94.6 300 500 810 62 145 219 219 8.7 haye 21266 oklahoma native plant record, volume 15, number 1, december 2015 96 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 marli claytor and karen r. hickman https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100116 kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. abundance and distribution in oklahoma marli claytor karen r. hickman natural resource ecology and management oklahoma state university 008c ag hall stillwater, ok 74078 karen.hickman@okstate.edu key words: invasion, invasive species, mapping, federal noxious weed abstract invasive species are a growing problem in the united states, and kudzu (pueraria montana) (lour.) merr. is one of the most well documented invaders of southeastern states. documenting the invasion of kudzu in oklahoma, however, has not been a targeted focus in previous studies; thus, maps of its occurrence differ among sources. our primary objective was to locate and confirm the presence of kudzu throughout oklahoma. specifically, we attempted to confirm previously recorded populations of kudzu and estimate the extent of the invasion at those sites. in addition, we wanted to locate stands of kudzu within oklahoma that had not been recorded and to assess the extent of invasion. a survey was sent to state and county officials to acquire information on locations and general knowledge of kudzu. points of occurrence and estimated extent of invasion in hectares were then placed in arcmap programming to create a consolidated map of kudzu. samples were collected, pressed, and placed in the university of oklahoma’s bebb herbarium (okl). we determined the majority of kudzu locations are in the southeastern portion of the state and total a minimum of 32.4 hectares. results of the survey indicated half of the respondents polled were unaware of kudzu’s presence in the state. introduction invasive species are a growing concern in the united states, as well as across the globe. there are approximately 17,000 native species of vascular plants in the u. s., compared to a continually increasing estimate of 6,000 nonnative species (forseth and innis 2004). invasive species can be detrimental to the environments they occupy and cause major ecosystem changes (mitich 2000). kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. (fabaceae) is an introduced, leguminous vine which causes major changes in areas in which it invades. kudzu is listed as one of the world’s 100 worst invasive species of all time (sage et al. 2009). first introduced at the 1876 centennial exposition in pennsylvania, kudzu has since made a lasting impact on the southeastern u. s. (brown 2010). upon introduction, the vine was sold to the public to aid with soil erosion control and as forage for livestock; additionally, the soil conservation service (currently natural resources conservation service) and other national agencies encouraged the planting of kudzu (forseth and innis 2004). eventually, evidence indicated that the vine overtopped mature trees, took over native plant dominated areas, buildings, and disturbed areas, and became a financial burden to those who mailto:karen.hickman@okstate.edu oklahoma native plant record 97 volume 15, december 2015 marli claytor and karen r. hickman tried to control and eradicate the invader. kudzu has been found to alter a landscape abruptly as it can grow up to 30 cm a day and between 10 to 30 m in one growing season (mitich 2000). additionally, kudzu fixes nitrogen and releases isoprene into the environment, which can create pollution in the atmosphere, further reducing environmental value (hickman et al. 2010). kudzu is one of the worst invasive species in the u. s. and is continuing its spread across the country (fig. 1). it has been estimated that the vine covers 2.83 million hectares in the southeast, in 1955 was declared a weed by the u. s. department of agriculture (alderman 1998) and declared a federal noxious weed in 1999 (mitich 2000). kudzu has a wide climatic range which facilitates its ability to continue spreading northward (mitich 2000). it has been suggested that kudzu is limited in its range by annual rainfall, which needs to be a minimum of 100 cm a year (mitich 2000). the vine is also considered to be limited in its distribution by lack of hardiness; however, it has exceeded many expert predictions in range expansion (mitich 2000). this area includes oklahoma, which was once believed to be unsuitable habitat for kudzu (mitich 2000). figure 1 distribution map of kudzu across the united states, in the usda plants database http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=pumo kudzu is present in oklahoma but has not been the focus of a targeted survey in the state. because of the variability in data, maps illustrating the distribution of kudzu are inconsistent among sources (e.g., state and national agencies). thus, a need for an updated map has arisen for future management of the species. for instance, the oklahoma vascular plant database map, whose data are based on herbarium records, indicates 22 counties with kudzu (fig. 2), while a map from early detection and distribution mapping systems (eddmaps) includes 12 counties http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=pumo http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=pumo 98 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 marli claytor and karen r. hickman (oklahoma vascular plant database 2014; eddmaps 2014). while some of the occurrences overlap, there are some inconsistencies. importantly, none of these maps are based on a compilation of reliable field observations and specimens that have been critically examined by experts. thus, we attempted to confirm previously known locations, obtain information about new sightings, and collect specimens for confirmation. a survey was utilized to cover oklahoma as a whole and to gather as much information as possible about the plant from knowledgeable persons primarily within the oklahoma state university extension service. surveys have been found to be a useful tool when other forms of data sources or collection methods are not adequate, and in this case it was not practical to reach as many people through other methods (innovation insights 2006). survey reports were then confirmed by groundtruthing and utilized to create a detailed map of kudzu locations and the extent of invasion at each site. figure 2 oklahoma vascular plant database map of kudzu occurrence by county http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org methods kudzu location, extent of invasion, and date of record were obtained from available records, which included the ovpd records of herbarium specimens, information collected by the oklahoma invasive plant council (okipc; k. hickman, unpublished), directed contact with botanists in the state, and through a survey sent to osu extension personnel, land managers known to have experience with kudzu, oklahoma department of wildlife conservation employees, and the okipc. the survey provided the majority of data collected. a link to the kudzu survey, which was created through survey monkey (www.surveymonkey.com), was sent out through email. five questions were asked regarding the respondent’s knowledge of kudzu and its presence in oklahoma. http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ http://www.surveymonkey.com/ oklahoma native plant record 99 volume 15, december 2015 marli claytor and karen r. hickman questions asked in the survey included: 1) what county of oklahoma are you currently working or residing in? 2) have you seen or heard of kudzu inhabiting land in oklahoma? 3) if so, please provide the locations of the kudzu sightings. 4) in acres, how large of an area would you estimate that the infestation is at each site? 5) please provide contact information for verification and/or additional inquiries. approximately two hundred invitations were emailed to osu county extension offices, oklahoma department of wildlife conservation, oklahoma department of transportation, and the oklahoma invasive plant council members. these agencies and organizations were chosen based on previous experience we have had with them concerning invasive species and the ability to send mass emails to the group. also, individuals were included who had knowledge of oklahoma vegetation and ecosystems, or who dealt with invasive species frequently. we used arcgis arcmap v. 10.1 (esri, redlands, ca) software to create distribution maps. a state overview illustrating counties with kudzu present was created, along with more detailed maps of the counties displaying extent of the invasion of kudzu. estimates of the extent invaded were made on sites (19), approximated from googleearth imagery (4), or reported in the surveys (5). points were added to the map for individual stands of kudzu across oklahoma, illustrating area invaded for each location within the county. for our map, we included sites that were confirmed to have kudzu; we did not include locations of kudzu that we visited and confirmed kudzu was not present. mapped points (table 1) only include confirmed locations of kudzu, but not sites in ovpd that were not confirmed via a visit or sites visited where no plants were found. samples of kudzu were collected from all confirmed sites visited (16) to create herbarium voucher specimens. we traveled to some, but not all of the locations, due to time constraints of the project (see table 1). sites chosen to visit were those with larger infestations reported or those reported in the survey. samples of individual plants were cut in sections including leaves, flowers, and pods (if available, as samples were taken throughout the project year). specimens were deposited at the university of oklahoma’s bebb herbarium (okl). results the survey received 52 responses from the approximately 200 emails sent, which indicates a return rate of close to 25%. of those, over 50% (28) respondents had knowledge of kudzu in oklahoma, while 46% (24) reported having not seen or heard of the vine’s encroachment within the state. of those surveyed, 17 provided locations, and 10 estimated dimensions of the area invaded of kudzu. of those reported, 9 locations were new, previously unrecorded sites of kudzu. maps (figs. 3, 4) were created using data from the survey and previously known locations (confirmed by groundtruthing) of kudzu (see table 1). if kudzu was confirmed as absent from a site, then it was removed from the map. a gray scale was utilized to illustrate the extent of invasion of kudzu in each county. figure 3 presents specific locations of kudzu in the state along with their corresponding extent of invasion, while figure 4 illustrates presence and extent by county. based on our results, at least 32.4 hectares of land are invaded by kudzu in oklahoma across 28 sites. 100 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 marli claytor and karen r. hickman table 1 locations of kudzu identified from previous documentation (oklahoma vascular plants database), survey results, or on-site discoveries. kudzu was confirmed present or absent via site visits or previous documentation. estimates of the extent of kudzu invasion were obtained during on-site visits using gps or googleearth imagery. site name longitude latitude source of location data source of extent of invasion status of kudzu on site idabel -94.709 33.896 discovered by marli claytor google earth to estimate coverage confirmed present claremore -95.599 36.299 from survey site visit confirmed present antlers -95.637 34.233 discovered by marli claytor google earth to estimate coverage confirmed present p st. & springdale rd. , ardmore -97.108 34.159 previous documentation site visit confirmed present marsden rd. love co. -97.195 34.070 site visit site visit confirmed present tater hill rd. ardmore -97.008 34.144 previous documentation site visit confirmed present shawnee -96.962 35.333 previous documentation /survey google earth to estimate coverage confirmed present haskell -95.611 35.754 from survey google earth to estimate coverage confirmed present eufaula -95.339 35.281 previous documentation site visit confirmed present cleveland county -97.164 35.233 previous documentation /survey site visit confirmed present dickson -96.928 34.188 from survey from survey inconclusive red river -95.500 33.877 previous documentation unavailable inconclusive oklahoma native plant record 101 volume 15, december 2015 marli claytor and karen r. hickman untitled placemarkhulbert -95.226 35.869 previous documentation site visit confirmed present shoals -95.398 33.968 previous documentation site visit inconclusive north eufuala -95.387 35.391 previous documentation site visit confirmed present norman -97.156 35.232 previous documentation / from survey site visit confirmed present okemah -97.399 35.430 previous documentation site visit confirmed present washita river tributary -97.510 34.779 previous documentation site visit confirmed present fittstown -96.635 34.618 previous documentation site visit confirmed present durant -96.410 34.056 previous documentation site visit confirmed present duncan -97.986 34.594 previous documentation site visit confirmed present stillwater -97.063 36.113 previous documentation site visit confirmed present osage -96.304 36.242 from survey from survey confirmed present osage -96.282 36.246 from survey from survey confirmed present adair from survey unavailable inconclusive caddo -98.324 35.464 previous documentation confirmed absent marshall -96.685 34.148 previous documentation confirmed absent pontotoc -96.634 34.579 previous documentation confirmed absent 102 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 marli claytor and karen r. hickman figure 3 distribution map of counties with confirmed kudzu invasion, showing acres invaded. acres represent total acres for all sites within each county. map created using arcmap. figure 4 locations of kudzu across the state of oklahoma, featuring area invaded for each site. map was created using arcmap programming with data from the survey. oklahoma native plant record 103 volume 15, december 2015 marli claytor and karen r. hickman discussion the survey was successful in acquiring important information on kudzu throughout the state. nearly half of the respondents had no knowledge of kudzu being present in the state, which indicates very little familiarity with the vine even from knowledgeable professionals. close to 30% of all sightings reported were new locations in the state. this prompts the question: if we had sent out more surveys, how many more new locations would have been documented? the new distribution map aids in assessing current and future invasion of kudzu. in comparison to the ovpd, our map includes 22 counties reported while the other has only 20; additionally, not all ovpd counties are included in the new map as some reports could not be confirmed or old populations were found to no longer exist as determined through our site visits (see figs. 2, 3). it can be observed that kudzu currently exists primarily in the eastern portion of the state. climatic restrictions are most likely limiting the range of kudzu (jarnevich and stohlgren 2009. once kudzu has invaded an ecosystem it is very difficult to eradicate, further facilitating its spread across oklahoma. it is likely that kudzu will continue not only its coverage north, but also invade more hectares where stands currently persist (jarnevich and stohlgren 2009). currently there are at least 32.4 hectares invaded with kudzu in oklahoma, which is extremely small in comparison to the total seven million hectares invaded in the united states (eskridge and alderman 2010). this does not mean we can ignore the problem, but presents our state with an opportunity to stop a problem while we can. if our state began an early detection and rapid response (edrr) program for kudzu, it would be possible to limit the future spread of the vine and keep our state and economy safe from the detriment of invasion. edrr programs work to develop a system of effectively addressing issues of invasive species through the steps of: early detection and reporting of new plants, identification and collection of specimens, verification of new plant records, archival of new records where appropriate, rapid assessment of new records, and rapid response to new records determined to be invasive (westbrooks 2004). to stop this problem now would save the state financially in the long run. more studies need to be conducted on kudzu, and there is a current study on viability of kudzu seeds in oklahoma (zoeller and hickman, unpublished). this study will be crucial in estimating to what extremes kudzu can further invade oklahoma. education for the state needs to occur to stop the further expansion of kudzu. the creation of our updated map will aid in educating citizens on where the vine resides and if they should be on alert for presence in their area. to inform the public, the first step will be to train county and state officials to properly identify kudzu and instruct citizens on how to handle the issue. kudzu has caused major damage in the southeastern united states, but this destruction can be reduced through proper education and effectively implementing an edrr program. acknowledgements we would like to thank those who participated in the survey or contributed a location. thanks to oklahoma state university natural resource ecology and management department and also the oklahoma state university honor’s college. finally, we would like to thank the others who helped complete this project: aaron cromer, dwayne elmore, gail wilson, and mark gregory. 104 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 marli claytor and karen r. hickman literature cited alderman, d.h. 1998. the changing south: a vine for postmodern times: an update on kudzu at the close of the twentieth century. southeastern geographer 38:167–179. durisin, m. 2014. kudzu that ate u. s. south heads north as climate changes. bloomberg business. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/arti cles/2014-07-25/kudzu-that-ate-u-ssouth-heads-north-as-climate-changes (8 august 2015). early detection & distribution mapping systems (eddmaps). 2014. kudzu. http://www.eddmaps.org/distribution/ usstate.cfm?sub=2425 (10 october 2014). eskridge, a.e. and d.h. alderman. 2010. alien invaders, plant thugs, and the southern curse: framing kudzu as environmental other through discourses of fear. southeastern geographer 50:110– 129. forseth, i.n. and a.f. innis. 2004. kudzu (pueraria montana): history, physiology, and ecology combine to make a major ecosystem threat. critical reviews in plant sciences 23:401–413. hickman, j.e., s. wu, l.j. mickley, and m.t. lerdau. 2010. kudzu (pueraria montana) invasion doubles emissions of nitric oxide and increases ozone pollution. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, usa 107:10115– 10119. innovation insights. 2006. using surveys for data collection in continuous improvement. http://www.opia.psu.edu/sites/default/ files/insights014.pdf (7 august 2014). jarnevich, c. and t. stohlgreen. 2009. near term climate projections for invasive species distributions. biological invasions 11:1373–1379. mitich, l. 2000. kudzu [pueraria lobata (willd.) ohwi]. weed technology 14:231– 235. oklahoma vascular plant database. 2014. distribution map of pueraria montana (kudzu). http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org (29 november 2014). sage, r.f., h.a. coiner, d.a. way, g.b. runion, s.a. prior, h.a. torbert, r. sicher, and l. ziska. 2009. kudzu [pueraria montana (lour.) merr. variety lobata]: a new source of carbohydrate for bioethanol production. biomass and bioenergy 33:57–61. usda. nrcs. 2014. the plants database. greensboro (nc): national plant data team. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?sy mbol=pumo (17 oct 2014). waldron, g.e. and b.m.h. larson. 2012. kudzu vine, pueraria montana, adventive in southern ontario. the canadian fieldnaturalist 126:31–33. westbrooks, r.g. 2004. new approaches for early detection and rapid response to invasive plants in the united states. weed technology 18:1468–1471. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-07-25/kudzu-that-ate-u-s-south-heads-north-as-climate-changes http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-07-25/kudzu-that-ate-u-s-south-heads-north-as-climate-changes http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-07-25/kudzu-that-ate-u-s-south-heads-north-as-climate-changes http://www.eddmaps.org/distribution/usstate.cfm?sub=2425%20 http://www.eddmaps.org/distribution/usstate.cfm?sub=2425%20 http://www.opia.psu.edu/sites/default/files/insights014.pdf http://www.opia.psu.edu/sites/default/files/insights014.pdf http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=pumo%20 http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=pumo%20 kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. abundance and distribution in oklahoma by ms. marli claytor and dr. karen r. hickman oklahoma native plant record, volume 11, number 1, december 2011 oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b. w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100085 61 the changing forests of central oklahoma: a look at the composition of the cross timbers prior to euroamerican settlement, in the 1950s, and today richard e. thomas bruce w. hoagland department of geography department of geography and environmental sustainability and environmental sustainability, university of oklahoma oklahoma natural heritage inventory norman, ok 73019 university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 keywords: surveys, historical ecolog y, mesophication, cross timbers, fire abstract prior to euro-american settlement, the cross timbers of the southern plains marked the edge of “civilization,” beyond which lay a prairie ecosystem ruled primarily by plains indian tribes. war, trade, and pasture for cattle brought an increased euro-american presence by the middle of the 19th century. in the early 1870s a large portion of what was to become the state of oklahoma was surveyed by the general land office (glo). although these surveys were not conducted for ecological purposes, they have provided information on pre-settlement vegetation that has been invaluable for researchers seeking to reconstruct the historical landscape. perhaps the most beneficial information for historical ecologists and biogeographers comes from data on bearing trees recorded by glo surveyors, which have given present-day researchers a good idea of the species composition of cross timbers forests during this time. when compared to modern studies of the cross timbers, it documents a change in species composition over time, believed to be the result of fire suppression and perhaps the beginning of a wetter climate cycle. in central oklahoma, this has meant a shift from forests dominated by quercus marilandica and quercus stellata (with the former being more abundant) to forests containing an equal abundance of these two species, and an increase in carya texana, juniperus virginiana, and other mesophytic and invasive woody species. introduction cross timbers overview the cross timbers are a mosaic of riparian forest, woodland, and grassland that extends from southeastern kansas, through oklahoma, and into north-central texas (dyksterhuis 1948 and 1957, rice and penfound 1959, omernik 1987, hoagland et al. 1999, francaviglia 2000; figure 1). the cross timbers encompass an estimated 4.8 million ha in this region (kuchler 1964). slightly more than half of the total area (2.5 million ha) is located in oklahoma, where it comprises a larger area than all other forest types in oklahoma combined (duck and fletcher 1945; rice and penfound 1959; dwyer and santelman 1964). as a result, the cross timbers are the most studied forest type in oklahoma. these studies note the importance of quercus stellata (post oak) and q. marilandica (blackjack oak) in cross timbers stands. combined, these two species constitute over 90% of the canopy cover and 50% of the basal area (rice and penfound 1959, kennedy 1973). q. marilandica is the more xeric and fire-tolerant of the two species (brown and davis 1973; givnish 1981; dooley 1983; dooley and collins 1984). stem density (number of oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b. w. 62 figure 1 the present-day cross timbers (from omernik, 1987). stems per unit area) is correlated with slope, aspect, and/or geographic location, but the ratio of q. stellata to q. marilandica has generally ranged from 2:1 to 3:1, (luckhardt and barclay 1938, kennedy 1973). although stem density of q. marilandica may surpass q. stellata on south-facing slopes, q. marilandica rarely exceeds 30 cm in diameter and, therefore, basal area values of the two species are roughly equivalent in these instances (luckhardt and barclay 1938, rice and penfound 1955, 1959). woody species of secondary importance include carya texana (black hickory), quercus velutina (black oak), and juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar) (coppock et al. 1955, hale 1955, rice and penfound 1955 and 1959, penfound 1963, johnson and risser 1972, hoagland et al. 1999). the herbaceous understory of the cross timbers, which becomes more prevalent in the woodland aspect, is similar to the surrounding prairie (dyksterhuis, kuchler 1964 and 1974). schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem) dominates most cross timbers stands, but andropogon gerardii (big bluestem) and sorghastrum nutans (indiangrass) may be codominant (kuchler 1964). oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b.w. 63 the chang ing cross timbers three major factors influencing the cross timbers region today are urban fringe development, woody plant encroachment, and the “mesophication” of quercusdominated portions of the cross timbers (coppedge 2001a; dillard et al. 2006, desantis et al. 2010). urban fringe development (ufd) is currently more geographically ubiquitous in the mainland united states than any other human activity that negatively impacts ecosystems (czech et al 2000). ufd produces some of the highest local extinction rates and often eliminates most of the native species (vale and vale 1976, luniak 1994, kowarik 1995, marzluff 2001, mckinney 2002). biological communities around these areas are increasingly homogenized (mckinney 2004), producing a “distinct and rapid trajectory of vegetation change towards historically unprecedented and simplified conditions” in some regions (schulte et al. 2007). in their study of landscape structure and change within a forest-prairie ecotone, boren et al. (1997) indicated that increased human activity in densely populated rural areas surrounding urban centers in northern oklahoma lowered biodiversity, increased homogeneity, and resulted in greater patch fragmentation than a rural landscape with a low-density population. fragmentation was higher in forested areas than in grasslands in each year of their twenty-four year study, in both lowand high-density areas. in oklahoma, the main culprit in woody plant expansion is juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar), a native species that has advanced beyond its pre-settlement range and density in the great plains and portions of the cross timbers (engle et al. 1997, coppedge et al. 2001b, briggs et al. 2002, horncastle et al. 2005). encroachment at a rate of 300,000 acres per year in oklahoma (drake and todd 2001) by j. virginiana has many negative consequences, including displacement of native plant species (engle et al. 1997, cooper 1998, coppedge et al. 2002), wildlife species (engle et al. 1997, smith 2001, guthery 2001, coppedge et al. 2002), a decrease in livestock forage production (stritzke and bidwell 1989, engle and stritzke 1992, engle et al. 1997), and a deterioration of water quality (thurow and carlson 1994, cooper 1998). in a recent study, desantis et al. (2010) make the contention that drought and fire suppression are changing the woody species composition of relatively undisturbed portions of the cross timbers in oklahoma. they indicate that woodland portions of the cross timbers “appear to be in transition to closed-canopy mesophytic forest stands with less quercus and more shade-tolerant tree species.” in their study, they draw heavily on the work of nowacki and abrams (2008), who coined the term “mesophication,” which they define as a process “whereby microenvironmental conditions (cool, damp, and shaded conditions; less flammable fuel beds) continually improve for shade-tolerant mesophytic species and deteriorate for shade-intolerant, fire-adapted species.” according to the authors, this process is widespread in the forests of north america as a result of fire suppression. this study sought to characterize cross timbers forest and woodland in an urban area in central oklahoma, focusing specifically on cross timbers vegetation that had undergone little visible disturbance (i.e. few invasive species present, trees of varying ages). the area chosen for this was the southeast sector of oklahoma city, the least developed portion of the city. as a baseline for comparison, general land office (glo) public land survey (pls) bearing tree data from the 1870 to 1873 survey were analyzed. this analysis relied on results produced in thomas (2010), which contradict previous analyses of the cross timbers in oklahoma (shutler and hoagland 2004, fagin 2009), but are in line oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b. w. 64 with primary historical sources along with past and present research on the woody plant composition of the oklahoma cross timbers. study area the southeast sector of oklahoma city is almost equally divided between oklahoma and cleveland counties in central oklahoma, with a portion falling in pottawatomie county (figure 2). average temperature is around 15˚ c, ranging from an average january low of -3˚ c to an average july high of 34˚ c. average annual precipitation ranges between 91 and 99 cm, and winds from the south and southeast predominate (ocs 2009). cross timbers forest and woodland in the study area is found on the darnellstephenville soil series, which is made up of moderately deep, well-drained, moderately permeable upland soils with slight to moderate slopes (fisher and chelf 1969). figure 2 study area – southeastern oklahoma city. methods the public land surveys the pls, conducted in the united states beginning with the land ordinance of 1785, subdivided land into square townships six miles on a side, which were further subdivided into thirty-six sections of one square mile (stewart 1935). surveyors would travel along the section lines, erecting monuments at the intersections of section lines and making notes about the landscape, soil, and vegetation in order to draw an accurate plat of the township following the survey (bourdo 1956). surveyors were also instructed to list tree species encountered in oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b.w. 65 order of predominance at the end of each section line, known as “ranked timber observations” (bourdo 1956, grimm 1981). in order to facilitate the relocation of a section corner, at the intersection of section lines the surveyors would record the distance, direction, species, and diameter of four near and “durable” trees. one tree was recorded in each quadrant formed by the intersection of the section lines (grimm 1981). these were known as bearing trees and were inscribed by the surveyors. two trees were also marked as bearing trees at the half-mile interval between the intersections of section lines (bourdo 1956, fagin and hoagland 2002, figure 3). since the 1873 bearing tree data was not taken in individual plots, relative frequency (rf) was not calculated, and relative basal area (rba) and relative density (rd) were combined to provide an importance value (iv). figure 3 bearing trees noted at the intersection of section lines and at halfway points along the section lines. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b. w. 66 contemporary veg etation the first stage of analysis was the interpretation and delineation of forest vegetation in the study area using four digital orthoquarter quads (doqqs) from june 2006. each doqq was imported into arcmap gis and joined into a complete coverage. the resulting layer was reviewed and forest vegetation delineated, resulting in a map of either “potential” or “probable” undisturbed cross timbers. ground-verification of the preliminary map began in the winter of 2007 and consisted of two phases. first, sites were visited to determine the accuracy of the initial disturbance designations of potential or probable. sites that were verified as or upgraded to probable were then considered for the collection of quantitative vegetation data pending contact with and approval of the landowner. following the verification of the accuracy of these designations, field studies commenced in order to characterize the structure and species composition of forest/woodland vegetation at these sites, using twenty-by-twenty meter plots. where possible, multiple plots were established at a site. however, collection of quantitative data even at “probable” sites was somewhat limited by low quality of vegetation and access restrictions. each tree and shrub was identified to species (nomenclature follows the us department of agriculture-natural resources conservation service [usdanrcs 2006]) and stems exceeding 7.5 cm diameter-at-breast-height (dbh) were measured within plots, so that this data could be compared to the pls bearing tree data, as few trees below this size were marked by glo surveyors. basal area (ba) was calculated for each species in each plot using the formula area=πr2. relative basal area (rba) was calculated as: (∑ ba species i/∑ ba all species) x 100 = rba density (d) was defined as the number of stems for each species occurring in a plot. relative density (rd) was calculated as: (∑ d species i/∑ d all species) x 100 = rd frequency was defined as the number plots in which a species occurred. relative frequency (rf) as calculated as: (∑ freq species i/∑ freq all species) x 100 = rf an importance value (iv) was calculated for each species in order to determine which trees were stand dominants: iv = rba + rd + rf results public land survey a total of 608 trees were recorded by pls surveyors within the study area. ten different species were recorded. of these, 397 individuals were q. marilandica and 182 were q. stellata. fourteen stems of ulmus sp. were recorded, but no other species was recorded more than three times. q. marilandica had a total basal area of 9.76 m², q. stellata 16.37 m². no other species had a total basal area over 1 m². the highest importance values for 1873 bearing tree data were scored by q. marilandica at 100.89 and q. stellata at 89.65 (table 1). the importance values of other species marked as bearing trees were very low. ulmus sp. had an importance value of 3.29, carya texana 2.87 and populus deltoides 1.20. public land surveyors also reported finding fraxinus nigra (black ash), a species native to northeastern north america and not found in oklahoma. it is likely that different common names applied to species at the time resulted in this anomaly. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b.w. 67 figure 4 locations of vegetation plots on sites within the study area. contemporary veg etation vegetation was quantified using a total of twenty-two plots (some in close proximity) on about ten sites (figure 4). a total of 944 stems with a diameter of at least 7.5 cm were sampled. stem diameters ranged from the minimum of 7.5 cm to 55.5 cm, with a mean diameter of 15.21 cm and a median diameter of 13 cm. eighteen woody plant species were encountered (table 2). the most common were quercus marilandica (blackjack oak), quercus stellata (post oak), carya texana (black hickory), and juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar), respectively. four hundred and two stems of q. marilandica were recorded, ranging in diameter from 7.5 cm to 42 cm, with a mean diameter of 14.3 cm and a median diameter of 13 cm. three hundred ninety-four stems of q. stellata were recorded, ranging in diameter from 7.5 cm to 55.5 cm, with a mean diameter of 16.49 cm and a median diameter of 14.5 cm. forty-two stems of c. texana were recorded, ranging in diameter from 7.5 cm to 44 cm, with a mean diameter of 17.55 cm and a median diameter of 16.25 cm. twenty-four stems of j. virginiana were recorded, ranging in diameter from 7.5 cm to 22 cm, with a mean diameter of 12.46 cm and a median diameter of 12 cm. the highest importance values were scored by q. stellata at 115.26 and q. marilandica at 96.33 (see table 2). c. texana at 20.12 and j. virginiana at 14.49 fell far below these two dominant oaks. other notable species include ulmus rubra (slippery elm) at 9.45 and celtis occidentalis (common hackberry) at 6.31. plot total basal area values ranged from 0.66 m² to 1.88 m² (mean 0.95 m², median 0.88 m², standard deviation 0.28 m²). the highest basal area values were reported for trees dominant in the cross timbers in the following order: q. stellata > q. marilandica > oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b. w. 68 c. texana. q. stellata had the highest frequency (22), followed by q. marilandica (19), j. virginiana (10), and c. texana (9) (see table 2). mean basal area for q. stellata was 0.506 m²/plot, median basal area 0.38 m²/plot (range = 0.057 m² to 1.876 m², standard deviation 0.474 m²), mean basal area for q. marilandica was 0.343 m²/plot, median basal area 0.305 m²/plot (range 0.0 m² to 0.765 m², standard deviation 0.252 m²), mean basal area for c. texana was 0.064 m²/plot, median basal area 0.0 m²/plot (range 0.0 m² to 0.506 m², standard deviation 0.168 m²), and median basal area for j. virginiana was 0.017m²/plot, median basal area 0.004 m²/plot (range 0.0 m² to 0.133 m², standard deviation 0.038 m²). plot density values ranged from 20 to 65 (mean = 42.91, median = 43, standard deviation = 15.16). the highest density values were for q. marilandica with 21.16 stems/plot (range 0 to 56, median 25, standard deviation 16.3), q. stellata with 17.91 stems/plot (range 1 to 56, median 17.5, standard deviation 17.16), c. texana with 4.67 stems/plot (range 0 to 13, median 0, standard deviation 3.84), and j. virginiana with 2.4 stems/plot (range 0 to 11, median 1, standard deviation 3.10). table 1 species scores for bearing trees that fell within the boundaries of the study area from the 1873 pls data. den = total number of stems, ba = total basal area in study area (m2), rd = relative density, rba = relative basal area, and iv = importance value. 1873 bearing trees den ba (m²) rd rba iv quercus marilandica 397 9.76171 65.29605 35.59868 100.8947 quercus stellata 182 16.3742 29.93421 59.71289 89.6471 ulmus sp. 14 0.270201 2.302632 0.98536 3.287992 carya texana 2 0.697738 0.328947 2.544488 2.873435 populous deltoides 3 0.194575 0.493421 0.70957 1.202991 salix sp. 3 0.04915 0.493421 0.179239 0.67266 juglans nigra 3 0.020775 0.493421 0.075762 0.569183 fraxinus nigra 2 0.016214 0.328947 0.059129 0.388076 celtis occidentalis 1 0.032429 0.164474 0.118261 0.282735 cercis canadensis 1 0.00456 0.164474 0.016629 0.181103 oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b.w. 69 table 2 species scores for woody plants in the twenty-two plots sampled. frq = frequency, rf = relative frequency, ba = total basal area in study area (m2), mplt = median basal area/plot (m2), rba = relative basal area, den = total number of stems, mstm = average density/plot, rd = relative density, and iv = importance value. species frq rf ba mplt rba den mstm rd iv quercus stellata 22 22.92 10.6 0.481 50.61 394 17.91 41.74 115.26 quercus marilandica 19 19.8 7.112 0.374 33.95 402 21.16 42.58 96.33 carya texana 9 9.38 1.319 0.147 6.3 42 4.67 4.45 20.12 juniperus virginiana 10 10.42 0.321 0.032 1.53 24 2.4 2.54 14.49 ulmus rubra 5 5.21 0.445 0.089 2.12 20 4 2.12 9.45 celtis occidentalis 4 4.17 0.183 0.046 0.87 12 3 1.27 6.31 quercus muhlenbergii 3 3.13 0.202 0.067 0.96 14 4.67 1.48 5.57 morus alba 4 4.17 0.173 0.043 0.83 4 1 0.42 5.42 carya illinoinensis 3 3.13 0.196 0.065 0.94 4 1.33 0.42 4.48 prunus mexicana 3 3.13 0.101 0.034 0.48 4 1.33 0.42 4.03 cercis canadensis 3 3.13 0.033 0.011 0.16 5 1.67 0.53 3.81 viburnum rufidulum 3 3.13 0.051 0.017 0.24 3 1 0.32 3.69 morus rubra 2 2.08 0.102 0.051 0.49 7 3.5 0.74 3.31 prunus angustifolia 2 2.08 0.052 0.026 0.25 5 2.5 0.53 2.86 celtis laevigata 1 1.04 0.028 0.028 0.13 1 1 0.11 1.28 sideroxylon lanuginosum 1 1.04 0.013 0.013 0.06 1 1 0.11 1.21 quercus macrocarpa 1 1.04 0.01 0.01 0.05 1 1 0.11 1.19 diospyros virginiana 1 1.04 0.005 0.005 0.02 1 1 0.11 1.17 oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b. w. 70 discussion two previous studies that have utilized pls bearing tree data from the cross timbers of central oklahoma provide apt comparison here. shutler and hoagland (2004) reported that pls surveyors sampled 6886 stems in carter county in the early 1870s, with quercus stellata (2,648 stems) and quercus velutina (1,740 stems) being the two most abundant species by far, and only 18 stems of quercus marilandica recorded. fagin (2009) reported that pls surveyors sampled 2,578 trees in the arbuckle mountains of south-central oklahoma in the early 1870s, recording 1,234 stems of q. stellata and 529 stems of q. velutina. these reports would indicate that the composition of cross timbers forests in central oklahoma were drastically different than they are today. however, thomas (2010) demonstrated that the stems labeled as “black oak” by the pls surveyors and assumed to be q. velutina in these studies were almost certainly q. marilandica. “black oak” was another common name for blackjack oak, and references to q. velutina are almost completely absent from any historical accounts of the cross timbers. “blackjack oak” (q. marilandica), on the other hand, is almost universally present in these accounts. even so, it still appears that in southcentral oklahoma q. stellata was twice as abundant as q. marilandica during the first pls in oklahoma in the early 1870s. the 2:1 ratio of q. stellata to q. marilandica at the time seems to demonstrate that the cross timbers of south-central oklahoma contained more mesophytic vegetation than the cross timbers found in oklahoma and cleveland counties in central oklahoma, where a ~ 1:2.2 ratio of q. stellata to q. marilandica was reported by the pls surveyors in the early 1870s. carya texana was also much more abundant in southcentral oklahoma as well, with 118 stems reported by fagin (2009), but only two recorded by pls surveyors in oklahoma and cleveland counties. this further lends credence to the idea that the cross timbers in carter county and the arbuckle mountains contained more mesophytic vegetation than those in cleveland and oklahoma counties, perhaps as a result of protection from prairie fires, as prairie fires select for fire-tolerant species in environments that would ordinarily trend toward a more mesophytic species composition (thomas 2010). in their study of the upland forests of oklahoma, rice and penfound (1959) sampled three sites in oklahoma county and three sites in cleveland county (for their sampling methods see hoagland and hough 2008). in oklahoma county they recorded 39 stems of q. stellata and 137 stems of q. marilandica. in cleveland county they recorded 66 stems of q. stellata, 129 stems of q. marilandica, 10 stems of c. texana, and 7 stems of q. velutina (hoagland and hough 2008). this ~1:2.5 ratio of q. stellata to q. marilandica is much more in line with the ~1:2.2 ratio recorded by pls surveyors in the early 1870s than with the ~1:1 ratio recorded in the current study. however, with the reports of c. texana and q. velutina by rice and penfound (1955, 1959), we begin to see the results of the “mesophication” of the cross timbers noted by this study and by desantis et al. (2010). as mentioned in the introduction, this mesophication process is believed to occur as a result of fire exclusion, which “can alter stand structure and create microclimatic conditions that are more beneficial to mesophytic woody species” (desantis et al. 2010). in his study, desantis (2010) re-sampled 30 forest stands originally sampled by rice and penfound (1959) and noted substantial increases in the abundance of c. texana, juniperus virginiana, and q. stellata, while q. marilandica declined in abundance. these results are consistent with this study, as we recorded a large increase in c. texana and the fire-intolerant j. virginiana since the 1870s pls, and the replacement of oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b.w. 71 q. marilandica by the less fire-tolerant q. stellata as the most important species in the cross timbers of central oklahoma. conclusion it is apparent from this study and other studies conducted in the cross timbers and in quercus forests worldwide that the dominance of quercus, especially those species at the xeric end of the spectrum, is in decline. fire exclusion seems to be a plausible mechanism, and with the pace of urban, suburban, and ex-urban development the urgency and necessity of fire exclusion will only continue to expand in coverage. thus, there will likely be nothing to check the mesophication trend in quercus-forests, save greatly altered land management practices. noting these trends, future studies might attempt to document what changes in woody species composition mean for other flora and fauna found in quercus-dominated forests. documenting changes such as these might increase the urgency for conservation and preservation practices in the cross timbers ecoregion. literature cited blinn, w. c. 1958. the short grass plains and post oak-blackjack woodland of oklahoma in historical perspective. m.s. thesis. oklahoma state university, stillwater, ok. boren, j. c., d. m. engle, et al. 1997. landscape structure and change in a hardwood forest-tall-grass-prairie ecotone. journal of range management 50(3):244-249. bourdo, e. a. 1956. a review of the general land office survey and of its use in quantitative studies of former forests. ecology 37(4):754-768. briggs, j. m., g. a. hoch, and l. c. johnson. 2002. assessing the rate, mechanisms, and consequences of the conversion of tallgrass prairie tojuniperus virginiana forest. ecosystems 5(6):578-586. brown, a. a. and k. davis. 1973. forest fire control and use. 2nd ed. mcgraw hill, new york. cooper, m. s. 1998. riparian area management handbook. oklahoma cooperative extension service, division of agricultural sciences and natural resources, oklahoma state university and oklahoma conservation commission. e-952. coppedge, b. r., d. m. engle, et al. 2001a. landscape cover type and pattern dynamics in fragmented southern plains grasslands, usa. landscape ecology 16:677-690. coppedge, b. r., d. m. engle, r. e. masters, and m.s. gregory. 2001b. avian response to landscape change in southern great plains grasslands. ecological applications 11(1):47-59. coppedge, b. r., d. m. engle, r. n. fuhlendorf, r. n. chapman, r. e. masters, and m. s. gregory. 2002. juniper encroachment and avifaunal dynamics in southern great plains grasslands: a multi-scale summary. poster paper at the 17th annual symposium of the international association for landscape ecology u.s. regional association. lincoln, ne. coppock, r. k., c. a. ely, et al. 1955. an evaluation of the quadrat method in the blackjack-post oak forest. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 36:49-50. desantis, r. d., s. w. hallgren, t. b. lynch, j. a. burton, and m. w. palmer. 2010. long-term directional changes in upland quercus forests throughout oklahoma, usa. journal of vegetation science 21:606-615. dillard, j., s. jester, et al. 2006. white-tailed deer food habits and preferences in the cross timbers and prairies region of texas. texas parks and wildlife department, austin, tx. pwd rp w7000-1017. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b. w. 72 dooley, k. 1983. description and dynamics of some western oak forests in oklahoma. ph.d. dissertation. university of oklahoma, norman, ok. dooley, k. l. and s. l. collins. 1984. ordination and classification of western oak forests in oklahoma. american journal of botany 71(9):1221-1227. drake b. and p. todd. 2001. a strategy for control and utilization of invasive juniper species in oklahoma: final report of the “redcedar task force.” oklahoma department of agriculture, food, and forestry. duck, l. g. and j. b. fletcher. 1945. a survey of the game and furbearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma game and fish committee bulletin 144. dwyer, d. and p. w. santelman. 1964. a comparison of post oak-blackjack oak communities on two major soil types in north-central oklahoma. oklahoma agricultural experiment station, stillwater, ok. dyksterhuis, e. j. 1948. the vegetation of the western cross timbers. ecological monographs 18(3):325-376. dyksterhuis, e. j. 1957. the savannah concept and its use. ecology 38(3):435442. engle, d. m. and j. f. stritzke. 1992. vegetation management in the cross timbers. range research highlights 1983-1991, circular e-905. cooperative extension service, division of agricultural sciences and natural resources, oklahoma state university, stillwater, ok. engle, d. m., t. g. bidwell, and m. e. moseley. 1997. invasion of oklahoma rangelands and forests by eastern redcedar and ashe juniper. oklahoma cooperative extension service, stillwater, ok. circular e-947. fagin, t. 2009. in search of the forest primeval: data-driven approaches to mapping historic vegetation. ph.d. dissertation. the university of oklahoma, norman, ok. fagin, t. and b. w. hoagland. 2002. in search of the forest primeval: the use of land survey records in reconstructing past landscapes and evaluating human impact. the north american geographer (4):1-20. francaviglia, r. v. 2000. the cast iron forest. university of texas press, austin, tx. givnish, t. j. 1981. serotiny, geography, and fire in the pine barrens of new jersey. evolution. 35(1):101-123. grimm, e. c. 1981. an ecological and paleoecological study of the big woods vegetation in minnesota. ph.d. dissertation. university of minnesota, minneapolis, mn. guthery, f. s. 2001. green varmints. quail news. vol. 1. hale, m. 1955. a survey of the upland forests in the chautauqua hills, ks. transactions of the kansas academy of science 58(2):165-168. hoagland, b., i. butler, f. l. johnson, and s. glenn. 1999. the cross timbers. in: anderson, r. c., j. s. fralish, j. m. baskin, eds. savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of north america. cambridge university press, new york. hoagland, b. w. and d. j. hough. 2008. upland forests of oklahoma: a searchable database of information from rice and penfound (1959). (http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/rice_and _penfound/index.html), oklahoma biological survey, university of oklahoma, norman, ok. horncastle, v. j., e. c. hellgren, p. m. mayer, a. c. ganguli, d. m. engle, and d. m. leslie. 2005. implications of invasion by juniperus virginiana on small mammals in the southern great plains. journal of mammology 86(6):1144-1155. johnson, f. l. and p. g. risser. 1972. some vegetation-environment relationships in upland forests of oklahoma. journal of ecology 60(3):655-663. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b.w. 73 kennedy, r. 1973. an analysis of selected oklahoma upland forest stands including both overstory and understory components. ph.d. dissertation. university of oklahoma, norman, ok. kowarik, i. 1995. on the role of alien species in urban flora and vegetation. in: pysek, p, k. prach, m. rejmanek, p. m. wade, eds. plant invasionsgeneral aspects and special problems. spb academic, amsterdam, netherlands. kuchler, a. w. 1964. potential natural vegetation of the coterminous united states. special publication number 36. american geographical society, washington, dc. kuchler, a.w. 1974. a new vegetation map of kansas. ecology 55:586-604. luckhardt, r. and h. barclay. 1938. a study of the environment and floristic composition of an oak-hickory woodland in northeastern oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of sciences 18:25-32. luniak, m. 1994. the development of bird communities in new housing estates in warsaw. memorabilia zoologica 49:257267. marzluff, j. m. 2001. worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds. in: marzluff, j. m., r. bowman, and r. donnelly, eds. avian ecology in an urbanizing world. kluwer, norwell, ma. mckinney, m. l. 2002. urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation. bioscience 52(10):883-890. mckinney, m. l. 2004. measuring floristic homogenization by non-native plants in north america. global ecology and biogeography 13:47-53. mitchell, 2007. quantitative analysis by the point-centered quarter method. hobart and william smith colleges, geneva, ny. http://people.hws.edu/mitchell/ pcqm.pdf (retrieved 6/14). nowacki, g. j. and m. d. abrams. the demise of fire and “mesophication” of forests in the eastern united states. bioscience 58(2):123-138. omernik, j. m. 1987. ecoregions of the conterminous united states. map (scale 1:7,500,000). annals of the association of american geographers 77(1):118-125. penfound, w. t. 1963. the composition of a post oak forest in south-central oklahoma. the southwestern naturalist. 8(2):114-115. rice, e. l. and w. t. penfound. 1959. the upland forests of oklahoma. ecology 40(4):593-608. rice, e. l. and w. t. penfound. 1955. an evaluation of the variable-radius and paired-tree methods in the blackjackpost oak forest. ecology 36(2):315-320. schulte, l. a., d. j. mladenoff, t. r. crow, l. c. merrick, and d. t. cleland. 2007. homogenization of northern u.s. great lakes forests due to land use. landscape ecology 22(7):1089-1103. shutler, a. and b. w. hoagland. 2004. vegetation patterns in carter county, oklahoma. 1871. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 84:19-26. stewart, l. o. 1935. public land surveys: history, instructions, methods. collegiate press, ames, ia. strizke, j. f. and t. g. bidwell. 1989. eastern redcedar and its control. oklahoma cooperative extension service, divison of agricultural sciences and natural resources, oklahoma state university, stillwater, ok. fact sheet 2850. thomas, r. e. 2010. the cross timbers in central oklahoma prior to euroamerican settlement: using the general land office public land surveys as a tool for vegetation analysis. m.s. thesis. university of oklahoma, norman, ok. thurow, t. h. and d. h. carlson. 1994. juniper effects on rangeland watersheds. 1994 juniper symposium. texas agricultural experimental station. tech. rep. 94-2. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 thomas, r. e. & hoagland, b. w. 74 vale, t. r. and g. r. vale. 1976. suburban bird populations in west-central california. journal of biogeography 3:157165. 1 2 5 6 the changing forests of central oklahoma: a look at the composition of the cross timbers prior to euro-american settlement, in the 1950s, and today by dr. richard e. thomas and dr. bruce w. hoagland journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 2, number 1, december 2002 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 vascular plants of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge (1977) paul buck department of life sciences the university of tulsa tulsa, oklahoma introduction this list is an effort to update a popular list of the vascular plants of the wichitamountains wildlife refuge prepared by the author approximately ten years ago. the earlier work was compiled from lists published by eskew (1938), osborn and allen(1949) and from studies of several regional herbaria. the changes over the previous list reflect new species found during field activities in the refuge through the years,additions reported in the literature and modifications of scientific names as published in floras, keys, and manuals. common names are always a problem,frequently changing several times within relatively small geographic areas. in an effort to avoid this difficulty the common names have been taken from a guide to plant names, (rechenthin, 1954) which was prepared for use by the regional soil conservation service. the very few not listed in this publication were obtained from fernald (1950)and the updated version of britton and brown (gleason 1952). the asterisks (*) indicate species that are questionable as present inhabitants of the refuge for a couple of reasons: (1) many were reported in the area by earlier workers but recent literature indicates their ranges do not extend into the wichita mountains system. it might be inferred these were misidentified,and in several cases where the specimens were located, this proved to be the case. buck, p. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100011 (2) during the 1930’s thousands of seedlings of non-native woody species were introduced and planted (example: mahonia aquifolium, barberry; spiraea arguta, spirea; hibiscus syriacus, rose of sharon; lagerstroemia indica, crape myrtle, etc.). most of these were subsequently moved to other locations within the southwest. probably none of those left in the refuge survived the competition of the native flora. the identity of the maple within the refuge has been a subject of debate for many years. opinions have been divided between the bigtooth maple (acer grandidentatum) and sugar maple (a. saccharum). the writer felt, when the earlier list was prepared, the wichita maple was the latter and deleted the bigtooth maple from the list. dent(1969) made a study of the sugar maples of oklahoma and concluded the caddo canyon and wichita mountains groups are both acer saccharum. references cited dent, thomas curtis 1969 relationships of two isolated groups of sugar maple in central oklahoma to eastern and western species. unpublished phd dissertation, university ofoklahoma, norman. eskew, cletis t. 1938 the flowering plants of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge, oklahoma. amer. mid. nat. 20:695-703. fernald, m.l. 1950 gray’s manual of botany. american book company, new york. oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. gleason, henry a. 1952 the new britton and brown illustrated flora of the northeastern united states and adjacent canada. the new york botanical garden, new york. osborn, b. and p. f. allan 1949 vegetation of an abandoned prairie-dog town in tall-grass prairie. ecology 30:322-332. rechenthin, c.a. 1954 a guide to plant names in texas, oklahoma, louisiana, arkansas. united states department of agriculture, soil conservation service. species list equisetum laevigatum equisetaceae kansas horsetail selaginella peruviana selaginellaceae sheldon selaginella selaginella rupestris rock selaginella isoetes butleri isoetaceae butler quillwort isoetes melanopoda blackfoot quillwort asplenium trichomanes polypodiaceae spleenwort cheilanthes eatoni eaton lipfern cheilanthes fendleri* fendler lipfern cheilanthes lanosa hairy lipfern cheilanthes lindheimeri lindheimer lipfern cheilanthes vestita lipfern cheilanthes wootoni* wooton lipfern dryopteris marginalis standley’s lipfern notholaena standleyi standley’s lipfern pellaea atropurpurea purple cliffbrake pellaea ternifolia wright’s cliffbrake woodsia obtuse woodsia pilularia americana marsileaceae american pillwort marsilea mucronata pepper wort juniperus virginiana pinaceae eastern red cedar pinus echinata* shortleaf pine pinus edulis* nut pine pinus ponderosa* western yellow pine pinus taeda* loblolly pine thuja orientalis* cupressaceae oriental arbor-vitae typha angustifolia typhaceae narrow leaf cattail typha domingensis cattail typha latifolia cattail zosteraceae potamogeton amplifolius largeleaf pondweed potamogeton diversifolius waterthread pondweed potamogeton nodosus longleaf pondweed potamogeton pusillus baby pondweed najadaceae najas guadalupensis southern naiad alismataceae echinodorus cordifolius erect burhead sagittaria calycina longlobe arrowhead sagittarria latifolia arrowhead agropyron repens* poaceae couch grass agrostis ellottiana 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. elliott bentgrass agrostis hymenalis winter bentgrass alopecurus caroliniana carolina foxtail andropogon barbinodis cane bluestem andropogon gerardi big bluestam andropogon saccharoides silver bluestem andropogon scoparius little bluestem aristida dichotoma var. dichotoma churchmouse threeawn aristida dichotoma var. curtissii curtis threeawn aristida longiseta red threeawn aristida longespica slimspike threeawn aristida oligantha oldfield threeawn aristida purpurea purple threeawn aristida wrightii wright threeawn bouteloua curtipendula sideoats grama bouteloua gracilis blue grama bouteloua hirsute hairy grama bouteloua rigidiseta texas grama bromus japonicus japanese brome bromus arvensis* field brome bromus purgans canada brome bromus tectorum cheatgrass bromus uniloides rescuegraas buchloe dactyloides buffalo grass cenchrus pauciflorus mat sandbur chloris verticillata tumble windmillgrass chloris virgata showy chloris cynodon dactylon bermuda grass dactylis glomerata orchard grass digitaria sanguinalis hairy crabgrass diplachne fascicularis bearded spranglegrass echinochloa crusgalli barnyard grass elusine indica goosegrass elymus canadensis canada wildrye elymus virginicus virginia wildrye eragrostis capillaris lacegrass eragrostis curtipedicellata gummy lovegrass eragrostis hypnoides teal lovegrass eragrostis intermedia plains lovegrass eragrostis cilianensis stinkgrass eragrostis oxylepsis var. oxylepis red lovegrass eragrostis oxylepsis var. beyrichii wichita lovegrass eragrostis pectinacea carolina lovegrass eragrostis pilosa india lovegrass eragrostis reptans creeping lovegrass eragrostis sessilispica tumble lovegrass eragrostis spectabilis purple lovegrass eragrostis trichodes sand lovegrass eriochloa contracta prairie cutgrass festuca octoflora sixweeks fescue festuca pratensis suiter fescue festuca versuta texas fescue hordeum pusillum little barley leersia oryzoides rice grass leptochloa dubia oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. green sprangletop leptoloma cognatum fall witchgrass limnodea arkansana ozark grass manisuris cylindrica carolina jointtail melica nitens threeflower melic muhlenbergia capillaris hairawn muhly muhlenbergia frondosa wirestem muhly muhlenbergia racemosa green muhly panicum agrostoides redtop panicum panicum anceps beaked panicum panicum capillare witchgrass panicum depauperatum poor panic grass panicum dichotomiflorum fall panicum panicum lanuginosum wooly panicum panicum linearifolium slimleaf panicum panicum malacophyllum shortleaf panicum panicum obtusum vine-mesquite panicum obligosanthes var. scribnerianum scribner panicum panicum perlongum elongate panic grass panicum philadelphicum philadelphia witchgrass panicum virgatum switchgrass paspalum pubiflorum var. publiflorum hairyseed paspalum paspalum publiflorum var. glabrum smoothseed paspalum paspalum setaceum fringeleaf paspalum phalaris caroliniana carolina canary grass poa annua annual bluegrass poa arachnifera texas bluegrass poa compressa canada bluegrass schedonnardus paniculatus tumblegrass setaria geniculata knotroot bristlegrass setaria viridis green bristlegrass sorgastrum nutans indiangrass sorghum halapense johnson grass spartina pectinata var. suttiei prairie cordgrass sphenopholis obtusata prairie wedgescale sporobolus airoides alkali sacaton sporobolus asper tall dropseed sporobolus cryptandrus sand dropseed sporobolus pyramidatus whorled dropseed sporobolus vaginiflorus var. vaginiflorus poverty dropseed sporobolus vaginiflorus var. neglectus puffsheath dropseed trichachne californica arizona cottontop tridens albescens white tridens tridens flavus purpletop tridens muticus var. muticus slim tridens tridens muticus var. elongatus rough tridens tridens pilosus hairy tridens tridens strictus longspike tridens tripsacum dactyloides eastern gamagrass uniola latifolia broadleaf uniola bulbostylis capillaris cyperaceae hairsedge carex amphibola narrowleaf sedge carex annectens yellowfruit sedge 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. carex austrina southern sedge carex blanda woodland sedge carex festucacea fescue sedge carex frankii frank sedge carex gravida var. lunellina lunnell sedge carex joori hummock sedge carex microrhyncha littlesnout sedge carex praegracilis slender sedge carex stricta var. elongata emory sedge carex vulpinoidea fox sedge cyperus acuminatus taperleaf flatsedge cyperus aristatus bearded flatsedge cyperus erythrorhizos redroot flatsedge cyperus esculentus chufa cyperus filiculmis slender flatsedge cyperus odoratus fragrant flatsedge cyperus ovularis globe flatsedge cyperus schweinitzii schweinitz flatsedge cyperus setigerus bristled spike flatsedge cyperus strigosus false nut sedge cyperus virens green flatsedge eleocharis compressa flatstem spikesedge eleocharis engelmanii englemann spikesedge eleocharis macrostachya longspike spikesedge eleocharis montevidensis sand spikesedge eleocharis obtusa blunt spikesedge eleocharis parvula dwarf spikesedge eleocharis quadrangulata squarestem spikesedge eleocharis tenuis slender spikesedge fimbristylis spadicea plains fimbry fimbristylis vahlii vahl fimbry fuirena simplex western umbrella sedge hemicarpha micrantha hemicarpha scirpus acutus hardstem bulrush scirpus americanus american bulrush scirpus atrovirens green bulrush scirpus lacustris softstem bulrush scirpus lineatus rusty bulrush scirpus paludosis alkali bulrush scirpus pauciflora fewflower nutrush arisaema dracontium araceae dragonroot or jack-in-the-pulpit lemna minor lemnaceae duckweed commelina erecta commelinaceae var. angustifolia narrowleaf dayflower commelina virginica virginia dayflower tradescantia hirsutiflora hairyflower spiderwort tradescantia occidentalis prairie spiderwort tradescantia ohiensis smoothstalk spiderwort tradescantia tharpii tharp spiderwort heteranthera limosa pontederiaceae blue mudplantain juncos acuminatus juncaceae knotleaf rush oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. juncus balticus baltic rush juncus interior inland rush juncus marginatus grassleaf rush juncus tenuis var. tenuis poverty rush juncus tenuis var. dudleyi dudley rush juncus torreyitorrey rush allium canadense liliaceae canada garlic allium drummondii drummond onion allium stellatum prairie onion androstephium coeruleum blue funnellily camassia scilloides atlantic camass erythronium americanum fawn lily nothoscordum bivalve yellow false garlic smilax bona-nox saw greenbrier smilax herbacea carrionflower smilax rotundifolia greenbrier smilax tamnoides bristly greenbrier yucca glauca small soapweed agave lata amaryllidaceae agave zephyranthes brazosensis evening start or rain lily nemastylis geminiflora iridaceae prairie iris sisyrinchium angustifolium blueeye grass spiranthes cernua orchidaceae nodding ladiestresses populus deltoids salicaceae cottonwood salix amygdaloides peachleaf willow salix caroliniana ward's willow salix interior sandbar willow salix matsudana* willow salix nigra black willow carya cordiformis juglandaceae bitternut hickory carya illinoensis pecan juglans nigra black walnut juglans rupestris little walnut quercus falcate fagaceae southern red oak quercus macrocarpa bur oak quercus marilandica blackjack oak quercus mohriana mohrs oak quercus muhlenbergii chinquapin oak quercus rubus var. borealis red oak quercus shumardii var. shumardii shumard’s oak quercus shumardii var. schneckii schneck's oak quercus stellata post oak quercus velutina black oak quercus virginiana live oak celtis laevigata ulmaceae sugar hackberry celtis occidentalis hackberry celtis reticulata netleaf hackberry 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. ulmus americanus american elm ulmus pumila* chinese elm ulmus rubra slippery elm maclura pomifera moraceae osage orange morus microphylla texas mulberry morus rubra red mulberry morus tatarica* russian mulberry boehmeria cylindrica urticaceae smallspike falsenettle parietaria pensylvanica pennsylvania pellitory comandra pallida santalaceae western comandra loranthaceae phoradendron serotinum mistletoe aristolochiaceae aristolochia tomentosa wooly dutchmanpipe eriogonum annum polygonaceae annual wild buckwheat eriogonum longifolium longleaf wild buckwheat polygonum aviculare prostrate knotweed polygonum bicorne longstype smartweed polygonum coccinium bigroot smartweed polygonum convolvulus dullseed cornbind polygonum hydropiper marshpepper smartweed polygonum hydropiperoides var. hydropiperoides swamp smartweed polygonum hydropiperoides var. opelousanum opelousas swamp smartweed polygonum lapathifolium curlytop smartweed polygonum pensylvanicum pennsylvania smartweed polygonum punctatum dotted smartweed polygonum ramosissimum bushy knotweed polygonum scandens hedge cornbind polygonum tenue pleatleaf knotweed rumex altissimus pale dock rumex crispus curly dock chenopodium album chenopodiaceae lambsquarters chenopodium hybridum var. gigantospermum bigseed goosefoot chenopodium leptophyllum slimleaf goosefoot chenopodium standleyanum standley goosefoot salsola kali var. tenuifolia russian thistle monolepis nutalliana nuttall monolepis alternanthera repens amaranthaeceae mat chaff flower amaranthus graecizans tumbleweed amaranthus hybridus slim amaranth amaranthus palmeri palmer amaranth amaranthus retroflexus redroot amaranth amaranthus tamarascinus waterhemp brayulinea densa* cottonflower froelichia floridana florida snakecotton floelichia gracilis slender snakecotton gossypianthus lanuginosus woolly cottonflower gossypianthus tenuiflorus lanceleaf cottonflower oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. mirabilis albida nyctaginaceae pale umbrella-wort mirabilis inearis narrowleaf umbrella-wort mirabilis nyctaginea heartleaf umbrella-wort phytolacca americana phytolaccaceae pokeberry mollugo verticillata aizoaceae green carpetweed claytonia virginica portulacaceae virginia spring beauty portulaca oleracea purslane portulaca parvla shaggy purslane portulaca umbraticola wingpod purslane talinum calycinum rockpink talinum parvifolorum prairie fameflower talinum rugospermum* roughseed fameflower arenaria patula caryophyllaceae pitcher’s sandwort arenaria stricta var. texana texas sandwort cerastium brachypodum shortstalk chickweed sagina decumbens trailing pearlwort silene antirrhina sleepy catchfly paronychia jamesii illecebraceae james nailwort paronychia virginica virginia nailwort ceratophyllum demersum ceratophyllaceae coontail ranunculaceae anemone caroliniana carolina anemone anemone decapetala tenpetal anemone clematis pitcheri pitcher clematis delphinium virescens plains larkspur berberidaceae mahonia aquifolium* barberry cocculus carolinus menispermaceae carolina snailseed menispermum canadense moonseed argemone polyanthemos papaveraceae prickle poppy corydalis aurea fumariaceae var. occidentalis goldon corydalis cleome serrulata capparidaceae bee spider flower cleomella angustifolia narrowleaf rhombopod polanisia dodecandra roughseed clammywort cruciferae arabis missouriensis green rockcress capsella bursa–pastoris shepherdspurse descurainia pinnata pinnate tansymustard dithyrea wislizenii wislizen's spectacle pod draba brachycarpa shortpod draba draba cuneifolia wedgeleaf draba draba reptans carolina draba erysimum capitatum plains erysimum lepidium oblongum veiny pepperwort lepidium virginicum virginia pepperwort lesquerella auriculata earleaf bladderpod 12 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. lesquerella gordonii gordon bladderpod lesquerella gracilis lax bladderpod lesquerella ovalifolia var. alba roundleaf bladderpod nasturtium officinale watercress rorippa islandica bog marshcress rorippa sessilifolia stalkless yellowcress sibara virginica virginia rockcress sedum nuttallianum crassulaceae yellow stonecrop sedum pulchellum texas stonecrop ribes odoratum saxifragaceae clove current argimonia parviflora rosaceae mayflower grovebur amelanchier arborea service berry crataegus crus-galli cockspur hawthorn crataegus engelmannii engelmann hawthorn crataegus reverchonii reverchon hawthorn geum canadense white avens geum virginiana* bristly avens potentilla arguta cinquefoil prunus americana american plum prunus angustifolia chickasaw plum prunus armeniaca* apricot prunus persica peach prunus gracilis oklahoma plum prunus mexicana mexican plum prunus virginiana chokecherry rosa foliolosa* leafy rose rosa multiflora* multiflora rose rubus aboriginum northern dewberry rubus idaeus red raspberry rubus louisanus louisiana blackberry rubus occidentalis blackcap raspberry rubus trivialis lowbush blackberry spiraea arguta* spirea spirea cantoniensis* spirea spirea vanhouttei* spirea acacia angustissima leguminosae prairie acacia amorpha canescens leadplant amorpha fruticosa indigobush amorpha amorpha microphylla* smallleaf amorpha amorpha nana* fragrant false indigo apios americana groundnut astragalus crassicarpus groundplum milkvetch astragalus lindheimeri lindheimer milkvetch astragalus plattensis platte milkvetch baptisia australis var. minor blue wild indigo baptisia leucophaea plains wild indigo baptisia sphaerocarpa golden wild indigo cassia fasciculate showy partridgepea cassia marilandica wild senna cercis canadensis redbud clitoria mariana atlantic pigeonwings oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. colutea arborescens* bladder senna crotalaria sagittalis arrow crotalaria dalea aurea siltop aurea dalea enneandra bigtop dalea dalea purpurea purple prairie-clover desmanthus illinoensis illinois bundleflower desmodium ciliare littleleaf tickclover desmodium glutinosum sticky tickclover desmodium nudiflorum barestem tickclover desmodium paniculatum panicled tickclover desmodium sessilisovium sessile tickclover galactia volubilis downy milkpea gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust glycyrrhiza lepidota american licorice gymnocladus dioica kentucky coffee tree hoffmanseggia densiflora indian rushpea indigofera miniata var. leptosepala coast indigo krameria secundiflora trailing ratany lespedeza capitata roundhead lespedeza lespedeza intermedia intermediate lespedeza lespedeza procumbens trailing lespedeza lespedeza virginica slender lespedeza lotus americanus deervetch melilotus alba white sweet clover melilotus officianalis yellow sweet clover neptunea lutea yellow neptunea oxytropis lamberti stemless loco petalostemum candidum white prairie clover petalostemum multiflorum roundtop prairie clover petalostemum purpureum purple prairie clover petalostemum tenuifolium slimleaf prairie clover prosopis juliflora mesquite psoralea cuspidata tallbread scurfpea psoralea esculenta indian breadroot psoralea lineariflolia slimleaf scurfpea psoralea tenuiflora wild alfalfa robinia pseudoacacia black locust shrankia uncinata catclaw sensitive brier strophostyles helvola trailing wildbean strophostyles leiosperma slickseed wildbean stylosanthes riparia endbeak pencilflower trifolium reflexum buffalo clover vicia ludoviciana louisiana vetch vicia sparsifolia stiffleaf vetch geraniaceae geranium carolinianum carolina geranium erodium cicutarium storksbill oxalidaceae oxalis stricta oxalis oxalis violacea violet woodsorrel linaceae linum hudsonioides tufted flax linum rigidum stiffstem flax linum sulcatum grooved flax zygophyllaceae tribulus terrestris 14 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. puncturevine rutaceae ptelea trifoliate wafer ash simaroubaceae ailanthus altissima* tree-of-heaven polygalaceae polygala alba white milkwort polygala verticillata whorled milkwort euphorbiaceae acalypha gracilens slender copperleaf acalypha ostryaefolia hophornbeam copperleaf croton capitatus woolly croton croton glandulosus tropic croton croton lindheimerianus threeseed croton croton monanthogynus oneseed croton croton texensis texas croton euphorbia commutata tinted euphorbia euphorbia corollata flowering spurge euphorbia dentata toothed euphorbia euphorbia glyptosperma ridgeseed euphorbia euphorbia hexagona six-angle euphorbia euphorbia marginata snow-on-the-mountain euphorbia missourica missouri euphorbia euphorbia nutans spotted euphorbia euphorbia obtusata roughpor euphorbia euphorbia prostrata prostrate euphorbia euphorbia spathulata warty euphorbia euphorbia supina milk purslane phyllanthus caroliniensis carolina leafflower phyllanthus polygonoides knotweed leafflower stillingia sylvatica queen's delight tragia ramose branching noseburn callitriche heterophylla callitrichaceae larger waterstar wort anacardiaceae rhus aromatica skunkbush rhus copallina flameleaf sumac rhus glabra smooth sumac rhus toxicodendron poison ivy celastraceae celastrus scandens american bittersweet euonymus atropurpureus eastern wahoo euonymus europaeus* european spindle-tree acer saccharinum* aceraceae silver maple acer saccharum sugar maple hipposcastanaceae aesculus glabra ohio buckeye sapindaceae sapindus drummondii* western soapberry rhamnaceae ceanothus herbaceus var. pubescens fuzzy ceanothus rhamnus frangula* alder buckthorn ampelopsis cordata vitaceae heartleaf ampelopsis cissus incisa ivy treebine parthenocissus quinquefolia virginia creeper oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. vitis aestivalis summer grape vitis cinerea sweet grape vitis palmata cat grape vitis rotundifolia muscadine grape vitis rupestris sand grape vitis vulpine riverbank grape malvaceae callirhoe involucrata low poppymallow callirhoe leiocarpa tall poppymallow hibiscus syriacus* rose of sharon sphaeralcea coccinea scarlet mallow guttiferae hypericum drummondii nits and lice hypericum mutilum dwarf st. john's wort tamaricaceae tamarix hispida* kashgar tamarisk tamarix odessana* tamarisk tamarix pentandra* tamarisk lechea tenuifolia cistaceae narrowleaf pinwheel violaceae hybanthus verticillatus whorled nodviolet viola missouriensis missouri violet viola papilionacea butterfly violet viola rafinesquii johnny-jump-up loasaceae mentzelia oligosperma chickthief mentzelia stricta sandlily cactaceae echinocereus baileyi wichita pin cushion echinocereus reichenbachii lace echinocereus opuntia compressa prickly pear lythraceae ammannia auriculata earleaf ammannia ammannia coccinea purple ammannia lagerstroemia indica* crape myrtle lythrum alatum winged lythrum gaura biennis var. pitcheri onagraceae pitcher gaura gaura coccinea scarlet gaura gaura parviflora smallflower gaura gaura sinuata wavyleaf gaura guara suffulta roadside gaura gaura tripetala var. triangulata three petal gaura jussiaea decurrens wingleaf water primrose jussiaea peploides var. glabrescens smooth water primrose ludwigia alternifolia bushy boxseed ludwigia palustris marsh boxseed oenothera biennis evening primrose oenothera heterophylla varileaf evening primrose oenothera jamesii trumpet evening primrose oenothera laciniata var. laciniata cutleaf evening primrose oenothera laciniata var. grandiflora largeflowered cutleaf evening primrose oenothera linifolia threadleaf sundrops 16 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. oenothera macrocarpa var.macrocarpa ozark sundrops oenothera macrocarpa var. incana gray sundrops oenothera missouriensis missouri evening primrose oenothera serrulata halfshrub sundrops oenothera speciosa showy sundrops oenothera triloba stemless evening primrose stenosiphon virgatus false gaura haloragaceae myriophyllum brasiliensis parrot feather myriophyllum exalbescens parrot feather umbelliferae ammoselinum butleri butler sandparsley ammoselinum popei plains sandparlsey chaerophyllum tainturieri var. dasycarpum hairyfruit chervil cicuta maculata spotted water hemlock daucus carota* wild carrot daucus pusillus southwestern carrot eryngium diffusum bushy eryngo eryngium leavenworthii leavenworth eryngo limnosciadum pinnatum arkansas dogshade lomatium daucifolium carrotleaf lomatium polytaenia nuttallii prairie parsley ptilimnium nuttallii nuttall mockbishop sanicula canadensis canada sanic1e spermolepis divaricata forked scaleseed spermolepis echinata bristly scaleseed cornaceae cornus drummondii roughleaf dogwood cornus florida* flowering dogwood primulaceae androsace occidentalis western rockjasmine dodecatheon meadia shooting star samolus parviflorus thinleaf brookweed sapotaceae bumelia lanuginosa woollybucket bumelia ebenaceae diospyros virginiana persimmon oleaceae forsythia suspensa var. fortunei* golden bells fraxinus americana white ash fraxinus pennsylvanica var. pennsylvanica red ash fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima green ash fraxinus velutina* arizona ash jasminum nudiflorum* jasmine ligustrum amurense* privet ligustrum vulgare* privet sabatia angularis gentianaceae squarestem rosegentium sabatia campestris prairie rosegentian amsonia ciliata var. texana apocynaceae texas slimpod amsonia tabernaemontana willow slimpod apocynum cannabinium var. glaberrimum hemp dogbane oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. asclepias asperula asclepiadaceae var. decumbens trailing milkweed asclepias latifolia broadleaf milkweed asclepias pumila plains milkweed asclepias stenophylla slimleaf milkweed asclepias sullivantii sullivant milkweed asclepias tuberosa butterfly milkweed asclepias verticillata whorled milkweed asclepias viridiflora green acerates asclepias viridis green antelope horn convolvulus arvensis convolvulaceae small bindweed convolvulus incanus gray bindweed cuscuta coryli hazel dodder cuscuta gronovii gronovius dodder cuscuta indecora showy dodder cuscuta cuspidata cusp dodder evolvulus nuttallianus silver evolvulus ipomoea shumardiana narrowleaf morning glory gilia rubra polemoniaceae texasplume phlox pilosa downy phlox hydrophyllaceae nama hispidum rough nama phacelia congesta spike phacelia phacelia hirsuta hairy phacelia boraginaceae lithospermum arvense corn gromwell lithospermum incisum narrowleaf gromwell myosotis macrosperma southern forget-me-not myosotis verna forget-me-not onosmodium molle marbleseed verbenaceae phyla cuneifolia wedgeleaf fogfruit phyla incisa sawtooth fogfruit verbena bipinnatifida dakota verbena verbena bracteata bigbract verbena verbena canadensis rose verbena verbena pumila pink verbena verbena stricta woolly verbena verbena urticifolia white verbena vitex agnus-castus* chaste tree labiatae hedeoma drummondii drummond hedeoma hedeoma hispida rough hedeoma lamium amplexicaule henbit lycopus americanus american bugleweed monarda citriodora lemon beebalm monarda clinopodioides basil beebalm monarda fistulosa shrubby beebalm monarda punctata spotted beebalm nepeta cataria catnip salvia azurea var. grandiflora azure sage salvia reflexa lanceleaf sage scutellaria drummondii 18 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. drummond skullcap scutellaria resinosa resindot skullcap scutellaria wrightii wright skullcap teucrium canadense american germander teucrium laciniatum cutleaf germander trichostema brachiatum fluxweed solanaceae physalis lobata purple groundcherry physalis virginiana var. sonorae virginia groundcherry physalis viscosa var. cinerascens beach groundcherry physalis viscosa var. mollis field groundcherry solanum carolinense carolina horsenettle solanum citrullifolium* watermelon leaved solanum solanum elaegnifolium silverleaf nightshade solanum rostratum buffalobur solanum torreyi torrey horsenettle scrophulariaceae bacopa rotundifolia disc waterhyssop castilleja citrina citron paintbrush castilleja sessiliflora downy paintbrush collinsia violacea violet collinsia gratiola virginiana virginia hedgehyssop leucospora multifida narrowleaf conobea linaria canadensis var. texana oldfield toadflax lindernia anagallidea c1asping false-pimpernel lindernia dubia yellowseed false-pimpernel penstemon albidus white penstemon penstemon cobea cobaea penstemon penstemon oklahomensis oklahoma penstemon penstemon tubaeflorus tube panstemon scrophularia lanceolata narrowleaf figwort veronica arvensis speedwell veronica peregrina purslane speedwell verbascum thapsus flannel mullein catalpa speciosa bignoniaceae catalpa chilopsis linearis* desert willow martyniaceae proboscidea louisianica unicorn plant lentibulariaceae utricularia biflora bladderwort utricularia vulgaris bladderwort acanthaceae justicia americana justicia ruellia humilis low ruellia ruellia pedunculata stalked ruellia phrymaceae phryma leptostachya lopseed plantaginaceae plantago aristata bottlebrush plantain plantago elongata elongate plantain plantago purshii var. purshii slender plantain plantago purshii var. spinulosa bristlebract plantain plantago rhodosperma redseed plantain plantago virginica paleseed plantain plantago wrightiana wright plantain oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis buttonbush diodia teres var. setifera rough buttonweed galium aparine catchweed bedstraw galium pilosum hairy bedstraw galium texense texas bedstraw galium triflorum fragrant bedstraw galium virgatum southwest bedstraw hedyotis crassifolia tiny bluet hedyotis nigricans narrowleaf bluet hedyotis purpurea var. longifolia purple bluet lonicera japonica* caprifoliaceae honeysuckle lonicera tatarica* tatarian honeysuckle symphoricarpos orbiculatus coralberry viburnum prunifolium var. ferrugineum rusty blackhaw valerianella radiata valerianaceae var. radiata beaked cornsalad valerianella radiata var. parviflora narrowcell cornsalad cucurbita foetidissima cucurbitaceae buffalo gourd cyclanthera dissectra cutleaf cyclanthera ibervillea lindheimeri lindheimer globeberry melothria pendula drooping me1onette campanulaceae specularia biflora small venus-looking glass specularia leptocarpa slimpod venus-looking glass specularia perfoliata clasping venus-looking glass lobeliaceae lobelia appendiculata earflower lobelia lobelia cardinalis cardinal flower lobelia spicata palespike lobelia compositae achillea lanulosa western yarrow achillea millefolium yarrow agoseris cuspidate wavyleaf agoseris ambrosia artemisiifolia ragweed ambrosia psilostachys western ragweed ambrosia trifida giant ragweed antennaria plantaginifolia plantain-leaf pussy toes aphanostephus pilosus hairy dozedaisy aphanostephus ramosissimus plains dozedaisy aphanostephus skirrhobasis arkansas dozedaisy artemisia carruthii carruth sagewort artemisia filifolia figleaf sagewort artemisia glauca false terragon sagewort artemisia ludoviciana var. ludoviciana louisiana sagewort artemisia ludoviciana var. mexicana american sagewort artemisia serrata* sawtooth sagewort aster communtatus* cluster aster aster ericoides heath aster aster fendleri fendler aster aster oblongifolius aromatic aster 20 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. aster patens skydrop aster aster subulatus awl shaped aster baccharis salicina willow groundsel-tree berlandiera texana texas greeneyes bidens cernua nodding beggarticks bidens frondosa devil’s beggarticks centaurea americana basketflower chaetopappa asteroides least daisy chrysopsis pilosa soft goldaster chrysopsis villosa var. villosa hairy goldaster chrysopsis villosa var. canescens hairy goldaster chrysopsis villosa var. stenophylla narrowleaf goldaster cirsium ochrocentrum yellowspine thistle cirsium undulatum wavyleaf thistle conyza canadensis horseweed fleabane conyza ramoisissima conyza coreopsis grandiflora var. longipes bigflower coreopsis coreopsis lanceolata var. villosa lanceleaf coreopsis coreopsis tinctoria plains coreopsis dyssodia tagetioides marigold dogweed echinacea angustifolia black sampson echinacea pallida pale purple coneflower eclipta alba yerba de tajo englemannia pinnatifida engelmann daisy erigeron bellidiastrum western fleabane erigeron divergens spreading fleabane erigeron strigosus prairie fleabane eupatorium serotinum late eupatorium evax multicaulis manystem evax evax prolifera bighead evax gaillardia pulchella rosering gaillardia gaillardia suavis sweet gaillardia gnaphalium chilense cottonbatting cudweed gnaphalium purpureum purple cudweed gnaphalium wrightii wright cudweed grindelia squarrosa var. squarrosa curlycup gumweed grindelia squarrosa var. nuda rayless gumweed gutierrezia dracunculoides broom weed gutierrezia sarothrae* broom snakeweed haplopappus ciliatus wax goldenweed haplopappus spinulosis cutleaf goldonweed helenium amarum var. amarum bitter sneezeweed helenium amarum var. badium basin sneezeweed helenium autumnale sneezeweed helenium flexuosum flexuous sneezeweed helenium microcephalum smallhead sneezeweed helianthus annuus annual sunflower helianthus hirsutus hairy sunflower helianthus laetiflorus stiff sunflower helianthus maximilani maximilian sunflower helianthus petiolaris prairie sunflower hieracium longipilum longbeard hawkseed hymenopappus scabiosaeus flattop woollywhite oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. hymenopappus tenuifolius chalkhill woollywhite hymenoxys linearifolia fineleaf actinea hymenoxys scaposa var. linearis plains actinea iva ciliata seacoast sumpweed krigia dandelion tuber dwarf dandelion krigia oppositifolia weedy dwarf dandelion kuhnia eupatorioides var. corymbulosa plains kuhnia lactuca canadensis canada lettuce lactuca pulchella* chickory lettuce lactuca scariola prickly lettuce liatris aspera rough gayfeather liatris punctata dotted gayfeather liatris scariosa tall gayfeathcr palafoxia texana texas palafoxia pluchea camphorata camphor pluchea pyrrhopappus carolinianus carolina false-dandelion pyrrhopappus scaposus tuber false-dandelion ratisida columnifera upright prairie coneflower rudbeckia hirta blackeyed susan santolina chamaecyparissus* lavender cotton senecio plattensis prairie groundsel senecio riddellii riddell groundsel silphium asteriscus sand rosinweed silphium laciniatum compass plant solidago bootii* boot goldenrod solidago gigantea var. leiophylla november goldenrod solidago missouriensis var. fasciculate missouri goldenrod solidago mollis ashy goldenrod solidago petiolaris downy goldenrod solidago radula rough goldenrod taraxacum officinale dandelion thelesperma ambiguum colorado greenthread thelesperma filifolium plains greenthread thelesperma megapotamicum rayless greenthread townsendia excapa stemless townsendia tragopogon major yellow goat's beard verbescina virginica white crownbeard vernonia baldwinii baldwin ironweed vernonia missurica missouri ironweed xanthisma texanum texas sleepydaisyxanthium strumarium cocklebur editor’s note: this paper, written in 1977, was originally distributed by the wichita mountains wildlife refuge as an informational handout but never published. scientific names that were originally underlined have been italicized and species epithets derived from a person’s name are not capitalized as they were in the original work to abide with current taxonomic practice. the author emphasizess that there is a great need to update this twenty-five year old floristic list and, together with wmwr, encourages new research on this site. oklahoma native plant record, volume 15, number 1, december 2015 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 ben osborn https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100111 first flowering dates for central oklahoma unpublished report bebb herbarium university of oklahoma may 1, 1934 ben osborn keywords: blooming, climate change, historical, phenology introduction the following list of native and cultivated plants is arranged according to the first recorded date of blooming for each species as observed in oklahoma county or any of the counties contiguous to it. most of the records are from norman in cleveland county, with a few from oklahoma city in oklahoma county and shawnee in pottawatomie county. where more than one has been recorded, the average is given as the arithmetic average of the dates. dates of observations of plants which had attained full bloom, where known, have been eliminated, except where they were the earliest recorded dates for the species. such dates have been starred (*) in the list. a plant is considered in bloom when as many as one flower is open and having either stamens shedding pollen or the stigma ready to receive pollen, as indicated by pollen grains adhering to it or the obviously mature condition of the stigma. exceptionally early bloomings within the shelter of buildings or other barriers are included, but those resulting from artificial heat have been eliminated. oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 15, december 2015 ben osborn first flowering dates editor’s note: where nomenclature has been updated using itis–integrated taxonomic information service (http://www.itis.gov), the original name is in brackets [ ]. there are no voucher specimens for this work; therefore, species identifications are provisional. the dates of observations of plants which have attained full bloom are marked with a single asterisk (*). observations added by fred barkley on 6 june 1934, are marked with a double asterisk (**). january 1 january stellaria media. average 30 january. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn.** 7 january common dandelion, taraxacum officinale. average 25 january. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. 19 january shepherd’s purse, capsella bursa-pastoris. average 7 february. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 21 january chinese elm, ulmus pumila. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. 23 january american elm, ulmus americana. average 10 february. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn.** 28 january silver maple, acer saccharinum. average 8 february. earliest, oklahoma city, 1934, osborn. 30 january arbor vitae, thuja occidentalis. oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. february 1 february common violet, viola sororia var. sororia [=viola papilionacea]. oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. 3 february spring beauty, claytonia virginica. average 18 february. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 5 february bush honeysuckle, lonicera fragrantissima. average 6 february. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 6 february wild pansy, viola bicolor [=viola rafinesquii]. average 24 february. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. virginia rock-cress, planodes virginica [=arabis virginica]. average 26 february. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. http://www.itis.gov/ 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 ben osborn 7 february jasminum nudiflorum [=jasminum nudum]. norman, 1927, gould. 8 february least bluet, houstonia pusilla [=houstonia minima]. average 27 february. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 14 february goldenbells, forsythia suspensa. norman, 1927, gould. 24 february carolina whitlow-grass, draba reptans [=draba caroliniana]. average 2 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. midland dogtooth-violet, erythronium mesochoreum. average 6 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. anemone caroliniana. average 14 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 25 february shortpod whitlow-grass, draba brachycarpa. average 7 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 28 february red cedar, juniperus virginiana. average 6 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. thunberg spirea, spiraea thunbergii. average 7 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. march 3 march hoary tansy-mustard, descurainia incana [=sisymbrium canescens]. average 29 march. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 4 march slippery elm, ulmus rubra [=ulmus fulva]. average 8 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould.** 5 march chaenomeles japonica. average 14 march. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 7 march peach, prunus persica. average 16 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. androsace occidentalis. average 12 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 10 march pear, pyrus communis. norman, 1927, gould. shortstalk chickweed, cerastium brachypodum. average 10 march. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. common henbit, lamium amplexicaule. (open flowers). average 12 march. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. plantainleaf cat’s-foot, antennaria plantaginifolia. average 24 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. chickasaw plum, prunus angustifolia. average 17 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould.** oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 15, december 2015 © ben osborn journal compilation © 2015 oklahoma native plant society 11 march yellow false-garlic, nothoscordum bivalve. average 19 march. earliest, oklahoma city, 1924, osborn. spreading pearlwort, sagina decumbens. average 26 march. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 12 march box-elder, acer negundo. average 19 march. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 15 march prunus triloba. norman, 1927, gould. apricot, prunus armeniaca. norman, 1927, gould. yellow woodsorrel, oxalis stricta. average 31 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 16 march missouri buffalo currant, ribes aureum. average 19 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 18 march redbud, cercis canadensis. average 24 march. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. tulip, tulipa sp. oklahoma city, 1934, osborn. 19 march low plum, prunus gracilis. average 23 march. earliest, norman, 1928, gould.** carrotleaf parsley, lomatium foeniculaceum ssp. daucifolium [=lomatium daucifolium]. average 24 march. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. missouri violet, viola sororia var. missouriensis [=viola missouriensis]. average 24 march. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. (reported as v. papilionacea.) 20 march berberis aquifolium [=mahonia aquifolium]. norman, 1927, gould. 22 march cottonwood, populus deltoides. average 26 march. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 24 march lilac, syringa x persica [=syringa persica]. norman, 1927, gould. common pansy, viola tricolor. norman, 1927, gould. american plum, prunus americana. norman, 1929, gould. ground-plum, astragalus crassicarpus var. crassicarpus [=astragalus caryocarpus]. average 28 march. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. 25 march narrowleaf puccoon, lithospermum incisum [=lithospermum angustifolium]. average 27 march. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 27 march lonicera tatarica. norman, 1927, gould. lonicera morrowii. norman, 1927, gould. 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 © ben osborn journal compilation © 2015 oklahoma native plant society 28 march ash, fraxinus sp. oklahoma city, 1933, osburn. 29 march eastern hackberry, celtis occidentalis. norman, 1928, gould. maclura pomifera. norman, 1928, gould. krigia caespitosa [=scrinia oppositifolia]. average 9 april. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. purple poppy-mallow, callirhoe involucrata. average 13 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 30 march white mulberry, morus alba. norman, 1928, gould. purslane speedwell, veronica peregrina. average 2 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. androstephium coeruleum. average 5 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. red mulberry, morus rubra. average 9 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 31 march chaenomeles speciosa [=chaenomeles lagenaria]. norman, 1927, gould. prairie false-dandelion, nothocalais cuspidata [=agoseris cuspidata]. average 2 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. april 1 april apple, malus pumila [=pyrus malus]. norman, 1927, gould. prunus cerasus. norman, 1927, gould. scarlet strawberry, fragaria virginiana. norman, 1927, gould. thunberg barberry, berberis thunbergii. norman, 1927, gould. common lilac, syringa vulgaris. average 2 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. stout blue-eyed grass, sisyrinchium angustifolium [=sisyrinchium gramineum]. average 3 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. tall dock, rumex altissimus. average 13 april. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. 2 april caragana arborescens. norman, 1927, gould. colutea arborescens. norman, 1927, gould. white ash, fraximus americana. average 6 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. philadelphia fleabane, erigeron philadelphicus. average 3 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. blackjack oak, quercus marilandica. average 4 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. prairie ragwort, packera plattensis [=senecio plattensis]. average 8 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. violet wood-sorrel, oxalis violacea. average 9 april. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. cutleaf evening-primrose, oenothera laciniata. average 9 april. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. roundleaf moneyflower, mimulus glabratus var. jamesii. average 21 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 3 april comptonia peregrina [=myrica asplenifolia]. norman, 1927, gould. oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 15, december 2015 © ben osborn journal compilation © 2015 oklahoma native plant society 4 april ovalleaf bladderpod, physaria ovalifolia ssp. ovalifolia [=lesquerella ovalifolia]. norman, 1929, gould. spurge, euphorbia sp. oklahoma city, 1933*, osborn. 5 april ellisia nyctelea. norman, 1927, gould. smooth yellow violet, viola pubescens var. scabriuscula [=viola scabriuscula]. norman, 1927, gould. virginia pepper-grass, lepidium virginicum. norman, 1929, gould. poncirus trifoliata. norman, 1927, gould. juglans cinera. norman, 1927, gould. celtis laevigata [=celtis mississippiensis]. norman, 1927, gould. mousetail, myosurus minimus. average 8 april. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. dewberry, rubus flagellaris [=rubus villosus]. average 14 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. spiny sow-thistle, sonchus asper. average 15 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 6 april sycamore, platanus occidentalis. norman, 1929, gould. 7 april broussonetia papyrifera. norman, 1929, gould. slender bladderpod, physaria gracilis [=lesquerella gracilis]. norman, 1929, gould. 8 april plantago elongata. norman, 1927, gould. wild columbine, aquilegia canadensis. norman, 1927, gould. spiraea vanhoutei. norman, 1927, gould. tamarisk, tamarix gallica. average 9 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. large wild-onion, allium canadense var. mobilense [=allium mutabile]. average 12 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. blue toadflax, nuttallanthus canadensis [=linaria canadensis]. average 16 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. wooly yarrow, achillea millefolium [=achillea lanulosa]. average 23 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. meadow garlic, allium canadense. average 23 april. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. 9 april corn speedwell, veronica arvensis. norman, 1929, gould. lonicera flava. norman, 1927, gould. black willow, salix nigra. average 12 april. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. bracted false-indigo, baptisia bracteata. average 14 april. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. western plantain, plantago virginica. average 14 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 10 april black-haw, viburnum plicatum [=viburnum tomentosum]. norman, 1927, gould. western crab-apple, malus ioensis [=pyrus ioensis]. norman, 1927, gould. aquilegia coerulea. norman, 1927, gould. 12 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 ben osborn spreading chervil, chaerophyllum procumbens. average 13 april. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. goose-grass, galium aparine. average 14 april. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. 11 april tropaeolum majus. norman, 1927, gould. robinia hispida. norman, 1927, gould. salix alba [=salix vitellina]. norman, 1927, gould. western tansy-mustard, descurainia incisa ssp. incisa [=sisymbrium incisum]. norman, 1928, gould. vaillant’s goose-grass, galium aparine [=galium aparine baillantii]. average 12 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. tetraneuris linearifolia [=actinea linearifolia]. average 14 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 12 april viburnum opulus [=viburnum opulus sterile]. norman, 1927, gould. black medick, medicago lupulina. average 6 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 13 april fragrant sumac, rhus aromatica [=rhus canadensis]. norman, 1927, gould. kerria japonica. norman, 1927, gould. frost grape, vitis vulpina [=vitis cordifolia]. average 10 april. norman, 1928, gould. 14 april alyssum alyssoides. norman, 1927, gould. crataegus calpodendron [=crataegus globosa]. norman, 1927, gould. black-haw, virburnum prunifolium. norman, 1927, gould. leafystem false-dandelion, pyrrhopappus carolinianus. norman, 1927, gould. corydalis aurea ssp. occidentalis. average 19 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. black locust, robinia pseudoacacia. average 20 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. beaked corn-salad, valerianella radiata. average 22 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. pecan, carya illinoiensis. average 27 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 15 april calycanthus floridus. norman, 1927, gould. pepper-grass, lepidium apetalum. average 15 april. earliest, norman, 1929, gould, and oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. silverleaf nightshade, solanum elaeagnifolium. average 29 april. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. 16 april western crab apple, pyrus ioensis. norman, 1927, gould.** cryptanthe fendleri. average 20 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. post oak, quercus stellata. average 17 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. western daisy, astranthium integrifolium ssp. integrifolium [=bellis integrifolia]. average 20 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. red oak, quercus rubra [=quercus borealis]. norman, 1929, gould. 13 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 17 april rhodotypos scandens [=rhodotypos kerrioides]. norman, 1927, gould. yellow oak, quercus muhlenbergii. norman, 1929, gould. cotoneaster gaballei. norman, 1927, gould. cotoneaster horizonatlis. norman, 1927, gould. southern black-haw, viburnum rufidulum. average 19 april. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. burr oak, quercus macrocarpa. average 23 april. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. 18 april nandina domestica. norman, 1927, gould. aronia melanocarpa. norman, 1927, gould. carolina cranebill, geranium carolinianum. average 27 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 19 april phacelia hirsuta. norman, 1927, gould. eleagnus angustifolia. norman, 1927, gould. deutzia scabra. norman, 1927, gould. stemless loco-weed, oxytropis lambertii. average 24 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould.** small skullcap, scutellaria parvula. average 25 april. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 20 april rosa rubiqinosa [=rosa eglanteria]. norman, 1927, gould. 21 april hoary puccoon, lithospermum canescens. norman, 1929, gould. light poppy-mallow, callirhoe alcaeoides. oklahoma city, 1934, osborn. 22 april white clover, trifolium repens. oklahoma city, 1934, osborn. nuttall onion, allium drummondii [=allium nuttallii]. norman, 1928, gould. true water-cress, nasturtium officinale [=radicula nasturium-aquaticum]. norman, 1929, gould. western spiderwort, tradescantia occidentalis. average 24 april. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. poison oak, toxicodendron pubescens [=rhus toxicodendron]. average 29 april. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. horsenettle, solanum carolinense. average 3 may. earliest, 1929, gould. 23 april smallflower verbena, glandularia bipinnatifida var. bipinnatifida [=verbena bipinnatifida]. norman, 1938, gould. rock sandwort, minuartia tenella [=arenaria stricta]. norman, 1928, gould. petioled wild four-o-clock, mirabilis nyctaginea [=oxybaphus nyctagineus]. average 1 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. 24 april alfalfa, medicago sativa. average 1 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. curly dock, rumex crispus. average 3 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. ben osborn 14 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 © ben osborn journal compilation © 2015 oklahoma native plant society 25 april red-haw, crataegus sp. average 25 april. norman, 1928–29, gould. rough false-dandelion, pyrrhopappus grandiflorus [=pyrrhopappus scaposus]. average 26 april. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. blue false-indigo, baptisia australis. average 27 april. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. chaetopappa asteroides. average 29 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. black walnut, juglans nigra. average 30 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. wild parsnip, pastinaca nativa. average 1 may. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. hairy puccoon, lithospermum caroliniense [=lithospermum gmelini]. average 3 may. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 26 april vetch, vicia sp. (cultivated). oklahoma city, 1934, osborn. basket oak, quercus michauxii. norman, 1928, gould. 27 april common greenbriar, smilax rotundifolia. norman, 1929, gould. virginia willow, itea virginica. norman, 1929, gould. yellow sweet-clover, melilotus officinalis. average 4 may. earliest, oklahoma city, 1934*, osborn. 28 april spreading fleabane, erigeron divergens. average 3 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. serrateleaf evening-primrose, oenothera serrulata. average 1 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 29 april skunk bush, rhus aromatica [=rhus canadensis trilobatus]. norman, 1928, gould. purple milkweed, asclepias purpurascens. norman, 1928, gould. bluntleaf milkweed, asclepias amplexicaulis. average 5 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. wavyleaf gaura, oenothera sinuosa [=gaura sinuata]. average 2 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould.** 30 april reflexed spiderwort, tradescantia ohiensis [=tradescantia reflexa]. norman, 1927, gould. mexican sandbur, tribulus terrestris. average 30 april. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. cutleaf bayless gaillardia, gaillardia suavis. average 5 may. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. oblongleaf milkweed, asclepias viridis [=asclepiodora viridis]. average 6 may. earliest, oklahoma city, 1933, osborn. may 1 may vetch, vicia tetrasperma. norman, 1928, gould. small venus’-lookingglass, triodanis perfoliata ssp. biflora [=specularia biflora]. norman, 1928, gould. prairie larkspur, delphinium carolinianum [=delphinium penardi]. norman, 1928, gould. sand grape, vitis rupestris. norman, 1928, gould. american mistletoe, phoradendron serotinum ssp. serotinum [=phoradendron flavescens]. norman, 1928, gould. oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 15, december 2015 ben osborn 2 may sleepy catchfly, silene antirrhina. average 6 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. venus’-lookingglass, specularia perfoliata. average 12 may. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 3 may salsify, tragopogon porrifolius. norman, 1928, gould. river locust, amorpha fruticosa. average 5 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. scarlet gaura, oenothera suffrutescens [=gaura coccinea]. norman, 1927, gould. downy phlox, phlox pilosa. average 4 may. norman, 1929, gould. calystegia sepium ssp. angulata [=convolvulus repens]. average 6 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. smooth soapweed, yucca glauca. average 7 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. large beardtongue, penstemon cobaea. average 7 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. slender beardtongue, penstemon gracilis. average 2 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. missouri evening-primrose, oenothera macrocarpa ssp. macrocarpa [=oenothera missouriensis]. average 8 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. whorled tickseed, coreopsis verticillata. average 8 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. spermolepis echinata. average 12 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. spurge nettle, cnidoscolus urens var. stimulosus [=jatropha stimulosa]. average 12 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. hymenopappus scabiosaeus [=hymenopappus carolinensis]. average 13 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. 4 may hairy bedstraw, galium pilosum. norman, 1929, gould. delphinium carolinianum [=delphinium virescens]. norman, 1929, gould. psoralidium tenuiflorum [=psoralea tenuiflora]. norman, 1929, gould. 5 may galium tricornutum [=galium tricorne]. norman, 1928, gould. spinyleaf catbriar, smilax bona-nox. average 9 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. showy evening-primrose, oenothera speciosa. average 6 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. largeflower flax, linum rigidum. average 7 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. sweet-scented grape, vitus vulpina. average 8 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. sensitive-briar, mimosa microphylla [=schrankia uncinata]. average 11 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 6 may longstalk green-briar, smilax pseudo-china. norman, 1928, gould. pediomelum digitatum [=psoralea digitata]. norman, 1928, gould. kentucky coffee-tree, gymnocladus dioica. norman, 1928, gould. 7 may polygala senega. average 15 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. virginia ground-cherry, physalis virginiana. norman, 1927, gould. dwarf morning-glory, evolvulus nuttallianus [=evolvulus argenteus]. average 10 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 16 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 © ben osborn journal compilation © 2015 oklahoma native plant society 8 may bracted plantain, plantago aristata. norman, 1928, gould. honey locust, gledtisia triacanthos. norman, 1928, gould. rib-grass, plantago lanceolata. norman, 1928, gould. 9 may western catalpa, catalpa speciosa. norman, 1929, gould. catalpa, catalpa bignonioides [=catalpa catalpa]. norman, 1927, gould. american vetch, vicia americana. norman, 1927, gould.** american elder, sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis [=sambucus canadensis]. average 13 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. white sweet-clover, melilotus albus. average 14 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. roughleaf dogwood, cornus asperifolia. average 16 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 12 may potentilla norvegica [=potentilla monspeliensis]. norman, 1927, gould. purple lemon-mint, monarda citriodora [=monarda dispersa]. average 23 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 13 may queen’s delight, stillingia sylvatica. norman, 1928, gould. rabbit tobacco, diaperia prolifera [=evax prolifera]. norman, 1928, gould. canada moonseed, menispermum candense. norman, 1928, gould. bristly greenbriar, smilax tamnoides [=smilax hispida]. norman, 1928, gould. 14 may low ground-cherry, physalis pumila. norman, 1928, gould. low hairy ground-cherry, physalis pubescens. norman, 1928, gould. largeflower tickseed, coreopsis grandiflora. oklahoma city, 1933*, osborn. pediomelum cuspidatum [=psoralea cuspidata]. average 17 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. bank-bur, krameria lanceolata. average 21 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 15 may dogbane, apocynum cannabinum. norman, 1929, gould. showy gaillardia, gaillardia puchella. norman, 1928, gould. green dragon, arisaema dracontium. average 17 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. 16 may dwarf verbena, glandularia pumila [=verbena pumila]. norman, 1928, gould. 17 may ground ivy, nepeta cataria. norman, 1928, gould. purple cone-flower, echinacea purpurea [=brauneria purpurea]. average 21 may. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. field bindweed, convolvulus arvensis. norman, 1928, gould. oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 15, december 2015 © ben osborn journal compilation © 2015 oklahoma native plant society 19 may decumbent milkweed, asclepias asperula [=asclepiodora decumbens]. norman, 1928, gould. tumble mustard, sisymbrium altissimum. norman, 1929, gould. engelmannia peristenia [=engelmannia pinnatifida]. norman, 1929, gould. persimmon, disopyros virginiana. norman, 1929, gould. 20 may phlox maculata. norman, 1927, gould. leafy white prickly-poppy, argemone polyanthemos [=argemone intermedia]. average 22 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 21 may smooth solomon’s seal, polygonatum biflorum [=polygonatum commutatum]. norman, 1928, gould. bluntleaf spurge, euphorbia spathulata [=euphorbia obtusata]. norman, 1928, gould. low dwarf mallow, malva neglecta [=malva rotundifolia]. norman, 1928. climbing bittersweet, celastrus scandens. norman, 1928, gould. prairie sunflower, helianthus petiolaris. average 24 may. earliest, norman, 1928. 22 may spermolepis inermis [=spermolepis patens]. norman, 1928, gould. 23 may longhead coneflower, ratibida columnifera [=lepachys columnaris]. average 29 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 24 may wild sweet-pea, tephrosia virginiana. average 25 may. earliest, norman, 1928, gould. 25 may ruellia strepens. average 26 may. earliest, norman, 1929, gould. 26 may intermediate bush-clover, lespedeza simulata. norman, 1927, gould. snow-on-the-mountain, euphorbia marginata. norman, 1928, gould. lead plant, amorpha canescens. norman, 1927, gould. claspingleaf coneflower, rudbeckia amplexicaulis. norman, 1927, gould. smooth sumac, rhus glabra. average 28 may. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. black-eyed susan, rudbeckia hirta. earliest, norman, 1927, gould. 27 may denseflower water-willow, justicia americana [=dianthera americana]. norman, 1929, gould.** 28 may lateflower talinum, phemeranthus calycinus [=talinum calycinum]. norman, 1928, gould. smallflower talinum, phemeranthus parviforus [=talinum parviflora]. norman, 1928, gould buffalo burr, solanum rostratum. norman, 1928, gould. 18 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 ben osborn 30 may butterfly weed, asclepias tuberosa. norman, 1929, gould. 31 may sabatia campestris. norman, 1927, gould. yellow gaillardia, gaillardia pinnatifida. norman, 1928, gould. june 1 june gold tickseed, coreopsis tinctoria. norman, 1927, gould. first flowering dates for central oklahoma by mr. ben osborn oklahoma native plant record, volume 11, number 1, december 2011 oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 parkhurst, m. j., et al. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100083 33 spatial genetic structure of the tallgrass prairie grass dich an t h elium oligosanth es (scribner’s panicum) molly j. parkhurst1 1oklahoma state university andrew doust1 department of botany margarita mauro-herrera1 301 physical sciences jeffrey m. byrnes2 stillwater, ok 74078 janette a. steets1 janette.steets@okstate.edu 2oklahoma state university boone pickens school of geology 105 noble research center stillwater, ok 74078 keywords: m ixed-mating system, population differentiation, population g enetic structure abstract the spatial genetic structure within plant populations and genetic differentiation among populations can vary in strength due to the forces of natural selection, gene flow and genetic drift. in this study, we investigate the level of genetic structure and differentiation present in oklahoma populations of dichanthelium oligosanthes (schult.) gould (scribner’s panicum), a c3 grass native to the united states and a frequent member of the tallgrass prairie. to examine fine-scale spatial genetic structure of d. oligosanthes, we collected leaves from 48 spatially separated plants in a population in stillwater, ok. to examine genetic differentiation among adjacent populations, we sampled leaf tissue from eight individuals at each of three populations in stillwater, ok. dna was extracted from these samples and inter-simple sequence repeats (issr) markers were amplified. within a single population of d. oligosanthes, we found a weak and non-significant negative relationship between genetic similarity and geographical distance. in contrast, we found evidence for moderate and significant genetic differentiation among populations. introduction genetic variation is the sum total of all genetically based variation within and among species and represents an important component of biodiversity. maintaining genetic variation within and among native plant populations is a central goal of conservation biology, as genetic variation provides the raw material for plants to evolve in response to environmental change and contributes to population fitness (leimu et al. 2006, reed and frankham 2003, wagner et al. 2011). given the importance of genetic variation for the maintenance and evolution of plant populations, it is critical to understand the levels of genetic diversity within species and determine how this variation is organized spatially, both within and between populations. the way in which genetic variation is organized within plant populations (spatial genetic structure) is affected by many factors, including selection pressures within a population, mating system (relative production of selfed to outcrossed individuals), and whether gene flow is restricted (loiselle et al. 1995, loveless and hamrick 1984, miyazaki and isagi 2000, perry and knowles 1991). plants are sessile organisms and gene flow can only occur through pollen and seed movement. restricted dispersal of seed or pollen can oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 parkhurst, m. j., et al. 34 occur due to the dispersal mechanism utilized by the plant, the presence of physical barriers, and when rates of inbreeding are high. under these conditions, population genetic structure is predicted to develop, with a clustering of genetically related individuals among plants within a population and a high level of genetic differentiation among geographically separated populations (epperson and li 1997, hamrick and nason 1996). dichanthelium oligosanthes is a short, c3 perennial grass native to the united states that is commonly found in open prairies, meadows, and disturbed areas (kansas state university libraries 2011). although it is not a dominant species of the tallgrass prairie, it is a highly consistent member of this community (adams and wallace 1985). the mating system and ecology of d. oligosanthes are likely to affect population genetic structure. first, d. oligosanthes has a mixed mating system resulting from the production of two types of flowers within a single individual: closed, self-fertilizing cleistogamous flowers and open, potentially outcrossing chasmogamous flowers. the chasmogamous flowers form on a terminal panicle in may – june, are open-pollinated for a short time, then close and self-fertilize in the absence of pollination (bell and quinn 1985, freckmann and lelong 2003). the cleistogamous flowers extend from within the sheath and appear from june – november (bell and quinn 1985, freckmann and lelong 2003). grasses in the genus dichanthelium tend to reproduce proportionately more through cleistogamy than through chasmogamy (bell and quinn 1985, bell and quinn 1987). this high rate of self-fertilization should lead to significant spatial genetic structure within populations and genetic differentiation among populations. second, as an element of the tallgrass prairies, d. oligosanthes has a relatively short stature of less than 45 cm. in tallgrass prairies, d. oligosanthes is imbedded within a matrix of the dominant grass species (andropogon gerardii, panicum virgatum, sorgastrum nutans, and schizachyrium scoparium). these dominant grasses can reach heights of up to 2 m (usda, nrcs 2011) and thus may serve as a physical barrier to d. oligosanthes pollen and seed dispersal, further contributing to spatial genetic structure within populations. in contrast to the first two factors, which would tend to increase fine-scale spatial genetic structure within d. oligosanthes populations, one aspect of d. oligosanthes fruit dispersal could lead to reduced genetic structure. in particular, the fruits of d. oligosanthes can disperse great distances when the inflorescence breaks off of the plant, leading to a “tumbleweed” dispersal mechanism (campbell et al. 1983). we examined spatial genetic structure and population differentiation of d. oligosanthes in stillwater, ok. through our study we aimed to answer the following questions: (1) how is genetic diversity distributed spatially within a population of d. oligosanthes? (2) are populations of d. oligosanthes genetically differentiated? to address these questions, we examined genetic diversity in inter-simple sequence repeats (issr )markers in three d. oligosanthes populations. within a single population of d. oligosanthes, we expected genetically related individuals to be aggregated spatially, and thus we expected to find a negative correlation between genetic similarity and geographical distance. among populations of d. oligosanthes, we expected to find a significant degree of genetic differentiation. materials and methods how is genetic diversity distributed spatially within a population of d. olig osanthes? we collected leaf samples from 48 representatives of d. oligosanthes from the southern portion of the oklahoma state university (osu) cross country field south in stillwater, ok (ccs population: 36°08’12.0”n, 97°04’36.6”w; figure 1). thirty-eight of these samples were located across three approximately parallel transects, oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 parkhurst, m. j., et al. 35 each approximately 36 m in length and five to ten m apart. material from an additional ten plants was collected at increasing distances from these transects. locations of all plants were recorded using a trimble 2008 geoxh handheld gps with an external zephyr antenna and were differentially corrected relative to a stationary base station to increase the accuracy of the gps data. the locations of each of the 48 plant samples were mapped on an aerial photograph of the site (see figure 1). we extracted dna from each individual following the procedure of junghans and metzlaff (1990). for each sample, genomic dna concentrations were quantified using nanodrop spectrophotometry and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. we tested 12 issr markers (zietkiewicz et al. 1994) from the ubc primer set #9 (university of british columbia nucleic acid-protein service unit) and successfully amplified five of these via polymerase chain reaction (pcr) (table 1). we ran 10 µl pcrs using 1 μl of diluted genomic dna (from a 1:30 dilution corresponding to 10 to 20 ng of genomic dna), dntps at 100 μm each, issr primer at 0.5 µm, 1x green gotaq® flexi buffer (promega, madison, wi), mgcl2 at 1.5 mm, and 0.6 units of promega go taq polymerase (promega, madison, wi). amplifications were performed in an eppendorf mastercycler pro thermal cycler using the following touchdown conditions: single initial denaturation step at 95˚ c for two minutes; followed by 32 cycles each with three steps: a denaturation step at 94˚ c for 40 seconds, followed by an annealing touchdown step (starting at 56˚ c or 58˚ c, depending on the primer, for two cycles; then 54˚ c or 56˚ c for two cycles to reach 52˚ c or 54˚ c for 28 cycles) for 40 seconds, and an extension step at 72˚ c for 50 seconds; and a final extension at 72˚ c for eight minutes. pcr products were resolved electrophoretically on 1% agarose gels run at 150 v in tbe buffer, visualized by staining with ethidium bromide, and photographed under uv illumination. fragment sizes were estimated using hyper ladder ii (bioline, tauton, ma). issr bands were scored as present or absent for each plant sample. bands were scored and compared by two different people to reduce subjectivity in the scoring procedure. twelve individuals showed poor amplification of some of the issr markers, resulting in missing data in the dataset. as the statistical analyses described below do not allow for missing data, we eliminated these individuals from further analysis. thus, the analysis of genetic structure in the ccs population used a total of 36 individuals. geographical distances between plants were estimated using euclidean distances. genetic similarities between plants were estimated using a matrix of dice genetic similarity coefficients created with the past program (hammer et al. 2001). the dice coefficient, which weighs positive matches between plant samples and ignores negative matches, was used because issrs are dominant markers, and therefore only the presence of a pcr product is meaningful. a mantel test was performed to determine whether there was a relationship between geographical distance and genetic similarity with both the past program and the zt program (bonnet and van der peer 2009), using 10,000 permutations of the data. finally, to examine hierarchal clustering in the samples, we generated an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (upgma) tree of the genetic distance data using the past program (hammer et al. 2001). a bootstrap analysis using 1000 replications was performed to determine the support for the hierarchical clustering. are populations of d. olig osanthes genetically differentiated? to determine whether nearby populations of d. oligosanthes in stillwater, ok are genetically differentiated from one another, we examined the diversity of six issr markers (see table 1) in three populations (figure 2): osu cross country field south (ccs; oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 parkhurst, m. j., et al. 36 36°08’12.0”n, 97°04’36.6”w), osu cross country field north (ccn; 36°08’20.8”n, 97°04’39.9"w), and lakeview road west (lw; 36°08’42.6”n, 97°05’38.9”w). populations ccs and ccn were separated from one another by 0.3 km, ccn and lw by 1.6 km and ccs and lw by 1.8 km. within each of the three populations, we collected leaf material from eight randomly chosen individuals. we extracted dna, amplified issr markers via pcr, and visualized pcr products via gel electrophoresis as described above. we used the program hickory version 1.1 (holsinger and lewis 2003, holsinger et al. 2002) to estimate genetic differentiation among populations of d. oligosanthes. hickory allows for estimation of heterozygosity within populations and genetic differentiation among populations using dominant markers without assuming hardy-weinberg equilibrium (holsinger and lewis 2003, holsinger et al. 2002). this program uses bayesian methods to estimate the average heterozygosity within subpopulations (hs; an analog of the expected heterozygosity) and test for genetic differentiation among populations through the unbiased estimate θii, which is analogous to weir and cockerham’s (1984) fst (holsinger and lewis 2003). θii measures the amount of genetic differentiation among contemporaneous populations (holsinger and lewis 2003); values close to 0 suggest little genetic differentiation between populations (i.e., complete panmixia), whereas values close to one suggest genetic isolation between populations. the d. oligosanthes issr data were fitted to four models: (1) full (uses non-informative priors for f ), (2) f = 0 (assumes no inbreeding; f is analogous to the inbreeding coefficient fis), (3) θ ii = 0 (assumes no population differentiation), and (4) f-free (decouples the estimation of θ ii from the estimation of f ). in each model run, the default parameters were used (burn-in = 5,000; number of samples = 25,000; thinning = 5). the models were compared to one another based on the deviance information criterion (dic) of spiegelhalter et al. (2002) implemented in hickory. the full model best fit our dataset as it provided the lowest dic value; thus, we present the results of the full model in the results section. results how is genetic diversity distributed spatially within a population of d. olig osa nthes? the five issr primers produced a total of 21 loci that could be reliably scored in the ccs population, of which 13 were polymorphic (table 2). the mantel test revealed a non-significant negative relationship between genetic similarity and geographic distances, with a negative correlation between geographical distance and similarity (r = -0.042, p = 0.755). the upgma analysis revealed weak hierarchical clustering among the plant samples, consistent with the results of the mantel test (data not shown). thus, we find no evidence for significant spatial genetic structure in the ccs population of d. oligosanthes. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 parkhurst, m. j., et al. 37 figure 1 map of the oklahoma state university cross country field south (ccs) dichanthelium oligosanthes population in stillwater, ok. yellow points indicate the location of d. oligosanthes plants sampled; base image is an aerial photograph acquired by the usda farm service agency. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 parkhurst, m. j., et al. 38 figure 2 map of dichanthelium oligosanthes populations in stillwater, ok; base image from google earth. ccs = oklahoma state university (osu) cross country field south, ccn = osu cross country field north, lw = lakeview road west. table 1 issr primers used for dna amplification from ubc primer set #9 (university of british columbia nucleic acid-protein service unit). the right-most column indicates whether the given primer was used in the study of genetic diversity in the oklahoma state university cross country field south population of d. oligosanthes (a) and/or the study of genetic differentiation among three stillwater, ok populations of d. oligosanthes (b). primer sequence (5' 3') study using primer ubc – 808 aga gag aga gag aga gc b ubc – 809 aga gag aga gag aga gg a and b ubc – 810 gag aga gag aga gag at a and b ubc – 816 cac aca cac aca cac at a and b ubc – 817 cac aca cac aca cac aa a and b ubc – 818 cac aca cac aca cac ag a and b oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 parkhurst, m. j., et al. 39 table 2 numbers of loci reliably scored, numbers of polymorphic loci, and percentage of polymorphic loci for each of the five issr primers used in the study of genetic diversity in the oklahoma state university cross country field south (ccs) population of d. oligosanthes. primer number of loci reliably scored1 number of reliably scored polymorphic loci percentage polymorphic loci2 ubc – 809 6 3 50.0 ubc – 810 4 2 50.0 ubc – 816 5 2 40.0 ubc – 817 3 3 100.0 ubc – 818 3 3 100.0 total 21 13 61.9 1 for all primers, additional bands were present but could not be reliably scored (i.e., band was weak or too close to adjacent band). the number of loci reliably scored does not include these additional unscored bands. 2 given that bands that could not be reliably scored were excluded from this calculation, this is an approximate percentage of polymorphic loci. table 3 number of loci reliably scored, number of polymorphic loci, and percentage of polymorphic loci for each of the six issr primers used in the study of genetic differentiation among three d. oligosanthes populations in stillwater, ok. primer number of loci reliably scored1 number of reliably scored polymorphic loci percentage polymorphic loci2 ubc 808 13 4 30.8 ubc 809 6 3 50.0 ubc 810 7 5 71.4 ubc 816 8 5 62.5 ubc 817 4 4 100.0 ubc 818 3 3 100.0 total 41 24 58.5 oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 parkhurst, m. j., et al. 40 are populations of d. olig osanthes genetically differentiated? the six issr primers produced a total of 41 loci that could be reliably scored, of which 24 were polymorphic across the three populations (table 3). in the ccs and lw populations 51.2% of the 41 issr loci were polymorphic and in the ccn population 53.7% were polymorphic. the average heterozygosities (hs) within each of the three populations were similar (mean ± s.d.; ccs: 0.36 ± 0.022, ccn: 0.35 ± 0.023, lw: 0.37 ± 0.020), indicating that genetic diversity does not differ drastically among the populations. on average, hs was 0.36 ± 0.016 across the three populations. in the bayesian analysis of population genetic differentiation using the full model, θii (analogous to weir and cockerham’s (1984) fst) was estimated to be 0.134 (s.d. = 0.0428), indicating a moderate proportion of differentiation among populations. discussion given the central role of genetic diversity in the evolutionary process, it is critical to understand how genetic diversity is distributed within and among populations. in this study, we found no evidence for fine-scale spatial genetic structure within a single population of d. oligosanthes. however, we found significant levels of genetic differentiation among three d. oligosanthes populations. below we expand on these findings and discuss potential factors contributing to the patterns of genetic structure and differentiation observed in d. oligosanthes. in the ccs population of d. oligosanthes, we found a negative but non-significant relationship between genetic similarity and geographic separation of plants. the lack of significance is contrary to our expectations, although the trend fits our hypothesis that plants in close spatial proximity to one another were more genetically similar than plants that were more spatially separated. such findings can be contrasted with those of other plant species, such as the selfcompatible annual herb polygonum thunbergii. in this species, konuma and terauchi (2001) found a significant negative correlation between genetic similarity and geographic distance (r = -0.64). the difference in finescale spatial genetic structure of these plant species may be due to differences in seed dispersal. grasses in the genus dichanthelium may disperse fruits over greater distances as the inflorescence breaks off of the plant, leading to a “tumbleweed” dispersal of the fruits (campbell et al. 1983). in contrast, p. thunbergii shows restricted seed dispersal, with seeds being dispersed in close proximity to the maternal plant (konuma and terauchi 2001). an additional factor that may contribute to the non-significant relationship found between genetic similarity and geographic distance in the ccs population of d. oligosanthes is low germination and recruitment of selfed (i.e., cleistogamous) individuals. however, in a related dichanthelium species, d. clandestinum, bell and quinn (1985) found that cleistogamous seeds germinated and emerged, both in the greenhouse and in the field, at a higher rate than chasmogamous seeds. future work is needed in d. oligosanthes to determine whether differences in cleistogamous and chasmogamous germination and recruitment may contribute to the observed patterns in spatial genetic structure. we found significant levels of genetic differentiation among three d. oligosanthes populations. this pattern of genetic differentiation could be due to the cleistogamous mating system of d. oligosanthes. grasses in the genus dichanthelium tend to reproduce proportionately more through cleistogamy than through chasmogamy (bell and quinn 1985, bell and quinn 1987). with elevated levels of inbreeding, genetic differentiation between populations is expected. the differentiation we observed amongst three neighboring populations of d. oligosanthes indicates that it is necessary to oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 parkhurst, m. j., et al. 41 conserve multiple populations of this species to maintain genetic diversity. acknowledgements funding for this study was provided by national science foundation through oklahoma louis stokes alliance for minority participation and oklahoma state university. special thanks to theresa henley for the aerial photograph used as the base for figure 1. literature cited adams, d. e. and l. l. wallace. 1985. nutrient and biomass allocation in five grass species in the oklahoma tallgrass prairie. american midland naturalist 113:170-181. bell, t. j. and j. a. quinn. 1985. relative importance of chasmogamously and cleistogamously derived seeds of dichanthelium clandestinum (l.) gould. botanical gazette 146:252-258. bell, t. j. and j. a. quinn. 1987. effects of soil moisture and light intensity on the chasmogamous and cleistogamous components of reproductive effort of dichanthelium clandestinum populations. canadian journal of botany 65:2243-2249. bonnet, e. and y. van der peer. 2009. zt: a software tool for simple and partial mantel tests. (http://www.psb.ugent.be/ ~erbon/mantel/). campbell, c. s., j. a. quinn, g. p. cheplick, and t. j. bell. 1983. cleistogamy in grasses. annual review of ecology and systematics 14:411-441. epperson, b. k. and t. li. 1997. gene dispersal and spatial genetic structure. evolution 51:672-681. freckmann, r. w. and m. g. lelong. 2003. dichanthelium. m. e. barkworth, k. m. capels, s. long, and m. b. piep (eds.). flora of north america north of mexico, vol. 25. new york. hammer, o., d. a. t. harper, and p. d. ryan. 2001. past: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. paleontologia electronica 4:9. (http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001 _1/past/issue1_01.htm). hamrick, j. l. and j. d. nason. 1996. consequences of dispersal in plants. in: o. e. rhodes, r. k. chesser, and m. h. smith (eds.). population dynamics in ecological space and time. the university of chicago press, chicago, illinois. holsinger, k. e. and p. o. lewis. 2003. hickory: a package for analysis of population genetic data, version 1.1. department of ecology and evolutionary biology, university of connecticut storrs, connecticut. (http://darwin.eeb.uconn.edu/ hickory/hickory.html). holsinger, k. e., p. o. lewis, and d. k. dey. 2002. a bayesian approach to inferring population structure from dominant markers. molecular ecology 11:1157-1164. junghans, h. and m. metzlaff. 1990. a simple and rapid method for the preparation of total plant dna. biotechniques 8:176. kansas state university libraries. 2011. scribner dichanthelium. (m. haddock, editor) retrieved june 29, 2011, from kansas wildflowers and grasses: www.kswildflowers.org. konuma, a. and r. terauchi. 2001. population genetic structure of the selfcompatible annual herb; polygonum thunbergii (polygonaceae) detected by multilocus dna fingerprinting. american midland naturalist 146:22-127. leimu, r., p. mutikainen, j. koricheva, and m. fischer. 2006. how general are positive relationships between plant population size, fitness, and genetic variation. journal of ecology 94:942-952. loiselle, b. a., v. l. sork, j. nason, c. graham. 1995. spatial genetic structure of a tropical understory shrub, psychotria officinalis (rubiaceae). american journal of botany 82:1420-1425. loveless, m. d. and j. l. hamrick. 1984. ecological determinants of genetic oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 parkhurst, m. j., et al. 42 structure of plant populations. annual review of ecology and systematics 15:65-95. miyazaki, y. and y. isagi. 2000. pollen flow and the intrapopulation genetic structure of heloniopsis orientalis on the forest floor as determined using microsatellite markers. theoretical applied genetics 101:718-723. perry, d. j. and p. knowles. 1991. spatial genetic structure within three sugar maple (acer saccharum marsh.) stands. heredity 66:137-142. reed, d. h. and r. frankham. 2003. correlation between fitness and genetic diversity. conservation biology 17:230-237. spiegelhalter, d. j., n. g. best, b. r. carlin, and a. van der linde. 2002. bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. journal of the royal statistical society, b, methodological 64:583-616. usda, nrcs. 2011. the plants database (http://plants.usda.gov, 23 june 2011). national plant data center, baton rouge, la. wagner, v., w. durka, and i. hensen. 2011. increased genetic differentiation but no reduced genetic diversity in peripheral vs. central populations of a steppe grass. american journal of botany 98:1173-1179. weir, b. s. and c. c. cockerham. 1984. estimating f-statistics for the analysis of population structure. evolution 38:13581370. zietkiewicz, e., a. rafalski, and d. labuda. 1994. genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (ssr)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. genomics 20:176–183. spatial genetic structure of the tallgrass prairie grass dichanthelium oligosanthes (scribner’s panicum) by ms. molly j. parkhurst, dr. andrew doust, dr. margarita mauro-herrera,dr. janette a. steets, and dr. jeffrey m. byrnes oklahoma native plant record, volume 11, number 1, december 2011 oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 smith, m. & mckenzie, p. m. 22 sch oenoplectus h allii, s. saxim on t anus, and the putative s. h allii × s. saxim ontanus hybrid: observations from the wichita mountains wildlife refuge and the fort sill military reservation 2002 – 2010 marian smith paul m. mckenzie southern illinois state university u.s. fish and wildlife service edwardsville, il 62025 101 park deville drive, suite a msmith@siue.edu columbia, mo 65203 keywords: schoenoplectus, hybridization, manag ement abstract schoenoplectus hallii, s. saximontanus, and the putative s. hallii × s. saximontanus hybrid are obligate wetland sedges that occur in the sparsely vegetated margins of ponds, ditches or swales with fluctuating water levels. the species are amphicarpic and have easily identified differences between spikelet and basal achenes. we surveyed selected sites at the refuge in 2001, 2002, and 2007 – 2010, surveyed 4 sites on the fort sill military reservation in 2009 and 2010, and collected voucher specimens from all populations. scanning electron microsope (sem) photographs of spikelet and basal achenes indicate distinct morphological differences between species and the presence of “winged” ridges on s. saximontanus. field observations indicated that populations at all sites vary in size and species distribution annually, and that both parental species appeared to be declining in number. we concluded that in populations where s. hallii and s. saximontanus co-occur, hybridization may be a threat to one or both parental species. the distribution of achenes by waterfowl and ungulates indicates that management to prevent establishment of mixed populations, and therefore hybridization, is not practical. we recommend that s. hallii be evaluated for federal listing under the endangered species act, a range-wide assessment be completed for s. saximontanus, and that all sites with mixed populations should be examined for the presence of hybrids. introduction schoenoplectus hallii (a. gray) s .g. sm. and s. saximontanus (fernald) raynal are sedge species that were once thought to be separated geographically, with s. hallii present in the midwest and eastern u. s. and s. saximontanus largely confined to the west (gleason and cronquist 1991, beatty et al. 2004). schoenoplectus hallii has a global ranking of g2 (imperiled). it is listed as “critically imperiled” in eight of the 12 states in which it occurs (natureserve 2010) and as “imperiled” or “vulnerable” in three other states. herbarium records indicate that it had been reported from georgia and massachusetts prior to 1981 (mckenzie et al. 2007), but those populations are thought to have been extirpated (natureserve 2010, mckenzie et al. 2007). schoenoplectus saximontanus has a global ranking of g5 (secure) (natureserve 2010), but it is listed as “critically imperiled” in british columbia as well as in seven of the 12 states where it occurs. it has been reported from two states in mexico (flora of north america 2002). throughout its range, s. saximontanus is considered to be an uncommon species https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100082 oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 smith, m. & mckenzie, p. m. 23 whose distribution is scattered (flora of north america 2002). schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus are obligate wetland species that have similar habitat requirements: most often sandy, rocky, or gravelly soil, occasionally clay, around the margins of ponds, ditches and swales with fluctuating water levels, and a scarcity of other plants as competitors (flora of north america 2002, mckenzie et al. 2007). they most commonly complete their life cycle as annuals, but short-lived perennials have been reported from texas (o’kennon and mclemore 2004). both species have 2-3 small basal leaves and tufted stems ~4-40 cm long with small, inconspicuous rhizomes. the species are amphicarpic (having two distinct types of achenes), with numerous inflorescences on aerial stems containing perfect flowers and occasional, pistillate flowers enclosed in a leaf sheath at the plant base. it is difficult to distinguish between the species from vegetative characteristics alone. achenes of s. hallii are 2-sided, and flowers have 2lobed styles; whereas, achenes of s. saximontanus are distinctly 3-sided, and flowers have 3-lobed styles (flora of north america 2002). achenes of both species have transverse ridging, and magrath (2002) reported that the ridges on s. saximontanus were “winged;” whereas, those on s. hallii were smooth. this character had not been reported prior to his 2002 publication. both species have been reported from five states (ks, mo, ne, ok, and tx) (o’kennon and mclemore 2004, mckenzie et al. 2007, natureserve 2010); however, only oklahoma (magrath 2002), kansas (c. freeman, pers. comm. 2006), and texas (bob o’kennon, pers. comm. 2007) have sites with mixed populations (magrath 2002, smith et al. 2004). although s. saximontanus occurs in eight counties in ok, it only co-occurs with s. hallii in comanche county (oklahoma vascular plant database 2006). in 2000, 134 sites at the wichita mountains wildlife refuge (wmwr) in comanche county were surveyed for s. hallii and s. saximontanus by dr. larry magrath and personnel from the refuge (magrath 2002). in august 2001, m. smith and p. mettler-cherry re-examined the population sites surveyed by magrath in 2000, and in subsequent years, 2002 and 2007 – 2010, the authors conducted surveys of selected sites at the refuge and fort sill military reservation (fsmr). during the 2001 survey, m. smith noted what appeared to be plants containing achenes that were intermediate between the two species, i.e., some appeared to be 2sided like those of s. hallii, except the usually flat or convex side contained a conspicuous bulge, and the achenes often had the “winged” appearance reported by magrath (2002). some plants had both 2 and 3-sided achenes, some with, and some without “winged ridges.” other individuals produced only a few viable-looking achenes, with the majority of inflorescences bearing a preponderance of aborted achenes. smith interpreted these anomalies as suggestive of hybridization between s. hallii and s. saximontanus. the objectives of this report are to discuss the results of a seed bank study for three sites conducted in 2001; to provide photographic documentation of the wingedridge appearance of s. saximontanus achenes reported by magrath (2002); to summarize field observations made during visits to wmwr in 2002 and 2007 – 2010 and fsmr in 2009 and 2010; and to discuss the presence of putative hybrids of s. hallii and s. saximontanus and potential conservation concerns associated with hybridization among rare species. botanical nomenclature listed in this report follows yatskievych and turner (1990) except for marsilea vestita which follows diggs et al. (1999), eleocharis coloradoensis which follows smith (flora of north america 2002), and eleocharis ovata which follows yatskievych (1999). oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 smith, m. & mckenzie, p. m. 24 characteristics of spikelet and basal achenes in july 2001, spikelet and basal achenes were collected from individuals of s. hallii and s. saximontanus for scanning electron microscopy (sem) examination of achene surfaces and cross-sectional shape. seeds were mounted onto aluminum stubs using double-stick transfer tabs (electron microscopy sciences) and examined with a hitachi s2460n variable pressure sem at 30 kv and 20 pa pressure. images were digitally recorded using a noran voyager iii interface. for achene cross-sectional views, plastic blocks containing embedded specimens were sectioned until a transverse median section was obtained. both species exhibit transverse ridges (figure 1 a – h) as described in flora of north america (flora of north america 2002) and flora of the great plains (great plains flora association 1986), except that the distinct difference between ridge morphology in s. hallii compared to s. saximontanus (see figure 1 a – h) is not discussed in either account. in flora of the great plains (1986), the achenes of both species were described simply as having “transverse ridges,” and no description of the amphicarpic (basal) achenes was provided. in flora of north america (2002), spikelet achenes of both species were described as having “mostly sharp ridges.” the basal achenes of s. hallii were described as “rugose with rounded edges,” and this is confirmed by the sems in this article, but basal achenes of s. saximontanus were characterized in flora of north america (2002) as “with obscure to evident horizontal ridges.” the sems portrayed in figure 1 (a – h) illustrate a distinctive species-difference in ridge shape on spikelet achenes and depict the basal achenes in s. saximontanus as having distinct, sharp ridges (see figure 1 f, h). ridges on spikelet achenes in s. saximontanus, compared to s. hallii, are sharper and more elaborate in design, resulting in the “winged” appearance described by magrath (2002). ridges on basal achenes are subtle and incomplete in s. hallii (see figure 1 e, g), but prominent, more complete, and “winged” in s. saximontanus (see figure 1 f, h). figure 1 surface views of front (a) and opposite (c) sides of spikelet achene of s. hallii and front (b) and opposite (d) sides of spikelet achene of s. saximontanus. front (e) and opposite (g) sides of basal achene of s. hallii and front (f) and opposite (h) sides of basal achene of s. saximontanus. bars = 130 μm figure 2 (a – b) illustrates the often described cross-sectional shape of spikelet achenes: “plano-convex” (flora of north america 2002) for s. hallii (see figure 2 a) oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 smith, m. & mckenzie, p. m. 25 and “equilaterally, sharply trigonous,” (flora of north america 2002) for s. saximontanus (see figure 2 b). magnified views of surface features (figure 2 e – h) in both types of achenes reinforce the differences in surface ridges between the two species shown in figure 1. ridges in s. hallii spikelet achenes (see figure 2 e) are not sharp compared to the elaborate, sharp-tipped wings of s. saximontanus (see figure 2 f). surfaces of the basal achene of s. hallii (see figure 2 g) are mostly absent of ridges, but those of s. saximontanus (see figure 2 h) are prominent and elaborate, although not quite as sharp as in the spikelet achene. figure 2 cross-sectional views of spikelet (a) and basal (c) achenes of schoenoplectus hallii and spikelet (b) and basal achenes (d) of s. saximontanus. bars = 100 μm. surface views of ridges of spikelet (e) and basal (g) achenes of s. hallii. surface views of ridges of spikelet (f) and basal (h) achenes of s. saximontanus. bars = 20 μm soil seed bank study of 2001 in 2001, 15 plants were selected at each of three sites that had been included in magrath’s 2002 report (boggy flat, quanah parker lake, and hollis lake at wmwr), and soil cores (1.75 cm × 8 cm) were collected and separated into 2 cm sections. achenes were recovered, counted, and separated by species and soil depth. achenes were tested for viability as in malone (1967); all achenes were viable. eighty-six percent of the achenes were contained within the first 2 cm of the soil. all three sites had achenes of both species present in the soil; however, at the time of the site visit, extant populations at boggy flats appeared to have only s. saximontanus and hollis lake had only s. hallii. both species were present in the extant population at quanah parker. the presence of viable achenes of s. hallii and s. saximontanus in the soil at all three sites indicates either the undetected presence of both species during the site visit or the existence of both species at each site in previous years. as achenes of these species may remain dormant and viable for extended periods (mcclain et al. 1997), their presence in the above-ground population might have occurred many years in the past and the current extant population may reflect an increase in one species and a decline or elimination of the other. field observations 2002, 2007 – 2010 in 2002, the authors visited selected sites at wmwr (table) and specimens of schoenoplectus were collected from five sites where s. hallii or s. saximontanus had been previously collected or reported (magrath 2002). field and laboratory observations indicated that the achenes of most spikelets of s. hallii and s. saximontanus were mature and exhibited characteristics typical for the species as described in the introduction; oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 smith, m. & mckenzie, p. m. 26 however, some achenes of the presumed s. hallii and s. saximontanus hybrids appeared to be abortive or malformed, while other putative hybrids produced both fully developed 2and 3-sided achenes. individuals of the putative hybrids were noticeably taller with longer inflorescences than either parent, and the spikelet scales were conspicuously brownish-orange (smith et al. 2004). specimens were sent to dr. alfred schuyler, dr. s. galen smith, and dr. anton rezniceik for verification. the presence of a putative hybrid (mckenzie #2028) was independently confirmed by each scientist based on morphological characters (smith et al. 2004). subsequent visits to wmwr and fsmr were made to collect material for a future genetic analysis. the only site to be visited every year from 2007 – 2010 was medicine tank at wmwr; therefore, we will discuss some apparent trends in population size and species distribution at that site. in 2002, s. hallii was abundant and concentrated on the west shore of the pond while s. saximontanus was abundant on the south and east shore (see table). the putative hybrid was scattered but present in various locations. in contrast, populations of all three species were abundant and widely distributed along the shore in 2007. in 2008, populations of s. hallii and s. saximontanus, although present at the site (see table), appeared to be smaller and more restricted than in 2002 and 2007. as in 2007, s. hallii and s. saximontanus were scattered along the entire pond margin without any noticeable concentration at different shore edges; however, the putative s. hallii × s. saximontanus hybrids were more abundant and concentrated along the northwest shore (see table). in 2009, the water level at medicine tank was lower than had been observed on previous visits, and there was a noticeable reduction in population size of s. hallii and s. saximontanus, especially the latter which was scattered and extremely rare. the putative hybrid was common and the population had expanded beyond the northwest shore (see table). schoenoplectus hallii was rare at medicine tank in 2010, and s. saximontanus, which had been present in previous years, was notably absent. conversely, the putative hybrid was abundant (see table) and had apparently overtaken habitat around the pond that had been previously occupied by s. hallii or s. saximontanus. in addition to medicine tank, we visited three other sites in 2009 at wmwr, and water levels were lower at all of them than in previous years. ponds that were composed mostly of hardened clay were lacking, or had very few, schoenoplectus individuals (ingram pond and rock dam), but ponds that had rocks, cobble, and/or sand had healthy flowering and fruiting plants (medicine tank, quanah parker lake), although in reduced numbers compared to 2007 and 2008 (see table). no bulrushes were observed at two sites where s. saximontanus was found in 2007 (boggy flat and unnamed pond ~1.5 mi east, see table). in 2010, we collected s. saximontanus from grama lake, which was the only time we documented any bulrush at this site during our visits between 2001 and 2010. other sites were visited and vouchers were collected at wmwr from 2007 – 2010 as noted in the table. we visited four sites at fsmr in 2009 and two sites in 2010 and documented the presence of s. hallii, s. saximontanus, and putative s. hallii × s. saximontanus hybrids at the reservation in both years. in 2009, s. hallii was found at all four sites, and s. saximontanus and the putative hybrid were present at two (see table). in 2010 s. hallii and s. saximontanus had disappeared from pottawatomie pond and the putative hybrid had increased in number (see table). schoenoplectus spp. observed at fsmr were all at ponds that had a sandy or gravelly shoreline. our collections constitute the first documented records of s. hallii, s. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 smith, m. & mckenzie, p. m. 27 saximontanus, and the putative hybrids from fsmr and confirm the predictions of magrath (2002) that the two parent species would likely be discovered at fort sill. habitat and plant associates schoenoplectus hallii, s. saximontanus, and putative s. hallii × s. saximontanus hybrids occurred along the edges of ponds and lakes at wmwr and at fsmr that had receding shorelines. very little vegetation competed with the schoenoplectus spp. in the narrow marginal areas along the water’s edge. although the majority of populations of schoenoplectus occurred in sandy or gravelly/rocky soil, a few were found on clay substrates. many sites were heavily grazed by elk, bison, or longhorn cattle, and the soil was significantly trampled by ungulates or disturbed by foraging feral hogs. plant associates varied widely from site to site and included the following species: ammannia coccinea rottb., bacopa rotundifolia (michx.) wettst., bergia texana (hook.) seub. ex walp., cyperus acuminatus torr. & hook. ex torr., c. difformis l., c. setigerus torr. & hook., c. squarrosus l., eclipta prostrata (l.) l., eleocharis acicularis (l.) roem. & schult., e. atropurpurea (retz.) j. presl. & c. presl., e. coloradoensis (britt.) gilly, e. ovata (roth) roem. & schult., e. parvula (roem. & schult.) link ex bluff, nees & schauer, juncus spp., justicia americana (l.) vahl, lindernia dubia (l.) pennell, marsilea vestita hook. & grev., panicum scoparium lam., paspalidium geminatum (forssk.) stapf., var. geminatum, phyla nodiflora (l.) greene, pilularia americana a. braun, tribulus terrestris l., and xanthium strumarium l. discussion we observed culms of s. saximontanus, s. hallii, and the putative hybrid flowering and producing viable fruit from july through mid-october, indicating that they are able to do so anytime during the growing season when conditions for germination and growth are favorable (baskin et al. 2003). at all four sites where s. hallii and s. saximontanus occur in mixed populations, the putative hybrid was present (medicine tank, quanah parker lake, zania pond, and pottawatomie pond) (see table), suggesting that hybridization is a definite possibility in any mixed population. soil cores collected in 2001 from boggy flat and hollis lake appeared to contain achenes of both s. hallii and s. saximontanus, but as hybrids had not been verified at the time the cores were processed, it is possible that hybrid seed might have been present. in any case, it is likely that in some years individuals of both species (and possibly those of the putative hybrid) may emerge at those sites in the future. schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus cooccur at rhodes lake, tx where they are on opposite ends of the reservoir (robert o’kennon, pers. comm. oct. 2007); however, the ease with which waterfowl may transport achenes for long distances (devlaming and proctor 1968; powers et al. 1978) suggests that the species may form a mixed population in the near future. historically, s. hallii and s. saximontanus were apparently allopatric and likely came in contact with one another via the muddy feet of migrating waterfowl, as suggested by mcclain et al. (1997) and beatty et al. (2004). it was postulated by magrath (2002) that large herbivores such as bison and other animals were dispersal agents for achenes of s. hallii and s. saximontanus at wmwr. our observations support the possibility of elk and bison as dispersal agents, as hoofprints of both were evident at every site. as neither elk nor bison are common at fsmr, we propose that achenes of the two species at the reservation are more likely to have been transported among ponds via waterfowl, white-tail deer, and feral hogs. toni hodgkins, naturalist at fsmr, reported that feral hogs equipped oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 smith, m. & mckenzie, p. m. 28 with radio transmitters were documented moving to and from the reservation and noted that 1200 pigs had been captured in less than a year (toni hodgkins, pers. comm. 2010). there is an historical site in kansas where s. hallii and s. saximontanus were known to be sympatric in 1997, but craig freeman at the university of kansas examined the voucher specimens from the site in 2006 and did not note any evidence of hybridization (craig freeman, pers. comm. 2006). nevertheless, it would be advisable to continue to monitor these areas in ks and tx to further assess the incidence of hybridization in mixed populations. we suggest that when viewing live material in the field, or when examining dried voucher specimens, a thorough evaluation of multiple spikelets from different plants is necessary for reliable identification of plants collected from populations where s. hallii and s. saximontanus co-occur. spikelets should be carefully examined for the presence of mixed style numbers, abortive achenes, or abnormally shaped, 2or 3-sided achenes. some spikelets that have achenes characteristic of one species may have an achene that would be better identified as the other species. thus, the failure to examine multiple spikelets from different plants may result in a premature determination of specimens collected from mixed populations. the presence of s. hallii × s. saximontanus hybrids at wmwr and fsmr may threaten the long term persistence of s. hallii and s. saximontanus in ok and constitute a threat to the conservation of the species in north america. according to conservation geneticists, the possible dangers of hybridization are numerous and pose a serious threat to the survival of rare species that hybridize with a closely related congener (levin et al. 1996). although the extinction of rare species typically is attributed to environmental change that renders the habitat unsuitable (harrison 1991; national research council 1995), hybridization may have a profound effect on the persistence of a species (rieseberg 1991; ellstrand 1992; rieseberg and linder 1999). hybrids compete for space and resources with parental species and reduce the potential for plants to replace themselves, thereby inhibiting the growth of their populations – the lower the rate of population growth, the greater the potential for extinction in a variable environment (menges 1992). the numerical disadvantage of a rare species is compounded by the proliferation of fertile hybrids (rhymer and symberloff 1996). if one of the species is rarer than the other, the addition of hybrids to a population containing congeners decreases the proportional representation of the less abundant parent. in time, backcrossing can result in the assimilation of the rare species whose genetic identity will become extinct, and, over evolutionary time, the dna of the former rare species may be lost from the gene pool altogether (rieseberg et al. 1996). in the case of s. hallii and s. saximontanus in ok, both of which appear to be rare, it is possible that although much of the dna of both species may survive, the two species may be subsumed into a new species with a new genetic identity. future actions because of the impossibility of controlling achene dispersal-agents at wmwr and fsmr, it is unlikely that management to prevent hybridization is possible. we recommend, however, that monitoring of the populations of schoenoplectus at wmwr and fsmr be continued to confirm or dismiss the importance of hybridization as a threat in the area. given the documented hybridization between s. hallii and s. saximontanus in oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 smith, m. & mckenzie, p. m. 29 oklahoma and the identification of new threats to s. hallii in illinois (mckenzie et al. 2010), the species should be re-evaluated as a possible candidate for federal listing under the endangered species act. no range-wide status assessment exists for s. saximontanus, and as noted in the introduction, the species is critically imperiled in seven of the 12 states where it has been documented. we recommend that a thorough analysis of the distribution and size of populations of s. saximontanus be made, and that potential threats to the species be assessed. further studies may provide evidence that this species may also warrant protection under the endangered species act. acknowledgments the observations reported in this paper could not have been made without the help of a large number of friends and colleagues. we thank dr. paige mettler-cherry and dr. nancy parker for their company during our many trips to oklahoma, their help in the field, and their advice on schoenoplectus issues in general. sam waldstein, former refuge manager, was essential to our project and, without his help during our first visit in 2001 our work at wmwr would not have been possible. dr. larry magrath served as our inspiration to undertake this work, generously shared his observations from 2000, and allowed us to view the voucher specimens at the usao herbarium. robert o’kennon of brit spent a day with us in pouring rain, cheerfully taking us to the schoenoplectus sites he had recently discovered in north central texas. volunteer donna phillips took the time during our subsequent visits to wmwr to help us locate small ponds in the research area. at fort sill, fsmr biologist toni hodgkins enabled us to visit ponds and search for schoenoplectus during our 2009 and 2010 visits to the lawton area. literature cited baskin, c. c., j. m. baskin, e. w. chester, and m. smith. 2003. ethylene as a possible cue for seed germination of schoenoplectus hallii (cyperaceae), a rare summer annual of occasionally flooded sites. american journal of botany 90:620-627. beatty, b. l., w. f. jennings, and r. c. rawlinson. 2004. schoenoplectus hallii (gray) s.g. sm. (hall’s bulrush): a technical conservation assessment. prepared for the usda forest service, rocky mountain region, species conservation report. peer review administered by center for plant conservation, st. louis, missouri. devlaming, v. and v. w. proctor. 1968. dispersal of aquatic organisms: viability of seeds recovered from the droppings of captive killdeer and mallard ducks. american journal of botany 55:20-26. diggs, g. m. jr., b. l. lipscomb, m. d. reed, and r. j. o’kennon. 1999. illustrated flora of north central texas. sida, botanical miscellany 16:1-1626. elstrand, n. c. 1992. gene flow by pollen: implications for plant conservation genetics. oikos 63:77-93. flora of north america editorial committee, eds. 2002. vol. 2. magnoliophyta: commelinidae (in part): cyperaceae. oxford university press, new york. gleason, h. a. and a. cronquist. 1991. manual of vascular plants of northeastern united states and adjacent canada, ed. 2. new york botanical garden, bronx. great plains flora association. 1986. r. l. mcgregor, coordinator; t. m. barkley, r. e. brooks, and e. k. schofield (eds.) flora of the great plains. university press of kansas, lawrence. harrison, s. 1991. local extinction in a metapopulation context: an empirical evaluation. biological journal of linnean society 3-88. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 smith, m. & mckenzie, p. m. 30 levin, d. a., j. francisco-ortega, and r. k. jansen. 1996. hybridization and the extinction of rare plant species. conservation biology 10:10-16. magrath, l. k. 2002. schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus. 2000 wichita mountain wildlife refuge survey. oklahoma native plant record 2:54-62. malone, c. r. 1967. a rapid method for enumeration of viable seeds in soil. weeds 15:381-382. mcclain, w. e., r. d. mcclain, and j. e. ebinger. 1997. flora of temporary sand ponds in cass and mason counties, illinois. castanea 62:65-73. mckenzie, p. m., s. g. smith, and m. smith. 2007. status of schoenoplectus hallii (hall’s bulrush) (cyperaceae) in the united states. journal botanical research institute of texas 1:457-481. mckenzie, p. m., m. smith, and t. kelley. 2010. observations of hall’s bulrush (schoenoplectus hallii) (cyperaceae) in mason county illinois in 2009. transactions of illinois state academy of science 103:97-108. menges, e. s. 1992. stochastic modeling of extinction in plant populations. in: fiedler and jain, eds. conservation biology, pp. 253-275. chapman and hall, new york. national research council. 1995. science and the endangered species act. national academy press, washington, dc. natureserve. 2010. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [web application]. version 5.0 natureserve, arlington, virginia. available at: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (accessed: feb 2010) o’kennon, r. j. and c. mclemore. 2004. schoenoplectus hallii (cyperaceae), a globally threatened species new for texas. sida 21:1201-1204. oklahoma vascular plant database. 2006. http://www.coordinatesolutions.com/o vpd/ovpd.aspx. (accessed: feb 2010) powers, k. d., r. e. noble, and r. h. chabreck. 1978. seed distribution by waterfowl in southwestern louisiana. journal of wildlife management 42:598-605. rhymer, j. m. and d. simberloff. 1996. extinction by hybridization and introgression. annual review of ecological systems 27:83-109. rieseberg, l. h. 1991. hybridization in rare plants: insights from case studies in cerocarpus and helianthus. d. a. falk and k. e. holsinger, eds. in: genetics and conservation of rare plants, pp. 171-181. oxford university press, new york. rieseberg, l. h. and c. r. linder. 1999. hybrid classification: insights from genetic map-based studies of experimental hybrids. ecology 80:361370. rieseberg, l. h., b. sinervo, c. r. linder, m. c. ungerer, and d. m. arias. 1996. role of gene interactions in hybrid speciation: evidence from ancient and experimental hybrids. science 272:741645. smith, m., p. mckenzie, p. mettler-cherry, and s. g. smith. 2004. a putative hybrid of schoenoplectus saximontanus and s. hallii (cyperaceae) from oklahoma. sida 21:475-479. yatskievych, g. 1999. steyermark’s flora of missouri – volume 1 – revised ed. missouri department of conservation, jefferson city. yatskievych, g. and j. turner. 1990. catalogue of the flora of missouri. monograph systematic botany, missouri botanical garden 37:1-345. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 smith, m. & mckenzie, p. m. 31 table schoenoplectus hallii (sh), s. saximontanus (ss), and putative hybrid (hy) at wichita mountain wildlife refuge (wmwr) and fort sill military reservation (fsmr) at selected sites: 2002, 2007-2010; boggy flat (bf), elmer thomas (et), engineer pond (ep), grama lake (gl), hollis pond (hl), ingram pond (ip), medicine tank (mt), pottawatomie pond (pp), quanah parker lake (qpl), rock dam (rd), zania pond (zp) date area site species collected *collection # abundance july 2002 wmwr hp sh 2023 ~100 flowering and fruiting culms mt sh 2029 abundant on w shore ss 2027 abundant on s & e shore hy 2028 scattered ip sh 2031 ~ 200 plants scattered et sh 2035 ~ 200 plants scattered bf ss 2026 abundant100,000s of plants oct 2007 wmwr mt sh 2315 common, widely distributed ss 2316 common, widely distributed hy 2317 common, scattered bf ss 2313 ~ 100 plants scattered rd ss 2318 ~ 10,000s plants pond e of rd ss 2314 ~ 100 plants scattered sep 008 wmwr mt sh 2349 thinly scattered ss 2350 thinly scattered hy 2351 concentrated along nw corner of pond aug 2009 wmwr mt sh 2391 uncommon, scattered ss 2392 rare hy 2393 common ip sh 2395 uncommon, scattered qpl sh 2406 rare ss hy 2407 2408 rare, scattered uncommon, scattered rd ss 2390 rare oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 smith, m. & mckenzie, p. m. 32 table continued date area site species collected *collection # abundance aug 2009 fsmr et sh 2397 30 plants, scattered ep sh 2399 50 plants, scattered zp sh 2400 rare ss 2401 rare hy 2402 common pp sh 2403 abundant ss 2404 uncommon, scattered hy 2405 abundant sep 2010 wmwr mt sh 2459 rare hy 2406 common rd ss 2457 uncommon, scattered; heavily grazed gl ss 2464 uncommon, scattered sep 2010 fsmr et sh 2462 uncommon, scattered pp hy 2461 ~10,000s plants *collections were sent to one or more of the following herbaria: brit, mich, mo, okl, wisc, umo schoenoplectus hallii, s. saximontanus, and the putative s. hallii ×s. saximontanus hybrid: observations from the wichita mountains wildlife refugeand the fort sill military reservation 2002 – 2010 by dr. marian smith and dr. paul m. mckenzie journal of the oklahoma native plant society volume 12, december 2012 oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 12, december 2012 foreword this year’s oklahoma native plant record is all about learning from history. publishing dr. marilyn semtner’s 1972 master’s thesis this year offers us an opportunity to gain another perspective on why some introduced species become invasive in natural habitats where others do not. as the oklahoma invasive plant council, formed in 2008, seeks ways to guide our state agencies to determine best practices for preserving our native plant species, research like this, both old and new, can inform policy decisions. mr. randall ledford has collected extensive information regarding use of oklahoma’s native plant species by the pawnee native americans. he gives us a preliminary plant list that is sure to become part of an important resource that can be used in pawnee cultural education and by ethnobotanists. with full respect for the pawnee culture, his list includes scientific names as well as pawnee names and descriptions of uses that have been carefully researched and whose content has been approved by the pawnee elders. we are hoping to build interest and anticipation in this area of social and botanical research overlap. his goal is to collect and organize a larger body of this little known ethnobotany for wider dissemination dr. gloria caddell and ms. kristi rice have provided us with the long anticipated flora of alabaster caverns state park. it also compares flora in those gypsum outcrops with two other previous studies done ten years ago at selman living lab in woodward county and on a ranch in major county. teaching and inspiring botany students at mcloud high school and at the university of oklahoma biological station, dr. bruce smith has contributed several articles to the record in the past. this year he offers us a comparison study of two oak forests based on data collected by his students. engaging his students in plant distribution and ecological studies, he strives to fulfill our need to collect and preserve data for the future — a future history, to be used by future scientists. this year our “critics’ choice essay” is from dr. wayne elisens. he tells us how new software and digitization methods are bringing new light to historical collections, virtually. herbaria are making specimen data and images globally accessible. we will be able to see and learn from historical and current collections from all over the world. the oklahoma native plant record will keep passing on the science and building on what we know. we do not want to lose, or fail to learn, what future generations will need to know to keep oklahoma’s native plant species thriving in oklahoma. as our practice of publishing historical, unpublished work shows, we believe in the importance of historical studies and how they can inform current science policies and future research. moving into the future, all previous volumes of the record are now available on the internet at http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/index.php/index, and it is listed on the directory of open access journals through http://www.doaj.org. sheila strawn managing editor http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/index.php/index http://www.doaj.org/ journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 2, number 1, december 2002 64 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 the nature conservency’s pontatoc ridge preserve, johnston county entrance to pontotoc ridge preserve (photo by patricia folley) wildflower community on exposed limestone formation at pontotoc ridge preserve (photo by patricia folley) johnson, f.l. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100014 oklahoma native plant record 65 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100014 pontotoc ridge floristic survey: 1999 transcribed with later additions forrest l. johnson oklahoma biological survey patricia folley (ed.) president, oklahoma native plant society in 1997, the oklahoma biological survey and the oklahoma native plant society undertook an unusual joint project: the surveying of the plant resources of a preserve recently acquired by the nature conservancy. in part this was because of the deep attachment of some of the participants for this nearby and very interesting place. during the early exploration of the “smith ranch site”, as it was called, amateurs and interns were brought in to call out the names of plants as they walked, or in some cases, rode past in trucks. as a rapid assessment, that was probably a good thing, but it certainly wasn’t scientific, and none of those names called could be verified for publication. the biological survey allotted the necessary manpower and equipment to conduct a survey structured after the ones being done for several military bases in the area. frequent, disciplined visits were made to view the diverse habitats as the plants thereon developed over the course of the growing year. one or two specimens of each species was taken, processed, identified and preserved in a public herbarium for the use of future researchers. the herbarium chosen was the robert bebb herbarium (okl) at the university of oklahoma, host institution for the biological survey. 2002 introduction forrest johnson of the biological survey, patricia folley of the oklahoma native plant society and a co-editor of the flora of oklahoma project, and two fieldassistants, newell mccarty and deborah benesh from the university of oklahoma’s bebb herbarium carried out the fieldwork for the survey. almost all processing of specimens, including identification, was done by the late dr. johnson. folley made the identifications of the specimens of sedges, and benesh and johnson maintained the databaseand prepared labels. eventually, over 500 specimens were mounted and placed in the herbarium. also included in the survey is plantago rugelii, which was collected by patricia folley in 1993 when the site was still known as “smith ranch”. since the survey folley and others have added a few species, similarlydocumented, to those surveyed in 1997. they are identified by a later collection date in the inventory. no natural living place can ever be fully documented and there are still species known to exist in that preserve that have not yet been found in flowering or fruiting condition. it will no doubt provide interesting work for our successors. after the original introduction was written, an infestation of lespedeza cuneata (serecia lespedeza) proliferated in the old pastures and a program of removal was begun. the research team is indebted to the kindness and assistance so generously contributed by tnc’s on-site managers, jim and hollie erwin. 66 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 introduction in the growing season (march october) of 1997, the nature conservancy’s pontotoc ridge preserve was visited approximately every two weeks by a team of botanists from the oklahoma native plant society and the oklahoma biological survey for the purpose of preparing an inventory of the plant species on the preserve. two to four persons on each visit examined several sites on the preserve. the number and location of sites varied with the condition of the primitive roads on the property. when roads were muddy, we collected plants at three or four sites along the west side of the preserve. when the roads were dry enough, we visited several widely separated sites spread over the whole property. at each collecting site members of the team walked separate paths through the area. any plant in flower or fruit that was not on a list of the plants previously collected or which could not be positively identified was collected. some trees and shrubs that are usually identified by their leaves, buds, etc., were collected without flowers or fruits. each specimen was pressed, dried, and fumigated to eliminate insects. then they were stored in the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma. the specimens were identified with the keys and descriptions in flora of the great plains (great plains flora association, 1986, university press of kansas, lawrence) and keys to the flora of oklahoma, (u. t. waterfall, 1973, published by the author, stillwater, ok), then confirmed by comparison with known specimens in the bebb herbarium. the specimens from pontotoc ridge will remain in the bebb herbarium and become part of its permanent collection. several plant names have been changed since the publication of keys to the flora of oklahoma and flora of the great plains. names in our list names comply with the plants online database: plants.usda.gov/ plants/qurymenu.html , maintained by the u.s. department of agriculture, natural resources conservation service. we included johnson, f.l. both the old and new names for a few plants that have had recent name changes. the older name is listed in brackets below the new name. two status and 17 habit categories are defined by the national list of scientific plant names (1982, u.s.d.a. soil conservation service publication scs-tp-159, washington, d.c.) they are applied as appropriate for each species. the categories and representative symbols used to define status categories are: (n) native and (i) introduced. habit is represented by one or more of the following: (a) annual; (b) biennial; (p) perennial; (f) herbaceous; (s) shrub; (t) tree; (g) grasslike; (h) partly woody; (w) woody; ($) succulent; (v) vine; (z) submersed; (e) emergent; (l) floating; (@) tree epiphyte; (+) parasitic; and (_) saprophytic. this information is determined by examining the specimens and consulting the designated floras. these symbols are combined into a convenient status/habit code for each species. for example, npg = native perennial grasslike; nt = native tree, etc. in the 1997 growing season, we collected 399 species in 261 genera and 79 families. about a third of the species found were in the three common great plains families: asteraceae (composites); poaceae (grasses) and fabaceae (legumes). only about 6 percent of the species are exotic and none of the exotic species is conspicuous or seems to present a threat to the native vegetation. no truly rare plants were found, although penstemon oklahomensis (s3) and echinocereus riechenbachii (s2) are present. based on previous experience, we are likely to have found about 80% of the total plant species present at pontotoc ridge. there are probably about 500 plant species in the area. some perennial plant species do not flower every year, and some annuals vary greatly in abundance from year to year. continued investigation will result in more species being found. several field trips to pontotoc ridge are planned in 1998. oklahoma native plant record 67 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. pontotoc ridge floristic survey acanthaceae (acanthus) ruellia humilis nutt. npf 29 may, 10 sep 1997 low ruellia infrequent, prairie ruellia strepens l. npf 29 may 1997 limestone ruellia aceraceae (maple) acer negundo l. nt 18 jul 1997 box elder infrequent, floodplain forest agavaceae (yucca, agave family) yucca glauca nuttall ns (not yet collected) common yucca infrequent, uplands anacardiaceae (sumac, poison ivy) rhus aromatica ait. ns 28 mar, 18 jul 1997 aromatic sumac common, rocky upland rhus copallinum l. ns 18 jul 1997 winged sumac infrequent, rockly upland rhus glabra l. ns 18 jun 1997 smooth sumac common, rocky upland apiaceae (carrot, celery, etc.) *ammoselinum popei, see chaerophyllum bifora americana (dc.) watson naf 14 may 1997 prairie bishop’s weed infrequent, rocky upland chaerophyllum procumbens (l.) crantz naf 15 apr 1997 wild chervil common, disturbed area chaerophyllum taintureiri hook. naf 15 apr, 14 may 1997 wild chervil common, disturbed area, mowed meadow cryptotaenia canadensis (l.) dc. npf 29 may 1997 honewort common, floodplain forest daucus pusillus michaux naf 18 jun 1997 rattlesnake weed common, disturbed area eryngium leavenworthii t. & g. naf 10 sep 1997 rattlesnake master common, rocky upland eryngium yuccifolium michaux var. synchaetum gray ex c & rose npf 31 july 1997 button snakeroot common, prairie lomatium foeniculaceum (nutt.) c.&r. var. foeniculaceum npf 28 march 1997 wild parsley common, rocky upland osmorhiza longistylis (torr.) dc. npf 30 april 1997 anise root common, floodplain forest polytaenia nuttallii (nutt.) dc. npf 14 may 1997 prairie parsley common, prairie sanicula canadensis l npf 30 april, 29 may 1997 snakeroot common, floodplain forest torilis arvensis (huds.) link iaf 18 june 1997 hedge parsley common, disturbed area trepocarpus aethusae nuttall naf 18 june 1997 white nymph infrequent, rocky upland zizia aurea (l.) koch npf 14 may 1997 golden alexanders infrequent, floodplain forest apocynaceae (dogbane) amsonia ciliata walt. npf 10 april 1996 fringed bluestars infrequent, rocky upland apocynum cannabinum l. var. cannabinum npf 29 may 1997 indian hemp infrequent, prairie araceae (arum) arisaema dracontium (l.) schott npf (not yet colleted) green dragon infrequent, floodplain forest asclepiadaceae (milkweed) asclepias asperula (dcne.) woodson var. decumbens (nutt.) shinners npf 30 apr, 14 may 1997 spider antelopehorn common, rocky upland asclepias stenophylla (gray) npf 18 june 1997 narrowleaf milkweed infrequent, prairie 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. asclepias tuberosa l. npf 18 june 1997 butterfly milkweed common, prairie asclepias viridis walt. npf 29 may 1997 green milkweed common, prairie matelia biflora (raf.) woodson npv 14 may 1997 twoflower milkvine infrequent, rocky upland matelia gonocarpa (walt.) shinners npv 18 july 1997 climbing milkweed infrequent, disturbed area aspleniaceae (cliff ferns) woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. npf 29 may 1997 blunt-lobed cliff fern infrequent, cross timbers asteraceae (asters, daisies, sunflowers) achillea millefolium l. npf 14 may 1997 yarrow common, prairie ambrosia artemisiifolia l. naf 10 sept 1997 common ragweed common, disturbed areas ambrosia bidentata michaux naf 10 sept 1997 southern ragweed common disturbed area ambrosia psilostachya dc. npf 8 october 1997 western ragweed infrequent, disturbed areas ambrosia trifida l. naf 20 august 1997 giant ragweed common, disturbed areas amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) shinners naf 10 sept. 1997 broomweed infrequent, disturbed area artemisia ludoviciana nuttall var. mexicana (willd.) fernald npf 10 sept, 8 october 1997 white sage, watersage infrequent, disturbed area, prairie aster drummondii lindl var. parviceps (shinners) a.g. jones npf 8 october 1997 blue wood aster infrequent, disturbed areas aster ericoides l. npf 8 october 1997 heath aster common, disturbed area aster oolentangensis riddell npf 8 october 1997 blue aster infrequent, disturbed area aster patens ait. npf 8 october 1997 spreading aster infrequent, disturbed area, rocky upland aster prealtus poir. npf 8 october 1997 willowleaf aster infrequent, disturbed area astranthium integrifolium(michx.)nutt. naf 15 april, 30 april 1997 western daisy common, disturbed area brickellia eupatorioides (l.) raf. npf false snakeweed uncommon, disturbed area centaurea americana nuttall naf 18 june 1997 basketflower common, rocky upland chaetopappa asteroides nutt. ex dc. naf 30 april 1997 least daisy infrequent, disturbed area chrysopsis pilosa nuttall naf 31 july, 8 oct. 1997 golden aster infrequent, disturbed area, prairie cirsium altissimum (l.) spreng. npf 31 july, 10 sept 1997 tall thistle infrequent, prairie cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. npf 18 june 1997 wavy-leaf thistle common, disturbed area conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. naf 20 august 1997 horseweed common, disturbed area echinacea atrorubens nuttall npf rose coneflower common, rocky upland eclipta prostrata (l.) l. naf 10 sept 1997 yerba de tajo infrequent, pond margin elephantopus carolinianus willd. npf 10 sept 1997 elephant’s foot common, floodplain forest engelmannia pinnatifida gray ex nutt. npf 14 may 1997 engelmann’s daisy common, rocky upland, prairie erigeron annuus (l.) pers. naf 14 may 1997 oklahoma native plant record 69 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. daisy fleabane common, prairie erigeron philadelphicus l. naf 15 april 1997 philadelphia fleabane common, riparian eupatorium serotinum michaux npf 20 august 1997 late boneset infrequent, disturbed areas gaillardia aestivalis (walt.) rock naf 10 sept 1997 summer gaillardia infrequent, prairie gaillardia pulchella fouq. naf 9 may, 18 june 1997 indian blankets, firewheels common, prairie, rocky upland gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera npf 30 april 1997 purple cudweed infrequent, disturbed area gnaphalium obtusifolium l. npf 10 sept 1997 sweet everlasting infrequent, prairie helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock naf 18 jun 1997 bitterweed common, disturbed area helianthus annuus l. naf 18 july 1997 common sunflower infrequent, disturbed area helianthus hirsutus raf. npf 18 july 1997 hairy or rough sunflower infrequent, disturbed area helianthus mollis lam. npf 31 july 1997 ashy or soft sunflower common, prairie heliopsis helianthoides (l.) sweet npf 31 july 1997 false sunflower common, floodplain forest heterotheca latifolia buckl. npf 10 sept 1997 golden aster common, prairie hieracium longipilum torrey npf 19 sept 1997 longbeard hawkweed infrequent, prairie hymenopappus scabieoseus l’her. npf 14 may 1997 old plainsmen common, rocky upland hymenoxys linearifolia hook. naf 15 april – 15 may 1997 narrowleaf hymenoxys common, rocky upland, disturbed area iva annua l. naf 10 sept 1997 annual false ragweed, sumpweed common, disturbed area krigia caespitosa (raf.) chambers naf 14 may 1997 common dwarf dandelion infrequent, prairie krigia dandelion (l.) nuttall npf 14 may 1997 potato dandelion common, prairie lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) dc. naf 18 jun 1997 western wild lettuce infrequent, disturbed area liatris punctata hook., var. nebraskana geiser npf 10 sept 1997 dotted gayfeather abundant, prairie liatris pycnostachya michaux npf 31 july 1997 button snakeroot common, prairie liatris squarrosa (l.) michaux npf 31 july 1997 gayfeather common, prairie lindheimera texana gray & engelm naf 30 april, 11 june 1997 texas yellow star infrequent, rocky upland, prairie marshallia caespitosa nutt. ex dc. npf 14 may, 18 june 1997 barbara’s buttons infrequent, prairie, rocky upland pluchea odorata (l.) cass. naf 8 october 1997 purple camphorweed common, pond margin prionopsis ciliata nuttall naf 10 sep 1997 wax goldenweed infrequent, disturbed area pyrrhopappus grandiflorus nuttall npf 30 april 1997 false dandelion common, disturbed area pyrrhopappus pauciflorus dc. naf 14 may 1997 geiser’s false dandelion common, prairie ratibida columnifera woot. & standl. npf 18 june 1997 yellow coneflower common, disturbed area rudbeckia hirta l. nabpf 18 june 1997 blackeyed susan common, disturbed area 70 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. rudbeckia missouriensis engelm. npf 31 july 1997 missouri coneflower common, prairie rudbeckia triloba l. npf 31 july 1997 browneyed susan infrequent, floodplain forest senecio plattensis nuttall npf 28 march 1997 prairie groundsel common, cross timbers, floodplain silphium laciniatum l. npf 31 july 1997 compass plant common, prairie solidago arguta ait. npf 31 july 1997 boott’s woodland goldenrod infrequent, floodplain forest solidago canadensis l. var. gilvocanescens rydb. npf 8 october 1997 prairie goldenrod common, rocky upland solidago nemoralis ait. npf 10 sept. 1997 oldfield goldenrod infrequent, prairie solidago rigida l. npf 19 sept. 1997 stiff prairie goldenrod infrequent, prairie thelesperma filifolia (hook.) gray npf 29 may 1997 greenthread common, prairie verbesina virginica l. npf 28 sept 1999 virginia crownbeard uncommon, floodplain forest vernonia baldwinii torrey npf 31 july 1997 western ironweed common, prairie xanthium strumarium l. naf 10 sept. 1997 cocklebur common, pond margin berberidaceae (barberry family) podophyllum peltatum l. npf 10 apr 1996, 15 april 1997 mayapple abundant, cross timbers boraginaceae (borage, heliotrope family) heliotropium tenellum (nutt.) torrey naf 18 june, 31 july 1997 pasture heliotrope infrequent, prairie, rocky upland lithospermum incisum lehm. npf 28 march, 18 june 1997 narrowleaf puccoon infrequent, rocky upland myosotis macrosperma engelmann npf 30 april 1997 spring forget-me-not common, disturbed area myositis verna nuttall naf 15 april 1997 early scorpiongrass common, disturbed area brassicaceae (mustard family) capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik iaf 30 april 1997 shepherd’s purse infrequent, distubed area draba brachycarpa nutt. ex t.&g. naf 28 feb. 1997 whitlow infrequent, mowed meadow draba cuneifolia nutt. ex t. & g. whitlow naf 28 march 1997 infrequent, disturbed area lepidium densiflorum schrad. iaf 30 april 1997 peppergrass common, disturbed area lepidium virginicum l. naf 30 april 1997 virginia peppergrass infrequent, disturbed area lesquerella gracilis (hook.) wats. var. repandum (nutt.) payson naf 15 april 1997 spreading bladderpod common, disturbed area lesquerella ovalifolia rydb. var. alba goodman npf 15 april 1997 oval-leaf or white bladderpod abundant, rocky upland rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (l.) hayek iae 15 april 1997 water cress common, aquatic cactaceae (cactus family) echinocereus riechenbachii (tersch.) hogue np$ 12 may 2001 lace or pincushion cactus infrequent, rocky upland opuntia engelmannii salm-dyck var. lindheimeri (engl.) parfit. & pink. np$ 11 june 1997 texas or limestone prickly-pear infrequent, rocky upland callitrichaceae (waterweed family) callitriche heterophylla pursh nzf 14 may 1997 oklahoma native plant record 71 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. water starwort common, aquatic campanulaceae (bellflower family) lobelia appendiculata dc. npf 29 may 1997 earflower lobelia common, prairie lobelia siphilitica l. var. ludoviciana dc. npf 10 sept. 1997 blue cardinal flower uncommon, seeps triodanis leptocarpa (nutt.) niew. naf 29 may 1997 western venus’ looking-glass common, prairie triodanis perfoliata (l.) niew. naf 14 may 1997 venus’ looking glass infrequent, prairie caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family) symphoricarpos orbiculatus moensch ns (in fruit) 10 sept. 1997 coralberry, buckbrush common, cross timbers viburnum rufidulum raf. nst 15 april 1997 rusty blackhaw infrequent, cross timbers caryophyllaceae (pink, carnation family) arenaria patula michaux naf 28 march, 30 april 1997 sandwort infrequent, rocky upland arenaria stricta michx, var. texana rydberg naf 30 april, 29 may 1997 rock sandwort common, rocky upland paronychia jamesii t. & g. npf 20 august 1997 james’ nailwort common, rocky upland celastraceae (bittersweet family) celastrus scandens l. nwv (in fruit) 8 october 1997 climbing bittersweet infrequent, disturbed area cistaceae (pinweed family) lechea villosa raf. npf 20 august 1997 pinweed infrequent, disturbed area clusiaceae (st. john’s wort family) hypericum drummondii t. & g. naf 20 august 1997 nits-and-lice infrequent, rocky upland hypericum sphaerocarpon michx. npf 18 june 1997 roundfruit st. john’s wort infrequent, rocky upland commelinaceae (spiderwort & dayflower family) tradescantia ohiensis raf. npf 14 may 1997 ohio spiderwort infrequent, prairie tradescantia tharpii anders & woods npf 30 april 1997 tharp’s spiderwort common, rocky upland convolvulaceae (morning glory family) convolvulus equitans benth. navf 29 may, 18 june 1997 texas bindweed common, disturbed area evolvulus nuttallianus r. & s. npf 30 april 1997 hairy evolvulus infrequent, rocky upland cornaceae (dogwood family) cornus drummondii meyer ns 14 may 1997 rough-leaf dogwood common, rocky upland cornus florida l. nt 15 april 1997 flowering dogwood infrequent, cross-timbers crassulaceae (stonecrop family) sedum nuttallianum rf. naf 29 may 1997 yellow stonecrop infrequent, seep sedum pulchellum michaux naf 14 may 1997 pink stonecrop, widow’s cross infrequent, wet meadow cyperaceae (sedge family) carex festucacea schkuhr npg 30 april 1997 none infrequent, disturbed area carex flaccosperma dewey npg none infrequent, floodplain forest carex frankii kunth npg 29 may to 31 july 1997 none common, floodplain forest carex gravida bailey npg 15 april 1997 72 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. heavy sedge common, rocky upland carex hirsutella mackenzie npg hairy sedge common, disturbed area carex leavenworthii dewey npg 30 april 1997 none infrequent, disturbed area carex retroflexa muhlenberg npg none common, rocky ground carex vulpinoidea michaux npg 30 april 1997 none infrequent, aquatic cyperus filiculmis vahl npg 18 june 1997 slender flatsedge common, prairie cyperus odoratus l. nag 10 sept. 1997 fragrant flatsedge infrequent, pond margin cyperus ovularis (michaux) torrey npg 18 june 1997 globe flatsedge common, disturbed area eleocharis compressa sulliv. npg 14 may 1997 weakstem spikerush common, riparian eleocharis engelmannii steudel npg 10 sept 1997 engelmann’s spikerush common, pond margin eleocharis parvula (r.&s.) link nag 10 sept. 1997 dwarf spikesedge common, pond margin fimbristylis puberula (michx) vahl npg 30 april 1997 none infrequent, rocky upland fuirena simplex vahl npg 31 july 1997 umbrella sedge common, seep rhynchospora nivea boeckl. npg 8 oct 1998 white-top sedge infrequent, seep scirpus koilolepis (steud.) gleason nag none common, pond margin scirpus pendulus muhelenberg npg 31 july 1997 none common, floodplain forest scleria pauciflora michx. ex willd. npg 31 july 1997 few-flower nutrush infrequent, prairie ebenaceae (ebony family) diospyros virginiana l. nt 29 may 1997 persimmon infrequent, crosstimbers euphorbiaceae (spurge family) acalypha gracilens gray naf 18 july 1997 three-seeded mercury infrequent, rocky upland argythamnia mercurialina muell. npf 11 june 1997 wild mercury infrequent, forest margin chamaesyce missurica (raf.) shinners naf 20 august 1997 [euphorbia missurica lag.] missouri spurge common, disturbed areas chamaesyce nutans lag.) small naf 20 aug. – 10 sept. 1997 [euphorbia nutans lag.] eyebane common, disturbed areas croton capitatus michaux naf 10 sept. 1997 wooly croton common, disturbed area croton monanthogynus michaux naf 18 july – 20 aug. 1997 one-seed croton common, disturbed area euphorbia corollata l. naf 10 sept. 1997 flowering spurge infrequent, prairie euphorbia dentata michaux naf 18 july 1997 toothed spurge infrequent, rocky upland euphorbia hexagona nuttall naf 8 october 1996 6-angle spurge infrequent, rocky upland euphorbia spathulata lam. naf 30 april 1997 warty spurge infrequent, rocky upland phyllanthus polygonoides nuttall npf 29 may 1997 knotweed leaf-flower common, prairie stillingia sylvatica graden ex l. npf 29 may 1997 queen’s delight infrequent, prairie oklahoma native plant record 73 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. tragia ramosa torrey npf 29 may 1997 nettle-leaf, noseburn common, prairie fabaceae (legume, bean and pea family) [includes caesalpinaceae and mimosaceae] albizia julibrissin durazz. it 18 july 1997 mimosa infrequent, disturbed area amorpha canescens pursh ns 31 july 1997 leadplant infrequent, prairie amorpha fruticosa l. ns 10 sept. 1997 false indigo common, pond margin astragalus nuttallianus dc. naf 30 april 1997 nuttall’s milkvetch infrequent, rocky upland baptisia australis (l.) r. br. npf 30 april 1997 blue wild indigo common, rocky upland cercis canadensis l. nt 13-28 march, 1997 redbud common, crosstimbers, rocky upland chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) naf 18 july 1997 greene partridge pea frequent, disturbed area, prairie dalea aurea nuttall ex pursh npf 18 july 1997 golden prairie clover infrequent, rocky upland dalea candida willdenow npf 18 june 1997 white prairie clover common, rocky upland dalea enneandra nuttall npf 31 july 1997 nine-anther prairieclover infrequent, prairie dalea purpurea vent. npf 18 june 1997 purple prairieclover common, rocky upland desmanthus illinoinsis (michx.) npf 18 july 1997 macm. bundleflower common, disturbed area desmodium glutinosum (muhl.) wood npf 18 june 1997 large-flowered tickclover common, floodplain forest desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. npf 10 sept. 1997 panicled tickclover common, floodplain forest gleditsia triacanthos l. nt 31 july 1997 honey locust common, mowed meadow lespedeza cuneata g. don ipf 20 august 1997 sericea lespedeza common, disturbed area lespedeza stipulacea maxim. iaf 20 august, 1997 korean clover common, disturbed area lespedeza stuevei nuttall npf 10 sept 1997 stueve’s lespedeza common, prairie mimosa nuttallii (dc.) b.l. turner nwv 14 may 1997 [schrankia nuttalii dc.] sensitive brier common, rocky upland pediomelum cuspidatum (pursh) npf 14 may 1997 rydb. [psoralea cuspidata pursh] tallbread scurfpea infrequent, rocky upland pediomelum esculentum (pursh) npf 14 may 1997 rydb. [psoralea esculenta pursh] prairie turnip common, rocky upland psoralidum tenuifolium (pursh) rydb. npf 14 – 29 may 1997 [psoralea tenuifolia pursh] wild alfalfa common, prairie, rocky upland stylosanthes biflora (l.) b.s.p. npf 31 july 1997 pencil flower infrequent, prairie tephrosia virginica (l.) pers. npf 31 july 1997 goat’s rue infrequent, prairie trifolium dubium sibth. iaf 15 – 30 april 1997 small hop-clover common, mowed meadow trifolim repens l. ipf 30 april 1997 white clover common, disturbed area vicia sativa l. iaf 15 april 1997 common vetch common, disturbed area 74 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. fagaceae (oak, beech, chestnut family) quercus macrocarpa michaux nt 18 july 1997 burr oak infrequent, floodplain forest quercus marilandica muench. nt 18 july 1997 blackjack common, crosstimbers quercus muehlenbergii engelm. nt 14 may 1997 chinquapin oak common, floodplain forest quercus stellata wang. nt 18 july 1997 post oak dominant, crosstimbers quercus velutina lam. nt 8 october 1997 black oak infrequent, crosstimbers gentianaceae (gentian family) sabatia campestris nuttall naf 11 june 1997 prairie rose, pink gentian infrequent, prairie geraniaceae (geranium family) geranium carolinianum l. naf 30 april 1997 carolina crane’sbill infrequent, disturbed area grossulariaceae (gooseberry family) ribes aureum pursh ns 30 april 1997 golden or buffalo current infrequent, rocky upland iridaceae (iris family) nemastylis geminiflora nuttall npf 30 april 1997 prairie iris sisyrinchium angustifolium miller npf 30 april 1997 blue-eyed grass infrequent, mowed meadow sisyrinchium campestre bicknell npf 15 april 1997 prairie blue-eyed grass infrequent, rocky upland juglandaceae (walnuts, hickory family) carya cordiformis (wang.) koch nt 18 july 1997 bitternut hickory infrequent, floodplain forest carya illinoensis (wang.) koch nt 31 july 1997 pecan common, ravine carya texana buckley nt 18 july 1997 black hickory infrequent, crosstimbers juglans nigra l. nt 31 july 1997 black walnut common, floodplain forest juncaceae (rush family) juncus brachycarpus engelmann npg 18 june 1997 whiteroot rush common, disturbed area juncus marginatus rostk. npg 18 june 1997 grassleaf rush infrequent, prairie juncus tenuis willdenow npg 18 june 1997 slender rush common, disturbed area juncus validus coville npg 31 july 1997 bulrush common, seep krameriaceae (ratany family) krameria lanceolata torrey npf 29 may 1997 trailing ratany infrequent, prairie lamiaceae (mint family) hedeoma drummondii benth. npf 20 august 1997 false pennyroyal common, disturbed area, rocky upland mondarda citriodora cerv. ex lagasca naf 29 may 1997 lemon beebalm infrequent, prairie monarda fistulosa l. npf 22 june 1997 wild bergamot infrequent, mowed meadow prunella vulgaris l. npf 29 may – 31 july 1997 heal-all common, floodplain forest pycnanthemum tenuifolium schrad. npf 10 sept. 1997 narrowleaf mountain mint common, prairie salvia azurea lam. npf 10 sept. 1997 blue sage common, prairie satureja calamintha (l.) scheele npf 14-29 may 1997 ozark savory abundant, prairie, rocky upland oklahoma native plant record 75 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. scutellaria parvula michaux npf 30 april – 29 may 1997 small skullcap infrequent, prairie, rocky upland teucrium canadense l. npf 31 july 1997 american germander common, seep trichostema brachiatum l. naf 20 august 1997 blue curls infrequent, rocky upland lemnaceae (duckweed family) wolffia columbiana karst npl 8 october 1997 watermeal common, aquatic liliaceae (lily family) allium canadense l. npf 30 april 1997 wild onion/garlic common, rocky upland allium drummondii regel npf 15 april 1997 drummond’s wild onion common, rocky upland allium stellatum nuttal npf 8 october 1997 autumn wild onion common, rocky upland androstephium coerulium (scheele) torr. npf 28 march 1997 blue funnel lily common, rocky upland camassia scilloides (raf.) cory npf 14 may 1997 eastern camass infrequent, rocky upland cooperia drummondii herb. npf 10 sept 1997 rain lily infrequent, disturbed area erythronium albidum nuttall npf 13 march 1997 white dogtooth violet, fawn lily common, rocky upland lythraceae (loosestrife family) lythrum alatum pursh var. lanceolatum (ell.) t. & g npf 31 july – 10 sept. 1997 tall loosestrife infrequent, wet prairie rotala ramosior (l.) koehne var. interior fern. & grisc. naf 10 sept. 1997 toothcup common, pond margin malvaceae (mallow, hibiscus, cotton family) callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.) gray npf 30 april 1997 pink poppy mallow infrequent, disturbed area callirhoe digitata nuttall var. stipulata waterfall ssp glabrescens (kuntze) raven npf 29 may 1997 fringed poppy mallow infrequent, prairie callirhoe involucrata (nutt.) gray npf 29 may 1997 winecup, cowboy rose common, prairie sida procumbens sw. npf 31 july – 10 sept. 1997 spreading sida common, rocky upland menispermaceae (moonseed family) cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. nwv 29 may 1997 carolina snailseed infrequent, floodplain forest moraceae (mulberry, fig family) maclura pomifera (raf.) schneider nt 14 may 1997 bois d’arc, osage orange common, rocky upland morus rubra l. nt 31 july 1997 red mulberry common, floodplain forest oleaceae (olive, privet, ash family) forestiera pubescens nuttall ns 28 feb – 13 mar 1997 elbowbush abundant, rocky upland fraxinus americana l., var. americana nt 30 april 1997 white ash infrequent, rocky upland fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. nt 31 july 1997 green ash common, floodplain forest ligustrum sinense lour. is 29 may 1997 privet infrequent, disturbed area onagraceae (evening primrose family) calylophus serrulatus (nutt.) raven npf 14, 29 may 1997 sundrops, plains yellow primrose common, prairie, rocky upland gaura longiflora spach. naf 20 aug, 10 sept. 1997 common, prairie gaura parviflora dougl. ex lehm 76 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. naf 31 july 1997 velvety gaura common, disturbed area gaura suffulta engelm. ex gray naf 14 may – 18 jun 1997 beeblossom common, rocky upland, prairie ludwigia peploides (h.b.k.) raven nae 31 july – 10 sept. 1997 water primrose, water pennies common pond margin oenothera linifolia nuttall naf 14 may 1997 flax-leaf evening primrose common, rocky upland, prairie oenothera macrocarpa nuttall npf 14 may 1997 large-fruited evening primrose infrequent, rocky upland oenothera speciosa nuttall npf 29 may 1997 showy evening primrose common, prairie stenosiphon linifolius (nutt.) heynh. npf 10 sept. 1997 stenosiphon common, prairie ophioglossaceae (grape fern, adder’s-tongue family) botrychium virginicum (l.) sw. npf 15 april – 29 may 1997 virginia grape-fern common, crosstimbers ophioglossum engelmannii prandtl npf 30 april 1997 limestone adder’s tongue common, rocky upland orchidaceae (orchid family) spiranthes cernua (l.) l.c. rich. npf 8 october 1997 nodding ladies’-tresses infrequent, rocky upland spiranthes lacera raffinesque npf 10 sept. 1997 slender ladies’-tresses infrequent, prairie spiranthes magnicamporum sheviak npf great plains ladies’-tresses infrequent, seep spiranthes ovalis lindl. npf october ladies’-tresses infrequent, prairie orobanchaceae (broomrape family) orobanche uniflora l. npf(one, no voucher) 29 april 2000 one-flowered broomrape infrequent, floodplain forest oxalidaceae (oxalis family) oxalis corniculata l. npf 30 april 1997 yellow wood-sorrel common, disturbed area oxalis volacea l. npf 15 april 1997 violet wood-sorrel common, floodplain forest passifloraceae (passionflower family) passiflora incarnata l. npf 2 august 2001 blue passionflower infrequent, prairie passiflora lutea l. npf (not yet found, but predicted) yellow passionvine infrequent, floodplain forest phytolaccaceae (pokeweed family) phytolacca americana l. npf 18 june 1997 pokeweed infrequent, disturbed area plantaginaceae (plantain family) plantago aristata michaux naf 29 may 1997 bottlebrush plantain infrequent, prairie plantago lanceolata l. ipf 29 may 1997 english plantain infrequent, prairie plantago patagonica jacq. naf 29 may 1997 wooly plantain infrequent, prairie plantago pusilla nuttall naf april 1999 dwarf plantain infrequent, disturbed area plantago rugelii dcne. npf 16 july 1993 blackseed plantain infrequent, prairie plantago virginica l. naf 29 may 1997 paleseed plantain common, prairie platanaceae (sycamore family) platanus occidentalis l. nt 31 july 1997 sycamore common, floodplain forest poaceae (grass family) agrostis hyemalis (walt.) b.s.p. npg 29 may 1997 ticklegrass oklahoma native plant record 77 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. common, prairie aira elegantissima schur. iag 14 may 1997 hairgrass infrequent, rocky upland andropogon gerardii vitman npg 20 august 1997 big bluestem infrequent, rocky upland aristida dichotoma michaux nag 8 october 1997 churchmouse threeawn infrequent, disturbed area aristida oligantha michaux nag 10 sept. 1997 oldfield threeawn common, disturbed area aristida purpurea nuttall npg 14 may 1997 purple threeawn common, rocky upland bothriochloa saccharoides (sw) rydb npg 18 june 1997 silvertop bluestem common, disturbed area buteloua curtipendula (michx.) torrey npg 18 july 1997 sideoats grama infrequent, rocky upland bouteloua hirsuta lag. npg 20 august 1997 hairy grama common, rocky upland bouteloua pectinata featherly npg 20 august 1997 tall grama common, rocky upland, prairie bromus catharticus vahl iag 30 april 1997 rescue grass infrequent, rocky upland, disturbed area bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. npg 14 may 1997 canada brome common, floodplain forest buchloe dactyloides (nutt.) engelm npg 14 may 1997 buffalo grass infrequent, prairie chasmanthium latifolium (michx) yates nag 18 july – 10 sept. 1997 inland sea oats common, floodplain forest, crosstimbers coelorachis cylindrica (michx.) nash npg 29 may, 18 june 1997 mousetail common, disturbed area, prairie cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. ipg 29 may 1997 bermuda grass common, disturbed area dactylis glomerata l. ipg 30 april 29 may 1997 orchard grass common, disturbed area dicanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & clark npg 29 may & 10 sept. 1997 early panicum common, disturbed area, prairie dicanthelium boscii (poir.) gould & clark npg 14 may 1997 bosc’s panic common, floodplain forest dicanthelium oligosanthes schult.) gould var. oligosanthes npg 14 – 29 may 1997 small panicgrass infrequent, disturbed area, rocky upland, prairie dicanthelium sphaerocarpon (ell.) gould npg 14 may 1997 leafy panicum common, prairie digitata cognata (schult.) pilger npg 10 sept. 1997 [leptoloma cognatum (schult.) chase] fall witchgrass common, floodplain forest echinochloa crusgalli (l.) beauv. iag 20 aug – 10 sept. 1997 barnyard grass infrequent, pond margin eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. iag 18 july 1997 goosegrass infrequent, disturbed area elymus virginicus l. npg 18 june 1997 virginia wild rye common, disturbed area erioneuron pilosum (buckl.) nash npg 30 april 1997 hairy tridens infrequent, disturbed area festuca arundinacea schreb. ipg 30 april – 14 may 1997 meadow fescue infrequent, disturbed area, floodplain forest hordeum pusillum nuttall nag 29 may 1997 little barley infrequent, disturbed area koelaria macrantha (ledeb.) j.a. schultes npg 14 may 1997 junegrass infrequent, rocky upland leptochloa fusca (l.) kunth npg 10 sept. 1997 bearded sprangletop infrequent, pond margin lolium perenne l. ipg 29 may 1997 perennial ryegrass 78 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. common, prairie muhelbergia reverchonii vasey & scrib. npg 20 aug 1999 seep muhly infrequent, rocky upland muhlenbergia schreberei j.f. gmel. npg nimblewill infrequent, floodplain forest nassella leucotricha (t.& r.) barkw. npg 14 may 1997 [stipa leucotrichatrin & rupr.] texas wintergrass common, prairie panicum anceps michaux npg 31 july 1997 beaked panic common, floodplain forest panicum capillare l. nag 18 july 1997 witchgrass infrequent, rocky upland panicum virgatum l. npg 10 sept. 1997 switchgrass common, prairie paspalum dilatatum poir. ipg 18 june 1997 dallis grass common, disturbed area phalaris caroliniana walt. nag 14 may 1997 maygrass infrequent, prairie poa annua l. iag 15 april 1997 annual bluegrass common, disturbed area poa pratensis l. ipg 30 april 1997 kentucky bluegrass common, disturbed area schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash npg 20 august 1997 little bluestem common, rocky upland setaria geniculata (lam.) beauv. npg 18 june – 30 july 1997 knotroot foxtail common, disturbed area sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash npg 10 sept. 1999 indiangrass infrequent, prairie sorghum halapense (l.) pers. ipg 18 june 1997 johnson grass common, disturbed area sporobolus compositus (poir) merr. [sporobolus asper (michx.) kunth nag 28 sept. 1999 dropseed infrequent, disturbed area sporobolus vaginiflorus (t.ex g.) wood nag 10 sept. 1997 poverty dropseed common, disturbed area tridens flavus (l.) hitchcock npg 31 july 1997 purpletop common, floodplain forest tridens strictus (nutt.) nash npg 10 sept. 1997 longspike tridens infrequent, pond margin tripsacum dactyloides l. npg 18 june 1997 gama grass infrequent, prairie vulpia octoflora (walt.) rydb. iag 8 october 1997 poverty grass common, disturbed area polygalaceae (milkwort family) polygala incarnata l. naf 31 july 1997 pink milkwort infrequent, prairie polygonaceae (buckwheat, knotweed family) eriogonum longifolium nuttall npf 20 august – 8 oct. 1997 longleaf buckwheat common, rocky upland, prairie polygonum hydropiperoides michx. npf 8 october 1997 mild water-pepper infrequent, pond margin polygonum lapathifolium l. naf 10 sept. 1997 pale smartweed infrequent, pond margin polygonum persicaria l. naf 20 august 1997 lady’s thumb common, disturbed area polygonum punctatum l. naf 20 august 1997 water smartweed infrequent, pond margin rumex crispus l. ipf 29 may 1997 curly dock common, riparian rumex hastatulus baldw. naf 18 june 1997 heartwing sorrel common, disturbed area portulacaceae (portulaca family) claytonia virginica l. npf 28 march 1997 spring beauty common, rocky upland oklahoma native plant record 79 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. primulaceae (primrose family) dodecatheon meadia l. var. brachycarpa (small) fassett npf 30 april 1997, 16 july 1993 shooting star common, rocky upland samolus parviflorus raf naef 14 may 1997 smallflower brookweed common, aquatic pteridaceae (bracken fern) pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link. npf 29 may 1997 purple cliff brake ranunculaceae (buttercup, larkspur family) anemone berlandieri pritz npf 28 march, 14 may 1997 ten-petal windflower infrequent, rocky upland, prairie delphinium carolinianum walt npf 14 29 may 1997 ssp. virescens (nutt.) brooks plains larkspur common, prairie ranunculus hispidus michaux npf 30 april 1997 bristly buttercup infrequent, disturbed area rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) berchemia scandens (hill) k. koch nwv 14 may 1997 rattan vine common, disturbed area, forest edges ceanothus herbaceus raffinesque ns 30 april 1997 new jersey tea infrequent, rocky upland frangula caroliniana (walt.) gray nt 29 may 1997 [rhamnus caroliniana walt.] indian cherry common, rocky upland, crosstimbers, forest rosaceae (rose family) agrimonia pubescens wallr. npf 20 august 1997 downy agrimony infrequent, floodplain forest agrimonia rostellata wallr. npf 28 sept. 1999 beaked agrimony infrequent, floodplain forest crataegus crus-gallii l. nst 30 april 1999 cockspur hawthorn infrequent, rocky upland crataetus mollis (t.& g.) scheele nt 10 sept. 1997 downy haw infrequent, rocky upland fragaria virginica p. mill. var. illinoensis (prince) gray npf 15 april 1997 wild strawberry infrequent, crosstimbers geum canadense jacq. npf 29 may 1997 white avens infrequent, crosstimbers prunus angustifolia marsh. ns 13 march 1997 chickasaw plum infrequent, rocky upland prunus mexicana wats. nt 13 march 1997 mexican plum common, crosstimbers prunus serotina ehrh. nt 18 july 1997 wild cherry infrequent, crosstimbers pyrus communis l. it 28 march 1997 common pear infrequent, rocky upland rosa foliolosa nuttall npf 18 june 1997 prairie rose infrequent, rocky upland rosa carolina l. ns 14 may 1997 swamp rose common, pond margins rosa setigera michaux ns 18 june 1997 climbing prairie rose common, rocky upland rubus flagellaris willdenow ns 15 april 1997 northern dewberry common, disturbed area rubiaceae (madder, coffee family) cephalanthus occidentalis l. ns 31 july 1997 buttonbush infrequent, seep diodia teres walt. naf 20 august 1997 poor-joe infrequent, rocky upland galium circaezans michaux npf 14 – 29 may 1997 weedy bedstraw infrequent, floodplain forest galium virgatum nuttall naf 14 may 1997 southwest bedstraw infrequent, rocky upland 80 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. hedyotis crassifolia raffinesque naf 13 march 1997 prairie bluets, quaker ladies common, rocky upland rutaceae (citrus family) ptelea trifoliata l. nst(fruit) 10 sept. 1997 hop tree, wafer ash infrequent, rocky upland zanthoxylum americanum miller ns 30 april 1997 prickly ash common, crosstimbers zanthoxylum clava-herculis l. nt (no flrs) 10 sept. 1997 hercules’ club infrequent, old homesite salicaceae (willow, cottonwood family) populus nigra l. nt not collected: need specimen cottonwood infrequent, floodplain forest salix nigra marsh nt 30 april 1997 black willow infrequent, riparian, pond margin sapotaceae (sapodilla family) sideroxylon lanuginosum michaux nt 18 july 1997 [bumelia lanuginosa (mix.) pers chittamwood common, rocky upland scrophulariaceae (penstemon family) agalinis fasciculata (ell.) raf. naf 10 sept. 1997 beach gerardia abundant, disturbed area castilleja indivisa engelmann naf 15 april 1997 indian paintbrush common, rocky upland nuttallanthus texanus (scheele) d.a.sutton naf 15 april 1997 [linaria texana scheele] texas toadflax common, rocky upland penstemon cobaea nuttall npf 14 may 1997 large beardtongue common, rocky upland penstemon oklahomensis pennell npf 14 may 1997 oklahoma penstemon infrequent, prairie veronica arvensis l. iaf 15 april 1997 common speedwell infrequent, mowed meadow veronica peregrina l. naf 15 april 1997 purslane speedwell common, mowed meadow smilacaceae (greenbrier family) smilax bona-nox l. nwv 14 may 1997 greenbrier, cat’s claw common, rocky upland smilax rotundifolia l. nwv 30 april 1997 greenbrier infrequent, floodplain forest solanaceae (nightshade, potato family) physalis angulata l. naf 18 june 1997 cutleaf ground cherry common, disturbed area solanum carolinense l. npf 18 june 1997 carolina horsenettle infrequent, disturbed area solanum dimidiatum raffinesque naf 18 june 1997 horsenettle common, disturbed area solanum rostratum dunal naf 18 june 1997 buffalo bur infrequent, disturbed area typhaceae (cattail family) typha angustifolia l. npef 18 june 1997 narrowleaf cattail infrequent, aquatic ulmaceae (elm, hackberry family) celtis laevigata willdenow nt 31 july 1997 sugarberry common, floodplain forest celtis reticulata torrey nt 18 july 1997 roughleaf hackberry common, rocky upland ulmus alata michaux nt 28 feb 1997 winged elm common, rocky upland, crosstimbers ulmus americana l. nt 13 march 1997 american elm infrequent, floodplain forest, rocky upland ulmus rubra muhlenberg nt 28 feb 1997 slippery elm common, crosstimbers oklahoma native plant record 81 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. urticaceae (nettle family) parietaria pennsylvanica muhl. naf 29 may 1997 pennsylvania pellitory common, floodplain forest valerianaceae (valerian family) valerianella radiata dufr. naf 30 april 1997 beaked cornsalad infrequent, rocky upland verbenaceae (vervain family)\ glandularia bipinnatifida nuttall naf 15 april 1997 [verbena bipinnatifida nuttall] sweet william common, rocky upland verbena stricta ventenat npf 18 june – 31 july 1997 wooly vervain common, disturbed area verbena urticifolia l. naf 18 june 1997 white vervain infrequent, floodplain forest violaceae (violet family) viola bicolor pursh naf 13 march 1997 johnny-jump-up common, mowed meadow viola sororia willdenow npf 28 march 1997 butterfly violet common, floodplain forest viscaceae (mistletoe family) phoradendron leucarpum (raf.) reveal & johnston np%@ vitaceae (grape family) ampelopsis cordata michaux nwv 18 july 1997 raccoon grape infrequent, crosstimbers pond margin, disturbed area cissus incisa (nutt.) des moulins nwv 29 may 1997 possum grape infrequent, rocky upland parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch nwv 31 july 1997 virginia creeper common, ravine, floodplain forest, crosstimbers vitis aestivalis michaux nwv 18 july 1997 pigeon grape infrequent, disturbed s 13 march 1997 mistletoe infrequent, crosstimbers oklahoma native plant record, volume 12, number 1, december 2012 1 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 volume 12, december 2012 issn 1536-7738 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ managing editor: sheila strawn production editor: paula shryock electronic production editor: sandy graue technical advisor: bruce hoagland the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2012 officers and board members president: adam ryburn vice-president: lynn michael secretary: sandy graue treasurer: mary korthase membership coordinator: tina julich historian: jeanie coley past president: lynn michael board members: brooke bonner elaine lynch buddy miller clare miller janette steets jay walker central chapter chair: joe roberts cross-timbers chapter chair: ron tyrl mycology chapter chair: steve marek northeast chapter chair: alicia nelson color oklahoma chair: pearl garrison conservation chair: chadwick cox gaillardia editor: chadwick cox website manager: adam ryburn http://www.oknativeplants.org harriet barclay award chair: rahmona thompson anne long award chair: gloria caddell onps service award chair: sue amstutz photography contest chair: kim shannon librarian: karen haworth mailings chair: karen haworth publicity chair: alicia nelson cover photo: erythronium sp. (dogtooth lily) by lynn michael, past president of onps . articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100087 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ http://www.oknativeplants.org/ oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 12 table of contents foreword ................................................................................................................................................. 3 possible mechanisms of the exclusion of johnson grass by tall grass prairies m. s. thesis ................................................................................................................................ 4 dr. marilyn a. semtner a preliminary pawnee ethnobotany checklist .............................................................................. 33 mr. c. randy ledford vascular flora of alabaster caverns state park, cimarron gypsum hills, woodward county, oklahoma .......................................................................................... 43 dr. gloria m. caddell and ms. kristi d. rice a comparison of the composition and structure of two oak forests in marshall and pottawatomie counties ................................................................................. 63 dr. bruce smith critic’s choice essay: virtual herbaria come of age ....................................................................... 69 dr. wayne elisens editorial policies and procedures ..................................................................................................... 72 five year index to oklahoma native plant record ........................................... inside back cover oklahoma native plant record, journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 12, december 2012 title page table of contents foreword oklahoma native plant record, volume 14, number 1, december 2014 oklahoma native plant record 67 volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100106 non-twining milkweed vines of oklahoma: an overview of matelea biflora and matelea cynanchoides (apocynaceae) angela mcdonnell botany department oklahoma state university 301 physical sciences stillwater, ok 74078 (608) 698-1217 angela.mcdonnell@okstate.edu key words: distribution, ecology, morphology, taxonomy abstract matelea (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae) is a genus of approximately 225 species in milkweed subtribe gonolobinae. this new world genus is predominantly found in tropical to subtropical regions and is represented in oklahoma by four species. two of these, m. biflora and m. cynanchoides, are closely related, non-twining perennial herbs that have long confused amateur and professional botanists alike due to similar morphological features. this paper includes a brief review of their taxonomic history and describes the morphology, ecology, and distribution of these species in oklahoma and neighboring states. photographs, a distribution map, and a key to the species of matelea in oklahoma are included. introduction milkweeds in oklahoma from apocynaceae subfamily asclepiadoideae (the former asclepiadaceae) display an array of diversity. species include erect and prostrate herbs and herbaceous vines in five genera (asclepias l., cynanchum l., funastrum e. fourn., gonolobus, and matelea aubl.). in addition to variation in growth form, they exhibit a variety of corolla forms and variation in the distinctive features of the milkweed subfamily: fusion of male and female floral whorls forming a gynostegium, and an additional floral whorl, the corona. matelea is a large genus of approximately 225 species in the milkweed subtribe gonolobinae. this new world genus consists mostly of vines and is found in tropical and subtropical regions. matelea is known to be broadly polyphyletic (i.e., consisting of multiple lineages that are not necessarily closely related) and is a good candidate for taxonomic dissolution (krings, thomas, and xiang 2008; parks 2008; mcdonnell and fishbein, in prep). in oklahoma, matelea is represented by four species that form two morphologically distinct pairs; matelea baldwyniana (sweet) woodson and matelea decipiens (alexander) woodson are vines most common in the eastern part of the state, and matelea biflora (nutt. ex raf.) woodson and matelea cynanchoides (engelm. and a. gray) woodson are prostrate to decumbent species, present throughout much of the eastern two-thirds of the state. pending additional phylogenetic and morphological study, the four species will likely be placed in two genera, distinct from matelea in the strict sense, which will be restricted to species native to central and south america. one of these oklahoman matelea species pairs, the non-twining herbaceous species m. biflora (figs. 1a, 1c) and 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell m. cynanchoides (figs. 1b, 1d), are closely related and possess similar morphological features. both species currently reside in matelea subgenus chthamalia, a group of approximately 30 milkweeds that are apparently adapted to arid habitats, have a center of diversity in northern mexico, and are the focus of my dissertation research. this paper will clarify the taxonomic history and morphological differences between the species and will also provide a key to identify the species native to oklahoma. figure 1 matelea biflora and matelea cynanchoides. (a) m. biflora habit, note prostrate stem. photo by mark fishbein. (b) m. cynanchoides habit, note decumbent-ascending stem. (c) m. biflora flowers, note pubescent corolla and reflexed corolla margins. (d) m. cynanchoides flowers and buds, note glabrous corolla and planar corolla margins. photo by mark fishbein. oklahoma native plant record 69 volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell methods specimen records (336 total, 205 of which were viewed, see appendix for list of viewed specimens) for matelea biflora and m. cynanchoides were downloaded from online data repositories including: the global biodiversity information facility (gbif http://www.gbif.org); tropicos (http://tropicos.org); seinet (http://swbiodiversity.org/portal/index.ph p); and herbarium websites, such as the oklahoma vascular plants database (ovpd http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org). specimen loans (abbreviations follow thiers [2014]) were obtained from the us national herbarium (us), the new york botanical garden (ny), the missouri botanical garden (mo), harvard university herbaria (a, econ, gh), arizona state university (asu), university of texas at austin (tex, ll), kansas state university (ksc), university of arizona (ariz), university of new mexico (unm), and louisiana state university (lsu). specimens at the oklahoma state university herbarium (okla), botanical research institute of texas (brit), sul ross state university (srsc), and the university of oklahoma (okl) were examined on visits to those herbaria. additional data were obtained from my field collections and the unaccessioned collections and database of mark fishbein (oklahoma state university). occurrence data were curated manually to confirm or change species identifications and for georeferencing. the resulting specimen database was used to plan fieldwork across the range of each species. fieldwork in oklahoma and texas was carried out in the summers of 2011, 2012, and 2013. for each population located in the field, specimens were collected and the following data recorded: latitude and longitude coordinates obtained with a handheld gps device (usually a garmin® gpsmap 76), elevation obtained by gps and checked in google earth®, substrate, relative local abundance, vegetation type, co-occurring species, occurrence of interacting arthropods (flower visitors and herbivores), and morphological notes. specimens obtained from loans and field collections were used for morphological study. measurements of floral and vegetative characters were carried out using olympus® cellsens entry 1.6 imaging software and an olympus® szx10 dissecting microscope outfitted with an olympus® sc30 cmos color camera. a distribution map (fig. 2) for both species was produced using a combination of google earth®, adobe® illustrator, and adobe® photoshop software. the points on the map include specimens examined and records downloaded from databases for which specimens were not examined. due to imprecise locality data, not all records could be accurately mapped. records with ambiguous or incomplete locality data were excluded. 70 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell figure 2 distribution map showing ranges of matelea biflora (black) and m. cynanchoides (white) results and discussion matelea biflora (nutt. ex raf.) woodson gonolobus biflorus nutt. ex raf. gonolobus biflorus nutt. ex torr., nom. illeg. chthamalia biflora (nutt. ex raf.) decne. gonolobus biflorus nutt. ex raf. var. wrightii a. gray purple milkweed vine, star milkvine, twoflowered milkvine taxonomic history the type specimens of what would eventually be named matelea biflora (see figs. 1a, 1c) were collected by intrepid english botanist thomas nuttall near the red river in the arkansas territory during his travels between october 2, 1818, and february 18, 1820. the collection date was not recorded by the collector or by subsequent taxonomists working with the material. the specimens were probably collected in the summer of 1819, the only time during his trip when flowering specimens were likely abundant. at the time, the arkansas territory included all of present day arkansas and most of present day oklahoma (the northernmost counties and the panhandle of oklahoma were excluded). according to his journal and the interpretations of later scholars, nuttall doesn’t appear to have crossed the border into texas, which was then owned by spain. the specimens were likely collected on the oklahoma side of the red river, in either choctaw or mccurtain county (lottinville 1980; tyrl and shryock 2014). the specimens were labeled in nuttall’s handwriting “gonolobus *biflorus nutt”. the asterisk denotes his convention of marking a species name as new (mclean 1980; stuckey 1966). many of the gonolobus biflorus specimens nuttall collected received additional labels and were distributed to several herbaria. currently, there are at least eight duplicate oklahoma native plant record 71 volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell sheets held at herbaria of the academy of natural sciences, philadelphia (ph); royal botanic gardens, kew (k); smithsonian institution (us); and the new york botanical garden (ny). significantly, g. biflorus was never mentioned in nuttall’s collections towards a flora of the territory of arkansas (1837), the publication in which he describes many new taxa from the region, nor in any of his other publications. thus, the name indicated as new on nuttall’s labels was never published by him. like other species discovered and named but not published by nuttall, g. biflorus was apparently validated by john torrey (1859) in his report on the united states and mexican boundary survey. therefore, some sources cite the authority for this species as g. biflorus nutt. ex torr. however, even before nuttall’s (1837) report on the flora of the arkansas territory was published, constantine samuel rafinesque, a self-educated professor of botany and natural history who elicited considerable controversy from his contemporaries (boewe 2003; warren 2004), published a new flora of north america (1836). in this work, rafinesque was the first to describe and validly publish gonolobus biflorus from a specimen he saw at the herbarium of zaccheus collins, a philadelphia merchant and avid collector of herbarium specimens. according to correspondence held by the american philosophical society, the two men were friendly and discussed botanical findings, travels, reading habits, and finance (collins 1805–1827, redfield 1876). in 1833, two years after collins’ death, most of his herbarium was sold to rev. lewis david von schweinitz, and a small portion of the collection was sold to rafinesque shortly thereafter (stuckey 1971). rafinesque does not describe the morphology of the specimen in his publication. he also fails to cite the collector of the specimen he studied. he does state that the plant is from “the red river in arkanzas and texas”, nearly the precise locality from which nuttall collected, except for the inclusion of texas. however, there are no records showing that nuttall traveled in texas. notably, rafinesque used the exact epiphet, “biflora” indicated by nuttall on the slips accompanying his specimens. collins seems to be the link between rafinesque and nuttall. nuttall named the plantaginaceae genus collinsia for him in 1817 and called collins “a gentleman whose talents as a botanist and a mineralologist are deservedly acknowledged”. during nuttall’s trip to the arkansas territory, he and collins exchanged letters (lawson 2004), and after the trip, collins received a complete set of duplicates (stuckey 1971). rafinesque must have examined the g. biflorus specimen nuttall sent to collins between 1820 and 1833. apparently having realized that the name for this species had not been published, rafinesque seized the opportunity. later workers have variably indicated either nuttall or rafinesque as the author of g. biflorus. it is not clear whether crediting nuttall as the author was a repeated accident or an intentional snub toward rafinesque. eight years after rafinesque’s publication of g. biflorus, decaisne (1844) included the species in his newly described genus, chthamalia decne., citing nuttall as the author of the basionym. asa gray also cited the species with nuttall as the author in his synoptical flora of north america (1878). more than 120 years after nuttall’s specimen was first collected, milkweed specialist robert everard woodson, jr. lumped chthamalia, including chthamalia biflora, into the genus matelea, along with over 100 species in more than 20 genera (woodson 1941). currently, floras and databases indicate the authorship of this species as either m. biflora (nutt.) woodson or m. biflora (raf.) woodson. however, because nuttall did not validly publish gonolobus biflorus, and because rafinesque, when validly publishing g. biflorus had 72 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell apparently taken up the name suggested by nuttall, the proper authorship is g. biflorus nutt. ex raf. and in matelea, m. biflora (nutt. ex raf.) woodson. species description plants prostrate, usually with 5–20+ stems from a thickened taproot, stem length in flower 10–50 cm, lengthening in fruit, malodorous throughout; the largest leaves with petioles 0.7–2.5 cm long, blades broadly lanceolate to broadly ovate or nearly triangular, 1.5–5.0 cm long and 1.0–3.2 cm wide, bases deeply to shallowly cordate, apices acute, youngest leaf bases with a pair of rounded colleters; inflorescences of axillary pairs or solitary flowers; peduncles 0–10 mm; pedicels 0.2–1.1 cm; calyx lobes ovate to triangular, 2.0–3.5 mm long; corolla shallowly campanulate-rotate usually with spreading lobes, maroon to dark brown, 8– 13 mm in diameter, deeply 5-lobed; lobes elliptic to narrowly deltoid, margins often reflexed at maturity, densely pilose adaxially and sparsely pilose abaxially; corona consisting of a fleshy disk arising at the junction of the gynostegial column and the corolla, with 5 fleshy, incurved lobes, maroon to dark brown, approximately triangular in cross section, incumbent on anthers; anthers with entire, white, membranous, apical appendages; fruit a muricate, ellipsoid follicle, 5–10 cm long, protuberances numerous (≥5 per 5 cm of follicle length). distribution and ecology matelea biflora has been found most commonly on or adjacent to the edwards plateau in texas. the range extends north to the glass (gloss) mountains in major county, oklahoma. the easternmost collection was made near idabel in mccurtain county, oklahoma. the western edge of its range is near the texas-new mexico state line, where two specimens have been collected from lea county, new mexico (see fig. 2). in oklahoma, m. biflora is most commonly found south of i-40 in the southern tier of counties, particularly in areas with shale, dolomite, gypsum, limestone, or sandstone substrates (usgs 2005). it is also found west of oklahoma city in comanche, caddo, canadian, and major counties on sandstone, shale and limestone. to the southeast of oklahoma city, it has been collected in murray, pontotoc, johnston, and carter counties on limestone, shale and conglomerates. in the proximity of the ouachita mountains, it has been collected on shale and limestone. matelea biflora is generally found on hillsides or plains, in intact or disturbed prairies, pastures, ditches, or roadsides, where the soils generally include clay, rocks and sand. due to its prostrate, highly branched growth form, m. biflora tolerates mowing quite well and is often locally common when found in mown habitats. among the level iii ecoregions of texas and oklahoma (griffith et al. 2004; woods et al. 2005), this species has been collected in parts of the high plains, the central great plains, and the cross timbers. it is also found throughout the edwards plateau ecoregion of texas (griffith et al. 2004). within oklahoma, m. biflora is also found within the south central plains ecoregion (woods et al. 2005). few collectors have noted associated species; however, available data suggest that these are numerous and diverse. they include graminoids in the genera aristida, bothriochloa, bouteloua, bromus, carex, dicanthelium, erioneuron, and poa. other herbaceous associates include species of aphanostephanus, asclepias, ambrosia, artemisia, atriplex, centaurea, callirhoe, calylophus, chrysopsis, croton, cuscuta, dalea, desmanthus, euphorbia, gaillardia, grindelia, hedeoma, hedyotis, hymenoxys, krameria, lesquerella, linum, melampodium, opuntia, plantago, ruellia, solanum, salvia, stillingia, teucrium, thamnosma, thelesperma, and tragia. oklahoma native plant record 73 volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell woody associates include species of juniperus, prosopis, quercus, and ziziphus. though almost nothing is known about faunal interactions with m. biflora, including potential pollinators, i have observed dung beetles in the genus euphoria on flowers twice, but with no pollinia attached (these have also been observed by mark fishbein, pers. comm.). near fort worth, texas, i have observed blister beetles from the family meloidae on the foliage. additionally, i’ve seen a variety of ants and flies on and around flowers. matelea cynanchoides (engelm. & a. gray) woodson gonolobus cynanchoides engelm. & a. gray vincetoxicum cynanchoides (engelm. & a. gray) a. heller prairie milkvine taxonomic history matelea cynanchoides (see figs. 1b, 1d) was first described as gonolobus cynanchoides by george engelmann and asa gray in 1845. ferdinand lindheimer collected the type specimen during his second collecting trip in texas in 1844. the holotype is held at mo. there are also four duplicates: one at k, two at gh, and one at university of michigan (mich). according to the accompanying label, the specimen was collected in “sandy soil, in open woods, near industry. april-june”. lindheimer was contracted by engelmann and gray to collect specimens in texas, and many new species discovered by lindheimer were described by these two leading botanists of their time (blankinship 1907). on the 1844 collecting trip, lindheimer traveled from the brazos river, near san felipe, to industry and then west to the colorado river. industry, where the specimen was collected, is a small community in austin county between the cities of austin and houston. in the introductory remarks to engelmann and gray’s (1845) published enumeration of lindheimer’s collections, they noted this region had rocks of secondary sandstone, cacti, and prairies with large numbers of anthills. the morphology of g. cynanchoides was described by engelmann and gray as follows: “stems 6 to 15 inches high, diffuse; leaves 1-2 inches long, cordate, with an open sinus, the uppermost sometimes almost truncate at the base. corolla greenish purple, about two lines [i.e., 0.2 in] in diameter”. they also described the coronal structure and pollinia characters in some detail. interestingly, they concluded that this taxon is a likely congener of decaisne’s chthamalia biflora (=matelea biflora, see above). gonolobus cynanchoides was differentiated primarily by its glabrous corolla. engelmann and gray did not take up decaisne’s (1844) generic name, chthamalia, published the previous year, because they argued that the characters possessed by g. cynanchoides were accommodated by the range of variation in gonolobus, as understood by botanists of that time, including decaisne. thus, they rejected decaisne’s concept of chthamalia as a genus (decaisne 1844; engelmann and gray 1845) and maintained the morphological diversity housed within gonolobus. after the initial description of g. cynanchoides, amos arthur heller transferred the species to the genus vincetoxicum (heller 1900). in doing so, he adopted a then current taxonomic opinion that vincetoxicum was the correct generic name for gonolobus, but this opinion was overturned a few decades later. just under 100 years after the first g. cynanchoides specimens were collected, woodson (1941) placed g. cynanchoides into matelea (along with many other species, including m. biflora). species description plants erect, decumbent or prostrate, usually with 3–10+ stems from a thickened 74 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell taproot, stem length in flower 20–40 cm, lengthening in fruit, malodorous throughout; the largest leaves with petioles 0.7–1.3 cm long, blades broadly ovate to deltoid, 1.5–4 cm long and 1.5–3.2 cm wide, bases truncate to deeply cordate or sagittate, apices acute to rounded, youngest leaf bases with 2–4 elongated, pointed colleters; inflorescences of axillary (sometimes appearing terminal) fascicles or shortly pedunculate umbels; peduncles 0–13 mm; pedicels 3–6 mm long; calyx lobes ovate to elliptic, 2–3 mm long; corolla shallowly campanulate-rotate, usually with ascending lobes, green to maroon or dark brown, 6-9 mm in diameter, 5-lobed; lobes ovate to deltoid, margins not reflexed at maturity, glabrous to sparsely pilose adaxially and glabrous abaxially; corona consisting of a fleshy disk arising at the junction of the gynostegial column and the corolla, with 5 fleshy incurved lobes, green, yellow, or maroon, approximately rhombic in cross section, incumbent on anthers, anthers with lobed, white, membranous, apical appendages; fruit a sparsely muricate, broadly ellipsoid follicle, 7–10 cm long, protuberances few (≤3 per 5 cm of follicle length). distribution and ecology matelea cynanchoides is most commonly found along the gulf coastal plain in texas. the distribution extends northward to oklahoma and is strongly associated with quaternary dunes and alluvial deposits, especially those near the red, canadian, and north canadian rivers (usgs 2005). to the east, the range of m. cynanchoides extends to miller county in the southwest corner of arkansas and caddo parish in the northwest corner of louisiana. to the west, this species largely circumvents the edwards plateau in central texas, but does reach isolated outposts in kent county in northcentral texas, where a specimen was collected from a sand sheet deposit. it has also been found at an isolated site in greer county, oklahoma, where it is associated with terraces of the north fork of the red river, near lake altus-lugert (see fig. 2). along both sides of the red river, m. cynanchoides populations are found on alluvial deposits (mostly cretaceous sands) intercalated between m. biflora populations that occur along upland bluffs on sedimentary substrates. populations in southern and eastern texas are found on various sandy deposits that include queen city sand, carrizo sand, the lissie formation, the willis formation, and the catahoula formation as well as mudstone, sandstone, siltstone, and alluvium. matelea cynanchoides is typically found in openings in cross timbers and pine-oak forests and in prairies. it is strongly associated with stabilized dune systems. this species tolerates disturbance and is regularly found in weedy sites along roads, in pastures, and other deforested areas. unlike its congener, this species is decumbent-upright, but it seems to recover well from the effects of mowing by producing branches from the base or from low axillary buds. in texas and oklahoma, m. cynanchoides has been well collected from two level iii ecoregions (griffith et al. 2004; woods et al. 2005): the south central plains and the east central texas plains. the westernmost collection of m. cynanchoides is from a sand sheet near the lubbock area, in the high plains ecoregion. there are also many collections from within the western gulf coastal plains ecoregion of texas (griffith et al. 2004). in oklahoma, m. cynanchoides also occurs in the central great plains and the cross timbers (woods et al. 2005). though few specimens record associated species, available data suggest that the associated species are numerous and diverse. these include graminoids in the genera aristida, cenchrus, dichanthelium, digitaria, eragrostis, eustachys, panicum, paspalum, and sporobolus. other herbaceous associates include species of acalypha, oklahoma native plant record 75 volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell aristolochia, asclepias, berlandiera, chenopodium, cnidoscolus, croton, commelina, dalea, diodia, ditaxis, erigeron, eriogonum, eupatorium, gaillardia, galactia, helenium, helianthus, heliotropium, hymenopappus, hypericum, indigofera, lantana, lepidium, mimosa, monarda, opuntia, phyllanthus, physalis, richarida, rudbeckia, sida, sphaeralcea, stillingia, tetragonotheca, triodanis, verbena, vernonia, and yucca. woody associates include species of callicarpa, carya, celtis, diospyros, juniperus, pinus, prosopis, prunus, quercus, rhus, vaccinium, and vitis. there are no known pollinators or other faunal interactions for m. cynanchoides, but there has been one observation (fishbein, pers. comm.) of a small, unidentified weevil (curculionidae) visiting the flowers, apparently feeding on nectar. acknowledgements funding from the oklahoma state university department of botany mcpherson fund, the oklahoma state university botanical society, the society of systematic biologists, and the systematics research fund of the linnaean society has made this research possible. i thank dr. mark fishbein, whose expertise and dedication to milkweed research have been invaluable in all aspects of this project. i thank ben haack, kevin mcdonnell, bob o’kennon, and lindsey worcester, who each provided exceptional field support and assistance. i also thank an anonymous reviewer for comments and suggestions that greatly improved this manuscript. finally, i thank the collections managers and curators of each herbarium that i have worked with: ariz, asu, brit, cas, gh, ksc, lsu, mo, ny, ocla, okl, okla, srsc, tex/ll, unm, and us. references blankinship, j.w. 1907. plantae lindheimerianae. part iii. missouri botanical garden annual report 1907. pp. 123-223. boewe, c. 2003. profiles of rafinesque. knoxville: the university of tennessee press. collins, z. 1805-1827. correspondence with various botanists. philadelphia academy of natural sciences. coll. 129. correll, d.s. and m.c. johnston. 1970. manual of the vascular plants of texas. renner (tx): texas research foundation. decaisne, j. 1844. asclepiadeae. in a. p. de candolle (ed.). prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis.. vol. 8. pp. 490-665. paris: masson. engelmann, g. and a. gray. 1845. plantae lindheimerianae: an enumeration of f. lindheimer's collection of texan plants. with remarks, and descriptions of new species, etc: freeman and bolles. gray, a. 1878. synoptical flora of north america. vol. ii part i. gamopetalae after compositae. new york: ivison, blakeman, taylor, & co. griffith, g.e., s.a. bryce, j.m. omernik, j.a. comstock, a.c. rogers, b. harrison, and d. bezanson. 2004. ecoregions of texas (color poster with map, descriptive text, and photographs). reston (va): u.s. geological survey. heller, a.a. 1900. some changes in nomenclature. muhlenbergia 1(1): 1-8. krings, a., d.t. thomas, and q.-y. xiang. 2008. on the generic circumscription of gonolobus (apocynaceae, asclepiadoideae): evidence from molecules and morphology. systematic botany 33:403-415. lawson, r.m. 2004. the land between the rivers: thomas nuttall's ascent of the arkansas, 1819. ann arbor: the university of michigan press. lottinville, s. 1980. editor's introduction a jounal of travels into the arkansas territory during the year 1819. (pp. ix-xxiv). norman (ok): university of oklahoma press. 76 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell mclean, e.p. 1980. asclepiadaceae of thomas nuttall at the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia. bartonia 47:31-35. nuttall, t. 1837. collections towards a flora of the territory of arkansas. transactions of the american philosophical society. pp. 139-203. parks, m. 2008. phylogeny of new world milkweed vines (apocynaceae, gonolobinae) [master’s thesis]. portland (or): portland state university. rafinesque, c.s. 1836. new flora of north america. vol. iv: neobotanon. philadelphia. redfield, mr. 1876. botanical correspondence of zaccheus collins. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelpia 28:81-82. stuckey, r.l. 1966. thomas nuttall's 1816 ohio valley plant collections described in his "genera" of 1818. castanea 187198. stuckey, r.l. 1971. the first public auction of an american herbarium including an account of the fate of the baldwin, collins, and rafinesque herbaria. taxon 20(4):443-459. thiers, b. 2014. index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. new york botanical garden's virtual herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/. retrieved august 2014. torrey, j. 1859. botany of the boundary. in w. h. emory (ed.). report on the united states and mexican boundary survey. vol. 2. washington dc: u.s. govt. tyrl, r.j. and p.a. shryock. 2014. a cavalcade of field botanists in oklahoma–contributors to our knowledge of the flora of oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 13:55-100. tyrl, r.j., s.c. barber, p. buck, w.j. elisens, j.r. estes, p. folley, l.k. magrath, c.l. murray, a.k. ryburn, b.a. smith, c.e.s. taylor, r.a. thompson, j.b. walker, l.e. watson. (in prep). flora of oklahoma: keys and descriptions. noble (ok): flora oklahoma inc. usgs (cartographer). 2005. preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the united states: central states: montana, wyoming, colorado, new mexico, north dakota, south dakota, nebraska, kansas, oklahoma, texas, iowa, missouri, arkansas, and louisiana. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1351/. warren, l. 2004. constantine samuel rafinesque: a voice in the american wilderness: lexington (ky): university press of kentucky. woods, a.j., j.m. omernik, d.r. butler, j.g. ford, j.e. henley, b.w. hoagland, b.c. moran, 2005. ecoregions of oklahoma (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs). reston (va): u.s. geological survey. woodson, r.e., jr. 1941. the north american asclepiadaceae i. perspective of the genera. annals of the missouri botanical garden 28:193-244. oklahoma native plant record 77 volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell key to the species of matelea in oklahoma the following key includes the four species of matelea native to oklahoma and a version will appear in the next edition of the flora of oklahoma: keys and descriptions (tyrl et al., in prep). gonolobus is included in the key to aid in distinguishing g. suberosus, which has sometimes been placed in matelea as m. gonocarpa. 1. flowers with dorsal anther appendages. follicles thick-walled, winged. ...................... gonolobus 1. flowers lacking dorsal anther appendages. follicles thin-walled, smooth or muricate, but not winged. ..................................................................................... matelea 2. plants non-twining herbs with multiple prostrate to ascending stems from the base, 10–50 cm long. leaf blades 1–6 cm long, conspicuously and generally pubescent. corolla rotate-campanulate with lanceolate to deltoid lobes. 3. stems nearly to fully prostrate. corolla lobes narrowly deltoid to lanceolate, usually spreading, margins reflexed at maturity. adaxial surface of calyx and corolla with dense, thick hairs. ........................................... m. biflora 3. stems decumbent, ascending, or nearly erect. corolla lobes deltoid, usually ascending, margins planar. adaxial surface of calyx and corolla glabrous. ............................................................................................... m. cynanchoides 2. plants vines with 1-few stems from the base, 100–300 cm long. leaf blades 6–18 cm long, inconspicuously puberulent with hairs mostly limited to veins. corolla campanulate with narrowly lanceolate to linear, twisted lobes. 4. corolla white or cream. .................................................................................. m. baldwyniana 4. corolla maroon or brown-purple. ...................................................................... m. decipiens 78 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell appendix specimens of matelea biflora and m. cynanchoides that were examined are listed below. data are presented in the following format: taxon: provenance, voucher (acronym of herbarium deposition). specimens collected by more than one person are listed here by the first name on the label. matelea biflora (nutt. ex raf.) woodson u.s.a., new mexico: lea co.: hutchins 9411 (nmu), sivinski 8456 (nmu) u.s.a., oklahoma: bryan co.: blain 131 (us), taylor 608 (okl), taylor 1413 (okl), taylor 24871 (okl), caddo co.: magrath 9764 (ocla, 2 sheets), nighswonger 1375 (okl), hoagland 2909 (okl), hoagland 2433 (okl), carter co.: fryxell 1367 (ny), goodman 7841 (okl), choctaw co.: leavenworth s.n. (ny, 2 sheets), magrath 16036 (ocla), comanche co.: thompson s0377 (okl), cotton co.: waterfall 7275 (okl), harmon co.: stevens 1169 (gh, ny), waterfall 7784 (okl), jackson co.: buthod ab-7372 (okl), buthod ab-10028 (okl), johnston co.: taylor 528 (okl), love co.: taylor 3605 (okl), major co.: rein 41 (okla), fishbein 6593 (okla), mccurtain co.: waterfall 17257 (gh, cas), demaree 12644 (okl), buthod ab-7197 (okl), murray co.: johnson 67 (okl), pontotoc co.: goodman 5454 (okl), waterfall 11425 (okl), johnson pon0154 (okl), stephens co.: magrath 16541 (ocla), tillman co.: smith 54 (okl), county uncertain: nuttall s.n. (ny, type), merrill 301 (us) u.s.a., texas: bastrop co.: tharp 1697 (us), bell co.: nesom 6432, bexar co.: harvard 30 (us, gh), schulz 512 (us), jermy s.n. (us), blanco co.: prinzie 221 (mo, okla), brown co.: carr 12728 (tex), rein 40 (okla), comanche co.: lehto l25070 (asu), concho co.: dorr 1563 (tex), dallas co.: lehto l25114 (asu), reverchon 2310 (gh, ny, 4 sheets, us), bush 623 (gh, ny, 2 sheets, us), reverchon s.n. (ny, 2 sheets), bodin 234 (us), reverchon 619 (us), denton co.: lundell 8423 (gh), cory 53715 (ny, us), eastland co.: johnston 73 (asu), edwards co.: cory 39042 (gh), erath co.: hoisington 244 (okl), garza co.: hutchins 546 (tex), wooton s.n. (us), hamilton co.: tharp, s.n. (gh), holland 10093 (ksc), hardeman co.: ball 1121 (us), hockley co.: thurow s.n. (us), johnson co.: lehto l25208 (asu), kerr co.: heller 1681 (gh, ny, us), llano co.: bray 336 (us), lubbock co.: wooton s.n. (us), demaree 7717 (us), demaree 7699 (us), mclennan co.: smith 535 (ny), prinzie 229 (mo, okla), massey 940 (okl), menard co.: mcvaugh 8291 (gh), rein 38 (okla), mitchell co.: tracy 7974 (us, gh, ny, 2 sheets), schleicher co.: turner 21-840 (tex), rein 39 (okla), sutton co.: cory 39624 (gh), tarrant co.: correll 32752 (gh), ruth 93 (ksc, us, 2 specimens, gh, ny, 3 specimens), cory 54532 (tex), carr 12833 (tex), pond s.n. (us, ny), killian 6799 (us), taylor co.: williams s.n. (gh), tom green co.: tweedy s.n. (ny, us), travis co.: poud s.n. (us), young s.n. (gh), carr 11100 (tex), tharp 1691 (us), tharp 1329 (us), wichita co.: whitehouse 10883 (ny), williamson co.: baird 3796 (ny), wise co.: mcdonnell 150 (okla), mcdonnell 172 (okla), bridges 13625 (tex), young co.: vollum s.n. (us, 2 sheets), cory 13144 (gh), county uncertain: wright s.n. (gh, 2 sheets, ny), lindheimer s.n. (gh), wright 545 (gh, 2 sheets), degener 5050 (ny), hayes s.n. (ny), stanfield s.n. (ny), ward s.n. (ny, us), stevenson s.n. (us), bebb 2394 (okl), bebb 2508 (okl) oklahoma native plant record 79 volume 14, december 2014 angela mcdonnell matelea cynanchoides (engelm. & a. gray) woodson u.s.a., arkansas: miller co.: thomas 134244 (ksc, lsu), kral 65495 (tex) u.s.a., louisiana: caddo parish: macroberts 88691 & 6891 (tex, lsu, ny, us), reid 5569 (lsu), reid 5578 (lsu), parish uncertain: leavenworth s.n. (ny) u.s.a., oklahoma: atoka co.: fishbein 6775 (okla), lewallen 2636 (okl), rein 56 (okla), rein 57 (okla), blaine co.: rein 42 (okla), waterfall 7071 (okl), bryan co.: taylor 1654 (okl), taylor 2294 (okl), caddo co.: pettijohn 139 (ocla), bittle 160 (okl), canadian co.: goodman 5846 (gh), goodman 7523 (okl), choctaw co.: waterfall, 16031 (ksc), hoagland hugo396 (okl), cleveland co.: stevens 1569 (gh), jeffs s.n. (okl), barkley s.n. (okl), smith 604 (okl), hawk 3 (okl), pusonett 16 (okl), custer co.: waterfall 2226 (okl), waterfall 7347 (okl), grady co.: mcdonnell 195 (okla), pettijohn 217 (ocla), bowers 224 (ocla), goin 6 (ocla), rein 43 (okla), rein 44 (okla), greer co.: joseph s.n. (okl), jefferson co.: goodman 7198 (okl), taylor 3632 (okl), kingfisher co.: bollenbach 47 (okl), folley 330 (okl), logan co.: carleton 154 (us, ksc), smith 539 (okl), smith 393 (okl), marshall co.: goodman 5926 (okl), mccurtain co.: schwenn 105 (ocla), payne co.: stratton 3046 (okl), pushmataha co.: magrath 11930 (ocla), magrath 15549 (ocla), magrath 11254 (ocla), tillman co.: johnson hf0071 (okl), county uncertain: carleton s.n. (ksu), palmer 182 (ny, us, 2 sheets) u.s.a., texas: anderson co.: rein 107 (okla), angelina co.: rein 105 (okla), aransas co.: berlandier 561 (gh), atascosa co.: orzell 6696 (tex), austin co.: lindheimer 273 (gh, 2 sheets, type), bastrop co.: lott 5093 (tex), lott 4497 (tex), bee co.: carr 24543 (tex), bexar co.: thurber 185 (gh), brazos co.: fryxell 2380 (ny), burnet co.: wolff 1551 (us), cooke co.: lusk s.n. (nmu), de witt co.: drushel 10771 (us), franklin co.: worcester 164 (okla), freestone co.: thomas 133705 (ny), frio co.: palmer 33883 (ny), gonzales co.: cory 5781 (gh), cory 8348 (gh), bogusch 1873 (us), goodman 6215 (okl), warnock 164 (tex), guadalupe co.: rein 54 (okla), harris co.: hall 520 (gh, us, ny, 2 sheets), thuron s.n. (us), henderson co.: correll 22110 (ny), jasper co.: orzell 11045 (tex), kent co.: correll 22110 (ny), leon co.: kral 67245 (gh), palmer 13418 (us), limestone co.: holmes 7116 (tex), navarro co.: joor 96 (us), newton co.: allen 22175 (lsu, 2 sheets), parker co.: quayle 566 (tex), refugio co.: hill 10613 (gh, ny), shelby co.: thomas, 129199 (ny), tyler co.: prinzie 225 (mo, okla), upshur co.: holmes 9964 (tex), van zandt co.: rein 108 (okla), correll 16211 (gh), wilbarger co.: correll 16211 (gh), county uncertain: tharp s.n. (gh), tharp 566 (ny), hayes s.n. (ny), bigelow s.n. (ny), drummond 203 (ny), wright s.n. (ny), wright 545 (gh, 2 sheets) non-twining milkweed vines of oklahoma: an overview ofmatelea biflora and matelea cynanchoides (apocynaceae) by ms. angela mcdonnell journal of the oklahoma native plantsociety, volume 3, number 1, december 2003 oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 4 black mesa flora study james k. mcpherson, ph.d. department of botany oklahoma state university 22 february 1993 summary of season’s work the following constitutes a report on field, laboratory, and library work done in 1992 on the flora of the state parks-the nature conservancy preserve property at black mesa. this property is north of the town of kenton; r1e, t6n, sections 28-33 (portions), and r1e, t5n, s6 (portion), cimarron county, oklahoma. i spent 14 full days collecting plants on the preserve, each time camping at the state park a few miles away the nights before and after, so very little travel time was used on collecting days. collecting dates in the 1992 growing season were 2-3 march, 6-7 april, 30 april-1 may, 14-16 may, 26 june, 2-3 september, and 21-22 september. during each trip an effort was made to visit and collect in as many different types of sites as possible. collections of 199 species were made. these were handled in the conventional way, with duplicate specimens being made. one set is deposited in the oklahoma state university herbarium, and the other in the bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma. interpretation of findings flora. the families compositae, leguminosae, and gramineae are represented by the largest numbers of species. however, 47 other families are present. members of the gramineae mcpherson, j.k. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100018 (grass) family clearly dominate most of the landscape. the pinaceae (in the inclusive sense) is the other dominant family, due to the numerous members of the genus juniperus in some areas. two species that are endemic were collected. the shrub glossopetalon planitierum (=forsellesia p.), celastraceae, which is known only from a few adjacent counties in the texas panhandle, one nearby county in new mexico and the black mesa area of cimarron county, ok. the type locality is “near the top of black mesa, cimarron co.” it is possible that the type locality is now on the preserve, though it probably is not possible to know with certainty. the other endemic collected was the perennial herb astragalus puniceus, leguminosae. it is known only from the mesa de maya area (las animas county, colorado; union county, new mexico; and cimarron county, oklahoma) and deaf smith county, texas. both species are fairly common locally, but can be considered rare in a general sense. four other species are worth mentioning in this context. i did not collect them, but know about them from the literature (rogers, 1953; harrington 1964; waterfall 1969; mcgregor et al. 1977; mcgregor et al. 1986, correll and johnston 1970). sarcostemma lobata, asclepiadaceae, is apparently known only from black mesa. it is likely that this species will be found on the preserve, and oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 mcpherson, j.k. seems to be a legitimate rare species. lesquerella calcicola, cruciferae, palafoxia macrolepis, compositae, and swertia coloradensis, gentianaceae, are all endemic in southeastern colorado, but are at higher elevations and/or on soil types that are not found in oklahoma, so probably are not on the preserve. finally, pericome glandulosa, compositae, was collected and is described by rogers (1953) as being an endemic, but has been reduced to varietal status by harrington. thus it is now pericome caudata var. glandulosa. the reduction appears legitimate. the type locality for it is also black mesa. in my opinion, var. glandulosa is only a local variant of a widespread species. it occurs on sandstone hills which are common in the region and there does not seem to be any substantial distinct feature about it. concern about it is probably not justified. i collected 199 species. rogers’ (1953) list contains 578 species and 11 varieties, a total of 589 taxa. there are some caveats to be mentioned about the comparison of numbers, however. first, rogers collected from a much larger area. second, he included types of sites that are not on the preserve (elevations up to 6850 ft., cimarron river bed and floodplain, sand dunes, and a salt-pan). finally, some of his species seem questionable in view of present knowledge. the following is a list of species i collected that rogers (1953) did not. identifications will be rechecked. selaginellaceae selaginella underwoodii [1] polypodiacae cheilanthes lanosa asplenium serpentrionale[1] gramineae bromus unioloides eragrostis trichodes var. trichodes [1] cyperaceae scirpus validus (s. lacustris in waterfall 1969) lemnaceae lemna minor liliaceae allium canadense var. fraseri salicaceae salix interior forma wheeleri s. nigra (possibly rogers’ “salix species”) moraceae morus alba[1] chenopodiaceae suckleya suckleyana ranunculaceae clematis hirsutissima var. scottii[1] cruciferae arabis fendleri saxifragaceae ribes odoratum [1] leguminosae petalostemon tenuifolium linaceae linum rigidum var. rigidum vitaceae parthenocissus quinquefolia (ident. should be checked) vitis vulpina onagraceae oenothera triloba asclepiadaceae asclepias arenaria[1] sarcostemma crispum[1] boraginaceae cryptantha minima labiatae salvia azurea var. grandiflora rubiaceae galium texense compositae ambrosia linearis[1] (tentative) aster fendleri a. leucelene hymenoxys acaulis kuhnia chlorolepis solidago mollis oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 mcpherson, j.k. 6 most of these species are permanent resident, “climax” types. they probably would not have immigrated into the area since rogers made his collections in the late 1940’s. the most likely explanation is that rogers simply missed seeing them. vegetation. this is not a formal study of the vegetation or plant communities of the preserve, but i made observations on these attributes of the site on which i can report. two vegetation types, in the conventional sense of barbour and billings, 1988, are present on the preserve. these are juniper-pinyon woodland, which is on the steeper slopes of the mesa and rock outcrops, and shortgrass prairie, on level to gently sloping sites with deeper soil. within this general picture are some smaller-scale patterns. the most obvious is the presence of cooper’s arroyo, a stream with rare-intermittent flow. it does have a pool that contains water most of the time, and its bed provides conditions that support typical moist-soil plant species such as salix spp., tamarix gallica, and carex gravida. this can be termed a riparian community. two variants of shortgrass prairie are present. on the berthoud loam and portions of the travessilla stony loam (usda, 1960) in the low-lying parts of the preserve is a prairie with many weeds, especially erioneuron pilosum, bothriochloa sacchariodes, and ambrosia psilostachya. there is also a substantial amount of the cactus opuntia imbricata which here is associated with disturbance. this portion of the preserve was the most accessible to cattle when the land was ranched, and was where most of the water was provided. it appears that overgrazing is the main cause of the abundance of weedy species and partial loss of the dominants, buchloe dactyloides and bouteloua gracilis. on the apache stony clay loam (usda, 1960), which is found only on the basalt rock forming the top of the mesa, is a slightly different version of shortgrass prairie. the dominant grasses, buchloe dactyloides and bouteloua gracilis, are the same, but they are more dominant and there are fewer weeds. more of the native forbs such as castilleja sessiliflora, oenothera lavendulaeflora, and several compositae are present. in my judgment, the difference is caused by a history of less disturbance, and by the soil’s higher clay content. the contrast between the two variants of short grass prairie will probably diminish with time and the cessation of grazing, but differences due to the contrasting soils are likely to remain. the mesa-top community probably will have a higher diversity of climax species. on the sides of the mesa the soils are mapped as rough stony land and the higher parts of the travessilla stony loam (usda, 1960). this is where the juniperpinyon woodland is found. juniperus monosperma is the strong dominant here, with only a few pinus edulis trees, despite the traditional name of the vegetation type. there are differing communities within this area, but they are not as clearly separated as is the case with the prairie communities. the most noteworthy group of species here, after j. monosperma, is the shrubs. on the drier, open slopes are rhus aromatica, cercocarpus montanus, brickellia brachyphylla, and b. californica. also, opuntia imbricata is here, appearing less weedy than it does in the prairies. in one area near the east end of the preserve the endemic glossopetalon planitierrum is a component of the shrub flora. all are fairly widely spaced so that walking among them is easy. oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 mcpherson, j.k. in the canyons where more moisture accumulates and there is some shelter from the wind is a denser shrub community. near the bottoms of the deeper canyons it is dense indeed, becoming impenetrable in places. most of the species just listed are present, and they are joined by prunus americana, p. virginiana, rubus deliciosus, ptelea trifoliata, and celtis reticulata. here also is juniperus scopulorum, a rocky mountain species, which is quite uncommon and is very close to the extreme edge of its range. throughout the juniper-pinyon vegetation is an array of grasses, mostly of different species from the prairie. very common are poa fendleriana and eragrostis cilianensis. in pockets of deep soil, often only a meter or two across, are andropogon gerardii, sorghastrum nutans, and schizachyrium scoparium. these are dominants of the tallgrass prairie 150 and more miles east, but grow well here in small, favorable sites. the juniper-pinyon woodlands are the least disturbed communities on the preserve. the only other local community that should be noted is the very weedy one that develops in and around the usuallydry, man-made “tanks” or stock-watering ponds. these ponds contain water so seldom that its main effect is to drown any climax species that invade the bed. the original construction work left a massive scar, and trampling by cattle has perpetuated the disturbance. species commonly found in and around the ponds include proboscidea louisianica, xanthium strumarium, cenchrus pauciflorus, and suckleya suckleyana. if left alone, without cattle trampling, the dams and margins of these ponds will slowly revert to shortgrass prairie. the beds will be weedy as long as the dams occasionally retain water. references cited barbour, m.c. and w.d. billings (eds.). 1988. north american terrestrial vegetation. cambridge, ma: cambridge univ. press. correll, d.s. and m.c. johnston. 1970. manual of the vascular plants of texas. renner, tx: texas research foundation. harrington, h.d. 1964. manual of the plants of colorado. athens, oh: sage books/swallow press. mcgregor, r.l. et al. 1977. atlas of the flora of the great plains. ames, ia: iowa state university press. mcgregor, r.l. et al. 1986. flora of the great plains. lawrence, ks: university press of kansas. rogers, c.m. 1953. the vegetation of the mesa de maya region of colorado, new mexico, and oklahoma. lloydia:257-290. united states department of agriculture. soil conservation service; soil survey: cimarron county, oklahoma. u.s. government printing office. 1960. waterfall, u.t. 1969. keys to the flora of oklahoma. 4th ed. stillwater, ok: [published by the author] oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 mcpherson, j.k. 8 black mesa flora study year two supplement james k. mcpherson 20 january 1994 introduction this is a supplement to my report on the same subject of last year. it is assumed that the present readers have that report and can refer to it. this paper is organized the same way and is in the same sequence as last year’s. summary of 1993 work i spent seven full days collecting, using the same plans & format as in 1992. the dates were; 25-26 april, 9-10 may, 31 may, and 6-7 october. collections of 30 species new for this project were made, bringing the total to date to 229. they were handled and distributed as before. interpretation of findings the count of families has risen to 53 from 50, because of collection of single members of the selaginellaceae, sapindaceae, and polemoniaceae. two species should be mentioned. (1) the parthenocissus at the mesa may be p. vitacea, the “western” species. it is known from a few places in the state, but on most herbarium specimens it cannot be distinguished from p. quinquefolia so it is hard to know how common it is. waterfall did not realize p. vitacea was in okla. (or did not accept it), so most people have assumed that it was all p. quinquefolia. it will be next season before i will know which we have at the mesa. (2) there is an ambrosia there that keys to a. linearis, which is “apparently restricted to a few localities in the open high plains of eastern colorado; rarely collected.” there are no specimens in ou’s or our herbaria, so ron tyrl and i sent it off to university of colorado for identification. we haven’t heard back from them yet. it looks very much like a. psilostachya, which is abundant that area; this may be why it is overlooked. my 1993 estimate of 250-260 species being present on the preserve still seems reasonable. since 229 have been collected, about 20-30 remain to be found. oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 mcpherson, j.k. itors otes this paper is published with the courteous agreement of the nature conservancy for whom it was prepared. the approximate ps location of lack mesa state park is between latitudes 36.833 and 36.861 and longitudes 102.862 and 102.900. the elevation of the mesa ranges from 960 ft (1512 m) to 973 ft (1516 m). it is now contained within lack mesa state park which contains approximately 3 9 acres of land. the original species list has been updated as follows [1] on july 1, 199 , ten days before his death, jim mcpherson generated plant labels for 15 additional specimens he had collected on june 7 at lack mesa on his way to california. with the generous assistance of iris mcpherson, his wife, they are included in the flora and the taxa summary table below. amilies 55 enera 172 species 2 infraspecific taxa 1 xotic species 16 olley’s “additions to lack mesa lora study”, which follows mcpherson’s flora in this volume, includes areas of lack mesa state park not included in his study and lists only species that are not included here. [2] the international code of otanical nomenclature “conserved” several traditional family names when they standardized the family nomenclature. mcpherson used some of these traditional names in the lack mesa report, but since they are falling into disuse standardized names are provided here. current species’ names have also been provided. name changes are updates only. no specimens were reexamined for this publication. kartesz, j.r. (199 ). a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the united states, canada, and reenland. portland, or timber press. voss, . ., .m. urdet, w. . chaloner, v. demoulin, p. iepko, j. mcneill, r.d. meikle, d. . nicolson, r.c. rollins, p.c. silva, & w. reuter, 1983. international code of botanical nomenclature, adopted by the thirteenth international otanical congress, sydney, august 1981). [3] introduced species are indicated in this list. correll & johnston. 1970. manual of the vascular plants of texas. renner, t texas research oundation. taylor, r.j. & c. .s. taylor. 1991. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. published by the authors at southeastern oklahoma state university . tyrl, r.j., susan arber, paul uck, wayne lisens, james stes, patricia olley, awrence magrath, constance taylor, and rahmona thompson. the flora of oklahoma. the lora of oklahoma ditorial oard. orthcoming. usda-nrcs 2003. the p ants database. (http plants.usda.gov plants.) oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 10 species by family of the black mesa reserve, cimarron county james k. mcpherson, 1992 (93) = species added in 1993 (94) = species added in 1994[1]) standardized name [2] pteridaceae dryopteridaceae aspleniaceae poaceae division/class/family selaginellaceae selaginella underwoodii (93) polypodiaceae cheilanthes eatoni cheilanthes feei (93) cheilanthes lanosa notholena standleyi pellaea atropurpurea var. purpurea (93) woodsia oregan (94) asplenium septentrionale (94) pinaceae juniperus monosperma juniperus scopulorum pinus edulis gramineae agropyron smithii var. smithii andropogon gerardii aristida longiseta aristida purpurea aristida wrightii bothriochloa saccharoides bouteloua curtipendula bouteloua eriopoda bouteloua gracilis bouteloua hirsuta var. hirsutea bromus anomalus var. lanatipes bromus tectorum bromus unioloides buchloe dactyloides cenchrus carolinianus chloris verticillata echinochloa cruzgalli elymus virginicus var. jejunus elymus canadensis (94) eragrostis cilianensis mcpherson, j.k. common family name spikemoss family spikemoss true fern family eaton's lip fern slender lip fern hairy lip fern star cloak-fern cliff-brake oregon woodsia forked spleenwort pine family one-seed juniper rocky mtn. juniper pinyon pine grass family western wheatgrass[3] big bluestem fendler three-awn purple three-awn wright three-awn silver bluestem side-oats grama black grama blue grama hairy grama nodding brome cheat[3] rescue grass[3] buffalo grass sandbur windmill grass barnyard grass[3] virginia wildrye canadian wild rye stinkgrass[3] 11 mcpherson, j.k. elymus elymoides eragrostis trichodes var. var. trichodes (94) erioneuron pilosum hilaria jamesii hordeum pusillum lycurus phleoides muhlenbergia torreyi oryzopsis hymenoides oryzopsis micrantha panicum capillare var. capillare panicum hallii (93) panicum obtusum poa fendleriana schedonnardus paniculatus schizachyrium scoparium setaria leucopila sitanion hystrix sorghastrum nutans sporobolus cryptandrus stipa comata stipa scribneri vulpia octoflora cyperaceae carex gravida cyperus schweinitzii (93) scirpus americanus var. polphyllus scirpus validus scirpus tabernaemontanus salix exigua commelinaceae commelina erecta var. angustifolia (94) tradescantia occidentalis lemnaceae lemna minor liliaceae allium canadense var. fraseri yucca glauca salicaceae populus deltoids salix amygdaloides salix interior forma wheeleri salix nigra sand love grass fluffgrass[3] galleta little barley wolftail ring muhly indian ricegrass little-seed ricegrass common witchgrass hall panic grass vine-mesquite muttongrass tumblegrass little bluestem plains bristlegrass squirreltail indian grass sand dropseed thread-and-needle scribner needlegrass six-weeks fescue sedge family sedge umbrella sedge bulrush bulrush spiderwort family erect dayflower western spiderwort duckweed family duckweed lily family wild onion plains yucca willow family cottonwood peach-leaf willow sandbar willow black willow oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 mcpherson, j.k. 12 ulmaceae elm family celtis reticulate hackberry santalaceae sandalwood family commandra pallida bastard toad-flax commandra umbellata ssp. pallida urticaceae nettle family parietaria pennsylvanica pennsylvania pellitory polygonaceae buckwheat family eriogonum jamesii james wild buckwheat eriogonum lachnogynum wild buckwheat polygonum lapathifolium pale smartweed polygonum ramosissimum knotweed rumex crispus curly dock chenopodiaceae goosefoot family ceratoides lanata winterfat chenopodium album (93) lamb's quarters chenopodium incanum (93) goosefoot kochia scoparia kochia salsola kali var. tenuifolia russian thistle salsola kali var. tragus suckleyla suckleana poison suckleya amaranthaceae pigweed family amaranthus retroflexus rough pigweed[3] nyctaginaccae four-o'clock family mirabilis carletonii (93) carleton’s four-o'clock mirabilis linearis var. subhispida narrowleaf four-o'clock portulacaceae purslane family portulaca retusa purslane portulaca oleracea ssp. oleracea ranunculanceae buttercup family clematis hirsutissima var. scottii(93) virgin's bower delphinium virescens var. penardi prairie larkspur delphinium carolinianum var. virscens (93) ranunculus sceleratus cursed crowfoot fumariaceae fumitory family corydalis aurea golden corydalis capparidaceae caper family polanisia dodecandra clammy-weed oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 mcpherson, j.k. cruciferae mustard family brassicaceae arabis fendleri rock cress descurania pinnata tansy mustard var. intermedia erysimum capitatum wallflower lepidium densiflorum peppergrass[3] lesquerella ovalifolia bladderpod saxifragaceae saxifrage family grossulariaceae ribes cereum western red currant ribes odoratum buffalo currant ribes aureum var. villosum (93) rosaceae rose family cercocarpus montanus var. argenteus mountain mahogany physocarpus monogynus (93) mountain ninebark prunus americana var. americana wild plum prunus virginiana choke cherry rubus deliciosus boulder raspberry leguminosae pea family fabaceae amorpha canescens lead plant forma canescens (94) astragalus crassicarpus ground-plum var. paysoni (93) astragalus gracilis slender milk-vetch astragalus lotiflorus lotus milk-vetch astragalus missouriensis missouri milk-vetch astragalus mollissimus wooly locoweed astragalus puniceus trinidad milk-vetch dalea aurea golden prairie-clover dalea candida white prairie-clover var. oligophylla dalea enneandra nine-anther prairie-clover dalea formosa (93) feather plume dalea jamesii james dalea glycyrrhiza lepidota (93) wild licorice[3] hoffmannseggia drepanocarpa (93) sicklepod rush-pea caesalpinia drepanocarpa hoffmannseggia jamesii james rush-pea caesalpinia jamesii krameria lanceolata ratany krameriaceae melilotus officinalis yellow sweet clover[3] mimosa borealis pink mimosa petalostemum tenuifolia slimleaf prairie-clover dalea tenuifolia psoralea argophylla (93) silver-leaf scurf pea pediomelum argophylla psoralea tenuiflorum scurf pea psoralidium tenuiflorum vicia americana american vetch oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 mcpherson, j.k. 14 linaceae flax family linum lewisii blue flax linum rigidum var. rigidum stiff flax zygophyllaceae caltrop family tribulus terrestris goat head[3] rutaceae citrus family ptelea trifoliata wafer-ash polygalaceae milkwort family polygala alba milkwort euphorbiaceae spurge family argythamnia humilis wild mercury argythamnia mercurialina wild mercury croton texensis texas croton euphorbia fendleri fendler spurge chamaesyce fendleri euphorbia lata hoary spurge chamaesyce lata euphorbia dentata toothed spurge forma cuphosperma euphorbia marginata snow-on-the-mountain tragia ramosa noseburn anacardiaceae sumac family rhus aromatica var. pilosissima lemon sumac toxicodendron radicans poison ivy celastraceae staff-tree family crossosomataceae glossopetalon planitierum grease-bush sapindaceae soap-berry family sapindus drummondii (93) soap-berry sapindus saponaria var. drummondii vitaceae grape family parthenocissus quinquefolia virginia creeper vitis vulpina fox grape vitis riparia malvaceae mallow family sphaeralcea angustifolia globe mallow sphaeralcea coccinea scarlet globe mallow tamaricaceae tamarisk family tamarix gallica salt cedar[3] violaceae violet family hybanthus verticillatus green violet oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 mcpherson, j.k. loasaceae stick-leaf family mentzelia decapetala blazing star cactaceae cactus family echinocereus viridiflorus green-flowered hedgehog mammillaria vivipara (93) pincushion cactus escobaria vivipara var. vivipara opuntia imbricata cholla opuntia phaeacantha var. major prickly pear opuntia trichophora (93) prickly pear opuntia polyacantha var. trichophora onagraceae evening primrose family gaura coccinea var. coccinea scarlet butterfly flower oenothera serrulata evening primrose calyophus serrulatus oenothera albicaulis (93) evening primrose oenothera lavendulaefolia evening primrose calyophus lavandulifolius oenothera triloba stemless evening primrose umbelliferae parsley family apiaceae cymopteris acaulis (93) (no common name) cymopteris montanus (no common name) asclepiadaceae milkweed family asclepias arenaria (94) sand milkweed asclepias asperula low milkweed var. decumbens asclepias macrotis (94) longhood milkweed asclepias pumila threadleaf milkweed asclepias uncialis (93) dwarf milkweed sarcostemma crispum (94) convolvulaceae morning glory family convolvulus incanus field bindweed[3] convolvulus arvensis evolvulus nuttallianus nuttall evolvulus ipomoea leptophylla (94) bush morning-glory polemoniaceae phlox family gilia laxiflora (93) gilia ipomopis laxiflora boraginaceae borage family cryptantha jamesii popcorn flower cryptantha cineria var. jamesii cryptantha minima small popcorn flower cryptantha thyrsiflora popcorn flower oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 mcpherson, j.k. 16 lappula redowskii stickseed lappula occidentalis var. occidentalis var. occidentalis lithospermum incisum cutleaf puccoon onosmodium molle var. occidentale false gromwell verbenaceae vervain family verbena canadensis rose vervain glandularia canadensis verbena bracteata prostrate vervain labiatae mint family lamiaceae monarda pectinata spotted beebalm salvia azurea var. grandiflora pitcher sage solanaceae nightshade family chamaesaracha conioides false nightshade physalis virginiana virginia ground cherry var. sonorae (94) physalis lobata ground cherry quincula lobata solanum elaeagnifolium silverleaf nightshade solanum rostratum (93) buffalo bur scrophulariaceae figwort family castilleja sessiliflora downy indianpaintbrush penstemon albidus white beardtongue penstemon ambiguous (94) veronica anagallis-aquatica water speedwell[3] martyniaceae unicorn-plant family proboscidea louisianica devil's claw plantaginaceae plantain family plantago purshii var. purshii wooly plantain plantago purshii var. spinulosa (93) wooly plantain rubiaceae madder family galium texense texas bedstraw cucurbitacaeae cucumber family cucurbita foetidissima buffalo gourd compositae sunflower family asteraceae agoseris cuspidate false dandelion nothocalais cuspidata ambrosia sp. (93) ragweed ambrosia psilostachya western ragweed artemisia filifolia sandsage artemisia glauca silky wormwood artemisia dracunculus oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 mcpherson, j.k. ssp. glauca artemisia ludoviciana louisiana sagewort aster ericoides heather aster aster fendleri fendler's aster aster leucelene white aster chaetoppa ericoides aster oblongifolius aromatic aster berlandiera lyrata green eyes brickellia brachyphylla (no common name) brickellia californica (no common name) chrysopsis villosa var. villosa golden aster heterotheca villosa var. villosa chrysothamnus nauseosus rabbit brush cirsium undulatum wavy-leaf thistle conyza canadensis var. canadensis horseweed dyssodia papposa fetid marigold engelmannia pinnatifida engelmann's daisy erigeron divergens var. cinereus fleabane erigeron colomexicanus evax prolifera rabbit-tobacco gaillardia pinnatifida blanket flower grindelia squarrosa var. nuda curly-top gumweed gutierrezia sarothrae snakeweed haplopappus spinulosus cutleaf ironplant machaeranthera pinnatifida helianthus annuus annual sunflower hymenopappus flavescens yellow plainsman hymenopappus tenuifolius white plainsman hymenoxys acaulis stemless bitterweed tetraneuris acaulis hymenoxys scaposa var. linearis bitterweed tetraneuris scaposa kuhnia chlorolepis false boneset brickellia eupatorioides var. chlorolepis liatris punctata var. punctata dotted gayfeather lygodesmia juncea (94) skeleton plant lygodesmia pauciflora skeletonweed stephanomeria pauciflora machaeranthera tanacetifolia (93) tansy aster melampodium leucanthemum black-foot daisy pericome caudate (no common name) ratibida columnifera mexican hat ratibida tagetes (94) prairie coneflower senecio douglasii var. longilobus shrub groundsel senecio flaccidus senecio plattensis prairie ragwort senecio tridenticulatus ragwort solidago mollis soft goldenrod solidago petiolaris (93) downy goldenrod thelesperma megapotamicum greenthread townsendia exscapa easter daisy oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 mcpherson, j.k. 18 tragopogon major (93) goatbeard[3] tragopogon dubius verbesina encelioides golden crownbeard xanthium strumarium cocklebur zinnia grandiflora wild zinnia moraceae morus alba (94) white mulberry[3] oklahoma native plant record, volume 15, number 1, december 2015 oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 15, december 2015 chad b. king https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100112 forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia, oklahoma county, oklahoma (1820–2014) chad b. king department of biology university of central oklahoma edmond, ok 73034 cking24@uco.edu keywords: fire history, cross timbers, dendroecology abstract evidence indicates that the structure of oklahoma cross timbers forests are in transition due to changing climate, land-use patterns, and fire suppression efforts. however, only a handful of studies have addressed the history of fire across the oklahoma cross timbers landscape. this research adds to the body of literature by studying the contemporary forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia in oklahoma county, oklahoma. results demonstrate that post oak (quercus stellata wangenh.) and blackjack oak (q. marilandica münchh.), two common species in oklahoma cross timbers, dominate the forest. however, several mesophytic tree species are found in the overstory as well as the sapling layer of the forest. a total of 25 fire events (mean fire interval = 4.14 years) were documented during the 20th century using fire-scar analysis of q. stellata trees and remnant wood (stumps, snags, recently dead trees). high fire frequencies in the early to mid-20th century corresponded to the recruitment of q. stellata and q. marilandica. wet conditions (pdsi > 0) during the late 20th century and no fires after 1985 corresponded to the recruitment of non-oak, mesophytic species at the study site. the results of this study suggest that changes in fire frequency and moisture availability are contributing to changes in tree density and species composition at the study site. introduction fire has long been recognized as an important driver of forest dynamics (pyne 1982). in eastern north america, fire was a likely contributor to the development and sustainment of oak (quercus spp.) forests (abrams 1992). anthropogenic fire likely played a role in promoting upland oak forests, as well as changes in these forests (guyette et al. 2002). several upland quercus species benefit from and are adapted to frequent surface fires for their regeneration and recruitment in forests (abrams 1992). however, fire suppression during the 20th century has led to increasing densities of fire-sensitive, mesophytic tree species and a decline in quercus density (nowacki and abrams 2008). understanding the frequency of historic fires has an important role in explaining changes to contemporary forests. the result is a rich history of studies of fire history across the eastern united states (shumway et al. 2001; guyette et al. 2006; mcewan et al. 2007; king and muzika 2014; muzika et al. 2015; among others). one of the common patterns found in these studies is that surface fires were often frequent events prior to euro-american settlement of the area and that fire remained frequent during early euro-american settlement prior to fire suppression efforts in the early and mid-20th century. several interacting factors likely contributed to changing fire frequencies in eastern north american forests, including human density, topography, drought, and mailto:cking24@uco.edu 20 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chad b. king climate change (guyette et al. 2002; mcewan et al. 2011). recently, research on forest structure and dynamics in oklahoma cross timbers forests and savannas has highlighted the increase in fire-sensitive tree density and decrease in quercus density since the 1950s attributed to drought and fire suppression efforts (desantis et al. 2011). fire history studies in the oklahoma cross timbers have demonstrated frequent fires prior to euro-american settlement and a continued presence of fire on the landscape into the mid-20th century (shirakura 2003; clark et al. 2007; stambaugh et al. 2009; desantis et al. 2010a; allen and palmer 2011). this research adds to the growing body of literature of forest dynamics and fire history in the oklahoma cross timbers. preliminary investigation of the arcadia conservation education area in northeast oklahoma county revealed the presence of fire scarred trees and remnant wood indicative of historic fires at the site. this research had two objectives: 1) describe the contemporary forest structure by analyzing species composition, density, basal area, and age structure in the overstory and sapling layers of the forest and 2) relate the forest structure to the frequency of historic fires using dendrochronology. methods study site lake arcadia is an approximately 736 ha recreational and water supply lake located in northeastern oklahoma county. the army corps of engineers constructed the lake beginning in 1980 with the lake pool filling by 1987. the study site was located on the south side of the lake at the arcadia conservation education area (acea) (35o37’29”n, 97o23’16”w). the acea is an approximately 226 ha area administered by the oklahoma department of wildlife conservation since 1996; prescribed fire is not utilized at the site (d. griffith, area manager, pers. comm.). mean annual temperature is 15.63oc, and mean annual precipitation is 91.4 cm. annual precipitation is bimodal with the greatest amounts of precipitation during may-june and september-october (oklahoma climatological survey, www.mesonet.org). soils in this area are classified as stephenville-darnell-niotaze, characterized by shallow sandy to loamy soils (dominick 2003; carter and gregory 2008). elevations at the study site range from 308.5 m at the lake edge to 323.4 m at the southern boundary of the acea. preliminary investigation revealed fire scarred trees and remnant wood within a 43 ha area of the acea. the focus of this research was within the 43 ha area to study the fire history and forest composition and structure. forest composition, age structure, and radial growth stand structure data were collected on twenty 0.04 ha fixed-area plots located randomly within the 43 ha study area. within each plot, the diameter at breast height (dbh) of all overstory trees (dbh >10 cm) was measured, and trees were identified to species. for each species in the overstory, estimates of relative density (trees/ha), relative dominance (basal area/ha), and relative importance were calculated to describe the contemporary composition of the forest overstory. increment cores were collected at 30 cm above the ground from two to four of the largest overstory trees per plot for estimates of age structure and radial growth at the study site. tree selection was based on the development of the longest tree-ring chronology for the site which can limit age structure interpretation. a total of 71 increment cores were collected from acea. two 0.01 ha fixed-area subplots were established in each 0.04 ha overstory plot to analyze the species composition and density of saplings (dbh <10 cm, >1.37 m height). http://www.mesonet.org/ oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 15, december 2015 chad b. king saplings were identified to species and counted within each subplot. cross-sections of one to two saplings were collected from paired subplots to study the age structure and radial growth of saplings. increment cores were returned to the university of central oklahoma where they were mounted and sanded with progressively finer sandpaper (80-grit to 1200-grit) in order to see individual tree-ring boundaries and cellular structure (stokes and smiley 1996). cross-dating procedures were used to confidently assign calendar years to each tree-ring on an increment core. individual ring-width measurements, to the nearest 0.01mm, were collected on each sample using a velmex ta unislide system (velmex, inc., bloomfield, ny), binocular microscope, and j2x measurement software (voortech consulting, holderness, nh). tree-ring series measurements were compared graphically, using the list method (yamaguchi 1991), and statistically using the program cofecha (holmes 1983; grissino-mayer 2001a). following crossdating and assignment of calendar years to each tree-ring, pith dates were recorded for age estimation at coring height and tree cohort establishment at the study site. in the event that the pith was missed in an increment core, the methods of duncan (1989) were used to estimate the number of tree-rings missed to the pith of the tree. fire history cross-sections were collected selectively from q. stellata remnant wood to study the fire history of the site. quercus stellata has been used successfully for fire history studies in oklahoma cross timbers (clark et al. 2007; stambaugh et al. 2009; desantis et al. 2010b; allen and palmer 2011). the analysis approach of guyette and stambaugh (2004) was used to identify fire scars in q. stellata. in their study, fire scars were identified based on bark fissure patterns, common in oak species (smith and sutherland 2001), and scarring that occurs across multiple samples during the same year. a total of 21 samples exhibited scarring associated with surface fires, including 13 recently dead q. stellata, two saplings that demonstrated fire scars, and six snags. three samples could not be successfully cross-dated. all samples were sanded with progressively finer sandpaper (80-grit to 1200-grit). ring-widths for each remnant sample were measured using the velmex ta unislide system (velmex, inc., bloomfield, ny), binocular microscope, and j2x measurement software (voortech consulting, holderness, nh). based on cross-dating, calendar years for each treering on fire-scarred samples were assigned using correlation analysis with a master treering chronology created from 39 cross-dated q. stellata tree-ring series from the study site. calendar years were assigned to each identified fire scar on a sample. a fire chronology was created based on all fire scars for analysis of fire frequency (mean fire interval) and fire severity (fire years in which >25% samples were scarred) using the program fhx2 (grissino-mayer 2001b). superposed epoch analysis (grissino-mayer 2001b) was used to test the association of fire year and drought. instrumental palmer drought severity index (palmer 1965) data for the time period 1895 to 2013 from oklahoma climate region 5 were used to associate fire year and drought. an average was calculated for reconstructed palmer drought severity index (cook et al. 2004) for gridpoint 178 and 179 for purposes of comparing drought and growth of trees prior to 1895. reconstructed palmer drought severity indices are reconstruction models based on the association of instrumental palmer drought severity indices and regional tree-ring chronologies (cook et al. 1999). 22 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chad b. king results a total of nine species were identified in the overstory at lake arcadia. quercus stellata was the most dominant species, but q. marilandica had the highest density. overall, these two species accounted for 88% of the basal area and 68% of the overstory tree density at the study site. two celtis species (c. laevigata willd.; c. occidentalis l.) combined had the third highest relative tree density (15.1%) and relative dominance (5.51%) (table 1). table 1 overstory (dbh >10 cm) statistics and sapling (dbh <10 cm, >1.37 m height) density at lake arcadia, oklahoma county, oklahoma. relative importance value = (relative density + relative dominance)/2. species trees/ha relative density basal area (m2/ha) relative dominance relative importance value sapling density (stems/ha) quercus stellata 95 29.2 14.5 70.1 49.7 576 quercus marilandica 126 38.8 3.66 17.7 28.3 480 celtis laevigata 28 8.62 0.71 3.47 6.04 192 juniperus virginiana 25 7.69 0.78 3.77 5.73 384 celtis occidentalis 21 6.46 0.42 2.05 4.25 1056 ulmus rubra 15 4.62 0.50 2.41 3.51 192 sideroxylon lanuginosum 7 2.15 0.06 0.27 1.21 --ulmus americana 4 1.23 0.03 0.12 0.68 96 sapindus drummondii 4 1.23 0.01 0.05 0.64 --cornus drummondii ----------384 cercis canadensis ----------192 quercus muehlenbergii ----------96 celtis reticulata ----------96 total 325 100 20.6 100 100 3744 a total of 11 species was found in the sapling layer (see table 1). the sapling layer was rather dense (3,744 stems/ha). celtis occidentalis had the highest sapling density (1,056 stems/ha), and the three celtis species accounted for 35% of the sapling density at lake arcadia. approximately 78% of the overstory tree species was also found in the sapling layer; the exceptions were sapindus drummondii hook & arn. and sideroxylon oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 15, december 2015 chad b. king lanuginosum michx. two species, that have the potential of growing up to the existing overstory, were identified in the sapling layer but were not found in the overstory (c. reticulata torr.; q. muehlenbergii engelm.). a total of 137 samples from nine species was collected for analysis of forest age structure, radial growth, and fire history at lake arcadia. quercus stellata and q. marilandica accounted for 71% (n = 97) of the samples. increment cores were collected from q. stellata (n = 39), q. marilandica (n = 16), s. drummondii (n = 1), ulmus americana (l.) (n = 1), u. rubra (muhl.) (n = 3), s. lanuginosum (n = 2), c. laevigata (n = 3), and c. occidentalis (n = 6). sapling cross-sections were collected from q. stellata (n = 5), q. marilandica (n = 16), s. lanuginosum (n = 2), c. laevigata (n = 8), c. occidentalis (n = 10), and juniperus virginiana (l.) (n = 4) for estimates of sapling age and radial growth. a total of 21 q. stellata samples exhibited scarring associated with surface fires. two q. stellata saplings exhibited fire scars. the largest diameter tree in our study plots was a q. stellata that measured 67.5 cm dbh. the oldest tree was a q. stellata that was 193 years old (1821–2014). however, only 23.3% of q. stellata trees dated prior to the 20th century (fig. 1). the oldest q. marilandica in our study plots was 108 years old (1906–2014). q. stellata demonstrated continuous recruitment beginning in the 1880s, with the 1910s having the recruitment of a large cohort (see fig. 1). q. marilandica also demonstrated continuous recruitment during the early and mid-20th century. the oldest non-quercus individual in the overstory was a c. occidentalis that was 62 years old (1952–2014). the age structure of the non-quercus species in the overstory (s. drummondii, u. americana, u. rubra, s. lanuginosum, c. laevigata, c. occidentalis) indicated continuous recruitment beginning in the 1950s and peaking during the 1980s (see fig. 1). figure 1 age structure of q. stellata, q. marilandica, and non-oak species. non-oak species include s. lanuginosum, c. laevigata, c. occidentalis, s. drummondii, u. americana, u. rubra. arrows indicate the year of a fire. bottom graph represents reconstructed (dashed line) and instrumental (full line) palmer drought severity index (pdsi) for central oklahoma. 24 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chad b. king the oldest sapling in the understory of the study plots was a q. marilandica that was 62 years old (1952–2014). approximately 49% (n = 19) of non-oak saplings recruited during the 1980s (fig. 2). establishment of non-oak species appeared to correspond to periods of above-average pdsi following the 1960s (see figs. 1, 2). figure 2 age structure of q. stellata, q. marilandica, and non-oak saplings at lake arcadia. non-oak species includes s. lanuginosum, c. laevigata, c. occidentalis, and j. virginiana. arrows represent years of fire. bottom graph is the instrumental pdsi for central oklahoma (1952-2014). fifty-one fire scars were identified and dated, that occurred from 25 different fire events (fig. 3). the earliest fire occurred in 1844 with a range of fire years from 1844 to 1985. however, the 1844 fire scar was not used in any of the fire analyses due to a low sample depth during that time period it and being represented on only one sample. approximately 29.7% of years 1898 to 1985 had a fire. the most severe fire years (based on percentage of trees scarred) included 1898 (33.3%), 1912 (55.6%), 1922 (41.7%), and 1955 (41.7%). the mean fire interval (mfi) for all fires from 1898 to 1985 was 4.14 years (sd ± 2.22, range 2–9 years). superposed epoch analysis was conducted to test the association between drought and any fire year. results indicated no significant association between any fire year (1898 to 1985) and drought (fig. 4). severe fires oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 15, december 2015 chad b. king during 1912 and 1955 were associated with extreme drought conditions (pdsi < -2.99). for the period 1898 to 1985, 13 fires occurred during dry conditions (pdsi < 0), and 11 fires occurred during wet conditions (pdsi > 0). discussion changes in historic fire regimes and land-use patterns often lead to changes in forest structure and composition. in the cross timbers region of oklahoma, changes in forest structure and composition are apparent in terms of increasing tree density, particularly increases in fire sensitive tree species (desantis et al. 2010a, 2011). the result of changing historic forest dynamics is the “mesophication” (nowacki and abrams 2008) of cross timbers forests. this study demonstrates the continued dominance of q. stellata and q. marilandica in the overstory of this cross timbers forest. however, this study also highlights the effect of a changing fire regime on forest structure at the study site. total basal area for this study is similar to other studies across multiple sites in the oklahoma cross timbers (desantis et al. 2010a, 2011) and arkansas cross timbers (bragg et al. 2012). desantis et al. (2010a) demonstrate increases in non-oak basal area and tree density across multiple sites in oklahoma between the 1950s and 2000s. this study shows that celtis species collectively make up the third most important group at the study site (see table 1). the two celtis species, juniperus virginiana and ulmus species, in this study along with the other non-oak species are sensitive to fire as seedlings and saplings (coladonato 1992, 1993; sullivan 1993; anderson 2003; gucker 2011). generally, only the most severe fires will kill overstory trees of these species. figure 3 fire history graph for lake arcadia in northeastern oklahoma county, oklahoma. horizontal lines represent the length of the tree-ring record for each sample (n = 18). vertical dashes represent the year of a fire scar in each tree-ring record. the composite fire chronology is represented by the fire years. 26 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chad b. king figure 4 superposed epoch analysis for all fires from 1898 to 1985 compared to pdsi (drought). this program analyzes the relationship between any fire year and drought (grissino-mayer 2001b). year “0” is the year of any fire year; year “-1” indicates the departure from the mean pdsi one year prior to any fire year. horizontal lines represent 95% confidence interval based on 1000 monte carlo simulations. this study highlights the recruitment of a large number of non-oak trees during the 1980s (see figs. 1, 2). there are two factors which likely contributed to this recruitment. the last fire that was documented at lake arcadia occurred in 1985 (see fig. 3). additionally, following the drought during the late 1970s and early 1980s in the central oklahoma region was an 18 year period (1982–2000) of above-average pdsi (see figs. 1, 2). this 18 year period along with no fires after 1985 likely contributed to recruitment of these non-oak species. the data also show recruitment of non-oak trees following the 1950s drought (see figs. 1, 2). desantis et al. (2011) found increases in species recruitment following drought during the 1950s and decreases in quercus recruitment associated with fire suppression. clark et al. (2007) indicated increased recruitment of j. virginiana during fire free periods and increased recruitment of quercus species following frequent fires. the results of this study also suggest that fire-free periods (between 1955 and 1964; post-1985) (see fig. 3) contributed to non-oak recruitment at lake arcadia. the 1964 and 1967 fires are represented on only one sample, which may suggest that these fires were of low severity and had little effect on non-oak recruitment during this time oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 15, december 2015 chad b. king period. recruitment of q. stellata during the early 20th century occurred during high fire frequency (1905–1926, mfi = 2.62 years). following 1926, the number of fires declined to seven in a 38 year period (1926– 1964). the current q. marilandica overstory recruited during the mid-20th century period, which coincided with surface fires. the fire frequency at lake arcadia (mfi = 4.14 years) is within the range of other studies in the cross timbers and other mixed-species forests of oklahoma. desantis et al. (2010b) in okmulgee county reported an mfi equal to 2.7 years for the time period 1750 to 2005. when considering a similar time period to this study, they report an mfi of 2 years. clark et al. (2007) indicated a range of fire frequency between 2.5 and 6 years (1770– 2002) based on the aspect of the forest stand at sites in osage county. allen and palmer (2011) report an mfi for all fires of 2.3 years (1729–2005) at a different site in osage county. stambaugh et al. (2009) at the wichita mountains national wildlife refuge found an mfi of 4.7 years for all fires between 1722 and 2001. at the nickel family nature and wildlife preserve in northeastern oklahoma, stambaugh et al. (2013) found a fire frequency of 2.6 years in a mixed oak-pine (quercus-pinus) forest. masters et al. (1995) in a study of fire history in mccurtain county reported a mean fire interval of 3.8 years. comparing the association between drought and fire year revealed no significant association at lake arcadia (see fig. 4). this result is similar to other studies in the oklahoma cross timbers (allen and palmer 2011; desantis et al. 2010b; stambaugh et al. 2009) and contrary to that reported by clark et al. (2007). three of four severe fire years (1898, 1912, 1955) coincided with below average pdsi (drought) conditions. the exception was the 1922 severe fire year which coincided with above average pdsi. in all previous studies of fire history in the oklahoma cross timbers, fires were found to be frequent events prior to euroamerican settlement (<1890) and after euroamerican settlement (>1890). there is a noticeable lack of fires between 1844 and 1898 (see fig. 3). there are several possible explanations for the absence of fire scars. not every fire which occurs at a site will result in the formation of a fire scar. most remnant samples had only heartwood present that often resulted in too few tree-rings to accurately cross-date. decomposition of the heartwood was also a common feature of the trees at lake arcadia that possibly resulted in the loss of fire scars that were present during the mid and late 19th century. however, even with the limited temporal scope of the fire history, this study demonstrates frequent fires at the lake arcadia area during the 20th century. conclusions fire was likely an important factor that sustained the dominance of quercus species in upland forests (abrams 1992). while this study has some limitations, it does highlight quercus recruitment coincided with frequent fires during the 20th century. changes in fire frequency after 1985 and fire-free periods promoted non-oak recruitment in the understory, similar to other studies in the oklahoma cross timbers (clark et al. 2007) and across other upland quercus forests in the eastern united states (abrams 1992). studies of fire history are important for understanding forest development, the historical role of humans on the landscape, and the development of management guidelines for sites which utilize prescribed fire. this study adds to the growing knowledge of historic fire frequency in the oklahoma cross timbers. fires were frequent events that shaped the historic cross timbers, and often the high frequencies continued into the mid and late 20th century. comparatively, the number of 28 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chad b. king studies that have specifically addressed fire history in the oklahoma cross timbers is limited. other sites should be selected and studied to further expand the knowledge of historic fire on the cross timbers landscape. acknowledgements i would like to thank justin cheek and shey ramsey at the university of central oklahoma for their assistance in the field and laboratory. i would like to graciously thank daniel griffith at the arcadia conservation education area for permission to collect samples at the study site. thanks to two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this manuscript. this research was supported by the office of research and grants at the university of central oklahoma. literature cited abrams, m.d. 1992. fire and the development of oak forests. bioscience 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(ed.). proceedings of the conference: fire in eastern oak forests: delivering science to land managers. vol. gtrnrs-p-1. columbus (oh): ohio state university. u.s. department of agriculture, u.s. forest service, northern research station. holmes, r.l. 1983. computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement. tree-ring bulletin 43:69– 78. king, c.b. and r.m. muzika. 2014. historic fire and canopy disturbance dynamics in an oak-pine (quercus-pinus) forest of the missouri ozarks. castanea 79:78–87. masters, r.e., j.e. skeen, and j. whitehead. 1995. preliminary fire history of mccurtain county wilderness area and implications for red-cockaded woodpecker management. pp. 290–302. in: kulhavy, d.l., r.g. hooper, and r. cost (eds.). red-cockaded woodpecker symposium iii: recovery, ecology and management, 24–28 january 1993, north charleston, south carolina. nacogdoches (tx): stephen f. austin state university, college of forestry, center for applied studies in forestry. mcewan, r.w., t.f. hutchinson, r.p. long, d.r. ford, and b.c. mccarthy. 2007. temporal and spatial patterns of fire occurrence during the establishment of mixed-oak forests in eastern north america. journal of vegetation science 18:655–664. mcewan, r.w., j.m. dyer, and n. pederson. 2011. multiple interacting ecosystem drivers: toward an encompassing hypothesis of oak forest dynamics across eastern north america. ecography 34:244–256. muzika, r.m., r.p. guyette, m.c. stambaugh, and j.m. marschall. 2015. fire, drought, and humans in a heterogeneous lake superior landscape. journal of sustainable forestry 34:49–70. nowacki, g.j. and m.d. abrams. 2008. the demise of fire and “mesophication” of http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ 30 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chad b. king forests in the eastern united states. bioscience 58:123–138. palmer, w.c. 1965. meteorological drought. research paper 45. washington (dc): u.s. department of commerce, weather bureau. pyne, s.j. 1982. fire in america: a cultural history of wildland and rural fire. princeton (nj): princeton university press. shirakura, f. 2003. tornado damage and fire history in the cross timbers of the tallgrass prairie preserve, oklahoma [master’s thesis]. stillwater (ok): oklahoma state university. shumway, d.l., m.d. abrams, and c.m. ruffner. 2001. a 400-year history of fire and oak recruitment in an old-growth forest in western maryland, u.s.a. canadian journal of forest research 31:1437–1443. stambaugh, m.c., r.p. guyete, r. godfrey, e.r. mcmurry, and j.m. marschall. 2009. fire, drought, and human history near the western terminus of the cross timbers, wichita mountains, oklahoma, usa. fire ecology 5:51–64. smith, k.t. and e.k. sutherland. 2001. terminology and biology of fire scars in selected central hardwoods. tree-ring research 57:141–147. stokes, m.a. and t.l. smiley. 1996. an introduction to tree-ring dating. chicago (il): university of chicago press. sullivan, j. 1993. celtis laevigata. in: fire effects information system. u.s. department of agriculture, forest service, rocky mountain research station, fire sciences laboratory (producer). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ (16 july 2015). yamaguchi, d.k. 1991. a simple method for cross-dating increment cores from living trees. canadian journal of forest research 21:414–416. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia, oklahoma county, oklahoma (1820–2014) by dr. chad king 2017 oklahoma native plant record oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 17, december 2017 foreword the search for historic articles that would be important to botanical research often leads us down surprising pathways to sources that are sometimes hidden in plain sight. lynn nabb mentioned her grandmother’s 1959 master’s thesis from the university of tulsa in a facebook post that honored her work and her life. until then, maxine clark’s “a study of the flowering plants of tulsa county, oklahoma” had been quietly sitting in the university library for almost 60 years. maxine was a student of dr. ralph kelting and a friend of dr. harriet barclay. we are grateful to the university’s library staff who helped us obtain the thesis. this year the record offers a number of important works from a wide variety of sources. it brings together several articles that have to do with species interactions and a couple of articles that offer readers the opportunity to know something “first.” we chose paul buck’s “allelopathy” from a previous issue of the gaillardia for our “critic’s choice essay,” because it explores deeply the “war in the garden” and the “vicious world in nature.” dr. buck’s 2004 article may help us better understand several issues discussed in “laboratory studies of allelopathic effects of juniperus virginiana on five species of native plants” by erica corbett and andrea lashley. this work involved undergraduate students in an important research opportunity and explores possible negative interactions between plant species. as for the firsts, urban species have historically been overlooked by botanists because their habitats had been altered by human activity. researchers have changed that perspective. urban studies are now valued because they address the effects that humans have had on species. urban parks can be surprisingly biodiverse. “vascular flora of e. c. hafer park, edmond, oklahoma” is from gloria caddell and students katie christoffel, carmen esqueda, and alonna smith at the university of central oklahoma. it is the first species list for edmond’s hafer park, which was established in 1979. for another first, clark ovrebo reports on an interesting earth star fungus that, until now, was known only in texas and japan! be on the lookout for it. evidently, it has a much wider distribution than previously thought. speaking of wide distribution… the oklahoma native plant record is getting more widely distributed every year. because it is listed in the directory of open access journals and abstracted by the centre for agricultural bioscience international, it can be accessed by researchers around the world. and here’s another “first.” the record has a new editor this year. gloria caddell is joining the editorial board as co-editor. it’s time for a change of leadership, and she has graciously agreed to begin taking over the helm and her new responsibilities. sheila strawn and gloria caddell co-editors oklahoma native plant record, volume 16, number 1, december 2016 oklahoma native plant record 79 volume 16, december 2016 paul buck https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100124 critic’s choice essay a conversation with a small beetle reprinted from gaillardia, fall 2000 paul buck, deceased professor emeritus department of biological science university of tulsa tulsa, ok 74104 today we find our lives filled with technological innovations such as personal computers, the internet and email, supersonic aircraft, space probes, interspecies gene transfers, and on and on. yet, you think we lead an unusual life! let me tell you what happened recently to an insect acquaintance. she related her tale of woe as i sat out back watching the tall phlox pat folley gave me grow taller. first, a number of gardeners in the neighborhood grow arum italicum mill., an arum lily, for its large, attractive, light veined leaves and clusters of beautiful, bright red berries which appear late in the growing season. introduced to north america, the species is native to southern europe and in some areas of italy is considered a common weed. in oklahoma, flowering takes place in may, and in arum the reproductive structure is actually not the typical flower but an inflorescence surrounded by a large leaf. on our oklahoma native plant society field trips we have seen numerous jack-in-the-pulpit plants, and the floral system is quite similar. the erect flowering stalk (spadix) is enclosed in an enveloping bract (spathe). the flowers are unisexual with the pistillate (female) at the base of the spadix and the staminate (male) above. over those two sets of fertile flowers is a whorl of sterile flowers which, when inflated, form a barrier between the floral chamber within the spathe and the open area above. my friend, a small, dark beetle, said her recent experience started one warm afternoon while foraging when she sensed what she felt was the aroma of food (you and i would probably say it smelled like a combination of carrion and urine). she followed her “nose” to a large plant (we later identified it as arum italicum) and landed on the open throat of the spathe. a large number of beetles, gnats, and blowflies had already gathered. she sensed the aroma was welling up from the tubular spathe and, again following her “nose,” walked to the opening. she reported slipping at the edge on tiny oil droplets and falling through some bristles into the depths of the chamber. there she found the stigmas of the pistillate flowers covered with a sweet, slimy fluid. she noted the inflated bristles that so readily permitted her fall were keeping large insects out. they were forced to fly off, seeking food elsewhere. once at the bottom of the pit, her first thought was of escape. however, she discovered the walls of the lower chamber were just as slippery as the upper spathe surface, and climbing out was impossible until she realized she could climb over the lower female flowers. as she did, she noticed others with pollen on their backs losing those grains to the sticky surfaces of the female flowers as 80 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 paul buck they labored upward. unfortunately when the group reached the base of the bristles, they encountered downward pointing hairs which prevented further progress. she lamented, “what to do?”, but only briefly. the chamber was warm and out of the rain, abundant food was being produced by the flowers, and about half the crowd was male. there was but one thing to do — party! with the setting of the sun, my friend and the others settled down. i do not know if it was the darkness, full bellies and party fatigue, or simply bedtime for little beetles. however, during the night the staminate flowers matured and rained pollen from above. with dawn and the rising sun, everyone awoke to find themselves coated with pollen adhering to the sticky exudate from the stigmas. once again, how to escape? lo and behold, the downward pointing hairs had wilted along with the bristles, and it was possible to climb up and over their wrinkled surfaces to the throat of the spathe and freedom. interestingly, the upper portion of the spathe (appendix) had lost the carrion aroma, and my friend with her pollen-laden companions, previously prisoners of the night, flew away. however, the escaping insects picked up the aroma of another arum inflorescence and agreed to drop by for a visit, only to be trapped in a new prison chamber. this time, one where the pollen on their backs would be transferred to the flowers, and pollination would take place. when i last saw my friend, she was joining a group headed toward yet another arum plant. there is an additional feature of arum i would like to mention before closing. the terminal portion of the spadix, the appendix, is the source of the aroma, unpleasant to you and me but attractive to my beetle friend. while the chemical producing the aroma is being released, the appendix tissue generates heat to the point that it may be as much as 36 degrees warmer than the surrounding air. research suggests the temperature elevation serves to volatilize the smelly compound, increasing the speed with which it is spread into the atmosphere. for most of us, that is an interesting aspect of the overall process, and we quickly see the reason behind it. for you chemists, it raises another question. what metabolic pathways are utilized by the plant to produce such significant energy release? how do the plants do it? what an interesting story and introduction to pollination ecology right in the back yard. you see there is a benefit to taking a few minutes to chat with a small beetle. onps critic’s choice essay: a conversation with a small beetle. gaillardia, fall 2000 by dr. paul buck journal of the oklahoma native plant society volume 12, december 2012 five year index to oklahoma native plant record volume 7 4 vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks, charles s. wallis 21 updated oklahoma ozark flora, bruce w. hoagland 54 the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site osage county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland and amy buthod 67 vascular plant checklists from oklahoma, michael w. palmer 78 the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers caleb stotts, michael w. palmer, and kelly kindscher 91 botanizing with larry magrath, patricia a. folley volume 8 4 a floristic study of the vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma, 1975 m. s. thesis, susan c. barber 37 updated list of taxa for vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma, susan c. barber 45 updated flora of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge keith a. carter, pablo rodriguez, and michael t. dunn 57 common spring mushrooms of oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo and nancy s. weber 61 fern habitats and rare ferns in oklahoma, bruce a. smith 67 tribute to paul buck, constance murray volume 9 4 vascular plants of southeastern oklahoma from san bois to the kiamichi mountains, 1969 ph. d. dissertation, f. hobart means 38 composition and structure of bottomland forest vegetation at the tiak research natural area, mccurtain county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and newell a. mccarty 59 is seedling establishment very rare in the oklahoma seaside alder, alnus maritime ssp. oklahomensis? stanley a. rice and j. phil gibson 64 whatever happened to cheilanthes horridula and cheilanthes lindheimeri in oklahoma? bruce a. smith 70 critic’s choice essay: invasive plants versus oklahoma’s biodiversity, chadwick a. cox volume 10 4 the identification of some of the more common native oklahoma grasses by vegetative characters, 1950 m. s. thesis, william franklin harris 34 the vascular flora of hale scout reservation, leflore county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 54 the toxicity of extracts of tephrosia virginiana (fabaceae) in oklahoma, mary gard 65 four western cheilanthoid ferns in oklahoma, bruce a. smith 77 critic’s choice essay: being a method proposed for the ready finding ... to what sort any plant belongeth, ronald j. tyrl volume 11 4 survey of the vascular flora of the boehler seeps and sandhills preserve, ph. d. dissertation, linda gatti clark 22 schoenoplectus hallii, s. saximontanus, and the putative s. hallii x s. saximontanus hybrid: observations from the wichita mountains wildlife refuge and the fort sill military reservation from 20022010, marian smith and paul m. mckenzie 33 spatial genetic structure of the tallgrass prairie grass dichanthelium oligosanthes (scribner’s panicum), molly j. parkhurst, andrew doust, margarita mauro-herrera, janette a. steets, and jeffrey m. byrnes 43 the effects of removal of juniperus virginiana l. trees and litter from a central oklahoma grassland, jerad s. linneman, matthew s. allen, and michael w. palmer 61 the changing forests of central oklahoma: a look at the composition of the cross timbers prior to euro-american settlement, in the 1950s and today, richard e. thomas and bruce w. hoagland 75 critic’s choice essay: some thoughts on oklahoma plants and summer 2011’s exceptional drought, leslie e. cole oklahoma native plant society c/o tulsa garden center 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 possible mechanisms of the exclusion of johnson grass by tall grass prairies, m. s. thesis marilyn a. semtner 33 a preliminary pawnee ethnobotany checklist c. randy ledford 43 vascular flora of alabaster caverns state park, cimarron gypsum hills, woodward county, oklahoma gloria m. caddell and kristi d. rice 63 a comparison of the composition and structure of two oak forests in marshall and pottawatomie counties bruce smith 69 critic’s choice essay: virtual herbaria come of age wayne elisens five year index to oklahoma native plant record – inside back cover oklahoma native plant record, volume 14, number 1, december 2014 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100105 mapping distribution in oklahoma and raising awareness: purple loosestrife (lythrum salicaria), multiflora rose (rosa multiflora), and japanese honeysuckle (lonicera japonica) katherine e. keil karen r. hickman oklahoma state university oklahoma state university stillwater, oklahoma 74074 stillwater, oklahoma 74074 katie.keil@okstate.edu karen.hickman@okstate.edu keywords: invasive plants, management, population, fact sheet abstract this paper includes updated oklahoma distribution maps and informational fact sheets for purple loosestrife, multiflora rose, and japanese honeysuckle to promote awareness of invasive plant issues. the current information on the internet contains discrepancies concerning the county-level distribution data of these three invasive plants in oklahoma. to gain a more accurate dataset, the authors created a survey and sent it to oklahoma state university extension educators, master gardeners, oklahoma association of conservation districts, and other knowledgeable, credible parties across oklahoma. once survey data were compiled, 3 distribution maps were created and 6 unique fact sheets were produced with the updated information. from the 22 survey responses, 7 new county records were documented and mapped. two new sightings were documented for purple loosestrife in canadian county and rogers county; 4 new sightings were documented for multiflora rose in the counties of atoka, johnston, payne, and pushmataha; and 1 new sighting was documented for japanese honeysuckle in garfield county. the findings in this research detail the need for updated distribution maps and increased education to prevent the spread of problem species and provide the public with methods of eradication. introduction according to the united states national arboretum, an invasive plant is a species that “has the ability to thrive and spread aggressively outside its natural range” (the united states national arboretum 2008). these invasive plants have a competitive edge on their native counterparts because the insects, diseases, and animals that naturally keep their numbers in check do not typically exist in the new environment. this situation is known as an “enemy release”, which allows the populations of an invasive species to increase to high levels, suppressing growth of native vegetation and altering their composition and structure (keane and crawley 2002). invasive plant species adversely affect the habitats they invade economically, environmentally, and/or ecologically by disrupting natural ecosystem processes (the united states national arboretum 2008). purple loosestrife (lythrum salicaria), multiflora rose (rosa multiflora), and japanese honeysuckle (lonicera japonica) are 3 problematic invasive species in oklahoma. they were chosen for this study because each represents a difference in abundance and growth form. according to the oklahoma vascular plants database (ovpd), purple loosestrife is the least abundant of the three and is known to occur in only 4 oklahoma counties. oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman japanese honeysuckle, however, has spread extensively across oklahoma and is listed in 45 counties. finally, multiflora rose is documented in 39 counties (oklahoma vascular plants database 2014). the three plants also differ in growth form: purple loosestrife is an herb, multiflora rose is a shrub, and japanese honeysuckle is a vine. our objective was to accumulate information about invasive species that demonstrate the wide variation in abundance, growth form, and distribution of invasive plant species in oklahoma. figure 1 purple loosestrife flower. courtesy of samuel roberts noble foundation, ardmore, oklahoma. purple loosestrife is an erect, perennial, wetland herb that is popular among gardeners because of its magenta-colored spikes of flowers (fig. 1) that bloom from june to september. purple loosestrife was brought to america from europe for ornamental and medicinal purposes in the 19th century but was also unintentionally imported in ship ballast water (bravo 2009a). in addition to anthropogenic vectors, the high reproductive ability of purple loosestrife has contributed to its success as an invasive species in the united states. a single flowering individual can produce approximately 2.5 million seeds a year. these seeds are dispersed by animals, humans, and other vectors that carry the propagules significant distances. for example, waterfowl can carry the seeds along waterways, or seeds can attach to boat bottoms and be transported downstream. purple loosestrife also spreads asexually by stem and root fragments that resprout when they settle in a new location (new hampshire department of environmental services 2010). purple loosestrife has spread extensively throughout the united states and is now documented in every contiguous state, excluding florida (blossey 2002). as the pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources states, the rapid growth rate and resulting dense stands of purple loosestrife allow it to outcompete native vegetation, some of which may be rare or endangered species (e.g., federally endangered orchids). this causes significant ecological harm by reducing the biodiversity of an area and creating monocultures. these dense stands of purple loosestrife can reduce the native species’ habitats and available food sources. purple loosestrife can also inhibit stream flow, changing the hydrology of wetlands (pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources, n.d.). economic impacts of purple loosestrife include reduced land values for properties infested by the plant and impediment of boating and other recreational activities. in addition, purple loosestrife invades irrigation systems and adversely impacts agricultural productivity (washington state department of ecology, n.d.). however, because it is valued as a garden plant, purple loosestrife typically stirs little concern. for example, this project unveiled that purple loosestrife has been planted in demonstration and teaching gardens in oklahoma, whose purpose is to educate the public about plants that grow well in the area (penn state extension 2014). promoting invasive species growth in gardens is potentially harmful because these plants can become garden escapees, alter valuable ecosystem functions, and threaten local vegetation (the united states national arboretum 2008). 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman figure 2 multiflora rose flower. courtesy of samuel roberts noble foundation, ardmore, oklahoma. multiflora rose is a multi-stemmed, sprawling shrub that can grow more than 4.5 m tall with long, arching stems that produce recurved thorns. in june and july, multiflora rose begins to bloom, displaying large clusters of fragrant white flowers (fig. 2) (the university of maine 2001). multiflora rose was first introduced to the united states from japan in 1866 as a rootstock for ornamental roses and was distributed approximately 70 years later by the u. s. soil conservation service to control soil erosion. since then, it has been intentionally spread to serve as wildlife habitat improvement, fences for livestock, vehicle crash barriers along roadways, and protection from the glare of oncoming vehicle headlights (swearingen et al. 2010). even without human aid, multiflora rose is prolific and can successfully spread by its own means. each adult plant can produce approximately 1 million seeds annually that are distributed by birds and other wildlife that eat the fruits, known as hips. multiflora rose can also spread asexually. as stems grow taller they begin to arch, and when they come into contact with the ground they form roots (forest invasive plants resource center 2005). although it is a practical shrub, multiflora rose remains highly invasive and its spread should be avoided if possible. it grows aggressively, creating dense, impenetrable thickets. these blankets of multiflora rose suppress native vegetation and lead to a loss in biological diversity by prohibiting nest construction by birds, altering habitat structure, and inhibiting forest tree regeneration (the university of maine 2001). figure 3 japanese honeysuckle flower. courtesy of samuel roberts noble foundation, ardmore, oklahoma. japanese honeysuckle is a woody vine with fragrant white flowers that yellow with age. the flowers consist of 5 fused petals, occur in pairs on axillary peduncles (fig. 3), and bloom from april to july. in autumn, mature japanese honeysuckle plants bear small black fruits containing two to three seeds each (forest invasive plants resource center 2005). japanese honeysuckle was introduced to the us from asia in the 1800s and first became naturalized in the northeast. since its arrival, it has been intentionally spread throughout the country because it is valued as a fragrant ornamental. japanese honeysuckle has also been anthropogenically distributed to offset erosion and serve as wildlife forage and cover (schierenbeck 2004). wildlife is of further assistance to distribution by consuming japanese honeysuckle fruits and dispersing seeds long distances (forest invasive plants resource center 2005). similar to the aforementioned plants, japanese honeysuckle is a successful invader oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman without external assistance. japanese honeysuckle’s lack of natural competitors, ability to grow rapidly, adaptability to varying habitats, and prolonged growth period allow it to spread successfully. it also has vegetative runners that root when they make contact with the soil (forest invasive plants resource center 2005). japanese honeysuckle impacts both individual plants and plant communities. due to its climbing nature, japanese honeysuckle winds around the stems and trunks of native woody plants, restricting the water flow to the plant and ultimately killing them. japanese honeysuckle also affects the herbaceous and understory plant communities by forming a dense blanket of growth that blocks sunlight and suppresses native plants growth, altering forest structure (bravo 2009b). distribution information for purple loosestrife, multiflora rose, and japanese honeysuckle was compiled from three sources: the oklahoma vascular plants database (ovpd), the oklahoma invasive plant council (okipc), and the united states department of agriculture plants database (usda). the ovpd is an online data source consisting of label data from specimens stored in oklahoma herbaria. these data are queryable and are used to produce county-level distribution maps for oklahoma plants. since an accessioned voucher is necessary for inclusion in their database (oklahoma vascular plants database 2014), the ovpd does not accept any public observation data in the form of online submissions, photos, or other reports. the usda plants database is a clearinghouse derived from scientific literature, herbarium specimen, and confirmed observations. the public is able to contribute by providing verifiable plant distribution information including locality, date collected, collector’s name, and at least one form of documentation of the invasive plant (usda, nrcs 2014). the okipc compiles data from the ovpd and observations provided by the oklahoma biological survey to generate their county distribution maps. okipc records of invasive plants are not of exact physical locations but consist of occurrences within oklahoma counties. their ultimate goal is “facilitating education and management for protection of our economic and natural resources” (oklahoma invasive plant council 2014). the county distribution maps for each plant species, however, differ between organizations, revealing discrepancies among the data sources. these differences can create confusion for oklahomans concerned about the spread of invasive plants throughout the state. as a contribution to remedying this discrepancy, this study’s objective is to update distribution data for purple loosestrife, multiflora rose, and japanese honeysuckle and promote awareness of invasive plant impacts in 6 new fact sheets. methods we created a survey in order to more accurately reflect the distribution and density of purple loosestrife, multiflora rose, and japanese honeysuckle in the 77 counties of oklahoma. the survey included 11 questions about the presence, specific location, and density of these three species and was distributed to oklahoma state university extension educators, master gardeners, oklahoma association of conservation districts, and other experienced parties across oklahoma. those who received the survey were encouraged to forward it to their colleagues and include it in listservs, so we estimate 250-350 surveys were distributed in total. survey responses were recorded in an excel® workbookfor summary and analysis. although data were collected on the density of specific invasive plant occurrences, the resources to accurately map abundance were lacking, and thus any further conclusions on 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman abundance in oklahoma counties are excluded from this report. these new distribution data were then compared with data from ovpd, okipc, and usda. three new maps were created to integrate the survey data with the preexisting data to enhance the accuracy of distribution maps for purple loosestrife, multiflora rose, and japanese honeysuckle. these maps were used in the production of two different formats of new fact sheets for each species of invasive plant. the first fact sheet follows the oklahoma state university extension services format and provides a general description of the species’ characteristics and life histories, invasive traits and impacts, and recommended management options (appendix a). the second fact sheet is unique, specific to oklahoma, and formatted to the style of an old western wanted poster. the authors designed this second fact sheet in a reader-friendly manner to attract attention and be memorable. this fact sheet includes a description of the plant and its habitat, its “crime”, “hometown”, classification in oklahoma, and the number of counties in which it is found (appendix b). results and discussion the results of the data collection were limited to the 22 responses the survey respondents provided, and thus some location data on the invasive plants are less detailed than desired. a comparison of the pre-existing data from the ovpd, okipc, and usda to survey data illuminates several discrepancies. comparisons among these data sources and analysis of newly acquired data are discussed for each plant below. purple loosestrife of the 22 surveys returned, three respondents provided data for purple loosestrife, noting that it exists in canadian, cleveland, and rogers counties. in canadian county, purple loosestrife was sighted in the city of edmond on morgan road, 0.25 miles north of edmond road. in cleveland county, purple loosestrife was located in a demonstration and teaching garden in the cleveland county fairgrounds. in rogers county, purple loosestrife was sighted around the edges of a homeowner’s pond on the western border of the county. the distribution maps of purple loosestrife (fig. 4) include the ovpd occurrences in four counties and the okipc in 3 counties. the usda plants database shows purple loosestrife as occurring in oklahoma, but does not provide county level occurrence data. this project’s data resulted in a six county distribution map with new occurrence records for rogers and canadian counties. multiflora rose a total of 8 surveys were returned for multiflora rose, noting invasive occurrences in atoka, bryan, choctaw, comanche, johnston, mccurtain, oklahoma, okmulgee, osage, payne, pittsburg, and pushmataha counties. a single respondent provided the county sightings in atoka, bryan, choctaw, mccurtain, pittsburg, and pushmataha, describing all 6 counties as having scattered occurrences. in comanche county, multiflora rose was sighted in the wichita mountains wildlife refuge, with the occurrence being approximately 53 m² in size. in johnston county, multiflora rose was sighted in the south-central part of the county, but no other information was provided. in oklahoma county, multiflora rose was sighted on tinker air force base with the invasion being described as light to moderate in density. there were several sightings in pastures and fence lines throughout okmulgee county. in osage county, multiflora rose was sighted in both the southeast and far northeast portions of the county with a sparse occurrence on the ground and in fence lines. in payne county, oklahoma native plant record 55 volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman multiflora rose was sighted in a forested area outside of the stillwater city limits and was noted as a light occurrence. the ovpd contains records for multiflora rose for 39 counties, the okipc for 35 counties, and the usda plants database for seven counties. combined with this project’s data, multiflora rose has a 43 county distribution with new occurrence records for atoka, johnston, payne, and pushmataha counties (fig. 5). it is evident from the number of records of multiflora rose that this invasive plant is widespread in oklahoma, and eradication efforts will be significantly more difficult than for purple loosestrife. thus, efforts should be focused primarily on limiting the spread of populations to the western tier counties of oklahoma or other uninhabited regions of the state. japanese honeysuckle nine surveys were returned on japanese honeysuckle, providing information for atoka, bryan, carter, choctaw, comanche, garfield, mccurtain, oklahoma, okmulgee, payne, pushmataha, and tulsa counties. the sightings of atoka, bryan, choctaw, mccurtain, and pushmataha counties were all recorded by one respondent, who described occurrences at “numerous locations” including the antlers industrial park property, which was described as a very dense infestation. in carter county, japanese honeysuckle was reported as a dense occurrence on a homeowner’s property east of ardmore. in comanche county, japanese honeysuckle was sighted in the wichita mountains wildlife refuge, encompassing approximately 4 m². no details were provided regarding the japanese honeysuckle occurrences in garfield county. in oklahoma county, japanese honeysuckle was sighted on tinker air force base and was described as moderately to highly dense. in okmulgee county, japanese honeysuckle was sighted across the county, with no specific location or density information mentioned by the respondent. in payne county, japanese honeysuckle was sighted in a forested area outside of stillwater city limits and was moderately dense. in tulsa county, japanese honeysuckle was sighted in mohawk park surrounding the tulsa zoo. for japanese honeysuckle, the ovpd records this species in 45 counties, the okipc in 43 counties, and the usda in 7 counties. in combination with this project’s data, japanese honeysuckle has a 46 county distribution with a new occurrence record for garfield county (fig. 6). japanese honeysuckle is not present in the northwestern portion of oklahoma, which is likely due to colder temperatures and lower precipitation that limits japanese honeysuckle growth (forest invasive plants resource center 2005). however, the rest of the state is widely inhabited by this species and thus efforts should be focused on preventing further spread of this highly invasive plant in these areas. distribution maps the differences in county distributions among the ovpd, okipc, and usda, (see figs. 4-6) can be attributed mostly to each organization’s differing data sources. the usda plants database distribution maps had the lowest documented occurrences of these species, while the ovpd had the most occurrences recorded. it is important to note that not all invasive occurrences are equally significant. for example, the record of purple loosestrife in the cleveland county demonstration gardens may hold less threat of spreading beyond the residential site; whereas, the invasion on the pond’s edge in rogers county is more problematic due to its increased likelihood of spreading through the watershed. purple loosestrife is readily transported through waterways, establishing communities downstream or in this example, potentially spreading around the 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman figure 4 the distribution of purple loosestrife in oklahoma between sources oklahoma native plant record 57 volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman figure 5 the distribution of multiflora rose in oklahoma between sources 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman figure 6 the distribution of japanese honeysuckle in oklahoma between sources oklahoma native plant record 59 volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman rogers county pond. once established, these purple loosestrife stands may outcompete the native vegetation and alter the pond’s wetland structure and function (new hampshire department of environmental services 2010). in addition, these larger communities of purple loosestrife have increased odds of spreading to other sites due to the greater number of offspring they produce. in the cleveland county gardens, however, the extent of the purple loosestrife population may be maintained, and there is reduced opportunity to spread through the waterways. the difference in each organization’s criteria for adding an invasive into their distribution maps may explain why the ornamental planting in the cleveland county gardens is not listed by any of the organizations. the authors, however, have included the cleveland county record in this report to show that residential ornamental plantings, albeit less pervasive than others, can still spread outside the garden’s borders and cause ecological impact. although it may not qualify as a record by the organizations listed in this report, it can be argued that no invasive plant should be viewed as acceptable and remain undocumented. overall, accurate distribution maps must be produced to inform the public and land managers where invasive populations exist in order to limit the spread of invasive populations to uninhabited areas of oklahoma. accurate fact sheets must also be available to guide conservationists to the best method(s) for their eradication. conclusion the objective of this study was to emphasize the need for more research in invasive plant distributions while increasing the number of known occurrences for purple loosestrife, multiflora rose, and japanese honeysuckle using survey responses. based on survey results, 7 new county-level occurrences were documented for these 3 invasive plants. the differences among existing data sources in this report currently provide conflicting impressions of invasive plant distributions. these discrepancies can potentially impede management and eradication efforts and become increasingly problematic without the availability of accurate data. it is evident that one person or research project alone cannot efficiently take on the burden of mapping invasive plants. invasive plant species play a role in many aspects of life — from the environment to the economy — and must be considered as a group. programs such as early detection and distribution mapping system (eddmaps®), a phone application and website, enable the citizen scientist aspect of research. this program allows a user to upload photographs, gps coordinates, and population data of a plant that they believe is invasive. these data are then submitted to an expert to confirm species identification. once the identification is verified, the occurrence is added to a statewide distribution map that is viewable online (eddmaps 2014). maps that contain more detailed occurrence records enhance our ability to provide information to the public about the threats these invasive species have on our natural resources. acknowledgments we would like to thank tracey miller for helping distribute the survey. we also appreciate the respondents, all of whom provided significant assistance in this project: chad webb, greg highfill, will cubbage, pearl pearson, dennis martin, scott johnson, loren sizelove, doug maxey, paul koenig, tracey miller, ray ridlen, tom smith, mindy mcnair, jay ross, danny cook, john hasse, john krupovage, todd fagin, mike porter, jim johnson, and jeanetta cooper. 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman literature cited blossey, b. 2002. purple loosestrife. ecology and management of invasive plants program. http://www.invasiveplants.net/plants/p urpleloosestrife.htm. accessed 20 april 2014. bravo, m.a. 2009a. purple loosestrife. plant conservation alliance. national park service. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/ loja1.html. accessed 15 april 2014. bravo, m.a. 2009b. japanese honeysuckle. plant conservation alliance. national park service. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/ loja1.htm. accessed 15 april 2014. eddmaps. 2014. early detection & distribution mapping system. the university of georgia – center for invasive species and ecosystem health. available online at http://www.eddmaps.org/; last accessed december 30, 2014. forest invasive plants resource center. 2005. usda forest service. na.fs.fed.us/spfo/invasiveplants/index.a sp. accessed 15 april 2014. keane, r.m.and m.j. crawley. 2002. exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. trends in ecology and evolution 17:164-170. maryland department of natural resources. n.d. facts about purple loosestrife. http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/plants _wildlife/purpleloosestrife/index.asp. accessed 19 april 2014. new hampshire department of environmental services. 2010. purple loosestrife: an exotic menace. http://des.nh.gov/organization/commi ssioner/pip/factsheets/bb/documents/ bb-45.pdf. accessed 10 april 2014. oklahoma invasive plant council. n.d. oklahoma’s problem species. http://ok-invasive-plantcouncil.org/species.html, accessed 20 march 2014. oklahoma vascular plants database. n.d. oklahoma biological survey. university of oklahoma, norman. http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org. accessed 3 february 2014. penn state extension. 2014. demonstration gardens. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/mastergardener/counties/allegheny/demonstrat ion-gardens. accessed 19 november 2014. pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. n.d. invasive plants in pennsylvania purple loosestrife. http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups /public/documents/document/dcnr_0 10234.pdf. accessed 19 november 2014. shierenbeck, k. 2004. japanese honeysuckle (lonicera japonica) as an invasive species: history, ecology, and context. critical reviews in plant sciences 23:391-400. swearingen, j., b. slattery, k. reshetiloff, and s. zwicker. 2010. plant invaders of mid-atlantic natural areas. 4th ed. the national park service, u.s. fish and wildlife service. pg. 69-70. the united states national arboretum. 2008. invasive plants. http://www.usna.usda.gov/gardens/in vasives.html. accessed 25 april 2014. the university of maine. 2001. maine invasive plants. http://umaine.edu/publications/2509e. accessed 1 may 2014. usda, nrcs. 2014. the plants database. http://plants.usda.gov. accessed 26 july 2014. washington state department of ecology. n.d. non-native invasive freshwater plants. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/ plants/weeds/aqua009.html. accessed 1 may 2014. oklahoma native plant record 61 volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman appendix a fact sheet: purple loosestrife common name: purple loosestrife scientific name: lythrum salicaria country of origin: europe and asia history of introduction: it was brought to north america and canada in the early 1800s from eurasia for ornamental and medicinal purposes. it was also imported accidentally as a contaminant on ship ballasts or as seeds on raw wool and sheep aboard. when the us expanded their road and canal systems, purple loosestrife expanded with these developments and now inhabits every contiguous state in the nation except florida. how it invades: purple loosestrife spreads by seeds, which an adult plant produces about 2.5 million a year. purple loosestrife is also able to spread by re-sprouting from roots and fragments. it is easily transported by animals, waterways, boats, cars, and many other vectors. species description: purple loosestrife is an erect perennial herb that stands typically 3-10 feet tall. it has showy magenta colored flower spikes consisting of 5-7 petals that bloom from july to september. the flower has a yellow-white center that contains nectar and is useful for bee-forage. purple loosestrife has tough stems, which can number as many as 50. its leaves are lance-shaped and heartshaped or rounded at the base with pubescent surfaces. population level traits promoting invasion: purple loosestrife is able to invade native communities successfully because it is able to adapt quickly, produces a large amount of offspring, thrives in a wide variety of wet habitats and conditions, has no natural predators, and spreads rapidly. community and ecosystem level effects of invasion: purple loosestrife is problematic because it outcompetes native vegetation creating monocultures, changes water flow that can cause sediment buildups, alters the nitrogen cycle and the water’s chemistry, grows in irrigation systems which blocks the flow of water, alters wetland structure and thus function, and forms dense stands which reduces native animals habitat and food sources. management: purple loosestrife can be managed through mechanical, chemical, and biological methods. if a small community exists, physically remove the plants and (if possible) burn them. for larger communities, spray with a glyphosate herbicide and/or use the beetle galerucella spp. that feeds on the purple loosestrife. ideal time for removal is in june-september due to plant’s noticeability and lack of seeds. references: 1.) http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/bb/documents/bb-45.pdf 2.) http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/lysa1.htm 3.) http://www.invasiveplants.net/plants/purpleloosestrife.htm 4.) http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/plants_wildlife/purpleloosestrife/index.asp 5.) http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_lysa2.pdf 62 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman fact sheet: multiflora rose common name: multiflora rose scientific name: rosa multiflora country of origin: japan, korea, and eastern china history of introduction: multiflora rose was introduced to the united states from japan in 1866 as a rootstock for grafted ornamental cultivars. in the 1930s, it was further distributed by the u.s. soil conservation service to control erosion. it also has been promoted as effective habitat for animals, crash barriers and headlight reduction for roadways, and fencing for livestock. multiflora rose has since spread significantly and now encompasses 30 states, including the d.c. area. how it invades: multiflora rose most commonly establishes from fruits that fall close to the original plant, which lead to dense thickets. however, animals that eat the plant can disperse seeds longer distances. a single adult plant can produce 1 million seeds annually. plants can also establish roots where their canes touch the ground. species description: multiflora rose is a perennial thorny shrub that can grow to upwards of 15 feet tall. it has clusters of white or tinted pink flowers consisting of 5 petals that appear in may or june. it is multi-stemmed with long, flexible stems containing re-curved thorns and large, alternate leaves. multiflora rose can sometimes be a climbing vine. population level traits promoting invasion: multiflora rose is able to invade native communities successfully because it has a tolerance for diverse soil conditions, grows aggressively, and produces a lot of offspring. it also has a long-lived seed bank that remains viable for 10-20 years that allows it to invade communities even after it is believed to be eradicated. community and ecosystem level effects of invasion: it forms dense, impenetrable thickets that outcompetes native vegetation for resources, including light. management: mechanical, chemical, and biological methods can be implemented to manage multiflora rose. cutting and hand-pulling can remove plants, but one must ensure that all roots are removed in order to be successful. frequent cuttings of 3-6 times a growing season may be necessary. glyphosate herbicides can be sprayed on the foliage or applied to stumps and is ideally used during the dormant season to minimize effect on native plants. rose-rosette disease, a virus, is transported by mites and has fatal effects on multiflora rose. it can kill plants in two years, but must be used with caution so that it does not also wipe out native plants. goats and other grazers can also aid in the control of multiflora rose. fire regimes can prevent plant establishment as well. references: 1.) http://www.nyis.info/index.php?action=invasive_detail&id=33 2.) http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm 3.) http://mdc.mo.gov/your-property/problem-plants-and-animals/invasive-plants/multiflora-rose-control oklahoma native plant record 63 volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman fact sheet: japanese honeysuckle common name: japanese honeysuckle scientific name: lonicera japonica country of origin: japan and korea history of introduction: japanese honeysuckle was introduced to long island, new york from japan in 1806 for ornamental and ground cover purposes. it was slow to spread, but once it escaped new york it took over the majority of the united states by the early 1900s. it has since been used for erosion control and wildlife forage and cover. how it invades: japanese honeysuckle invades ecosystems through a series of long runners that develop roots and underground rhizomes. their seeds can also be transported by birds and other wildlife that consume the berries. species description: japanese honeysuckle is a perennial woody vine that often remains evergreen. its white flowers contain 5 petals and bloom from april to october, turning yellow with age. these flowers occur in pairs at leaf junctures and are highly fragrant. japanese honeysuckle is notorious for twisting around objects, specifically stems and trunks. small, black fruits form in august. population level traits promoting invasion: japanese honeysuckle is able to invade native communities successfully because it has few natural enemies in north america, is tolerant to a wide range of environmental conditions, spreads by sending out vegetative runners that can root in a plethora of environments, forms dense thickets, and has a high growth rate. it also has a large seed bank, which can remain viable in the soil for long periods of time. community and ecosystem level effects of invasion: japanese honeysuckle inflicts damage on forest communities because it twines around stems and trunks, establishing dense blankets that block out light, inhibit water flow in native plants, and ultimately smother them. it can prevent growth of native vegetation and decreases the biological diversity of the area. because japanese honeysuckle largely remains evergreen, it remains physiologically active while other vegetation is dormant, allowing it to outcompete native plants. management: prevention is ideal, but both mechanical and chemical management options exist if japanese honeysuckle becomes established. for small communities, hand-pulling at the base of the plant to uproot it and cutting the vines can be successful if monitored regularly to ensure no new seedlings have established. mowing in both july and september can be beneficial for larger patches. glyphosate herbicides can be applied in autumn when the plant has healthy, green leaves, but should be carefully applied according to labels. burning can eliminate the ground cover, but since japanese honeysuckle contains underground rhizomes, prescribed burns remain a temporary solution. finally, animals such as goats have been successful in eating this invasive plant and preventing further spread of it. a combination of the practices listed above will be most effective. references: 1.) http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/loja1.htm 2.)error! hyperlink reference not valid. http://mdc.mo.gov/your-property/problem-plants-andanimals/invasive-plants/japanese-honeysuckle-control 3.) http://www.in.gov/dnr/files/japanese_honeysuckle.pdf 4.) http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/239 64 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman appendix b wanted poster fact sheet: purple loosestrife lythrum salicaria – alias: purple loosestrife description: 3-10 feet tall perennial herb magenta colored flower spikes consisting of 5-7 petals from july to september, often has multiple tough stems, leaves are lance-shaped and heart-shaped or rounded at the base sightings: approximately 6 counties in oklahoma hometown: europe crime: suppression of native vegetation leading to loss of biological diversity, alteration of n cycle and flow of water, disruption of natural wetland function, elimination of food sources for animals instructions for “capture”: if small community, manually remove plant and (if possible) burn it. for larger communities, spray with a glyphosate herbicide or use the beetle galerucella spp. ideal time for removal is in june-august due to plant’s noticeability victims: unsuspecting wetlands or waterways habitat: wetland conditions (i.e., marshes, river banks, ditches, pond edges, roadsides, reservoirs, and wet meadows) citations: http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pdf/lysa1.pdf http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticplants/purpleloosestrife/control.html http://www.sleloinvasives.org/about-invasives/target-species/purple-loosestrife/ oklahoma classification: declared aquatic nuisance species arrested under  29 o.s. section 6‐601 as of 2014 how you can help: prevent it, recognize it, report it, and remove it oklahoma native plant record 65 volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman wanted poster fact sheet: multiflora rose 66 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman wanted poster fact sheet: japanese honeysuckle lonicera japonica– alias: japanese honeysuckle description: perennial woody vine that twines around objects, flowers are fragrant with 5 white petals that occur in pairs and bloom from april to october, petals turn yellow with age, black fruits form in august, leaves are oblong or oval sightings: approximately 46 counties in oklahoma hometown: eastern asia crime: suppression of native vegetation by forming dense blankets, alteration of forest structure, encircling of trees and stems which cuts off water flow to plant instructions for “capture”: for small communities, hand-pulling the entire plant and mowing can be effective. for larger communities, applying a glyphosate herbicide when green leaves are present is recommended. victims: unsuspecting native herbs and shrubs habitat: open natural communities, but can thrive in a wide range of environmental conditions (i.e., successional fields, old home sites, forests) citations: http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/parks/japanese_honeysuckle.html http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/loja1.htm http://www.cnseed.org/japanese-honeysuckle-seeds-lonicera-japonica-seeds.html oklahoma classification: no current legal status mugshot 2014 how you can help: prevent it, recognize it, report it, and remove it mapping distribution in oklahoma and raising awareness: purple loosestrife (lythrum salicaria), multiflora rose (rosa multiflora), and japanese honeysuckle (lonicera japonica) by ms. katherine e. keil and dr. karen r. hickman oklahoma native plant record, volume 17, number 1, december 2017 1 oklahoma native plant r ecord journal of the okla hom a native plant society p. o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 volume 17, december 2017 issn 1536-7738 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ co-editors: sheila strawn and gloria caddell production editor: paula shryock electronic production editor: sandy graue manuscript editor: mark fishbein technical advisor: erica corbett the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. officers and board members president: bruce smith vice-president: bill farris secretary: connie murray treasurer: mary korthase board members: barbara klein mary gard kathy supernaw mary-helen hagge derek mccall alyssa whiteman chapter chairs: central: patrick bell cross timbers: elaine lynch northeast: lynn michael historian: fran stallings publicity/merchandise chair: alicia nelson conservation chair: chadwick cox tulsa garden club liaison: sue amstutz awards chair: sue amstutz membership database: tina julich photo contest chair: lynn michael mailings/printings chair: sandy graue color oklahoma chair: pearl garrison gaillardia editor: marilyn stewart website manager: adam ryburn http://www.oknativeplants.org cover photo: nelumbo lutea willd. (american lotus) by sally webb for the 2016 onps photo contest articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.18.100001 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ http://www.oknativeplants.org/ 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 oklahoma native plant record volum e 17 table of contents foreword .................................................................................................................................................... 3 a study of the flowering plants of tulsa county, oklahoma, exclusive of the grasses, sedges, and rushes. m. s. thesis ...................................................................................... 4 maxine b. clark† laboratory studies of allelopathic effects of juniperus virginiana l. on five species of native plants ................................................................................................................ 37 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley vascular flora of e. c. hafer park, edmond, oklahoma ................................................................ 53 gloria m. caddell, katie christoffel, carmen esqueda, and alonna smith first record of chorioactis geaster from oklahoma .............................................................................. 69 clark l. ovrebo and sheila brandon critic’s choice essay: allelopathy .............................................................................................................. 72 paul buck† editorial policies and procedures ......................................................................................................... 74 five year index to oklahoma native plant record ............................................... inside back cover † indicates an author who is deceased oklahoma native plant record, journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 17, december 2017 title page table of contents foreword oklahoma native plant record, volume 12, number 1, december 2012 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 wayne elisens https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100093 69 critic’s choice essay virtual herbaria come of age wayne elisens department of microbiology and plant biology oklahoma biological survey university of oklahoma these are exciting times for natural history collections. an international effort is underway to make images and data of biological specimens available in electronic format via digitization. these initiatives are an effort to bring natural history collections out of the dark of museum and herbarium cabinets and into the light of public access for use by stakeholders in government, academia, biodiversity organizations, business, and k-12 education. the democratization of information contained in natural history collections through images and online databases is an important new development to better investigate our natural world and solve important social and environmental problems (scoble 2010). for herbarium collections, digitized images and data from specimens are generally referred to as a virtual herbarium. what exactly do we mean by digitization of natural history collections? for plants, digitizing collections transforms herbarium specimens into digital images and label data sorted (parsed) into its component units such as names, locations, collectors, dates, habitats, and reproductive state. all data and images are fully searchable and distributed in electronic format, such as virtual herbaria. there are several outstanding examples of virtual herbaria already online, such as australia’s virtual herbarium (http://avh.ala.org.au/) and the new york botanical garden’s virtual herbarium (http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/virtualher barium.asp.html). according to the us interagency working group on scientific collections (iwgsc 2007), plant specimen data distributed via virtual herbaria would have a profound impact on science education and investigations of environmental change and quality, invasive species, public health, national security, bioscience research, and many other issues (niba 2010). why digitize natural history collections? think for a moment about the incomparable treasure trove of biodiversity information contained in the world’s natural history collections. if we focus just on plants, herbarium specimens document most of what is known about the world’s plant species diversity and represent a 200+ year record of what species were present at a given location and at a given time. herbaria collections not only document the different kinds of plants constituting a flora, but they record valuable information about where they occurred and when they were flowering or fruiting. plant specimens provide a spatial and temporal window into the dynamic processes of plant diversity, introduction and spread of exotics, expansion and contraction of species ranges, and changes in time of flowering and fruiting. is a digitized herbarium specimen as valuable as the specimen itself? certainly not, and this is one of the main reasons for maintaining natural history collections in museums and herbaria. the primary rationale for digitizing specimens is access. scientists throughout the world will have greatly enhanced access to digitized specimens, which greatly adds to their value for research and education. in the us, a key component is in place to assist efforts to digitize biological research collections (e.g., herbarium specimens) – the integrated digitized biocollections resource http://avh.ala.org.au/ http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/virtualherbarium.asp.html http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/virtualherbarium.asp.html oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 wayne elisens 70 (idigbio; www.idigbio.org). tools and training provided by idigbio are funded by the national science foundation, who also established a 10-year funding program entitled advancing digitization of biological collections (adbc) to aid conversion of biodiversity collections into electronic formats. these advances in funding and infrastructure were established using recommendations of the national science and technology council, who recognized the importance of biocollections for national science infrastructure. with an estimated 90 million herbarium specimens in u.s. herbaria (tulig et al. 2012), is it feasible to construct a us virtual herbarium comparable to australia’s virtual herbarium based on “only” 6 million specimens? at a minimum, digitization of biocollections involves specimen imaging, image processing, electronic data capture, and georeferencing of locality descriptions (nelson et al. 2012). mass digitization methods continue to be refined and automated (beaman and cellinese 2012), but it is unlikely that all us herbarium specimens can be digitized in a 10-year timeframe. however, a recent survey conducted by the us virtual herbarium project (barkworth and murrell 2012) indicated that ca. 30% of herbarium specimen labels were already databased. while it appears that much digitization has occurred at the individual herbarium or regional level, there has been no coordinated national effort to expedite digitization of biocollections. however, the idigbio mission aims to fill that void and has a major objective to facilitate access to us biocollection data. this goal is certainly feasible, especially since a global portal for digitized images and data from natural history collections already exists – gbif, the global biodiversity information facility (www.gbif.org). gbif currently serves up more than 300 million specimen records. herbaria throughout the country are actively engaged in efforts to image and database information and to present them in searchable online formats. international standards and best practices for data capture have been established and are being implemented by the collections community nationwide. luckily, botanists in oklahoma demonstrated great foresight by establishing a data portal for digitized herbarium label data for specimens collected in oklahoma – the oklahoma vascular plants database (ovpd; hoagland et al. 2004). with the ovpd as a firm foundation and a collaborative network in place among curators in the state and region, oklahoma herbaria are poised to expand their digitization efforts. this endeavor will help develop the concept of a virtual herbarium to maturity and will undoubtedly enhance the value and access of real herbaria. literature cited barkworth, m. e. and z. e. murrell. 2012. the us virtual herbarium: working with individual herbaria to build a national resource. zookeys 209:55-73. beaman, r. s. and n. cellinese. 2012. mass digitization of scientific collections: new opportunities to transform the use of biological specimens and underwrite biodiversity science. zookeys 209:7-17. hoagland b. w., a. k. buthod, i. h butler, p. h. c. crawford, a. h. udasi, w. j. elisens, and r. j. tyrl. 2004. oklahoma vascular plants database. oklahoma biological survey, university of oklahoma, norman. available from: http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org ). iwgsc, interagency working group on scientific collections. 2007. scientific collections: mission-critical infrastructure for federal science agencies. available from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/docum ents/ostp/nstc%20reports/revision_1 -22_09_cl.pdf). nelson, g., d. paul, g. riccardi, and a. r. mast. 2012. five task clusters that enable http://www.idigbio.org/ http://www.gbif.org/ http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/ostp/nstc%20reports/revision_1-22_09_cl.pdf http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/ostp/nstc%20reports/revision_1-22_09_cl.pdf http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/ostp/nstc%20reports/revision_1-22_09_cl.pdf oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 wayne elisens 71 efficient and effective digitization of biological collections. zookeys 209:19-45. niba, network integrated biocollections alliance. 2010. a strategic plan for establishing a network integrated biocollections alliance. available from: http://digbiocol.wordpress.com/brochur e/ scoble, m. j. 2010. natural history collections digitization: rationale and value. biodiversity informatics 7:77-80. tulig, m., n. tarnowsky, m. bevans, a. kirchgessner, and b. m. thiers. 2012. increasing the efficiency of digitization workflows for herbarium specimens. zookeys 209:103-113. onps http://digbiocol.wordpress.com/brochure/ http://digbiocol.wordpress.com/brochure/ critic’s choice essay: virtual herbaria come of age by dr. wayne elisens journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 7, number 1, december 2007 78 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers caleb stotts michael w. palmer kelly kindscher restoration technician botany department kansas biological survey tallgrass restoration oklahoma state university university of kansas and management, lawrence, ks stillwater, ok lawrence, ks along the prairie/forest transition zone oak savannas have been severely degraded by logging, clearing for agriculture, fire suppression, invasion of exotic plants, and excessive livestock grazing. savanna shares equal billing with tallgrass prairie as the most threatened plant community in the midwest. as such, there is increasing interest in restoring these communities. conservation criteria have not been developed for the post oak (querces stellata) and blackjack oak (querces marilandica) savanna of the cross timbers. oak savanna was arguably an important component of the historical cross timbers region. following settlement, overgrazing in conjunction with a decrease in fire frequency and/or intensity has increased the density of oak stands to the point where they resemble closed-canopy forests rather than savanna. this is a threat to the biodiversity of the cross timbers. proactive land management practices are recommended for restoring savanna communities. such efforts may require thinning-out areas of degraded oak savanna to help re-establish the herbaceous understory. fire is recommended to restore ecological processes that limit woody plant encroachment and promote biodiversity. further research should investigate the ecological dynamics and functions of oak savannas, as well as provide further guidelines for its conservation. introduction along the prairie/forest transition zone, oak savanna communities have been severely degraded by logging, clearing for agriculture, fire suppression, invasion of exotic plants, and excessive livestock grazing (abrams 1992). oak savanna shares equal billing with tallgrass prairie as the most threatened plant community in the midwest and among the most threatened in the world (henderson 1995). as such, there is increasing interest in restoring these communities (whitney and decant 2005). in the cross timbers region, however, there has been little effort to evaluate the conservation status of savannas or woodlands. community classification in the prairie/forest transition zone, upland communities are not always discrete entities separated by sharp lines. instead, they often blend into each other imperceptibly. even so, named communities are useful abstractions that help us think stotts, et al. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100055 and communicate about various parts of the landscape (palmer and white 1994, packard and mutel 1997). definitions adapted from faber-langendeon (2001) and lauver et al. (1999) provide us with an operational classification for common midwestern upland communities: 1) prairie – areas dominated by herbaceous vegetation (grass and forbs); trees generally not exceeding 10% cover; 2) savanna – areas dominated with herbaceous vegetation and scattered trees with 10-25% cover; 3) woodland – areas dominated by an open stand of trees with 25-60% canopy cover and a herbaceous understory; and 4) forest – areas dominated by trees with 60-100% cover and little herbaceous vegetation. these communities are illustrated in fig. 1. savanna is maintained by frequent fire. along the prairie-forest transition zone, certain species of oaks are the only trees that were historically savanna. this is in a large part due to their physiological adaptations to fire, which include thick bark, prolific resprouting and resistance to rotting after scarring (abrams 1992). 79 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 stotts et al. just what the understory and ground layer vegetation of oak savanna was like historically is largely unknown (henderson 1995). while no plant species is known to be endemic to oak savanna (nuzzo 1985), there are species that are considered savanna specialists in the midwest (packard 1988). historically, the savanna community was probably a slowly shifting mosaic of plant species associations that had varying degrees of shade and sun tolerance (henderson 1995). cross timbers savannas the cross timbers region is located in portions of oklahoma, texas, kansas, and arkansas (fig. 2). it is characterized by a mosaic of upland communities including prairie, savanna, woodland and forest (fig. 3). post oak (quercus stellata) and blackjack oak (quercus marilandica) are the dominant tree species throughout in the wooded systems. kuchler (1964) defined the potential natural vegetation of the cross timbers as savanna-like, characterized by tallgrass prairie with low broadleaf deciduous trees scattered singly or in groves of varying size. these groves often occur with an open canopy cover and grassy understory (kuchler 1974). the herbaceous understory of cross timbers savanna is similar in composition to the surrounding prairie (dyksterhuis 1948; kuchler 1964, 1974, palmer unpublished data). savanna also occurs in the cross timbers region as a gradual transition between closed-canopy forests and grasslands, with a margin of isolated trees (dyksterhuis 1957, penfound 1962). this sort of edge can be tens of meters wide. classifying some cross timbers sites as savanna can be problematic due to the tendency of post oak and blackjack oak to root sprout and produce groupings of trees with interlocking crowns (hoagland et al. 1999). in the cross timbers region, woodlands have a similar species composition as savanna (palmer, unpublished data). as such, we recognize that many properties of savanna are likely to be shared with woodlands, and we treat the two as largely synonymous in this paper. restoration of midwest oak savannas nuzzo (1985) estimated that oak savannas in eight states in the midwest probably covered 11 to 13 million hectares at the time of settlement and have been reduced in extent by 99.98%. packard (1988) found that several plants that were historically associated with savanna communities are now uncommon. populations of these ‘savanna specialists’ have been successfully established through restoration efforts. largely because of these findings, the conservation value of savanna communities has been recognized and restoration efforts are increasing. the ultimate goal is to help replace the loss of habitat that is leading to the gradual disappearance of plant and animal species (packard 1988). midwest oak savanna vs. cross timbers savanna the cross timbers and certain areas of the midwest occupy a transition zone between the great plains and the eastern deciduous forest. despite this, the savannas of the cross timbers are considered distinct from midwest oak savannas to their north. (mcpherson 1997). the midwest is characterized by its former glaciation, relatively mesic soils and northern plant affinities, while the cross timbers region is characterized by its largely sandy soils, generally rough topography and southern plant affinities. furthermore, the cross timbers has not experienced the extent of sod-busting that the midwest has, and 80 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 stotts, et al. includes substantial areas of native tallgrass prairie and old-growth forest. despite these distinctions, there is very little difference in ecosystem classification. küchler (1964) described regions of oak savanna in the midwest as being nearly identical to that of the cross timbers in vegetation type; characterized by tallgrass prairie with broadleaf deciduous trees scattered singly or in groves. historical and current extent of cross timbers savanna the extent to which we can understand the structure of pre-settlement vegetation is limited. despite this, analysis of historical accounts, early photographs, early land surveys, and existing vegetation have provided much insight into historical vegetation. numerous authors have described historical vegetation communities throughout the cross timbers region as savanna-like (bruner 1931, dyksterhuis 1957, 1948, lathrop 1958, rice and penfound 1959, penfound 1962, kuchler 1974, 1964, johnson and risser 1975, smiens and diamond 1986, hoagland et al. 1999, francaviglia 2000). this is not to conclude that savanna was the dominant vegetation type in the cross timbers. it does indicate, however, that savanna was a well-represented component within a mosaic of prairie and forest during the time of settlement. many authors conclude that, during post-settlement, overgrazing in conjunction with a decrease in fire frequency and / or intensity has increased the density of oak stands to the point where they resemble closed-canopy forests rather than savanna (dyksterhuis 1948, 1957, lathrop 1958, rice and penfound 1959, penfound 1962, bell and hulbert 1974, johnson and risser 1975, smiens and diamond 1986, abrams 1992, hoagland et al. 1999). this conversion has been at the expense of the herbaceous understory and the associated biodiversity. unlike the midwest oak savannas, there are no reliable estimates as to how much cross timbers savanna actually existed at the time of settlement or how much has been lost since settlement. despite this, these studies indicate that savannas were important aspects of the historical cross timbers region and now represent only a remnant of a vast vegetation type. biodiversity and natural heritage the mosaic of communities in the cross timbers provide for a wide variety of habitat for plants and animals (costello 1969, oklahoma biodiversity plan 1993), and savannas contribute to this habitat diversity (fig. 4). savannas may produce an edge effect, where interfaces between community types support species from both communities, resulting in elevated species composition. as in the midwest, there may be savanna specialists in the cross timbers, species that prefer the distinct habitat offered by an open stand of trees. cross timbers savanna should be valued in regards to their conservation status for their contribution to the natural heritage of the united states. this is especially true for post oak trees that have reached the age of 200+ years (fig. 5). according to the oklahoma biodiversity plan (1993), foremost among the threats to plant diversity in oklahoma is a dramatic change in the fire regime from what occurred historically. as the result of an altered fire regime, the encroachment of woody species into savannas is indeed a threat to the diversity of the cross timbers (rice and penfound 1959, johnson and risser 1975, johnson 1986, archer 1995, hoagland et al. 1999). 81 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 stotts et al. figure 1 schematic diagram showing the changes in structure along a gradient from prairie to forest. this structural gradient is often reflective of a fire frequency gradient, with prairies maintained by more frequent fires (faber-langendeon 2001). figure 2 location of the cross timbers region. (adapted from küchler 1964). figure 3 a cross timbers mosaic of prairie, savanna and forest communities. 82 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 stotts, et al. figure 4 a blackjack oak savanna. these scattered trees provide for habitat diversity. figure 5 this old-growth post oak tree has low, horizontal branches. this type of architecture may be indicative of its having grown in an open-canopy environment. 83 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 stotts et al. restoration recommendations restoration is the work of enhancing ecological quality. high quality communities have most natural processes intact and are rich in conservative plant species; those that are restricted to intact, natural remnants. disrupted or degraded systems (those that have been plowed, overgrazed, protected from fire, etc.) lose those conservative species. the principal challenge in remnant restoration is to reinstate or speed up the processes that allow these remnantdependent species of plants and animals to regain their important roles in the system (packard and ross 1997). several authors have commented on the need for proactive land management to combat woody encroachment in the cross timbers (dyksterhuis 1948, smiens and diamond 1986, engle et al. 1996, 2006, francaviglia 2000). proactive land management practices are indeed recommended for restoring savanna. in degraded savannas, a combination of treatments is recommended for restoring an open-stand of trees with a grassy understory. mechanical removal of trees with tree-clipping devices and/or chainsaws may be used to thin dense stands. for areas thick with shrubs, mowing treatments may be used. fire should be used as a process to re-establish native grasses and forbs, with a long-term goal of promoting plant diversity and limiting woody encroachment. there are many acres of private land in the cross timbers with degraded oak savanna. a major obstacle to restoring natural diversity on private lands has been the lack of economic incentive. savanna restorations, however, may provide increased forage and combat further loss of forage due to woody encroachment. light to moderate grazing can be compatible with maintaining the plant structure needed by many savanna species (henderson 1995). in addition to providing optimum habitat for many plant and wildlife species, oak savanna was probably the optimum habitat for many game species (e.g., bobwhite quail, turkey, deer, and rabbits) (henderson 1995). thus, management for oak savanna is compatible with traditional wildlife management and hunter interests. the ultimate goal should be to help restore habitats, the loss of which, has lead to the gradual disappearance of plant and animal species (packard 1988). for example, the black-capped vireo is a native to the cross timbers region. this federally endangered species prefers to nest in open savanna vegetation, and the decrease in open savanna vegetation has had negative impacts on the population (hoagland et al. 1999). this is a prime example of how savanna restoration efforts could increase biodiversity by providing habitat for a target species. currently, savannas are not well represented throughout the cross timbers. much of the cross timbers vegetation is now characterized by a mosaic of prairie and closed canopy forest. by restoring savanna communities, the structural diversity of the landscape is increased. these efforts will likely lead to higher compositional and functional diversity. mendelson et al. (1992), however, criticize what they believe is a rush to create savannas on forested sites that never supported savannas. most crucially for the cross timbers, there are old-growth forests in the region that have never been savannalike. such forests are clearly not a target for savanna restoration. careful research should be used to plan and implement any particular savanna restoration project (see packard and mutel 1997). managers need to understand the characteristics of the site and the potential impacts of restoration techniques. analysis of the site’s existing plant communities and 84 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 stotts, et al. rare plant or animal populations is crucial. inference of pre-settlement vegetation through analysis of government land office (glo) surveys, soils, and topography should help guide the process. environmental factors influencing cross timbers savannas savanna represents one component of a complex and dynamic ecosystem. within the cross timbers, there are several interacting environmental factors influencing vegetation for a given area. these include 1) climate; 2) soil; 3) topography; 4) grazing; and 5) fire. understanding how all of these factors influence the relative abundance of woody and herbaceous plants is fundamental to managing for and restoring native savanna communities (mcpherson 1997). climate the cross timbers is home to a dynamic climate that is capable of supporting grassland or forest. there have been long-term ‘dry’ and ‘moist’ events, punctuated with shorter-term cyclic variations in climatic conditions (dean et al.1984). the climate of the cross timbers has varied substantially even over the last few centuries, where changes in rainfall patterns have caused east-west shifts in the ecotone (shaw and lee 1995). interannual and decadal variability in precipitation and temperature have been naturally high at both local and regional scales (mcpherson 1997). as precipitation regimes shifted, so did community composition and structure (wright 1963). extreme climatic events may be more important than shifts in means (katz and brown 1992) for changes in cross timbers savannas. “pulses” of tree recruitment may occur during relatively brief periods of high soil moisture (mcpherson 1997). wet fuels decrease the likelihood of fire and allow for trees to take advantage of the higher soil moisture. subsequent growth of woody plants, may transform prairie into savanna or savanna into forest (jameson 1987). on the other hand, the fine fuels which accumulate during these periods of high precipitation may also dispose the system to intense fire and thereby limit tree recruitment (scholes and archer 1997). significant destruction of cross timbers trees during long periods of drought have been documented (rice and penfound 1959). while grasses are also damaged by drought, they may rapidly reestablish areas due to their propagation by rhizomes once there is sufficient soil moisture (weaver 1968). major droughts in the cross timbers region occur at unpredictable intervals. such droughts may increase the chance of fire due to dry fuels (axelrod 1985), however, it may decrease fire intensity due to decreased fuel production (skarpe 1992). due to the effects of a variable precipitation and fire regime, cross timbers savannas have possibly experienced a high degree of shifting on the landscape, as well as conversions to full prairie or forest. present vegetation may represent one phase of a continually changing assembly of communities (wethington 1994). this information is important for predicting how a natural savanna community might respond to changes in climate. soils the very existence of cross timbers trees is largely traceable to certain geologic units from which the sandy soils are derived (dyksterhuis 1948). these alternating materials have formed different soil associations that are characterized by coarse-textured sandy loam soils and by fine-textured clay loam soils. these are generally associated with savanna or forest, and grassland respectively (dyksterhuis 1948, smeins and diamond 1986). 85 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 stotts et al. studies in the cross timbers have indicated that soil moisture availability is the primary factor controlling species composition (clark 2003, johnson and risser 1972, rice and penfound 1959). the higher moisture-retaining capacity of coarsetextured soils is largely responsible for supporting the higher water demands of trees where rainfall is marginal for tree survival (bell and hulbert 1974). finetextured soils may reduce water availability to woody plants below thresholds necessary for survival in the dry summers (mcauliffe 1994). the usda (2007) characterizes certain soil types in the cross timbers as ‘savanna’ range site. these are the most likely locations in which to restore a degraded savanna. topography topography influences the ‘fire probability pattern’ (grimm (1984) that results from frequent fires superimposed on landscape features that include fire-prone topographic regions as well as natural fire barriers. frequency of fires for a prairieforest ecotone in pre-settlement times was largely determined by topographic relief and the distribution of firebreaks, such as waterways (anderson 1990). because fire frequency was determined by the roughness of landscape features, the density of trees on a landscape can often be viewed as a function of surface roughness (anderson 1990). old-growth forest in the cross timbers is highly related to steep and rocky slopes (therrell and stahle 1998). much of the cross timbers forest prior to settlement was likely associated with a fire-protected landscape. as previously mentioned, old growth forests are not the place for savanna restoration. grazing native herbivores influenced the proportion of woody and herbaceous plants by disproportionately consuming or damaging more of one vegetation type than the other (mcpherson 1997). as such, herbivores may interact with competition patterns between woody and herbaceous vegetation as well as with fire regimes, and may thus be involved in large-scale physiognomic dynamics of savannas (skarpe 1991). ungulates like bison, elk, deer and pronghorn antelope, among other herbivores were all present on the historical prairie/forest transition. of these, bison may have had the greatest impact on woody plant establishment in terms of their huge numbers and their alteration of fire intensity (shaw and lee 1995). high grass biomass can affect tree biomass by fueling fires. bison grazing could have reduced the fuel load and reduced fire frequency, intensity, or continuity of spread (baisan and swetham 1990). however, bison herds are believed to have existed in low numbers in the cross timbers (shaw and lee 1995). the effects of overgrazing cattle likely differed drastically from historical bison grazing in the cross timbers. in the absence of heavy cattle grazing, a considerable quantity of litter was produced between established trees. when fires started with these heavy fuel loadings, small trees and saplings were knocked back. the result was an open stand of timber (penfound 1962). in managing for savanna communities, overgrazing should not be allowed to reduce the fuel loading to the point where fire cannot suppress woody plants. fire fire has influenced plant communities for millions of years. fires are thought to be important for the origin and maintenance of grassland, savanna, and woodland community physiognomies by limiting woody plant establishment (anderson 1990, sullivan 1995, dorney and dorney 1989). native americans have been in the southern plains for more than 10,000 years 86 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 stotts, et al. (kay 1998), during which they set frequent fire to the tallgrass prairie landscape (shaw and lee 1995, moore 1995). fire may promote grasses or woody plants in cross timbers savannas, as both vegetation types are well-adapted to fire. fire frequency, fire intensity, and fire season interact to shape the response of vegetation to fire (wright and bailey 1982, engle et al. 1996). a given fire may favor either grasses or trees depending on the nature of these interactions. the frequency of fire plays a critical role. in savanna ecosystems, a decrease in fire frequency leads to woody encroachment, while more frequent fires may favor a relatively stable community (scholes and archer 1997). frequent fires, however, do little to suppress woody plant development if they are of low intensity (briggs et al. 2005). fire intensity varies as a function of weather, stage of plant development, fuel load, topography, soil type, and previous management (bidwell et al. 2004). generally, a well managed rangeland with plenty of fine fuels will produce a high intensity fire that may effectively control woody plant establishment. this underscores the importance of the current vegetation in not only shaping the fire environment, but also in the response of vegetation to a given fire (engle et al. 1996). the season of a fire is very important for the relative effect on grasses and woody plants. the way species respond to a fire depends heavily on the timing of the fire relative to their phenological development. in general, plants that are actively growing, flowering, or setting seed at the time of the fire, tend to decline over time (davidson and kindscher 1999). burning at different times of the year is recommended to inhibit certain species from dominating the community and to promote biodiversity. to control woody plants, burning following bud break and full leaf-out is the most effective time (bidwell et al. 2004). once a savanna is re-established, carefully prescribed burns can maintain open stands of cross timbers oaks for long periods of time (engle et al. 2006). used wisely, prescribed fire can enhance biodiversity, combat tree encroachment, reduce danger of catastrophic wildfires, and improve range conditions for livestock. research needs the current extent of high-quality savanna stands should be assessed throughout the cross timbers. judgments must be made as to the degree to which stands of vegetation appear to be functioning under natural ecological processes. plant identification in highquality stands of oak savanna should be used to provide information on flora composition, richness and physiognomy. lists of fauna that utilize and prefer these communities should be compiled. this information can be used to assess the integrity and functions of savanna communities, to analyze their contribution to the biodiversity of the cross timbers, and as reference information for restoration efforts. while numerous studies indicate that savannas were important components of the historic cross timbers, their actual extent is uncertain. assessing the actual past extent of savanna remains a top research priority. if savanna historically dominated the cross timbers region and are now very poorly represented, their conservation would be a very high priority. if savannas were originally rare and transient, they would deserve less attention than if they are the last remnant of a vast vegetation type. unfortunately, tools for assessing past extent of savanna vegetation are limited. glo surveys are perhaps the best available tool. early land survey records have contributed significantly to our understanding of the structure of north america’s pre-settlement ecosystems. by 87 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 stotts et al. way of summary, land surveys have been used to determine: 1) species compositions of pre-settlement savannas and woodlands; 2) landscape-level disturbance processes; 3) site-specific determinants; 4) species associations and community classification, and; 5) vegetation types for mapping purposes (egan and howell 2005). this information has figured prominently in the restoration of a number of historic ecosystems (egan and howell 2005). schroeder (1981), for instance, created a statewide map of glo surveys from missouri that described a mosaic of forest, woodland, savanna, and prairie landscapes. the map serves as a foundation for the missouri department of natural resources efforts to restore savanna ecosystems in that state’s parks (mccarty 1998). this information is commonly used as a reference for restoration efforts, and numerous post oak savanna restorations have occurred with success in missouri. the plat maps used for mapping, however, were made up solely on the basis of data written in the early surveyor’s notes, which have certain biases and limitations (king 1978). furthermore, we should view this information as but one snapshot of past vegetation patterns that were constantly shifting with an ever-changing climate, native american activities (batek et al. 1999), and grazing patterns. also, early settlers may have cut down trees before the survey was completed. as such, we are forced to consider just how representative they are as a true picture of the “presettlement” vegetation (noss 1985). the dynamics of savannas are not well known because landscape-level processes have been radically, and sometimes irreversibly altered by recent human activities. (rebertus and burns 1997) further research should increase our understanding of the mechanisms of the cross timbers ecosystem. elucidation of the interactions, dynamics and determinants, and identification of robust generalizations that can be broadly applied to savanna ecosystems would benefit ecological theory, modeling and land management (house et al. 2003). fundamental questions include: what controls the relative abundance of woody and herbaceous plants for a given set of conditions at given site? how do the vegetation types interact with each other? is a given woody-herbaceous ratio dynamically stable and persistent under a particular set of conditions (house et al. 2003). finally, circumstances under which restoration techniques are effective or ineffective need to be identified. as such, restoration efforts should be monitored. conclusion oak savannas throughout the cross timbers region have been degraded by woody encroachment. savanna restoration efforts are recommended to combat this threat to biodiversity. the ultimate goal is to restore ecological processes and help replace lost habitat that is leading to the gradual disappearance of plant and animal species. there is, however, much that is unknown about the ecological dynamics and functions of savanna communities. it is hoped that with research and restoration of savanna communities, some answers will be provided. acknowledgments the authors recognize the invaluable contributions of the following: the stotts family, jim minnerath, daniel dyer, the usfws eastern kansas district fire crew, and the stotts. literature cited abrams, m.d. 1992. fire and the development of oak forests. bioscience 52: 346-353. anderson, r.c. 1990. the historic role of fire in the north american grassland. in: collins, s. l. and l.l. wallace. fire in north american tallgrass prairies. 88 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 stotts, et al. norman and london: university of oklahoma press. p 8-18. archer, s. 1995. tree-grass dynamics in a prosopis-thornscrub savanna parkland: reconstructing the past and predicting the future. ecoscience 2: 83-99. axelrod, d.l. 1985. rise of the grassland biome, central north america. the botanical review 51: 163-201. batek, m.j. 1999. reconstruction of early nineteenth-century vegetation and fire regimes in the missouri ozarks. journal of biogeography 26: 397-412. bell, e. and hulbert, l. 1974. effect of soil on occurrence of cross timbers and prairie in southern kansas. transactions of the kansas academy of science. baisan, c.h. and t.w. swetnam. 1990. fire history on a desert mountain range: rincorn mountain wilderness, arizona, usa. canadian journal of forestry restoration 20: 1559-1569. briggs, j.m., a.k. knapp, j.m. blair, j.l. heisler, g.a. hoch, m.s. lett and j.k. mccarron. 2005. an ecosystem in transition: causes and consequences of the conversion of mesic grassland to shrubland. bioscience 55: 243-254. bruner, w.e. 1931. the vegetation of oklahoma. ecological monographs 1(2): 100-113. clark, s. l. 2003. stand dynamics of an oldgrowth oak forest in the cross timbers of oklahoma. 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[dissertation] los angeles: university of california.. noss, r.f. 1985. on characterizing presettlement vegetation: how and why. natural areas journal 5: 1-19. nuzzo, v.a. 1985. extent and status of midwest oak savanna: presettlement and 1985. the natural areas journal 6: 6-36. oklahoma biodiversity task force. 1996. oklahoma’s biodiversity plan: a shared vision for conserving our natural heritage. oklahoma city: oklahoma, oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. packard, s. 1988. just a few oddball species: restoration and the rediscovery of the tallgrass savanna – in cook county, illinois. restoration and management notes 6, no. 1: 13-20. packard, s. and c.f. mutel. 1997. perspective. the tallgrass restoration handbook: for prairies, savannas, and woodlands. washington d.c. island press. p xxvxxxiv. packard, s. and l.m. ross. 1997. restoring remnants. in packard, s. and cornelia f. mutel (eds). the tallgrass restoration handbook: for prairies, savannas, and woodlands. washington d.c. island press. p 63-88. palmer, m. w. (in press). vascular flora of the tallgrass prairie preserve, osage county, oklahoma. castanea. forthcoming. palmer, m.w. and p.s. white. 1994. on the existence of ecological communities. journal of vegetation science 5: 279-282. penfound, w. t. (1962). the savanna concept in oklahoma. ecology 43(4): 774-775. rebertus, a.j. and b.r. burns. 1997. the importance of gap processes in the development and maintenance of oak savannas and dry forests. the journal of ecology 85: 635-645. rice, e.l. and w.t. penfound. 1959. the upland forests of oklahoma. ecology 40: 593-608. 90 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 stotts, et al. scholes, r.j. and s.r. archer. 1997. tree-grass interactions in savannas. annual review of ecological systems 28: 517-544. schroeder, s.a. 1981. presettlement prairie of missouri. natural history series, publication no. 2. jefferson city: missouri department of conservation. shaw, j.h. and m. lee. 1995. ecological interpretation of historical accounts of bison and fire on the southern plains with emphasis on tallgrass prairie. a final report to the nature conservancy of oklahoma. oklahoma state university. skarpe, c. (1991). impact of grazing in savanna ecosystems. ambio 20: 351-356. skarpe, c. 1992. dynamics of savanna ecosystems. journal of vegetation science 3: 293-300. smeins, f.e. and d.d. diamond. 1986. grasslands and savannahs of east central texas: ecology, preservation status and management problems. in kulhavy, david l. and richard n. conner. 1986. wilderness and natural areas in the united states: a management challenge. p 381-394. sullivan, janet. 1995. oak-hickory forest. in fire effects information system, u.s. department of agriculture, forest service, rocky mountain research station, fire science laboratory. therrell, m.d. and d.w. stahle. 1998. a predictive model to locate ancient forests in the cross timbers of osage county, oklahoma. journal of biogeography 25: 847-854 usda, agricultural research service, southern plains range research station. 2007. range sites short course. [online]. available: www.sprrs.usda.gov/range_sites.htm (accessed 2007 november 12). weaver, j.e. 1968. prairie plants and their environment: a fifty-year study in the midwest. university of nebraska press. lincoln and london. wethington, m. k. 1994. a spatial and temporal analysis of forest and grassland changes at the tallgrass prairie preserve [m.s. thesis]. stillwater: oklahoma state university. whitney, g.g. and decant, j.p. 2005. government land office surveys and other early land surveys. the historical ecology handbook. washington d.c.: island press. p 147-172. wright, jr., h.e. 1963. vegetational history of the central plains. pleistocene and recent environments of the central great plains. lawrence, kansas: department of geology, university of kansas. wright, h.a. and a.w. bailey. 1982. fire ecology. john wiley and sons, new york, n.y. oklahoma native plant record, volume 12, number 1, december 2012 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 bruce smith https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100092 63 a comparison of the composition and structure of two oak forests in marshall and pottawatomie counties bruce a. smith mcloud high school mcloud, ok 74851 key words: forest, composition, crosstimbers, science education, veg etation structure abstract in october 2011, high school students from mcloud high school sampled an oak forest in earlsboro, pottawatomie county. in july, 2012, students in the pre-collegiate field studies camp at the university of oklahoma biological station sampled the marshall county forest at the buncombe creek camp ground, located approximately 100 miles south of the earlsboro forest and 1 mile north of the university of oklahoma biological station. one component of each botany course was to study the composition and structure of an oak forest. these 2 forests were chosen to compare because of their similarity in composition and physical distance apart. they found 10 hardwood species in the marshall county forest and 9 in the pottawatomie county forest, with 6 species common to both. quercus stellata was most important in both forests and most frequent in the pottawatomie forest where the total density was 0.141/m2. quercus stellata and ulmus alata were most frequent in the marshall county forest where the total density was 0.107/m2. introduction the best way to learn how to identify the trees, shrubs, woody vines, and herbaceous plants of a forest, is to make frequent visits and practice field identification. high school students from mcloud high school and the pre-collegiate field studies camp at the university of oklahoma biological station (uobs) did just that; they made frequent visits, but to different forests. the mcloud high school students sampled a local forest, as well as a forest near earlsboro, oklahoma. after spending time in the forests, students learned to recognize the different shades of green, shapes and colors of tree bark, growth habits, blade complexity, leaf phyllotaxy, leaf margins, leaf shapes, leaf textures, leaf odors, and even the taste of leaves of different species. by walking through the woods, i have learned the taste and effects of prickly ash– strong and bitter; numbing. i have learned the texture of hackberry leaves–scabrous and rough one way, smooth another. i have felt the barks of trees. all this i have learned by walking through the woods. cindy do mcguiness high school oklahoma city, oklahoma in october, 2011, mcloud high school students studied an oak forest near earlsboro in central pottawatomie county (35.425˚, -97.0875˚). in july, 2012, precollegiate uobs students studied an oak forest at the buncombe creek camp ground (33.52˚, -96.48˚), 100 miles south and 20 miles east of the earlsboro forest, near the biological station in marshall county. the two forests provide an oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 bruce smith 64 interesting comparison and contrast due to their similarity in composition and 100 mile north to south difference in location. students determined the composition of the forest by first learning to identify species within each of the quadrats. students then collected data that can be used in long-term ecological studies. the structure of the forest was determined by calculating density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency, basal area, relative basal area, and importance values of those trees and shrubs in the forest. by measuring relative importance and frequencies of hardwood species, rather than calculating leaf area indices or other seasonal changes, their comparison of data taken in july in marshall county to data taken in october in pottawatomie county is still valid. methods students set up eighteen 10 x 10 meter quadrats in each forest at a maximum distance from each other. this increased the likelihood of encountering a greater variety of habitats. in each quadrat, trees and shrubs were identified to species or genus, and then diameters of living woody stems 4 cm or greater at breast height (dbh) were measured. the more traditional method for measuring dbh has been to include stems 7.62 cm (3 in.) or greater (greller et al. 1979, phillippi et al.1988, rudnicky and mcdonnell 1989, stalter 1981). including stems of 4 cm or greater will include more individual woody plants and yield a more complete data set than most traditional studies. a more recent study in new york (glaeser 2006) measured dbh of woody plants that were 2 cm or greater. measuring dbh at 4 cm or greater in this study may make direct comparisons with other studies using traditional measurements problematic, but a more accurate comparison of these 2 sets of forest data is possible. with the number of student data collectors in a field class and the use of computers which can handle greater sets of data, this can be a cost-effective way to improve data collection for long-term studies. students were taught to determine density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency, basal area, and relative basal area for individual species using a simple calculator. to save time and improve accuracy, data from the forests were entered in an excel 2010 program for 18 quadrats from each forest. importance values were calculated by adding the three relative values for each species results in the marshall county forest, 10 species were identified in the 1800 m2 sampling area. in the pottawatomie forest, 9 species were found in the 1800 m2 sampling area. the 2 forests had 6 species in common: quercus stellata (post oak), q. marilandica (black jack oak), carya texana black hickory, fraxinus americana (white ash), ulmus alata (winged elm), and juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar). u. alata had the highest density in the marshall county forest. q. stellata had the highest density in the pottawatomie forest. q. stellata and u. alata had the highest frequency in the marshall county forest. q. stellata had a frequency of 1.00, the highest frequency in the pottawatomie forest. q. stellata had the highest basal area in both forests. the 2 trees with the highest importance values respectively in both forests were q. stellata and u. alata. the total density for the pottawatomie forest was 0.141 trees/m2 and the marshall county forest was 0.107 trees/m2. the total basal area for the pottawatomie county was 21.2 cm2/m2. the total basal area for the marshall county forest was 23.3 cm2/m2. the 6 common species in both forests had a relative importance of 0.944 for the marshall county forest and 0.954 for the pottawatomie county. oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 bruce smith 65 figure 1 buncombe creek forest, marshall county, oklahoma table 1 density, frequency, basal area, and importance values for the buncombe creek forest, marshall county. species density, trees/m2 frequency basal area cm2/m2 importance value quercus stellate 0.0233 0.944 14.3 1.06 ulmus alata 0.0422 0.944 2.14 0.710 jumiperus virginiana 0.0161 0.722 1.31 0.378 quercus marilandica 0.0106 0.500 2.82 0.338 carya texana 0.00222 0.222 0.751 0.106 fraxinus americana 0.00778 0.444 1.42 0.239 morus rubra 0.00222 0.222 0.0850 0.0768 vaccinium spp. 0.000556 0.0556 0.00698 0.0186 prunus mexicana 0.000556 0.0556 0.00698 0.0187 quercus velutina 0.00111 0.111 0.461 0.0565 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 bruce smith 66 figure 2 earlsboro forest, central pottawatomie county, oklahoma table 2 density, frequency, basal area, and importance values for the earlsboro forest, pottawatomie county. species density, trees/m2 frequency basal area cm2/m2 importance value quercus stellata 0.111 1.00 18.9 2.05 ulmus alata 0.0183 0.667 1.56 0.454 jumiperus virginiana 0.00278 0.222 0.0938 0.108 quercus marilandica 0.00278 0.222 0.233 0.114 carya texana 0.000556 0.0556 0.0109 0.0253 fraxinus americana 0.00222 0.222 0.241 0.110 amelanchier spp. 0.00111 0.111 0.0650 0.0526 celtis spp. 0.00167 0.111 0.0785 0.0572 quercus shumardii 0.000556 0.0556 0.0279 0.0261 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 bruce smith 67 discussion the relative importance values for the 6 common species show 2 very similar forests even though they are separated by at least 100 miles. at the same time, they are very different in terms of their composition of shrubs, understory trees, vines, and herbaceous plants of the forest floor. the marshall county forest has a much denser forest floor, understory layer, and shrub layer than does the pottawatomie county forest (figures 1 and 2). another major difference in the 2 forests is the dominance of post oak in the pottawatomie forest, where quercus stellata had the highest density, frequency, basal area, and importance value. the density of post oaks in the pottawatomie forest is almost five times greater and the importance value is nearly two times greater than the post oaks in the marshall county forest even though the post oak basal area did not differ much. future studies might reveal the cause for these differences. as a part of a field learning experience, students are able to collect large data sets over a long period of time, which might otherwise be prohibitively expensive to obtain. furthermore, getting students into the field provides them with a depth of knowledge they could not possibly learn from reading a text or looking at dried specimens. while these studies provided an opportunity to begin a long-term ecological research project that involved students in field research, student identification of species in the field could be inaccurate to the point that it renders data useless. however, we found that allowing students time in the field to learn species identification (using more than a key and dried specimens) before beginning the field study, appeared to increase their accuracy. students received immediate feedback regarding the accuracy of their species identification from instructors and teaching assistants, who were in the field with them. the ecological value of this student research is that it creates baseline data for further research, to track changes in the 2 forests with possible links to changes in species due to global climate change. the greater value of this research is the invaluable experience for high school students, increasing their knowledge of nature and science aptitude by actually being in the natural environment (louv 2011). they learn more than facts. they learn how to learn from the forest. as i was walking through the forest; sun shining, elm leaves fluttering, birds flying, critters bustling, it occurred to me; mother nature teaches the purest kind of wisdom: you don’t need to be in a classroom to learn. knowledge is everywhere. magen clark and caitlyn carr mcloud high school mcloud, oklahoma beginning this long term study will also provide a beginning set of data to test hypotheses regarding how students learn in the field, versus how they learn in the lab or classroom. while i am confident that students have learned to identify trees during this project, future field studies should be accompanied by assessment of student identification skills comparing both field and laboratory experiences. this outdoor experience meets c3 pass standards 1 and 2 (oklahoma pass 2006) for general biology. acknowledgments i would like to give special thanks to the 2011-2012 mcloud high school botany class and students in the 2012 pre-collegiate field studies camp. i would also like to thank alonna price, evan smith, and jimmie manyanga for their assistance in the buncombe creek forest. thank you to austin carroll and colby brackett for oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 bruce smith 68 providing the statistical program. thank you, debbie and jay mize, for allowing us to sample your wonderful forest in earlsboro. thank you, us army corps of engineers at buncombe creek, for allowing us to study and collect samples in the forest for many years. thank you, crissy smith and the corps of engineers, for help with the gps coordinates. thank you, richard butler, for looking over my rough draft. thanks to the reviewers of this article. and finally thank you, ron tyrl. it was in the summer of 1990 that dr. tyrl shared with me how to study the composition and structure of forests using simple statistics. you cannot imagine how much mileage i got from that simple lesson. literature cited glaeser, c. w. 2006. the floristic composition and community structure of the forest park woodland, queens county, new york. urban habitats 4(1):102-126. greller, a. m. 1979. a vascular flora of the forested portion of cunningham park, queens county. new york. corrections and additions i. bulletin of the torrey botanical club 106:45. louv, richard. 2011. the nature principle. chapel hill (nc): algonquin books of chapel hill. phillippi, m. a., e. i. collins, j. l. bruner, and r. j. tyrl. 1988. succession changes in a salix nigra (salicaceae) forest in south-central oklahoma, usa. transactions of the illinois academy of science 81:61-70. oklahoma priority academic student skills, 2006 oklahoma. [cited 2012 nov]. available from: http://ok.gov/sde/sites/ok.gov.sde/file s/c3%20pass%20sci.pdf rudnicky, j. l. and mcdonnell, m. j. 1989. forty-eight years of canopy change in a hardwood-hemlock forest in new york city. bulletin of the torrey botanical club 116:52-64. stalter, r. 1981. a thirty-nine year history of the arborescent vegetation of alley park, queens county, new york. bulletin of the torrey botanical club 108:485-487. http://ok.gov/sde/sites/ok.gov.sde/files/c3%20pass%20sci.pdf http://ok.gov/sde/sites/ok.gov.sde/files/c3%20pass%20sci.pdf a comparison of the composition and structure of two oak forests in marshall and pottawatomie counties by dr. bruce smith oklahoma native plant record, volume 11, number 1, december 2011 oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100084 43 the effects of removal of juniper us virginiana l. trees and litter from a central oklahoma grassland jerad s. linneman1 1usda matthew s. allen2 animal & plant health inspection service michael w. palmer2 4700 river rd., unit 153, 5d-06g mike.palmer@okstate.edu riverdale, md 20737-1228 2oklahoma state university department of botany 301 physical sciences stillwater, ok 74078-3013 keywords: biodiversity, experiment, invasion, ordination abstract we studied species composition after juniperus virginiana tree and litter removal in a central oklahoma grassland. tree removal had the most significant effect on stems per quadrat and vegetation cover. litter removal effects were not as strong. however, stems per quadrat and vegetation cover in litter removal treatments were higher than in litter intact treatments. species richness increased for all treatments in the first year post-treatment, after which species richness declined at every sampling period and in every treatment for the duration of the study. absolute cover of typical prairie species increased in the cut with no litter treatment whereas cover of woody forest species increased in the no cut with no litter treatment. we suggest that even without prescribed fire, redcedar tree removal may result in a return of prairie vegetation. however, additional efforts besides tree removal may be required to restore some invaded grasslands. introduction for the last several decades, there has been a growing interest in management techniques required to maintain and/or restore vegetation. the two most common problems faced in grassland restoration are habitat destruction and the loss of native species diversity due to the encroachment of woody species. concerns about decreased diversity and the invasion of exotic woody species have spurred extensive study throughout the world including argentina (ghersa et al. 2002), australia (costello et al. 2000, whiteman and brown 1998), canada (peltzer and köchy 2001), french prealps (barbaro et al. 2001), south africa (holmes et al. 2000, holmes and marais 2000) and the united states (petranka and mcpherson 1979, callaway and aschehoug 2000, fitch et al. 2001, briggs et al. 2002b, van els et al. 2010). in the united states, two examples of fire adapted vegetation types that have received much attention regarding restoration are the longleaf pine sandhill vegetation of northwestern florida (kush et al. 1999, provencher et al. 2000, provencher et al. 2001) and the tallgrass prairie of the eastern great plains (axmann and knapp 1993, briggs et al. 2002a, briggs et al. 2002b). in both instances the elimination of fire has caused a decrease in species richness and facilitated their conversion into forests. tallgrass prairie researchers have suggested that reductions in abundance and altered community composition are related to a oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 44 multitude of environmental factors associated with woody invasion. examples of such altered environmental factors include soil moisture (engle et al. 1987, facelli and pickett 1991b), solar radiation (smith and stubbendieck 1990, facelli and pickett 1991a & b) and soil temperature (weaver and rowland 1952, hulbert 1969). in addition, leaf litter from woody species may alter grassland litter dynamics (facelli and pickett 1991b). within the tallgrass prairie region, eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana l.) has increased dramatically, converting millions of hectares of grassland to woodland or closed canopy forest (schmidt and leatherberry 1995, briggs et al. 2002a). redcedar invasion is not restricted to impacted or degraded sites and exhibits high survivorship in diverse native grasslands (ganguli et al. 2008). typical control methods include mechanical felling via chainsaws, large cutting machinery, or cabling and prescribed fire. although felling and prescribed fire are effective in reducing redcedar abundance in prairies, the continuous application of this management technique has left a significant gap in our understanding about the role redcedar litter plays in tallgrass prairie restoration. in particular, we do not understand the role of the overstory tree versus the leaf litter in determining species composition. we conducted this study to disentangle the effects of redcedar overstory canopy and accumulated litter on prairie species richness and composition. elucidating these effects will allow for a more informed approach to redcedar removal and prairie restorations. methods study site we conducted this experiment at the james k. mcpherson botanical preserve located 16 km west of stillwater, oklahoma (36°06'00"n, 97°12'30"w). after a brief period of row crop agriculture, the site was converted into pastureland and grazed until the 1960's. oklahoma state university (osu) purchased the land and managerial control was turned over to the department of botany. in 1995, the department of botany introduced a burning regime, consisting of a three to five year return interval, to the northwestern half of the preserve with the goal of stimulating the return of a native tallgrass prairie community. t ree selection and classification we selected 47 potential study trees based on several criteria including tree isolation, minimization of surrounding tree effects, the existence of an intact litter layer underneath the tree, and tree size. we recorded canopy diameter in the northsouth and east-west direction, height, stem diameter at both 10 cm and diameter-atbreast-height (dbh), and gender. for those trees with multiple stems, we recorded separate diameter measurements for each primary stem, which we later converted into basal area (ba) at 10 cm and dbh, respectively. we randomly assigned all trees into two groups (cut and no cut); ten study trees were then randomly selected from each group. sampling desig n sampling design was based on a two by two factorial design of tree removal and litter removal. underneath each study tree, we positioned two 50 cm × 50 cm quadrats so that each quadrat was completely under the canopy of the overstory redcedar. in addition, we positioned the two quadrats in such a way to maintain homogenous litter cover between quadrats and to minimize inter-quadrat variation in vegetation. after permanently marking each quadrat, we randomly assigned a litter removal treatment to one of the two quadrats under each tree. we conducted an initial vegetation sampling in may 2001, prior to treatment application. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 45 all subsequent sampling occurred biennially in may and september of 2002 – 2003. sampling of species composition consisted of identifying each plant species rooted inside the quadrat and estimating its percent cover to the nearest percent for any cover less than 5% and to the nearest 5% for any cover over 5%. we marked unknown species for later identification. species nomenclature and code symbols follow that of the usda plants database (usda 2004). in addition, at several locations within this paper we refer to the response of j. virginiana redcedar seedlings and not the study tree or any of its structures. experimental treatments the tree removal treatment was applied using a chainsaw and pruning shears between 17 and 19 may, 2001. we removed crowns and branches from the top down, with the aid of rigging equipment, to minimize the amount of disturbance to the litter layer and vegetation in the quadrats. we removed litter from litter removal quadrats by hand, taking care to minimize disturbance to vegetation. however, plants that had germinated in the litter layer and had not reached the soil surface were removed along with the litter during the initial treatment. the litter removal treatment was applied between 21 and 24 may, 2001. treatment acronyms for tree and litter removal are: cut with no litter (cn), cut with litter (cl), no cut with no litter (nn), and no cut with litter (nl); i.e. the control. at each post-treatment sampling, we removed newly accumulated litter from the litter removal quadrats after observing vegetation. on a few occasions we removed branches from surrounding trees that started to grow over the tree removal quadrats. statistical analyses statistical analysis included the use of both anova and ordination techniques. we performed repeated measures anova using proc mixed for each environmental variable recorded using sas (version 8). for each environmental variable, initial (pre-treatment) observations were used as a baseline for all subsequent samplings (post-treatment). preliminary analyses included tree gender as an explanatory variable. however, because gender showed no significant main or interaction effects, we removed gender and re-ran all anovas. we analyzed compositional data using direct gradient analysis. direct gradient analysis uses species data and directly relates it to measured environmental variables, in this case dummy variables representing the treatments. we selected partial redundancy analysis (prda) because it is generally considered more appropriate in short-term experimental studies where species responses are believed to be linear and over relatively short gradients. all ordinations were conducted using canoco for windows 4.5 (ter braak and šmilauer 2002) on absolute cover of each species within a sample. we developed a priori hypotheses about the potential affect of treatment application on species cover. we hypothesized that tree removal and litter removal would have a positive effect on stems per quadrat, vegetation cover and species richness. in addition, the combination of tree removal with litter removal, conditions most similar to open prairie (cn), would have the largest effect; whereas, the combination of no tree removal and no litter removal, the control condition (nl), would have no effect or the least positive effect on species. we have not included any correction factors for statistical problems associated with multiple comparisons (legendre and legendre 1998, hallgren et al. 1999). oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 46 results density and richness there were significant differences in stem density (p<0.001) between all quadrats prior to treatment application. however, the difference between the means of the densest and sparsest treatments was only 2.5 stems per quadrat. both the cut with litter (cl) and cut with no litter (cn) treatments had the lowest stems per quadrat prior to treatment application. stem density increased for all treatments except no cut with litter (nl) treatment by the second sampling. this increase was roughly 2-2.5 fold thus resulting in an increase of 10-13 stems per treatment (figure 1). significant differences (p=0.0052) in density between nl & nn (no cut-no litter) only occurred in may 2002. on the other hand, there were significant differences in stems density between litter treatments within the cut treatment, cl and cn, in september 2002 (p=0.0366) and 2003 (p=0.0483). the cut treatment had a much more pronounced effect on density regardless of litter treatment. in september and may 2002 2003, there were significant differences between both cn and nn (p=0.006, 0.004, 0.001 respectively) and cl and nl (p=0.0052, 0.003, 0.0159 respectively). as with density, there were significant differences in initial species richness (p<0.001) between all quadrats prior to treatment application. again, the magnitude of the mean difference was quite small, fewer than 1.0 species per treatment. additionally, the cl and cn treatments again had the lowest richness. the increase in species richness by the second sampling was not as dramatic as that observed in stems per quadrat by the same sampling. generally increases in mean species richness were in the order of 0.4-1.25 species per quadrat (figure 2). significant differences in species richness between nl and nn only occurred in september 2002 (p=0.0244); however may 2002 was marginally insignificant (p=0.0533). conversely, significant differences in species richness between cl and cn occurred in both may 2002 (p=0.0381) and september 2002 (p=0.0026). the cut treatment had a slightly weaker influence on species richness as compared to stems per quadrat. significant differences in species richness were observed between cn and nn in september 2002 (p=0.0055) and 2004 (p=0.0007). significant differences in species richness were also observed between cl and nl in september 2002 (p=0.0457) and september 2003 (p=0.0358). veg etation cover there was no significant difference in total vegetation cover prior to treatment application. there was a substantial increase in total cover through samplings two and three in both the cl and cn treatments (figure 3). this increase in total cover was in the order of 8.75-11.25%. on the other hand, total cover in both the nn and nl treatments only increased by ~2%. no significant differences in total cover were observed between the nl and nn treatments at any sampling. on the other hand, there was a significant difference between the cl and cn treatments in september 2003 (p=0.0024). although litter removal did not have a major effect on total cover, tree removal did. significant differences between cn and nn were observed in september and may 2002-2003 (p=0.001, 0.0023, <0.001 respectively). in addition, significant differences between cl and nl were also observed in september and may 2002-2003 (p=0.0071, 0.0075, 0.0318 respectively). unlike total vegetation cover, there were significant differences (p<0.001) in initial mean forb cover between treatments; however these differences were only 0.125%. forb cover in both of the cut treatments, cl and cn, increased over the duration of the study although both no cut treatments, nl and nn, were relatively oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 47 static throughout the study (figure 4). there were no significant differences in forb cover for nl or nn treatments at any time, whereas a significance difference between cl and cn only occurred in september 2002 (p=0.0056). the tree removal treatment yielded a significant difference between cn and nn in may 2002 (p<0.0001) and september 2002 (p=0.0486), whereas a significant difference between cl and nl occurred only in may 2003 (p=0.0131). graminoid cover responded similarly to forb cover with significant differences in initial mean graminoid cover between treatments (p=0.0164). once again, the differences between treatments were small (0.15%). graminoid cover increased over the first post-treatment sampling for all treatments (figure 5). graminoid cover was not significantly affected by litter in nl or nn treatments. however, litter had a significant effect in september 2003 (p=0.0012) in the cl and cn treatment. the tree removal treatment had a stronger affect with significant differences in graminoid cover between cn and nn in september and may 2002-2003 (p=0.0253, 0.0092, <0.0001 respectively) and between cl and nl in september 2002 (p=0.0133). marginal insignificance was also observed between cl and nl in may, 2003 (p=0.052). significant differences in woody cover (p=0.0197) were also present at the onset of this study. however, differences in mean woody cover between treatments were once again small (0.15%). woody cover increased in all treatments over the duration of this study although these increases were only in the 0.5-2.0% range (figure 6). in fact, no significant differences were found between any combination of litter removal and/or tree removal treatments at any sampling. direct gradient analysis partial redundancy analysis (prda) was conducted to test a priori hypotheses regarding the effects of tree removal, litter removal and their interaction at each sampling. results of prda only showed significant differences in absolute species cover between litter removal treatments in may, 2002 and september, 2002 (p<0.001). conversely, prda showed significant differences (p<0.001) in absolute species cover between tree removal treatments at every post-treatment sampling period. the litter removal with tree removal interaction effect was only significant in september 2002 (p=0.029). therefore, it appears that tree removal does have a stronger effect on species composition over time than litter removal. when treatment centroids by sampling period are plotted in ordination space three items become apparent: first, tree removal results in an increased magnitude of movement of treatment centroids over time (figure 7 a, b). second, litter removal also results in an increased magnitude of movement of treatment centroids over time (see figure 7 a, b). finally, the overall amount of compositional change of cut treatments was greater than litter removal treatments. a prda scatter plot of absolute species cover, treatment centroids and passive environmental variables based on all posttreatment samplings is displayed in figure 8. the four dummy treatment variables accounted for 5.4% of the total explained species variance. although woody cover was not significantly affected by tree removal or litter removal treatments at any sampling, woody forest species such as cercis canadensis, celtis occidentalis, parthenocissus quinquefolia, quercus stellata, juniperus virginiana seedlings, and ulmus rubra all dominated the no cut treatments with a slightly higher cover in the litter treatment (nl). alternatively, grasses typical of the open prairie such as tridens flavus, eragrostis oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 48 spectabilis, dicanthelium oligosanthes, sorghastrum nutans, bothriochloa saccharoides, and sporobolus compositus dominated the tree removal treatments. in addition, each one of these graminoids (with the exception of t. flavus) also had higher absolute cover in the litter removal treatment (cl). sedges such as carex festucacea and c. bushii both dominated the nn treatment. on the other hand, forb species typically associated with pastures such as ambrosia sp., a. psilostachya, amphiachyris dracunculoides, acalypha gracilens, and croton monanthogynus dominated the cn treatment. discussion increases in stem density and species richness were expected as a result of litter removal and tree removal treatments. our results are similar to those of monk and gabrielson (1985) who observed a stronger influence of overstory cover compared to litter cover on old field vegetation. for all manipulated quadrats (cl, cn, and nn) increased stems per quadrat is more likely to be due to increased perennial graminoid stems than woody or forb stems. reductions in stems per quadrat in nl and nn treatments after september 2002 are likely the result of continued overstory tree presence and its associated reductions in solar radiation. studies by monk and gabrielson (1985), yager and smeins (1999), and joy and young (2002) have all suggested that reductions in light similar to those observed in this study resulted in significant decreases in plant density and cover. on the other hand, we believe that reductions in stems per quadrat in september 2003 for cl and only the slight increase for cn were caused by relatively little precipitation received in 2002 – 2003. total precipitation recorded at the marena mesonet station, located approximately 4 km from the study site, was 63.0 cm from october 2002 to september 2003. this precipitation total is only 64-69% of annual precipitation for the site of 91.4-99.1 cm (oklahoma mesonet, oklahoma climatological survey). by comparison, the decreases in species richness over the course of this study suggest relatively little recruitment of new species occurred regardless of treatment. provencher et al. (2000) found that species richness also decreased after the application of felling and slash burning in florida’s sandhill vegetation. however, provencher et al. (2000) observed an increase in species richness two years after treatment application. results from prda (see figure 8) suggest a transition from pretreatment species composition dominated by mesic or forest species to post-treatment tallgrass prairie species. it is possible that during this transition, forest species were lost faster than prairie species were added; therefore, we observe a decrease in species richness. however, the majority of species present in each treatment’s cumulative species pool were, on average, not present in each quadrat. generally only 10-20% of each treatment’s cumulative species pool was observed in each quadrat (see figure 2). it should be noted that species richness may be strongly linked to density (i.e. rarefaction effect) and thus the richness-per-quadrat should not be interpreted independently of stem counts (palmer et al. 2000). this suggests that given more time species richness may increase as these rare species become more universally distributed into cut quadrats. linneman and palmer (2006) suggested that species composition underneath redcedar trees may be a random subset of the species from the surrounding matrix. the results from this study suggest that this subset of species is nonrandom and comprised of two main types. the first group appears to be remnant prairie grasses, and the second is disturbance-tolerant forbs. the absolute cover of almost all graminoid species increased as a result of tree removal. of particular interest is that the most oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 49 abundant graminoid species were native tallgrass prairie species such as sorghastrum nutans and sporobolus compositus. conversely, the positive response of disturbance favoring forb species like amphiachyris dracunculoides, ambrosia psilostachya and croton monanthogynus may lead to further reductions in species richness if they become dominant. several researchers, including clary (1971), clary and jameson (1981), brockway et al. (1998), and provencher (2000), have all observed increases in graminoid and forb cover following overstory tree removal. in this study, annual species increased in cut treatments; however, few annuals dominated cover in any treatment. although the increase of disturbance-tolerant forbs may be inhibitive in the short term, the observed increases in absolute cover of native tallgrass prairie species suggest that even without subsequent prescribed fire treatments, community composition may return to its pre-invasion condition with time. the long-term effects of eastern redcedar in grasslands are unclear. the results from this study suggest the continued presence of eastern redcedar in grasslands may (1) facilitate the forestation of grasslands or at least (2) continue to reduce the tallgrass prairie species pool in invaded grasslands. briggs et al. (2002a) determined that species present in the prairie were not consistently different from those found in a closed canopy redcedar forest. however, both this study and linneman and palmer (2006) show an apparent shift in community composition away from tallgrass prairie species toward forest tree species such as cercis canadensis, celtis occidentalis, juniperus virginiana, quercus stellata and ulmus rubra. these same tree species frequently occur under redcedar canopies in nearby cross timbers forest environments as well (van els et al. 2010) and, it should be noted, the cedars studied here were in relatively close proximity to cross timbers stands. additionally, it is possible that the dynamics of cedar invasion may differ in old fields (studied here) from those in previously undisturbed prairie. although complete extirpation of native tallgrass prairie species is not likely in the short term, areas with extensive invasion and subsequent tree removal may require seeding of prairie species to encourage the return of characteristic prairie vegetation. this will inevitably increase the cost of restoration beyond the already high cost of tree removal (bidwell et al. 2002). areas with less than 75% cover of redcedar, however, have greater potential for recovery, as most tallgrass prairie species persist in inter-tree spaces until this point (limb et al. 2010). continued invasion by eastern redcedar in the great plains has serious implications not only for the existence of native grasslands but also for biodiversity and potential future restorations. as shown here, removal of redcedar, even in the absence of subsequent prescribed fire, has the potential to increase the number of stems per quadrat and increase species richness for several years post-treatment. litter removal, either by mechanical means or prescribed fire, should further benefit and accelerate the return of tallgrass prairie vegetation. without tree removal, these grasslands will continue to lose native prairie species in favor of mesic and/or forest species. in the absence of broad-scale control efforts, redcedar will continue to fragment and replace native grasslands, perhaps to the extent that future prairie restoration efforts may require seed inputs beyond what is available from surrounding sources via natural dispersal. acknowledgments we thank sam fuhlendorf for his editorial comments. in addition, jared laufenberg aided with tree removal. mark payton’s help with sas analyses and programming was greatly appreciated. the oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 50 payne county audubon society and the james k. mcpherson fund, administered by the department of botany at oklahoma state university, provided funding for this study. literature cited axmann, b. d. and a. k. knapp. 1993. water relations of juniperus virginiana and andropogon gerardii in an unburned tallgrass prairie watershed. southwestern naturalist 38:325-330. barbaro, l., t. 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each treatment at each sampling). cl=cut with-litter, cn=cut with no litter, nl=no cut with litter, nn=no cut with no litter. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 may-01 jul-01 oct-01 jan-02 apr-02 jul-02 oct-02 jan-03 apr-03 jul-03 oct-03 sampling date s te m s p er q u ad ra t cl cn nl nn oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 53 figure 2 mean species richness per 0.25 m2 and cumulative species richness of tree removal and litter removal treatments for 2.5 years. the data points have been staggered to increase visibility of 95% confidence intervals (determined for each treatment at each sampling). cl=cut with litter, clc=cumulative cut with litter, cn=cut with no litter, cnc=cumulative cut with no litter, nl=no cut with litter, cnl=cumulative no cut with litter, nn=no cut with no litter, cnn=cumulative no cut with no litter of tree removal and litter removal treatments for 2.5 years. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 may-01 jul-01 oct-01 jan-02 apr-02 jul-02 oct-02 jan-03 apr-03 jul-03 oct-03 sampling date s pe ce is r ic hn es s cl cn nl nn clc cnc nlc nnc oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 54 figure 3 mean percent total cover of tree removal and litter removal treatments for 2.5 years. the data points have been staggered to increase visibility of 95% confidence intervals (determined for each treatment at each sampling). cl=cut with litter, cn=cut with no litter, nl=no cut with litter, nn=no cut with no litter. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 may01 jul-01 oct-01 jan-02 apr-02 jul-02 oct-02 jan-03 apr-03 jul-03 oct-03 sampling date p er ce nt t ot al c ov er cl cn nl nn oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 55 figure 4 mean percent forb cover of tree removal and litter removal treatments for 2.5 years. the data points have been staggered to increase visibility of 95% confidence intervals (determined for each treatment at each sampling). cl=cut with litter, cn=cut with no litter, nl=no cut with litter, nn=no cut with no litter. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 may-01 jul-01 oct-01 jan-02 apr-02 jul-02 oct-02 jan-03 apr-03 jul-03 oct-03 sampling date p er ce n t f o rb c o ve r cl cn nl nn oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 56 figure 5 mean percent graminoid cover of tree removal and litter removal treatments for 2.5 years. the data points have been staggered to increase visibility of 95% confidence intervals (determined for each treatment at each sampling). cl=cut with litter, cn=cut with no litter, nl=no cut with litter, nn=no cut with no litter. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 may-01 jul-01 oct-01 jan-02 apr-02 jul-02 oct-02 jan-03 apr-03 jul-03 oct-03 sampling date p er ce n t g ra m in o id c o ve r cl cn nl nn oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 57 figure 6 mean percent woody cover of tree removal and litter removal treatments for 2.5 years. the data points have been staggered to increase visibility of 95% confidence intervals (determined for each treatment at each sampling). cl=cut with litter, cn=cut with no litter, nl=no cut with litter, nn=no cut with no litter. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 may-01 jul-01 oct-01 jan-02 apr-02 jul-02 oct-02 jan-03 apr-03 jul-03 oct-03 sampling date p er ce n t w o o d y c o ve r cl cn nl nn oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 58 figure 7 prda trajectory of tree and litter removal treatment centroids for each sampling period. the two figures are from the same analysis but were separated to increase legibility. cl=cut with litter, cn=cut with no litter, nl=no cut with litter, nn=no cut with no litter. axes 1 and 2 are displayed in both figures. -0.3 0.4 -0 .2 0. 3 cl1 cn1 cl2 cn2 cl3 cn3 cl4 cn4 cl5 cn5 axis 1 ax is 2 -0.3 0.4 -0 .2 0. 3 nl1 nn1 nl2 nn2 nl3 nn3 nl4 nn4 nl5 nn5 axis 1 ax is 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 59 figure 8 prda triplot of species codes, treatment centroids and supplemental environmental variables. all post-treatment samplings are included and axes 1 and 2 are displayed. species codes represent the relative multi-dimensional position of each species in ordination space based on absolute cover of each species. species codes are indexed in appendix 1. arrow length indicates the relative strength of supplemental variables. cl=cut with litter, cn=cut with no litter, nl=no cut with litter, nn=no cut with no litter. -1.0 1.5 -1 .0 1. 0 acgr2 ambro amdr amps bosa cabu5 cafe3 cani3 ceca4 ceoc crmo6 diac2 ersp gapu3 juvi lecu opma2 pape5 paqu2 poar7 qust rhco sonu2 spco16 teca3 trfl2 ulru nn nl cn cl ba.10cm canopy cedar litter soil rock axis 1 ax is 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 linneman, j. s., et al. 60 appendix species names and usda plant codes species usda code acalypha gracilens acgr2 ambrosia psilostachya amps ambrosia sp. ambro amphiachyris dracunculoides amdr bothriochloa saccharoides bosa carex bushii cabu5 carex festucacea cafe3 carex nigromarginata cani3 celtis occidentalis ceoc cercis canadensis ceca4 croton monanthogynus crmo6 dichanthelium acuminatum diac2 eragrostis spectabilis ersp gamochaeta purpurea gapu3 juniperus virginiana juvi lespedeza cuneata lecu opuntia macrorhiza opma2 oxalis stricta oxst parietaria pensylvanica pase5 parthenocissus quinquefolia paqu2 quercus stellata qust rhus copallinum rhco sorghastrum nutans sonu2 sporobolus compositus spco16 teucrium canadense teca3 tridens flavus trfl2 ulmus rubra ulru the effects of removal of juniperus virginiana l. trees and litter from a central oklahoma grassland by mr. jerad s. linneman, dr. matthew s. allen, and dr. michael w. palmer oklahoma native plant record, volume 17, number 1, december 2017 oklahoma native plant record 69 volume 17, december 2017 clark l. ovrebo and sheila brandon https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.18.100007 first record of ch or ioactis geaster from oklahoma clark l. ovrebo sheila brandon department of biology fort towson, ok 74735 university of central oklahoma edmond, ok 73034 covrebo@uco.edu keywords: ascomycota, pezizales, cup fung i, biog eog raphy abstract chorioactis geaster (peck) kupfer, the devil’s cigar fungus, is reported from oklahoma for the first time. a collection was made in choctaw county in southeast oklahoma in january 2017. chorioactis geaster is a fleshy fungus that belongs to the ascomycota and is an example of what are commonly referred to as cup fungi. the young ascomata are closed, swollen-elongate, brown and finely hairy. during expansion, the ascomata split into 3–6 rays that are reminiscent of earth star fungi. the hymenophore color is pale yellow to tan. the ascospores are large, measuring 60–70 x 12–13 μm, and are curved-fusoid in shape. all previous records from the united states have been reported from texas, and the fungus is also known from japan. the holotype was collected in austin, texas in 1891 and described by charles h. peck in the genus urnula. introduction the second author made a collection of chorioactis geaster (peck) kupfer ex eckblad (devil’s cigar mushroom) in january 2017 in southeast oklahoma. the fungus belongs to the ascomycota, pezizomycetes, pezizales, chorioactidaceae. the pezizales includes the larger ascomycete fungi commonly referred to as cup fungi. this is the first record of the fungus for oklahoma. in this paper we present a description of the fungus and discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the species’ distribution. materials and methods the collection was made on january 16, 2017, by the second author in choctaw county, oklahoma. the material was photographed in situ, dried and sent to the first author who confirmed its identity. the collection is housed in the university of central oklahoma herbarium (csu). the macroscopic description was compiled from the oklahoma collections and from previously published descriptions. the microscopic details of the fungus were made by reviving dried sections of the ascomata in 3% koh. description young ascomata closed, fusoid, clubor cigar-shaped, upper portion hollow, surface densely hairy and brown, dehiscing at stipe apex into 4–7 rays with the resultant apothecia forming a star-shaped pattern reminiscent of earthstars, up to 12 cm across (figures 1 and 2). hymenial surface pale yellow to tan. stipe cylindrical, up to 7 cm long, solid, usually buried. ascospores large, 56–70 x 12–14 μm, curved-fusoid, hyaline. asci 650–750 x 15–20 μm, mailto:covrebo@uco.edu 70 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 clark l. ovrebo and sheila brandon 8-spored, thick-walled. paraphyses moniliform, apex narrow and to 3 μm wide, hyaline. surface hairs to 5–10 μm wide, brown, finely spiny or warty. oklahoma collection: choctaw county: fort towson, ½ mi s of u.s. hwy 70, ½ mi e of st hwy 109, 16 jan 2017, collected by sheila brandon. scattered, in grassy/weedy area, with leaf litter and woody debris. figure 1 ascomata in situ figure 2 dried ascoma showing stipe discussion choriactis geaster was first described by charles horton peck (1893) in the genus urnula from material collected in austin, texas. later, the genus chorioactis was established to accommodate the species (kupfer 1902; ekblad 1968). interestingly, the species was reported from japan (miyazaki prefecture) from a collection made in 1937 (imazeki 1938) and was rediscovered in japan at the same location nearly four decades later (imazeki and otani 1975). peterson et al. (2004) undertook a molecular study of the species, analyzing collections from japan and texas, and found that collections from the two geographic locations represent two lineages but could not be distinguished morphologically. oklahoma native plant record 71 volume 17, december 2017 clark l. ovrebo and sheila brandon in the united states, the fungus has been known only from central and northcentral texas with fruiting times being documented from september to march (rudy 2001; peterson et al. 2004; ubelaker and starks 2005; watson 2010). here we report the fungus from oklahoma for the first time. the oklahoma fungus was collected in a grassy-weedy-rocky area with decomposed leaf litter. previously, the area had been covered with honey locust (gleditsia triacanthos l.), eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana l.) and bois d’ arc (maclura pomifera (raf.) c.k. schneid.). the species has previously been recorded as being associated with cedar elm (ulmus crassifolia nutt.) and often near and attached to stumps or to buried wood (rudy & keller 1996; rudy 2001). other reports indicated that the fungus occurred in an open pasture with no stumps or shrubs nearby (ubelaker and starks 2005), but it is unclear whether the fungus may have been attached to buried wood. the fungus appears to be a saprotroph, and future collecting will require careful digging to confirm if the ascomata are attached to wood. chorioactis geaster was thought to be rare and restricted to texas, but because of its occurrence in north-central texas, it is not all that unusual for it to be found in oklahoma. future records will likely reveal it to be more broadly distributed at least in the south-central part of the united states. acknowledgment we thank ben liles for providing the collection that was used to make the photograph of the dried ascoma. literature cited eckblad, f.e. 1968. the genera of the operculate discomycetes: a reevaluation of their taxonomy, phylogeny and nomenclature. nytt magasin for botanik 15:1–191. imazeki, r. 1938. a rare fungus. urnula geaster peck grows in kyusyu, japan. journal of japanese botany 14:680–684. imazeki, r and y. otani. 1975. rediscovery of chorioactis geaster (peck) eckblad in kyusyu, japan. transactions of the mycological society of japan 16:222–229. kupfer, e.m. 1902. studies on urnula and geopyxis. bulletin of the torrey botanical club 29(3):137–44. peck, c.h. 1893. forty-sixth report of the state museum. annual report of the state botanist of the state of new york 49:39. peterson k.r, c.d. bell, s. kurogi, and d.h. pfister. 2004. phylogeny and biogeography of chorioactis geaster (pezizales, ascomycota) inferred from nuclear ribosomal dna sequences. harvard papers in botany 8(2):141–152. rudy, k.c. 2001. the devil’s cigar – the hunt continues. mycophile 42(6):1, 4–5. rudy, k. and h.k. keller. 1996. the rare and fascinating devil’s cigar, chorioactis geaster. mycologist 10(1):33–35. ubelaker j.e.and j.k. starks. 2005. a new record of the devil’s cigar, chorioactis geaster (pezizales: ascomycota), from collin county, texas. sida 21(3):1939– 1940. watson, t. 2010. rare mushroom found at onion creek. hays county master naturalist newsletter, february 2010. online pdf: http://haysmn.org/downloads/hcmn newsfeb10.pdf http://haysmn.org/downloads/hcmnnewsfeb10.pdf http://haysmn.org/downloads/hcmnnewsfeb10.pdf first record of chorioactis geaster from oklahoma by clark l. ovrebo and sheila brandon 2018 oklahoma native plant record 1 oklahoma native plant r ecord journal of the okla hom a native plant society p. o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 volume 18, december 2018 issn 1536-7738 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ editor: gloria caddell production editor: paula shryock electronic production editor: sandy graue manuscript editors: mark fishbein, chad king technical advisor: erica corbett the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. officers and board members president: bruce smith vice-president: bill farris secretary: connie murray treasurer: mary korthase past president: joe roberts board members: mary gard maryhelen hagge barbara klein ray luth kathy supernaw janet thomas rahmona thompson alyssa whiteman chapter chairs: central: patrick bell cross timbers: elaine lynch northeast: lynn michael historian: fran stallings publicity/merchandise chair: alicia nelson conservation chair: chadwick cox tulsa garden club liaison: maryhelen hagge awards chair: constance murray membership database: xana howard photo contest chair: lynn michael mailings/printings chair: sandy graue gaillardia editor: marilyn stewart website manager: adam ryburn http://www.oknativeplants.org articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution noncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.19.100000 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ http://www.oknativeplants.org/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.19.100000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 oklahoma native plant record volume 18 table of contents foreword .................................................................................................................................................... 3 characteristics of a bottomland hardwood forest at arcadia lake, edmond, oklahoma, with special emphasis on green ash (fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall) ....................... 4 chad b. king and joseph a. buck presence of pueraria montana (lour.) merr. var. lobata (willd.) maesen & s.m. almeida ex sanjappa & predeep (kudzu vine) in tulsa county, oklahoma ...................... 19 isaac walker and paulina harron comparative transpiration studies on the invasive eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana l.) and adjacent woody trees ............................................................................ 24 adjoa r. ahedor, bethany spitz, michael cowan, j’nae miller, and margaret kamara new record of myriopteris lindheimeri (hook.) j. sm. in kiowa county, oklahoma ..................... 38 bruce a. smith anther number, anther apical appendages, and pollination biology of calyptocarpus vialis lessing (heliantheae: asteraceae) ......................................................................... 45 james r. estes critic’s choice essay: myrmecochory ...................................................................................................... 52 paul buck† editorial policies and procedures ......................................................................................................... 54 five year index to oklahoma native plant record ............................................... inside back cover † indicates an author who is deceased cover photo: plectocephalus americanus (nutt.) d. don (american basketflower) by lynn michael for the 2017 onps photo contest journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 4, number 1, december 2004 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 volume 4 number 1, december 2004 issn 1536-7738 managing editor, sheila a. strawn technical editor, patricia folley technical advisor, bruce hoagland cd-rom producer, chadwick cox website: http://www.usao.edu/~onps/ the purpose of the onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps shall be open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life membership. 2004 officers and board members president: james elder onps service award chair: sue amstutz vice-president: constance murray conservation chair: chadwick cox secretaries: publicity chair: kimberly a. shannon publications co-chairs: tina julich sheila strawn treasurer: mary korthase constance taylor past president: patricia folley marketing co-chairs: board members: lawrence magrath paul buck susan chambers kay gafford photo contest co-chairs: melynda hickman patricia and chadwick cox monica macklin newsletter editor: chadwick cox elfriede miller librarian: bonnie winchester stanley rice website manager: chadwick cox northeast chapter chair: constance murray mailing committee chair: karen haworth central chapter chair: sharon mccain color oklahoma committee chair: cross-timbers chapter chair: constance murray suzanne mcallister wildflower workshop chair: larry magrath mycology chapter chair: clark ovrebo historians: carla and dale chlouber ann long award chair: patricia folley cover photo: sorghastrum nutans, indian harriet barclay award chair: grass, our state grass by charles lewallen constance taylor articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercialsharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100025 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1 table of contents forward ...................................................................................................... 3 mr. james f. elder, onps president ecological factors affecting the distribution of woody vegetation near the arkansas river, tulsa county with special reference to the smoke-tree .............................................................................. 4 masters thesis of dr. anne wanamaker long cotinus obovatus raf. (smoke-tree ) in oklahoma ................................ 24 dr. bruce w. hoagland giant cane and southeastern indian baskets ..................................... 26 wichita mountains wildlife refuge survey 2000 ms. julia a. jordan vascular flora of the chouteau wildlife management area wagoner county, oklahoma ......................................................... 30 dr. bruce w. hoagland and dr. forrest l. johnson (dec.) status and habitat characteristics of cypripedium kentuckiense (kentucky lady’s slipper) in southeastern oklahoma ................ 40 ms. amy k. buthod and dr. bruce w. hoagland common lawn and garden fungi of central oklahoma ................ 48 dr. clark l. ovrebo critic’s choice essay: support your local herbarium ..................... 55 dr. wayne j. elisens editorial: why do species’ names change? ...................................... 57 ms. patricia a. folley journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 7, number 1, december 2007 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks by charles s. wallis submitted to the faculty of the graduate school of oklahoma state university in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy may, 1959 after the completion of a floristic study of cherokee county, the author saw the need for such a study of the entire oklahoma ozarks. therefore, his original collection of about 1,400 sheets was expanded to about 7,000 sheets between the years of 1953 and 1958. all of these are deposited in the herbarium of oklahoma state university. duplicates of many of these are in the author’s private museum at fort gibson, oklahoma. also, triplicates of collections made during the last two years are deposited in the herbarium of southern methodist university at dallas, texas. the author has supplemented data obtained from his own collections with those derived from 497 sheets which have been deposited in the herbarium of oklahoma state university by earlier collectors. a few stations were established for repeated collecting in order to study the seasonal changes of plant societies. these are discussed in chapter iv. prairie, hill, and valley habitats were the basis for the selection of these stations, but most of the collecting was for general distribution throughout the ozarks. monographs, revisions, and other recent taxonomic literature in the oklahoma state university library were used whenever possible in identifying the specimens. the order of listing of the families conventionally follows the engler-prantl system as delineated in the eighth edition of gray’s manual of botany (43). each species in the list is followed with the general habitats and counties in which one or more specimens were collected. those specimens which were found to be new to the state and which have been reported within the last six years are relisted in chapter v. the author wishes to express his appreciation to each of the members of his committee for their guidance and suggestions. he is especially grateful to dr. u.t. waterfall for acting as chairman of his committee, for his example as a teacher of taxonomy, and for the use of his personal card index of monographic and research literature. editor’s notes: this is wallis’ original thesis including his chapter, “ecology: general distribution” that lists species in each of his study sites by seasons. however, it does not include his “list of species and habitats”. to avoid redundancy and to make that list more useable for current biologists, its nomenclature has been updated and included in bruce hoagland’s “a checklist for the vascular flora of ozark plateau in oklahoma” that immediately follows. that checklist is marked to indicate which species wallis listed, as well as non-native species listed in the oklahoma vascular plant database for the oklahoma ozarks. charles sparkman wallis’ private library is currently housed in the bebb herbarium (okl) at the university of oklahoma, norman, ok. (ss) wallis, c.s. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100051 5 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. physical features location and area the name oarks or ozarks was taken from the contraction of the french words aux arcs and has been applied to an uplift area occupying some 40,000 square miles of arkansas, missouri, and oklahoma (79:234). this ozark region of oklahoma is in the northeastern corner of the state with natural boundaries formed by the grand (neosho) river on the west and the arkansas river on the south. there are approximately 3,351 square miles of land and 52 square miles of lakes in the oklahoma ozarks. computation by counties in square miles from general highway county maps prepared by the oklahoma department of highways is as follows: county land area lake area adair 569 0 cherokee 760 11 delaware 657 15 mayes 261 10 muskogee 114 3 ottawa 296 10 sequoyah 694 3 all of the lakes, except horseshoe lake, are of the reservoir type. they are fort gibson reservoir and lake of the cherokees on the grand river; tenkiller ferry reservoir on the illinois river; greenleaf lake on greenleaf creek; and upper and lower spavinaw lakes on spavinaw creek. geology the ozark uplift is a broad asymmetrical cone which consists of three physiological provinces (57). two of these extend into northeastern oklahoma as the springfield structural plain in the northern two-thirds of the oklahoma ozarks and the boston mountain province in the southern one—third. the salem platform is entirely in arkansas and missouri. the topography of the springfield plain is that of a deeply dissected plateau with surface cherts and limestones of the mississippian boone formation. in the boston province is a narrow belt of rugged topography formed by the northeast trending faults. the resulting fault blocks have steep escarpment faces and gentle dip slopes capped by the resistant atoka sandstones. deep valleys have been cut through the ridges by stream erosion, and the major drainage pattern is developed in the softer shales and limestone paralleling the faulting. the highest elevation in the oklahoma ozarks is a 1,750 foot contour line three miles east of muskrat mountain (48). the contrasting low area, a 400 foot contour line, is found where the arkansas river leaves oklahoma at the southeast corner of sequoyah county (49). thus a 30-mile line along the oklahoma-arkansas border will intersect at the high and low points of the oklahoma ozarks. topography by counties (113) adair county is quite hilly, but many of the hills and ridges have flat tops wide enough to produce considerable level areas. some of the deeper valleys cut into the chester formation and lowermost pennsylvanian formation. baron fork drains the northern part of the county into the illinois river, and sallisaw creek drains the southern part into the arkansas river. cherokee county is well dissected into the lower pennsylvanian formations by streams, with the largest valleys less than one mile in width. flattopped ridges produce the principle farming areas. maynard bayou, flowers, clear, and ranger creeks are some of the western 6 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. streams draining into grand river which forms part of the western boundary. the illinois river enters the county from the northeast and flows south through the eastern half of the county. delaware county's surface is quite rough with many of the broad, flat-top hills having small prairies on them. generally, the valleys are narrow and steepsided. grand river in the northern part of the county with its tributaries drains most of the area. the southern part is drained into the grand river by way of spavinaw creek. the eastern part of mayes county is in the ozarks and the western part in the prairie plains region. the ozark area is quite hilly and is drained by spavinaw creek. the small northeastern part of muskogee county in the ozarks drains into the arkansas river. the best farming land in the ozarks is located in the flood plains of the grand and arkansas rivers. ottawa county is also in both the ozark and prairie plains regions. the southeastern part is hilly, but the northeastern part has extensive prairies east of the grand river; a.k.a. neosho river, the name often applied to the portion of grand river above the junction with spring river. drainage is into the grand river by way of spring and neosho rivers. soils (112) the only formation of the region which has sufficient area of rock outcrop to greatly influence the soil is the boone formation. along the western edge of the uplift, the chester formation produces a prairie of considerable extent from the town of pryor to the northeast. slopes are so steep on the hillsides of the uplift that there is little or no surface soil except that remaining between the rock crevices. however, this soil is fertile enough to support a good growth of trees. the level uplands have soils that reach a depth of ten or more feet, and where they are free from chert they are dark red sandy-loams. the soils of the narrow valleys are generally very cherty but quite productive. the larger river valleys have the most productive soils of all. they are basically the sediments from the higher boone areas. climate (126) the oklahoma ozarks have a continental type of weather which is characterized by a pronounced seasonal range in temperatures. almost invariably the high summer temperature occurs with clear skies and is attended by dry, moderate winds. severe droughts are produced when hot winds accompany these high temperatures. the summer nights are nearly always cool because the clear skies and dry atmosphere permit rapid radiation of the heat. rain is general and most abundant in the spring to early summer and sometimes may be abundant during september and october. the prevailing wind direction is southerly, although in december, january, and february northerly winds predominate. prior to 1941, the available records give for the state‘s ozark counties the average maximum and minimum temperatures in degrees fahrenheit as follows: maximum minimum county temperature temperature adair 114 -27 cherokee 118 -23 delaware 114 -25 mayes 117 -21 muskogee ll8 -14 ottawa 114 -25 sequoyah 115 -10 7 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. the dates of killing frosts of last and first average appearance with number of days in growing season as follows: county appearance growing first last season adair april 10 october 27 200 cherokee april 6 october 30 207 delaware march 31 october 31 214 mayes april 3 october 31 211 muskogee march 26 november 4 223 ottawa april 21 october 28 207 sequoyah march 31 november 3 217 the average annual precipitation, in inches is given as follows: county precipitation adair 46.84 cherokee 41.17 delaware 44.39 mayes 43.54 muskogee 39.50 ottawa 41.93 sequoyah 41.79 in late spring eastern oklahoma and the adjoining states receive, on the average, more rainfall than any other part of the country east of the rocky mountains. some of the lowest annual precipitations ever recorded in the weather history of the state occurred during the eight-year period of the author’s plant collecting experience. the following united states weather bureau (127) annual precipitation records start with 1951 as wet to about average, through dry to very dry years, and end with 1958 as another average to wet year. these records in inches per year by county are as follows: county 195l 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 l958 adair 43.5 37.6 36.2 30.3 39.1 36.3 62.7 51.6 cherokee 46.8 30.8 37.4 25.1 36.9 33.7 58.6 46.6 delaware 47.8 26.0 30.6 34.2 32.8 36.7 57.4. 43.1 mayes 47.8 28.3 40.3 28.5 33.2 33.5 60.4 35.4 muskogee 48.4 32.5 34.1 22.8 29.2 26.8 56.3 45.5 ottawa ---30.4 27.6 32.8 36.9 32.2 49.6 52.6 sequoyah 52.7 35.2 40.3 33.5 30.2 32.0 68.4 57.9 taxonomic history one of the earliest botanists to visit the oklahoma and arkansas ozarks was thomas nuttall. on july 11, 1819 he passed the mouth of the illinois river and encountered a three to four foot cascade in the arkansas river about four miles above its confluence with the illinois. nuttall (83:233) records: the variety of trees which commonly form the north american forest here begin very sensibly to diminish. we now scarcely see any other than the smooth-barked cottonwood, the elm, box-elder (acer negundo), curled maple (acer dasycarpon), and ash, all of them reduced in stature. from hence the forest begins to disappear before the pervading plain. nuttall (83:234) reached the mouth of the verdigris river by july 14 on the alluvial lands between the grand and verdigris rivers he saw “... larger trees than ... since leaving port smith. among them were lofty scarlet oaks, ash, and hackberry, and whole areas of nettles (urtica divaricata)... .” by july 17, with two companions, nuttall (83:241) started a two day trip by canoe up the grand river to visit the osage saltworks on some cliffs, on the 18th, he ...recognized as new, a large shrub... a simple leaved rhus, scarcely distinct from r. cotinus of the south of europe and our gardens... the gravel bars were almost covered with amsonia salicifolia, with which grew the sesbania macrocarpa of florida. 8 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. that evening, two miles below the osage saltworks (50 miles above the arkansas river), nuttall (83 :242) notes that ... “in this elevated alluvion i still observed the coffee-bean tree (gymnocladus canadensis), the over—cup white oak (querciis macrocarpa), the pecan (carya o1ivaeformis), the common hickory, ash, elm, and below, in places near the margin of the river, the poplar-leaved birch (betula populifolia).” nuttall (83:244) had his first attack of an intermittent fever, so he left the nearly deserted osage saltworks on july 20, “...and proceeded, by compass, across the great osage plain, towards the mouth of the verdigris.” the saltworks were nearly deserted due to the murder of mr. campbell by erhart, his late partner, and two accomplices. nuttal (83:242) comments, “i could not but congratulate myself on having escaped, perhaps a similar fate. at the cadron, i had made application to childer’s, one of these remorseless villains, as a woodsman and hunter, to accompany me for hire, only about a month before he had shot and barbarously scalped mr. campbell, ...” in nuttall’s collections towards a flora the territory of arkansas (84:165-l68), are recorded amaranthus tamariscinus and betula populifolia as collected from the banks of grand river. euphorbia heterantha was listed as being found “on the sandy banks of the arkansas from fort smith to salt river.” other specimens from areas outside the ozarks but in close proximity are: alisina rostrata (84:l59) “in the ponds of the verdigris river of arkansas,” rivina portulaccoides (84 :167) “on the alluvial lands of the verdigris river near its confluence with the arkansas,” and euphorbia obtusata (8:172) “on the banks of the arkansas from the verdigris to salt river.” edward james was the second botanist to enter the oklahoma ozarks when his party crossed the arkansas river between muskogee and sequoyah counties. the day (september 10, 182o) was spent in trying to work their way through “a dense and almost impenetrable cane-brake,” where no vestige of a path could be found. on september 11 they resumed their trip to fort smith (79:236). fort gibson was established by general arbuckle in l824, the same year that fort smith was abandoned by the army (79:444). zina pitcher, surgeon in the united states army, was stationed at fort gibson from 183l to 1834. when his duties permitted, he collected plants for john torrey (79:286). another botanist to visit fort gibson was charles joseph latrobe in company with washington irving and count albert pourtales (67). neither latrobe nor any other member of the party displayed much interest in collecting plants during their one month of hunting in the indian territory (79:386) the german botanist, heinrich karl beyrich, made use of army protection during his journey from st. louis to fort gibson and thence to the cross timbers in l834. lasigue in his musee’ botanigne de m. benjamin delessert (page 466) stated that, on the return trip, “beyrich was attacked by cholera and died at fort gibson in september l834” (79:386, 583). in 1845 j. w. albert and party followed the arkansas river on their way to st. louis. on october 20th albert observed on the way that they “...found some of the fruit of the pawpaw, (ammona triloba), and black walnuts ... had been seen... among the sylva, the elm, and various species of the oak and hickory, among the latter, the bitternut hickory (juglans aurata)... as well as the buttonwood and spicewood (79:939). 9 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. during the civil war, fort gibson was reactivated and given the temporary name of fort blunt. dr. edward palmer was stationed there during july and august of 1863. the battle of honey springs was fought on july 17th some 15 miles south of muskogee. in spite of military duties, palmer found time to collect a few plants, one of which, (clitoria mariana), is in the united states national herbarium (82:2o8). palmer again visited “fort gibson, arkansas” with general leavenworth’s party in late january of 1868. they left soon after the first of february (82:35-36). butler (9) reported on a collection from the oklahoma ozarks. it included monarda bradburiana beck from the cherokee nation. the cherokee and creek nations were visited by m. a. carleton (11) early in the spring of 189l. some of the plants which he located simply as “muscogee” or “muscogee, arkansas river” may have been collected north of the arkansas river (which is only about one and one-half miles to the northeast). species identified and listed by holzinger (63) are: ranunculus abortivus l., var. micranthus gray, ilex decidua walt., lathyrus pusillus eli., crataegus arborescens ell., oenothera linifolia nutt., 0. speciosa nutt., polytaenia nuttallii dc., viburnum prunifolium l., bellis integrifolia michx., erigeron philadeiphicus l., myosotis verna nutt., gratiola virginiana l., veronica arvensis l., pedicularis canadensis l., plantago pusilla nutt., sisyrinchiuni bellum watson, hypoxis erecta l., carex granularis muhl., c. grisea wahl. var. globosa bailey, q. muhlenbergii schkuhr var. australis olney, c. riparia w. curtis, c. tetanica schkuhr var. meadii bailey, c. triceps michx., and c. varia muhl. c. h. fitch (47) in 1900 reported on woodland of the indian territory by township and range. the timber was simply listed as oak, ash, elm, hickory, pecan, walnut, cottonwood, etc. c. n. gould (55) in 1903 made a list of trees, shrubs, and vines of the cherokee nation. other collections from the oklahoma ozarks, now deposited in the oklahoma state university herbarium, are those of r. bebb, g. w. stevens, and u. t. waterfall. ecology general distribution bruner (8) recognizes two main forest areas in oklahoma. these are the deciduous forest formation with oak-hickory associations occupying the oklahoma ozarks in the northeast part of the state and the ouachita mountains in the southeast with the oak—hickory savannah of the arkansas valley region separating the two. an extreme northeast tip of the andropogon associes of the prairie plains extends from the neosho to spring rivers in the vicinity of miami, pitcher, and quapaw of ottawa county. the most common oak—hickory association is quercus velutina, carya tomentosa and c. ovalis. where the tops of the hills become more xeric, quercus marylandica and stellata replace q. velutina with ulmus alata as another common tree. considerable stands of pinus echinacea are occasionally found on the sides and tops of the cherty hills, especially near salina in mayes county, tahlequah in cherokee county, and jay in delaware county. further down the sides of the larger hills and into the narrow valleys will be found quercus rubra and q. muhlenbergii with occasional carya cordiformis plus c. ovata and some c. tomentosa. the larger valleys of creeks and rivers have quercus 10 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. muhlenbergii and q. macrocarpa with carya cordiformis and c. illinoensis. considerable numbers of scattered castanea ozarkensis are found in the wooded hills from northern cherokee and adair counties northward. several quercus nigra trees are found in the valleys southeast and east of sallisaw in sequoyah county. in the marble city area of sallisaw creek in sequoyah county are several specimens of carya ovalis. the forests in the larger valleys have many species of trees as well as undershrubs and herbs. some of the more common trees other than those listed above are: populus deltoides, salix nigra, juglans nigra, ulmus americana, u. rubra, celtis laevigata, morus rubra, platanus occidentalis, prunus serotina, gymnocladus diocia, acer saccharinum, a. negundo, diospyros virginiana, and fraxinus pennsylvanica. some of the more prominent undershrubs are: lindera benzoin, cercis canadensis, prunus mexicana, ilex decidua, cornus drummondi, and viburnum rufidulum. the lianas include: smilax bona-nox, rhus radicans, ampelopsis cordata. parthenocissus quinguefolia, and vitis vulpina. many small prairies are located on some of the broader flat-top hills and along the southern and western borders of the forests where they meet the arkansas valley and the prairie region. the best areas of these have been put under cultivation, and only the more irregular steepsloped, or low portions have been left in native grasses. even these are not suited for complete study from mid—summer through fall because they are mowed for hay. in fact, every portion of the oklahoma ozarks has had disturbances by man in some form or other such as: fire, cutting of timber, livestock grazing, or cultivation. the common prairie species are listed later on in this chapter. where the oak—hickory woods of the hills border on the larger prairie areas, the woods are of a more open type and have such trees as: quercus marilandica, q. stellata, ulmus alata, u. americana, celtis tenuifolia, sassafras albidum var. molle, gleditsia triacanthos, bumelia lanuginosa var. oblongifolia, and diospyros virginiana. the smaller trees and undershrubs are represented by: crataegus crusgalli, c. viridis, prunus hortulana, rosa setigera var. tomentosa, rubus aboriginum, r. mollior, r. ozarkensis, cercis canadensis, rhus copallina var. latifolia, r. glabra, cornus drummondii, and symphoricarpos orbiculatus. several stations were selected for study, and intensive collecting was done at each one in order to show the seasonal aspect. from these seventeen stations the following were selected: a prairie station three miles east of fort gibson on u. s. highway 62 in muskogee county because of its southwest position in the arkansas valley and its oak-hickory savannah; a prairie station onehalf mile northeast of quapaw on u.s. highway 66 in ottawa county because of its prairie plains location; a double station at dripping springs five and one-half miles west of siloam springs, arkansas, on u.s. highway 59 in delaware county because of its canyon-like valley and hill combination; a pond station onehalf mile southeast of blackgum on state highway 100 in sequoyah county because of its protection from livestock for one and onehalf years; and a general hill station in the brushy mountains twelve miles northeast of sallisaw on u.s. highway 59 in sequoyah county. 11 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. fort gibson prairie station the common vernal species are: vulpia octoflora, carex crawei, fimbristy1is drummondii, tradescantia ohiensis, nothoscordum bivalve, zigadenus nuttallii, hypoxis hirsuta, sisyrinchium varians, claytonia virginica, arenaria patula forma media, stellaria nuttallii, delphinium carolinianum var. nortonianum, rosa carolina var. villosa, baptisia leucophaea var. leucophaea, psoralea tenuiflora var. floribunda, asclepias viridis, penstemon tubaeflorus, plantago aristata, p. virginica, achillea lanulosa, echinacea pallida, erigeron strigosus, krigia dandelion, k. occidentalis, and serinia oppositifolia. the common aestival species are: andropogon gerardi var. gerardi, a. saccharoides, eragrostis capillaris, manisuris cylindrica, panicum virgatum, paspalum ciliatifolium var. muhlenbergii, sporobolus asper var. hookeri, triodia flava, t. stricta, cyperus filiculmis, potentilla simplex var. simplex, dalea candida, desmodium sessilifolium, schrankia nuttallii, croton mona anthogynus, euphorbia corollata var. paniculata, gaura biennis var. pitcheri, ptilimnium nuttallii, physostegia angustifoila, ruellia humilis var. longiflora, gaillardia fastigiata, rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima, and silphium laciniatum var. laciniatum. the common serotinal species are: salvia azurea var. grandiflora, aster ericoides, a. praealtus, solidago altissima, and s. missouriensis var. fasciculata. quapaw prairie station the common vernal species are: vulpia octoflora, carex crawei, allium canadense var. mobilense, camassia scilloides, erythronium albidum var. mesochoreum, hypoxis hirsuta, claytonia virginica, anemone caroliniana forma caroliniana, delphinium carolinianum var. crispum, ranunculus fascicularis var. apricus, psoralea tenuiflora var. floribunda, viola sagittata, polytaenia nuttallii, dodecatheon meadia formas album and meadia, asclepias hirtella, a. viridis, castilleja coccinea coccinea, penstemon tubaeflorus, plantago aristata, houstonia patens, lobelia appendiculata, antennaria campestris, erigeron strigosus, krigia dandelion, and k. occidentalis. the common aestival species are: andropogon gerardi var. gerardi, panicum capillare var. capillare, p. praecocius, sorghastrum nutans, triodia flava, t. stricta,strophostyles leiosperma, gaura biennis var. pitcheri, eryngium yuccifolium var. synchaetum, physostegia angustifolia, ruellia humilis var. 1ongiflora, achillea lanulosa, boltonia latisquama, coreopsis grandiflora var. grandiflora, liatris pycnostachya, and rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima. the common serotinal species are: salvia azurea var. grandiflora, aster ericoides, a. hemisphericus, a. pilosus, and solidago canadensis var. gilvocanescens. dripping springs valley station the common trees and undershrubs are: juglans nigra, ostrya virgiana var. lasia, quercus alba, ulmus americana, morus rubra, lindera benzoin var. benzoin, hydrangea arborescens var. arborescens, platanus occidentalis, prunus serotina,cercis canadensis, rhus radicans, cornus florida, rhododendron canescens, diospyros virginiana, fraxinus american. var. americana, and viburnum rufidulum. the common vernal species are: panicum boscii, carex frankii, c. lurida, arisaema 12 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. atrorubens formas viride and zebrinum, saururus cernuus, claytonia virginica, dianthus armeria, stellaria media, anemone virginiana, anemonella thalictroides, aquilegia canadensis var. latiuscu1a, ranunculus recurvatus, cardamine bulbosa, saxifraga virginiensis var. subintegra, cercis canadensis, vicia minutiflora, geranium maculatum, viola pensylvanica var. pensylvanica, v. triloba var. dilatata, chaerophyllum tainturieri var. tainturieri, cornus florida, rhododendron canescens, glechoma hederacea var. micrantha, houstonia purpurea, viburnum rufidulum, neclo aureus, and s. obovatus var. rotundus. the common aestival species are: adiantum capillus-veneris, asplenium platyneuron, polystichum acrostichoides, parietaria pensylvanica, hydrangea arboreacens var. arborescens, impatiens capensis, and scutellaria ovata var. ovata. the common serotinal species are: boehmeria cylindrica var. cylindrica, pilea pumila, polygonum pensylvanicum var. laevigata, p. punctatum var. leptostachyum, chenopodium standlevanum, acalypha rhomboidea, perilla frutescens, and erechtites hieracifolia var. praealta. dripping springs hill station the common trees and undershrubs are: juniperus virginiana, carya ova1is, c. tomentosa, quercus alba, q. stellata, q. velutina, celtis tenuifolia var. georgiana, amelanchier arborea, rubus frutifer, rhus aromatica var. serotina, r. copallina var. latifolia, r. glabra, vaccinium stamineum, and symphoricarpos orbiculatus. the common vernal species are: danthonia spicata var. longipila, luzula bulbosa, hypoxis hirsuta, comandra richardsiana, dianthus ameria, anemonella thalictroides, arabis missouriensis, cardamine parviflora var. arenicola, amelanchier arboea, oxalis violaceae, var. trichophora, kitalbeliana var. rafinesquii, v. pedata var. lineariloba, vaccinium stamineum, houstonia patens, atennaria plantaginifolia, erigeron strigosus, gnaphallum purpureum, and krigia virginica. the common aestival species are: panicum malacophyllum, p. praecocius, bulbostylis capillaris, carex bushii, cyperus ovularis var. sphaericus, rhynchosia latifolia, schrankia nuttalii, stylosanthes biflora var. hispidissima, tephrosia virgniana, crotonopsis elliptica, ascyrum hypericoides, torilis japonica, asclepias verticillata, monarda fistulosa var. fistulosa, pycnanthemum tenuifolium, solarium carolinense var. albiflorum, verbascum thapsus, ruellia humilis var. longiflora, dipsacus sylvestris, lobelia spicata var. leptostachys, erigeron annuus, hieracium gronovii, lactuca canadensis var. latifolia, and rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima. the common serotinal species are: andropogon scoparius, gerardia gattingeri, aster anomalus, and a. turbinellus. blackgum pond station trees and undershrubs are: salix nigra and cephalanthus occidentalis. the common vernal species are: potamogeton diversifolius, cyperus virens, scirpus koilolepis, juncus brachycarpus, j. diffusissimus, j. interior, j. marginatus, j. validus, ranunculus laxicaulis, gratiola neglecta, and lindernia anagallidea. the common aestival species are: sagittaria ambigua, echinochloa crusgalli, rotala ramosior var. interior, rhexia interor, ludwigia alternifolia 13 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. var. alternifolia, l. glandulosa var. glandulosa, hydrolea ovata, verbena hastata, gratiola virginiana, cephalanthus occidentalis, and helenium flexuosum. the common serotinal species are:. eleocharis lanceolata, polygonum hydropiperoidea var. bushianum, p. pensylvanicum var. laevigatum, p. punctatum var. leptostachyum, gerardia fasciculata, g. heterophylla, bidena polylepis, boltonia diffusa var. interior, and b. latisquama. brushy mountains station the common trees and undershrubs are: carya tomentosa, quercus marilandica, q. stellata, ulmus alata, amelanchier arborea, prunus americana, rhus aromatica, r. copallina var. latifolia, and symphoricarpos orbiculatus. the common vernal species are: vulpia octoflora, hypoxis hirsuta claytonia virginica, arenaria patu1a forma media, anemonella thalictroides, ranunculus fascicularis var. apricus, r. harveyi, viola pedata var. lineariloba, v. kitaibeliana var. rafinesguil, oenothera linifolia, dodecatheon meadia forma album, collinsia violacea, ruellia humilis var. longiflora, plantago aristata, hustonia patens, valerianella longiflora, antennaria plantaginifo1ia, astranthium integrifolium, and erigeron strigosus. the common aestival species are: andropogon scoparius, danthonia spicata var. longipila, eragrostis capillaris, manisuras cylindrica, dalea candida, crotonopsis elliptica, hypericum drummondii, h. pseudomaculatum, daucus pusillus, ptilimnium nuttallii, spermolepis divaricata, diodi teres var. setifera, ambrosia bidentata, helenium amara, heterotheca pilosa, and rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima. the common serotinal species are: desmodium paniculatum, aster azureus var. azureus, a. patens. a. pilosus, a. turbinellus, liatris squarrosa var. hirsuta, and solidago petriolaria var. wardii. two other stations were of special interest because a few of the species found were near the extreme limit of their range. these are the arkansas river sands three and one-half miles south of fort gibson in muskogee county, because of some western species, and the keyough bluff station three miles north of fort gibson, because of some eastern and southeastern species. western species of the arkansas river sands include: cenchrus pauciflous, cycloloma atriplicifolium, dalea lanata, euphorbia hexagona, heliotropium convolvulaceum, and lippia incisa. eastern species of the keyough bluffs are: camptosorus rhizophyllus, asarum canadense var. acuminatum, rivina humilis, rubus occidentalis, cladrastis lutea, cotinus obovatus, and acer saccharum. additions to the state flora those taxa preceded by an asterisk have not been reported previously as additions to the state flora. all of the others have been reported in the proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science (128, 135) as additions to the state flora from the oklahoma ozarks. elodea nuttallii (planch.) st. john; shallow pools of illinois river and flint creek; cherokee and delaware counties. *arisaema atrorubens (ait.) blume, forma viride (engler) fern. the following specimens are so identified because of the “spathe green, without or with only faint stripes” (43): wallis 6595-1 from wooded base of bluffs 14 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. on ballard creek, 1 mile south of watts in adair county, wallis 3626 from wooded base of a hill, 14½ miles northeast of tahlequah in cherokee county and wallis 3658 from dripping springs valley, 5½ miles west of the state line in delaware county. both forma zebrlnum and forma viride were found growing together in cherokee and delaware counties. *tradescantla ernestiana anders. & woodson, forma alba waterfall; flint bluffs; type specimen is walls 395 from cherokee county (132), also collected later from delaware and muskogee counties. aletris farinosa l; low areas in a prairie; delaware county. allium vineale l., forma compactum (thuill.). aschers.; along roadsides; adair, delaware, ottawa, and sequoyah counties. allium vineale l., forma vineale; along roadside; delaware county. iris virginica l., var. shrevei (small) e. andera.; shallows of spring—fed creeks; cherokee and ottawa counties. urtica dioica l.; wooded bank of lost creek; ottawa county. paronychia canadensis (l.) wood; in a wooded valley; cherokee county. clematis ligusticifolia nutt.; woods of a creek; cherokee county. c1ematis virginiana l.; fence row in a creek valley; cherokee county. delphinium tricorne michx., forma albiflora millsp.; woods of flint creek; delaware county. draba aprica beadle; woods of falls branch; cherokee county. rorippa islandica (oeder) borbas, var. hispida (desv.) butt. & abbe; valleys of flint and sallisaw creeks; delaware and sequoyah counties. desmodium rigidum (ell.) dc.; woods of hills; delaware, mayes, and sequoyah counties. rhamnus lanceolata pursh, var. glabrata gleason; woods of a small creek; cherokee county. hypericum gentianoides (l.) bsp.; oak-hickory woods of a hill; delaware county. lamium amplexicaule l., forma albiflorum d. m. moore; road-side; cherokee county. *leonurus sibiricus l. is represented by wallis 7673 from oak-hickory woods and roadside, 23 miles northeast of tahlequah in adair county, and wallis 792 and 933 from open roadsides, 8.7 miles northeast of tahlequah in cherokee county. the “10-nerved, scarcely angled” calyx and conspicuous bracts “half to fully as long as the calyx” (53) as well as leaves “deeply 3-7 cleft and incised” (43) separate this species from the less common l. cardica. melissa officinalis l.; in valley of a spring-fed creek; mayes county. *castilleja coccinea (l.) spreng., forma lutescens farw. was collected as wallis 6652, 6684, and 6840. they are hairy annuals with yellow floral bracts (43) as compared to the red bracts of the abundant forma coccinea. both formas were found growing together in prairie areas, ½ mile northeast of quapaw in ottawa county and ½ mile north and 1 mile west of peggs in cherokee and mayes counties. dipsacus sylvestris huds.; wooded hillsides; cherokee and delaware counties. cacalia muhlenbergii (sch. bip.); wooded valleys; adair, delaware, and ottawa counties. liatris aspera michx., var. aspera, forma benkii (macbr.) fern.; prairie; cherokee county. 15 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. summary a floristic study of cherokee county from 1950 to 1953 encouraged the author to undertake a similar study covering the entire oklahoma ozarks. the cherokee county collection of 1,400 sheets was expanded to some 7,000 sheets between the years of 1953 and 1958. in addition to these, the author revaluated 497 sheets of plants collected by others in the oklahoma ozarks. the identification of the plants involved the use of 130 monographic studies and other taxonomic literature. all of the plant collections studied by the author are deposited in the herbarium of the oklahoma state university, and many duplicates of these are in the author’s private museum at fort gibson, oklahoma. intensive collecting was done at 17 stations in order to study the seasonal changes of herbaceous plant societies, and extensive collecting was done throughout the oklahoma ozarks for a general distribution study. the order of listing of the families follows that of the engler-prantl system. each species is accompanied with general habitats and locations in which one or more specimens have been collected. whenever a citation of a collection other than that of the author’s was used, notation was made as to the collector and collection number. a total of 123 families represented by 534 genera and 1,377 species and subordinate taxa are listed. the families having the greatest numbers of species and subordinate taxa were: compositae 192, gramineae 150, leguminosae 93, cyperaceae 84, rosaceae 46, labiatae 43, scrophulariaccae 34, cruciferae 3, euphorbiaceae 33, ranunculaceae 32, and liliaceae 30. these eleven families contain 56 percent of the total species and subordinate taxa. twenty four additions to the oklahoma flora were made by the author from this collection. these are listed separately as additions to the state flora and also are incorporated in the general listing without any special references. literature cited for convenience of listing, a few floras, manuals, and catalogues have been included in this list of cited literature. these general references are numbers 43, 53, 96, 111, 115, 118, 131, and 134. 1. aellen, paul and theodor just. 1934. key and synopsis of the american species of the genus chenopodium l. am. midl. nat. 30: 47-76. 2. bailey, l. h. 1945. the genus rubus in north america. gentes herb. 5(9): 591-856. 3. barneby, r. c. 1956. pugillus astragalorum xviii: miscellaneous novelties and reappraisals. am. midl. nat. 55: 477-503. 4. benson, lyman. 1948. a treatise on the north american ranunculi. am. midl. nat. 40: 1-261. 5. beetle, alan ackerman. 1947. scirpus. n. am. fl. 18(8): 481-504 6. blake, s. f. 1918. a variety of smilax glauca. rhod. 20: 7880. 7. boivin, bernard. 1944. american thalictra and their old world allies. rhod. 46: 335-349, 469-471, 480-483. 8. bruner, w. e. 1931. the vegetation of oklahoma. ecological monographs. 1(2): 193-111. 9. butler, g. d. 1878. a list of some of the most interesting species of plants collected in the indian territory. bot. gaz. 3: 65-68, 74-78. 16 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. 10. butters, f. k. and e. c. abbe. 1940. the american varieties of rorippa islandica. rhod. 42: 25-32. 11. carleton, m. a. 1892. observations on the natural plants of oklahoma territory and adjacent districts. contr. u. s. nat. herb. 1: 220-221. 12. cheney, r. h. 1925. a white form of delphinium ajacis. rhod. 27: 139-142. 13. constance, lincoln. 1949. a revision of phacelia subgenus cosmanthus (hydrophyllaceae). contr. gray herb. harvard univ. 168 repr. 14. core, earl l. 1936. the american species of scleria. britt. 2: 1-105. 15. _____. 1941. the north american species of paronychia. am. midl. nat. 26: 269-398. 16. _____.cronquist, arthur. 1947. revision of the north american species of erigeron, north of mexico. britt. 6(2): 121-300. 17. dyal, s. c. 1938. valerianella in north america. rhod. 40: 185-212. 18. erickson, ralph o. 1943. taxonomy of clematis section viorna. ann. mo. bot. gard. 30: 1-30. 19. fassett, norman c. 1937. notes from the herbarium of the university of wisconsin-xvi. rhod. 39: 460. 20. _____. 1939. notes from the herbarium of the univeristy of wisconsin-xviii. rhod. 41: 525. 21. _____. 1951. callitriche in the new world. rhod. 53: 137155, 161-182, 185-194, 209222. 22. featherly, h. i. 1946. manual of the grasses of oklahoma. 43(21). res. foundation of oklahoma state univ. 23. ferguson, a.m. 1902. crotons of the united states. rept. mo. bot. gard. 12: 33-74. 24. fernald, m. l. 1921. the gray herbarium expedition to nova scotia. rhod. 23: 153-171, 184-195, 223-246. 25. _____. 1922. notes on sparganium. rhod. 24: 26-33. 26. _____. 1931. potentilla canadensis and p. simplex. rhod. 33: 180-191. 27. _____. 1932. the linear-leaved north american species of potamogeton, section axillares. mem. am. acad. arts and sciences 17: 1-183. 28. _____. 1933a. the slenderspiked spartina pectinata. rhod. 35: 258-260. 29 _____. 1933b. types of some american species of elymus. rhod. 35: 187-198. 30. _____. 1934a. draba in temperate northeastern america. rhod. 36: 241-261, 285-305, 314-344, 353-371, 392-404. 31. _____. 1934b. realignments in the genus panicum. rhod. 36: 61-87. 32. _____. 1934c. some transfers in digitaria and paspalum. rhod. 36: 19-22. 33. _____.1937. plants of the inner coastal plain of virginia. rhod. 39: 449-450. 34. _____. 1938. noteworthy plants of southeastern virginia. rhod. 40: 439. 35. _____. 1939. last surviors in the flora of tidewater virginia. rhod. 41: 549. 36. _____. 1940a. a century of additions to the flora of virginia. rhod. 42: 489-491. 37. _____. 1940b. some spermatophytes of eastern north america. rhod. 42: 252, pl. 599. 38. _____. 1941a. another century of additions to the flora of virginia. rhod. 43: 589-603. 39. _____. 1941b. the campestrian variety of froelichia floridana rhod. 43: 336. 40. _____. 1943. notes on danthonia. rhod. 45: 239-246. 17 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. 41. _____. 1945a. key to antennaria of the “manual range.” rhod. 47: 221-235, 239-247. 42. _____. 1945b. ruellia in the eastern united states rhod. 47: 50-63. 43. _____. 1950. gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. new york. american book company. 44. fernald, m. l. and ludlow griscom. 1935. three days of botanizing in southeastern virginia. rhod. 37: 131-157, 167-189. 45. _____. 1937. notes on diodia. rhod. 39: 306-308. 46. fernald, m. l. and c. a. weatherby. 1922. varieties of geum canadense. rhod. 24: 4749. 47. fitch, c. h. 1900. woodland of indian territory. u.s. geol. surv. rep. 21: 609-649. 48. _____. 1901. talequah quadrangle. topographic map, u.s. geol. survey, reprint 1944. 49. _____. 1911. sallisaw quadrangle. topographic map, u.s. geol. survey, reprint 1932. 50. gaiser, l. o., 1946. the genus liatris. rhod. 48: 163-183, 216-263, 273-326, 331-382, 393-412. 51. gale, shirley. 1944. rhynchospora, section eurhynchospora, in canada, the united states and the west indies. rhod. 46: 89134, 159-197, 207-249, 255278. 52. gleason, henry allan. 1922. vernoniaceae. n. am. flora 33(1): 47-110. 53. _____. 1952. new britton and brown illustrated flora of the northeastern united states and adjacent canada. new york bot. gard. 54. goodman, george j. 1950. a new variety of saxifraga. rhod. 52: 183. 55. gould, c. n. 1903. notes on trees, shrubs and vines in the cherokee nation. trans. kansas acad. sci. 18: 145146. 56. greenman, j. m. 1916. monograph of the north and central american species of the genus senecio-part ii. ann. mo. bot. gard. 3: 85130. 57. haufman, george g. et al. 1958. geology of the south and west flanks of the ozark uplift, northeastern oklahoma. okla. geol. survey, bul. 77: 10-12. 58. hermann, frederick j. 1936. diagnostic characteristics in lycopus. rhod. 39: 373-375, pl. 439. 59. _____. 1946. the perennial species of urtica in the united states east of the rocky mountains. am. midl. nat. 35: 773-778. 60. hitchcock, a. s. and agnes chase. 1950. manual of the grasses of the united states. second ed. u. s. gov’t. print. off. 61. hitchcock, c. leo. 1936. the genus leipidium in the united states. modrono 3: 265-320. 62. hodgdon, albion r. 1938. a taxonomic study of lechea. rhod. 40: 29-69, 87-92. 63. holzinger, j. m. 1892. list of plants collected by c. s. sheldon and m. a. carelton in indian territory in 1891. contr. u. s. nat. herb. 1: 202-219. 64. hopkins, milton. 1938. arabis in eastern and central north america. rhod. 39: 63-76, 155-167, 175-179. 65. _____. 1942. cercis in north america. rhod. 44: 193-211. 66. iltis, hugh h. 1958. studies in the capparidaceae-iv polanisia raf. britt. 10: 33-59. 67. irving, w. 1835. tour on the prairies. harlow pub. co. okla. city. 1926: 8-10, 222. 68. isely, duane. 1953. desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. and d. viridiflorum (l) dc. am. midl. nat. 49: 926-933. 18 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. 69. jones, george neville. 1940. a monograph of the genus symphoriacarpos. arnold arboretum journ. 21: 201-232. 70. larisey, mary maxine. 1940. a monograph on the genus baptisia. ann. mo. bot. gard. 27: 119-244. 71. lewis, harlan. 1945. a revision of the genus trichostema. britt. 5: 289291. 72. mackenzie, kenneth k. 1940. north american cariceae. 1 and 2: pl. 1-539. n.y. bot. gard. 73. mathias, mildred e. and lincoln constance. 1945. umbelliferae. n. am. flora. 28b: 43-295. 74. munz, philip a. 1938. studies in onagraceae xi. a revision of the genus gaura. bull. tor. bot. cl. 65: 195-122, 211-228. 75. _____. 1944. studies in onagraceae xiii. the american species of ludwigia. bull. tor. bot. cl. 71: 152-165. 76. mcclintock, elizabeth and carl epling. 1942. a revision of the genus monarda (labiatae). univ. of calif. publ. in bot. 20(2): 147-194. 77. mccoy, doyle. 1954. the genus lythrum in oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 33: 156-158. 78. mcgregor, r. l. 1947. two varieties of cystopteris fragilis. am. fern journ. 40: 201-207. 79. mckelvey, susan delano. 1955. botanical exploration of the trans-mississippi west 17901850. jamaica plain, mass. arn. arb. harvard univ. 80. mcvaugh, rogers. 1936. studies in the distribution of the eastern north american species of lobelia. rhod. 38: 241-263, 276-282, 305-329, 346-362. 81. _____. 1943. campanulaceae (lobelioideae). n. am. fl. 32(a)1: 36-82. 82. _____. 1956. edward palmer plant explorer of the american west. univ. of okla. press, norman. 83. nuttall, t. 1821. a journey of travels into arkansa territory during the year 1819. philadelphis. repr. in early western travels v. 13. 84 _____. 1837. collections toward a flora of the territory of arkansas. american philosophical transactions. philadelphia v. (n.s.). 85. ogden, e. c. 1945. the broadleaved species of potamogeton of north america north of mexico. 86. ownby, gerald b. 1947. a monograph of the north american species of corydalis. ann. mo. bot. gard. 34(3): 187-252. 87. ownbey, marion. 1950. allium, the genus in texas. research studies of state college of wash. 18(4): 181-222. 88. ownbey, marion and hannan c aase. 1955. cytotaxonomic studies in allium. 1. the allium canadense alliance. research studies of the state college of wash. monographic sup. 1: 1-106. 89. palmer, ernest j. 1931. conspectus of the genus amorpha. journ. arn. arb. 12: 159-196. 90. _____. 1932. leaves from a collector’s note book. journ. arn. arb. 12: 436. 91. pennell, francis w. 1935. scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate north america. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia, monog. 1. 92. perdue, robert e. jr. 1957. synopsis of rudbeckia subgenus rudbeckia. rhod. 59: 293-299. 93. perry, lily m. 1933. a revision of the north american species of verbena. ann. mo. bot. gard. 20: 239362. 94. _____. 1937. notes on silphium. rhod. 39: 281-297. 95. _____. 1937. variants in two species of delphinium (d. 19 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. carolinianum, d. virescens). rhod. 39: 20-22. 96. rehder, alfred. 1940. manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. macmillan co. 2nd ed. 97. rock, howard e. l. 1957. a revision of the vernal species of helenium (compositae). rhod 59: 101116, 128-158, 168-178, 203216. 98. rydberg, per axel. 1913. agrimonia. n. am. fl. 22(5): 391-396. 99. _____. 1915. gaillardia n. am. fl. 34(2): 131-140. 100. ____. 1922a. iva. n. am. fl. 33(1): 3-7. 101. ____. 1922b. ambrosia n.am.fl. 33(1): 15-22. 102. sherff, earl edward. 1955. bidens. n. am. fl. series ii(2): 70-129. 103. ____. 1958. coreopsis. n. am. fl. series ii(2):4-40. 104. schinners, lloyd h. 1946. revision of the genus kuhnia. wrightia. 1(2): 122-144. 105. ____. 1947. revision of the genus krigia schreber. wrightia. 1(3): 187-206. 106. ____. 1949. transfer of texas species of petalostemum to dalea leguminosae). field and lab. 17: 80-85. 107. ____. 1950. the species of matelea (including gonolobus) in north central texas. field and lab. 18: 73-75. 108. ____. 1951a. agave lata, a new species from north texas and oklahoma. field and lab. 19: 171-173. 109. ____. 1951b. ceanothus herbaceous raf. for c. ovatus: a correction of name. field and lab. 19: 33-34. 110. ____. 1951c. the north texas species of heterotheca, including chrysopsis. field and lab. 19: 66-70. 111. ____. small, john kunkel. 1913. flora of the southeastern united states. pub. by j. k. small. new york. 2nd ed. 112. snyder, l. c. 1915. geology of a portion of north-eastern oklahoma. okla. geol. survey. bul. 24: 63-64. 113. ____. 1917. geography of oklahoma. okla. geol. survey. bul. 27: 247-317. 114. stanford, e. e. 1926. polygonum hydropiperoides and polygonum opelousanum. rhod. 28: 23-27. 115. stemen, thomas r. and w. stanley myers. 1937. oklahoma flora. harlow pub. corp., okla. city. 116. steyermark, julian a. 1934. grindelia. ann. mo. bot. gard. 21: 515. 117. ____. 1938. two undescribed plants from arkansas. rhod. 40: 71. 118. ____. 1940. spring flora of missouri. mo. bot. gard. 119. ____. 1941. a study of arenaria patula. rhod. 43: 325-333. 120. svensen, h. k. 1929. 1932, 1933, 1937, 1939. monographic studies in the genus eleocharis. rhod. 31: 121135, 152-163, 167-191, 199219, 224-242, 34: 193-203, 215-227, 35: 377-389, 39: 210-231, 236-273. 41: 1-77, 90-110. 121. swallen, jason r. 1950. some introduced forage grasses of the genus andropogon and related species. contr. texas res. found. 1(2): 15-19. 122. tryon, alice f. 1957. a revision of the fern genus pellaea section pellaea. ann. mo. bot. gard. 44: 125-148. 123. tryon, r. m. jr. 1941. a revision of the genus pteridium. rhod. 43: 1-31, 37-67. 124. turner, billie l. 1951. revision of the united states species of neptunia. am. midl. nat. 46: 82-92. 125. ____. 1956. a cytotaxonomic study of the genus hymenopappus. rhod. 58: 163186, 208-242, 250-269, 295307. 126. united states department of 20 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 wallis, c.s. agriculture. 1941. yearbook of agriculture. climate and man. (wash., d.c.) gov’t. printing office: 1065-1174. 127. united states department of commerce. weather bureau. 1951-1958. climatological data, oklahoma, annual summary. (wash., d.c.) gov’t. printing office: v. 60-67. 128. wallis, charles s. 1958. additions to the oklahoma flora from the oklahoma ozarks. proc. okla. acad. sci. 38: 3-5. 129. waterfall, u. t. 1950. some additions to the oklahoma flora. rhod. 52: 35. 130. ____. 1951. the genus callirhoe (malvaceae) in texas. field and lab. 19: 107-118. 131. ____. 1952. a catalogue of the flora of oklahoma. research foundation of okla. state univ. 132. ____. 1954. studies in the composition and distribution of the oklahoma flora-xxi. rhod. 56: 160. 133. ____. 1958. a taxonomic study of the genus physalis in north america north of mexico. rhod. 60: 107-114, 128-142, 152-173. 134. ____. 1953-1959. keys to the flora of oklahoma. unpubl. manuscript. okla. state univ. 135. waterfall, u. t. and charles s. wallis. 1953. additions to the oklahoma flora from cherokee county. proc. okla. acad. sci. 34: 124-125. 136. weatherby, c. a. 1927. the group of acalypha virginica in eastern north america. rhod. 29: 193-204. 137. wheeler, louis cutter. 1941. euphorbia subgenus chamaesyce in canada and the united states exclusive of southern florida. rhod. 43: 97-154, 160-205, 223-385. 138. wherry, edgar t. 1935. an ozark variety of phlox pilosa. am. mid. nat. 16: 413-416. 139. wiegand, k. m. 1920a. eupatorium purpureum and its allies. rhod. 22: 57-69. 140. ____. 1920b. variations in lactuca canadensis. rhod. 22: 9-11. 141. ____. 1921. the genus echinochloa in north merica. rhod. 23: 49-65. 142. ____. 1923. notes on triosetum perfoliatum and related species. rhod. 25: 199-203. 143. ____. 1925. oxalis corniculata and its relatives in north america. rhod. 27: 113-139. 144. wilbur, robert l. 1955. a revision of the north american genus sabatia (gentianaceae). rhod. 57: 133, 43-47. 145. woodson, robert e. jr. 1954. the north american species of asclepias l. ann. mo. bot. gard. 41: 1-211. 146. yuncker, truman g. 1932. the genus cuscuta. mem. torr. bot. cl. 18: 113-331. journal of the oklahoma native plantsociety, volume 3, number 1, december 2003 oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100020 vascular flora of the keystone wildlife management area, creek, pawnee, and osage counties, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland oklahoma biological survey and department of geography university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 amy k. buthod oklahoma biological survey university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 this paper reports the results of an inventory of the vascular plants at the keystone wildlife management area in northeastern oklahoma. a total of 380 taxa of vascular plants in 254 genera and 79 families were collected. the most species were collected from the families poaceae (58), asteraceae (57), and fabaceae (30). there were 160 annual and 220 perennial species. fifty-six species of woody plants were present. a total of 59 exotic species were collected representing 15% of the flora. no species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory for rarity were found. _________________________________________________________ introduction floristic inventories can be undertaken to address a number of research or management objectives. for example, florisitic inventories are often necessary when analyzing species distributions. often there are gaps in the known geographic distribution of species and groups of species, so an inventory maybe required in order to complete distribution maps. inventories are also crucial in plant conservation in order to locate populations of rare or threatened species. finally, inventories aid land managers in both the protection of sensitive species and the location of nuisance species. floristic inventories can be conducted at either the regional or local scale. the objective of this study was to provide a floristic inventory to aid oklahoma department of wildlife conservation personnel in management of the keystone wildlife management area (kwma). study area the kwma is located along the upper reaches of keystone lake, which was flooded in 1964 (oklahoma water resources board 1990). keystone dam is situated just below the confluence of the cimarron and arkansas rivers, both of which flow through kwma. the kwma was established in 1973 by the oklahoma department of wildlife conservation and is comprised of over 16,000 acres in creek, osage, and pawnee counties (pennington 2003). the kwma is located within the subtropical humid (cf) climate zone oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 24 (trewartha 1968). summers are warm (mean july temperature = 27.3o c) and humid, and winters are relatively short and mild (mean january temperature = 2.6o c). mean annual precipitation is 98 cm with periodic severe droughts (oklahoma climatological survey 2003). physiographically, the study area is located in the osage plains section of the central lowlands province (hunt 1974) and within the eastern sandstone cuesta plains of oklahoma (curtis and ham 1979). the surface geology consists primarily of pennsylvanian sandstone and shale (branson and johnson 1979). outcroppings of silty sandstones occur in the eastern portion of kwma with sandy, silty shales and limestone outcrops in the west (grieg 1959, oakes and jordan 1959). the soils at kwma are sandy loams and silt loams. bottomland soils include yahola very fine sandy loam and reinach very sandy loam. uplands soils are steep to gently rolling and consist primarily of the eufaula loamy fine sand (oakes 1959). the predominant potential vegetation types are post oakblackjack and bottomland forests (duck and fletcher 1943). however, much of the bottomland forest area has been converted to agriculture and is now actively cultivated or in old-fields. upland forests have been heavily modified as well. methods collections were also made randomly throughout the kwma from march through october 2002. sixteen collection sites were established to represent the greatest variety of habitats for intensive floristic sampling. sites were selected following a review of u. s. geological survey 1:24,000 topographic maps and field hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. reconnaissance. vouchers for exotic species were made from naturalized populations only, thus excluding cultivated and ornamental plants. specimens were processed and a voucher set was deposited at the robert bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma (okl) following standard curatorial procedures (bridson 1992). manuals used for specimen identification included keys to the flora of oklahoma (waterfall 1969), flora of the great plains (barkley 1986), shinners & mahler’s illustrated flora of north central texas (diggs et al 1999), and steyermark’s flora of missouri (yatsievych 1999). origin and nativity for species was determined by reference to taylor and taylor (1991) and the united states department of agriculture-natural resources conservation service (usdanrcs 2003). nomenclature follows usda-nrcs (2003). results and discussion a total of 380 taxa of vascular plants in 254 genera and 79 families were collected. among the angiosperms, 294 were dicots and 83 were monocots. in addition, there were two ferns, and one gymnosperm. the poaceae (58), asteraceae (57), and fabaceae (30) had the greatest numbers of species. the genera polygonum (8), quercus (7), carex (6), desmodium (6), and eragrostis (6) contained the greatest numbers of species. there were 160 annual and 220 perennial species. fifty-six species were woody plants, 30 of which were trees, 11 shrubs, and 15 vines. fifteen percent of the flora was exotic. a total of 59 exotic species were collected in 20 families. the greatest numbers of exotic species were in the oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. poaceae (12) and fabaceae (8). these families also had the greatest number of exotic species at the chickasaw national recreation area (hoagland and johnson 2001). in that study, 12% of the flora was composed of exotic species. six of the eight species reported in the caryophyllaceae were exotic, the highest ratio for any family. the greatest number of introduced species was in the genus bromus (4). no species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory for rarity were encountered. acknowledgments i express my sincere gratitude to my major advisor, dr. ronald j. tyrl for his invaluable guidance, encouragement, honesty, and friendship. i thank my other committee members, dr. paul buck and dr. rahmona thompson for their assistance with my project. thanks also goes to the nature conservancy and nora jones. finally, i thank the personnel of the botany department, the nabs lab, and lou edith hara for their assistance. literature cited barkley, t. m. (ed.) 1986. flora of the great plains. lawrence, ks: university press of kansas. branson, c.c., and k.s. johnson. 1979. generalized geologic map of oklahoma. in: johnson k.s., et al., editors. geology and earth resources of oklahoma. norman, ok: oklahoma geological survey. bridson, d. m. 1992. the herbarium handbook. royal botanical gardens at kew, england. curtis, n. m. and w. e. ham. 1979. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s., et al., eds. geology and earth resources of oklahoma. norman, ok: oklahoma geological survey. diggs, george m., barney l. lipscomb, and robert j. o’kennon. 1999. shinners and mahler’s illustrated flora of north central texas. fort worth, tx: botanical research institute of texas and austin college. duck, l.g., and j.b. fletcher. 1943. game type map of oklahoma. oklahoma city, ok: oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. grieg, paul b. 1959. geology of pawnee county, oklahoma. norman, ok: oklahoma geological survey. hoagland, b.w. and f.l. johnson. 2001. vascular flora of the chickasaw national recreation area, murray county, oklahoma. castanea 66: 383-400. hunt, c.b. 1974. natural regions of the united states and canada. san francisco, ca: w. h. freeman. oakes, h. 1959. soil survey of creek county, oklahoma. united states department of agriculture. oakes, m.c. and l. jordan. 1959. geology of creek county. norman, ok: oklahoma geological survey. oklahoma climatological survey. 2003. oklahoma climatological data. (http://www.ocs.ou.edu/). oklahoma water resources board. 1990. oklahoma water atlas. oklahoma water resources publication 135. oklahoma city, ok pennington, jeff. 2003. keystone wildlife management area. www.wildlifedepartment.com/keysto oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. 26 ne.htm, oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. taylor, r. john, and constance e. s. taylor. 1991. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms, and flowering plants of oklahoma. [published by the authors at southeastern oklahoma state university. trewartha, g. t. 1968. an introduction to climate. 4th ed. new york: mcgrawhill. usda-nrcs 2003. the plants database. (http://plants.usda.gov/plants). national plant data center, baton rouge, la waterfall, u. t. 1969. keys to the flora of oklahoma. 4th ed. stillwater, ok: [published by the author]. yatsievych, george. 1999. steyermark’s flora of missouri, vol. 1, rev. ed. st. louis, mo: missouri department of conservation in cooperation with the missouri botanical garden press. oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. keystone wildlife management area annotated species list growth habit is designated as f; forb, g; graminoid, h; herb, s; shrub, t; tree, and v; woody vine. life history is designated as a; annual/biennial or p; perennial. origin is noted as n; native or i; introduced. pteridophyta (ferns and allies) aspleniaceae asplenium platyneuron (l.) b.s.p. ebony spleenwort; f or h, p, n dryopteridaceae woodsida obtusa (spreng.) torr. bluntlobe cliff fern; f or h, p, n coniferophyta (gymnosperms) cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. eastern redcedar; t, p, n magnoliophyta (angiosperms) monocotyledonae araceae arisaema dracontium (l.) schott green dragon; f or h, p, n alistmataceae sagittaria montevidensis cham. & schlect. giant arrowhead; f or h, p, i commelinaceae tradescantia ohiensis raf. bluejacket; f or h, p, n cyperaceae carex albicans willd. ex spreng. whitetinge sedge; g, p, n carex amphibola steud. eastern narrowleaf sedge; g, p, n carex brevior (dewey) mackenzie shortbeak sedge; g, p, n carex bushii mackenzie bush’s sedge; g, p, n carex caroliniana schwein. carolina sedge; g, p, n carex leavenworthii dewey leavenworth’s sedge; g, p, n cyperus croceus vahl baldwin’s flatsedge; g, p, n cyperus echinatus (l.) wood globe flatsedge; g, p, n cyperus erythrorhizos muhl. redroot flatsedge; g, p, n cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks great plains flatsedge; g, p, n cyperus setigerus torr. & hook. lean flatsedge; g, p, n eleocharis engelmannii steud. engelmann’s spikerush; g, p, n fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl hairy fimbry; g, p, n iridaceae sisyrinchium angustifolium p. mill. narrowleaf blue-eyed grass; f or h, p, n juncaceae juncus brachyphyllus wieg. tuftedstem rush; g, p, n juncus dudleyi wieg. dudley’s rush; g, p, n juncus marginatus rostk. grassleaf rush; g, p, n liliaceae allium perdulce s.v. fraser plains onion; f or h, p, n erythronium sp. l. oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 28 troutlily; f or h, p, n nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britt. crowpoison; f or h, p, n poaceae agrostis hyemalis (walt.) b.s.p. winter bentgrass; g, p, n alopecurus carolinianus walt. carolina foxtail; g, a, n andropogon gerardii vitman big bluestem; g, p, n andropogon ternarius michx. splitbeard bluestem; g, p, n bouteloua rigidiseta (steud.) a.s. hitchc. texas grama; g, p, n bromus catharticus vahl rescuegrass; g, a, i bromus hordeaceus l. soft brome; g, p, i bromus japonicus thunb. ex murr. japanese brome; g, a, i bromus tectorum l. cheatgrass; g, a, i buchloe dactyloides (nutt.) engelm. buffalograss; g, p, n cenchrus spinifex cav. coastal sandbur; g, p, n chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates indian woodoats; g, p, n chloris verticillata nutt. tumble windmill grass; g, p, n coelorachis cylindrica (michx.) nash cylinder jointtail grass; g, p, n cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. bermudagrass; g, p, i dichanthelium aciculare (desv. ex poir.) gould & c.a. clark needleleaf rosette grass; g, p, n dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. fasciculatum (torr.) freckmann western panicgrass; g, p, n dichanthelium malacophyllum nash (gould) hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. softleaf rosette grass; g, p, n dichanthelium oligosanthes (j. a. schultes) gould var. oligosanthes heller’s rosette grass; g, p, n dichanthelium scoparium lam. (gould) velvet panicum; g, p, n digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop. hairy crabgrass; g, a, n echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv. barnyardgrass; g, a, i eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. indian goosegrass; g, a, i elymus virginicus l. virginia wildrye; g, p, n eragrostis barrelieri daveau mediterranean lovegrass; g, a, i eragrostis hirsuta (michx.) nees bigtop lovegrass; g, p, n eragrostis pilosa (l.) beauv. indian lovegrass; g, a, n eragrostis secundiflora j. pesl red lovegrass; g, p, n eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. purple lovegrass; g, p, n eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) wood sand lovegrass; g, p, n eriochloa contracta a.s. hitchc. prairie cupgrass; g, a, n gymnopogon ambiguous (michx.) b.s.p. bearded skeletongrass; g, p, n hordeum pusillum nutt. little barley; g, a, n leersia virginica willd. whitegrass; g, p, n leptochloa fusca (l.) kunth malabar sprangletop; g, p, n leptochloa panacea (retz.) ohwi ssp. mucronata (michx.) nowack mucronate sprangletop; g, a, n lolium arundinaceum (schreb.) s.j. darbyshire tall fescue; g, p, i lolium perenne l. oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. perennial ryegrass; g, p, i muhlenbergia frondosa (poir.) fern. wirestem muhly; g, p, n muhlenbergia sobolifera (muhl. ex willd.) trin. rock muhly; g, p, n neeragrostis reptans (michx.) nicora creeping lovegrass; g, a, n panicum anceps michx. beaked panicgrass; g, p, n panicum philadelphicum bernh. ex trin. philadelphia panicgrass; g, a, n panicum virgatum l. switchgrass; g, p, n paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex fourn. hairyseed paspalum; g, p, n paspalum setaceum michx. thin paspalum; g, p, n poa annua l. annual bluegrass; g, a, i poa arachnifera torr. texas bluegrass; g, p, n poa pratensis l. kentucky bluegrass; g, p, i schedonnardus paniculatus (nutt.) trel. tumblegrass; g, p, n schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash little bluestem; g, p, n setaria pumila (poir.) roemer & j.a. schultes yellow bristlegrass; g, a, i sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash indiangrass; g, p, n sorghum halepense (l.) pers. johnsongrass; g, p, i sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. prairie wedgescale; g, p, n tridens flavus (l.) a.s. hitchc. purpletop tridens; g, p, n tripsacum dactyloides (l.) l. eastern gamagrass; g, p, n vulpia sciurea (nutt.) henr. squirreltail fescue; g, a, n smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. saw greenbriar; s, ss, v, p, n smilax rotundifolia l. roundleaf greenbriar; s, ss, v, p, n dicotyledonae acanthaceae dicliptera brachiata (pursh) spreng. branched foldwing; f or h, a, n ruellia humilis nutt. fringeleaf wild petunia; f or h, p, n ruellia strepens l. limestone wild petunia; f or h, p, n aceraceae acer negundo l. boxelder; t, p, n acer saccharinum l. silvermaple; t, p, n amaranthaceae amaranthus rudis sauer tall amaranth; f or h, a, n froelichia floridana (nutt.) moq. plains snakecotton; f or h, a, n froelichia gracilis (hook.) moq. slender snakecotton; f or h, a, n iresine rhizomatosa standl. juda’s bush; f or h, p, n anacardiaceae rhus aromatica ait. fragrant sumac; s, p, n rhus copallinum l. flameleaf sumac; t, s, p, n toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze eastern poison ivy; s, ss, v, p, n apiaceae ammoselinum popei torr. & gray plains sandparsley; f or h, a, n chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 30 hairyfruit chervil; f or h, a, n cicuta maculata l. spotted water hemlock; f or h, p, n daucus pusillus michx. american wild carrot; f or h, a, n eryngium leavenworthii torr. & gray leavenworth’s eryngo; f or h, a, n polytaenia nuttallii dc. nuttall’s prairie parsley; f or h, p, n ptilimnium nuttallii (dc.) britt. laceflower; f or h, a, n sanicula canadensis l. canadian blacksnakeroot; f or h, p, n spermolepis divaricata (walt). raf. ex ser. roughfruit scaleseed; f or h, a, n trepocarpus aethusae nutt. ex dc. whitenymph; f or h, a, n torilis arvensis (huds.) link spreading hedgeparsley; f or, h, a, i apocynaceae apocynum cannabinum l. indianhemp; f or h, p, n aristolochiaceae aristolochia tomentosa sims wooly dutchman’s pipe; v, p, n asclepiadaceae asclepias amplexicaulis sm. clasping milkweed; f or h, p, n asclepias tuberosa l. butterfly milkweed; f or h, p, n asclepias viridis walt. green antelope horn; f or h, p, n asteraceae achillea millefolium l. common yarrow; f or h, p, n ambrosia artemisiifolia l. annual ragweed; f or h, a, n ambrosia trifida l. great ragweed; f or h, a, n amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. prairie broomweed; f or h, a, n hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. artemisia ludoviciana nutt. white sagebrush; f or h, p, n ageratina altissima (l.) king & h.e. robins. white snakeroot; f or h, p, n antennaria parlinii fern. parlin’s pussytoes; f or h, p, n bidens bipinnata l. spanish needles;f or h, a, n brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners false boneset; f or h, p, n chrysopsis pilosa nutt. soft goldenaster; f or h, a, n cirsium altissimum (l.) hill tall thistle; f or h, p, n conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. canadian horseweed; f or h, a, n coreposis grandiflora hogg ex sweet largeflower tickseed; f or h, p, n coreopsis tinctoria nutt. golden tickseed; f or h, a, n dracopis amplexicaulis (vahl) cass. clasping coneflower; f or h, a, n eclipta prostrata (l.) l. false daisy; f or h, a, n elephantopus carolinianus raeusch.carolina elephantsfoot; f or h, p, n erigeron tenuis torr. & gray slenderleaf fleabane; f or h, p, n eupatorium altissimum l. tall thoroughwort; f or h, p, n eupatorium serotinum michx. lateflowering thoroughwort; f or h, p, n gaillardia pulchella foug. firewheel; f or h, a, n gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera spoonleaf purple everlasting; f or h, p, n grindelia papposa nesom & suh spanish gold; f or h, a, n helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. yellowdicks; f or h, a, n helianthus annuus l. common sunflower; f or h, a, n helianthus hirsutus raf. hairy sunflower; f or h, p, n helianthus maximiliani schrad. maximilian sunflower; f or h, p, n helianthus petiolaris nutt. prairie sunflower; f or h, a, n helianthus tuberosus l. jerusalem artichoke; f or h, p, n heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britt. & rusby camphorweed; f or h, a, n hieracium longipilum torr. hairy hawkweed; f or h, p, n krigia caespitosa (raf.) chambers weedy dwarfdandelion; f or h, a, n lactuca canadensis l. canada lettuce; f or h, a, n lactuca floridana (l.) gaertn. woodland lettuce; f or h, a, n liatris aspera michx. tall blazingstar; f or h, p, n liatris punctata hook. dotted blazingstar; f or h, p, n oligoneuron rigidum (l.) small stiff goldenrod; f or h, p, n parthenium hysterophorus l. santia maria feverfew; f or h, a, i plucea odorata (l.) cass. sweetscent; f or h, a, n pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & burtt rabbittobacco; f or h, a, n pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walt.) dc. carolina desert-chicory; f or h, a, n ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. upright prairie coneflower; f or h, p, n rudbeckia hirta l. blackeyed susan; f or h, p, n solidago gigantea ait. giant goldenrod; f or h, p, n sonchus asper (l.) hill spiny sowthistle; f or h, a, i symphyotrichum drummondii (lindl.) nesom drummond’s aster; f or h, p, n symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) nesom white heath aster; f or h, p, n symphyotrichum oolentangiense (riddell) nesom skyblue aster; f or h, p, n symphyotrichum patens (ait.) nesom late purple aster; f or h, p, n symphyotrichum subulatum (michx.) nesom eastern annual saltmarsh aster; f or h, a, n taraxacum officinale g.h. weber ex wiggers common dandelion; f or h, p, i thelesperma ambiguum gray colorado greenthread; f or h, p, n thelesperma filifolium (hook.) gray stiff greenthread; f or h, p, n tragopogon dubius scop. yellow salsify; f or h, a, i verbesina virginica l. white crownbeard; f or h, p, n vernonia baldwinii torr. baldwin’s ironweed; f or h, p, n xanthium strumarium l. rough cocklebur; f or h, a, n bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau trumpet creeper; v, p, n boraginaceae buglossoides arvensis (l.) i.m. johnston corn gromwell; f or h, a, i heliotropium curassavicum l. oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 32 salt heliotrope; f or h, a, n heliotropium indicum l. indian heliotrope; f or h, a, i brassicaceae arabis canadensis l. sicklepod; f or h, b, n capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. shepherd’s purse; f or h, a, i cardamine parviflora l. sand bittercress; f or h, a, n draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & gray shortpod draba; f or h, a, n draba reptans (lam.) fern. carolina draba; f or h, a, n erysimum repandum l. spreading wallflower; f or h, a, i lepidium densiflorum schrad. common pepperweed; f or h, a, n lepidium virginicum l. virginia pepperwood; f or h, a, n rorippa palustris (l.) bog yellowcress; f or h, a, n selenia aurea nutt. golden selenia; f or h, a, n cactaceae opuntia macrorhiza engelm. twistspine pricklypear; s, p, n campanulaceae triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. clasping venus’ looking-glass; f or h, a, n caprifoliaceae lonicera japonica thunb. japanese honeysuckle; v, p, i symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench coralberry; s, p, n viburnum rufidulum raf. rusty blackhaw; t, s, p, n caryophyllaceae arenaria serpyllifolia l. thymeleaf sandwort; ; f or h, a, i cerastium glomeratum thuill. hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. sticky chickweed; f or h, a, i dianthus armeria l. deptford pink; f or h, a, i holosteum umbellatum l. jagged chickweed; f or h, a, i sagina decumbens (ell.) torr. & gray trailing pearlwort; f or h, a, n scleranthus annuus l. german knotgrass; f or h, a, i silene antirrhina l. sleepy silene; f or h, a, n stellaria media (l.) vill. common chickweed; f or h, a, i celastraceae celastrus scandens l. american bittersweet; v, p, n chenopodiaceae chenopodium ambrosioides l. mexican tea; f or h, a, i chenopodium leptophyllum (moq.) nutt. ex s. wats. narrowleaf goosefoot; f or h, a, n cistaceae lechea mucronata raf. hairy pinweed; f or h, p, n lechea tenuifolia michx. narrowleaf pinweed; f or h, p, n clusiaceae hypericum punctatum lam. spotted st. johnswort; f or h, p, n convolvulaceae convolvulus arvensis l. field bindweed; f or h, p, i ipomoea hederacea jacq. ivyleaf morning-glory; f or h, a, i ipomoea lacunosa l. whitestar; f or h, a, n cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. roughleaf dogwood; t, s, p, n cucurbitaceae melothria pendula l. oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. guadeloupe cucumber; f or h, p, n sicyos angulatus l. oneseed burr cucumber; f or h, a, n ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. common persimmon; t, p, n euphorbiaceae acalypha monococca (engelm. ex gray) l. mill. & gandhi slender threeseed mercury; f or h, a, n acalypha ostryifolia riddell pineland threeseed mercury; f or h, a, n acalypha rhomboidea raf. virginia threeseed mercury; f or h, a, n chamaesyce maculata (l.) small spotted sandmat; f or h, a, n chamaesyce nutans (lag.) small eyebane; f or h, a, n chamaesyce serpens (kunth) small matted sandmat; f or h, a, n cnidoscolus texanus (muell.-arg.) small texas bullnettle; f or h, p, n croton glandulosus l. vente conmigo; f or h, a, n croton monanthogynus michx. prairie tea; f or h, a, n croton texensis (klotzsch) muell.-arg. texas croton; f or h, a, n euphorbia cyathophora murr. fire on the mountain; f or h, a, n euphorbia dentata michx. toothed spurge; f or h, a, n, euphorbia hexagona nutt. ex spreng. sixangle spurge; f or h, a, n euphorbia marginata pursh snow on the mountain; f or h, a, n stillingia sylvatica garden ex l. queen’s-delight; f or h, p, n tragia betonicifolia nutt. betonyleaf noseburn; f or h, p, n fabaceae albizia julibrissin durazz. silktree; t, s, p, i amorpha canescens pursh leadplant; ss, s, p, n amorpha fruticosa l. desert false indigo; s, p, n chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene sleeping plant; f or h, a, n dalea candida michx. ex willd. white prairie clover; f or h, p, n desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macm. ex b.l. robins. & fern. prairie bundleflower; f or h, p, n desmodium ciliare (muhl. ex willd.) dc. hairy smallleaf ticktrefoil; f or h, p, n desmodium laevigatum (nutt.) dc. smooth ticktrefoil; f or h, p, n desmodium nudiflorum (l.) dc. nakedflower ticktrefoil; f or h, p, n desmodium obtusum (muhl. ex willd.) dc. stiff ticktrefoil; f or h, p, n desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. panicledleaf ticktrefoil; f or h, p, n desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & gray sessileleaf ticktrefoil; f or h, p, n galactia volubilis (l.) britt. downy milkpea; f or h, p, n gleditsia triacanthos l. honeylocust; t, s, p, n gymnocladus dioicus (l.) k. koch kentucky coffeetree; t, p, n lathyrus hirsutus l. caley pea; f or h, a, i lathyrus pusilllus ell. tiny pea; f or h, a, n lespedeza capitata michx. roundhead lespedeza; f or h, p, n oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 34 lespedeza stuevei nutt. tall lespedeza; f or h, p, n medicago lupulina l. black medick; f or h, p, i medicago sativa l. alfalfa; f or h, p, i melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. yellow sweetclover; f or h, a, i psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. slimflower scurfpea; f or h, p, n robinia pseudoacacia l. black locust; t, p, n strophostyles helvula (l.) ell. trailing fuzzybean; f or h, a, n trifolium arvense l. rabbitfoot clover; f or h, a, i trifolium campestre schreb. field clover; f or h, a, i trifolium vesiculosum savi arrowleaf clover; f or h, a, i vicia sativa l. golden vetch; v, f or h, a, i vicia villosa roth winter vetch: v, f or h, a, i fagaceae quercus falcata michx. southern red oak; t, p, n quercus macrocarpa michx. bur oak; t, s, p, n quercus marilandica muench. blackjack oak; t, s, p, n quercus muehlenbergii engelm. chinkapin oak; t, p, n quercus shumardii buckl. shumard’s oak; t, s, p, n quercus stellata wangenh. post oak; t, p, n quercus velutina lam. black oak; t, p, n fumariaceae corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex gray) gray smallflower fumewort; f or h, a, n hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. gentianaceae sabatia campestris nutt. texas star; f or h, a, n geraniaceae geranium carolinianum l. carolina geranium; f or h, a, b, n geranium molle l. dovefoot geranium; f or h, a, i hydrophyllaceae phacelia strictiflora (engelm. & gray) gray prairie phacelia; f or h, a, n juglandaceae carya alba (l.) nutt. ex ell. mockerknut hickory; t, p, n carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch pecan; t, p, n carya texana buckl. black hickory; t, p, n juglans nigra l. black walnut; t, p, n lamiaceae hedeoma hispida pursh rough false pennyroyal; f or h, a, n lamium amplexicaule l. henbit deadnettle; f or h, a, i lamium purpureum l. purple deadnettle; f or h, a, i monarda fistulosa l. wild bergamot; f or h, p, n monarda punctata l. spotted beebalm; f or h, a, n salvia azurea michx. ex lam. azure blue sage; f or h, p, n teucrium canadense l. canada germander; f or h, p, n lythraceae ammannia coccinea rottb. valley redstem; f or h, a, n lythrum alatum pursh winged lythrum; f or h, p, n malvaceae abutilon theophrasti medik. oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. velvetleaf; f or h, a, i callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.) gray light poppymallow; f or h, p, n callirhoe involucrata (torr. & gray) gray purple poppymallow; f or h, p, n sida spinosa l. prickly fanpetals; f or h, a, n menipsermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. carolina coralbead; v, s, p, n molluginaceae mollugo verticillata l. green carpetweed; f or h, a, n moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) schneid. osage orange; t, s, p, n morus alba l. white mulberry; t, s, p, i nyctaginaceae mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macm. heartleaf four o’clock; f or h, p, n oleaceae fraxinus americana l. white ash; t, p, n onagraceae gaura longiflora spach longflower beeblossom; f or h, a, n gaura mollis james velvetweed; f or h, a, n ludwigia peploides (kunth) raven floating primrosewillow; f or h, p, n oenothera jamesii torr. & gray trumpet evening primrose; f or h, p, n oenothera rhombipetala nutt. ex torr. & gray fourpoint evening primrose; f or h, p, n oxalidaceae oxalis stricta l. common yellow oxalis; f or h, p, n oxalis violacea l. violet wood sorrel; f or h, p, n passifloraceae passiflora incarnata l. purple passionflower; f or h, p, n passiflora lutea l. yellow passionflower; f or h, p, n phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. american pokeweed; f or h, p, n plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. largebracted plantain; f or h, a, n plantago patagonica jacq. woolly plantain; f or h, a, n plantago rhodosperma dcne. redseed plantain; f or h, a, n plantago rugelii dcne. blackseed plantain; f or h, p, n platanaceae platanus occidentalis l. american sycamore; t, p, n polemoniaceae phlox pilosa l. downy phlox; f or h, p, n polygalaceae polygala incarnata l. procession flower; f or h, a, n polygonaceae polygonum amphibium l. water knotweed; f or h, p, n polygonum aviculare l. prostrate knotweed; f or h, a, i polygonum lapathifolium l. curlytop knotweed; f or h, a, n polygonum persicaria l. spotted ladysthumb; f or h, a, n polygonum punctatum ell. dotted smartweed; f or h, a, n polygonum ramosissimum michx. oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. 36 bushy knotweed; f or h, a, n polygonum scandens l. climbing false buckwheat; f or h, p, n polygonum virginianum l. jumpseed; f or h, p, n rumex crispus l. curly dock; f or h, p, i rumex hastatulus baldw. heartwing sorrel; f or h, p, n rumex pulcher l. fiddle dock; f or h, p, i portulacaceae claytonia virginica l. virginia springbeauty; f or h, p, n portulaca oleracea l. little hogweed; f or h, a, n primulaceae androsace occidentalis pursh western rockjasmine; f or h, a, n ranunculuaceae delphinium carolinianum walt. carolina larkspur; f or h, p, n myosurus minimus l. tiny mousetail; f or h, a, n ranunculus abortivus l. littleaf buttercup; f or h, p, n ranunculus sceleratus l. cursed buttercup; f or h, a, n rosaceae geum canadense jacq. white avens; f or h, p, n prunus angustifolia marsh. chickasaw plum; t, s, p, n prunus mexicana s. wats. mexican plum; t, s, p, n prunus serotina ehrh. black cherry; t, s, p, n rubus trivialis michx. southern dewberry; s, v, p, n rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. common buttonbush; t, s, p, n diodia teres walt. poorjoe; f or h, a, p, n diodia virginiana l. virginia buttonweed; f or h, a, n galium aparine l. stickywilly; f or h, a, n galium pilosum ait. hairy bedstraw; f or h, p, n galium virgatum nutt. southwestern bedstraw; f or h, a, n houstonia pusilla schoepf tiny bluet; f or h, a, n saliaceae populus deltoides bartr. ex marsh. eastern cottonwood; t, p, n salix nigra marsh. black willow; t, p, n sapindaceae cardiospermum halicacabum l. love in a puff; f or h, a, n sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l. benson western soapberry; t, s, p, n sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. gumbully; t, s, p, n scrophulariaceae castilleja indivisa engelm. entireleaf indian paintbrush; f or h, a, n leucospora multifida (michx.) nutt. narrowleaf paleseed; f or h, a, n lindernia dubia (l.) pennell yellowseed false pimpernel; f or h, a, n nuttallanthus texanus (scheele) d.a. sutton texas toadflax; f or h, a, n scrophularia marilandica l. carpenter’s square; f or h, p, n oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 hoagland, b.w. and buthod, a.k. verbascum thapsus l. common mullein; f or h, b, i veronica polita fries gray field speedwell; f or h, a, i solanaceae physalis angulata l. cutleaf groundcherry; f or h, a, n physalis heterophylla nees clammy groundcherry; f or h, p, n solanum carolinense l. carolina horsenettle; f or h, p, n solanum dimidiatum raf. western horsenettle; f or h, p, n solanum elaegnifolium cav. silverleaf nightshade; f or h, p, n solanum ptychanthum dunal west indian nightshade; f or h,a,n solanum rostratum dunal buffalobur nightshade; f or h, a, n tamaricaceae tamarix chinensis lour. fivestamen tamarisk; t, s, p, i ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. sugarberry; t, s, p, n ulmus americana l. american elm; t, p, n ulmus rubra muhl. slippery elm; t, p, n urticaceae laportea canadensis (l.) weddell canadian woodnettle; f or h, p, n parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. pennyslvania pellitory; f or h, a, n valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. beaked cornsalad; f or h, a, n verbenaceae glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. rose mock vervain; f or h, p, n glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber pink mock vervain; f or h, a, n phyla nodiflora (l.) greene turkey tangle fogfruit; f or h, p, n verbena stricta vent. hoary verbena; f or h, p, n verbena urticifolia l. white vervain; f or h, p, n violaceae viola affinis le conte sand violet; f or h, p, n viola bicolor pursh field pansy; f or h, a, n vitaceae ampelopsis cordata michx. heartleaf peppervine; v, p, n cissus trifoliata (l.) l. sorrelvine: v, ss, p, n parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. virginia creeper; v, p, n vitis cinera (engelm.) millard graybark grape; v, p, n vitis riparia michx. riverbank grape; v, p, n vitis vulpina l. frost grape; v, p, n zygophyllaceae tribulus terrestris l. puncturevine; f or h, a, i oklahoma native plant record, volume 17, number 1, december 2017 72 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 paul buck https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.18.100008 critic’s choice essay allelopathy reprinted from gaillardia, summer 2004 paul buck† professor emeritus department of biological science university of tulsa tulsa, ok 74104 an onps member sent an interesting article from the new york post dealing with allelopathy. (i've received several copies since.) this botany bay is dedicated to that person, still active charter member marcy robinowitz. marcy, thank you for thinking of me. the post article dealt with spotted knapweed (centaurea maculosa), an invasive exotic introduced from caucasia. the author reports, "..it is thought to have been introduced in north america as a contaminant in crop seed or in dirt used as ship's ballast and then dumped." the species is a recognized problem over much of the contiguous united states. many western colorado highways are virtually lined with pure stands. in 1920, but one county in western montana reported the presence of this species. in 1940, five western counties and by 1982, it was reported in all counties, having spread across the entire state. i recall the concerted effort my son and i made to eradicate the plant from a small abandoned horse pasture in the western part of the state. the following year, scattered patches appeared on the site, but a few years later, spotted knapweed was once again abundant. although spotted knapweed has not been reported in oklahoma, it is a widely scattered pest of the great plains. we must be alert for it in the state; it seems to have the ecological potential to invade our western grasslands. however, there is another noxious, caucasian weed of that genus which should concern us. russian knapweed (centaurea repens) is reported over much of oklahoma. this species was introduced to north america in 1898 and has become established as a pernicious weed throughout the country. close your eyes for a moment and consider the following question: 'why do so many exotic species successfully overwhelm native species?' many readers probably suggested success is due to leaving predators and pathogens behind by moving. it is possible an earlier aggressive herbivore kept the population under control or a pathogen or perhaps in the new habitat the species is able to out-compete others for light, water, minerals or soil nutrients. recent research reported in the new york post article suggests another factor. researchers now attribute success in numerous cases to allelopathy. for many the term allelopathy is new. an excellent definition is the one given by the university of oklahoma's late dr. elroy rice in his book allelopathy. he defined it as "...any direct or indirect harmful effect by one plant (including microorganisms) on another through the production of chemical compounds that escape into the environment." oklahoma native plant record 73 volume 17, december 2017 paul buck consider that definition for a moment. it opens a whole new can of worms in our world of botany. notice it does not involve the over utilization of an essential environmental factor such as water, sunlight, or nutrients. that would be competition. dr. rice suggests the term interference might be used to encompass both allelopathy and competition. to many, the foregoing may appear complex, but then most are already familiar with a classic case of allelopathy, one reported in botanical literature in the 19th century. no doubt, vegetable gardeners were aware of it much earlier. the example is that garden crops will not survive under or near a black walnut (juglans nigra) tree. early workers suggested the trees were able to exhaust the soil of vital nutrients. it was subsequently discovered the trees were producing a chemical compound which, when released into the soil, is toxic to other green plants, even black walnut seedlings. biochemists have since identified that compound and named it juglone, a takeoff on the black walnut genus juglans. if you are a skeptic, plant some seedlings under a black walnut and observe them. the survival value of the allelopathic phenomenon is evident. eliminate competition! even parent walnut trees do not compete with nearby offspring. it has been known for years that walnut trees will injure and sometimes kill adjacent apple trees. the post article reports spotted knapweed's ability to overwhelm native species and establish itself in pure stands as allelopathic. workers found the knapweed in question synthesizes a poison which, when released through the roots, will eliminate competing neighbors. researchers at colorado state university report the toxin acts so quickly it will initiate a sequence of chemical reactions resulting in the death of root cells within ten seconds of contact. they also reported, "in one hour the roots die" and "the whole plant dies in a matter of days." currently there are no known native species resistant to the toxins secreted by spotted knapweed. on the other hand, allelopathic toxins need not be lethal. rice reported that in some cases they serve to inhibit populations of nitrogen fixing microorganisms in the soil, resulting in the lowering of available nitrogen below that required by native species. an invasive species may hold competing species at bay by simply maintaining a less favorable environment. rice also reported that in the early 1900s apple trees were observed to be injured by surrounding grass. initially it was thought the harm was due to competition for minerals or utilization of soil oxygen by grass, thus suffocating tree roots. laboratory tests were carried out in which apple trees were provided abundant oxygen but subjected to chemicals secreted by the grass. the results supported the hypothesis that allelopathy is responsible. experiments have also shown a number of crop plants, including cultivated wheat, exude an inhibitory substance that functions on seedlings of the same species. that presents another aspect to the question of mineral exhaustion and crop rotation. perhaps it is not mineral depletion but an accumulation of toxic compounds secreted by the plants. the post report brings to mind a short article that appeared in the readers digest many years ago. if i recall correctly, the title was simply "war in the garden," and it introduced the concept of allelopathy to the lay person. keep your eyes open for allelopathy in your yard; i suspect it is there. it is a vicious world in nature. onps critic's choice essay: allelopathy. gaillardia, summer 2004, by dr. paul buck† 2018 oklahoma native plant record oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 18, december 2018 foreword this issue of the oklahoma native plant record includes articles that deal with some threats to our native plant communities from both native and non-native species. it also contains an article about a "hidden gem" population of a native plant and another about a relative newcomer to our state. chad king and graduate student joseph buck, at the university of central oklahoma, used dendrochronological techniques to quantify the population structure and growth of fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) in a bottomland hardwood forest at arcadia lake in oklahoma county. populations of green ash in the state are being threatened by the non-native agrilus planipennis (emerald ash borer). this baseline study, conducted prior to the range expansion of emerald ash borer to this area, might help identify traits of ash trees that survive infestation by this borer. issac walker of holland hall high school and paulina harron, an oklahoma state university graduate student, report a large and apparently long-established but previously undocumented population of pueraria montana (kudzu vine) in tulsa county. their article reiterates that, although kudzu has so far had a relatively minor impact on oklahoma's native communities, we need to be vigilant in documenting populations and managing it. adjoa ahedor of rose state college and undergraduate students bethany spitz, michael cowan, j'nae miller, and margaret kamara investigated transpiration in juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar) compared to adjacent trees of other species. although it is native, eastern redcedar's range expansion is threatening oklahoma's prairie communities because of many factors, which might include higher transpiration than other species. bruce smith of mcloud high school summarizes the status of myriopteris lindheimeri (fairy swords) in southwestern oklahoma. this fern had been documented in comanche county in 1942, but over time the lack of additional specimens led the oklahoma natural heritage inventory to list it as a species that might have been extirpated from the state. in bruce's article, you will read how, on a visit to kiowa county, he recently discovered a population of fairy swords that he admits he first confused with another species. his article should alert us that as we take field trips, we could be overlooking populations of rare species, especially if they resemble more common ones. jim estes of the university of oklahoma reports an unusual number of anthers in calyptocarpus vialis (straggler daisy) and describes aspects of its pollination and breeding system in a north texas population. native to eastern mexico and southern and south-central texas, straggler daisy has spread to the north and was recently documented in southern oklahoma. it is a shade-loving and mat-forming species that can become very abundant in lawns. this is certainly another plant to watch for in our state. this issue's critic’s choice essay was written by paul buck for the botany bay section of the fall 1999 gaillardia. like many articles written by paul buck, it encourages us to slow down and notice the myriad interactions taking place right in front of us. this one describes myrmecochory, i.e., ant dispersal of seeds, of two of our earliest spring lawn plants, viola (violets) and lamium (henbit). please consider publishing your work in the oklahoma native plant record. it is listed in the directory of open access journals, is abstracted by the centre for agricultural bioscience international, and can be accessed by researchers around the world. gloria caddell managing editor oklahoma native plant record, volume 15, number 1, december 2015 78 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100115 antifungal activity in extracts of plants from southwestern oklahoma against aspergillus flavus tahzeeba frisby department of biological sciences cameron university 2800 w. gore blvd. lawton, ok 73505 tfrisby@cameron.edu cameron university students: brooke armstrong chelsey morin susan pustejovskey victoria vanderslice jackie harper cynthia thompson angela gibbons kristen gonzalez renea lawler victoria boudiette breanna jones tabitha garner ezekiel oetinger kateri gebhart oluwatoyin kayode sarah mclaughlin patrick mcanerney jared stokes paul copeland key words: antifungal, aspergillus flavus, medicinal plant, undergraduate research abstract the use of medicinal plants has been an integral part of human civilization since antiquity. naturally occurring pesticidal compounds are synthesized by the plant defense system, which includes antimicrobial proteins and lower molecular weight natural products. in this study, plants were collected from southwestern oklahoma, and plant tissues were extracted and assayed for antifungal activity against aspergillus flavus, a mycotoxin producing fungus. out of the 84 plant tissue extracts tested, 40 extracts exhibited complete to very strong inhibition of fungal growth. extracts were dialyzed in tris buffer using 3,500 molecular weight cut-off dialysis membrane to remove low molecular weight compounds. after dialysis, the majority of the plant extracts lost antifungal activity against a. flavus. four plant extracts, however, retained complete activity. the source plants of these four extracts were identified as belonging to asparagaceae. three of the extracts came from three different plants of the genus allium. the fourth extract was from camassia scilloides. introduction the history of plant use for medicinal purpose is as old as human civilization. six thousand year old excavated clay slabs from early sumerian civilizations revealed recipes for drug preparation using over 250 different plants (petrovska 2012). additionally, an egyptian scroll dated about 1500 bp mentioned more than 850 plant based medicines (petrovska 2012). hippocrates (460–377 bp) also believed in the power of plants to cure ailments and used 300 different plant species to heal his patients. pedanious dioscorides (50–70 ad) assembled de materia medica where he described comprehensive use, preparation, side effects, and cultivation of 600 plants (sumner 2000). there are examples from every culture about healing abilities of plants. modern research indicates that the majority of ethnobotanical claims are valid and correspond with our current knowledge of plant-derived compounds. benefits of mailto:tfrisby@cameron.edu oklahoma native plant record 79 volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby traditional plants have been explored via scientific research, which led to the discovery of many valuable drugs for the modern world. examples include reserpine from rauwolfia serpentina (indian snake root), vincristine from catharanthus roseus (madagascar periwinkle), artimisinin from artemisia annua, (sweet sagewort), capsaicin from capsicum annuum (chili pepper), morphine from papaver somniferum (poppy), atropine from atropa belladonna (deadly night shade), silymarin from silybum marianum (milk thistle), and ephedrine from ephedra sinica (chinese ephedra) (farnsworth et al. 1985; houghton 1995; sumner 2000; gupta, et al. 2005; goutam 2015). plants provide a rich source for the discovery of new drugs. a number of bioactive compounds can be isolated from different parts of a single plant. azadirachta indica (neem) is one such plant. neem plant is known as the ‘village dispensary’ in india because of its wide spectrum of biological activities and no-cost availability due to the widespread growth of this plant in the region (arora et al. 2008; asif 2013). over 135 bioactive compounds have been isolated from different parts of this plant. some are well known to exhibit antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-insect, and antitumor activity. there are over 250,000 plant species in the world, but only 6% have been screened for biological activity. according to farnsworth et al. (1985), there are 119 plant-derived drugs used today all over the world, and all of those came from less than 90 plant species. the possibility of finding novel compounds from plants that can be exploited for medicinal use is enormous. although the origin of many life-saving modern medicines came from natural sources, tremendous achievements in synthetic chemistry have made it possible for pharmaceutical companies to design and introduce drugs at a faster pace. to find medicinal compounds from a plant source, a large number of plants need to be screened. once identified, the active compounds have to be purified and characterized. many of these natural compounds are structurally complex. therefore, to go from discovery to high throughput commercial production can be technically challenging and time consuming. some of these issues have contributed to the decline of plant-based drug discovery (gupta et al. 2005). however, over the last few decades, the world has watched the reemergence of infectious diseases once thought to be eradicated (gupta et al. 2005; lam 2007; petrovska 2012). at the same time, incidences of pest and pathogen resistance against antimicrobial products have increased in alarming numbers. there is also an increase in the prevalence of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens. in light of these facts, there is renewed interest in looking into nature’s wealth for newer and better medicines. plants are a storehouse of naturally occurring pesticidal compounds that are molecularly diverse. plants have developed an arsenal of defense mechanisms from protection against pests and pathogens. as a result, different and unique chemicals compounds are synthesized by plants. these diverse molecules in plants are under constant evolutionary selection. this makes the plant kingdom a continuously wealthy source for finding new antimicrobial compounds (hossain 1999). the compounds that are synthesized by plant defense systems, either to prevent pathogen attack or to destroy invading pathogens, include proteins and lower molecular weight natural products. defenserelated proteins produced by plants include hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins; glycinerich proteins; amylase inhibitors; proteinase inhibitors; toxic proteins such as lectins and thionins; hydrolases such as chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases; anti-microbial peptides such as defensins; and other cysteine-rich proteins (hossain 1999). lower molecular weight natural products include various 80 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenes, etc. (goutam 2015). southwestern oklahoma has a rich history in the use of medicinal plants. jordan et al. (2006) documented the use of over 100 species of vascular plants by the plains apache tribe. thirty-nine of those species were used in rituals and for medicinal purposes. according to the study, out of the 105 documented species used by the tribe, 98 are native to southwestern oklahoma and occur throughout the western u. s. and great plains (jordan et al. 2006). students from the cameron university biology department collected plants from four different locations in southwestern oklahoma. aqueous crude and dialyzed extracts from collected plants were screened for antifungal activity against aspergillus flavus, which was chosen because this fungus produces carcinogenic mycotoxins known as aflotoxins. this study was part of an assignment for a medicinal plants class. in this report we present the result of the study. materials and methods collection of plant materials forty-seven species of plants were collected from four different locations in southwestern oklahoma (table 1). these locations include medicine park, east lawton, stephens county, and anadarko. plants were collected based on ethnobotanical information (jordan et al. 2006) as well as field observation. therefore, not all of the collected plants have known medicinal use. the field observations of healthy plants growing in the midst of plants infested by pests and pathogens could indicate defense related compounds protecting these plants. such field observations were a part of the collection process. on location, the collected materials were photographed, bagged, and kept in ice. once transported to the laboratory, the plant materials were placed in -80oc for long term storage. table1 list of plants screened for antifungal activity against aspergillus flavus pcn, plant collection number. af, stephens county; mp, medicine park; csl, east lawton; an, anadarko. r, root; l, leaf; b, bulb; fl, flower; yl, young seedling. ni, not identified. approximate latitudes and longitudes of the locations are: lawton (n34.069424, w98.417781); medicine park (n 34.733270, w 98.483923); anadarko (n35.069203, w96.265657); stephens county (n34.36, w98.23). extract. # pcn # scientific name common name family 1 af#19 l ni 7 af#19r 2 af#10r yucca glauca nutt. soapweed agavaceae 4 af#10l 37 af#10f 3 af#13l artemisia sp. asteraceae oklahoma native plant record 81 volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby 5 af#18l ni ni ni 25 af#18l 6 af#1l ulmus sp. elm seedling ulmaceae 8 af#17l callirhoe involucrata (torr. & a. gray) a. gray purple poppy malvaceae 18 af#17r 9 af#17fl 10 af#15f castilleja indivisa engelm indian paint brush orobanchaceae 15 af#15r 11 af#9l rumex crispus l. curly dock polygonaceae 29 af#9r 16 af# ni 12 af#5l achillea sp. yarrow asteraceae 14 af#5r 17 csl#7l nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britton false garlic asparagaceae 38 csl#7r 16 af#fr ni 19 af#4l daucus carota l. wild carrot apiaceae 20 mpga#1s echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) j.n. haage lace echinocereus cactaceae 23 mpga#1r 21 af#21s opuntia sp. prickly pear cactaceae 33 af#21r 24 af #8 r callirhoe involucrata (torr. & a. gray) a. gray purple poppy seedling malvaceae 22 af#14l cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng wavy-leaf thistle asteraceae 27 af#14r 26 an#1l ni 28 af#6l medicago lupulina l. legume fabaceae 30 af#11l polygala senega l. senega snake root polygalaceae 31 af#2l capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. shepherd’s purse brassicaceae 39 af#2fl 32 mpgp#1fl ni 35 mpgp#1l 82 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby 34 af# 20l ni 36 csl#10 f ni 40 an#42 equiseteum sp. rough horsetail equisetaceae 41 mp#23r ni 42 mp#24 moss 43 mp#9l camassia scilloides (raf.) cory wild hyacinth asparagaceae 76 mp#9f 78 mp#9b 44 mp#8l ni 46 mp#4l glandularia bipinnatifida (nutt.) nutt. verbena verbenaceae 50 mp#4f 47 mp#5l callirhoe leiocarpa r.f. martin tall poppy mallow malvaceae 60 mp#5f 48 mp#1f sapindus sp. soap berry sapindaceae 49 mp#3f tradescantia tharpii e.s. anderson &woodson spiderwort commelinaceae 66 mp#3r 45 mp#3l 51 mp#6l ni 75 mp#6r 52 mp#22fl allium canadense l. wild onion asparagaceae 57 mp#22r 70 mp#22b 58 mp#19l ambrosia sp. ragweed asteraceae 85 mp#19r 59 mp#26r amsonia ciliata walter blue star apocynaceae 61 mp#26fl 65 mp#26l 62 mp#14l ni 79 mp#14r 63 mp#15l physaria gracilis (hook) o’kane & al-shehbaz yellow-flowered bladderpod brassicaceae 80 mp#15r 81 mp#15fl https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/equisetaceae oklahoma native plant record 83 volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby 64 csl #b allium drummondii regel drummond’s onion asparagaceae 72 csl#1l 73 csl#1fl 67 mp#11f yucca glauca nutt. soapweed asparagaceae 68 csl#3l vicia sativa l. common vetch fabaceae 69 mp#10 l rosa sp. wild rose rosaceae 71 mp#7r allium canadense l. wild onion asparagaceae 54 mp#7fl 74 csl#11l 77 mp#13l oenothera sp. gaura onagraceae 82 mp#16l ni 83 mp#18l erodium cicutarium l. stork’s bill geraniaceae 84 mp#18r plant tissue extraction plant materials (seeds, fruits, leaves, roots, stems) were extracted in 10 mm trishcl (ph 8.0) containing 0.2 g of insoluble pvp (polyvinylpolypyrrolidone; sigma chem. co, cat. # p6755) for each g of frozen plant tissue (hossain 1999). mostly, five volumes of buffer were used for each gram of fresh weight of tissue. the buffer volume was adjusted for mucilaginous and starchy tissue. all extractions were carried out at room temperature. plant tissues were homogenized in liquid nitrogen using a mortar and pestle, and the homogenate was filtered through a double layer of miracloth. the filtrate was centrifuged at 12,000 x g for 15 min in a sorvall ss34 rotor. the supernatant fluid was collected, and the pellet containing debris and insoluble pvp was discarded. the clarified supernatant fluid, referred to as the crude extract was tested for antifungal activity. dialysis to remove soluble, low-molecularweight materials from the crude extract, 2 ml of each crude extract was dialyzed extensively against 10 mm tris-hcl (ph 8.0) using a 3,500 molecular weight cutoff dialysis membrane (spectra/por). dialysis was routinely carried out in 4 l beakers, and the dialysis buffer was changed at least three times over a 24–48 h period. total volume of extracts dialyzed in each 4 l beaker was 20–30 ml. after dialysis, the crude extract (referred to as dialyzed extract) was tested for antifungal activity. source of fungal pathogen the antifungal activity of all extracts was evaluated on the basis of activity against an aspergillus flavus (atcc # 22548) culture obtained from the american type culture collection, waldorf, md. working cultures of a. flavus (fig. 1) were grown at room temperature on half-strength potato dextrose agar (pda; difco # 0013-17-6). inoculated fungal plates were kept at room temperature for 10 days until the mycelial growth covered 75% of the plate. at that point, the plates were stored at 4ºc for future use. 84 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby figure 1 aspergillus flavus (atcc 22548) on half strength potato dextrose agar. inoculated fungal plates were kept at room temperature for two to three weeks until the hyphal growth covered three fourths of the plate. for fungal assay, conidia were scraped from 2–3 weeks old plates. antifungal bioassay the assay used to detect antifungal activity in plant extracts was originally developed by duvick et al. (duvick et al. 1992). conidia of a. flavus were collected by scraping the colony with a sterile loop and suspending the conidia in sterile water containing 0.01% tween 20. conidia from this stock solution were diluted with synthetic culture medium to a final concentration of ~290 conidia/90μl of growth medium. the latter contained 0.037 g nacl, 0.0625 g mgso4·7h2o, 0.25 g cano3, 2.5 g glucose, 0.25 g yeast extract, and 0.125 g casein enzyme hydrolysate in 1 l of 7.5 mm sodium phosphate buffer, ph 7.0. ninety μl of the culture medium containing conidia were added to each well of a 96-well, u-bottom microtiter plate. ten μl of crude extract or crude dialyzed extracts were added to each well. four replicates (individual wells) were used for each sample. all of the assays were conducted in 96-well microtiter plates with four control wells in each plate. in these control wells, extraction buffer (10 mm tris ph 8.0) was added to a. flavus conidia instead of plant extracts. the microtiter plate was covered with parafilm and incubated in the dark at 25ºc for 48 h. conidial germination and fungal growth were observed after 48 h using a nikon smz 1500 stereomicroscope equipped with digital ccd camera and nis software. a rating scale of 0 to 4 was used to evaluate the inhibition of fungal growth (fig. 2). the ratings were based on the relative growth of fungi in comparison to the buffer control. a rating of zero indicated no inhibition of fungal growth, and a rating of four was given in the case of complete inhibition of fungal growth. rating of 1–2 was based on approximately 50% or more hyphal growth compared to control. rating of 3 was based on approximately 10–20% hyphal growth compared to control. intermediate values (such as 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5) were assigned to distinguish between ratings when possible. values from the four replicates were averaged. plant extract numbers were assigned by the students in the class, and the assay was performed by dr. tahzeeba frisby. the plant collection numbers (pcn) matching the extracts were not given to dr. frisby, for an unbiased bioassay. extracts were matched with their respective plant collection number after the bioassay data was collected. plant identification plants collected for the study are common to southwestern oklahoma. all plants were collected in the second week of april 2015. all of the plants were carefully identified using published field guides and keys (mccoy 1987; freeman and schofield 1991; kindscher 1992; ladd 1995; loughmiller and loughmiller 1996; foster and hobbs 2002; barker 2006; tyrl et al. 2008; foley 2011). the oklahoma vascular plants database and the u. s. wildflower database of wildflowers of oklahoma were also consulted. source for the authorities of the scientific names was the integrated taxonomic information service (www.itis.gov). oklahoma native plant record 85 volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby figure 2 antifungal rating based on the relative growth of fungi in the buffer control. ratings: 0, no inhibition of fungal growth; 1, slight inhibition; 2, moderate inhibition; 3, strong inhibition; 4, no fungal growth. results fungal growth inhibition by crude extracts eighty-four crude extracts obtained from 47 plant species (see table 1) were screened for antifungal activity against a. flavus. out of those, 29 exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth (rating of 4; fig. 3). an additional 18 extracts exhibited strong inhibition with a rating of 3.0 or above but less than 4. nine more extracts exhibited a rating of 1 to 2.5. twenty-seven extracts showed no inhibition (see fig. 3). growth was comparable to that observed in the control. mycelial growth in the control buffer was extensive after 48 h incubation and covered the total surface of each well of the microtiter plate. fungal growth inhibition by dialyzed extracts forty-one crude extracts exhibiting very strong to complete inhibition of fungal growth (rating 3.5 to 4) were selected for further analysis. these extracts were exhaustively dialyzed (3,500 mwco) in extraction buffer (10mm tris ph 8.0) and assayed for antifungal activity against a. flavus as described above. out of the 41 extracts, 29 exhibited a complete loss of antifungal activity after dialysis (fig. 4). a loss of substantial activity was observed in extract 3, which was obtained from the leaves of an artemisia species (fig. 4a; table 2). after dialysis, this extract showed slight inhibition of fungal growth after 48 hours. a partial loss of antifungal activity also was observed in dialyzed extracts from the root of yucca glauca (extract 2) and from 4 0 1-2 3 86 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby the leaves of tradescantia tharpii (extract 45), camassia scilloides (extract 43), and oenothera sp. (extract 77), but unlike extract 3, these retained moderate inhibition of a. flavus growth (see fig. 4; see table 2). however, dialyzed extracts 70 and 71 indicated strong activity with a rating of 3.4 and 3.1 respectively (fig. 4b). antifungal activity was also retained by dialyzed extracts 52, 54, and 73 and camassia bulb extract 78 (see fig. 4; fig. 5, see table 2). according to our bioassay results, these four dialyzed extracts completely inhibited conidial germination of a. flavus (see fig. 5). thus, among the 84 extracts screened for antifungal activity against a. flavus, these were the only four extracts that exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth both before and after dialysis. even after one week, no fungal growth was observed in these extracts. oklahoma native plant record 87 volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby 3a 3b 3c 3d figure 3 evaluation of antifungal activity of crude extracts from plant collection number (pcn) 1-84. (3a) crude extracts from pcn 1-23. (3b) crude extracts from pcn 24-46. (3c) crude extracts from pcn 47-69. (3d) crude extracts from pcn 71-84. antifungal activity was measured using the standard assay with aspergillus flavus. rating of 0 = no inhibition of fungal growth and rating of 4 = complete inhibition of conidial germination and hyphal growth. pcn, plant collection number. 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 c on tr ol in hi bi ti on o f f un ga l g ro w th crude plant extracts fungal assay 0 1 2 3 4 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 co nt ro l in hi bi ti on o f f un ga l g ro w th crude plant extracts fungal assay 88 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby 4a 4b figure 4 evaluation of antifungal activity of dialyzed extracts from pcn 1-84 and controls. (4a) dialyzed extracts from pcn 1-40. (4b) dialyzed extracts from pcn 41-84. antifungal activity was measured using the standard assay with aspergillus flavus. rating of 0 = no inhibition of fungal growth and rating of 4 = complete inhibition of conidial germination and hyphal growth. pcn, plant collection number. 0 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 7 8 10 12 14 15 17 19 20 22 23 24 25 29 31 32 34 39 40 c in hb it io n of f un ga l g ro w th dialyzed plant extracts fungal assay dialyzed plant extracts oklahoma native plant record 89 volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby panel 1 (a) crude extract 54 retained complete inhibition of conidial germination and hyphal growth after one week. (b) aspergillus flavus growth in tris buffer control after one week. after one week of incubation conidia were visible in the control well. (c) dialyzed extract 54 retained complete inhibition of conidial germination after 48 hours. (d) control growth after 48 hours. panel 2 antifungal activity of dialyzed extracts 52, 73 and 78. all three dialyzed extracts exhibited complete inhibition of conidial germination after 48 hours. dark areas were due to the extract settling in the center of the well. conidial germination and fungal growth were observed using a nikon smz 1500 stereomicroscope equipped with digital ccd camera and nis software. figure 5 antifungal activity of crude and dialyzed extracts 54, 52, 73 and 78 control, 48 hours crude extract 54, one week c. dialyzed extract 54, 48 hours control, one week a b c d 90 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby table 2 list of plants retaining antifungal activity after dialysis pcn, plant collection number. af, stephens county; mp, medicine park; csl, east lawton. r, root; l, leaf; b, bulb; fl, flower. extract number pcn number plant tissue plant name inhibition of fungal growth after dialysis 2 af #10r root yucca glauca moderate (rating 2) 3 af #13l leaf artemisia sp. slight (rating 1) 43 78 mp#9l mp#9b leaf bulb camassia scilloides moderate (rating 2) complete (rating 4)* 45 mp#3l leaf tradescantia tharpii moderate (rating 2) 52 70 mp#22fl mp22#b flower bulb allium canadense (white flower) complete (rating 4)* strong (rating 3.4) 54 71 mp#7fl mp#7b flower bulb allium canadense (light pink flower) complete (rating 4)* strong (rating 3.1) 73 csl#1b bulb allium drummondii ( deep pink flower) complete (rating 4)* 77 mp#13l leaf oenothera sp. moderate (rating 2.5) all six of the dialyzed extracts exhibiting strong to complete inhibition of a. flavus belong to two genera of asparagaceae (see table 2). both the bulb and leaf of camassia scilloides (pcn 9; fig. 6c) possess antifungal activity against a. flavus, but the activity of the extract from the bulb of the plant is more potent. the other five extracts belong to the genus allium (see table 2). these plants were collected from east lawton (csl) and medicine park (mp). extracts 52 and 70 were obtained from pcn mp#22 which had white flowers (fig. 6a). extracts 54 and 71 were from pcn mp#7 that had slightly pink flowers (fig 6b). extract 73 was obtained from csl#1 which had a very distinct bulb and deep magenta-pink flowers (fig. 7). according to the oklahoma vascular plant database, seven different allium species are found in comanche county, and allium species exhibiting antifungal activity were tentatively identified based on the external morphology of the plants (see table 2). oklahoma native plant record 91 volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby figure 6 plants exhibiting complete inhibition of fungal growth in crude and dialyzed extracts. (a and b), allium canadense. (c) camassia scilloides. extracts from flowers of a. canadense (ex #52 and 54) and the bulb of c. scilloides (ex #78) exhibited complete inhibition of a. flavus growth. pcn, plant collection number. figure 7 allium drumandii collected from east lawton. both crude and dialyzed extracts (#73) from the flower of a. drumandii completely inhibited aspergillus flavus growth in fungal bioassay. (a and b) entire plant and flowers of a. drumandii respectively. (c) characteristics fibrous structure around the bulbs of a. drumandii. pcn, plant collection number; fl, flower; b, bulb. a. pcn csl#1 b. pcn csl#1fl c. pcn csl#1b a. pcn mp#22 b. pcn mp#7 c. pcn mp#9 92 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby discussion in this study, most of the plant extracts that exhibited antifungal properties lost the activity after dialysis. thus, it appears that most of the antifungal activity in crude extracts was due to soluble metabolites with molecular weights less than 3,500 da. however, our results indicate that six extracts from two genera of asparagaceae contained macromolecular compounds with molecular weights greater than 3,500 da that were capable of strong to complete inhibition of fungal growth. to our knowledge, this is one of the first reports of antifungal activities from camassia scilloides, allium canadense, and a. drummmondii against aspergillus flavus. it is possible that the activity exhibited by some of the extracts may be due to the combinatorial effect of more than one type of compound. for example, crude extracts 2, 3, 43, 45, and 77, with ratings of 4, exhibited complete inhibition of conidial germination. after dialysis, however, these extracts lost approximately half or more of the inhibitory activity indicating a possible combined action of both low molecular weight compounds as well as molecules larger than 3,500 da. it is important to remember that the activities detected in the 84 aqueous extracts used in our study do not reflect the total antifungal activity present in the plant tissue or the potential to produce defense-related proteins and metabolites in response to fungal invasion. furthermore, the loss of activity in many extracts may be due to protein denaturation and/or precipitation which may occur during storage and dialysis of the extracts. also, many antifungal metabolites may not be soluble or may be only sparingly soluble in aqueous extracts. therefore, organic solvent extraction would be required to isolate those compounds. frequently, plant defenses are not expressed constitutively but are often produced in response to pathogen attack. these defenserelated compounds include different types of proteins, which are induced upon infection by various pathogens, including fungi (heisey and gorgam 1992; hu and reddy 1997; hu and zhu 1997; mohr et al. 1998; cardoza et al. 2002). these defenserelated proteins are comprised of enzymes responsible for the production of phytoalexins and other defensive metabolites, as well as pathogenesis-related proteins such as chitinase, glucanase and protease inhibitors. it is possible that extracts without antifungal activity are from plants that do not produce defense-related molecules constitutively and have not been induced. even though antifungal compounds are not produced constitutively by these plants, they may very well possess the ability to activate defense genes in response to various elicitors of defensive compounds present in the tissue. in this study, all 84 extracts were tested against a. flavus which is a filamentous ascomycete. antifungal compounds present in the extracts may or may not have a broad range of antifungal activity. the activity may vary for different fungi due to different modes of action, or different fungi may be more or less sensitive to certain defense compounds. none of these extracts were tested against any representatives from oomycetes, such as phytophthora sp. or pythium sp. many known antifungal proteins such as pr-1 and pr-5 specifically affect oomycetes, such as phytophthora infestans (woloshuk et al. 1991). consequently, if these 84 extracts were tested for inhibitory activity against oomycetes, completely different results may have been obtained in this study. the bioassays used in this study were rated after 48 hours of incubation, but the fungal growth in the microtiter plates was monitored and recorded for up to one week. close observation of conidial germination and hyphal growth in the bioassay revealed that there may be different classes of mechanisms of antifungal activity oklahoma native plant record 93 volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby present in the extracts. in one class, conidial germination was completely inhibited after 48 h of incubation. some examples from this category include crude extracts 1, 2, 14, 17, 25, 37, 43, 46, 50, 52, 54, 68, 73, and 78. in these extracts, conidia did not germinate even after 72 h of incubation. in the second class, conidial germination did occur, but the reduction in germination was coupled with an alteration in hyphal growth. for example, crude extract 56 strongly inhibited conidial germination and retarded hyphal growth, forming extremely branched and distorted hyphae (fig. 8). thus, our study indicates that extracts may exert their effect in at least two different ways. the first is to inhibit conidial germination and the second to distort hyphal growth. the activities observed in our antifungal screens may not reflect all of the activities initially present in the extracts. the inhibitor may break down naturally or may be inactivated or detoxified through the action of endogenous activities in the extract (such as hydrolases) or reactive components in the extract (such as phenolic compounds or oxygen). the extraction conditions used in these studies were not designed to protect sensitive or unstable activities. antioxidants, metal chelators, protease inhibitors, and/or reductants were not included in the buffer. the only protectant used was pvp, which was added to reduce the concentration of potentially reactive phenolics. conclusions our results showed that most of the extracts that exhibited antifungal activity before dialysis lost their activity after dialysis. this indicates that most of the antifungal activity was due to the presence of soluble metabolites with molecular weights less than 3,500 da. four extracts retained complete antifungal activity after dialysis. three of the extracts were obtained from allium and the fourth from camassia sp. our study also indicates that antifungal activity retained in these dialyzed extracts is due to macromolecular compounds with molecular weights greater than 3,500 da. crude extract 56tris buffer control highly branched hyphae figure 8 antifungal activity of crude extract 56 after 48 hours. (a) hyphal growth in control. (b) crude extract 56 strongly inhibited conidial germination and retarded hyphal growth, forming extremely branched and distorted hyphae. antifungal activity was measured using the standard assay with aspergillus flavus. rating of 0 = no inhibition of fungal growth and rating of 4 = complete inhibition of conidial germination and hyphal growth. conidial germination and fungal growth were observed using a nikon smz 1500 stereomicroscope equipped with digital ccd camera and nis software.  94 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby acknowledgements we want to thank cameron university and the department of biological sciences for their support. we are grateful to dr. dennis frisby for his reading of the manuscript, insightful discussion, and encouragement. literature cited arora, r., s. singh, and r.k. sharma. 2008. neem leaves: indian herbal medicine. in: r.r. watson and v.r. preedy, eds. botanical medicine in healing practice. wallingford (england): cab 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iowa city (ia): university of iowa press. foster, s. and c.a. hobbs. 2002. a field guide to western medicinal plants and herbs. boston (ma): houghton mifflin harcourt. goutam, b. 2015. bioactive natural products: opportunities and challenges in medicinal chemistry. singapore: world scientific publishing co. gupta, r, b. gabrielsen, and s.m. ferguson. 2005. nature's medicines: traditional knowledge and intellectual property management. case studies from the national institutes of health (nih), usa. current drug discovery technologies 2:203–219. heisey, r.m. and b.k. gorgam. 1992. antibacterial effects of plant extracts on streptococcus mutants, trichophyton rubrum and other microorganisms. letters in applied microbiology 14:136–139. hossain, t. 1999. discovery, purification and characterization of antifungal proteins and other defense-related compounds from tropical plants [doctoral dissertation]. norman (ok): university of oklahoma. houghton, p.j. 1995. the role of plants in traditional medicine and current therapy. journal of alternative and complementary medicine 1:131–143. hu, j.j. and w. zhu. 1997. chitinase and βn-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase induced by dothiorella gregaria in poplars. acta phytopathologica sinica 27:181–185. hu, x. and a.s.n. reddy. 1997. cloning and expression of a pr-5 like protein from arabidopsis: inhibition of fungal growth by bacterially expressed protein. plant molecular biology 34:949–959. jordan, j., w. elisens, and r. thomaset. 2006. vascular plants utilized by the plains apache in southwestern oklahoma. publications of the oklahoma biological survey 7:24–33. kindscher, k. 1992. medicinal wild plants of the prairie: an ethnobotanical guide. lawrence (ks): university press of kansas. ladd, d. 1995. tallgrass prairie wildflowers. guilford (ct): globe pequot press. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=cardoza%252520yj%25255bauthor%25255d&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=11868672 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=alborn%252520ht%25255bauthor%25255d&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=11868672 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=tumlinson%252520jh%25255bauthor%25255d&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=11868672 oklahoma native plant record 95 volume 15, december 2015 tahzeeba frisby lam, k.s. 2007. new aspects of natural products in drug discovery. trends in microbiology 15:279–89. loughmiller, c. and l. loughmiller. 1996. texas wildflowers. a field guide. austin (tx): university of texas press. mccoy, d. 1987. oklahoma wildflowers. norman (ok): university of oklahoma press. mohr, u., j. lange, t. boller, a. wiemken, and r. vögeli-lange. 1998. plant defence genes are induced in the pathogenic interaction between bean roots and fusarium solani, but not in the symbiotic interaction with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus mosseae. new phytologist 138:589–598. oklahoma vascular plants database. http://oklahomaplantdatabase.org (2015). petrovska, b.b. 2012. historical review of medicinal plants’ usage. pharmacognosy review 6:1–5. sumner, j. 2000. the natural history of medicinal plants. portland (or): timber press. tyrl, r., t. bidwell, r. masters, and d. elmore. 2008. field guide to oklahoma plants: commonly encountered prairie, shrubland, and forest species. stillwater (ok): oklahoma state university, department of plant and soil sciences. u. s. wildflowers. http://uswildflowers.com (2015). woloshuk, c.p., j.s. meulenhoff, m. selabuurlage, p.j.m. van den elzen, and b.j.c. cornelissen. 1991. pathogeninduced proteins with inhibitory activity toward phytophthora infestans. plant cell 3:619–628. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=lam%252520ks%25255bauthor%25255d&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=17433686 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=petrovska%252520bb%25255bauth%25255d antifungal activity in extracts of plants from southwestern oklahoma against aspergillus flavus by dr. tahzeeba frisby and cameron university students oklahoma native plant record, volume 14, number 1, december 2014 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100102 flora of kiowa county, oklahoma master’s thesis oklahoma agricultural and mechanical college [oklahoma state university] 1938 lottie opal baldock keywords: distribution, ecology, historic, vascular [abstract] this paper presents the results of taxonomic and ecological studies of the plants of kiowa county, oklahoma. the collections were begun in 1933 and continued until the summer of 1938; however, little intensive collecting was done until the spring and summer of 1938. the flora of kiowa county, oklahoma includes six species of pteridophytes, one species of gymnosperms, and 489 species of angiosperms. more than one third of these are in compositae, gramineae, and leguminosae. there are 81 families represented. the 11 largest families, with the number of species are compositae, 86; gramineae, 58; leguminosae, 41; onagraceae, 17; euphorbiaceae, 16; cruciferae, 16; polygonaceae, and solanaceae, 12 each; asclepiadaceae, cyperaceae, and labiatae, 11 each. the three largest families comprise 37.4 per cent of the total number of species. [species names used in the original thesis which appear in brackets have been updated using the usda plants database.] preface the main value of studies such as this is to establish the distribution of species and to observe the varying ecological conditions in which the plants under consideration are growing. plants considered in this study and included in the list are native wild species and mainly indigenous to the county; however, a few species of cultivated plants are listed in cases where they have escaped cultivation and seem to have established themselves in the new habitat. the author does not aim to give a complete list of the vascular plants of the county as the time was limited, and such a survey is a fit subject for more advanced graduate work. introduction this paper presents the results of taxonomic and ecological studies of the plants of kiowa county, oklahoma (figure). the collections were begun in 1933 and continued until the summer of 1938; however, little intensive collecting was done until the spring and summer of 1938. more systematic work has been done with the spring and summer flowering plants than with those flowering in the fall. in most cases the nomenclature is that of gray’s manual (robinson and fernald 1908); however, the oklahoma flora by stemen and meyers (1937) was used as a check, and in some cases plants were listed in the latter publication only. for the grasses, hitchcock (1935) was the final authority. oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock location and size kiowa county is in southwestern oklahoma. it comprises an area of 1,025 square miles, or 656,000 acres [2,655 km2]. the county is bounded by washita on the north, greer and jackson on the west, tillman on the south, and comanche and caddo counties on the east. hobart, the county seat and largest town, is located in the northwestern part, about 136 miles [219 km] southwest of oklahoma city. the elevation at hobart is 1,536 feet [468 m] (wahlgren). history in 1834, a large military expedition was sent out from forts gibson and towson to stop the warfare among the indians and to pay a visit to the wild bands of kiowas, wichitas, and comanches who lived among the wichita mountains. this was probably the first official expedition to reach any part of kiowa county. they explored the region about the wichita mountains going as far west as north fork red river. george catlin, the famous painter of indian pictures, was with this expedition and left many pictures of things he observed. the county was opened to settlement by a proclamation of president mckinley on july 4, 1901. the land was allotted by drawing for a choice. this county was formerly a part of the kiowa, comanche, and apache indian reservation. in 1910, a part of the county was taken with a part of comanche county to form swanson county (goke and holopeter 1931), but the creation of swanson county was declared illegal by a decision of the supreme court of oklahoma, august 9, 1911, and the territory was restored to the former counties. a part was annexed to tillman county. the main industry is farming, with cotton and wheat as the leading crops. quarrying of granite is carried on to a small extent. original dominant vegetation in the county consisted of grasses, a scattered growth of mesquite (prosopis glandulosa torr. var. glandulosa [=prosopis juliflora glandulosa]), and cactus (opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf.). along the streams, cottonwood (populus deltoids w. bartram ex marshall), elm (ulmus americana l.), and pecan (carya illinoiensis (wagenh.) k. koch) were in predominance. during the winter, the grasses in the valley provide the chief source of feed for livestock. before the land was open for settlement, these valleys were highly prized among the indians for grazing purposes. topography the wichita mountains in the south central and eastern portion rise abruptly above the gently rolling plains which are characteristic of the prairies. the mountains are composed of igneous rocks surrounded by sedimentary formations. the igneous rocks are pre-cambrian, but younger than the proterozoic rocks which they have intruded. most of the rock is medium to fine grained pink granite, except those of the northern range in the eastern part of the county which are made up of limestone. the granite mountains are covered with a scrubby growth of oaks, but the limestone hills are comparatively barren. the southward facing escarpment which crosses the northern part of the county shows a distinctly different physical feature. this escarpment is composed of calcareous ledges of the blaine formation (sawyer 1929). streams and drainage north fork red river, bounding the county on the west, and washita river, along the northeastern edge, are the two largest streams. most of the drainage waters flow through them from their several 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock tributaries. east fork of deep red creek and its tributaries with east, west, and middle otter creeks drain the lower southern section. north fork red river with elk creek and their tributaries drain the western section. the northeastern section of the county is drained by washita river and rainy mountain, saddle mountain, and stinking creeks. soil the soils of 95 per cent of the area of kiowa county are heavy in texture either in the surface soil or subsoil, with clay loam mainly in both; the rest, which occur in irregularly shaped areas in different parts of the county, are sandy. the sandy soils are found along the two rivers mentioned, at the western boundary and the northeastern corner. the outstanding difference between the sandy soils and the clay loam soils is that the material of the sandy areas is much more friable throughout the surface soil and subsoil, continuing to a depth of several inches. foard silt loam comprises about 128,896 acres [522 km2] (goke and holopeter 1931) or 19.6 per cent of the total. this type has a dark-brown surface soil that extends to a depth of six inches, where it gradually passes downward to a dark-brown or brown heavy plastic subsoil. the color in this layer gradually changes to a yellowish-brown. at a depth of 18 inches [46 cm], lime is present in sufficient quantitites to effervesce in acid. tillman clay loam is next in importance with 112,064 acres [454 km2] or 17.1 per cent. it has a chocolate-brown friable surface soil that passes at a depth of six inches [15 cm] into a dark-brown friable subsurface soil. at about 12 inches [30 cm], this changes to a chocolate-brown or reddish-brown clay subsoil which is tough and plastic when wet and very hard and dense when dry. at a depth of about 24 inches [60 cm], lime is first reached in the form of hard concretions or in a finely disseminated form. the third important type of soil is vernon clay loam which covers 65,536 acres [265 km2] or 10.0 per cent of the land. the surface soil of vernon clay loam consists of reddish-brown, brown, or chocolate-brown friable material to a depth of four inches. the subsoil is reddish-brown granular clay loam which continues to a depth of about 12 inches [30 cm] where it changes into a reddish-brown clay which is plastic when wet but very hard when dry. this soil is found chiefly on slopes along the valleys and in areas that are cut by many drainage channels. both tillman and vernon clay loams are best suited for pasture (goke and holopeter 1931), as shown by the severely eroded areas over the county where these soils have not been cultivated carefully. in many places, erosion is quite severe although the land has been cultivated little more than 30 years. foard silt loam belongs to the better productive group of soils and is more suited to cultivation. climate the average yearly rainfall for hobart from 1903 to 1930 was 28.13 inches [71 cm]. the months april, may, and june received the most rainfall while december, january, and february proved to be the driest months for those years. the lowest average rainfall came in the year 1910, which was 12.72 inches [32 cm]. the other extreme was 43.33 inches [110 cm] for 1908 (wahlgren); however, the year 1938 proved a record one for moisture. from january to may, the average precipitation was from an inch to an inch and one-half [2.5-3.75 cm] above the average for each month. prevailing winds are from the south in all months except december when they are from the north. the lowest temperature recorded over a period of 28 years is -11ºf [-23.9ºc]; the highest is 114ºf [45.6ºc], with an average minimum temperature of 48ºf oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock [8.9ºc] and an average maximum of 74.6ºf [23.7ºc] for the period. the average date of the last killing frost comes on november 2. there is an average growing season of 213 days. previous collectors dr. g. g. shumard (bull 1932; eskew 1937) was perhaps the first person to make a collection of plants in this vicinity. he was with captain r. b. marcy on his expedition of 1852 to the source of the north fork of the red river. the expedition entered the state near the center of the southern border and passed through the wichita mountains and into the panhandle of texas. about 100 plants were collected within the present boundaries of oklahoma. probably the largest single collection was made by the late dr. g. w. stevens in 1913 while he was preparing his flora of oklahoma. this complete collection is now in the gray herbarium at harvard. oklahoma agricultural and mechanical college has more specimens from the stevens collection than any other herbarium within the state. professor robert stratton of oklahoma agricultural and mechanical college has collected in the vicinity to add to his personal herbarium of leguminosae and for the college herbarium. in 1932, miss rotha bull made a collection of the plants of greer county which is separated from kiowa county on the west by north fork red river. mr. c. t. eskew made a collection of plants in 1937 of the wichita national forest within the boundaries of comanche county which adjoins kiowa county on the east. ecology the most common pre-vernal plants are claytonia virginica l., glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. [=verbena canadensis], viola bicolor pursh [=viola rafinesquii], v. sororia willd. [=v. papilionacea], erysimum asperum (nutt.) dc., anemone caroliniana walter, a. berlandieri pritz. [=a. decapetala], lithospermum incisum lehm. [=lithospermum angustifolium], cercis canadensis l., glandularia bipinnatifida (nutt.) nutt. [=verbena bipinnatifida], allium canadense l. var. mobilense (regel) ownbey [=allium mutabile], a. drummondii regel [=a. nuttallii], nothascordum bivalve (l.) britton, and quincula lobata (torr.) raf. [=physalis lobata]. all of these were to be found on the streams and ravines. the prairie communities have fewer flowering plants; the outstanding ones are glandularia bipinnatifida, allium drummondii, northascordum bivalve, quincula lobata, anemone, and lepidium [=lepidium apetalum]. liliaceae and violaceae have more representatives at this time than other families. among the spring plants are tradescantia ohiensis raf. [=tradescantia reflexa], t. occidentalis (britton) smyth, baptisia bracteata muhl. ex elliott, b. australis (l.) r. br., corydalis, oxalis, and a great percent of cruciferae, all of which appear on mountains and streams with the budding trees and other woody plants. cruciferae are in more abundance on the prairies along with sphaeralcea coccinea (nutt.) rydb. [=malvastrum coccineum], opuntia humifusa, oenothera laciniata hill, hordeum pusillium nutt., bromus catharticus vahl. [=bromus unioloides ], vulpia octoflora (walter) rydb. [=festuca octoflora], aristida purpurea nutt., yucca glauca nutt., and oxalis. grasses begin flowering in late spring and early summer when they become predominant. leguminosae is another family which flowers mainly in the summer. other plants which become predominant at this time are argemone albiflora hornem. [=argemone alba], a. polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey [=a. intermedia], cirsium [=cirsium discolor], centaurea americana nutt., gaillardia, tribulus terrestris l., plantago patagonica jacq. [=plantago purshii], krameria lanceolata torr. [=krameria secundiflora], erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock [=erigeron ramosus], chloris verticillata nutt., solanum elaeagnifolium cav., s. rostratum dunal, polygonum, salsola tragus l. [=salsola kali], and the greatest percent of euphorbiaceae. during the latter part of the summer the composites begin to gain predominance as for number of species in flower, but the grass family is still the most important as to the amount of space it covers. during the autumn the outstanding plants are helianthus, rhus, vernonia, euphorbia marginata pursh, liatris punctata hook., solidago, aster, ambrosia, xanthium, sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash, and others of the tall grass group. annual and biennial plants on the mountains and streams are not so different from those of the prairies in the summer and fall as they are in the spring. the fall grasses are more adapted to the former habitat. many woody plants are seeding in the autumn, and in the latter part of the year the mountainsides are colorful with the brilliant foliage of the trees and shrubs. along the streams, trees and woody plants are dominant. carya illinoinensis, juglans nigra l., rhus glabra l., ulmus americana, vitis, fraxinus, toxicodendron, sapindus saponaria l. var drummondii (hook. & arn.) l.d. benson [=sapindus drummondii], and salix nigra marshall are the outstanding plants in this type of vegetation. these same genera are found on the mountains, but species of quercus become dominant in the eastern section of the county. other mountain plants are rhus aromatica aiton [=rhus trilobata], ptelea trifoliata l., ribes aureum pursh, baptisia, sedum, ceanothus americanus l., rubus, galium aparine l., and poa arachnifera torr. plants in dry sand and along the rivers form another distinctly different type. artemisia, mentzelia, sporobolus, and species of prunus form the dominant covering on the sand hills, and tamarix [=tamarix gallica] is found in abundance in damp sandy soil. other outstanding plants here are glandularia canadensis, comandra umbellata (l.) nutt. ssp. pallida (a. dc.) piehl [=comandra pallida], lithaspermum incisum, cenchrus, and a species of gaura. the types of vegetation mentioned above are all connected by the prairie type which covers the greatest percent of the area of the county. here is found one main association in the undisturbed pastures. prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa forms an orchard type of growth, and under the trees the dominant vegetation is bouteloua dactyloides (nutt.) j.t. columbus [=buchloe dactyloides] interspersed with opuntia humifusa. summary the flora of kiowa county, oklahoma includes six species of pteridophytes, one species of gymnosperms, and 489 species of angiosperms. more than one third of these are in compositae, gramineae, and leguminosae. there are 81 families represented. the 11 largest families, with the number of species, are compositae, 86; gramineae, 58; leguminosae, 41; onagraceae, 17; euphorbiaceae, 16; cruciferae, 16; polygonaceae and solanaceae, 12 each; and asclepiadaceae, cyperaceae, and labiatae, 11 each. the three largest families comprise 37.4 per cent of the total number of species. the county lies in the plains region. the prairies are broken by the wichita mountains and a few streams, of these the north fork red river is the largest. the vegetation is mainly that adapted to the prairies. tall grass is found near mountains or streams; it is predominately a short-grass area. trees are to be seen along streams or on mountainsides. the only native trees on the prairies are mesquite (prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) which grow in association with cactus (opuntia humifusa) and buffalo grass (bouteloua dactyloides). oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock acknowledgements the writer wishes to express her appreciation to the following people for their services in preparing this paper: dr. h. i. featherly of the oklahoma agricultural and mechnical college, under whose direction this study was made, for constant advice and criticism; dr. k. starr chester, head of the department of botany, and professor r. h. stratton, of the same department, for their aid in securing materials; and dr. elbert l. little, jr., in the united states forest service at flagstaff, arizona, for suggestions. the writer also wishes to express her appreciation to her family for assistance in collecting and preparing specimens. bibliography britton, n.l. and a. brown. 1913. an illustrated flora of the northern united states, canada, and the british possessions. 2nd ed. 3 volumes. new york: [charles scribner and sons]. bull, r.z. 1932. vascular plants of greer county, oklahoma [master’s thesis]. norman (ok): university of oklahoma. eskew, c.t. 1937. flowering plants of the wichita national forest [master’s thesis]. norman (ok): university of oklahoma. featherly, h.i. 1938. grasses of oklahoma. oklahoma agricultural experiment station technical bulletin no. 3. stillwater (ok): oklahoma agricultural and mechanical college. featherly, h.i. and e.e. still. 1934. the ferns of oklahoma. botanical studies no. 1. experiment station circular no. 80. stillwater (ok): oklahoma agricultural and mechanical college. goke, a.w. and c.a. holopeter. 1931. soil survey of kiowa county, oklahoma. united states department of agriculture bulletin no. 14. hitchock, a.s. 1935. manual of the grasses of the united states. misc. pub. no. 200. washington (dc): government printing office. jeffs, r.e. and e.l. little, jr. a preliminary list of the ferns and seed plants of oklahoma. university of oklahoma biological survey, vol. 11, no. 2. little, e.l., jr. flora of muskogee county, oklahoma. 1938. the american midland naturalist 19:369-389. mattoon, w.r. and g.g. phillips. 1936. forest trees of oklahoma. oklahoma forest commission publication no. 1. reprint no. 4. united states department of agriculture. robinson, b.l. and m.l. fernald. 1908. gray’s new manual of botany. 7th ed. new york: american book company. rydberg, p.a. 1932. flora of the prairies and plains of central north america. new york: [new york botanical garden]. sawyer, r.w. 1929. kiowa and washita counties, oklahoma. geological survey bulletin 40hh. small, j.k. 1913. flora of the southeastern united states. 2nd ed. new york: [published by author]. stemen, t.r. and w.s. meyers. 1937. oklahoma flora. oklahoma city: harlow. wahlgren, h.f. [date unknown]. climatological data. united states department of agriculture. weather bureau. oklahoma city. 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock figure map of kiowa county, oklahoma oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock appendix a list of species, kiowa county, ok [nomenclature has been updated using the plants database (http://plants.usda.gov/plants).] pteridophyta dryopteridaceae [polypodiaceae] woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. blunt-lobed woodsia mountainsides marsileaceae marsilea vestita hook. & grev. water fern, hairy pepperwort low places, pastures pteridaceae [polypodiaceae] cheilanthes eatonii baker eaton’s lip fern mountainsides cheilanthes lanosa (michx.) d.c. eaton hairy lip fern mountainsides [=cheilanthes lanulosa (michx.) watt] notholaena standleyi maxon standley’s notholaena mountainsides pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link purple cliff brake mountainsides spermatophyta gymnosperms cupressaceae [pinaceae] juniperus virginiana l. red cedar hillsides angiosperms acanthaceae ruellia pedunculata torr. ex a. gray stalked ruellia mountainsides; summer, fall ruellia sp. hairy ruelllia rivers; summer, fall [=ruellia ciliosa pursh, misapplied] agavaceae [liliaceae] yucca glauca nutt. yucca, bear-grass, soap weed pastures, roadsides; spring aizoaceae mollugo verticillata l. carpet-weed pastures, common; summer amaranthaceae amaranthus blitoides s. watson prostrate amaranth fields, pastures, common; summer 12 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock amaranthus hybridus l. dark green pig-weed pastures; spring to fall amaranthus retroflexus l. red root roadsides; spring, summer amaranthus tuberculatus (moq.) sauer western water-hemp pastures; summer anacardiaceae rhus aromatica aiton fragrant sumac, sumac mountains, streams; [=rhus canadense mill., rhus trilobata nutt.] spring, summer rhus glabra l. smooth upland sumac creeks, hillsides; common; summer toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze poison ivy mountainsides, streams; summer apocynaceae amsonia tabernaemontana walter broad-leaved amsonia mountain ravines; spring apocynum cannabinum l. dogbane, indian hemp roadsides; common; summer asclepiadaceae asclepias amplexicaulis sm. milkweed, silkweed near rivers; spring, summer asclepias asperula (decne.) woodson ssp. milkweed mountainsides; capricornu (woodson) woodson spring [=asclepiodora decumbens (nutt.) a. gray] asclepias engelmanniana woodson green milkweed roadsides; summer [=acerates auriculata engelm. ex torr.] asclepias latifolia (torr.) raf. broad-leaved milkweed dry sandy soils; summer asclepias stenophylla a. gray narrow-leaved milkweed prairies; summer [incl. acerates angustifolia (nutt.) decne.] asclepias tuberosa l. butterfly weed sand, near rivers; spring, summer asclepias verticillata l. whorled milkweed mountainsides; spring, summer asclepias viridiflora raf. green milkweed prairies; summer [=acerates viridiflora (raf.) pursh ex eaton] asclepias viridis walter oblong-leaved milkweed prairies; summer [=asclepiodora viridis (walter) a. gray] gonolobus suberosus (l.) r. br. large-leaved angle-pod rivers; early summer [=vincetoxicum gonocarpos walter] boraginaceae heliotropium convolvulaceum (nutt.) a. gray sand heliotrope rivers; late summer heliotropium indicum l. indian heliotrope pastures, creeks; spring to fall oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock lappula occidentalis (s. watson) western stick-weed mountainsides; greene [=lappula redowskii (hornem.) spring greene var. occidentalis (s. watson) rydb.] lithospermum incisum lehm. puccoon dry sandy soils; [=lithospermum angustifolium michx.] spring myosotis verna nutt. spring or early scorpion-grass sand near rivers; [=myosotis virginica (l.) britton, sterns & spring poggenb., misapplied] onosmodium bejariense dc. ex a. dc. western false gromwell prairies; summer [=onosmodium occidentale mack.] cactaceae echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex lace cactus mountainsides walp.) j.n. haage [=echinocereus caespitosus (englem.) engelm. opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. western prickly-pear pastures; common; spring campanulaceae [incl. lobeliaceae] lobelia cardinalis l. cardinal flower, red lobelia mountain ravines; summer lobelia spicata lam. var. leptostachys spiked lobelia mountainsides; (a. dc.) mack. & bush summer [=lobelia leptostachys a. dc.] triodanis leptocarpa (nutt.) nieuwl. western venus’s looking-glass pastures; spring, [=specularia leptocarpa (nutt.) a. gray] summer triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. venus’s looking-glass prairies, streams; [=specularia perfoliata (l.) a. dc.] spring, summer capparaceae cleome serrulata pursh pink cleome, stinking clover prairies; summer cleomella angustifolia torr. caprifoliaceae symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench coral-berry, indian currant streams; summer viburnum rufidulum raf. southern black-haw mountainsides; spring caryophyllaceae [incl. illecebraceae] cerastium brachypodum (engelm. ex a. gray) short-stalked chickweed prairies; spring b.l. rob. cerastium nutans raf. long-stalked chickweed mountainsides; spring paronychia jamesii torr. & a. gray james’s whitlow-wort prairies; summer silene antirrhina l. sleepy catchfly roadsides; spring stellaria media (l.) vill. common chickweed, starwort low damp places; early spring 14 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock chenopodiaceae chenopodium album l. lamb’s quarters roadsides, common; summer cycloloma atriplicifolium (spreng.) j.m. coult. sand tumbleweed rivers; summer monolepis nuttalliana (schult.) greene monolepis common near dwellings; spring salsola tragus l. russian thistle roadsides, cultivated [=salsola kali l., misapplied] soil; summer commelinaceae commelina erecta l. slender day-flower, mountainsides, [incl. commelina crispa woot.] crinkle-leaved day-flower creeks; spring, summer, fall commelina virginica l. virginia day-flower, mountain ravines, [incl. commelina hirtella vahl] bearded day-flower streams; summer tradescantia occidentalis (britton) smyth western spiderwort, trinity mountainsides; spring compositae achillea millefolium l. common yarrow, wooly roadsides, prairies, [incl. achillea lanulosa nutt.] common yarrow creeks; summer ambrosia artemisiifolia l. ragweed ravines; summer, fall ambrosia psilostachya dc. western ragweed roadsides, pastures; fall ambrosia trifida l. great ragsweed creeks; summer, fall amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. august flower kindling-weed roadsides; fall aphanostephus ramosissimus dc. sand-daisy hillsides; summer [=aphanostephus humilis (benth.) a. gray, misapplied] aphanostephus skirrhobasis (dc.) trel. white-flowered sand-daisy rivers; summer artemisia ludoviciana nutt. dark-leaved mugwort dry hillsides near rivers; late summer baccharis salicina torr. & a. gray willow baccharis rivers; early summer berlandiera betonicifolia (hook.) small texas berlandiera streams; summer [=berlandiera texana dc.] brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners false boneset prairies; summer, fall centaurea americana nutt. centaurea roadsides; summer chaetopappa asteroides nutt. ex dc. chaetopappa rivers; spring chaetopappa ericoides (torr.) g.l. nesom aster hillsides; summer [=aster ericaefolius rothr.] chrysopsis pilosa nutt. nuttall’s golden aster mountainsides; summer, fall chrysopsis sp. hispid golden aster rivers; summer [=chrysopsis villosa (pursh) nutt. ex dc. var. hispida (hook.) a. gray, misapplied] oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock cirsium ochrocentrum a. gray yellow-spined thistle prairie pastures; summer cirsium sp. field thistle roadsides; common; [=cirsium discolor (muhl. ex willd.) spreng., summer misapplied] conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist horsetail, horse-weed pastures; summer, [=erigeron canadensis l.] fall coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet large-flowered coreopsis rivers; summer coreopsis tinctoria nutt. golden coreopsis, streams; spring, garden tickseed summer coreopsis sp. whorled tickseed rivers; late summer [=coreopsis verticillata l., misapplied] dracopis amplexicaulis (vahl) cass. cone flower streams; late spring [=rudbeckia amplexicaulis vahl] echinacea angustifolia dc. narrow-leaved purple hillsides; spring to [=brauneria angustifolia (dc.) a. heller] cone-flower fall engelmannia peristenia (raf.) goodman & engelmannia hillsides; summer c.a. lawson [=engelmannia pinnatifida a. gray ex. nutt.] erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. daisy fleabane pastures; spring [=erigeron ramosus (walter) britton, sterns & poggenb.] euthamia gymnospermoides greene viscid bushy goldenrod prairies; late summer evax prolifera nutt. ex dc. rabbit tobacco roadsides, pastures; spring, summer evax verna raf. rabbit tobacco roadsides, pastures; [=evax multicaulis dc.] common; spring, early summer flaveria campestris j.r. johnst. plains flaveria dry plains; late summer gaillardia pulchella foug. showy gaillardia hillsides; summer, fall gaillardia suavis (a. gray & engelm.) britton cut-leaved rayless prairie roadsides; & rusby three-nerved gaillardia spring gaillardia sp. gaillardia roadsides; common; [=gaillardia aristata pursh, misapplied] summer grindelia papposa g.l. nesom & suh rosin-weed prairie roadsides; [=haplopappus ciliatus (nutt.) dc.] spring to fall grindelia squarrosa (pursh) dunal broad-leaved gum plant, rivers; summer, fall rosin-weed helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock var. amarum fine-leaved sneezeweed creeks; summer [=helenium tenuifolium nutt.] helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock var. badium fine-leaved sneezeweed streams; summer (a. gray ex s. watson) waterf. [=helenium tenuifolium nutt. var. badium a. gray ex s. watson] 16 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock helenium autumnale l. false or swamp sunflower creeks; late summer helianthus annuus l. common sunflower prairies; common; summer helianthus hirsutus raf. stiff-haired sunflower mountainsides; summer helianthus maximiliani schrad. maximilian’s sunflower prairies; late summer helianthus petiolaris nutt. sunflower roadsides; common; summer heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britton & rusby heterotheca hillsides; summer hymenopappus scabiosaeus l’hér. var. corymbed, smooth roadside ditches; corymbosus (torr. & a. gray) b.l. turner hymenopappus summer [=hymenopappus corymbosus torr. & a. gray] hymenopappus scabiosaeus l’hér. var. carolina hymenopappus roadsides; spring scabiosaeus [=hymenopappus carolinensis (lam.) porter] hymenopappus tenuifolius pursh wooly white hymenopappus prairies; spring to fall iva annua l. rough marsh elder creeks; late summer [=iva ciliata willd.] lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) riddell western lettuce prairies; common; summer to fall lactuca sp. prickly lettuce fields, pastures; late [=lactuca virosa l., misapplied] summer liatris punctata hook. dotted button snakeroot, prairies; late small blazing star summer liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. scaly blazing star roadsides; summer packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & prairie ragwort pastures, prairies; á. löve [=senecio plattensis nutt.] spring pyrrhopappus carolilnianus (walter) dc. leaf-stemmed false dandelion fields; infrequent; spring pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. rough false dandelion roadsides; prairies; [=pyrrhopappus scaposus dc.] spring ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. lepachys, cone-flower common; late [=lepachys columnaris (pursh) torr. a. gray] spring, summer senecio riddellii torr. & a. gray riddell’s ragwort prairies; late summer silphium integrifolium michx. entire-leaved rosin-weed prairies; late summer silphiium laciniatum l. compass-plant prairies; common; summer solidago altissima l. tall goldenrod hillsides; late summer solidago arguta aiton var. boottii (hook.) boott’s goldenrod, mountains; summer, palmer & steyerm. wreath goldenrod fall [=solidago boottii hook.] oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock solidago gigantea aiton late goldenrod creeks; late summer [=solidago serotina aiton] solidago missouriensis nutt. missouri goldenrod mountainsides; summer solidago petiolaris aiton downy ragged goldenrod fields; fall solidago radula nutt. western rough goldenrod prairies; summer sonchus asper (l.) hill spiny sow-thistle roadsides; spring to fall symphyotrichum divaricatum (nutt.) slim aster creeks; summer g.l. nesom [aster exilis elliott] symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) g.l. nesom many-flowered aster prairies; summer, [=aster multiflorus aiton] fall symphyotrichum falcatum (lindl.) g.l. aster prairies; spring nesom var. commutatum (torr. & a. gray) g.l. nesom [=aster commutatus (torr. & a. gray) a. gray] symphyotrichum fendleri (a. gray) g.l. fendler’s aster pastures; summer nesom [=aster fendleri a. gray] taraxacum officinale f.h. wigg. common dandelion fields, pastures; [=taraxacum vulgare lam.] spring to fall tetraneuris linearifolia (hook.) greene fine-leaved actinea hillsides; summer [=actinea linearifolia (hook.) kuntze] tetraneuris scaposa (dc.) greene narrow-leaved actinea rivers; summer [=actinea scaposa (dc.) kuntze var. linearis (nutt.) b.l. rob.] thelesperma filifolium (hook.) a. gray thelesperma, tickseed prairies, mountains; [=thelesperma trifidum (poir.) britton] common; summer to fall thelesperma megapotamicum (spreng.) rayless thelesperma prairies; summer kuntze [=thelesperma gracile (torr.) a. gray] vernonia baldwinii torr. baldwin’s ironweed rivers; summer vernonia gigantea (walter) trel. tall ironweed streams; summer [=vernonia altissima nutt.] vernonia missurica raf. missouri ironweed prairies; fall xanthisma texanum dc. texas xanthisma, sleepy daisy prairies; summer xanthium strumarium l. cocklebur, great cocklebur roadsides, ravines; [=xanthium pensylvanicum wallr., common; summer, xanthium speciosum kearney] fall convolvulaceae cuscuta cephalanthi engelm. button-bush dodder parasite; summer cuscuta cuspidata engelm. cuspidate dodder pastures; ragweeds; summer cuscuta indecora choisy pretty dodder on composites; summer evolvulus nuttallianus schult. dwarf morning-glory prairies; summer [evolvulus argenteus pursh] 18 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock ipomoea leptophylla torr. bush morning-glory roadsides; early summer ipomoea pandurata (l.) g. mey. wild potato vine roadside ditches; summer cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. rough-leaved dogwood streams; spring [=cornus asperifolia michx., misapplied] cornus florida l. flowering dogwood mountainsides; spring crassulaceae sedum nuttallianum raf. nuttall’s stonecrop rocks on mountainsides; spring cruciferae capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. shepherd’s purse fields, meadows; spring descurainia pinnata (walter) britton tansy-mustard hillsides; spring [=sisymbrium canescens nutt.] descurainia sp. western tansy-mustard prairie roadsides; [=sisymbrium incisum englem. ex a. gray, spring, summer misapplied] dimorphocarpa candicans (raf.) rollins spectacle pod dry, sandy soils, [=dithyrea wislizeni engelm.] near rivers; summer draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & a. gray short-fruited whitlow-grass fields, pastures; early spring draba cuneifolia nutt. ex torr. & a. gray wedge-leaved whitlow-grass fields; common; early spring erysimum asperum (nutt.) dc. yellow phlox mountainsides; spring lepidium virginicum l. wild pepper grass abundant; spring lepidium sp. wild pepper grass roadsides; common; [=lepidium apetalum willd., misapplied] spring lesquerella auriculata (engelm. & a. gray) hairy bladder-pod prairies; early spring s. watson lesquerella densiflora (a. gray) s. watson bladder-pod near rivers; spring lesquerella ovalifolia rydb. ex britton slender bladder-pod rocky hillsides; spring nasturtium officinale w.t. aiton water cress streams; spring [=radicula nasturtium-aquaticum (l.) britten & rendle] rorippa sessiliflora (nutt.) hitchc. sessile-flowered cress mountain ravines; [=radicula sessiflora (nutt.) greene] spring sibara virginica (l.) rollins cut-leaved rock-cress mountainsides; [=arabis virginica (l.) poir.] early spring oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock cucurbitaceae cucurbita foetidissima kunth missouri gourd fields, streams; [=pepo foetidissima (kunth) britton] summer cyperaceae carex vulpinoidea michx. fox sedge mountain ravines; summer cyperus echinatus (l.) alph. wood globose cyperus rivers [=cyperus ovularis (michx.) torr.] cyperus esculentus l. yellow nut-grass rivers cyperus odoratus l. coarse cyperus damp soils, [=cyperus ferax rich.] pastures cyperus strigosus l. straw colored cyperus mountain ravines eleocharis compressa sull. flat-stemmed spike-rush ponds; summer fuirena simplex vahl western-umbrella-grass rivers; late summer lipocarpha micrantha (vahl) g. tucker dwarf sedge riversides; summer [=hemicarpha micrantha (vahl) pax] schoenoplectus americanus (pers.) volkart three-cornered bulrush, damp ravines; ex schinz & r. keller sand-bar bulrush summer [=scirpus americanus pers.] scirpus pendulus muhl. reddish bulrush damp ravines; [=scirpus lineatus, misapplied] summer ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. persimmon mountain ravines; spring euphorbiaceae cnidoscolus texanus (müll. arg.) small spurge nettle rivers; spring, [=jatropha stimulosa michx.] summer croton capitatus michx. goat-weed, hogwort roadsides; spring to fall croton glandulosus l. var. septentrionalis creeks; summer müll. arg. croton lindheimerianus scheele lindheimer’s croton-weed pastures; summer croton texensis (klotzsch) müll. arg. texas croton roadsides; mid summer euphorbia dentata michx. toothed spurge streams; summer euphorbia spathulata lam. reticulate-seeded spurge plains; summer [=euphorbia dictyosperma fisch. & c.a. mey.] euphorbia geyeri engelm. & a. gray geyer’s spurge rivers; summer euphorbia maculata l. spurge prairies; spring to fall euphorbia marginata pursh snow-on-the-mountain hillsides, rivers; summer, fall euphorbia missurica raf. white-flowered spurge prairies; summer [=euphorbia petaloidea engelm.] 20 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock euphorbia nutans lag. large spotted spurge, mountains, spring to [=euphoribia preslii guss.] upright spotted spurge fall euphorbia serpens kunth round-leaved spreading spurge prairies; spring to fall stillingia sylvatica l. queen’s delight prairies; spring to fall tragia ramosa torr. branching tragia mountainsides; summer tragia sp. catnip-leaved tragia rivers; summer [=tragia nepetifolia cav., misapplied] fagaceae quercus fusiformis small live oak mountains; [=quercus virginiana mill., misapplied] pre-vernal quercus macrocarpa michx. bur oak, mossy-cup oak mountainsides; pre-vernal quercus marilandica münchh. black jack oak mountains; pre-vernal quercus muehlenbergii engelm.? cow oak, swamp oak mountains; spring [=quercus prinus l.] quercus shumardii buckley var. schneckii schneck’s red oak, mountains; spring (britton) sarg. spotted oak quercus stellata wangenh. post oak mountains; pre-vernal fumariaceae corydalis aurea willd. golden corydalis prairies; spring corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex a. gray) plains corydalis creeks, pastures, a. gray [=corydalis campestris (britton) near moisture; j. bucholz & palmer] spring gentianaceae eustoma exaltatum (l.) salisb. ex g. don russell’s eustoma creeks; summer [=eustoma russellianum (hook.) g. don] sabatia angularis (l.) pursh rose pink, bitter bloom creeks; summer sabatia campestris nutt. prairie sabatia prairies; summer geraniaceae geranium carolinianum l. wild geranium mountains, streams; spring gramineae agrostis hyemalis (watt) britton, sterns & ticklegrass mountainsides poggenb. alopecurus geniculatus l. foxtail streams andropogon gerardii vitman forked beard-grass, mountainsides [=andropogon furcatus muhl. ex willd.] big blue-stem oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock aristida dichotoma michx. aristida prairies; summer aristida oligantha michx. few-flowered aristida pastures; summer aristida purpurascens poir. purplish aristida pastures, roadsides aristida purpurea nutt. purple three-awn prairies; spring bothriochloa laguroides (dc.) herter ssp. andropogon creeks; summer torreyana (steud.) allred & gould bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. fall grama-grass prairies; summer bouteloua dactyloides (nutt.) j.t. columbus buffalo grass pastures; summer [=buchlöe dactyloides (nutt.) engelm.] bouteloua gracilis (willd. ex kunth) lag. blue grama-grass pastures; summer, ex. griffiths fall bouteloua hirsuta lag. hairy mesquite-grass pastures; summer bouteloua sp. bouteloua creeks; spring, [=bouteloua breviseta vasey, not in ok] summer bromus arvensis l. field chess roadsides; summer bromus catharticus vahl brome grass pastures, roadsides; [=bromus unioloides kunth] spring bromus racemosus l. brome grass roadsides; common; [=bromus commutatus schrad.] summer cenchrus spinifex cav. field sandbur rivers; summer [=cenchrus pauciflorus benth.] chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates broadleaf uniola mountains; autumn [=uniola latifolia michx.] chloris verticillata nutt. windmill grass prairies; common; spring cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. bermuda grass roadsides; common dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & panicum mountain ravines c.a. clark [=panicum tennesseense ashe] digitaria cognata (schult.) pilg. diffuse crag-grass fields; fall [=leptoloma cognata (schult.) chase] digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop. large crab-grass fields echinochloa crus-galli (l.) p. beauv. barnyard grass streams eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. goosegrass pastures elymus canadensis l. canada wild-rye streams, ravines elymus glabriflorus (vasey ex l.h. dewey) virginia wild-rye streams scribn. & c.r. ball [=e. virginicus l. var. glabriflorus (vasey) bush] elymus repens (l.) gould couch grass fields; summer [=agropyron repens (l.) p. beauv.] eragrostis capillaris (l.) nees lace-grass prairies; summer eragrostis cilianensis (all.) vign. ex janchen stinkgrass fields, roadsides; summer eragrostis curtipedicellata buckley short-stalked love-grass roadsides, pastures; summer eragrostis secundiflora j. presl love-grass near river; summer eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) alph. wood eragrostis near river; summer 22 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock erioneuron pilosum (buckley) nash hairy triodia mountainsides; [=triodia pilosa (buckley) merr.] spring hordeum pusillum nutt. little barley prairies; spring melica nitens (scribn.) nutt. ex piper three-flower melic mountainsides; spring panicum anceps michx. panicum rivers panicum capillare l. witch-grass, tumbleweed fields; summer panicum dichotomiflorum michx. fall panicum streams; fall panicum obtusum kunth blunt panic-grass, range-grass rivers panicum rigidulum bosc ex nees panicum streams [=panicum agrostoides spreng.] panicum virgatum l. switch-grass, wild red-top creeks; fall pascopyrum smithii (rydb.) á. löve western wheat-grass prairies; spring, [=agropyron smithii rydb.] summer paspalum setaceum michx. paspalum along rivers [=paspalum pubescens muhl. ex willd.] phalaris caroliniana walter carolina canary-grass moist places, roadsides; spring poa arachnifera torr. texas blue grass highways, hillsides; spring schedonnardus paniculatus (nutt.) trel. texas crab-grass, wire-grass prairies; common; summer schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash prairie beard-grass roadsides setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen knot-root bristle-grass creeks, roadsides; [=setaria geniculata (willd.) p. beauv.] spring setaria pumila (poir.) roem. & schult. yellow fox-tail roadsides; common; [=setaria lutescens (weigel) f.t. hubbard] late spring setaria viridis (l.) p. beauv. green foxtail-grass fields; summer sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash indian-grass mountains; fall sorghum halepense (l.) pers. johnson grass roadside ditches; summer sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. prairie wedge grass streams sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) a. gray sand dropseed rivers; summer, fall tridens flavus (l.) hitchc. purpletop mountains, ravines [=triodia flava (l.) smyth] vulpia octoflora (walter) rydb. six-weeks fescue fields, pastures; [=festuca octoflora] spring grossulariaceae [saxifragaceae] ribes aureum pursh missouri or buffalo currant hillsides, streams; spring hydrophyllaceae phacelia hirsuta nutt. hairy phacelia prairies; spirng phacelia sp. small-flowered phacelia prairies; spring [=phacelia dubia (l.) trel., misapplied] oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock iridaceae sisyrinchium angustifolium mill. blue-eyed grass , creeks, prairies; [incl. sisyrinchium gramineum curtis] stout blue-eyed grass spring sisyrinchium langloisii greene variable blue-eyed grass prairies; spring [=sisyrinchium varians e.p. bicknell] juglandaceae carya illinoinensis (wagenh.) k. koch pecan streams; spring juglans microcarpa berl. little walnut creeks; spring [=juglans rupestris engelm. ex torr.] juglans nigra l. black walnut creeks; spring juncaceae juncus biflorus elliott large grass-leaved rush riversides [=juncus aristulatus michx.] juncus brachycarpus engelm. rush roadside ditches; summer juncus interior wiegand indian rush roadside ditches; summer juncus marginatus rostk. awn-petaled rush rivers; summer juncus torreyi coville torrey’s rush rivers; summer krameriaceae [leguminosae] krameria lanceolata torr. bank-bur prairie roadsides; [=krameria secundiflora dc., misapplied] common; summer labiatae hedeoma hispida pursh rough or little pennyroyal plains; summer lamium amplexicaule l. henbit, dead nettle fields, roadsides; early spring monarda citriodora cerv. ex lag. purple lemon mint praries; summer [=monarda dispersa small] monarda fistulosa l. horse mint, wild bergamot ravines; early summer monarda punctata l. horse mint dry sandy soils; summer salvia azurea michx. ex lam. var. grandiflora tall blue sage plains; spring, benth. summer salvia reflexa hornem. lance-leaved sage creeks; spring, [=salvia lancaefolia poir.] summer scutellaria drummondii benth. drummond’s skullcap roadside ditches; common; spring scutellaria wrightii a. gray wright’s skullcap hillsides; spring teucrium canadense l. germander, wood sage ravines; summer 24 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock leguminosae acacia angustissima (mill.) kuntze acacia sandy soils, near rivers; summer amopha canescens pursh lead-plant, devil’s shoe-string creeks; summer amorpha fruticosa l. river-locust, false indigo streams; summer astragalus canadensis l. tall astragalus creeks; summer astragalus crassicarpus nutt. ground plum creeks, pastures; [=astragalus caryocarpus ker gawl.] spring astragalus lotiflorus hook. low astragalus prairies; spring astragalus nuttallianus dc. annual astragalus prairies; spring baptisia australis (l.) r. br. blue false indigo mountainsides; spring baptisia bracteata muhl. ex elliott false indigo mountainsides; spring cercis canadensis l. redbud, judas tree creeks, mountain ravines; pre-vernal chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene partridge pea fields, pastures; [=cassia chamaecrista l.] summer dalea aurea nutt. ex pursh golden parosela hillsides; summer [=parosela aurea (nutt. ex pursh) britton] dalea candida michx. ex willd. white prairie clover near rivers, sandy [=petalostemon candidus michx.] soils; summer dalea enneandra nutt. slender parosela rivers; summer [=parosela enneandra (nutt.) britton] dalea multiflora (nutt.) shinners round-headed prairie clover prairies; summer [=petalostemon multiflorus nutt.] dalea purpurea vent. purple prairie-clover prairies; summer [=petalostemon purpureus (vent.) rydb.] dalea sp. slender white prairie clover prairies; summer [=petalostemon gracilis nutt., misapplied] desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macmill. ex illinois desmanthus rivers; summer b.l. rob. & fernald desmodium cuspidatum (muhl. ex willd.) dc. pointed-leaved tick trefoil, prairies; summer [=desmodium grandiflorum dc.] sticktight desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & sessile-leaved tick-trefoil mountains; summer a. gray glycyrrhiza lepidota pursh wild liquorice dry sands, roadsides; summer gymnoclados dioicus (l.) k. koch kentucky coffee-tree ravines; spring hoffmannseggia glauca (ortega) eifert blue-weed prairies; spring [=hoffmannseggia falcaria cav.] indigofera miniata ortega western indigo plant prairies; summer to [=indigofera leptosepala nutt. ex torr. & fall a. gray] lathyrus pusillus elliott low wild pea rivers; spring lotus unifoliolatus (hook.) benth. prairie bird’s foot, trefoil prairies; summer [=hosackia americana (nutt.) piper] oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock medicago sativa l. alfalfa escaped cultivation, fields, roadsides; spring, summer melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. yellow meliot, sweet clover roadsides; abundant; summer mimosa microphylla dryand. sensitive brier roadside ditches; [=schrankia angustata torr. & a. gray, common; summer schrankia uncinata willd.] neptunia lutea (leavenworth) benth. neptunia mountain ravines; summer pediomelum cuspidatum (pursh) rydb. large-bracted psoralea prairies; spring [=psoralea cuspidata pursh] pomaria jamesii (torr. & a. gray) walp. james’s hoffmannseggia prairies; early [=hoffmannseggia jamesii torr. & a. gray] summer prosopis glandulosa torr. var. glandulosa prairie mesquite prairies; common; [=prosopis juliflora (sw.) dc. var. glandulosa late spring (torr.) cockerell] psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. few-flowered psoralea prairies; spring to [=psoralea tenuiflora pursh] fall robinia pseudoacacia l. black or yellow locust low waste places, cultivated; summer vicia caroliniana walter pale vetch prairies; spring liliaceae [incl. amaryllidaceae] allium canadense l. var. mobilense (regel) wild onion damp soils, ownbey [=allium mutabile michx.] roadsides; spring allium drummondii regel nuttall’s wild onion roadsides; spring [=allium nuttallii s. watson] allium textile a. nelson & j.f. macbr. wild onion mountain ravines; [=allium reticulatum g. don] late spring androstephium coeruleum (scheele) greene androstephium prairies, rare; early spring camassia scilloides (raf.) cory hyacinth, eastern camas mountain ravines [=camassia esculenta (raf.) cory] cooperia drummondii herb. prairie lily mountain ravines; spring nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britton yellow false garlic pastures, fields; spring, fall polygonatum biflorum (walter) elliott great solomon’s seal damp shady places; summer linaceae linum lewisii pursh lewis’s wild flax roadsides; spring linum rigidum pursh large-flowered yellow flax prairies; spring linum sulcatum riddell prairies; summer 26 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock loasaceae mentzelia decapetala (pursh ex sims) stick-leaf sand, near rivers; urb. & gilg ex gilg summer mentzelia oligosperma nutt. ex sims stick-leaf, few seeded rivers; summer mentzelia lythraceae ammannia coccinea rottb. long-leaved ammannia mountain ravines; summer malvaceae callirhoe involucrata (torr. & a. gray) a. gray purple poppy mallow roadside ditches; common; spring callirhoe papaver (cav.) a. gray larger purple poppy mallow creeks; spring, summer sphaeralcea coccinea (nutt.) rydb. red false-mallow roadsides; common; [=malvastrum coccineum (nutt.) a. gray] spring martyniaceae proboscidea louisianica (mill.) thell. unicorn plant cultivated soils; [=martynia louisiana mill.] summer menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. carolina moonseed streams; summer moraceae [urticaceae] morus rubra l. red mulberry; wild mulberry creeks; spring nyctaginaceae mirabilis albida (walter) heimerl white oxybaphus roadsides, dry sand; [=oxybaphus albidus (walter) sweet] summer mirabilis hirsuta (pursh) macmill. hairy oxybaphus dry soils, roadsides; [=oxybaphus hirsutus (pursh) sweet] summer mirabilis linearis (pursh) heimerl oxybaphus prairies; summer [=oxybaphus linearis (pursh) b.l. rob.] mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macmill. petioled wild four-o’clock creeks; spring [=oxybaphus nyctagineus (michx.) sweet] oleaceae fraxinus americana l. white ash creeks; spring, summer fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall red ash mountain ravines; spring onagraceae ludwigia peploides (kunth) p.h. raven creeping primrose-willow ponds; summer [=jussiaea repens l.] oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock oenothera cinerea (wooton & standl.) w.l. wooly gaura creeks; summer wagner & hoch [=gaura villosa torr.] oenothera curtiflora w.l. wagner & hoch gaura dry sandy soils; [=gaura parviflora douglas ex lehm.] summer oenothera glaucifolia w.l. wagner & hoch flax-leaved stenosiphon sandy soils near [=stenosiphon linifolius (nutt. ex e. james) rivers; summer heynh.] oenothera grandis (britton) smyth evening-primrose hillsides; spring [=oenothera laciniata hill var. grandiflora (s. watson) b.l. rob.] oenothera hartwegii benth. evening-primrose plains; summer oenothera laciniata hill evening-primrose sand, near rivers; summer oenothera macrocarpa nutt. missouri evening-primrose hillsides; summer [=oenothera missouriensis sims] oenothera rhombipetala nutt. ex torr. & evening-primrose near rivers; summer a. gray oenothera serrulata nutt. tooth-leaved primrose pastures, roadsides; summer oenothera sinuosa w.l. wagner & hoch wavy-leaved gaura hillsides; summer [=gaura sinuata nutt. ex ser.] oenothera speciosa nutt. showy evening-primrose prairies; spring oenothera suffrutescens (ser.) w.l. wagner scarlet gaura roadside ditches, & hoch [=gaura coccinea nutt. ex pursh] mountainsides; spring oenothera triloba nutt. three-lobed evening-primrose rivers; summer oenothera sp. biennial gaura rivers; summer [=gaura biennis l., misapplied] oenothera sp. evening-primrose near rivers; summer [=oenothera humifusa nutt., misapplied] oenothera sp. evening-primrose sandy soils, near [=oenothera oakesiana (a. gray) j.w. rivers; summer robbins ex s. watson & j.m. coult., misapplied] oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata l. yellow or procumbent wooddamp soils, sorrel mountainsides; spring oxalis stricta l. upright yellow wood-sorrel damp soils, mountainsides; spring oxalis violacea l. violet wood-sorrel damp soils, creeks, mountainsides; spring 28 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock papaveraceae argemone albiflora hornem. white prickly poppy roadsides; spring, [=argemone alba lestib. f.] summer argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. prickly poppy roadsides; summer ownbey [=argemone intermedia sweet] phrymaceae phryma leptostachya l. lop-seed mountains; summer phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. pokeweed creek banks; summer plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. ribwort prairies; common; spring plantago patagonica jacq. pursh’s plantain pastures, roadsides; [=plantago purshii roem. & schult.] spring plantago rhodosperma decne. red-seeded plantain rivers; early spring plantago virginica l. dwarf plantain creeks; spring polemoniaceae ipomopsis rubra (l.) wherry red gilia mountainsides; [=gilia rubra (l.) a. heller] summer phlox pilosa l. phlox prairie roadsides; spring, summer polygalaceae polygala alba nutt. white milkwort prairies; summer polygonaceae eriogonum annuum nutt. annual gray-weed prairies; summer eriogonum longifolium nutt. long-leaved gray-weed rivers; summer, fall polygonum aviculare l. joint-weed, pink-weed near dwellings; summer polygonum hydropiper l. common smart-weed lakes; late summer polygonum lapathifolium l. dock-leaved joint-weed ravines; summer polygonum pensylvanicum l. showy joint-weed streams; summer polygonum punctatum elliott water smart-weed, dotted mountain ravines; [=polygonum acre kunth] water pepper summer, fall polygonum ramosissimum michx. bushy joint-weed rivers; summer polygonum tenue michx. slender joint-weed mountains; summer rumex altissimus alph. wood tall dock roadsides; summer rumex crispus l. dock, curly dock damp soils, [incl. rumex elongatus guss.] mountains; spring, summer oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock portulacaceae [incl. caryophyllaceae, in part] claytonia virginica l. spring beauty creeks, pastures; common; early spring primulaceae androsace occidentalis pursh androsace pastures, fields; early spring samolus valerandi l. water pimpernel, brookweed streams; summer [=samolus floribundus kunth] ranunculaceae anemone berlandieri pritz. ten-petaled anemone pastures; spring [=anemone decapetala ard.] anemone caroliniana walter carolina anemone pastures; common; march, april clematis pitcheri torr. & a. gray virgin’s bower, leather-flower creeks, mountain ravines; spring delphinium carolinianum walter ssp. larkspur mountains, virescens (nutt.) r.e. brooks roadsides; spring [=delphinium penardii huth] myosurus minimus l. mouse tail streams, fields; early spring rhamnaceae ceanothus americanus l. new jersey tea mountains, streams; spring rosaceae crataegus crus-galli l. cock-spur haw, red raw rivers; spring crataegus viridis l. southern thorn streams; early spring geum canadense jacq. white avena mountain ravines; summer prunus americana marshall wild yellow or red plum rivers; spring prunus angustifolia marshall chickasaw plum roadside ditches, near rivers; spring rubus argutus link bramble rivers; spring rubus sp. bailey’s blackberry mountainsides; [=rubus baileyanus britton, misapplied] spring rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. button-bush streams, mountains; late spring diodia teres walter rough button-weed rivers; summer galium aparine l. cleavers mountains, streams; spring 30 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock galium pilosum aiton hairy bedstraw mountains, streams; summer houstonia pusilla schoepf bluets creeks, pastures; [=houstonia minima beck] early spring stenaria nigricans (lam.) terrell narrow-leaved houstonia mountains; spring [=houstonia angustifolia michx.] rutaceae ptelea trifoliata l. tree-leaved hop-tree mountainsides; spring salicaceae populus deltoides w. bartram ex marshall cottonwood, necklace poplar creeks; pre-vernal salix nigra marshall black willow damp soils, streams; spring sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. chittim-wood, wooly buckthorn mountainsides; [=bumelia lanuginosa (michx.) pers.] summer smilacaceae [liliaceae] smilax bona-nox l. spiny-leaved greenbrier creeks; spring smilax herbacea l. carrion flower mountain ravines; summer smilax rotundifolia l. common greenbrier, creeks; spring horse-brier santalaceae comandra umbellata (l.) nutt. ssp. pallida bastard toad-flax dry sandy soils, (a. dc.) piehl near rivers; spring [=comandra pallida a. dc.] sapindaceae sapindus saponaria l. var drummondii wild china-tree, drummond’s creeks; spring (hook. & arn.) l.d. benson soapberry [=sapindus drummondii hook. & arn.] scrophulariaceae castilleja purpurea (nutt.) g. don var. indian paint brush mountains, lindheimeri (a. gray) shinners pastures; spring [=castilleja lindheimeri a. gray] castilleja sessiliflora pursh downy painted-cup mountainsides; summer collinsia violacea nutt. violet or narrow-leaved mountainsides; collinsia spring nuttallanthus canadensis (l.) d.a. sutton linaria mountains; spring [=linaria canadensis (l.) chaz.] oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock penstemon cobaea nutt. beard-tongue prairies; late spring penstemon tubaeflorus nutt. funnel-shaped beard-tongue creeks; summer penstemon sp. sharp-leaved beard-tongue hillsides; summer [=penstemon acuminatus douglas ex lindl., misapplied] veronica agrestis l. field speedwell fields, pastures; spring veronica peregrina l. neckweed purslane, l creeks; early spring speedwell solanaceae chamaesaracha sp. hairy chamaesaracha roadsides; summer [=chamaesaracha sordida (dunal) a. gray, misapplied] datura stramonium l. jimson weed roadsides; summer physalis cinerascens (dunal) hitchc. ground-cherry creeks; spring [=physalis viscosa l., misapplied] physalis longifolia nutt.var. longifolia smooth ground-cherry creeks; spring physalis longifolia nutt. var. subglabrata smooth ground-cherry sandy soils, near {mack. & bush) cronq. rivers; summer [=physalis subglabrata mack. & bush] physalis mollis nutt. velvety ground-cherry roadsides; summer quincula lobata (torr.) raf. purple-flowered ground-cherry roadsides, prairies; [=physalis lobata torr.] spring, early summer solanum carolinense l. horse nettle prairies; common; spring, summer solanum elaeagnifolium cav. horse nettle pastures, roadsides; common; spring, summer solanum rostratum dunal buffalo bur abundant; summer, fall solanum sp. nightshade dry sandy soils; [=solanum nigrum l., misapplied] summer tamaricaceae tamarix sp. tamarish damp sandy soils; [=tamarix gallica l., misapplied] summer typhaceae typha latifolia l. broad-leaved cat-tail ponds; summer ulmaceae [urticaceae] celtis laevigata willd. southern hackberry creeks; spring celtis occidentalis l. rough-leaved hackberry mountains, streams; early spring ulmus americana l. white, american, or water elm creeks; early spring 32 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock ulmus rubra muhl. slippery or red elm mountain ravines; [=ulmus fulva michx.] spring umbelliferae chaerophyllum tatinturieri hook. teinturier’s chervil roadsides; common; spring daucus pusillus michx. american carrot fields, pastures; spring lomatium foeniculaceum (nutt.) j.m. coult. carrot-leaved parsley rivers; summer & rose ssp. daucifolium (torr. & a. gray) w.l. theobald [=lomatium daucifolium (torr. & a. gray) j.m. coult. & rose] ptilimnium nuttallii (dc.) britton nuttall’s mock bishop-weed low places near mountains; summer sanicula canadensis l. short-styled snake-root mountainsides; summer spermolepis echinata (nutt. ex dc.) a. heller bristly-fruited spermolepis mountainsides; spring spermolepis inermis (nutt. ex dc.) mathias spreading spermolepis rivers; spring & constance [=spermolepis patens (nutt. ex dc.) b.l. rob.] valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. beaked corn salad creeks; spring verbenaceae glandularia bipinnatifida (nutt.) nutt. small-flowered verbena creeks, pastures; [=verbena bipinnatifida nutt.] early spring, summer glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. large-flowered verbena sandy soils, near [=verbena canadensis (l.) britton] rivers; spring glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber dwarf verbena roadsides; summer [=verbena pumila rydb.] phyla cuneifolia (torr.) greene wedge-leaved fog-fruit hillsides; summer [=lippia cuneifolia (torr.) steud.] phyla lanceolata (michx.) greene fog-fruit creeks; summer [=lippia lanceolata michx.] phyla nodiflora (l.) greene spatulate-leaved fog-fruit streams; summer [=lippia nodiflora (l.) michx.] verbena bracteata cav. ex lag. & rodr. large-bracted verbena prairies; summer [=verbena bracteosa michx.] verbena stricta vent. hoary vervain mountainsides; summer violaceae viola bicolor pursh pansy or heart’s ease streams, pastures; [=viola rafinesquei greene] early spring oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock viola sororia willd. violet damp sandy soils; [=viola papilionacea pursh] early spring vitaceae ampelopsis cordata michx. simple-leaved cissus rivers; spring [=cissus ampelopsis pers.] cissus trifoliata (l.) l. rock-grape mountains; summer [=cissus incisa des moulins, misapplied] parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. virginia creeper, creeks; summer five-leaved ivy vitis cinerea (engelm.) engelm. ex millard ashy or downy grape streams; spring vitis vulpina l. frost-grape, sweet scented creeks, rivers; [incl. vitis cordifolia michx.] grape spring zygophyllaceae kallstroemia parviflora j.b.s. norton greater caltrop rivers; summer [=kallstroemia maxima (l.) hook. & arn., misapplied] tribulus terrestris l. caltrop roadsides; common; summer 34 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock appendix b tabular list of the families, kiowa county, ok [this table includes taxa as they were in the original thesis.] divisions, orders, families, etc. genera species varieties pteridophyta filicales polypodiaceae 4 5 marsileaceae 1 1 spermatophyta gymnospermae coniferales pinaceae 1 1 angiospermae monocotoledoneae pandales typhaceae 1 1 graminales gramineae 31 58 2 cyperaceae 6 11 xyridales commelinaceae 2 6 liliales juncaceae 1 6 liliaceae 7 11 amaryllidaceae 1 1 iridaceae 1 3 dicotyledoneae salicales salicaceae 2 2 juglandales juglandaceae 2 3 fagales fagaceae 1 6 urticales urticaceae 4 5 1 santalales santalaceae 1 1 polygonales polygonaceae 3 12 chenopodiales oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock chenopodiaceae 4 5 1 amaranthaceae 3 5 phytolaccaceae 1 1 nyctaginaceae 1 4 illecebraceae 1 1 aizoaceae 1 1 caryophyllales caryophyllaceae 3 4 portulacaceae 1 1 ranunculales ranunculaceae 4 5 menispermaceae 1 1 papavervales papaveraceae 1 2 fumariaceae 2 2 cruciferae 8 16 capparidaceae 2 2 rosales crassulaceae 1 1 saxifragaceae 1 1 rosaceae 4 7 leguminosae 25 42 20 geraniales linaceae 1 3 oxalidaceae 1 3 geraniaceae 1 1 zygophyllaceae 1 2 rutaceae 1 1 polygalaceae 1 1 euphorbiaceae 5 16 1 sapindales anacardiaceae 2 4 sapindaceae 1 1 rhamnales rhamnaceae 1 1 vitaceae 3 6 malvales malvaceae 2 3 tamaricales tamaricaceae 1 1 violales violaceae 1 2 loasaceae 1 2 opuntiales 36 oklahoma native plant record volume 14, december 2014 lottie opal baldock cactaceae 2 2 myrtales lythraceae 1 1 onagraceae 4 17 1 umbellales umbelliferae 6 7 cornaceae 1 2 primulales primulaceae 2 2 ebenales sapotaceae 1 1 ebenaceae 1 1 gentianales oleaceae 1 2 gentianaceae 2 3 apocynaceae 2 2 asclepiadaceae 4 11 polemoniales convolvulaceae 3 6 polemoniaceae 2 2 hydrophyllaceae 1 2 boraginaceae 5 6 1 verbenaceae 2 8 labiatae 6 11 1 solanaceae 4 12 scrophulariaceae 5 9 martyniaceae 1 1 acanthaceae 1 2 phrymaceae 1 1 plantaginales plantaginaceae 1 4 rubiales rubiaceae 4 6 caprifoliaceae 4 2 valerianaceae 1 1 campanulales curcurbitaceae 1 1 campanulaceae 1 2 lobeliaceae 1 2 compositae 42 86 2 oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 14, december 2014 addenda [nomenclature has been updated according to the plants database (http://plants.usda.gov/plants).] the following plants were counted in the tabular list but are not given in the list of species: artemisia filifolia desmodium obtusum draba reptans [draba caroliniana] eleocharis obtusa gaillarida suavis [gaillardia trinervata] juncus tenuis physalis virginiana rudbeckia hirta scutellaria parvula symphyotrichum oblongifolium [aster oblongifollius] vicia minutiflora [vicia micrantha] xanthisma texanum the following plants listed in the stevens’ collection were not found by the author: artemisia ludoviciana spp. mexicana [artemisia mexicana] beta vulgaris bouteloua rigidiseta [bouteloua texana] carex gravida distichlis spicata dyssodiopsis tagetoides [dyssodia tagetoides] eleocharis rostellata muhlenbergia arenicola palafoxia sphacelata samolus ebracteatus lottie opal baldock flora of kiowa county, oklahoma, m.s. thesis by ms. lottie opal baldock journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 4, number 1, december 2004 oklahoma native plant record 57 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 editorial why do species’ names change? patricia a. folley the reason why scientific names change is because research is constantly correcting errors and scholarship is constantly untangling the related misconceptions. until the advent of the internet new names and name changes were approved by the international botanical congresses that met at ten-year intervals. between intervals, proposed new names were published by recognized publications like rhodora or sida. in 1994 john t. kartesz of the biota of north american program published a two-volume second edition of a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the united states, canada, and greenland, which became the established reference for names of north american plants on the date of its publication. this work made the flora of north america project practical by setting a base population against which the specialists could establish the limits of their work. with this resource there are two transforming innovations that are currently bringing about more rapid name changes in north american flora. first, the advent of the internet has vastly increased the speed of communication of scientific literature. results of research are published on the web within days of their discovery, and search engines make them accessible immediately. the u.s. department of agriculture has long-maintained a database for plant names for use by its agents and agencies. when that database became available on-line, with the inclusion of the kartesz checklist, any person with an internet connection could find out the current status of a plant name within a few minutes. the usda plants database http://plants.usda.gov/plants then became the publisher for all additions and corrections to the kartesz work, and changes are now posted daily. new names and combinations are also still published in print, including a detailed description of the plants involved. the impact on scholarship can be seen as the difference between the old “10 years or so” and the current “24 hours or so”. the second transformer is the flora of north america project (fna) which was begun in 1982 at the missouri botanical gardens. since the publication of vol. 1 in 1993 the flora project has driven both scholarship and research into the details of floristics in america. the list of contributors includes plant systematists and taxonomists still living today. conceived as a database project from the beginning, it both feeds and is fed by the internet. standards for the fna work have always compelled workers to research global archives. information based on past assumptions required verification, and the verification process yielded unexpected results. many contributors found themselves revising a lifetime of their own research before it could be accepted into the fna. verifying the work of contributors who have passed on is being continued by their successors. the majority of these efforts are being made by scholars and scientists who, while publicly funded for their teaching or research work, are not otherwise supported, and thus are volunteering their time and knowledge. as users of botanical information, we are often challenged to know what “today’s name” for a plant may be. but the outcome of the fna project, coupled with the unparalleled access to the literature provided by the internet, has made all of us better scholars with more reliable sources of information on the plants themselves. in time, the fna project will also become a printed reality, and the rate of change will slow. however, it will never cease as long as the real plants out in the real world continue to evolve. folley, p.a. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100034 http://plants.usda.gov/plants� oklahoma native plant record, volume 16, number 1, december 2016 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 constance e. taylor https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100120 pollination ecology of sabatia cam pestr is nutt. (gentianaceae) unpublished report university of oklahoma biological station lake texoma 1972 constance e. taylor professor emeritus department of biological sciences southeastern oklahoma state university durant, ok 74701-0609 keywords: phenolog y, sabatia campestris, autog amy, allog amy abstract flower timing studies in june and july (1972) on populations of sabatia campestris nutt. show this plant to be allogamous (out crossing) under natural field conditions. however, when environmental factors reduce populations of solitary bees or when flower populations are particularly extensive and dense, the uncollected pollen causes retention of anthers into the period of style opening and stigma presentation. then autogamy (self-pollination) occurs. pollinators observed were solitary bees in the genera calliopsis, dialictus, and infrequently augochlorella. pollen viability is generally excellent. a chromosomal count of n=12 indicated the presence of aneuploid races in this plant species. the lengthening of petals from anthesis to wilting and calyx from bud to fruit production indicates flower size cannot be used as a taxonomic character to separate species. introduction sabatia campestris nutt. (gentianaceae), prairie rose gentian, is a common prairie annual found from illinois south through eastern texas and east to mississippi, with its greatest development in the prairie regions of the south central portion of the united states. the type specimen was collected from oklahoma (taylor and taylor 1994) and its occurrence cited as “in the open prairies of arkansas and red river, common, flowering in june and july” (nuttall 1836). the winged calyx that encloses the fruit is a unique species character. perry (1971), studying cross fertilization between species, found s. campestris to be reproductively isolated from other species. description of the flower flower timing studies in june and july (1972) on populations of s. campestris show this plant to be allogamous (out crossing) under natural field conditions. however, when environmental factors reduce populations of solitary bees or when flower populations are particularly extensive and dense, the uncollected pollen causes retention of anthers into the period of style opening and stigma presentation. then autogamy (self-pollination) occurs. the flowers are borne in a cymose inflorescence, the first flower terminal on a branch and subsequent flowers at the ends of opposite branches from below the first flower. the calyx is composed of five green oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 16, december 2016 constance e. taylor sepals fused and winged at their lower edges, the lobes being 2–6 times longer than the calyx tube. the calyx continues to grow during flowering and during fruit maturation. the winged calyx tube lengthens to 8 mm, and the calyx lobes grow to 25 mm long. the corolla is composed of five petals fused at the base, rose to pink or rarely white. petal lobes, like the calyx lobes, grow during flowering, reaching 23 mm long and 13 mm wide. the base of each petal lobe fades to white and has a rectangular yellow mark about the size and shape of the anther. this mark increases in length and intensity of yellow color during flowering. there are five anthers and one pistil with two branches, first green, then turning yellow with maturity. fruit capsules and seeds are numerous. methods the floral aspect of reproduction and pollinator behavior studies were done under field conditions during the height of blooming. two plots located at the northeast edge of durant, bryan county, oklahoma, approximately 1.21 and 4.86 hectares [3 and 12 acres] in size, were intensively observed. two plots in marshall county, oklahoma, one adjacent to the university of oklahoma biological station (u.o.b.s.) on lake texoma and another along a roadside 4.82 km [3 mi] north of willis were also observed. during the height of blooming in early june, flowers were marked by crewel yarns in the bud stage and checked three times daily, at a minimum, and during one night to determine floral presentation and movement of flower parts. climatic conditions were also noted. studies of pollinator presence were made by halfhour monitoring over several days, and behavior of bees were observed and recorded with a 35 mm single lens reflex camera. autogamy (self-pollination) was confirmed by the use of pollinator exclusion bags. no seed set was obtained when styles were excised. results observations the following description of floral presentation is for a sunny summer day in the presence of pollinators—solitary bees. s. campestris is protandric (the anthers functioning first) with the opening bud displaying straight anthers; the green pistil with tightly twisted styles lies in a horizontal position when the flower is fully open. by 8:30 a.m. (cdst), the anthers will have recurved at the tip, splitting open to release pollen from the anther chamber (figure 1). the timing of anther dehiscence is delayed by rain and cloudy weather, recurvation of anther tips and pollen presentation being delayed until as late as 11:30 a.m. under these conditions. the flower closes in the late evening, so no opening to floral parts is apparent. closure is not as tight as in the bud. the first night is the only night full closing occurs. on the second day, the anthers gradually curl further back and eventually tilt into a horizontal position. anther presentation of pollen is usually for two days but may be extended for a third day. on the morning of the third day, the anthers fall to the center of the bowl shaped flower. flowers presenting anthers for a third afternoon usually have anthers fall off the filaments in the evening. anther presentation is greatly modified by pollinator absence, being considerably prolonged for another one or two days. presentation of the stigmatic surface typically begins with the falling of the anthers. while still in a horizontal position, the stigmatic surfaces begin to turn yellow. staining with lactophenol aniline blue indicated receptivity is correlated with the appearance of the yellow color. the twined style branches begin untwisting gradually. over 24 hours is required for the style to 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 constance e. taylor become erect and the stigmatic branches to completely untwist. stigmatic presentation is from the third day after opening (figure 2) until the flower wilts on the 6th or 7th day. some blossoms showed stigmatic wilt prior to petal wilt. the sepals are retained until the fruit dehisces some months later. figure 1 late day 2 showing curled dehiscence of anthers and unreceptive pistil with tightly twisted styles figure 2 day 4 or 5 showing erect style with receptive untwisted style branches, no anthers, and mimic anther lines at base of petals pollination pollinators visiting s. campestris were solitary bees in the genera calliopsis (andrenidae), dialictus (halictidae), and augochlorella (halictidae). all species of solitary bees were shorter than the anther length. visits were for pollen collection. day and time of visitation and plot visited are summarized in table 1. the flowers produced no nectar and seemed to hold little attraction for most other insects. occasional visits by various crab spiders and insects from leaf hoppers to butterflies were noted, but they were scattered and infrequent. in the durant plots, the size of the three principal pollinators diminished. the largest-sized species visited before june 10; the middle-sized species visited in midjune; and toward the last few days of june and first two weeks of july, the smallest bee species was the pollinator. the ecological interactions of bee and flower are pronounced. when flowers are open in the absence of pollinators, the anthers remain in an upright position for extended periods of time, and the total length of blooming is increased. flowers in paper pollinator exclusion bags and screen wire cages had, by the 5th and 6th days, accumulated piles of pollen heaped on the anther and scattered in the bowl of the blossom. the presence of this accumulation of dehisced pollen excluded wind pollination as an effective pollination agent. the presence of anthers remaining in an upright position delayed stigma presentation for several days, as late as six or seven days after opening. blooming time per flower was dramatically extended, one flower remaining unwilted for 14 days with the stigma still yellow and upright. collection of pollen was done in the same manner by all species of bees. after landing on the petal platform, they climbed up the anther, usually from the interior portion of the blossom. with the use of mouth parts, the pollen was collected and transferred by the front legs to the corbicula. after collecting for some minutes, the bee then packed the pollen into oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 16, december 2016 constance e. taylor table 1 times of bee visitation observed for plots pollinator visitation location date (1972) time (cdst) calliopsis sp. before june 10 12:30–3:30 durant dialictus sp. (black) june early morning u.o.b.s. dialictus sp. (black) late june all afternoon durant dialictus sp. (metallic rust) late june–early july all afternoon durant augochlorella sp. mid-june noon u.o.b.s. and n. of willis a firmer mass and was observed flying off for about one foot from the petal and then returning to the same blossom for further pollen. anthers were usually worked in a counter-clockwise manner, taken one after another until pollen from all five were collected. a blossom was worked sometimes two or three more times around. the longest timed collection of pollen from one flower by one bee was seven minutes. bees seemed to be unable to discriminate between flowers presenting anthers and those presenting stigmatic surfaces until landing on the flower. a bee quickly realized the absence of collectable pollen and would fly immediately to another flower. no bee was observed on a flower without anthers for more than 15 s, unless the petal platform was used when packing pollen. as the bee climbed on the style branches in the same manner it did the stamens, the pollen of the corbicula brushed the stigmatic surface causing pollination. quadrat sampling confirmed the hypotheses that pollen reward for bee visitation occurred in less than 40 percent of the blossoms open at any one time. later in the bloom season, sampling showed flowers presenting pollen fell to 27 percent of the total open blossoms. pollen viability counts were made on material stained with either lactophenol analine blue or snow’s stain. pollen viability was generally less than 1% non-viable pollen. highest count of non-viable pollen was 41.7%. lewis et al (1962) and perry (1971) reported chromosome numbers of n=13. collections of buds were made at three different times from the 1.21 ha [3 acre] durant plot. all three counts were n=12. chromosomal numbers for the genus as reported by perry (1971) are n=13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 32, and 38. discussion perry (1971) reports the sequence of events in anthesis of sabatia flowers for all species. his data for s. campestris are bud (day 1), petals expanding and anthers recurving (day 2), anthers dehiscent (day 3), pollen shed (days 7–8), and stigma uncoiling and receptivity (days 7–8). i assume floral timing is based on greenhouse plants, as he states his pollination and fruit set studies are done under these conditions. his data for floral timing is the same as the data i recorded under pollinator exclusion bags, indicating that this species is generally crosspollinated. however, in the event of environmental influences which would hinder pollinator visits, the plants will set seed by self-pollination. 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 constance e. taylor in the smaller plots, pollen collection was efficient throughout the blooming season. the 4.86 ha [12 acre] plot, densely populated by s. campestris, always had occasional blossoms from which pollen had not been collected. during observations, over a dozen flowers were observed with direct mechanical self-fertilization occurring by direct contact of the stigma surface with the anther. the only flowers not setting fruit were those which wilted during dry periods. all flowers in pollinator exclusion bags set fruit. in young plants with few blossoms, synchronization of flowers on the same plant was observed, all blossoms either presenting anthers or all presenting stigmas, but not presenting both on the same plant. older plants with eight or more flowers usually lost this synchronization. each s. campestris blossom has a small eye or star located at the center of the flower. each petal has a single yellow or green-yellow line notched at the apex, presented against a white background. the yellow line and white area enlarge and lines assume a bright yellow—at least to the human eye—as the stigmatic surfaces are presented. after anther shed, the yellow streaks and large yellow divergent style branches together provide a facsimile to the yellow flicker pattern of the presented anthers. the evolution of this pattern is often considered to be due to long and close bee pollinator association, with patterns on blossoms considered as nectar guides. this does not seem to be the case in s. campestris. the petals are pink, a color not generally associated with bee flowers. various shadings were common in all plots, ranging from white, light pink, pink, to dark pink. ultraviolet reflection did not occur on blossoms tested. the floral whorls, both calyx and corolla, grow after anthesis. this extremely unusual growth pattern is responsible for the enlargement of the eye. the largest flower on any plant will be that blossom which has been open longest. wilber (1955) noted that on some plants the central blossom was largest. neither wilbur (1955) nor perry (1971) mention the continued growth of the blossom while in bloom. the calyx also continues growth after the petals wither. length and width of the calyx and corolla have been used as taxonomic character to separate species. the phenomenon of continued growth also occurs in at least two other species. examination of fresh flowers of a population of s. angularis (l.) pursh, collected in june on the east side of the glover river at arkansas crossing, mccurtain county, oklahoma, showed the same size differentiation. the lengthening of petals from anthesis to wilting and calyx from bud to fruit production indicates flower size cannot be used as a taxonomic character to separate species. differences of individual blossoms on a single plant varied from 5 to 9 mm as measured from petal tip to petal tip tangent to the fruit. likewise, examination of specimens collected from a population of s. arenicola green, collected in april from a littoral area behind the dunes 12.87 km [8 mi] west of sabine pass, texas, showed size differences. measurement of the petal lobes showed they increased between 2 and 3 mm from early blooming flowers to old blossoms beginning to wilt. flowers in fruit had longer calyx lobes than those in flower. continued growth of blossoms is suspected for other species from descriptions and discussions in the monograph (1955) of the genus. acknowledgements thanks are due to dr. j. r. estes for direction in cytological work and to dr. r. w. thorp who identified the bees. special recognition to dick carson, stone post creations (rosecarson@juno.com), for the photographs of sabatia campestris. mailto:rosecarson@juno.com oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 16, december 2016 constance e. taylor literature cited lewis, w.h., h.l. stripling, and r.g. ross. 1962. chromosome numbers for some angiosperms of the southern united states and mexico. rhodora 64:147–161. nuttall, thomas. 1836. transactions of the philadelphia society. n.s. 5:197–198. perry, j.d. 1971. biosystematic studies in the north american genus sabatia (gentianaceae). rhodora 73:309–369. taylor, r. john and constance e.s. taylor. 1994. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. 3rd edition. self-published. wilber, r.l. 1955. a revision of the north american genus sabatia (gentianaceae). rhodora 57:2–104. pollination ecology of sabatia campestris nutt. (gentianaceae) by dr. constance e. taylor oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society file:///d|/onpsrecordweb4.htm (3 of 59)1/4/2005 9:22:59 am foreward it was a pleasure to learn that anne long’s thesis on the distribution and ecology of the american smoketree, cotinus obovatus was to be published in the this issue of the journal of the oklahoma native plant society. i was first introduced to anne and the american smoke-tree in the spring of 1970 while a student in dr. harriet barclay’s ecology class. anne was one of dr. barclay’s last graduate students at the university of tulsa. she was a frequent guest on many of our class fieldtrips, especially to the redbud valley preserve in eastern oklahoma. i fondly remember anne and dr. barclay introducing us to c. obovatus, describing its characteristics and distribution to the class. anne’s research indicated that this species can often be found distributed atop many of oklahoma’s limestone bluffs, up and down the arkansas, and other eastern oklahoma rivers. to this day, i often look for the smoke-tree whenever i am near such a bluff on my many onps fieldtrips. this tree is described by the u.s. forest service as a hardy species with beautiful fall foliage and few pests or diseases. they recommend it as a potential attractive native ornamental, but do admit that it is somewhat difficult to get established. anne long’s contributions to oklahoma’s’ flora was tragically cut short by cancer and one can only guess as to what her future contributions may have been. we currently live in some exciting times, with dna analysis providing new insights into our knowledge of species relationships. this knowledge still needs to be supported by fieldwork in species distribution and ecology. hopefully, there will be future graduate students and other researchers that will continue to carry on anne’s legacy and add to our knowledge of oklahoma’s unique geography, flora, and fauna. james elder onps president june 2004 oklahoma native plant record, volume 13, number 1, december 2013 oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100097 a checklist of the vascular flora of the mary k. oxley nature center, tulsa county, oklahoma amy k. buthod oklahoma biological survey oklahoma natural heritage inventory robert bebb herbarium university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019-0575 (405) 325-4034 email: amybuthod@ou.edu keywords: flora, exotics, inventory abstract this paper reports the results of an inventory of the vascular flora of the mary k. oxley nature center in tulsa, oklahoma. a total of 342 taxa from 75 families and 237 genera were collected from four main vegetation types. the families asteraceae and poaceae were the largest, with 49 and 42 taxa, respectively. fifty-eight exotic taxa were found, representing 17% of the total flora. twelve taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were present. introduction the objective of this study was to inventory the vascular plants of the mary k. oxley nature center (onc) and to prepare a list and voucher specimens for oxley personnel to use in education and outreach. located within the 1,165.0 ha (2878 ac) mohawk park in northwestern tulsa county (onc headquarters located at 36°13’25.02”n 95°54’11.95”w; grounds include t20n r13e, parts of sections 10, 11, 14-16), onc is operated by the city of tulsa. the 325.4 ha (804 ac) center includes over 14.5 km (9.0099 mi) of trails traversing forest, grassland, and wetland habitats. onc is located in the claremore cuesta plains geomorphic province (curtis et al. 2008). quaternary sediments overlie pennsylvanian bedrock (johnson 2008). soils belong to the osage-wynona association and are described as “deep and nearly level, poorly to somewhat poorly drained and loamy or clayey over loamy or clayey sediment (usda soil conservation service 1977). climate is subtropical humid, and summers are humid and warm with a mean july temperature of 27.5° c (81.5° f). winters are mild and short with a mean january temperature of 1.5° c (34.7° f) (trewartha 1968). mean annual precipitation is 106.5 cm (41.929 in), with most occurring in the spring and fall (oklahoma climatological survey 2013). elevation ranges from 170.7 to 312.1 m (560.04 ft to 1024 ft). potential natural vegetation for the area is tallgrass prairie and post oak-blackjack oak forest (duck and fletcher 1943). methods the onc trail system was walked to determine the major, generalized vegetation types that were present, and 11 collection areas (corresponding to the named trails) were established to represent these types. sites were visited monthly from march mailto:amybuthod@ou.edu oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod 30 through september of 2010, with additional visits made in june and september of 2011. two specimens of each taxa encountered were collected. exotic taxa were only collected from naturalized populations. specimens were processed following standard procedures and deposited at the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma (okl) and at onc. manuals used for specimen identification included steyermark (1963), waterfall (1973), flora of north america editorial committee (1993+), and yatskievych (1999, 2006). the collections of the robert bebb herbarium were consulted to confirm identifications. origin (either native or exotic to north america), duration (annual, perennial, biennial), and growth habit (tree, shrub, subshrub, woody vine, forb, graminoid) were determined using the plants database (usda-nrcs 2007) and taylor and taylor (1991). nomenclature primarily follows the plants database. the angiosperm phylogeny website, version 12 (stevens 2001+), and the flora of north america north of mexico (flora of north america editorial committee 1993+) were also consulted to determine where the nomenclature/taxonomy differed from usda-nrcs; these differences are noted in parentheses in the appendix. results and discussion a total of 342 vascular plant taxa (including 23 infraspecific taxa) in 75 families and 237 genera were collected at onc (appendix). all were angiosperms, with 85 liliopsida taxa and 257 magnoliopsida (table 1). sixty-one taxa were trees, shrubs, subshrubs, or woody vines. the asteraceae, with 49 taxa, and the poaceae, with 42 taxa, were the largest families. the genus with the most taxa was carex, with 12 taxa. there were 236 perennials, 103 annuals, and three biennials. onc director eddie reese (pers. comm.). has reported two additional taxa (botrychium virginianum in the ophioglossaceae and juniperus virginiana in the cupressaceae), but these were not collected by the author. table 1 summary of floristic collections from the mary k. oxley nature center, tulsa county, oklahoma taxonomic group taxa native non-native pteridophyta 0 0 0 coniferophyta 0 0 0 magnoliophyta 342 284 58 magnoliopsida 257 215 42 liliopsida 85 69 16 total 342 284 58 oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod fifty-eight exotic taxa were found, representing 17.0% of the total flora. this number is high when compared to surveys from other oklahoma sites (table 2), but is not surprising, given that onc is in the tulsa metropolitan area and receives many visitors. the poaceae and fabaceae families had the greatest number of exotic taxa, with 14 and 8 taxa, respectively. twelve taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2013) were present (table 3). table 2 comparison of the onc site with other northeastern oklahoma sites na = information not available study site reference size of site (ha) number of taxa found percentage of exotic taxa mary k. oxley nature center, tulsa county this paper 1,165.0 342 17.0% j.t. nickel family nature and wildlife preserve, cherokee county hoagland and buthod 2008 6,070.0 597 12.1% camp cherokee boy scout camp, ottawa county hoagland and buthod 2008 na 318 10.4% oklahoma centennial botanic garden, osage county hoagland and buthod 2007 na 293 15.0% will rogers boy scout camp, pawnee county hoagland and buthod 2005 64.7 338 8.0% keystone wildlife management area, creek, pawnee and osage counties hoagland and buthod 2003 6,475.0 + 380 15.0% chouteau wildlife management area, wagoner county hoagland and johnson 2004 402.0 181 11.6% oologah wildlife management area, nowata county hoagland and wallick 2003 5,226.0 470 9.0% tallgrass prairie preserve, osage county palmer 2007 15,410.0 1,612 12.1% oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod 32 table 3 vascular plant taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2013). conservation ranks are based on a scale from one to five, with a one being critically imperiled. a g rank is the rank for the taxa at a global level, while an s rank is one for the taxa at a subnational (or state) level. t ranks are rankings for infraspecific taxa (natureserve 2013). taxa family s rank g rank lactuca tatarica var. pulchella asteraceae s1 g5t5 iodanthus pinnatifidus brassicaceae s2 g5 desmodium illinoense fabaceae s3 g5 desmodium pauciflorum fabaceae s1 g5 calycocarpum lyonii menispermaceae s2 g5 muhlenbergia bushii poaceae s1 g5 rumex verticillatus polygonaceae s3 g5 thalictrum revolutum ranunculaceae s2 g5 potentilla rivalis rosaceae s1 g5 dasistoma macrophylla scrophulariaceae s3 g4 smilax lasioneura smilacaeae s2 g5 urtica chamaedryoides urticaceae s3 g4g5 collection sites were located within four vegetation types: 1. mesic forest [mf] ) (figure 1) this type included the sierra club trail and the north woods areas. common taxa included campanulastrum americanum, cardamine concatenata, cercis canadensis, cornus drummondii, diarrhena obovata, diospyros virginiana, erythronium albidum, eutrochium purpureum, lindera benzoin, osmorhiza longistylis, polygonatum biflorum, and thalictrum revolutum. dominant taxa included carya cordiformis, quercus muehlenbergii, and q. shumardii. the most tracked taxa were found in this type. 2. bottomland forest [bf] (figure 2) this type included the bird creek, green dragon, and red fox trails. common taxa included acer negundo, a. saccharinum, celtis laevigata, cinna arundinacea, elephantopus carolinianus, quercus palustris, parthenocissus quinquefolia, and ulmus americana. dominant taxa included chasmanthium latifolium, fraxinus pennsylvanica, and ilex decidua. 3. disturbed herbaceous vegetation [dhv] (figure 3) this type included the meadowlark prairie trail and various disturbed areas throughout onc. grassland elements, including andropogon gerardii, panicum virgatum, and sorghastrum nutans, were present, as were more “weedy” taxa such as amphiachyris dracunculoides, carduus nutans, and ambrosia artemisiifolia. desmanthus illinoenesis, iva annua, and rhus glabra were dominant taxa. the greatest number of exotic taxa were found in this type. 4. wetland and aquatic vegetation [wav] (figure 4) this type included the bird creek, blackbird marsh, coal creek, flowline, and nelson’s oxbow trails, as well as the margins of lake sherry and lake yahola. common taxa included carex lupulina, eleocharis obtusa, juncus effusus, justicia americana, limnosciadium pinnatum, ludwigia peploides, and sagittaria graminea. nelumbo lutea and typha angustifolia were dominant taxa in this type. oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod figure 1 mesic forest in north woods loop at the mary k. oxley nature center, tulsa county, oklahoma figure 2 bottomland forest habitat at the mary k. oxley nature center oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod 34 figure 3 disturbed herbaceous vegetation in meadowlark prairie at the mary k. oxley nature center figure 4 wetland and aquatic vegetation in nelson’s oxbow at the mary k. oxley nature center oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod acknowledgments the author would like to thank the mary k. oxley staff for allowing her access to the center. bruce hoagland and todd fagin (oklahoma biological survey/oklahoma natural heritage inventory/university of oklahoma department of geography and environmental sustainability) provided technical assistance. this work was funded by the oklahoma biological survey. literature cited curtis, n.m., w.e. ham, and k.s. johnson. 2008. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza (editors). earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. duck, l.g. and j.b. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. in: duck, l.g. and j.b. fletcher (editors). a survey of the game and furbearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma city (ok): oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. flora of north america editorial committee (editors). 1993+. flora of north america north of mexico. 16+ vols. new york and oxford. hoagland, b.w. and a.k. buthod. 2008. the vascular flora of the j.t. nickel family nature and wildlife preserve, cherokee county, oklahoma. castanea 73(1):16–28. hoagland, b.w. and a.k. buthod. 2008. the vascular flora of an ozark plateau site, ottawa county, oklahoma. southeastern naturalist 7(4):581–594. hoagland, b.w. and a.k. buthod. 2007. the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanic garden site, osage county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 7(1):54–66. hoagland, b.w. and a.k. buthod. 2005. vascular flora of a site along the arkansas river, pawnee county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 5(1):61–72. hoagland, b.w. and a.k. buthod. 2003. vascular flora of the keystone wildlife management area, creek, pawnee, and osage counties, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 3(1):23–37. hoagland, b.w. and f. johnson. 2004. vascular flora of the chouteau wildlife management area, wagoner county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 4(1):30–39. hoagland, b.w. and k. wallick. 2003. vascular flora of oologah wildlife management area in nowata county, ok. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 83:47–62. johnson, k.s. 2008. geologic map of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza (editors). earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. natureserve. 2013. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life, version 7.0. arlington (va): natureserve. (http://ww.natureserve.org/explorer accessed 1 july 2013). oklahoma climatological survey. 2013. oklahoma climatological data. norman (ok): university of oklahoma. (www.ocs.ou.edu accessed 28 june 2013). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2013. oklahoma natural heritage inventory working list of rare oklahoma plants. norman (ok): university of oklahoma. (www.biosurvey.ou.edu/publicat.html accessed 28 june 2013). palmer, m. w. 2007. the vascular flora of the tallgrass prairie preserve, osage county, oklahoma. castanea 72(4):235– 246. steyermark, j.a. 1963. flora of missouri. ames (ia): iowa state university press. stevens, p.f. 2001+. angiosperm phylogeny website, version 12. st. louis http://ww.natureserve.org/explorer http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/publicat.html oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod 36 (mo): missouri botanical garden. (http://www.mobot.org/mobot/rese arch/apweb/ accessed 1 july 2013). taylor, r.j. and c.e.s. taylor. 1991. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. durant (ok): southeastern state university. trewartha, g.t. 1968. an introduction to climate. new york: mcgraw-hill. usda-nrcs. 2007. the plants database. baton rouge (la): national plant data center. (http://plants.usda.gov accessed 1 july 2013). usda soil conservation service. 1977. soil survey of tulsa county, oklahoma. washington (dc): united states department of agriculture, soil conservation service. waterfall, u.t. 1973. keys to the flora of oklahoma. stillwater (ok): selfpublished. yatskievych, g. 1999. steyermark’s flora of missouri, volume 1. st. louis (mo): missouri botanical garden press. yatskievych, g. 2006. steyermark’s flora of missouri, volume 2. st. louis (mo): missouri botanical garden press . http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ http://plants.usda.gov/ oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod appendix list of vascular plant taxa from the mary k. oxley nature center, tulsa county, ok the first entry is duration (a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial), followed by growth habit (t=tree, s=shrub, ss=subshrub, v=woody vine, f=forb, g=graminoid), vegetation type (mf=mesic forest, bf=bottomland forest, dhv=disturbed herbaceous vegetation, wav=wetland and aquatic vegetation) and collection number. if taxonomy differs from usda-nrcs in the flora of north america (fna) or the angiosperm phylogeny website (apw), it is noted in parentheses ( ). exotic taxa are denoted with an asterisk (*). taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory are denoted with a dagger (†). voucher specimens are deposited at the robert bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma (okl) and at oxley nature center (onc). magnoliophyta magnoliopsida acanthaceae dicliptera brachiata (pursh) spreng. (branched foldwing); a; f; mf, bf; o-369 justicia americana (l.) vahl (american water-willow); p; f; wav; o-120 ruellia strepens l. (limestone wild petunia); p; f; dhv; o-106 aceraceae acer negundo l. (boxelder); p; t; bf; o-015; (apw:sapindaceae) acer saccharinum l. (silver maple); p; t; bf; o-230; (apw:sapindaceae) amaranthaceae amaranthus tuberculatus (moq.) sauer (roughfruit amaranth); a; f; dhv; o-336 iresine rhizomatosa standl. (juda's bush); p; f; mf, bf; o-368 anacardiaceae rhus glabra l. (smooth sumac); p; s; dhv; o-133 toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze (eastern poison ivy); p; v; mf, bf; o-033 apiaceae ammoselinum butleri (engelm. ex s. watson) j.m. coult. & rose (butler's sandparsley); a; f; dhv; o-165 chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. (hairyfruit chervil); a; f; mf, bf; o-019 cryptotaenia canadensis (l.) dc. (canadian honewort); p; f; mf; o-090 limnosciadium pinnatum (dc.) mathias & constance (tansy dogshade); a; f; wav; o-114 osmorhiza longistylis (torr.) dc. (longstyle sweetroot); p; f; mf; o-044 sanicula canadensis l. (canadian blacksnakeroot); b; f; mf; o-078 sanicula odorata (raf.) k.m. pryer & l.r. phillippe (clustered blacksnakeroot); p; f; mf; o-077 *torilis arvensis (huds.) link (spreading hedgeparsley); a; f; dhv; o-381 zizia aurea (l.) w.d.j. koch (golden zizia); p; f; mf; o-040 apocynaceae apocynum cannabinum l. (indianhemp); p; f; dhv; o-129 *vinca minor l. (common periwinkle); p; f; dhv; o-160 oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 38 aquifoliaceae ilex decidua walter (possumhaw); p; s; mf, bf; o-030 aristolochiaceae aristolochia tomentosa sims (woolly dutchman's pipe); p; v; mf; o-319 asclepiadaceae asclepias incarnata l. (swamp milkweed); p; f; wav; o-343; (apw:apocynaceae) asclepias syriaca l. (common milkweed); p; f; dhv; o-094; (apw:apocynaceae) cynanchum laeve (michx.) pers. (honeyvine); p; f; dhv; o-344; (apw:apocynaceae) matelea gonocarpos (walter) shinners (angularfruit milkvine); p; f; mf, bf; o-110; (apw:apocynaceae) asteraceae ageratina altissima (l.) king & h. rob. var. altissima (white snakeroot); p; f; mf; o-410 ambrosia artemisiifolia l. (annual ragweed); a; f; dhv; o-351 ambrosia trifida l. (great ragweed); a; f; dhv; o-341 amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. (prairie broomweed); a; f; dhv; o-405 bidens polylepis s.f. blake (bearded beggarticks); a; f; wav; o-421 boltonia diffusa elliott (smallhead doll's daisy); p; f; wav; o-413 *carduus nutans l. (nodding plumeless thistle); b; f; dhv; o-138 cirsium altissimum (l.) hill (tall thistle); b; f; dhv; o-225 conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist (canadian horseweed); a; f; dhv; o-245 conyza ramosissima cronquist (dwarf horseweed); a; f; dhv; o-292 coreopsis tinctoria nutt. (golden tickseed); a; f; dhv; o-097 dracopis amplexicaulis (vahl) cass. (clasping coneflower); a; f; dhv; o-108; (fna:rudbeckia amplexicaulis vahl) echinacea purpurea (l.) moench (eastern purple coneflower); p; f; dhv; o-251 eclipta prostrata (l.) l. (false daisy); a; f; wav; o-125 elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. (carolina elephantsfoot); p; f; mf, bf; o-310 erigeron annuus (l.) pers. (eastern daisy fleabane); a; f; dhv; o-150 erigeron philadelphicus l. var. philadelphicus (philadelphia fleabane); p; f; dhv; o-067 eupatorium serotinum michx. (lateflowering thoroughwort); p; f; dhv; o-332 eutrochium purpureum (l.) e.e. lamont var. purpureum (sweetscented joe pye weed); p; f; mf; o-268a gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera (spoonleaf purple everlasting); p; f; dhv; o-099 helianthus tuberosus l. (jerusalem artichoke); p; f; mf; o-408 iva annua l. (annual marshelder); a; f; dhv; o-315 krigia caespitosa (raf.) k.l. chambers (weedy dwarfdandelion); a; f; dhv; o-053; (fna:krigia cespitosa) lactuca canadensis l. (canada lettuce); a; f; dhv; o-269 lactuca floridana (l.) gaertn. (woodland lettuce); a; f; mf; o-313 *lactuca serriola l. (prickly lettuce); a; f; dhv; o-353 †lactuca tatarica (l.) c.a. mey. var. pulchella (pursh) breitung (blue lettuce); p; f; dhv; o-375; (fna:mulgedium pulchellum (pursh) g. don) packera glabella (poir.) c. jeffrey (butterweed); a; f; bf; o-066 packera obovata (muhl. ex willd.) w.a. weber & á. löve (roundleaf ragwort); p; f; mf, bf; o-008 amy k. buthod oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod pluchea camphorata (l.) dc. (camphor pluchea); p; f; wav; o-309 pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walter) dc. (carolina desert-chicory); a; f; dhv; o-113 ratibida pinnata (vent.) barnhart (pinnate prairie coneflower); p; f; dhv; o-385 rudbeckia hirta l. var. pulcherrima farw. (blackeyed susan); p; f; dhv; o-121 rudbeckia triloba l. var. triloba (browneyed susan); p; f; mf; o-415 silphium asteriscus l. var. asteriscus (starry rosinweed); p; f; dhv; o-271 silphium perfoliatum l. var. perfoliatum (cup plant); p; f; mf; o-235 smallanthus uvedalius (l.) mackenzie ex small (hairy leafcup); p; f; mf; o-350; (fna:smallanthus uvedalia (l.) mack. ex small) solidago gigantea aiton (giant goldenrod); p; f; dhv; o-373 solidago speciosa nutt. var. rigidiuscula torr. & a. gray (showy goldenrod); p; f; dhv; o-293 solidago ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. var. ulmifolia (elmleaf goldenrod); p; f; mf; o-306 *sonchus asper (l.) hill (spiny sowthistle); a; f; dhv; o-147 symphyotrichum cordifolium (l.) g.l. nesom (common blue wood aster); p; f; mf; o-419 symphyotrichum lanceolatum (willd.) g.l. nesom (white panicle aster); p; f; mf; o-423 symphyotrichum subulatum (michx.) g.l. nesom (eastern annual saltmarsh aster); a; f; dhv, wav; o-305 *taraxacum officinale f.h. wigg. (common dandelion); p; f; dhv; o-025 verbesina alternifolia (l.) britton ex kearney (wingstem); p; f; mf; o-374 verbesina virginica l. (white crownbeard); p; f; mf; o-327 vernonia baldwinii torr. (baldwin's ironweed); p; f; dhv; o-220 xanthium strumarium l. (rough cocklebur); a; f; wav; o-406 bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau (trumpet creeper); p; v; mf, bf; o-236 boraginaceae *buglossoides arvensis (l.) i.m. johnston (corn gromwell); a; f; dhv; o-047 *heliotropium indicum l. (indian heliotrope); a; f; wav; o-328 myosotis verna nutt. (spring forget-me-not); a; f; bf; o-070 brassicaceae *capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. (shepherd's purse); a; f; dhv; o-012 cardamine concatenata (michx.) sw. (cutleaf toothwort); p; f; mf; o-009 *cardamine hirsuta l. (hairy bittercress); a; f; bf, dhv; o-018 cardamine pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. (pennsylvania bittercress); p; f; dhv; o-188 †iodanthus pinnatifidus (michx.) steud. (purplerocket); p; f; mf; o-058 lepidium virginicum l. (virginia pepperweed); a; f; dhv; o-172 rorippa palustris (l.) besser ssp. palustris (bog yellowcress); a; f; wav; o-418 rorippa sessiliflora (nutt.) hitchc. (stalkless yellowcress); a; f; bf; o-071 campanulaceae campanulastrum americanum (l.) small (american bellflower); a; f; mf; o-233 triodanis biflora (ruiz & pav.) greene (small venus' looking-glass); a; f; dhv; o-100 cannabaceae *humulus japonicus siebold & zucc. (japanese hop); p; f; mf; o-349 oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod 40 caprifoliaceae *lonicera japonica thunb. (japanese honeysuckle); p; v; mf, bf; o-380 sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli (common elderberry); p; s; mf; o-111; (apw:adoxaceae) symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench (coralberry); p; s; mf; o-201 viburnum rufidulum raf. (rusty blackhaw); p; s; mf; o-054; (apw:adoxaceae) caryophyllaceae *arenaria serpyllifolia l. (thymeleaf sandwort); a; f; dhv; o-098 *cerastium glomeratum thuill. (sticky chickweed); a; f; dhv; o-170 sagina decumbens (elliott) torr. & gray ssp. decumbens (trailing pearlwort); a; f; dhv; o-168 silene stellata (l.) w.t. aiton (widowsfrill); p; f; mf; o-112 *stellaria media (l.) vill. (common chickweed); a; f; dhv; o-022 celastraceae celastrus scandens l. (american bittersweet); p; v; mf; o-266 *euonymus kiautschovicus loes. (creeping strawberry bush); p; s; mf; o-378 chenopodiaceae chenopodium album l. (lambsquarters); a; f; dhv; o-416; (apw:amaranthaceae) clusiaceae hypericum punctatum lam. (spotted st. johnswort); p; f; dhv; o-217; (apw:hypericaceae) convolvulaceae ipomoea lacunosa l. (whitestar); a; f; dhv; o-321 ipomoea pandurata (l.) g. mey. (man of the earth); p; f; mf; o-264 cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. (roughleaf dogwood); p; t; mf; o-032 crassulaceae penthorum sedoides l. (ditch stonecrop); p; f; wav; o-243; (apw:penthoraceae) cucurbitaceae melothria pendula l. (guadeloupe cucumber); p; f; dhv; o-242 cuscutaceae cuscuta gronovii willd. ex schult. (scaldweed); p; f; dhv; o-393; (apw:convolvulaceae) ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. (common persimmon); p; t; mf; o-057 euphorbiaceae acalypha rhomboidea raf. (virginia threeseed mercury); a; f; bf; o-399 chamaesyce nutans (lag.) small (eyebane); a; f; dhv; o-314 chamaesyce prostrata (aiton) small (prostrate sandmat); a; f; dhv; o-250 croton glandulosus l. (vente conmigo); a; f; dhv; o-407 oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod *euphorbia davidii subils (david's spurge); a; f; dhv; o-346 euphorbia dentata michx. (toothed spurge); a; f; mf; o-316 fabaceae *albizia julibrissin durazz. (silktree); p; t; mf; o-311 amorpha fruticosa l. (desert false indigo); p; s; wav; o-357 amphicarpaea bracteata (l.) fernald (american hogpeanut); a; f; mf; o-382 apios americana medik. (groundnut); p; f; wav; o-234 cercis canadensis l. (eastern redbud); p; t; mf; o-042 chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene (sleepingplant); a; f; dhv; o-240 desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macmill. ex b.l. rob. & fernald (prairie bundleflower); p; f; dhv; o-237 †desmodium illinoense a. gray (illinois ticktrefoil); p; f; dhv; o-329 desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. (panicledleaf ticktrefoil); p; f; mf; o-105 †desmodium pauciflorum (nutt.) dc. (fewflower ticktrefoil); p; f; mf; o-261 gymnocladus dioicus (l.) k. koch (kentucky coffeetree); p; f; mf; o-203 *kummerowia stipulacea (maxim.) makino (korean clover); a; f; dhv; o-355 *lespedeza cuneata (dum. cours.) g. don (chinese lespedeza); p; f; dhv; o-294 lespedeza repens (l.) w.p.c. barton (creeping lespedeza); p; f; mf; o-318 *medicago lupulina l. (black medick); a; f; dhv; o-426 *melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. (yellow sweetclover); a; f; dhv; o-134 robinia pseudoacacia l. (black locust); p; t; bf; o-387 senna marilandica (l.) link (maryland senna); p; f; wav; o-320 sesbania herbacea (mill.) mcvaugh (bigpod sesbania); a; f; wav; o-325 strophostyles helvola (l.) elliott (amberique-bean); a; f; dhv; o-345 *trifolium campestre schreb. (field clover); a; f; dhv; o-088 *trifolium repens l. (white clover); p; f; dhv; o-080 *vicia sativa l. (garden vetch); a; f; dhv; o-173 *vicia villosa roth ssp. varia (host) corb. (winter vetch); a; f; dhv; o-128 fagaceae quercus macrocarpa michx. (bur oak); p; t; mf, bf; o-300 quercus muehlenbergii engelm. (chinkapin oak); p; t; mf; o-267a quercus palustris münchh. (pin oak); p; t; bf; o-273 quercus rubra l. (northern red oak); p; t; mf; o-298 quercus shumardii buckley (shumard's oak); p; t; mf; o-301 fumariaceae corydalis flavula (raf.) dc. (yellow fumewort); a; f; bf; o-020; (fna:papaveraceae) geraniaceae geranium carolinianum l. (carolina geranium); a; f; dhv; o-162 *geranium pusillum l. (small geranium); a; f; dhv; o-061 juglandaceae carya cordiformis (wangenh.) k. koch (bitternut hickory); p; t; mf; o-063 carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch (pecan); p; t; mf, bf; o-048 juglans nigra l. (black walnut); p; t; mf; o-358 oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod 42 lamiaceae *lamium amplexicaule l. (henbit deadnettle); a; f; dhv; o-024 *lamium purpureum l. (purple deadnettle); a; f; dhv; o-016 lycopus americanus muhl. ex w.p.c. barton (american water horehound); p; f; wav; o-222 monarda fistulosa l. (wild bergamot); p; f; dhv; o-383 *perilla frutescens (l.) britton (beefsteakplant); a; f; mf; o-359 prunella vulgaris l. (common selfheal); p; f; mf; o-118 scutellaria lateriflora l. (blue skullcap); p; f; bf; o-409 stachys tenuifolia willd. (smooth hedgenettle); p; f; bf; o-249 teucrium canadense l. (canada germander); p; f; wav; o-210 lauraceae lindera benzoin (l.) blume (northern spicebush); p; s; mf, bf; o-014 lentibulariaceae utricularia gibba l. (humped bladderwort); p; f; wav; o-255 lythraceae ammannia auriculata willd. (eared redstem); a; f; wav; o-254 lythrum alatum pursh (winged lythrum); p; f; wav; o-259 malvaceae callirhoe papaver (cav.) a. gray (woodland poppymallow); p; f; mf; o-117 hibiscus laevis all. (halberdleaf rosemallow); p; f; wav; o-256 hibiscus lasiocarpos cav. (rosemallow); p; f; wav; o-246 sida spinosa l. (prickly fanpetals); a; f; dhv; o-425 menispermaceae †calycocarpum lyonii (pursh) a. gray (cupseed); p; v; mf; o-115 cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. (carolina coralbead); p; v; mf, bf; o-390 menispermum canadense l. (common moonseed); p; v; mf, bf; o-223 molluginaceae mollugo verticillata l. (green carpetweed); a; f; dhv; o-244 moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) c.k. schneid. (osage orange); p; t; bf; o-339 *morus alba l. (white mulberry); p; t; mf; o-389 morus rubra l. (red mulberry); p; t; mf, bf; o-303 nelumbonaceae nelumbo lutea willd. (american lotus); p; f; wav; o-229 oleaceae fraxinus americana l. (white ash); p; t; mf, bf; o-265 fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall (green ash); p; t; bf; o-051 *ligustrum vulgare l. (european privet); p; s; mf, bf; o-267 oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod onagraceae gaura longiflora spach (longflower beeblossom); a; f; dhv; o-352 ludwigia peploides (kunth) p.h. raven (floating primrose-willow); p; f; wav; o-278 oenothera villosa thunb. (hairy evening-primrose); p; f; dhv; o-348 oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata l. (creeping woodsorrel); p; f; dhv; o-164 oxalis dillenii jacq. (slender yellow woodsorrel); p; f; mf; o-089 passifloraceae passiflora incarnata l. (purple passionflower); p; f; dhv; o-241 passiflora lutea l. (yellow passionflower); p; f; mf, bf; o-107 phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. var. americana (american pokeweed); p; f; mf; o-131 plantaginaceae *plantago lanceolata l. (narrowleaf plantain); p; f; dhv; o-296 plantago rugelii decne. (blackseed plantain); p; f; mf, dhv; o-127 plantago virginica l. (virginia plantain); a; f; dhv; o-119 polemoniaceae phlox divaricata l. (wild blue phlox); p; f; mf, bf; o-065 polygonaceae *polygonum aviculare l. (prostrate knotweed); a; f; dhv; o-417 polygonum hydropiperoides michx. (swamp smartweed); p; f; wav; o-274; (fna:persicaria hydropiperoides (michx.) small) polygonum lapathifolium l. (curlytop knotweed); a; f; wav; o-295; (fna:persicaria lapathifolia (l.) gray) polygonum pensylvanicum l. (pennsylvania smartweed); a; f; wav; o-297; (fna:persicaria pensylvanica (l.) m. gómez) polygonum punctatum elliott (dotted smartweed); a; f; wav; o-219; (fna:persicaria punctata (elliott) small) polygonum tenue michx. (pleatleaf knotweed); a; f; dhv; o-126 polygonum virginianum l. (jumpseed); p; f; mf; o-212; (fna:persicaria virginiana (l.) gaertn.) rumex altissimus alph. wood (pale dock); p; f; wav; o-046 *rumex crispus l. (curly dock); p; f; dhv; o-079 †rumex verticillatus l. (swamp dock); p; f; wav; o-181 portulacaceae claytonia virginica l. (virginia springbeauty); p; f; dhv; o-005; (apw:montiaceae) ranunculaceae clematis pitcheri torr. & a. gray (bluebill); p; v; bf; o-248 *clematis terniflora dc. var. terniflora (sweet autumn virginsbower); p; f; bf; o-403; (fna:clematis terniflora dc.) ranunculus micranthus nutt. (rock buttercup); p; f; dhv; o-163 oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod 44 ranunculus sceleratus l. var. sceleratus (cursed buttercup); a; f; bf; o-069 †thalictrum revolutum dc. (waxyleaf meadow-rue); p; f; mf; o-109 rosaceae agrimonia pubescens wallr. (soft agrimony); p; f; mf; o-257 crataegus viridis l. (green hawthorn); p; t; bf; o-179 geum canadense jacq. (white avens); p; f; mf; o-139 geum vernum (raf.) torr. & a. gray (spring avens); p; f; bf; o-068 †potentilla rivalis nutt. (brook cinquefoil); p; f; wav; o-384 prunus hortulana l.h. bailey (hortulan plum); p; t; bf; o-184 prunus mexicana s. watson (mexican plum); p; t; bf; o-095 prunus serotina ehrh. (black cherry); p; t; bf; o-140 *pyrus calleryana decne. (callery pear); p; t; bf; o-331 *pyrus communis l. (common pear); p; t; mf; o-010 rosa setigera michx. (climbing rose); p; v; mf; o-101 rubus argutus link (sawtooth blackberry); p; ss; dhv; o-182 rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. (common buttonbush); p; s; wav; o-205 *cruciata pedemontana (bellardi) ehrend. (piedmont bedstraw); a; f; dhv; o-060 galium aparine l. (stickywilly); a; f; dhv; o-037 galium circaezans michx. (licorice bedstraw); p; f; mf, bf; o-149 houstonia pusilla schoepf (tiny bluet); a; f; dhv; o-004 *sherardia arvensis l. (blue fieldmadder); a; f; dhv; o-059 rutaceae zanthoxylum americanum mill. (common pricklyash); p; s; mf; o-299 salicaceae salix nigra marshall (black willow); p; t; wav; o-178 sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. ssp. lanuginosum (gum bully); p; t; bf; o-324 scrophulariaceae †dasistoma macrophylla (nutt.) raf. (mullein foxglove); a; f; mf; o-258; (apw:orobanchaceae) gratiola neglecta torr. (clammy hedgehyssop); a; f; wav; o-072; (apw:plantaginaceae) lindernia dubia (l.) pennell (yellowseed false pimpernel); a; f; dhv; o-253; (apw:linderniaceae) mimulus alatus aiton (sharpwing monkeyflower); p; f; wav; o-238; (apw:phyrmaceae) *veronica arvensis l. (corn speedwell); a; f; dhv; o-171; (apw:plantaginaceae) veronica peregrina l. (neckweed); a; f; dhv; o-174; (apw:plantaginaceae) *veronica polita fri. (gray field speedwell); a; f; bf; o-003; (apw:plantaginaceae) solanaceae physalis angulata l. (cutleaf groundcherry); a; f; dhv; o-333 physalis longifolia nutt. (longleaf groundcherry); p; f; dhv; o-342 solanum americanum p. mill. (american black nightshade); p; f; bf; o-400 solanum carolinense l. (carolina horsenettle); p; f; dhv; o-103 oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. (sugarberry); p; t; mf, bf; o-183 ulmus americana l. (american elm); p; t; bf; o-002 ulmus rubra muhl. (slippery elm); p; t; bf; o-036 urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. (smallspike false nettle); p; f; mf; o-202 laportea canadensis (l.) weddell (canadian woodnettle); p; f; mf; o-260 †urtica chamaedryoides pursh (heartleaf nettle); a; f; mf; o-006 valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. (beaked cornsalad); a; f; dhv; o-038; (apw:caprifoliaceae) verbenaceae phryma leptostachya l. (american lopseed); p; f; mf; o-231; (apw:phrymaceae) phyla lanceolata (michx.) greene (lanceleaf fogfruit); p; f; wav; o-086 verbena urticifolia l. (white vervain); p; f; mf; o-228 violaceae viola bicolor pursh (field pansy); a; f; dhv; o-001 viola missouriensis greene (missouri violet); p; f; bf; o-169 viola pubescens aiton var. pubescens (downy yellow violet); p; f; mf; o-062 viola sororia willd. (common blue violet); p; f; mf, bf; o-017 vitaceae ampelopsis cordata michx. (heartleaf peppervine); p; v; mf, bf; o-136 parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. (virginia creeper); p; v; mf, bf; o-360 vitis cinerea (engelm.) engelm. ex millard (graybark grape); p; v; mf, bf; o-082 vitis vulpina l. (frost grape); p; v; mf; o-155 liliopsida alismataceae alisma subcordatum raf. (american water plantain); p; f; wav; o-211 sagittaria graminea michx. (grassy arrowhead); p; f; wav; o-277 sagittaria platyphylla (engelm.) j.g. sm. (delta arrowhead); p; f; wav; o-388 araceae arisaema dracontium (l.) schott (green dragon); p; f; mf; o-116 commelinaceae commelina erecta l. (whitemouth dayflower); p; f; dhv; o-322 cyperaceae carex brevior (dewey) mack. (shortbeak sedge); p; g; dhv; o-192 carex caroliniana schwein. (carolina sedge); p; g; wav; o-186 carex cherokeensis schwein. (cherokee sedge); p; g; bf; o-189 carex davisii schwein. & torr. (davis' sedge); p; g; bf; o-200 carex granularis muhl. ex willd. (limestone meadow sedge); p; g; dhv; o-177 carex hyalinolepis steud. (shoreline sedge); p; g; bf; o-195 oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod 46 carex leavenworthii dewey (leavenworth's sedge); p; g; dhv; o-197 carex lupulina muhl. ex willd. (hop sedge); p; g; wav; o-159 carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. var. muehlenbergii (muhlenberg's sedge); p; g; dhv; o-166 carex retroflexa muhl. ex willd. (reflexed sedge); p; g; dhv; o-193 carex scoparia schkuhr ex willd. var. scoparia (broom sedge); p; g; wav; o-154 carex tribuloides wahlenb. var. sangamonensis clokey (blunt broom sedge); p; g; wav; o-085 cyperus acuminatus torr. & hook. ex torr. (tapertip flatsedge); p; g; wav; o-073 cyperus echinatus (l.) alph. wood (globe flatsedge); p; g; dhv; o-209 cyperus strigosus l. (strawcolored flatsedge); p; g; dhv, wav; o-275 eleocharis obtusa (willd.) schult. (blunt spikerush); a; g; wav; o-213 eleocharis palustris (l.) roem. & schult. (common spikerush); p; g; wav; o-398 iridaceae sisyrinchium angustifolium mill. (narrowleaf blue-eyed grass); p; f; dhv; o-052 juncaceae juncus acuminatus michx. (tapertip rush); p; g; wav; o-158 juncus brachycarpus engelm. (whiteroot rush); p; g; wav; o-075 juncus diffusissimus buckl. (slimpod rush); p; g; wav; o-074 juncus effusus l. (common rush); p; g; wav; o-135 juncus interior wiegand (inland rush); p; g; dhv, wav; o-087 juncus tenuis willd. (poverty rush); p; g; dhv; o-152 lemnaceae lemna minor l. (common duckweed); p; f; wav; o-280; (apw:araceae) spirodela polyrrhiza (l.) schleid. (common duckmeat); p; f; wav; o-279; (apw:araceae) wolffia columbiana karst. (columbian watermeal); p; f; wav; o-281; (apw:araceae) liliaceae allium canadense l. (meadow garlic); p; f; dhv; o-124; (apw:amaryllidaceae) camassia scilloides (raf.) cory (atlantic camas); p; f; dhv; o-064; (apw:asparagaceae) erythronium albidum nutt. (white fawnlily); p; f; mf; o-007; (apw:liliaceae) *liriope spicata (thunb.) lour. (creeping liriope); p; f; mf; o-204; (apw:asparagaceae) nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britton (crowpoison); p; f; dhv; o-026; (apw:amaryllidaceae) polygonatum biflorum (walter) elliott (smooth solomon's seal); p; f; mf; o-045; (apw:asparagaceae) poaceae andropogon gerardii vitman (big bluestem); p; g; dhv; o-227 arundinaria gigantea (walter) muhl. (giant cane); p; g; bf; o-302 bothriochloa saccharoides (sw.) rydb. (silver bluestem); p; g; dhv; o-371 *bromus catharticus vahl (rescuegrass); a; g; dhv; o-029 bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. (hairy woodland brome); p; g; mf, bf; o-076 *bromus racemosus l. (bald brome); a; g; dhv; o-122 *bromus sterilis l. (poverty brome); a; g; dhv; o-081 chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates (indian woodoats); p; g; mf, bf; o-207 cinna arundinacea l. (sweet woodreed); p; g; bf; o-326 *cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. (bermudagrass); p; g; dhv; o-304 diarrhena obovata (gleason) brandenburg (obovate beakgrain); p; g; mf; o-215 oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 13, december 2013 amy k. buthod dichanthelium malacophyllum (nash) gould (softleaf rosette grass); p; g; mf; o-148 digitaria ciliaris (retz.) koeler (southern crabgrass); a; g; dhv; o-268 *echinochloa colona (l.) link (jungle rice); a; g; dhv; o-347 echinochloa muricata (p. beauv.) fernald (rough barnyardgrass); a; g; dhv, wav; o-218 *eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. (indian goosegrass); a; g; dhv; o-239 elymus villosus muhl. ex willd. (hairy wildrye); p; g; mf; o-144 elymus virginicus l. (virginia wildrye); p; g; mf, bf; o-224 *eragrostis cilianensis (all.) vign. ex janchen (stinkgrass); a; g; dhv; o-376 eragrostis hypnoides (lam.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (teal lovegrass); a; g; wav; o-307 eragrostis lugens ness (morning lovegrass); p; g; dhv; o-370 *eragrostis pilosa (l.) p. beauv. (indian lovegrass); a; g; dhv; o-252 festuca subverticillata (pers.) alexeev (nodding fescue); p; g; mf; o-083 hordeum pusillum nutt. (little barley); a; g; dhv; o-028 †muhlenbergia bushii pohl (nodding muhly); p; g; bf; o-414 panicum anceps michx. (beaked panicgrass); p; g; mf, wav; o-206 panicum dichotomiflorum michx. (fall panicgrass); a; g; dhv; o-356 panicum rigidulum bosc ex nees (redtop panicgrass); p; g; wav; o-334 panicum virgatum l. (switchgrass); p; g; dhv; o-226 *paspalum dilatatum poir. (dallisgrass); p; g; dhv; o-157 paspalum floridanum michx. (florida paspalum); p; g; dhv; o-354 *poa annua l. (annual bluegrass); a; g; dhv; o-021 *poa pratensis l. (kentucky bluegrass); p; g; dhv; o-198 poa sylvestris a. gray (woodland bluegrass); p; g; mf; o-050 *schedonorus pratensis (huds.) p. beauv. (meadow fescue); p; g; dhv; o-102 setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen (marsh bristlegrass); p; g; dhv; o-221 *setaria pumila (poir.) roem. & schult. (yellow foxtail); a; g; dhv; o-372 sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash (indiangrass); p; g; dhv; o-323 *sorghum halepense (l.) pers. (johnsongrass); p; g; dhv; o-208 tridens flavus (l.) hitchc. (purpletop tridens); p; g; dhv; o-270 tridens strictus (nutt.) nash (longspike tridens); p; g; dhv; o-420 tripsacum dactyloides (l.) l. (eastern gamagrass); p; g; dhv; o-137 smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. (saw greenbrier); p; v; mf, bf; o-091 †smilax lasioneura hook. (blue ridge carrionflower); p; v; mf; o-093 smilax rotundifolia l. (roundleaf greenbrier); p; v; bf; o-185 smilax tamnoides l. (bristly greenbrier); p; v; mf, bf; o-056 typhaceae *typha angustifolia l. (narrowleaf cattail); p; f; wav; o-156 a checklist of the vascular flora of the mary k. oxley nature center,tulsa county, oklahoma by ms. amy k. buthod five year index to oklahoma native plant record volume 12 4 possible mechanisms of the exclusion of johnson grass by tall grass prairies, m. s. thesis, marilyn a. semtner 33 a preliminary pawnee ethnobotany checklist, c. randy ledford 43 vascular flora of alabaster caverns state park, cimarron gypsum hills, woodward county, oklahoma, gloria m. caddell and kristi d. rice 63 a comparison of the composition and structure of two oak forests in marshall and pottawatomie counties, bruce smith 69 critic’s choice essay: virtual herbaria come of age, wayne elisens volume 13 4 ecology and taxonomy of water canyon, canadian county, oklahoma, m. s. thesis, constance a. taylor 29 a checklist of the vascular flora of the mary k. oxley nature center, tulsa county, oklahoma, amy k. buthod 48 smoke-induced germination in phacelia strictaflora, stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 55 critic’s choice essay: a calvacade of oklahoma botanists in oklahoma – contributors to our knowledge of the flora of oklahoma, ronald j. tyrl and paula a. shryock volume 14 4 flora of kiowa county, oklahoma, m. s. thesis, lottie opal baldock 38 gardens of yesteryear, sadie cole gordon 43 oklahoma deciduous trees differ in chilling enhancement of budburst, stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 50 mapping distribution in oklahoma and raising awareness: purple loosestrife (lythrum salicaria), multiflora rose (rosa multiflora), and japanese honeysuckle (lonicera japonica), katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman 67 non-twining milkweed vines of oklahoma: an overview of matelea biflora and matelea cynanchoides (apocynaceae), angela mcdonnell 80 critic’s choice essay: pollination ecology of our native prairie plants, gloria m. caddell volume 15 4 preface to first flowering dates for central oklahoma, wayne elisens 6 first flowering dates for central oklahoma, ben osborn 19 forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia, oklahoma county, oklahoma (1820–2014), chad king 31 interplanting floral resource plants with vegetable plants enhances beneficial arthropod abundance in a home garden, chrisdon b. bonner, eric j. rebek, janet c. cole, brian a. kahn, and janette a. steets 49 contributions to the flora of cimarron county and the black mesa area, amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 78 antifungal activity in extracts of plants from southwestern oklahoma against aspergillus flavus, tahzeeba frisby and cameron university students 96 kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. abundance and distribution in oklahoma, marli claytor and karen r. hickman 105 critic’s choice essay: mistletoe, phoradendron serotinum (raf.) johnston, paul buck volume 16 4 pollination ecology of sabatia campestris nutt. (gentianaceae), constance e. taylor 10 the structure of the gynostegium, breeding system, and pollination ecology of spider milkweed, asclepias viridis walt. (apocynaceae), m. s. thesis, shang-wen liaw 45 a floristic inventory of the university of oklahoma’s kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county, oklahoma, amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 64 effects of fire severity on habitat recovery in a mixed grass prairie ecosystem, laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano 78 critic’s choice essay: a conversation with a small beetle, paul buck oklahoma native plant society p.o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 a study of the flowering plants of tulsa county, oklahoma, exclusive of the grasses, sedges, and rushes, m.s. thesis maxine b. clark† 37 laboratory studies of allelopathic effects of juniperus virginiana l. on five species of native plants erica a. corbett and andrea lashley 53 vascular flora of e. c. hafer park, edmond, oklahoma gloria m. caddell, katie christoffel, carmen esqueda, and alonna smith 69 first record of chorioactis geaster from oklahoma clark l. ovrebo and sheila brandon 72 critic’s choice essay: allelopathy paul buck† five year index to oklahoma native plant record – inside back cover 2019 oklahoma native plant record 1 oklahoma native plant r ecord journal of the okla hom a native plant society p. o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 volume 19, december 2019 issn 1536-7738 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ editor: gloria caddell production editor: paula shryock electronic production editor: sandy graue manuscript editor: chad king technical advisor: erica corbett the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. officers and board members president: bill farris vice-president: donna horton secretary: connie murray treasurer: mary korthase past president: bruce smith directors at large: kathy doss jim elder ray luth joe roberts janet thomas rahmona thompson chapter chairs: central: patrick bell cross timbers: elaine lynch northeast: teresa blue mycology: nancy hamill committee chairs: historian: fran stallings publicity/merchandise: barbara klein betty kemm award: sue amstutz awards: constance murray membership database: sandy graue membership database ed.: tina julich mailings/printings: sandy graue gaillardia editor: lynn michael color oklahoma: alicia nelson webmaster: adam ryburn web editors: joe roberts, sandy graue http://www.oknativeplants.org articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution noncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.20.100000 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ http://www.oknativeplants.org/ https://webmail.suddenlink.net/do/redirect?url=https%253a%252f%252fcreativecommons.org%252flicenses%252f&hmac=c55f81a2d88a183f74295dc18f7bbb4a https://webmail.suddenlink.net/do/redirect?url=https%253a%252f%252fdoi.org%252f10.22488%252fokstate.19.100000&hmac=a73ec5e971d5bca0ed3e9607a4f15f73 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 oklahoma native plant record volum e 19 table of contents foreword .................................................................................................................................................... 3 historical land cover along the deep fork river: an analysis of vegetation composition and distribution of the deep fork national wildlife refuge, okmulgee county, oklahoma, circa 1897 ........................................................................................... 4 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick a floristic inventory of the john w. nichols scout ranch, canadian county, oklahoma ................................................................................................................................................. 17 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn a walk through the mcloud high school oak-hickory forest with a checklist of the woody plants. ............................................................................................................ 30 bruce a. smith sexual reproduction of kudzu (pueraria montana [lour.] merr.) in oklahoma ............................. 52 eric b. duell and karen r. hickman critic’s choice essay: seeking a special plant ......................................................................................... 58 paul buck† editorial policies and procedures ......................................................................................................... 60 five year index to oklahoma native plant record ............................................... inside back cover † indicates an author who is deceased cover photo: dalea purpurea vent. (purple prairie clover) by john cleal for the 2008 onps photo contest oklahoma native plant record, volume 3, number 1, december 2003 oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 38 floristic survey of the nature conservancy’s pennington creek preserve in johnston county, oklahoma 1997 kimberly a. shannon* graduate college oklahoma state university this study was conducted as one part of an overall biological assessment of the nature conservancy’s pennington creek site. a 9.6 hectare area was surveyed during the 1995 and 1996 growing seasons for plants in fertile condition. they were collected, identified and voucher specimens were deposited in the osu herbarium (okla). physiographic and ecological aspects of the site were described using geographic information system (gis) techniques. two hundred-three species representing 157 genera and 63 families were collected. four plant communities are present: forest, grassland, granitic outcrop, and riparian. characteristic taxa of the forest community include quercus stellata, q. marilandica, carya texana, c. cordiformis, symphoricarpos orbiculatus, and elymus canadensis. tridens flavus, setaria lutescens, sorghastrum nutans and gaillardia pulchella are dominants found in the grasslands. the granitic outcrop areas provide habitat for: sedum pulchellum, s. nuttallianum, krigia virginica, chaetopappa asteroides, and polypodium polypodioides. characteristic species of the riparian community include carex spp., cyperus spp., chasmanthium latifolium, platanus occidentalis, and alnus maritima. * author’s current address: oklahoma biological survey, university of oklahoma, norman, ok 73019-5112 ______________________________________ introduction floristic studies have long been an important means of understanding the plants, vegetation, and ecosystems that surround us. traditionally floristic surveys have covered relatively large areas, but much can be learned from the survey of small ones as well. one such area is a preserve of the nature conservancy located in johnston county in southcentral oklahoma. situated on an outcrop of precambrian granite, it is a 3.2 hectare site that has a number of plant communities; deciduous forest, grasslands, riparian, and granitic outcrop, each with a characteristic assemblage of species. the significance of this site is that exposed precambrian granite is relatively infrequent in oklahoma, composing less than 1 percent of the rock outcrop cover of the state and restricted primarily to a small portion in the south-central part (1). these precambrian outcrop areas typically have an interesting variety of plants and plant communities (2, 3). in late 1994 the oklahoma chapter of the conservancy acquired the site via donation by the landowner. in order to determine whether it was biologically significant and worthy of protection in accordance with its goals, the conservancy required a floristic survey of the vascular plants present. this survey was to be one part of an overall biological assessment of the property. during the shannon, k.a. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100021 oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 shannon, k. a. 1995 and 1996 growing seasons, such a survey was conducted of both the site and the surrounding area of approximately 6.4 hectares. in addition to documenting the plants present, mapping of the site’s different communities and physiographic features using geographic information systems (gis) techniques was completed. the objectives of this work were: 1) to compile a list of the vascular plant species present, 2) to document the taxa present via herbarium specimens, 3) to compile basic ecological and physiographic data and 4) to produce a site-specific vegetation map using gis techniques. site description the site of the conservancy’s pennington creek nature sanctuary and surrounding area is approximately 9.6 hectares, located in central johnston county, (t3s, r6e, sec.5, sw ¼ sw ¼ and sec. 6 se ¼). located 8.0 km (5 mi) north and 3.2 km (2 mi) west of tishomingo, it is bordered by pennington creek and a graveled county road on the northeast side. the site is located within the arbuckle uplift geomorphic province and the grand praire land resources area. the topography consists of gently rolling hills and plains. ordovician and cretaceous limestones and precambrian granites are the parent rock in the area. these granites and rhyolites are the oldest strata in oklahoma, dating from 1.05 to 1.35 billion years ago, and contribute to this site’s uniqueness. they were exposed as sedimentary cover eroded from above them. soil types present are the chigleygranite outcrop complex with 1 to 8 percent slope and gracemont soils. the chigley-granite outcrop complex consists of a mixture of soils and outcrops of granite. the chigley soil is a gently sloping, moderately well drained soil on uplands. its water table is below a depth of 1 m from february to may and the rate of water intake is moderately slow. the gracemont soils are characterized as nearly level to gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained soils in flood plains. their pattern of soils is intricate; about 35% of an area has a surface layer of loamy fine sand, and 50% has a surface layer of fine sandy loam. these soils are next to the stream channels; the water table is below a depth of 0.1-1.0 m (4-40 in) for most of the year; rate of water intake is rapid. precipitation for the area of the site averages about 101.8 cm (40 in) while the average temperature is 16.7 oc (62of). of the total annual precipitation, 59% usually falls between the months of april and september. the range of precipitation effectiveness values is from 65 to to 50. the growing season for johnston county ranges from 189 to 230 days. the dominant vegetation type for the area is post oak-blackjack forest. method of study the major component of this research was the collection and identification of the vascular plants found at the site. during 13 trips from march 1995 to october 1996, vascular plants in fertile condition were collection while the site was systematically traversed on foot. traditional taxonomic procedures of collecting, pressing, drying, and preservation were employed. unknown species were identified using the resources of the osu herbarium (okla). some plants were identified only to genus because they were not in flower or fruit. nomenclature was based primarily on that of waterfall (8) and gleason and conquist (9). common names were taken from taylor and taylor (10). voucher oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 shannon, k. a. 40 specimens were deposited in the osu herbarium. the gis comprised spatial data layers collected in either digital or analog form from a u.s.g.s. aerial photograph, topographic quadrangle map, and the soil survey map of johnston county. elevation and soils coverages were digitized from usgs quad map and the soil survey map of johnston county, respectively. coverages of plant communities, road, and creek were derived directly from the digitized aerial photograph. each spatial data layer was accompanied by a table of attribute or non-spatial data. the plant species coverage included attribute data for a representative group of species from each plant community. each record in the table comprised scientific name, common name, plant community, habit, collection date, collection number and relative abundance. spatial relationships between distribution of plant species and parameters of plant communities were compared. collection of specimens field notes were compiled as each plant was collected and included: a description of the plant’s habitat, morphology, topography, associated species; the date; collection number, and any additional comments. these notes were made with a microcassette recorder and later transcribed onto individual data collection sheets for each specimen. a small site map in the lower-right corner of each sheet allowed the general position of each plant collected to be recorded. specimens were pressed and dried at approximately 43oc for 2-3 days. the specimens were then placed in a freezer at 0oc for a minimum of 1 week. freezing ensured that all insects and other potential pests were dead before being placed in the herbarium. most specimens were identified using key of the vascular plant families of oklahoma (17) along with u.t. waterfall’s keys to the flora of oklahoma (8). keys in the flora of the great plains, correll and johnston’s flora of texas, gray’s manual of botany, and hampton’s treatment of the amaranthaceae (21) were also used to identify plant specimens and herbarium sheets from the osu herbarium were used to verify identifications. nomenclature was based primarily on that of waterfall (8) and gleason and cronquist (9). after the specimens were identified, pressed, and dried they were mounted on herbarium paper. labels on each specimen provide the scientific name, common name, topography, associated species, collection number, date collected, and relative location of the plant. each specimen was glued to acid-free herbarium paper with elmer’s wood glue®, allowed to dry and then refrozen to kill insects before being accessioned to the osu herbarium. gis data multiple layers of data were used for this project which was created using the arcview 3.0 ® program developed by the environmental systems research institute (esri). the first steps of the project included scanning, registering, and referencing a u.s.g.s. aerial photograph of the preserve. this data layer was assigned real-world coordinates using u.t.m. coordinates. four derived coverages including property boundaries, road, creek, and plant communities were created on-screen from the digitized aerial photo. the road, creek, and plant community themes were created as polygon coverages and the property boundary, elevation, and soils themes are line coverages. the elevation and soils oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 shannon, k. a. coverages were digitized directly from a u.s.g.s. quad map (reagan series) and the johnston county soil survey, respectively. the plant species coverage was added as points within the boundaries of the plant community coverages. most of the attribute data came from the derived coverage plant communities. the soil attribute data supplied important information for each plant community. along with actual soil types, information regarding their depths and drainage properties was included. the point attribute data of the plant species coverage were added from data collected during the 1995-1996 field research seasons. analysis of the data represented within each coverage was done as a pointin-polygon analysis. to gain an understanding of the relationships between each species’s distribution and the physical features of the site, the plant community layers and the soils layer were linked to each taxon. ten coverages were generated in the gis study: they were study area, species, elevation, soils, penncreek, riparian community, granite community, grassland community, forest community, and road. for each coverage two files, shape and text, were created. the shape file depicts coverages as either polygon, line, or point. the text files describe the shape files by means of tabular attribute or aspatial data. for each coverage, an attribute table comprising three to seven fields and one to 100 records was created. the attribute data below allows coverages to be linked or joined via matching fields. ________________________________________________________________ gis attribute tables study area: shape id# boundary line line 1 study area boundary elevation: shape id# elevation line line 1 820 feet line 2 830 feet line 3 840 feet line 4 850 feet soils: shape id# soil type soil name depth high water table depth line 1 6 chigley granite outcrop 0-72 in. 3.0 4.0 ft. line 2 27 gracemont 0-74 in. 0.5 – 3.0 ft. riparian community shape id# community polygon 1 rp riparian polygon 2 rp riparian forest community shape id# community polygon 1 fo forest oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 shannon, k. a. 42 polygon 2 fo forest grassland community shape id# community polygon 1 gr grassland polygon 2 gr grassland granite community shape id# community polygon 1 go granite outcrop-boulder polygon 2 go granite outcrop-ground level road: shape id# road type polygon 1 county road ___________________________________________________________________________ results and discussion two hundred-three species in 157 genera and 64 families were encountered in this survey (appendices c-e). the four largest families were the asteraceae, poaceae, fabaceae, and the cyperaceae (table 1).these taxa were representative of riparian habitats, post oak-blackjack woods, and prairies. table: number of genera and species for the largest families present at the nature conserancy’s pennington creek site. family genera species asteraceae 24 32 poaceae 21 28 fabaceae 11 14 cyperaceae 4 10 species designated by the u.s. fish and wildlife service (11) as endangered, threatened, or category 1 were not encountered. although cited as present in the county, carex fissa (s2imperiled in the state) and penstemon oklahomensis (s3-very rare in the state) were not discovered. the only species presently ranked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (12) as s1, critically imperiled in the state or s2 was alnus maritima. a species of interest because of its unusual distribution is alnus maritima, seaside alder. it is found only in johnston and pontotoc counties along the blue river, its tributaries, and pennington creek (13). this shrub or small tree comprises large populations on the delmarva peninsula of southern delaware and eastern maryland. the seaside alder’s presence in south-central oklahoma is unexplained. documentation of the species’ existence in the area dates from 1872 (14). another riparian plant of interest is lobelia cardinalis. it is an example of a taxon encountered less frequently in its natural setting due to extensive collecting by plant collectors and gardeners. present at the preserve are four distinct plant communities: forest, grassland, granitic outcrop, and riparian. the forest community is the largest. it is composed of characteristic crosstimbers taxa. the trees are oak-hickory dominants (15) and include: quercus stellata, q. marilandica, carya texana, c. cordiformis, c. illinoensis, ulmus alata, and u. rubra. dominant shrubby taxa include symphoricarpos orbiculatus and oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 shannon, k. a. rhus copallina. common herbaceous species present include elymus canadensis, geum canadense, antennaria plantaginifolia, and carex caroliniana. small grassland communities are present in openings of the forest community and consist of a mixture of grasses and forbs. typical species include tridens flavus, gaillardia pulchella, sorghastrum nutans, coreopsis tinctoria, castilleja indivisa, setaria lutescens, and bouteloua curtipendula. the granitic outcrop community is the most unique community of the site. it occurs on the shallow, loose soils surrounding the ground-level granite domes. these shallow soils support species such as sedum pulchellum, s. nuttallianum, chaetopappa asteroides and krigia virginica. many of these species are typical of early successional stages in granite outcrop communities (16). there are also large granite boulders throughout the site, some of which provide habitat on their surfaces or in crevices for taxa such as polypodium polypodioides, eragrostis capillaris, and woodsia obtusa. the riparian community is characterized by herbaceous species such as chasmanthium latifolium, justicia americana, equisetum hyemale, ranunculus hispidus, and lobelia cardinalis. woody species present include platanus occidentalis and alnus maritima. aquatic macrophytes were not observed in the creek. the gis permitted comparison of plant distribution and community parameters by creating multiple layers of spatial data and accompanying attribute data. for example, the distribution of sedum nuttallianum and s. pulchellum correlated with the occurrence of the precambrian granite outcrops and the distribution of lobelia cardinalis with the occurrence of riparian habitat. addendum isoetes butleri september 14, 1997 on two separate dates (may 15 and 31, 1997, isoetes butleri, butler’s quillwort, was found on the nature conservancy’s property at pennington creek. this is an important plant species due to its s1 ranking by the oklahoma natural heritage program. this ranking states that this particular species is critically imperiled in oklahoma because of extreme rarity (five or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable to extinction (12). this perennial aquatic or amphibious plant is found usually from march to june and is most often associated with limestone or calcareous soils (18) but seems to be at home among the granitic outcrops characteristic of central johnston county. this species was not found or documented before may 1997 due to the extremely dry conditions during the 1996 collecting season. steady amounts of precipitation during the spring of 1997 helped create conditions required by isoetes butleri. the presence of isoetes butleri warrants some degree of protection for this site. author’s note: this site is no longer owned by the nature conservency. literature cited 1. johnson, k.s. 1971. guidebook for geologic field trips in oklahoma. book i. (preliminary version) [published by the author]. oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 shannon, k. a. 44 2. houle, g. 1990. species-area relationships during primary succession in granite outcrop plant communities. am. j. bot. 77:1433-1439. 3. eddy, a. 1990. vegetation of ten-acre rock. proc. okla. jr. acad sci. 17:4-10. 4. johnson, k.s. m.r. burchfield, and w. harrison. 1984. guidebook for arbuckle mountains field trip, southern oklahoma. norman, ok: university of oklahoma press. 5. oklahoma state map. 1992. major land resources areas. natural resources conservation services. united states department of agriculture. 6. burgess, d.l. 1977. soil survey of johnston county, oklahoma. soil conservation service. u.s. department of agriculture 7. duck, l.g., and j.b. fletcher. 1943. game type map of oklahoma. division of wildlife restoration, oklahoma game and fish department: oklahoma city, oklahoma. 8. waterfall, u.t. 1969. keys to the flora of oklahoma, 4th ed. stillwater, ok: [published by the author]. 9. gleason, h.a. and a. cronquist. 1963. manual of vascular plants of northeastern united states and adjacent canada. prinston, nj: d. van nostrand company, inc. 10. taylor, r.j. and c.e.s. taylor. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms, and flowering plants of oklahoma, 3rd ed. [published by the authors at southeastern oklahoma state university]. 11. u.s. fish and wildlife service. october 31, 1996. endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. 50 cfr 17.11-17.12 washington d.c. 12. oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 22 january 1997. short working list of rare plants. norman, ok: oklahoma biological survey. 13. zanoni, t.a., j.l. gentry, r.j. tyrl, p.g. risser. 1979. endangered and threatened plants of oklahoma. stillwater, ok: oklahoma state university, department of botany and microbiology. 14. sargent, c.s. 1980. the silva of north america. cambridge, ma: murray printing company. 15. vankat, j.l., 1992. the natural vegetation of north america, an introduction. malabar, fl: krieger publishing company. 16. uno, g.e. and s.l. collins. 1987. primary succession on granite outcrops in southwestern oklahoma. bulletin of the torrey botanical club 114(4) 387-392. 17. tyrl, r.j., susan barber, paul buck, wayne elisens, james estes, patricia folley, lawrence magrath, constance taylor, and rahmona thompson. the flora of oklahoma. the flora of oklahoma editorial board. forthcoming. 18. great plains flora association. 1986. flora of the great plains. lawrence, ks: university of kansas press. 19. correll, d.s., and m.c. johnston. 1979. manual of the vascular plants of texas, 2nd printing with revisions. richardson, tx: university of texas at dallas. 20. fernald, m.l. 1950. gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. new york, ny: american book company. 21. hampton, r.r. 1996. a taxonomic treatment of the genera and species of the oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 shannon, k. a. amaranthaceae in oklahoma [ms thesis]. stillwater, ok: oklahoma state university. 114 p. flora of pennington creek preserve family species common name acanthaceae juss. acanthus family justicia americana (l.) vahl ruellia strepens l. amaranthaceae juss. pigweed family amaranthus rudis sauer anacardiaceae lindl. cashew family rhus copallina l. toxicodendron radicans poison ivy apiaceae lindl. chaerophyllum procumbens l. c. tainturieri hook. cicuta maculata l. limnosciadium pinnatum (dc.) math. & const. ptilimnium nuttallii (dc.) britt. sanicula canadensis l. zizia aurea (l.) koch apocynaceae juss. dogbane family amsonia ciliata walt. aquifoliaceae bartl. holly family ilex decidua walt. aristolochiaceae juss. birthwort family aristolochia tomentosa sims asclepiadaceae r. br. milkweed family asclepias asperula(dcne.) woods a. viridis walt. matelea sp. aspleniaceae mett. ex a.b. frank spleenwort family asplenium platyneuron (l.) d.c. eat. asteraceae dum. sunflower family achillea millefolium l. actinomeris alternifolia (l.) dc. antennaria plantaginifolia (l.) dc. aster azureus lindl. a. sagittifolius willd. bidens polylepis blake chaetopappa asteroides dc. chrysopsis pilosa nutt. coreopsis tinctoria forma tinctoria nutt. elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 shannon, k. a. 46 erigeron philadelphicus l. e. pulchellus michx. eupatorium incarnatum walt. e. rugosum houtt. e. serotinum michx. gaillardia pulchella foug. gnaphalium purpureum l. helenium amarum var. amarum (raf.) rock helianthus laetiflorus pers. hymenopappus tenuifolius pursh. krigia oppositifolia raf. k. virginica (l.) willd. lactuca canadensis l. pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walt.) dc. p. scaposus dc. rudbeckia hirta l. r. subtomentosa pursh. r. triloba l. senecio aureus l. solidago delicatula small verbesina virginica l. vernonia baldwinii torr. betulaceae s.f. gray birch family almus maritima muhl. ex nutt. brassicaceae burnett mustard family cardamine parviflora var. arenicola (britt). o.e. schul c. pensylvanica muhl. lepidium virginicum l. cactaceae juss. cactus family opuntia macrorhiza engelm. campanulaceae juss. lobelia appendiculata dc. l. cardinalis l. specularia leptocarpa (nuttali) gray s. perfoliata (l.) a. dc. caprifoliaceae juss. honeysuckle family symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench. viburnum prunifolium l. caryophyllaceae juss. pink family arenaria serpyllifolia l. stellaria media l. clusiaceae lindl. st. john’s-wort family hypericum drummondii (grev. & hook) t & g h. punctatum lam. commelinaceae r. br. spiderwort family commelina communis l. oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 shannon, k. a. cornaceae dum. dogwood family cornus drummondii meyer crassulaceae dc. stonecrop family sedum nutallianum raf. s. pulchellum michx. cucurbitaceae juss. cucumber family melothria pendula l. cupressaceae rich. ex bartl. cypress family juniperus virginiana l. cyperaceae juss. sedge family carex blanda dewey c. caroliniana schwein c. microdonta torr. & hook c. planostachys mack. c. shortiana dew. c. stricta lam. cyperus ovularis (michx.) torr. c. strigosus l. eleocharis sp. scirpus sp. dryopteridaceae ching woodfern family woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. equisitaceae rich. horsetail family equisetum hyemale l. euphorbiaceae juss. croton lindheimerianus scheele. euphorbia dentata michx. e. maculata l. e. nutans lag. tragia ramosa torr. fabaceae lindl. bean family amorpha fruticosa l. baptisia leucophaea nutt. cassia fasiculata michx. cercis canadensis l. desmodium canescens (l.) dc. d. glutinosum (muhl. ex willd.) wood d. nudiflorum (l.) dc. lespedeza cuneata (dumont) g. don l. virginica (l.) britt. neptunea lutea (leavenw.) benth. psoralea tenuiflora pursh strophostyles helvola (l.) ell. trifolium dubium sibth. vicia villosa roth. fagaceae dum. oak family oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 shannon, k. a. 48 quercus macrocarpa michx. q. marilandica muench. q. muehlenbergii engelm. q. shumardii buckl. q. stellata wang. fumariaceae dc. fumitory family corydalis micrantha (engelm.) gray gentianaceae juss. gentian family sabatia campestris nutt. hydrophyllaceae r. br. phacelia strictiflora (engelm. & gray) gray iridaceae juss. sisyrinchium angustifolium p. mill. juglandaceae a. rich. ex kunth. walnut family carya cordiformis (wang.) k. koch c. illinoensis (wang.) k. koch c. texana buckl. juglans nigra l. juncaceae juss. rush family juncus marginatus rostk. juncus sp. lamiaceae lindl. mint family hedeoma hispida pursh. monarda fistulosa l. prunella vulgaris l. satureja arkansana (nutt) briq. scutellaria parvula michx. lilaceae juss. lily family allium canadense l. hypoxis hirsuta (l.) coville nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britton polygonatum canaliculatum (muhl.) pursh. lythraceae j. st.-hil. loosestrife family lythrum alatum pursh malvaceae juss. mallow family callirhoe involucrata (t. & g.) a. menispermaceae juss. moonseed family cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. moraceae link mulberry family maclura pomifera (raf.) schneid. morus rubra l. nyctaginaceae juss. four o’clock family mirabilis linearis (pursh.) heimerl. oleaceae hoffmsg. & link olive family fraxinus americana l. onagraceae juss. evening primrose family oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 3, number 1, december 2003 shannon, k. a. gaura biennis l. var. pitcheri pickering ludwigia alternifolia l. oenothera linifolia nutt. oxalidaceae r. br. wood sorrel family oxalis corniculata l. plantaginaceae juss. plantain family plantago purshii r. & s. p. virginica l. p. wrightiana dcne. plantanaeae dum. sycamore family platanus occidentalis l. poaceae barnh. grass family agrostis scabra willd. aira elegans willd. ex gaudin bothriochloa saccharoides (sw.) rydb. bouteloua curtipendula (michs.) torr. bromus japonicus thunb. ex murr. b. pubescens muhl. ex willd. b. purgans l. chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates cinna arundinacea l. echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv. elymus virginicus l. eragrostis capillaris (l.) nees e. spectabilis (pursh.) steud. festuca arundinacea schreb. lolium multiflorum lam. muhlenbergia sobolifera (muhl.) trin. panicum acuminatum swartz. p. anceps michx. p. clandestinus l. p. laxiflorum lam. paspalum dilatatum poir. setaria lutescens (weigel) hubb. sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash sorghum halepense (l.) pers. sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. sporobolus clandestinus (biehler) hitchc. tridens flavus (l.) hitchc. polemoniaceae juss. polemonium family gilia rubra (l.) wherry polygonaceae juss. buckwheat family polygonum punctatum ell. rumex hastatulus baldw. polypodiaceae s. f. gray true fern family oklahoma native plant record volume 3, number 1, december 2003 shannon, k. a. 50 polypodium polypodioides (l.) watt primulaceae vent. primrose family samolus parviflorus raf. ranunculaceae juss. buttercup family delphinium tricorne michx. ranunculus sp. ranunculus fascicularis muhl. r. hispidus michx. rhamnaceae juss. buckthorn family berchemia scandens (hill) k. koch rhamnus caroliniana walt. rosaceae juss. rose family geum canadense jacq. var. camporum (rydb.) fern. prunus mexicana s. wats. rosa setigera var. setigera michx. rubus sp. rubiaceae juss. madder family cephalanthus occidentalis l. diodia teres walt. galium aparine l. g. pilosum ait. hedyotis crassifolia raf. rutaceae juss. citrus family zanthoxylum americanum mill. sapotaceae juss. sapodilla family bumelia lanuginosa (michx.) pers. scrophulariaceae figwort family castilleja indivisa engelm. collinsia violacea nutt. linaria canadensis (l.) dumont] smilaceae vent. greenbrier family smilax bona-nox l. ulmaceae mirb. elm family ulmus alata michx. u. rubra muhl. valerianaceae batsch valerian family valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. verbenaceae st.-hil. vervain family phryma leptostachya l. verbena urticifolia l. violaceae batsch violet family viola langloisii greene v. rafinesquii greene v. sororia willd. vitaceae juss. grape family vitis acerifolia raf. oklahoma native plant record, volume 16, number 1, december 2016 64 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100123 effects of fire severity on habitat recovery in a mixed grass prairie ecosystem laura e. jardine adam k. ryburn anthony j. stancampiano department of biology oklahoma city university oklahoma city, ok 73106 ajstancampiano@okcu.edu key words: wichita m ountains, disturbance interaction, herbivory, competition abstract we assessed the recovery and current status of three mixed grass prairie sites 5 yr post burn in the wichita mountains wildlife refuge, indiahoma, oklahoma. these sites represent three burn histories: moderate burn, severe burn, and unburned. we used a modified point-intercept method to sample 38 habitat variables at 280 points along three transects at each site. these data were subjected to principal components analysis to assess trends in habitat structure among the sites. the first three components explained 66.6% of the variation in the dataset. component i represents a gradient from short forbs, lichen covered rocks, and minimal disturbance to areas of tall grasses and ungulate disturbance. component ii represents a gradient from tall forbs and water disturbance to areas with woody shrubs, short herbaceous litter, and graminoid and moss ground cover. component iii represents a gradient from areas with mid-level forbs, fecal matter and herbaceous litter ground cover to areas with tall grasses and bare ground. projections of the burn treatment sites onto principal components i–iii indicate that the moderate and unburned sites cluster closely on component i but are distinct along components ii and iii. we interpret our results as supporting a relationship between high severity fire and more complete nutrient cycling from accumulated litter, leading initially post fire to dense grass cover followed by increasing forb cover. this increase in forage density potentially alters the grazing patterns of large herbivores, which inflicts higher levels of disturbance. conversely, the unburned and moderate burn sites had a greater diversity of herbaceous species at lower coverage densities, perhaps resulting from reestablshiment from surviving shoots and seeds. introduction prairie ecosystems are maintained primarily through disturbance, herbivory, and competition. fire is the principal disturbance type and can be manipulated and controlled by humans, or it can have a completely uncontrolled influence on the landscape. historically, fire has been perceived in a negative context as having a detrimental effect on livestock, timber, and other human-desired resources, and has subsequently been suppressed (bland et al. 1973; archer 1989; allen and palmer 2011). this attitude has softened somewhat in recent years, and fire is commonly used as a range management tool in an attempt to maximize forage quality, remove nonpalatable tissues, and to control encroachment of woody species (archer 1994; raynor et al. 2015; collins 2016). controlled burns are typically undertaken oklahoma native plant record 65 volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano when winds are low and humidity is high. perimeters are established, and, if conducted properly, specific areas are evenly burned in terms of both areal extent and fire severity (gibson and hulbert 1987; rideout-hanzak et al. 2011; gill et al. 2013; winter 2013). these types of fires allow researchers to conduct before and after studies regarding a variety of ecological effects (collins and calabrese 2012; winter et al. 2013; larson 2014). studies such as these produce valuable information due, in part, to the ability of researchers to replicate them. however, there are limits imposed on the various treatments involved by the fact that they must be controlled. this includes variables such as areal extent, fire intensity, burned patch shapes, and nonrandom site selection. wildfires, on the other hand, whether human caused or natural, more closely represent the environmental pressures under which communities have evolved. all human controls are lost, and fires take their natural course as determined by climatic conditions (e.g. drought), wind direction, wind speed, fuel volume and quality, time since last burn, and topography (gibson and hulbert 1987). for example, spring fires generally tend to increase above ground biomass production by a few dominant grass species. this results in low species richness and diversity of forbs as competition for light increases (gibson and hulbert 1987; collins and calabrese 2011; winter et al. 2013). lowland areas support increased grass biomass and lower species diversity than upland prairie. these lower areas tend to have more available nutrients and soil moisture. upland areas tend to have lower quality soils and therefore less dense vegetation. this combination of biotic (fuel volume and quality) and abiotic (elevation and moisture) factors, in addition to other physical factors such as wind speed and direction, determine fire characteristics. because studies following these natural events are initiated after the fact and as such cannot be replicated, sampling cannot be entirely randomized. additionally, there are no pre-established controls available for before and after comparison (wiens and parker 1995). in this study, we compared the recovery of plant communities, assessed by sampling horizontal and vertical habitat structure, subjected to different burn treatments five years after a wildfire (ferguson fire) in the special use area (sua) of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge (wmwr) in indiahoma, oklahoma. the objective of this paper is to describe the broad gradients of variation in the physical structure of these mixed grass prairie communities. methods and materials the wichita mountains wildlife refuge is located in comanche county, oklahoma (figure 1). it covers 23,885 ha of the central great plains ecoregion (woods et al. 2005). the sua covers 14,136 ha on roughly the northern 2/3 of the refuge. it consists of low, rounded granite mountains permeated by mixed grass prairie. mesophytic forests border streams and xeric forests consisting mostly of blackjack oak (quercus marilandica münchh.), post oak (q. stellata wangenh.), and eastern red cedar (juniperus virginiana l.) and occur on lower granite hills. the ferguson fire started on 1 september 2011, approximately 900 m east of the wmwr visitor center. southerly winds rapidly pushed the fire northward into the sua where the landscape was subjected to an incinerating burn that resulted in no remaining living vegetation. as the fire moved northward, it completely jumped small pockets of the landscape leaving them unburned. after burning through the refuge and exiting the north boundary, a northerly wind shift occurred pushing the fire southwest and back onto the refuge. this wind-shifted leg of the fire was less intense than the initial blaze due to light precipitation and light winds resulting in a moderately burned 66 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano fi gu re 1 l oc at io n of th e w ic hi ta m ou nt ai ns w ild lif e r ef ug e, c om an ch e c ou nt y, o kl ah om a (in se t) a nd th re e st ud y si te s oklahoma native plant record 67 volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano fi gu re 2 f ire s ev er ity in th e w ic hi ta m ou nt ai ns w ild lif e r ef ug e, c om an ch e c ou nt y, o kl ah om a 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano landscape where not all vegetation was destroyed. a total of 11,270 ha was burned on the wmwr. the ferguson fire followed the hottest summer on record in oklahoma since 1895 and moderate to extreme drought conditions in comanche county since may 2010 (noaa 2010). we established three survey sites on 7 may 2016, one for each burn treatment (severe, moderate, and unburned), in mixed grass prairie of the sua. each site consisted of three 90 m transect arms extending from a center node (c-node) with one arm oriented in a north-south direction (0 to 180°). the other two arms extended from the c-node to the southeast (135°) and southwest (225°) for a linear total of 270 m/site. the maximum distance between sites was 2,351 m (unburned to moderate burn), and the minimum distance was 935 m (moderate to severe burn). the distance from the unburned to the severe burn site was 1,605 m (see figure 1). site elevations were within a 6.7 m range with the severe burn at 589.5 m, moderate burn at 582.8 m, and the unburned site at 585.5 m. we sampled the physical structure at each site from 5–11 june 2016. we assigned fire impact as unburned, moderate burn, and severe burn as determined by stambaugh et al. (2015) (figure 2). these classifications were derived through a combination of remote sensing, ground truthing, and modelling. unburned indicates that the area after the fire was indistinguishable from pre-fire conditions. the moderate burn class represents a mixture of effects on the dominant vegetation with some patches of above ground cover completely removed while others show little or no change and low mortality of the dominant vegetation. high severity burn indicates complete consumption of the canopy (stambaugh et al. 2015). we used a modified point-intercept method to sample 38 habitat variables along each transect at each site. these variables included measures of ground disturbance, ground cover, and vertical cover (table 1). to determine ground disturbance and cover, we passed a 3 mm x 1 m rod vertically through the vegetation and onto the substrate at 0.5 m horizontal intervals along each transect. we recorded the ground disturbance and cover type at the point of contact. ground disturbance type was determined by obvious alteration of ground cover, if any. at the same time, we determined vertical structure in decimeter intervals (1–10) by recording the interval at which any vertical cover contacted the rod. we sampled a total of 270 points at each site (figure 3). we used these data in a principalcomponents analysis (pca) to assess patterns in habitat structure 5 yr post fire. pca is an unconstrained ordination method that is useful for visualizing broad patterns of covariation in a multivariate data set (anderson and willis 2003). all calculations were performed using nt-sys (rohlf 1998). we mean-centered the raw data and calculated correlations among the variables. we then projected the standardized data onto eigenvectors projected from the correlation matrix. oklahoma native plant record 69 volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano table 1 categories and description of variable codes used in point-intercept sampling of three burn treatments in the wmwr. vertical cover (vc) is measured in decimeter categories. category variable no. variable code habitat variable description disturbance (dist) 1 2 3 4 n un w h none ungulate water human ground cover (gc) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 cg cf l m ac lh gr co bo wa bg fm crown graminoid crown forb lichen moss algae/cyanobacteria litter herbaceous gravel <7.5cm cobble >7.5-25cm boulder >25cm water bare ground fecal matter vertical cover (vc) 17-20 lhv herbaceous litter vertical hits 21-28 fcg graminoid foliage cover vertical hits 29-34 fcf forb foliage cover vertical hits 35-38 fcs shrub foliage cover vertical hits 70 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano figure 3 author laura jardine sampling vertical structure at intense burn site in wichita mountains wildlife refuge we surveyed the flora at each site by recording the presence of each species encountered (table 2). plant species identification followed the flora of oklahoma: keys and description (tyrl et al. 2015). results principal components analysis of 38 habitat variables produced three axes that accounted for 66.6% of the variation. principal component i (pc i) explained 32.8%, pc ii 19.5%, and pciii 14.3% of the variation. component i represents a gradient from short forbs, lichen covered cobble and boulders, and low disturbance to areas of tall grasses and ungulate disturbance (table 3). component ii represents a gradient from tall forbs and water disturbance to areas with woody shrubs, herbaceous litter near the surface, and graminoid and moss ground cover. component iii represents a gradient from areas with mid-level forbs, fecal matter, and herbaceous litter ground cover to areas with tall grasses and bare ground cover. projections of the burn treatment sites onto pc i, pc ii, and pc iii indicate that the moderate and unburned sites cluster closely on pc i but are distinct along pc ii and pc iii (figure 4). the severe burn has the highest positive loadings along pc i and is intermediate with respect to pc ii (see figure 4). the three transects for unburned and moderate burn sites cluster tightly within sites along pc iii, but the two sites themselves are separated. the transects in the severe burn are widely separated along pc iii. the plant species composition of the three sites is as follows: unburned – 40 species of 20 families; moderate burn – 40 species of 23 families; and severe burn – 28 species of 13 families (see table 2). discussion there have been few studies that inventory the flora of the wichita mountains (eskew 1938; osborn and allan 1949; buck 1977; collins and barber 1986; carter et al. 2008). other studies associate mixed grass prairie floristic components of the wmwr with specific mammal assemblages (osborn and allan 1949; stancampiano and caire 1995). stancampiano and schnell (2004) assessed small mammal distributions across nearby fort sill using, among others, vertical structure of vegetation. it appears that no studies have been published of the vertical structure or cover types on the wmwr prior to this study. floristic composition across all sites is consistent with unpublished seasonal checklists and published floras of the area (buck 1977; oklahoma native plant record 71 volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano table 2 plant community composition of three burn treatments in the wichita mountains wildlife refuge species common name family moderate burn severe burn no burn allium canadense canada garlic amaryllidaceae x x x daucus carota wild carrot apiaceae x x ptilimnium nuttallii nuttall's mockbishopweed apiaceae x asclepias viridis green antelope horn apocynaceae x x x yucca glauca small soapweed asparagaceae x achillea millefolium yarrow asteraceae x x x ambrosia psilostachya western ragweed asteraceae x x x artemisia ludoviciana louisiana sagewort asteraceae x x chaetopappa asteroides least daisy asteraceae x x x cirsium undulatum wavyleaf thistle asteraceae x x coreopsis lanceolata lanceleaf coreopsis asteraceae x x echinacea angustifolia black sampson asteraceae x x gaillardia pulchella indian blanket asteraceae x x x helenium amarum bitter sneezeweed asteraceae x x thelesperma filifolium plains greenthread asteraceae x vernonia baldwinii baldwin ironweed asteraceae x x lepidium virginicum virginia pepperrwort brassicaceae x x x paysonia auriculata earleaf bladderpod brassicaceae x echinocereus reichenbachii lace hedgehog cactus cactaceae x opuntia humifusa var. humifusa prickly pear cactaceae x x triodanis perfoliata ssp. biflora small venus looking-glass campanulaceae x symphoricarpos orbiculatus buckberry caprifoliaceae x x x valerianella radiata cornsalad caprifoliaceae x tradescantia ohiensis smoothstalk spiderwort commelinaceae x x x cuscuta cuspidata cusp dodder convolvulaceae x sedum nuttallii yellow stonecrop crassulaceae x x juniperus virginiana eastern red cedar cupressaceae x carex sp. sedge cyperaceae x x eleocharis montevidensis sand spikesedge cyperaceae x x amorpha canescens leadplant fabaceae x x baptisia australis blue wild indigo fabaceae x x x lespedeza virginica slender lespedeza fabaceae x 72 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano table 2 (continued) species common name family moderate burn severe burn no burn mimosa nuttallii catclaw sensitive brier fabaceae x x quercus marilandica blackjack oak fagaceae x quercus stellata post oak fagaceae x geranium carolinianum carolina geranium geraniaceae x x juncus sp. rush juncaceae x callirhoe involucrata low poppymallow, winecup malvaceae x oenothera glaucifolia false guara onagraceae x x x oenothera suffrutescens scarlet beeblossom onagraceae x x x castilleja purpurea var. citrina citron paintbrush orobanchaceae x oxalis stricta sheep sorrel oxalidaceae x nuttallanthus texanus texas toadflax plantaginaceae x x plantago aristata bottlebrush plantain plantaginaceae x x plantago virginica paleseed plantain plantaginaceae x alopecurus carolinianus carolina foxtail poaceae x bromus japonicus japanese brome poaceae x bromus tectorum cheatgrass poaceae x x x dichanthelium oligosanthes scribner's panicum poaceae x x elymus repens quackgrass poaceae x hordeum pusillum little barley poaceae x x mnesithea cylindrica carolina jointtail grass poaceae x panicum virgatum switch grass poaceae x x schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem poaceae x x geum canadense white avens rosaceae x prunus angustifolia chickasaw plum (sand plum) rosaceae x x stenaria nigricans var. nigricans narrowleaf bluet rubiaceae x selaginella peruviana sheldon selaginella selaginellacea x solanum carolinense carolina groundcherry solanaceae x x glandularia canadensis rose verbena verbenaceae x x oklahoma native plant record 73 volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano table 3 summary of principal components analysis of 38 habitat variables for nine burn treatment sites variable pci pcii pciii vc-lhv 1 0.3276 0.5352 0.4793 vc-fcg 1 -0.7487 -0.4238 0.0202 vc-fcf 1 -0.8446 0.1512 -0.0202 vc-lhv 2 -0.0607 0.3614 0.3851 vc-fcg 2 -0.5746 -0.3075 0.1936 vc-fcf 2 -0.2223 -0.0764 -0.5285 vc-lhv 3 -0.2355 0.3395 -0.3065 vc-fcg 3 0.9065 0.3400 -0.1269 vc-fcf 3 0.0143 -0.0071 -0.7783 vc-lhv 4 -0.4187 0.4370 0.0380 vc-fcg 4 0.8107 0.3034 0.2569 vc-fcf 4 0.5395 -0.5924 -0.1209 vc-fcs 4 -0.3047 0.7298 -0.1569 vc-fcg 5 0.9105 0.0613 0.1999 vc-fcf 5 0.2135 -0.5646 -0.1058 vc-fcs 5 -0.3047 0.7298 -0.1569 vc-fcg 6 0.4988 0.6896 0.4904 vc-fcf 6 0.6083 -0.3815 -0.2211 vc-fcs 6 -0.3047 0.7298 -0.1569 vc-fcg 7 0.8268 0.1727 0.5080 vc-fcs 7 -0.3047 0.7298 -0.1569 vc-fcg 9 0.5711 0.3764 0.6516 74 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano table 3 (continued) variable pci pcii pciii dist-n -0.9067 0.2242 0.0895 dist-un 0.9394 -0.1228 -0.0914 dist-w -0.6050 -0.5713 0.4695 dist-h 0.6083 -0.3815 -0.2211 gc-cg 0.1550 0.8001 0.0796 gc-cf -0.5041 -0.1689 0.0406 gc-l -0.8289 -0.0900 0.3338 gc-m -0.3086 0.8362 -0.1531 gc-ac -0.2352 0.3120 -0.3838 gc-lh 0.5002 -0.2972 -0.7984 gc-gr -0.2206 0.2877 -0.4824 gc-co -0.8596 0.0177 0.2127 gc-bo -0.8100 -0.2332 0.4047 gc-wa -0.6050 -0.5713 0.4695 gc-bg 0.3922 -0.1612 0.7967 gc-fm 0.2043 -0.0715 -0.5141 % total variance 32.77 19.54 14.28 cumulative % 32.77 52.31 66.58 oklahoma native plant record 75 volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano figure 4 projections of 3 study plots (nc=north to central node; sec=southeast to central node; swc=southwest to central node) based on 38 variables onto principal components i, ii, and iii in the special use area of the wichita mountains wildlife area nc sec swc nc sec swc nc sec swc -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 pc ii moderate burn unburned severe burn nc sec swc nc sec swc nc sec swc -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 pc ii i pc i moderate burn unburned severe burn 76 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano carter et al. 2008). the unburned and moderate burn sites had higher spring species composition and cover of forbs when compared to the severe burn site which had higher cover of grasses. the gradients produced by the pca are consistent with other prairie fire studies with regard to plant species richness and the physical structure of the plant community (gibson and hulbert 1987; collins and calabrese 2012; winter et al. 2013). our study involved three study sites located within 2.5 km of each other, which reflects similar abiotic and biotic conditions. many studies measure differences in post fire prairie communities based on frequency of fires (gibson and hulbert 1987; collins and calabrese 2012; winter et al. 2013). using controlled fires in the tallgrass konza prairie, gibson and hulbert (1987) concluded that time since the last fire was the greatest determinant of prairie species composition. they also found that cover of grasses decreased over time, while cover of forbs and woody species increased. as in most controlled burns, fire severity was not taken into account. their study took place prior to the reintroduction of bison to the konza prairie; therefore, there was no effect on vegetation from grazing. we made the assumption, a priori, that grazing by large herbivores (bison, elk, and longhorn cattle) was equal across all three burn treatments, post fire. our analysis infers that large herbivores do indeed prefer the severe burn site forage at this point in recovery. we did, however, observe these large herbivores at all three sites. as indicated in studies of tallgrass ecosystems (fuhlendorf and engle 2004; allred et al. 2011), it is possible that fire and grazing interact in landscapes to increase heterogeneity, as fire concentrates grazing activity to certain burned patches thereby reducing grazing in others. our study supports the findings of many others in that fire severity also affects the recovery of vegetation, including not only composition but also its vertical and horizontal structure (gibson and hulbert 1987; collins and calabrese 2012; winter et al. 2013). this follows the pattern of allogenic change due to fire fostering an increased probability of autogenic change (e.g., grazing) and its subsequent effects across the landscape. acknowledgements we would like to thank the wichita mountains wildlife refuge and dan mcdonald for access to the special use area and for logistical support. this study was supported, in part, by a 2016 cairs ocu undergraduate research grant and the beta beta beta research scholarship fund. we thank the dean’s office in the petree college of arts and science and the department of biology at ocu for use of a field vehicle and financial support for field equipment and travel. we thank matt white for creating the site location map (figure 2). finally, thanks to two reviewers for insightful comments and constructive suggestions. literature cited allen, m.s. and m.w. palmer. 2011. fire history of a prairie/forest boundary: more than 250 years of frequent fire in a north american tallgrass prairie. journal of vegetation science 22:436–444. allred, b.w., s.d. fuhlendorf, d.m. engle, and r.d. elmore. 2011. ungulate preferences for burned patches reveal strength of fire-grazing interaction. ecology and evolution 1:132–144. anderson, m.j. and t.j. willis. 2003. canonical analysis of principal coordinates: a useful method of constrained ordination for ecology. ecology 84:511–525. archer, s. 1989. have southern texas savannas been converted to woodlands in recent history? american naturalist 134:545–561. oklahoma native plant record 77 volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano archer, s. 1994. woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: rates, patterns and proximate causes. in: vavra, m., w. laycock, and r. pieper (eds.). ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the west. denver (co): society for range management. pp. 13–68. bland, r.e (chairman). 1973. fire and the rural wildlands environment. in: america burning. library of congress card number 73-600022. washington (dc): national commission on fire prevention and control. pp. 93–103. buck, p. 1977. vascular plants of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge. wichita mountains wildlife refuge informational brochure. reprinted 2002. oklahoma native plant record 2:4–21. carter, k.a., p. rodriguez, m.t. dunn. 2008. an updated flora of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge. oklahoma native plant record 8:45–56. collins, s.l. 2016. disturbance frequency and community stability in native tallgrass prairie. the 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sensing 7:10501–10522. stancampiano, a.j. and w. caire. 1995. food habits of peromyscus and reithrodontomys in the wichita mountains wildlife refuge, oklahoma. proceedings oklahoma academy of science 75:45–49. stancampiano, a.j. and g.d. schnell. 2004. microhabitat affinities of small mammals in southwestern oklahoma. journal of mammalogy 85:948–958. tyrl, r.j., s.c. barber, p. buck, w.j. elisens, j.r. estes, p. folley, l.k. magrath, c.l. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drought/201005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drought/201005 78 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano murray, a.k. ryburn, b.a. smith, c.e.s. taylor, r.a. thompson, j.b. walker, and l.e. watson. 2015. flora of oklahoma: keys and descriptions. oklahoma city (ok): flora oklahoma inc. wiens, j.a. and k.r. parker. 1995. analyzing the effects of accidental environmental impacts: approaches and assumptions. ecological applications 5:1069–1083. winter, s.l., k.r. hickman, c.l. goad, s.d. fuhlendorf, and m.s. gregory. 2013. seasonal fires, bison grazing, and the tallgrass prairie forb arnoglossum plantagineum raf. natural areas journal 33:327–338. woods, a.j., j.m. omernik, d.r. butler, j.g. ford, j.e. henley, b.w. hoagland, d.s. arndt, and b.c. moran. 2005. ecoregions of oklahoma (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs) (map scale 1:1,250,000). reston (va): u.s. geological survey. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drou ght/201005. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drought/201005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drought/201005 effects of fire severity on habitat recovery in a mixed grass prairie ecosystem by ms. laura e. jardine, dr. adam k. ryburn, and dr. anthony j. stancampiano 2018 oklahoma native plant record 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 paul buck 10.22488/okstate.19.100006 critic's choice essay myrmecochory reprinted from gaillardia, fall 1999 paul buck† professor emeritus department of biological science university of tulsa tulsa, ok 74104 as i write, rain rattles against the window, driven by a cold northwest wind. the sky is overcast and the low, scudding clouds warn that winter is still here. not long ago an interesting word came to mind. let me share it with you: myrmecochory. what a strange and unusual word. i know you wonder why it would pop into one's head. it was early winter and i was sitting on the edge of the porch watching birds vigorously competing for the abundant seed in the feeder hanging from the bur oak. what dumb animals! if they had any brains they would know by now that the supply is unending. however, it was another of those special oklahoma days. clear, warm sunlight, a gentle breeze from the south, temperatures well above those of 24 hours earlier you know what kind of day i mean. when one is not surprised to find dandelions flowering in the lawn. the base of the corner pillar surrounding the porch does not sit tightly against the concrete deck. the small gap on one side has been accepted with the thought the resulting ventilation might help keep the wood dry. but on that day the base was enclosed with a bright green wreath of lush, young, spring-like vegetation, a veritable garden of foliage. examination showed it was 100% lamium amplexicaule, dead-nettle or henbit whatever name you prefer, a common, beautiful, but oft-despised prolific lawn weed. such a mass of young plants must have been the result of a large cache of seeds. the moment i saw that growth i thought "what a beautiful example of myrmecochory". the word means "dispersal by ants". here the seeds of lamium had been gathered by ants, laboriously transported through the grass of the lawn, across the drive, up the side of the house, across the porch, and into the hollow pillar. for what reason would ants go to all that trouble? the answer discloses an interesting story. myrmecochory comes from greek, with myrmecomeaning "ant" and -chore, "to spread". in this case in reference to seed dissemination by ants, one of many dispersal mechanisms ranging from autochory, dispersal by the plant itself, to zoochory, a variety of approaches utilizing animal agents. but there is more. one cannot help but wonder why ants go to the expense of gathering, transporting, and accumulating large quantities of seeds and then apparently abandoning them. what is in it for the ants? at the next opportunity, gather some henbit seeds and examine them under low magnification, anywhere from 15 to 45 times. the small, brownish, hard, and apparently inedible seed is evident. notice however, one end is capped by a mass of light-colored, fleshy tissue surrounding nearly half the seed. this lump is rich in nutritive compounds, primarily fats and proteins. these masses are oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 18, december 2018 paul buck gathered and stored by animals as a future food source. as you know, botanists have a name for everything. this structure is called an elaiosome. let us not concern ourselves with what part of the plant produces this clump of food. that is another story. the fact is, ants collect henbit seeds and carry them to their nests where they gnaw off the elaiosomes for their food value. the problem the animals then face is what to do with the waste material, in this case, seeds. at my house they dumped their debris under the porch pillar, not far from the nest entrance, in a lamium trash pile. it was there, under favorable conditions, the seeds germinated and produced that lush ring of vegetation. think a moment. have you ever observed an ant hill surrounded by a ring of viola (violet) seedlings? it is not an uncommon occurrence. if so, you have encountered the phenomenon of myrmecochory; that circle of young plants represents the colony dump. but wait. in the case of violets that is only half the story. in this genus myrmecochory serves as secondary seed dispersal. primary dispersal is autochorous, with exploding fruits scattering seeds around the plant, frequently as far as a meter. for you doubting thomases, let me make a suggestion. first locate some healthy viola plants. observe them until you locate maturing fruit and then, on a calm day, to eliminate wind as a factor, spread white paper around the plants (poster or butcher's paper will do) and record the distance you find the seeds from the parent plant. if you are fortunate (and observant) you will see seeds suddenly appear as they are thrown from the capsules (fruits). use the opportunity to examine seeds under magnification. the elaiosomes are evident. there are other oklahoma wildflowers with either exploding fruit or elaiosomes on the seeds. why do you suppose we call impatiens, that common member of the balsaminaceae, "touch me not"? also, take time to closely examine the seeds of corydalis for external structures. i hope these comments regarding the strange word myrmecochory will open some eyes to one of the unusual botanical phenomena taking place in our yards. but do not stop here. there are numerous other unique events and relationships to be discovered out there. start looking for some. onps journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 2, number 1, december 2002 22 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 floristic list for comanche county, oklahoma bruce hoagland oklahoma biological survey/department of geography university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 floristic lists are vital tools for conservation planning, research, and wildflower appreciation. the diverse physical geography of comanche county contributes to the high degree of plant diversity and habitats. the county is probably best known for the wichita mountains, which are composed of cambrian gabbro and granites. to the north of the wichita mountains is the slick hill, an extensive outcropping of limestone. the surface geology of most of the county is composed of permian sandstones. land use in the county includes row crop agriculture and pastureland. introduction the floristic list presented here was generated form the atlas of the flora of oklahoma database. the database contains records for specimens deposited in oklahoma herbaria. voucher specimens for plants on the list can be found at one of the following herbaria: oklahoma state university, cameron university, university of science and arts of oklahoma, southeastern oklahoma state university, and the bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma. taxonomy and common names follow the united states department of agricultures plants database (www.plants.gov.us). there are 1,137 species and subspecific taxa, from the 116 families listed. there is a total of 3,560 specimens current recorded in the database. of those records, hoagland, b.w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100012 2,009 list the wichita mountains as the place of collection and 1,661 list the wichita mountains wildlife refuge specifically. other locations in the wichitas include medicine park and meers. there are 836 records listed for fort sill, which includes the wichita mountains and a portion of permian sandstone. the earliest collections in the database are dated 2 july 1903 and were collected by a. van vleet in the wichita mountains. these specimens are deposited at the bebb herbarium. botanists with large numbers of collections in the database include f. l. johnson and r. thompson (790 records for specimens collected as part of florisitic inventory of fort sill), f. b. mcmurry (498 records, all from the wichita mountains national wildlife refuge), b. osborn (262 records), and u.t. waterfall (121 records). oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. floristic list for comanche county, oklahoma ferns and allies aspleniaceae asplenium platyneuron (l.) b.s.p. ebony spleenwort asplenium resiliens kunze blackstem spleenwort asplenium trichomanes l. maidenhair spleenwort dryopteridaceae dryopteris marginalis (l.) gray marginal woodfern woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. bluntlobe cliff fern equisetaceae equisetum hyemale l. scouringrush horsetail equisetum hyemale l. var. affine (engelm.) a.a. eat. scouringrush horsetail equisetum laevigatum a. braun smooth horsetail equisetum x ferrissii clute (pro sp.) marsileaceae marsilea vestita hook. & grev. hairy waterclover pilularia americana a. braun american pillwort ophioglossaceae ophioglossum engelmannii prantl limestone adderstongue ophioglossum vulgatum l. southern adderstongue pteridaceae cheilanthes eatonii baker eaton's lipfern cheilanthes lanosa (michx.) d.c. eat. hairy lipfern cheilanthes lindheimeri hook. fairyswords cheilanthes tomentosa link woolly lipfern cheilanthes wootonii maxon beaded lipfern notholaena sinuata (lag. ex sw.) kaulfuss notholaena standleyi maxon star cloak fern pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link purple cliffbrake pellaea wrightiana hook. wright's cliffbrake selaginellaceae selaginella peruviana (milde) hieron. peruvian spikemoss selaginella rupestris (l.) spring northern selaginella gymnosperms cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. eastern redcedar thuja orientalis l. oriental arborvitae angiosperms monocotyledonae agavaceae manfreda virginica (l.) salisb. ex rose false aloe yucca glauca nutt. soapweed yucca alismataceae echinodorus berteroi (spreng.) fassett upright burrhead sagittaria brevirostra mackenzie & bush shortbeak arrowhead sagittaria calycina engelm. hooded arrowhead sagittaria calycina engelm. var. calycina hooded arrowhead 24 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. sagittaria latifolia willd. broadleaf arrowhead araceae arisaema dracontium (l.) schott green dragon callitrichaceae callitriche heterophylla pursh twoheaded water-starwort ceratophyllaceae ceratophyllum demersum l. coon's tail commelinaceae commelina erecta l. whitemouth dayflower commelina erecta l. var. angustifolia (michx.) fern. whitemouth dayflower commelina erecta l. var. deamiana fern. whitemouth dayflower commelina virginica l. virginia dayflower tradescantia ernestiana e.s. anderson & woods. ernest's spiderwort tradescantia occidentalis (britt.) smyth prairie spiderwort tradescantia occidentalis (britt.) smyth var. occidentalis prairie spiderwort tradescantia ohiensis raf. bluejacket tradescantia tharpii e.s. anderson & woods. tharp's spiderwort hydrocharitaceae egeria densa planch. brazilian waterweed liliaceae allium canadense l. meadow garlic allium canadense l. var. fraseri ownbey fraser meadow garlic allium canadense l. var. hyacinthoides (bush) ownbey & aase hyacinth meadow garlic allium canadense l. var. mobilense (regel) ownbey meadow garlic allium drummondii regel drummond's onion allium stellatum nutt. ex ker-gawl. autumn onion androstephium coeruleum (scheele) greene [orthographic variant] camassia angusta (engelm. & gray) blank. prairie camas camassia scilloides (raf.) cory atlantic camas cooperia drummondii herbert evening rainlily erythronium albidum nutt. white fawnlily erythronium mesochoreum knerr midland fawnlily oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. erythronium rostratum w. wolf yellow troutlily nolina texana s. wats. texas sacahuista nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britt. crowpoison polygonatum biflorum (walt.) ell. smooth solomon's seal polygonatum biflorum (walt.) ell. var. commutatum (j.a. & j.h. schultes) morong smooth solomon's seal zigadenus nuttallii (gray) s. wats. nuttall's deathcamas najadaceae najas guadalupensis (spreng.) magnus southern waternymph orchidaceae spiranthes cernua (l.) l.c. rich. nodding ladies'-tresses spiranthes magnicamporum sheviak great plains ladies'-tresses spiranthes vernalis engelm. & gray spring ladies'-tresses poaceae aegilops cylindrica host jointed goatgrass agropyron smithii rydb. agrostis hyemalis (walt.) b.s.p. winter bentgrass alopecurus carolinianus walt. carolina foxtail andropogon gerardii vitman big bluestem aristida curtissii (gray ex s. wats. & coult.) nash aristida dichotoma michx. churchmouse threeawn aristida dichotoma michx. var. curtissii gray ex s. wats. & coult. curtis' threeawn aristida longispica poir. var. longispica slimspike threeawn aristida oligantha michx. prairie threeawn aristida purpurascens poir. arrowfeather threeawn aristida purpurea nutt. var. fendleriana (steud.) vasey fendler's threeawn aristida purpurea nutt. var. longiseta (steud.) vasey fendler threeawn bothriochloa barbinodis (lag.) herter cane bluestem bothriochloa ischaemum (l.) keng yellow bluestem bothriochloa saccharoides (sw.) rydb. silver bluestem bouteloua gracilis (willd. ex kunth) lag. 26 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. ex griffiths blue grama bouteloua hirsuta lag. hairy grama bouteloua pectinata featherly bouteloua rigidiseta (steud.) a.s. hitchc. texas grama bromus catharticus vahl rescuegrass bromus commutatus schrad. meadow brome bromus japonicus thunb. ex murr. japanese brome bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. hairy woodland brome bromus tectorum l. cheatgrass buchloe dactyloides (nutt.) engelm. buffalograss cenchrus incertus m.a. curtis cenchrus longispinus (hack.) fern. mat sandbur chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates indian woodoats chloris verticillata nutt. tumble windmill grass chloris virgata sw. feather fingergrass cinna arundinacea l. sweet woodreed cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. bermudagrass dactylis glomerata l. orchardgrass dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark tapered rosette grass dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. fasciculatum (torr.) freckmann western panicgrass dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. lindheimeri (nash) gould & c.a. clark lindheimer panicgrass dichanthelium linearifolium (scribn. ex nash) gould slimleaf panicgrass dichanthelium malacophyllum (nash) gould softleaf rosette grass dichanthelium oligosanthes (j.a. schultes) gould heller's rosette grass dichanthelium oligosanthes (j.a. schultes) gould var. scribnerianum (nash) gould scribner's rosette grass digitaria californica (benth.) henr. arizona cottontop digitaria cognata (j.a. schultes) pilger carolina crabgrass digitaria ischaemum (schreb.) schreb. ex muhl. smooth crabgrass digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop. hairy crabgrass echinochloa colona (l.) link jungle rice echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv. barnyardgrass echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv. barnyardgrass eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. indian goosegrass eragrostis barrelieri daveau mediterranean lovegrass oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. eragrostis capillaris (l.) nees lace grass eragrostis cilianensis (all.) vign. ex janchen stinkgrass eragrostis curtipedicellata buckl. gummy lovegrass eragrostis curvula (schrad.) nees weeping lovegrass eragrostis hypnoides (lam.) b.s.p. teal lovegrass eragrostis intermedia a.s. hitchc. plains lovegrass eragrostis pectinacea (michx.) nees ex steud. tufted lovegrass eragrostis pectinacea (michx.) nees ex steud. var. pectinacea tufted lovegrass eragrostis pilosa (l.) beauv. indian lovegrass eragrostis reptans (michx.) nees eragrostis secundiflora j. presl red lovegrass eragrostis sessilispica buckl. tumble lovegrass eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. purple lovegrass eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) wood sand lovegrass eriochloa contracta a.s. hitchc. prairie cupgrass eriochloa sericea (scheele) munro ex vasey texas cupgrass erioneuron pilosum (buckl.) nash hairy woollygrass festuca octoflora walt. festuca subverticillata (pers.) alexeev nodding fescue leersia oryzoides (l.) sw. rice cutgrass leersia virginica willd. whitegrass leptochloa fascicularis (lam.) gray leptochloa mucronata (michx.) kunth melica nitens (scribn.) nutt. ex piper threeflower melicgrass muhlenbergia racemosa (michx.) b.s.p. marsh muhly muhlenbergia sobolifera (muhl. ex willd.) trin. rock muhly panicum anceps michx beaked panicgrass panicum capillare l. witchgrass panicum dichotomiflorum michx. fall panicgrass panicum hallii vasey hall's panicgrass panicum hillmanii chase hillman's panicgrass panicum obtusum kunth vine mesquite panicum virgatum l. switchgrass pascopyrum smithii (rydb.) a. löve western wheatgrass paspalidium geminatum (forsk.) stapf egyptian panicgrass paspalum distichum l. knotgrass paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex fourn. hairyseed paspalum paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex fourn. var. glabrum vasey ex scribn. paspalum setaceum michx. thin paspalum paspalum setaceum michx. var. stramineum (nash) d. banks phalaris caroliniana walt. carolina canarygrass poa annua l. annual bluegrass 28 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. poa arachnifera torr. texas bluegrass poa compressa l. canada bluegrass schedonnardus paniculatus (nutt.) trel. tumblegrass schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash little bluestem setaria glauca (l.) beauv. sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. prairie wedgescale sporobolus airoides (torr.) torr. alkali sacaton sporobolus asper (michx.) kunth sporobolus asper (michx.) kunth var. drummondii (trin.) vasey sporobolus clandestinus (biehler) a.s. hitchc. rough dropseed sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) gray sand dropseed sporobolus neglectus nash puffsheath dropseed sporobolus ozarkanus fern. sporobolus pyramidatus (lam.) a.s. hitchc. sporobolus vaginiflorus (torr. ex gray) wood poverty dropseed tripsacum dactyloides (l.) l. eastern gamagrass vulpia octoflora (walt.) rydb. sixweeks fescue potamogetonaceae potamogeton amplifolius tuckerman largeleaf pondweed potamogeton crispus l. curly pondweed potamogeton diversifolius raf. waterthread pondweed potamogeton illinoensis morong illinois pondweed potamogeton nodosus poir. longleaf pondweed potamogeton pusillus l. small pondweed potamogeton pusillus l. ssp. pusillus small pondweed potamogeton pusillus l. var. tenuissimus mert. & koch typhaceae typha angustifolia l. narrowleaf cattail typha domingensis pers. southern cattail typha latifolia l. broadleaf cattail zannichelliaceae zannichellia palustris l. horned pondweed dicotyledonae acanthaceae dicliptera brachiata (pursh) spreng. branched foldwing justicia americana (l.) vahl american water-willow ruellia ciliosa pursh. ruellia humilis nutt. fringeleaf wild petunia ruellia humilis nutt. var. expansa fern. ruellia humilis nutt. var. longiflora (gray) fern. aceraceae acer negundo l. boxelder acer negundo l. var. interius (britt.) sarg. boxelder acer negundo l. var. texanum pax boxelder acer saccharinum l. silver maple oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. acer saccharum marsh. sugar maple amaranthaceae amaranthus albus l. prostrate pigweed amaranthus arenicola i.m. johnston sandhill amaranth amaranthus graecizans l. amaranthus hybridus l. slim amaranth amaranthus retroflexus l. redroot amaranth amaranthus rudis sauer tall amaranth froelichia floridana (nutt.) moq. plains snakecotton froelichia gracilis (hook.) moq. slender snakecotton gossypianthus lanuginosus (poir.) moq. woolly cottonflower gossypianthus lanuginosus (poir.) moq. var. lanuginosus woolly cottonflower iresine rhizomatosa standl. juda's bush anacardiaceae rhus aromatica ait. fragrant sumac rhus aromatica ait. var. serotina (greene) rehd. fragrant sumac rhus glabra l. smooth sumac rhus trilobata nutt. var. trilobata skunkbush sumac toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze eastern poison ivy apiaceae ammoselinum popei torr. & gray plains sandparsley chaerophyllum procumbens (l.) crantz spreading chervil chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. hairyfruit chervil chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. dasycarpum hook. ex s. wats. chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. tainturieri chaerophyllum texanum coult. & rose cicuta maculata l. spotted water hemlock conium maculatum l. poison hemlock daucus carota l. queen anne's lace daucus pusillus michx. american wild carrot eryngium hookerii walp. hooker's eryngo eryngium leavenworthii torr. & gray leavenworth's eryngo limnosciadium pinnatum (dc.) mathias & constance tansy dogshade lomatium daucifolium (torr. & gray) coult. & rose lomatium foeniculaceum (nutt.) coult. & rose ssp. daucifolium (torr. & gray) theobald desert biscuitroot polytaenia nuttallii dc. nutall’s prairie parsley sanicula canadensis l. canadian blacksnakeroot spermolepis divaricata (walt.) raf. ex ser. roughfruit scaleseed spermolepis echinata (nutt. ex dc.) heller bristly scaleseed spermolepis inermis (nutt. ex dc.) mathias & constance red river scaleseed spermolepis patens (nutt. ex dc.) b.l. robins. 30 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. torilis nodosa (l.) gaertn. knotted hedgeparsley apocynaceae amsonia ciliata walt. fringed bluestar amsonia ciliata walt. var. texana (gray) coult. texas bluestar amsonia illustris woods. ozark bluestar apocynum cannabinum l. indianhemp apocynum cannabinum l. var. glaberrimum a. dc. asclepiadaceae asclepias asperula (dcne.) woods. spider milkweed asclepias asperula (dcne.) woods. ssp. capricornu (woods.) woods. antelopehorns asclepias asperula (dcne.) woods. var. decumbens (nutt.) shinners asclepias engelmanniana woods. engelmann's milkweed asclepias pumila (gray) vail plains milkweed asclepias stenophylla gray slimleaf milkweed asclepias sullivantii engelm. ex gray prairie milkweed asclepias tuberosa l. butterfly milkweed asclepias tuberosa l. ssp. interior woods. butterfly milkweed asclepias verticillata l. whorled milkweed asclepias viridiflora raf. green comet milkweed ascleias viridis walt. green antelopehorn asclepiodora decumbens (nutt.) gray matelea biflora (raf.) woods. star milkvine asteraceae achillea millefolium l. common yarrow achillea millefolium l. var. occidentalis dc. western yarrow ambrosia artemisiifolia l. annual ragweed ambrosia artemisiifolia l. var. elatior (l.) descourtils annual ragweed ambrosia psilostachya dc. cuman ragweed ambrosia trifida l. great ragweed ambrosia trifida l. var. texana scheele texan great ragweed amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. prairie broomweed antennaria parlinii fern. ssp. fallax (greene) bayer & stebbins parlin's pussytoes antennaria plantaginifolia (l.) richards. woman's tobacco aphanostephus pilosus buckl. hairy dozedaisy aphanostephus skirrhobasis (dc.) trel. arkansas dozedaisy artemisia carruthii wood ex carruth. carruth's sagewort artemisia dracunculus l. tarragon artemisia filifolia torr. sand sagebrush artemisia ludoviciana nutt. white sagebrush oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. artemisia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. ludoviciana white sagebrush artemisia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. mexicana (willd. ex spreng.) keck white sagebrush artemisia neomexicana greene ex rydb. aster ericoides l. aster oblongifolius nutt. aster oblongifolius nutt. var. rigidulus gray aster ontarionis wieg. aster patens ait. aster patens ait. var. patentissimus (lindl. ex dc.) torr. & gray aster subulatus michx. aster subulatus michx. var. ligulatus shinners astranthium integrifolium (michx.) nutt. ssp. ciliatum (raf.) dejong entireleaf western daisy baccharis salicina torr. & gray great plains false willow bidens bipinnata l. spanish needles bidens frondosa l. devil's beggartick brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners var. chlorolepis (woot. & standl.) b.l. turner false boneset brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners var. corymbulosa (torr. & gray) shinners false boneset centaurea americana nutt. american star-thistle chaetopappa asteroides nutt. ex dc. arkansas leastdaisy chrysopsis berlandieri greene chrysopsis pilosa nutt. soft goldenaster chrysopsis stenophylla (gray) greene chrysopsis villosa (pursh) nutt. ex dc. chrysopsis villosa (pursh) nutt. ex dc. var. stenophylla (gray) gray cirsium altissimum (l.) hill tall thistle cirsium ochrocentrum gray yellowspine thistle cirsium texanum buckl. texas thistle cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. wavyleaf thistle cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. var. megacephalum (gray) fern. conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. canadian horseweed conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. var. canadensis canadian horseweed conyza ramosissima cronq. dwarf horseweed coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet largeflower tickseed coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet var. harveyana (gray) sherff largeflower tickseed coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet var. longipes (hook.) torr. & gray largeflower tickseed coreopsis tinctoria nutt. golden tickseed coreopsis tinctoria nutt. var. tinctoria golden tickseed dracopis amplexicaulis (vahl) cass. clasping coneflower dysodiopsis tagetoides (torr. & gray) rydb. false dogfennel 32 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. dyssodia tagetoides torr. & gray echinacea angustifolia dc. blacksamson echinacea echinacea purpurea (l.) moench eastern purple coneflower eclipta prostrata (l.) l. false daisy elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. carolina elephantsfoot engelmannia pinnatifida gray ex nutt. erigeron canadensis l. erigeron philadelphicus l. philadelphia fleabane erigeron ramosus (walt.) b.s.p. erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. prairie fleabane erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. var. strigosus prairie fleabane erigeron tenuis torr. & gray slenderleaf fleabane evax prolifera nutt. ex dc. bighead pygmycudweed filago prolifera (nutt. ex dc.) britt., non pomel gaillardia lanceolata michx. gaillardia lutea greene gaillardia pulchella foug. firewheel gaillardia suavis (gray & engelm.) britt. & rusby perfumeballs gnaphalium obtusifolium l. gnaphalium wrightii gray grindelia nuda wood var. nuda curlytop gumweed grindelia squarrosa (pursh) dunal curlycup gumweed grindelia squarrosa (pursh) dunal var. nuda (wood) gray gutierrezia dracunculoides (dc.) blake gutierrezia sarothrae (pursh) britt. & rusby broom snakeweed gutierrezia texana (dc.) torr. & gray var. texana texas snakeweed haplopappus ciliatus (nutt.) dc. haplopappus divaricatus (nutt.) gray haplopappus spinulosus (pursh) dc. haplopappus spinulosus (pursh) dc. ssp. australis (greene) hall haplopappus spinulosus (pursh) dc. ssp. cotulus (small) hall haplopappus spinulosus (pursh) dc. ssp. glaberrimus (rydb.) hall haplopappus spinulosus (pursh) dc. var. turbinellus (rydb.) blake helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock yellowdicks helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock var. badium (gray ex s. wats.) waterfall yellowdicks helenium badium (gray ex s. wats.) greene helenium microcephalum dc. smallhead sneezeweed helianthus annuus l. common sunflower helianthus hirsutus raf. hairy sunflower helianthus maximiliani schrad. maximilian sunflower helianthus orgyalis dc. helianthus petiolaris nutt. prairie sunflower helianthus salicifolius a. dietr. willowleaf sunflower heterotheca canescens (dc.) shinners hoary false goldenaster heterotheca latifolia buckl. oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. heterotheca latifolia buckl. var. macgregoris wagenkn. heterotheca stenophylla (gray) shinners stiffleaf false goldenaster heterotheca villosa (pursh) shinners hairy false goldenaster heterotheca villosa var. villosa (pursh) shinners hairy goldenaster hieracium longipilum torr. hairy hawkweed hymenopappus corymbosus torr. & gray hymenopappus scabiosaeus l'hér. carolina woollywhite hymenopappus scabiosaeus l'hér. var. corymbosus (torr. & gray) b.l. turner carolina woollywhite hymenopappus tenuifolius pursh chalk hill hymenopappus hymenoxys linearifolia hook. iva annua l. annual marshelder iva annua l. var. annua annual marshelder krigia biflora (walt.) blake twoflower dwarfdandelion krigia caespitosa (raf.) chambers weedy dwarfdandelion krigia cespitosa (raf.) chambers [orthographic variant] krigia dandelion (l.) nutt. potato dwarfdandelion krigia occidentalis nutt. western dwarfdandelion kuhnia eupatorioides l. false boneset kuhnia eupatorioides l. var. corymbulosa torr. & gray kuhnia glutosina ell. false boneset lactuca canadensis l. canada lettuce lactuca canadensis l. var. latifolia kuntze lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) riddell biannual lettuce lactuca scariola l. var. integrata gren. & godr. lactuca serriola l. prickly lettuce liatris aspera michx. tall blazing star liatris punctata hook. dotted blazing star liatris punctata hook. var. nebraskana gaiser nebraska blazing star liatris scabra (greene) k. schum. liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. scaly blazing star lindheimera texana gray & engelm. texas yellowstar machaeranthera annua (rydb.) shinners machaeranthera spinulosa (greene) cory hoary tansyaster packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & a. löve prairie groundsel packera tampicana (dc.) c. jeffrey great plains ragwort palafoxia rosea (bush) cory rosy palafox palafoxia rosea (bush) cory var. rosea rosy palafox pluchea camphorata (l.) dc. camphor pluchea pluchea odorata (l.) cass. var. odorata sweetscent prenanthes altissima l. tall rattlesnakeroot prionopsis ciliata (nutt.) nutt. pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. tuberous desert-chicory 34 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. rudbeckia hirta l. blackeyed susan rudbeckia hirta l. var. pulcherrima farw. blackeyed susan rudbeckia hirta l. var. serotina (nutt.) core rudbeckia serotina nutt. senecio plattensis nutt. silphium asperrimum hook. silphium asteriscus l. starry rosinweed silphium laciniatum l. compassplant solidago arguta ait. atlantic goldenrod solidago canadensis l. var. gilvocanescens rydb. shorthair goldenrod solidago delicatula small solidago gigantea ait. giant goldenrod solidago missouriensis nutt. missouri goldenrod solidago missouriensis nutt. var. fasciculata holz. missouri goldenrod solidago mollis bartl. velvety goldenrod solidago nemoralis ait. gray goldenrod solidago nemoralis ait. ssp. longipetiolata (mackenzie & bush) g.w. douglas solidago petiolaris ait. downy ragged goldenrod solidago petiolaris ait. var. petiolaris downy ragged goldenrod solidago rigida l. solidago speciosa nutt. var. rigidiuscula torr. & gray showy goldenrod solidago ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. var. microphylla gray elmleaf goldenrod sonchus asper (l.) hill spiny sowthistle taraxacum officinale g.h. weber ex wiggers common dandelion tetraneuris acaulis (pursh) greene stemless four-nerve daisy tetraneuris linearifolia (hook.) greene fineleaf fournerved daisy thelesperma filifolium (hook.) gray stiff greenthread thelesperma filifolium (hook.) gray var. filifolium stiff greenthread thelesperma intermedium rydb. thelesperma trifidum (poir.) britt. townsendia exscapa (richards.) porter stemless townsend daisy tragopogon dubius scop. yellow salsify verbesina alternifolia (l.) britt. ex kearney wingstem verbesina encelioides (cav.) benth. & hook. f. ex gray ssp. encelioides golden crownbeard verbesina virginica l. white crownbeard vernonia baldwinii torr. baldwin's ironweed vernonia baldwinii torr. ssp. interior (small) faust interior ironweed vernonia interior small vernonia missurica raf. missouri ironweed xanthisma texanum dc. texas sleepydaisy xanthisma texanum dc. ssp. drummondii oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. (torr. & gray) semple drummond's sleepydaisy xanthisma texanum dc. var. drummondii (torr. & gray) gray xanthium strumarium l. rough cockleburr xanthium strumarium l. var. canadense (p. mill.) torr. & gray canada cocklebur bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau trumpet creeper catalpa bignonioides walt. southern catalpa catalpa speciosa (warder) warder ex engelm. northern catalpa boraginaceae heliotropium tenellum (nutt.) torr. pasture heliotrope lithospermum incisum lehm. narrowleaf stoneseed myosotis verna nutt. spring forget-me-not onosmodium molle michx. ssp. occidentale (mackenzie) cochrane western marbleseed brassicaceae arabis fendleri (s. wats.) greene fendler's rockcress arabis laevigata (muhl. ex willd.) poir. smooth rockcress arabis missouriensis greene green rockcress camelina microcarpa dc. littlepod false flax capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. shepherd's purse chorispora tenella (pallas) dc. crossflower descurainia pinnata (walt.) britt. ssp. brachycarpa (richards.) detling western tansymustard draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & gray shortpod draba draba cuneifolia nutt. ex torr. & gray wedgeleaf draba draba cuneifolia nutt. ex torr. & gray var. cuneifolia wedgeleaf draba draba cuneifolia nutt. ex torr. & gray var. helleri (small) o.e. schulz draba platycarpa torr. & gray broadpod draba draba reptans (lam.) fern. carolina draba erysimum asperum (nutt.) dc. erysimum asperum (nutt.) dc. var. arkansanum (nutt.) gray erysimum capitatum (dougl. ex hook.) greene sanddune wallflower erysimum capitatum (dougl. ex hook.) greene var. capitatum sanddune wallflower erysimum repandum l. spreading wallflower lepidium austrinum small southern pepperwort lepidium densiflorum schrad. common pepperweed lepidium densiflorum schrad. var. densiflorum common pepperweed lepidium oblongum small veiny pepperweed lepidium virginicum l. virginia pepperweed 36 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. lepidium virginicum l. var. medium (greene) c.l. hitchc. medium pepperweed lesquerella auriculata (engelm. & gray) s. wats. earleaf bladderpod lesquerella gordonii (gray) s. wats. gordon's bladderpod lesquerella gracilis (hook.) s. wats. spreading bladderpod lesquerella gracilis (hook.) s. wats. ssp. nuttallii (torr. & gray) rollins & shaw nuttall's bladderpod lesquerella ovalifolia rydb. ex britt. roundleaf bladderpod lesquerella ovalifolia rydb. ex britt. ssp. alba (goodman) rollins & shaw roundleaf bladderpod nasturtium officinale ait. f. rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (l.) hayek watercress rorippa palustris (l.) bess. bog yellowcress rorippa sessiliflora (nutt.) a.s.hitchc. stalkless yellowcress sibara virginica (l.) rollinsvirginia winged rockcress cactaceae echinocereus baileyi rose echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) haage f. lace hedgehog cactus echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) haage f. var. albispinus (lahman) l. benson echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) haage f. var. baileyi (rose) n.p. taylor bailey's hedgehog cactus opuntia engelmannii salm-dyck cactus apple opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. devil's-tongue campanulaceae lobelia appendiculata a. dc. pale lobelia lobelia cardinalis l. cardinalflower lobelia cardinalis l. ssp. graminea (lam.) mcvaugh triodanis leptocarpa (nutt.) nieuwl. slimpod venus' looking-glass triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. var. biflora (ruiz & pavón) bradley clasping venus' looking-glass capparaceae cleome serrulata pursh rocky mountain beeplant cleomella angustifolia torr. narrowleaf rhombopod polanisia dodecandra (l.) dc. redwhisker clammyweed polanisia dodecandra (l.) dc. ssp.trachysperma (torr. & gray) iltis sandyseed clammyweed caprifoliaceae lonicera albiflora torr. & gray western white honeysuckle lonicera japonica thunb. japanese honeysuckle sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli common elderberry symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench coralberry viburnum rufidulum raf. rusty blackhaw oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. caryophyllaceae cerastium brachypodum (engelm. ex gray) b.l. robins. shortstalk chickweed cerastium glomeratum thuill. sticky chickweed minuartia michauxii (fenzl) farw. michaux's stitchwort minuartia michauxii (fenzl) farw. var. texana (b.l. robins.) mattf. texas stitchwort minuartia patula (michx.) mattf. pitcher's stitchwort minuartia patula var. patula (michx.) mattf. paronychia jamesii torr. & gray james' nailwort paronychia virginica spreng. yellow nailwort sagina decumbens (ell.) torr. & gray trailing pearlwort silene antirrhina l. sleepy silene celastraceae celastrus scandens l. american bittersweet euonymus atropurpurea jacq. eastern wahoo chenopodiaceae chenopodium album l. lambsquarters chenopodium ambrosioides l. mexican tea chenopodium leptophyllum (moq.) nutt. ex s. wats. narrowleaf goosefoot chenopodium pratericola rydb. desert goosefoot chenopodium simplex (torr.) raf. mapleleaf goosefoot chenopodium standleyanum aellen standley's goosefoot kochia scoparia (l.) schrad. mexican-fireweed salsola kali l. prickly russian thistle salsola kali l. ssp. tragus (l.) celak. cistaceae lechea tenuifolia michx. narrowleaf pinweed clusiaceae hypericum drummondii (grev. & hook.) torr. & gray nits and lice hypericum mutilum l. dwarf st. johnswort convolvulaceae convolvulus arvensis l. field bindweed convolvulus equitans benth. texas bindweed convolvulus incanus auct. non vahl evolvulus nuttallianus j.a. schultes shaggy dwarf morning-glory evolvulus pilosus nutt. ipomoea pandurata (l.) g.f.w. mey. man of the earth ipomoea shumardiana (torr.) shinners narrowleaf morning-glory cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. roughleaf dogwood crassulaceae sedum nuttallianum raf. yellow stonecrop cucurbitaceae cucurbita foetidissima kunth missouri gourd cyclanthera dissecta (torr. & gray) arn. cutleaf cyclanthera 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. ibervillea lindheimeri (gray) greene lindheimer's globeberry melothria pendula l. guadeloupe cucumber cuscutaceae cuscuta glabrior (engelm.) yuncker var. pubescens (engelm.) yuncker cuscuta gronovii willd. ex j.a. schultes scaldweed cuscuta indecora choisy bigseed alfalfa dodder cuscuta indecora choisy var. indecora bigseed alfalfa dodder cuscuta pentagona engelm. fiveangled dodder cuscuta pentagona engelm. var. pentagona fiveangled dodder cyperaceae bolboschoenus maritimus (l.) palla bulbostylis capillaris (l.) kunth ex c.b. clarke densetuft hairsedge bulbostylis capillaris (l.) kunth ex c.b. clarke ssp. capillaries densetuft hairsedge carex albicans willd. ex spreng. var. albicans whitetinge sedge carex austrina mackenzie southern sedge carex blanda dewey eastern woodland sedge carex brevior (dewey) mackenzie shortbeak sedge carex emoryi dewey emory's sedge carex fissa mackenzie hammock sedge carex frankii kunth frank's sedge carex granularis muhl. ex willd. limestone meadow sedge carex gravida bailey heavy sedge carex gravida bailey var. lunelliana (mackenzie) f.j. herm. heavy sedge carex grisea wahlenb. carex joorii bailey cypress swamp sedge carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. var. enervis boott muhlenberg's sedge carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. var. muehlenbergii muhlenberg's sedge carex tetrastachya scheele britton's sedge carex umbellata schkukr ex willd. parasol sedge carex vulpinoidea michx. fox sedge cyperus acuminatus torr. & hook. ex torr. tapertip flatsedge cyperus echinatus (l.) wood globe flatsedge cyperus erythrorhizos muhl. redroot flatsedge cyperus esculentus l. chufa flatsedge cyperus ferax l.c. rich. cyperus filiculmis auct. non vahl cyperus hallii britt. cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks ssp. lupulinus great plains flatsedge cyperus odoratus l. fragrant flatsedge cyperus ovularis (michx.) torr. cyperus pseudovegetus steud. marsh flatsedge cyperus schweinitzii torr. schweinitz's flatsedge cyperus setigerus torr. & hook. lean flatsedge cyperus squarrosus l. bearded flatsedge oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. cyperus strigosus l. strawcolored flatsedge eleocharis acutisquamata buckl. sharpscale spikerush eleocharis atropurpurea (retz.) j. &. k. presl. purple spikerush eleocharis compressa sullivant flatstem spikerush eleocharis engelmannii steud. engelmann's spikerush eleocharis erythropoda steud. bald spikerush eleocharis montevidensis kunth sand spikerush eleocharis obtusa (willd.) j.a. schultes blunt spikerush eleocharis palustris (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes common spikerush eleocharis parvula (roemer & j.a. schultes) link ex bluff, nees & schauer dwarf spikerush eleocharis quadrangulata (michx.) roemer & j.a. schultes squarestem spikerush fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl hairy fimbry fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl var. puberula hairy fimbry fimbristylis spadicea auct. non (l.) vahl. fimbristylis vahlii (lam.) link vahl's fimbry fuirena simplex vahl western umbrella-sedge hemicarpha aristulata (coville) smyth hemicarpha drummondii nees hemicarpha micrantha (vahl) pax lipocarpha aristulata (coville) g. tucker awned halfchaff sedge lipocarpha drummondii (nees) g. tucker drummond's halfchaff sedge lipocarpha micrantha (vahl) g. tucker smallflower halfchaff sedge schoenoplectus acutus (muhl. ex bigelow) a.& d. löve var. acutus hardstem bulrush schoenoplectus americanus (pers.) volk. ex schinz & r. keller chairmaker's bulrush schoenoplectus hallii (gray) s.g. sm. hall's bulrush schoenoplectus pungens (vahl) palla common threesquare schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (k.c. gmel.) palla softstem bulrush scirpus americanus pers. scirpus atrovirens willd. green bulrush scirpus lineatus michx. rusty bulrush, drooping bulrush scirpus pallidus (britt.) fern. cloaked bulrush scirpus pendulus muhl. rufous bulrush scleria ciliata michx. fringed nutrush scleria pauciflora muhl. ex willd. fewflower nutrush ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. common persimmon elatinaceae bergia texana (hook.) seub. ex walp. texas bergia 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. euphorbiaceae acalypha gracilens gray var. monococca engelm. ex gray acalypha monococca (engelm. ex gray) l. mill. &gandhi slender threeseed mercury acalypha ostryifolia riddell pineland threeseed mercury acalypha virginica l. virginia threeseed mercury argythamnia mercurialina (nutt.) muell.-arg. tall silverbush argythamnia mercurialina (nutt.) muell.-arg. var. mercurialina tall silverbush chamaesyce maculata (l.) small spotted sandmat chamaesyce missurica (raf.) shinners prairie sandmat chamaesyce nutans (lag.) small eyebane chamaesyce prostrata (ait.) small prostrate sandmat chamaesyce serpens (kunth) small matted sandmat cnidoscolus texanus (muell.-arg.) small texas bullnettle croton capitatus michx. hogwort croton capitatus michx. var. capitatus hogwort croton capitatus michx. var. lindheimeri (engelm. & gray) muell.-arg. lindheimer's hogwort croton glandulosus l. vente conmigo croton glandulosus l. var. septentrionalis muell.-arg. vente conmigo croton lindheimerianus scheele threeseed croton croton monanthogynus michx. prairie tea croton texensis (klotzsch) muell.-arg. texas croton euphorbia chamaesyce auct. non l. euphorbia corollata l. flowering spurge euphorbia cyathophora murr. fire on the mountain euphorbia dentata michx. toothed spurge euphorbia lata engelm. euphorbia longicruris scheele wedgeleaf spurge euphorbia maculata l. euphorbia marginata pursh snow on the mountain euphorbia missurica raf. euphorbia nutans lag. euphorbia serpens kunth euphorbia spathulata lam. warty spurge euphorbia supina raf. phyllanthus abnormis baill. drummond's leaf-flower phyllanthus abnormis baill. var. abnormis drummond's leaf-flower phyllanthus caroliniensis walt. carolina leaf-flower phyllanthus polygonoides nutt. ex spreng. smartweed leaf-flower stillingia sylvatica garden ex l. queen's-delight tragia ramosa torr. branched noseburn fabaceae acacia angustissima (p. mill.) kuntze var. hirta (nutt.) b.l. robins. prairie acacia oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. amorpha canescens pursh leadplant amorpha fruticosa l. desert false indigo apios americana medik. groundnut astragalus caryocarpus ker-gawl. astragalus crassicarpus nutt. var. crassicarpus groundplum milkvetch astragalus crassicarpus nutt. var. trichocalyx (nutt.) barneby groundplum milkvetch astragalus distortus torr. & gray ozark milkvetch astragalus lindheimeri engelm. ex gray lindheimer's milkvetch astragalus nuttallianus dc. var. nuttallianus smallflowered milkvetch astragalus plattensis nutt. platte river milkvetch baptisia australis (l.) r. br. ex ait. f. blue wild indigo baptisia australis (l.) r. br. ex ait. f. var. minor (lehm.) fern. blue wild indigo baptisia bracteata muhl. ex ell. longbract wild indigo baptisia bracteata muhl. ex ell. var. glabrescens (larisey) isely baptisia bracteata muhl. ex ell. var. leucophaea (nutt.) kartesz & gandhi longbract wild indigo baptisia leucophaea nutt. baptisia sphaerocarpa nutt. yellow wild indigo baptisia vent. wild indigo cassia fasciculata michx. cassia marilandica l. cercis canadensis l. eastern redbud chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene sleepingplant clitoria mariana l. atlantic pigeonwings crotalaria sagittalis l. arrowhead rattlebox dalea aurea nutt. ex pursh golden prairie clover dalea candida michx. ex willd. white prairie clover dalea candida michx. ex willd. var. candida white prairie clover dalea candida michx. ex willd. var. oligophylla (torr.) shinners white prairie clover dalea enneandra nutt. nineanther prairie clover dalea frutescens gray black prairie clover dalea multiflora (nutt.) shinners roundhead prairie clover dalea purpurea vent. violet prairie clover dalea purpurea vent. var. purpurea violet prairie clover dalea tenuifolia (gray) shinners slimleaf prairie clover dalea villosa (nutt.) spreng. var. villosa silky prairie clover desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macm. ex b.l. robins. & fern. prairie bundleflower desmanthus leptolobus torr. & gray slenderlobe bundleflower desmodium canescens (l.) dc. hoary ticktrefoil desmodium ciliare (muhl. ex willd.) dc. hairy small-leaf ticktrefoil desmodium dillenii darl. p.p. desmodium glutinosum (muhl. ex willd.) wood pointedleaf ticktrefoil 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. desmodium illinoense gray illinois ticktrefoil desmodium nudiflorum (l.) dc. nakedflower ticktrefoil desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. panicledleaf ticktrefoil desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. var. paniculatum panicledleaf ticktrefoil desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & gray sessileleaf ticktrefoil desmodium tweedyi britt. tweedy's ticktrefoil desmodium viridiflorum (l.) dc. velvetleaf ticktrefoil galactia volubilis (l.) britt. downy milkpea gleditsia triacanthos l. honeylocust gymnocladus dioicus (l.) k. koch kentucky coffeetree hoffmannseggia glauca (ortega) eifert indian rushpea hosackia americana (nutt.) piper indigofera miniata ortega coastal indigo indigofera miniata ortega var. leptosepala (nutt. ex torr. & gray) b.l. turner western indigo lespedeza capitata michx. roundhead lespedeza lespedeza intermedia sensu clewell, 1966 lespedeza procumbens michx. trailing lespedeza lespedeza repens (l.) w. bart. creeping lespedeza lespedeza virginica (l.) britt. slender lespedeza lotus purshianus f. e. & e. s. clements lotus unifoliolatus (hook.) benth. var. unifoliolatus american bird's-foot trefoil lupinus texensis hook. texas lupine medicago minima (l.) l. bur medick medicago sativa l. alfalfa melilotus albus melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. yellow sweetclover mimosa nuttallii (dc.) b.l. turner nuttall's sensitive-briar neptunia lutea (leavenworth) benth. yellow puff oxytropis lambertii pursh purple locoweed oxytropis lambertii pursh var. articulata (greene) barneby purple locoweed oxytropis lambertii pursh var. lambertii purple locoweed pediomelum cuspidatum (pursh) rydb. largebract indian breadroot pediomelum esculentum (pursh) rydb. large indian breadroot pediomelum linearifolium (torr. & gray) j. grimes narrowleaf indian breadroot petalostemon occidentalis (heller) fern. petalostemon purpureus (vent.) rydb. prosopis glandulosa torr. honey mesquite prosopis glandulosa torr. var. glandulosa honey mesquite prosopis juliflora (sw.) dc. var. glandulosa (torr.) cockerell psoralea argophylla pursh oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. psoralea cuspidata pursh psoralea esculenta pursh psoralea linearifolia torr. & gray psoralea tenuiflora pursh psoralidium lanceolatum (pursh) rydb. lemon scurfpea psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. slimflower scurfpea robinia pseudoacacia l. black locust schrankia uncinata willd. senna marilandica (l.) link maryland senna sophora affinis torr. & gray eve's necklacepod strophostyles helvula (l.) ell. trailing fuzzybean strophostyles leiosperma (torr. & gray) piper slickseed fuzzybean tephrosia onobrychoides nutt. multibloom hoarypea tephrosia virginiana (l.) pers. virginia tephrosia trifolium dubium sibthorp suckling clover trifolium reflexum l. buffalo clover trifolium repens l. white clover vicia americana muhl. ex willd. ssp. minor (hook.) c.r. gunn mat vetch vicia caroliniana walt. carolina vetch vicia ludoviciana nutt. louisiana vetch vicia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. ludoviciana louisiana vetch vicia ludoviciana nutt. var. texana (torr. & gray) shinners vicia texana (torr. & gray) small fagaceae quercus buckleyi nixon & dorr buckley oak quercus fusiformis small plateau oak quercus macrocarpa michx. bur oak quercus marilandica muench. blackjack oak quercus mohriana buckl. ex rydb. mohr oak quercus muehlenbergii engelm. chinkapin oak quercus shumardii buckl. shumard's oak quercus stellata wangenh. post oak quercus velutina lam. black oak fumariaceae corydalis aurea willd. scrambled eggs corydalis aurea willd. ssp. occidentalis (engelm. ex gray) g.b. ownbey corydalis curvisiliqua engelm. curvepod fumewort corydalis curvisiliqua engelm. ssp. grandibracteata (fedde) g.b. ownbey curvepod fumewort corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex gray) gray smallflower fumewort corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex gray) gray ssp. micrantha smallflower fumewort gentianaceae centaurium texense (griseb.) fern. lady bird's centaury eustoma russellianum (hook.) g. don 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. sabatia campestris nutt. texas star geraniaceae erodium cicutarium (l.) l'hér. ex ait. redstem stork's bill geranium carolinianum l. carolina geranium grossulariaceae ribes aureum pursh var. villosum dc. golden currant haloragaceae myriophyllum aquaticum (vell.) verdc. parrot feather watermilfoil myriophyllum heterophyllum michx. twoleaf watermilfoil myriophyllum pinnatum (walt.) b.s.p. cutleaf watermilfoil myriophyllum sibiricum komarov shortspike watermilfoil myriophyllum spicatum l. spike watermilfoil myriophyllum spicatum l. var. exalbescens (fern.) jepson hippocastanaceae aesculus glabra willd. ohio buckeye aesculus glabra willd. var. arguta (buckl.) b.l. robins. ohio buckeye hydrophyllaceae ellisia nyctelea (l.) l. aunt lucy nama hispidum gray bristly nama nemophila phacelioides nutt. largeflower baby blue eyes phacelia congesta hook. caterpillars phacelia strictiflora (engelm. & gray) gray prairie phacelia phacelia strictiflora (engelm. & gray) gray var. lundelliana constance lundell's phacelia iridaceae nemastylis geminiflora nutt. prairie pleatleaf sisyrinchium angustifolium p. mill. narrowleaf blue-eyed grass sisyrinchium campestre bickn. prairie blue-eyed grass isoetaceae isoetes melanopoda gay & durieu ex durieu blackfoot quillwort juglandaceae carya cordiformis (wangenh.) k. koch bitternut hickory carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch pecan juglans microcarpa berl. little walnut juglans nigra l. black walnut juncaceae juncus acuminatus michx. tapertip rush juncus aristulatus michx. juncus brachycarpus engelm. whiteroot rush juncus diffusissimus buckl. slimpod rush juncus dudleyi wieg. dudley's rush juncus interior wieg. inland rush juncus marginatus rostk. grassleaf rush oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. juncus marginatus rostk. var. setosus coville juncus nodatus coville stout rush juncus scirpoides lam. needlepod rush juncus secundus beauv. ex poir. lopsided rush juncus tenuis willd. poverty rush juncus torreyi coville torrey's rush krameriaceae krameria lanceolata torr. trailing krameria lamiaceae hedeoma hispida pursh rough false pennyroyal hedeoma reverchonii (gray) gray reverchon's false pennyroyal lamium amplexicaule l. henbit deadnettle lycopus americanus muhl. ex w. bart. american water horehound lycopus americanus muhl. ex w. bart. var. scabrifolius fern. mentha spicata l. spearmint monarda citriodora cerv. ex lag. lemon beebalm monarda clinopodioides gray basil beebalm monarda dispersa small monarda fistulosa l. wild bergamot monarda mollis l. monarda pectinata nutt. pony beebalm monarda punctata l. spotted beebalm nepeta cataria l. catnip prunella vulgaris l. common selfheal salvia azurea michx. ex lam. azure blue sage scutellaria drummondii benth. drummond's skullcap scutellaria ovata hill heartleaf skullcap scutellaria wrightii gray wright's skullcap teucrium canadense l. canada germander teucrium canadense l. var. occidentale (gray) mcclintock & epling western germander teucrium canadense l. var. virginicum (l.) eat. teucrium laciniatum torr. lacy germander lentibulariaceae utricularia gibba l. humped bladderwort linaceae linum berlandieri hook. var. berlandieri berlandier's yellow flax linum hudsonioides planch. texas flax linum imbricatum (raf.) shinners tufted flax linum lewisii pursh prairie flax linum pratense (j.b.s. norton) small meadow flax linum rigidum pursh stiffstem flax linum rigidum pursh var. berlandieri (hook.) torr. & gray linum rigidum pursh var. rigidum stiffstem flax 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. linum sulcatum riddell grooved flax linum sulcatum riddell var. sulcatum grooved flax loasaceae mentzelia albescens (gillies & arn.) griseb. wavyleaf blazingstar mentzelia decapetala (pursh ex sims) urban & gilg ex gilg tenpetal blazingstar mentzelia oligosperma nutt. ex sims chickenthief mentzelia reverchonii (urban & gilg) h.j. thompson & zavortink reverchon's blazingstar lythraceae ammannia auriculata willd. eared redstem ammannia coccinea rottb. valley redstem ammannia robusta heer & regel grand redstem lythrum alatum pursh winged lythrum lythrum alatum pursh var. lanceolatum (ell.) torr. & gray ex rothrock rotala ramosior (l.) koehne lowland rotala malvaceae abutilon incanum (link) sweet pelotazo callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.) gray light poppymallow callirhoe digitata nutt. winecup callirhoe involucrata (torr. & gray) gray purple poppymallow callirhoe involucrata (torr. & gray) gray var. involucrata purple poppymallow callirhoe leiocarpa r.f. martin tall poppymallow callirhoe pedata (nutt. ex hook.) gray palmleaf poppymallow hibiscus trionum l. flower of an hour sida spinosa l. prickly fanpetals sphaeralcea coccinea (nutt.) rydb. scarlet globemallow sphaeralcea coccinea (nutt.)rydb. ssp. coccinea scarlet globemallow menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. carolina coralbead menispermum canadense l. common moonseed molluginaceae mollugo verticillata l. green carpetweed moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) schneid. osage orange morus alba l. white mulberry morus rubra l. red mulberry nelumbonaceae nelumbo lutea willd. american lotus nyctaginaceae mirabilis albida (walt.) heimerl white four o'clock mirabilis glabra (s. wats.) standl. smooth four o'clock mirabilis hirsuta (pursh) macm. hairy four o'clock oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. mirabilis linearis (pursh) heimerl narrowleaf four o'clock mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macm. heartleaf four o'clock nymphaeaceae nymphaea odorata ait. american white waterlily oleaceae fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. green ash onagraceae calylophus berlandieri spach berlandier's sundrops calylophus berlandieri spach ssp. pinifolius (engelm. ex gray) towner berlandier's sundrops calylophus hartwegii (benth.) raven ssp. pubescens (gray) towner & raven hartweg's sundrops calylophus serrulatus (nutt.) raven yellow sundrops gaura coccinea nutt. ex pursh scarlet beeblossom gaura longiflora spach longflower beeblossom gaura parviflora dougl. ex lehm. gaura sinuata nutt. ex ser. wavyleaf beeblossom gaura suffulta engelm. ex gray kisses gaura suffulta engelm. ex gray ssp. suffulta kisses gaura triangulata buckl. prairie beeblossom jussiaea diffusa auct. non forsk. jussiaea repens l. var. glabrescens kuntze ludwigia alternifolia l. seedbox ludwigia decurrens walt. wingleaf primrose-willow ludwigia palustris (l.) ell. marsh seedbox ludwigia peploides (kunth) raven ssp. glabrescens (kunze) raven floating primrose-willow ludwigia repens j.r. forst. creeping primrose-willow oenothera biennis l. common evening-primrose oenothera grandis (britt.) smyth showy evening-primrose oenothera laciniata hill cutleaf evening-primrose oenothera linifolia nutt. threadleaf evening-primrose oenothera macrocarpa nutt. ssp. incana (gray) wagner bigfruit evening-primrose oenothera macrocarpa nutt. ssp. macrocarpa bigfruit evening-primrose oenothera speciosa nutt. pinkladies oenothera triloba nutt. stemless evening-primrose stenosiphon linifolius (nutt. ex james) heynh. false gaura oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata l. creeping woodsorrel oxalis dillenii jacq. oxalis stricta l. common yellow oxalis oxalis violacea l. violet woodsorrel papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey crested prickly poppy papaver dubium l. blindeyes 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. passifloraceae passiflora lutea l. yellow passionflower pedaliaceae proboscidea louisianica (p. mill.) thellung ram's horn phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. american pokeweed rivina humilis l. rougeplant plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. largebracted plantain plantago elongata pursh prairie plantain plantago major l. common plantain plantago patagonica jacq. woolly plantain plantago pusilla nutt. dwarf plantain plantago rhodosperma dcne. redseed plantain plantago rugelii dcne. blackseed plantain plantago virginica l. virginia plantain plantago wrightiana dcne. wright's plantain platanaceae platanus occidentalis l. american sycamore polemoniaceae gilia aggregata (pursh) spreng. ssp. formosissima (greene) wherry gilia rubra (l.) heller ipomopsis rubra (l.) wherry standing-cypress phlox longipilosa waterfall longhair phlox polygalaceae polygala alba nutt. white milkwort polygala verticillata l. whorled milkwort polygala verticillata l. var. isocycla fern. whorled milkwort polygonaceae eriogonum annuum nutt. annual buckwheat eriogonum longifolium nutt. longleaf buckwheat eriogonum longifolium nutt. var. longifolium longleaf buckwheat persicaria punctata (ell.) small polygonum amphibium l. var. emersum michx. longroot smartweed polygonum aviculare l. prostrate knotweed polygonum bicorne raf. polygonum convolvulus l. black bindweed polygonum hydropiper l. marshpepper knotweed polygonum hydropiperoides michx. swamp smartweed polygonum lapathifolium l. curlytop knotweed polygonum pensylvanicum l. pennsylvania smartweed polygonum persicaria l. spotted ladysthumb polygonum punctatum ell. dotted smartweed polygonum ramosissimum michx. bushy knotweed polygonum ramosissimum michx. var. prolificum small bushy knotweed oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. polygonum scandens l. climbing false buckwheat polygonum striatulum b.l. robins. striped knotweed polygonum tenue michx. pleatleaf knotweed polygonum virginianum l. jumpseed rumex altissimus wood pale dock rumex crispus l. curly dock pontederiaceae heteranthera limosa (sw.) willd. blue mudplantain pontederia cordata l. pickerelweed portulacaceae claytonia virginica l. virginia springbeauty portulaca pilosa l. kiss me quick portulaca umbraticola kunth ssp. lanceolata (engelm.) matthews & ketron talinum calycinum engelm. largeflower fameflower talinum parviflorum nutt. sunbright primulaceae androsace occidentalis pursh western rockjasmine dodecatheon meadia l. pride of ohio dodecatheon meadia l. ssp. meadia pride of ohio samolus floribundus kunth samolus parviflorus raf. samolus valerandi l. ssp. parviflorus (raf.) hultén seaside brookweed ranunculaceae anemone berlandieri pritz. tenpetal thimbleweed anemone caroliniana walt. carolina anemone anemone decapetala auct. non ard. clematis pitcheri torr. & gray bluebill clematis versicolor small ex rydb. pale leather flower consolida ajacis (l.) schur doubtful knight's-spur delphinium carolinianum walt. carolina larkspur delphinium carolinianum walt. ssp. virescens (nutt.) brooks carolina larkspur myosurus minimus l. tiny mousetail ranunculus abortivus l. littleleaf buttercup ranunculus longirostris godr. longbeak buttercup ranunculus sceleratus l. cursed buttercup rhamnaceae ceanothus herbaceus raf. jersey tea rosaceae agrimonia parviflora ait. harvestlice crataegus crus-galli l. cockspur hawthorn crataegus engelmannii sarg. engelmann's hawthorn crataegus mollis scheele arnold hawthorn crataegus reverchonii sarg. reverchon's hawthorn crataegus viridis l. green hawthorn crataegus viridis l. var. viridis green hawthorn 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. fragaria virginiana duchesne virginia strawberry geum canadense jacq. white avens geum canadense jacq. var. camporum (rydb.) fern. & weatherby white avens potentilla arguta pursh tall cinquefoil potentilla arguta pursh ssp. arguta tall cinquefoil prunus angustifolia marsh. chickasaw plum prunus gracilis engelm. & gray oklahoma plum prunus hortulana bailey hortulan plum prunus mexicana s. wats. mexican plum prunus persica (l.) batsch peach prunus rivularis scheele creek plum prunus virginiana l. chokecherry rosa foliolosa nutt. ex torr. & gray white prairie rose rosa multiflora thunb. ex murr. multiflora rose rubus aboriginum rydb. garden dewberry rubus allegheniensis porter allegheny blackberry rubus frondosus bigelow yankee blackberry rubus idaeus l. ssp. strigosus (michx.) focke grayleaf red raspberry rubus ostryafolius rydb. highbush blackberry rubus trivialis michx. southern dewberry sanguisorba annua (nutt. ex hook.) torr. & gray prairie burnet rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. common buttonbush diodia teres walt. poorjoe galium aparine l. stickywilly galium circaezans michx. var. hypomalacum fern. licorice bedstraw galium obtusum bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw galium pilosum ait. hairy bedstraw galium pilosum ait. var. pilosum hairy bedstraw galium texense gray texas bedstraw galium virgatum nutt. southwestern bedstraw hedyotis nigricans (lam.) fosberg diamondflowers hedyotis nigricans (lam.) fosberg var. nigricans diamondflowers houstonia longifolia var. longifolia gaertn. houstonia purpurea l. var. purpurea venus' pride houstonia pusilla schoepf tiny bluet sherardia arvensis l. blue fieldmadder rutaceae ptelea trifoliata l. common hoptree ptelea trifoliata l. ssp. polyadenia (greene) v. bailey pallid hoptree ptelea trifoliata l. ssp. trifoliata var. trifoliate common hoptree oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. ptelea trifoliata ssp. trifoliata l. var. mollis torr. & gray common hoptree salicaceae populus deltoides bartr. ex marsh. eastern cottonwood salix caroliniana michx. coastal plain willow salix nigra marsh. black willow santalaceae comandra umbellata (l.) nutt. ssp. pallida (a. dc.) piehl pale bastard toadflax sapindaceae cardiospermum halicacabum l. love in a puff sapindus drummondii hook. & arn. sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l.benson western soapberry sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. gum bully sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. ssp. rigidum (gray) t.d. pennington scrophulariaceae agalinis heterophylla (nutt.) small ex britt. prairie false foxglove bacopa rotundifolia (michx.) wettst. disk waterhyssop castilleja coccinea (l.) spreng. scarlet indian paintbrush castilleja purpurea (nutt.) g. don downy indian paintbrush castilleja purpurea (nutt.) g. don var. citrina (pennell) shinners prairie indian paintbrush collinsia verna nutt. spring blue eyed mary collinsia violacea nutt. violet blue eyed mary gratiola sphaerocarpa ell. gratiola virginiana l. roundfruit hedgehyssop leucospora multifida (michx.) nutt. narrowleaf paleseed lindernia anagallidea (michx.) pennell lindernia dubia (l.) pennell yellowseed false pimpernel macuillamia rotundifolia (michx.) raf. mimulus glabratus kunth roundleaf monkeyflower mimulus glabratus kunth var. jamesii (torr. & gray ex benth.) gray james' monkeyflower nuttallanthus canadensis (l.) d.a. sutton canada toadflax nuttallanthus texanus (scheele) d.a. sutton texas toadflax penstemon albidus nutt. white penstemon penstemon australis small ssp. laxiflorus (pennell) bennett penstemon cobaea nutt. cobaea beardtongue penstemon fendleri torr. & gray fendler's penstemon penstemon oklahomensis pennell oklahoma beardtongue scrophularia lanceolata pursh lanceleaf figwort veronica arvensis l. corn speedwell veronica peregrina l. neckweed veronica peregrina l. ssp. xalapensis (kunth) pennell hairy purslane speedwell 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. simaroubaceae ailanthus altissima (p. mill.) swingle tree of heaven smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. saw greenbrier smilax rotundifolia l. roundleaf greenbrier smilax tamnoides l. bristly greenbrier solanaceae datura meteloides auct. p.p. non dunal physalis angulata l. cutleaf groundcherry physalis cinerascens (dunal) a.s. hitchc. var. cinerascens smallflower groundcherry physalis heterophylla nees clammy groundcherry physalis lobata torr. physalis longifolia nutt. longleaf groundcherry physalis mollis nutt. field groundcherry physalis mollis nutt. var. mollis field groundcherry physalis pubescens l. var. integrifolia (dunal) waterfall husk tomato physalis pumila nutt. dwarf groundcherry physalis viscosa l. ssp. mollis (nutt.) waterfall quincula lobata (torr.) raf. chinese lantern solanum citrullifolium a. braun watermelon nightshade solanum dimidiatum raf. western horsenettle solanum elaeagnifolium cav. silverleaf nightshade solanum nigrum auct. non l. solanum ptychanthum dunal west indian nightshade solanum rostratum dunal buffalobur nightshade tamaricaceae tamarix gallica l. salt cedar ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. sugarberry celtis laevigata willd. var. reticulata (torr.) l. benson netleaf hackberry celtis laevigata willd. var. texana sarg. texan sugarberry ulmus americana l. american elm ulmus rubra muhl. slippery elm urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. smallspike false nettle boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. var. drummondiana (weddell) weddell parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. pennsylvania pellitory parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. var. obtusa (rydb. ex small) shinners valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. beaked cornsalad verbenaceae glandularia bipinnatifida (nutt.) nutt. var. bipinnatifida dakota mock vervain glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. rose mock vervain oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber pink mock vervain lippia lanceolata michx. phryma leptostachya l. american lopseed phyla incisa small phyla lanceolata (michx.) greene lanceleaf fogfruit verbena bipinnatifida nutt. verbena bracteata lag. & rodr. bigbract verbena verbena canadensis (l.) britt. verbena pumila rydb. verbena stricta vent. hoary verbena verbena urticifolia l. white vervain violaceae hybanthus verticillatus (ortega) baill. babyslippers viola bicolor pursh field pansy viola missouriensis greene viola retusa greene viola sororia willd. common blue violet viscaceae phoradendron flavescens nutt. ex engelm. phoradendron leucarpum (raf.) reveal & m.c. johnston oak mistletoe vitaceae ampelopsis cordata michx. heartleaf peppervine cissus incisa auct. non des moulins cissus trifoliata (l.) l. sorrelvine parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. virginia creeper parthenocissus vitacea (knerr) a.s. hitchc. woodbine vitis cinerea (engelm.) millard graybark grape vitis cinerea (engelm.) millard var. cinerea graybark grape vitis riparia michx. riverbank grape vitis rupestris scheele sand grape vitis vulpina l. frost grape zygophyllaceae tribulus terrestris l. puncturevine oklahoma native plant record, volume 11, number 1, december 2011 oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l. g. 4 survey of the vascular flora of the boehler seeps and sandhills preserve submitted to the department of botany of oklahoma state university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy july 1997 linda gatti clark e-mail: gatti.clark@gmail.com located in atoka county of southcentral oklahoma, the nature conservancy’s boehler seeps and sandhills preserve comprises sandhills, acidic hillside seeps, marshes, intermittent and permanent streams, and shallow lakes. the sandhills are the site of the highest quality, old-growth vegetation of the western gulf coastal plains (s. orzell, pers. comm. to ian butler). the flora is a unique assemblage of plants that is present nowhere else in the state and considered globally rare. approximately 400 species are believed to be present (jones 1993). more than 20 rare species have been reported to occur in the area, including some that are globally rare (oklahoma natural heritage inventory 1997). eriocaulon kornickianum, for example, is designated g2 and s1. other rare species in the preserve include penstemon murrayanus (g4, s1s3), polygonella americana (g5, s1s2), and paronychia drummondii (g4g5, s1s2). prior to this study, our knowledge of the vascular plant species in the preserve was incomplete. although several partial lists of its flora had been compiled, a systematic survey of the area to inventory all of the plants had not been conducted. such information is essential for understanding the ecology of the site and making decisions about its management. this study was undertaken to provide this information. specific objectives were to: (1) compile a list of the terrestrial and aquatic vascular plant species present and (2) prepare a set of herbarium specimens to document the preserve’s flora. this note summarizes my findings and provides a reference to the information compiled in gatti clark (1997). boehler seeps and sandhills preserve the preserve is a 235 ha site located in southern atoka county, oklahoma, approximately 11 miles north of boswell (s25 & 26, t4s, r13w; boswell nw quad). it comprises two tracts bisected by a paved country road and is located in the watersheds of muddy boggy and clear boggy creeks. situated in the dissected coastal plain geomorphic province and western coastal plain land resource area (johnson et al. 1979, usda natural resources conservation service 1992), its underlying strata are cretaceous in age. also underlying the preserve is the antlers sandstone aquifer that is composed primarily of non-marine sand and clay, and marine limestone and clay up to 915 m thick and is saturated with water that has a moderate to high mineral content (johnson et al. 1979). the water table is generally within 1-1.3 m of the surface, with seeps occurring where it reaches the surface (jones 1993, pers. comm.). soil series of the site are the bernow-romia complex, 8-12% slopes; boggy fine sandy loam; and larue loamy fine sand, 0-8% slopes (shingleton and watterson 1979). all are susceptible to erosion by both water and wind. precipitation in the area of the preserve https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100081 oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 11, december 2011 clark, l. g. occurs primarily in the spring and summer, and averages 119 cm per year (ruffner 1980). the average growing season is 255 days; mean maximum annual temperature is 24.5˚ c and mean minimum is 11˚ c; the average number of days below 0˚ c is 52 (ruffner 1980). vegetation of the area is oak-hickory forest (duck and fletcher 1943) with several communities present. quercus stellata, carya texana, and sideroxylon lanuginosum spp. lanuginosum (=bumelia lanuginose) dominate and form an almost continuous canopy in the drier areas. typically a thick leaf layer is present on the ground, and understory vegetation is sparse. juniperus virginiana and pinus echinata, while not dominant, can be found scattered throughout the preserve. common woody understory species are nyssa sylvatica, vaccinium arboreum, berchemia scandens, and vitis rotundifolia. herbaceous understory taxa include galium arkansanum, g. obtusum, tephrosia virginia, carex spp., cyperus spp., and juncus spp. scattered throughout the preserve and most conspicuous are glades dominated by aristida desmantha and selaginella rupestris. other glades are present and are dominated by various grasses, such as panicum spp., mosses, and forbs, such as gaillardia aestivalis and hieracium longipilum. at the glade edges, trees other than the forest dominants are encountered, in particular quercus incana. its saplings are occasionally found in the centers of the glades. hassel and boehler lakes are small, shallow bodies of water maintained by beaver dams. both have dense stands of emergent and floating-leaved species at their edges and open water in their centers. dominant taxa include typha angustifolia, nuphar lutea, and nymphaea odorata. often quite abundant, free-floating species are azolla caroliniana and utricularia biflora. two types of seeps are present in the preserve. one has water percolating slowly to the surface and accumulating in one area because of the topography. the ground surface has a spongy feel because of the thick carpet of vegetation, primarily mosses; sphagnum lescurii and polytrichum commune in particular dominate. occupying natural drainage ways, the second type is characterized by water flowing away from the seepage point. ferns, sedges, and rushes typically are in abundance along these watercourses. between the lakes and the seeps are marshes dominated by osmunda regalis, o. cinnamonea, cephalanthus occidentalis, scirpus spp., rhynchospora spp., and cyperus spp. associated with boehler lake are rather deep drainages that resemble sloughs. they have less vegetation and are often banked by large trees such as quercus falcata, q. nigra, and q. phellos. method of survey a systematic collection of the terrestrial and aquatic vascular plants occurring in the preserve was conducted during the 1994 and 1995 growing seasons. the area was divided into three survey units using roads and fences as boundaries. each unit was traversed on foot several times during the growing season. plants were collected in both the flowering and fruiting stages, and prepared using standard herbarium techniques (radford et al. 1974). one set of 440 voucher herbarium specimens (appendix h) was prepared and deposited in the oklahoma state university herbarium (okla). specimens previously collected by conservancy personnel were identified and included in the inventory (gatti clark 1997, appendices i and j). identification was accomplished using the resources of the herbarium. nomenclature used was based primarily on that of waterfall (1969), correll and johnston (1979), and gray’s manual of botany (fernald 1950). common names were taken from correll and johnston (1979) and taylor and taylor (1994). oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l. g. 6 flora of the preserve three hundred forty-five species in 225 genera and 84 families were encountered in this survey or by previous workers (gatti clark 1997, appendices h, i, and j). three families, asteraceae (56 taxa), poaceae (41 taxa), and cyperaceae (35 taxa), composed 38% of the preserve’s vascular flora. other large families were the fabaceae (21 taxa), apiaceae (11 taxa), lamiaceae (10 taxa), and scrophulariaceae (10 taxa). the largest genera present were carex, represented by 17 species, and panicum, represented by 12 species. species designated by the u.s. fish and wildlife service (1996) as endangered, threatened, or candidate (formally category 1) were not encountered. species ranked by the onhi (1997) as s1 or s2 and present in the preserve included the previously mentioned eriocaulon kornickianum (g2, s1), penstemon murrayanus (g4, s1s3), polygonella americana (g5, s1s2), and paronychia drummondii (g4g5, s1s2). other rare species are listed in the table. although demonstrably secure globally and ranked g4 or g5 by onhi, several species of interest were found in the preserve. the insectivorous drosera brevifolia and the mycotrophic/parasitic monotropa hypopithys were encountered. lycopodiella appressa (=lycopodium appressum) is reported for the site but was not seen in this study or in collections of the nature conservancy personnel (l. k. magrath, pers. comm.). with 22 rare taxa reported for the site, monitoring of the bluejack oak sandhills and seep communities should continue. the communities and its assemblage of plants at boehler seeps and sandhills preserve are rare within the state and deserve continued study. literature cited correll, d. s. and m. s. johnston. 1970. manual of the vascular plants of texas. texas research foundation, renner, tx. duck, l. g. and j. b. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. state of oklahoma game and fish department, division of wildlife restoration. oklahoma biological survey, norman, ok. fernald, m. l. 1950. gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. american book company, new york. gatti clark, l. c. 1997. floristic and biosystematic investigations in plant taxonomy. ph.d. dissertation. oklahoma state university, stillwater, ok. jones, n. 1993. a baseline study of the water quality, vegetative gradients, and hydrology of boehler seeps and sandhills preserve. report. the nature conservancy, tulsa, ok. johnston, k. s., c. c. branson, n. m. curtis, jr., w. e. ham, w. e. harrison, m. v. marcher, and j. f. roberts. 1979. geology and earth resources of oklahoma. educational publication 1. oklahoma geological survey, norman, ok. oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 1997. short working list of rare plants. version of 22 january 1997. oklahoma biological survey, norman, ok. radford, a. e., w. c. dickison, j. r. massey, and c. r. bell. 1974. vascular plant systematics. harper and row, new york. ruffner, j. a. 1980. climate of the united states: national oceanic and atmospheric administration narrative summaries, tables, and maps for each state with overview of state climatologist programs. 2nd ed. volume 2. gale research company, detroit, mi. oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 11, december 2011 clark, l. g. shingleton, l. c. and a. watterson, jr. 1979. soil survey of atoka county, oklahoma. usda soil conservation service, stillwater, ok. taylor, r. j. and c. e. s. taylor. 1994. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms, and flowering plants of oklahoma. 3rd ed. published by authors, durant, ok. usda natural resources conservation service. 1992. map of major land resource areas of oklahoma. stillwater, ok. us fish and wildlife service. 1996. endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. october 31, 1996. 50 cfr 17.11-17.12. washington, d. c. waterfall, u. t. 1969. keys to the flora of oklahoma. 4th ed. published by author, stillwater, ok. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l. g. 8 table taxa of boehler seeps and sandhills preserve that are ranked as rare by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (onhi) onhi rankings* scientific name common name global state agalinis tenuifolia (vahl.) raf. slender leaved agalinis g5 s2s3 aristolochia reticulata jacq. netleaved snakeroot g4 s2 azolla caroliniana willd. mosquito fern g5 s2 brasenia schreberi j. f. gmel. water-shield g5 s1 carex hyalina boott whitesheath sedge g5 s1 carex swanii (fernald) mack. swan sedge g5 s1 carya myristiciformis (michx. f.) nutt. nutmeg hickory g5 s2s3 drosera brevifolia pursh sundew g5 s2s3 dulichium arundinaceum (l.) britton threeway sedge g5 s1 eriocaulon kornickianum van heurch and müll.arg. small pipewort g2 s1 galium arkansanum a. gray arkansas bedstraw g5 s1s2 houstonia micrantha (shinners) terrell (=hedyotis australis w.h. lewis & d.m. moore) bluet g4g5 s1s2 iris virginica l. southern blue flag g5 s2? monotropa hypopithys l. pinesap g5 s1 paronychia drummondii torr. & a. gray drummond's nailwort g4g5 s1s2 penstemon murrayanus hook. cupleaf beardtongue g4 s1s3 platanthera flava (l.) lindl. pale green orchid g4 s1 polygonella americana (fisch. & c.a. mey.) small southern jointweed g5 s1s2 quercus incana bartram bluejack oak g5 s1s2 rhynchospora caduca elliott anglestem beakrush g5 s1 saccharum giganteum (walter) pers. (=erianthus giganteus (walter) p. beauv.) giant plumegrass g5 s1s2 sacciolepis striata (l.) nash american cupscale g5 s2 *onhi global rankings: g2 imperiled globally because of its rarity (6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals or acres) or because of other factors demonstrably making it vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. g4 apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery. g5 demonstrably secure globally though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery. s1 critically imperiled in oklahoma because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable to extinction. s2 imperiled in oklahoma because of extreme rarity (6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals or acres) or because of other factors making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. s3 rare and local in oklahoma (thought it may be abundant at some of its locations); in the range of 21-100 occurrences. oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l.g. 9 appendix vascular plant collections from boehler seeps and sandhills preserve arranged by family. collections of l. c. gatti clark and the nature conservancy personnel. [ed. notes: all plants are collected by l. gatti clark, unless indicated by an asterisk * for the nature conservancy or a tilde ~ for plants collected by both. nomenclature has been updated using the plants database (plants.usda.gov/plants).] fern allies selaginellaceae – spikemoss family selaginella rupestris (l.) spring rock spikemoss ferns azollaceae – azolla family azolla caroliniana willd. mosquito fern dryopteridaceae – wood fern family onoclea sensibilis l. sensitive fern woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. blunt-lobed cliff fern ophioglossaceae – adder’s-tongue family botrychium virginianum (l.) sw. rattlesnake fern osmundaceae – royal fern family osmunda cinnamomea l. cinnamon fern ~ osmunda regalis l. var. spectabilis royal fern (willd.) a. gray gymnosperms cupressaceae – cypress family juniperus virginiana l. eastern redcedar pinaceae – pine family ~ pinus echinata mill. shortleaf pine angiosperms liliopsida – monocots alismataceae – water plantain family alisma subcordatum raf. water plaintain echinodorus tenellus (mart.ex schult. f.) buchenau lanceleaf burweed sagittaria latifolia willd. wapato, duck potato commelinaceae – spiderwort family commelina erecta l. erect day flower tradescantia ohiensis raf. ohio spiderwort oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l. g. 10 cyperaceae – sedge family ~ carex bicknellii britton bicknell’s sedge carex blanda dewey loose flowered sedge carex cherokeensis schwein. cherokee sedge * carex complanata torr. & hook. sedge carex crinita lam. fringed sedge ~ carex digitalis willd. sedge * carex frankii kunth frank’s sedge carex granularis muhl. ex willd. meadow sedge carex gravida l.h. bailey heavy sedge carex hyalina boott whitesheath sedge carex lupulina muhl. ex willd. hop sedge * carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. muhlenberg’s sedge carex normalis mack. sedge carex retroflexa muhl. ex willd. reflexed sedge * carex squarrosa l. sedge carex swanii (fernald) mack. swan sedge carex vulpinoidea michx. fox sedge ~ cyperus echinatus (l.) alph. wood globe flatsedge (=c. ovularis (michx.) torr.) cyperus retroflexus buckley one-flower flatsedge (=c. uniflorus torr. & hook., non thunb. * cyperus strigosus l. false nutgrass cyperus virens michx. green flatsedge dulichium arundinaceum (l.) britton threeway sedge eleocharis acicularis var. acicularis (l.) roem. & schult. needle spikesedge (=e. acicularis (l.) roem. & schult. var. gracilescens) ~ eleocharis compressa sull. flatstem spikesedge eleocharis engelmannii steud. engleman’s spikesedge ~ eleocharis lanceolata fernald blunt spikesedge (=e. obtusa (willd.) schultes var. lanceolata (fernald) gilly eleocharis parvula (roem. & schult.) link ex bluff, nees. dwarf spikesedge & schauer (=e. parvula (roem. & schult.) link var. anachaeta (torr.) svens. eleocharis tenuis (willd.) schult. slender spikesedge var. verrucosa (svens.) svens. ~ isolepis carinata hook. & arn. ex torr. bulrush (=scirpus koilolepis (steud.) gleason * lipocarpha aristulata (coville) g. tucker hemicarpa (=hemicarpha aristulata (coville) smyth rhynchospora caduca elliott anglestem beakrush ~ rhynchospora capitellata (michx.) vahl false bogrush rhynchospora glomerata (l.) vahl clustered beakrush scleria ciliata michx. fringed nutrush scleria triglomerata michx. whip nutrush oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l.g. 11 eriocaulaceae – pipewort family ~ eriocaulon kornickianum van heurch & müll. arg. small pipewort iridaceae – iris family iris virginica l. southern blue flag sisyrinchium angustifolium mill. blue-eyed grass juncaceae – rush family juncus acuminatus michx. jointed rush ~ juncus coriaceus mack. leathery rush juncus effusus l. bog rush ~ juncus marginatus rostk. grassleaf rush ~ juncus scirpoides lam. needlepod rush juncus tenuis willd. tender rush luzula bulbosa (alph. wood) smyth & smyth bulb woodrush lemnaceae – duckweed family spirodela polyrrhiza (l.) schleid. duck meat liliaceae – lily family ~ allium canadense l. wild onion ~ hypoxis hirsuta (l.) coville yellow stargrass orchidaceae – orchid family * platanthera flava (l.) lindl. pale green orchid poaceae – grass family agrostis perennans (walter) tuck. autumn bentgrass * andropogon gerardii vitman big bluestem andropogon ternarius michx. splitbeard bluestem aira elegans willd. ex kunth annual silver hairgrass aristida desmantha trin. & rupr. curly threeawn bouteloua hirsuta lag. hairy grama bromus arvensis l. (=b. japonicus thunb.) japanese brome bromus catharticus vahl rescue grass * bromus hordeaceus l. soft chess ~ cenchrus spinifex cav. (=c. incertus m. a. curtis) sandbur ~ chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates inland seaoats ~ chasmanthium sessiliflorum (poir.) yates spike-inland seaoats (=c. laxum (l.) yates spp. sessiliflorum (poir.) l. clark) danthonia spicata (l.) p. beauv. ex roem. & schult. poverty oatgrass ~ dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark wooly panicum var. fasciculatum (torr.) freckmann (=panicum lanuginosum eliott, non bosc ex spreng.) dichanthelium boscii (poir.) gould & c.a. clark bosc panicum (=panicum boscii poir.) oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l. g. 12 dichanthelium depauperatum (muhl.) gould slimleaf panicum (=panicum depauperatum muhl.) dichanthelium dichotomum (l.) gould var. dichotomum forked panicum (=panicum dichotomum l.) dichanthelium linearifolium (scribn. ex nash) gould slimleaf panicum (=panicum linearifolium scribn.) ~ dichanthelium oligosanthes (schult.) gould var. oligosanthes small panicgrass (=panicum oligosanthes schult.) dichanthelium ravenelli (scribn. & merr.) gould panicum (=panicum ravenelii scribn. & merr.) dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (elliott) gould var. sphaerocarpon leafy panicum (=panicum sphaerocarpon elliott) ~ elymus virginicus l. virginia wildrye * eragrostis capillaris (l.) nees lacegrass * eragrostis hirsuta (michx.) nees bigtop lovegrass eragrostis secundiflora j. presl red lovegrass eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. purple lovegrass gymnopogon ambiguus (michx.) britton, sterns & poggenb. broadleaf skeletongrass leersia oryzoides (l.) sw. swartz cutgrass ~ panicum anceps michx. beaked panicum panicum dichotomiflorum michx. fall panicum * paspalum laeve michx. field paspalum ~ paspalum setaceum michx. thin paspalum * saccharum giganteum (walter) pers. giant plumegrass (=erianthus giganteus (walter) p. beauv.) sacciolepis striata (l.) nash american cupscale setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen knotroot bristlegrass (=s. geniculata (willd.) p. beauv., nom. illeg.) ~ sorghum halepense (l.) pers. johnsongrass sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. prairie wedgescale ~ steinchisma hians (elliott) nash (=panicum hians elliott) gaping panicum ~ tridens flavus (l.) hitchc. purpletop vulpia octoflora (walter) rydb. sixweeks fescue zizaniopsis miliacea (michx.) döll. & asch. southern wildrice potemogetonaceae – pondweed family potamogeton pulcher tuck. spotted pondweed smilacaceae – catbriar family smilax bona-nox l. greenbrier smilax rotundifolia l. common greenbrier typhaceae – cattail family typha angustifolia l. narrow-leaved cattail oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l.g. 13 magnoliopsida dicots acanthaceae – acanthus family ruellia humilis nutt. fringed leaf ruellia amaranthaceae – amaranth family froelichia floridana (nutt.) moq. snake cotton anacardiaceae – sumac family rhus aromatica aiton lemon sumac rhus copallinum l. (=r. copallina l., orth. var.) winged sumac toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze poison ivy apiaceae – carrot family * chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. hairy fruit wild chervil ~ daucus pusillus michx. southwestern carrot eryngium prostratum nutt. ex dc. creeping eryngo * hydrocotyle verticillata thunb. whorled pennywort ~ ptilimnium capillaceum (michx.) raf. threadleaf mockbishopweed ~ sanicula canadensis l. black snakeroot sanicula odorata (raf.) k.m. pryer & l.r. phillippe cluster snakeroot (=s. gregaria e.p. bicknell) spermolepis divaricata (walter) raf. ex ser. forked scaleseed spermolepis echinata (nutt. ex dc.) a. heller bristly scaleseed spermolepis inermis (nutt. ex dc.) mathias & constance spreading scaleseed torilis arvensis (huds.) link hedge parsley apocynaceae – dogbane family apocynum cannabinum l. indianhemp aquifoliaceae – holly family ilex decidua walter deciduous holly aristolochiaceae – birthwort family ~ aristolochia reticulata jacq. netleaved snakeroot asclepiadaceae – milkweed family asclepias tuberosa l. butterfly milkweed asclepias verticillata l. whorled milkweed asclepias viridis walter green milkweed matelea biflora (raf.) woodson twoflower milkvine asteraceae – sunflower family * achillea millefolium l. yarrow * ambrosia artemisiifolia l. common ragweed ~ ambrosia bidentata michx. lanceleaf ragweed * ambrosia trifida l. giant ragweed ~ antennaria parlinii fernald plainleaf pussytoes oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l. g. 14 astranthium integrifolium (michx.) nutt. western daisy * bidens aristosa (michx.) britton tickseed sunflower centaurea americana nutt. american basket flower * chaetopappa asteroides nutt. ex dc. least daisy ~ chrysopsis pilosa nutt. softhair golden aster * cirsium altissimum (l.) hill tall thistle cirsium horridulum michx. bull thistle * conoclinium coelestinum (l.) dc. blue boneset (=eupatorium coelestinum l.) ~ conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist horseweed ~ coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet bigflowered tickseed ~ croptilon divaricatum (nutt.) raf. scratch daisy (=haplopappus divaricatus (nutt.) a. gray) ~ echinacea pallida (nutt.) nutt. pale coneflower ~ elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. elephant’s foot * erechtites hieracifolia (l.) raf. ex dc. fireweed ~ erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. daisy fleabane * eupatorium perfoliatum l. boneset evax prolifera nutt. ex dc. rabbit’s tobacco evax verna raf. var. verna (=e. multicaulis dc.) rabbit’s tobacco gaillardia aestivalis (walter) h. rock prairie gaillardia ~ gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera (=gnaphalium purpureum l.) purple cudweed * helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock sneezeweed * helianthus angustifolius l. narrow-leaf sunflower ~ helianthus hirsutus raf. hairy sunflower heterotheca villosa (pursh) shinners var. villosa roughhair golden aster (=chrysopsis villosa (pursh.) nutt. ex dc.) ~ hieracium gronovii l. hawkweed hieracium longipilum torr. longbeard hawkweed hymenopappus scabiosaeus l’her. old plainsman ~ krigia cespitosa (raf.) k. l. chambers common dwarf dandelion ~ krigia dandelion (l.) nutt. potato dandelion krigia virginica (l.) willd. dwarf dandelion lactuca canadensis l. wild lettuce * lactuca sativa l. prickly lettuce liatris aspera michx. tall gayfeather * liatris elegans (walter) michx. beautiful gayfeather liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. gayfeather * mikania scandens (l.) willd. climbing hempweed packera obovata (muhl. ex willd.) w.a. weber & a. love roundleaf groundsel (=senecio obovatus muhl. ex willd. var. rotundus britton) * pluchea camphorata (l.) dc. camphorweed pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & b.l. burtt sweet everlasting ssp. obtusifolium (=gnaphalium obtusifolium l.) ~ pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walter) dc. false dandelion * rudbeckia grandiflora (d. don) j.f. gmel. ex dc. mexican hat ~ rudbeckia hirta l. blackeyed susan oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l.g. 15 solidago canadensis l. common prairie goldenrod solidago missouriensis nutt. missouri goldenrod * solidago odora aiton fragrant goldenrod * solidago rugosa mill. rough-leaved goldenrod ~ solidago ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. elmleaf goldenrod * symphyotrichum patens (aiton) g.l. nesom var. patens late purple aster (=aster patens aiton) * symphyotrichum subulatum (michx) g.l. nesom salt marsh aster (=aster subulatus michx.) ~ verbesina helianthoides michx. yellow crownbeard * vernonia baldwinii torr. western ironweed balsaminaceae – touch-me-not family impatiens capensis meerb. spotted touch-me-not berberidaceae – barberry family podophyllum peltatum l. may apple bignoniaceae – trumpet creeper family campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau trumpet creeper boraginaceae – borage family ~ lithospermum caroliniense (walter ex j.f. gmel.) macmill. plains pucoon myosotis verna nutt. early scorpiongrass brassicaceae – mustard family cardamine pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. bitter cress ~ lepidium virginicum l. poorman’s peppergrass buddlejaceae – butterfly-bush family polypremum procumbens l. juniperleaf cabombaceae – water shield family brasenia schreberi j. f. gmel. water shield callitrichaceae – water-starwort family callitriche heterophylla pursh water-starwort campanulaceae – bellflower family ~ triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. clasping venus looking-glass caprifoliaceae – honeysuckle family lonicera japonica thunb. japanese honeysuckle symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench buckbrush viburnum rufidulum raf. rusty blackhaw oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l. g. 16 caryophyllaceae – pink family arenaria serpyllifolia l. thyme-leaved sandwort paronychia drummondii torr. & a. gray drummond’s nailwort stellaria media (l.) vill. chickweed ceratophyllaceae – hornwort family ceratophyllum demersum l. coontail cistaceae – rockrose family lechea villosa elliott pinweed clusiaceae – mangosteen family ~ hypericum drummondii (grev. & hook.) torr. & a. gray nits-and-lice ~ hypericum hypericoides (l.) crantz st. andrew’s cross ~ hypericum prolificum l. (=h. spathulatum (spach.) steud. st. john’s wort convolvulaceae – morning glory family ~ ipomoea pandurata (l.) g. mey. wild potatovine ~ stylisma pickeringii (torr. ex m.a. curtis) a. gray stylisma cornaceae – dogwood family cornus florida l. flowering dogwood nyssa sylvatica marsh. black gum droseraceae – sundew family ~ drosera brevifolia pursh sundew ericaceae – heath family ~ vaccinium arboreum marsh. farkleberry euphorbiaceae – spurge family acalypha rhomboidea raf. rhombic copperleaf acalypha virginica l. three seeded mercury chamaesyce serpens (kunth) small (=euphorbia serpens kunth) round-leaved spurge cnidoscolus texanus (müll. arg.) small texas bullnettle croton capitatus michx. woolly croton croton glandulosus l. sand croton croton willdenowii g.l. webster (=crotonopsis elliptica willd.) rush-foil ~ stillingia sylvatica l. queen’s delight fabaceae – pea family apios americana medik. ground nut astragalus distortus torr. & a. gray bentpod milkvetch * baptisia bracteata muhl. ex elliott plains wild indigo baptisia leucophaea nutt. var. leucophaea (nutt.) white wild indigo kartesz & gandhi (=b. leucophaea nutt.) cercis canadensis l. redbud oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l.g. 17 chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene var. fasciculata partridge pea (=cassia fasciculata michx.) chamaecrista nictitans (l.) moench ssp. nictitans var. nictitans sensitive pea (=cassia nictitans l.) clitoria mariana l. butterfly pea dalea phleoides (torr. & a. gray) shinners var. phleoides longbract prairie clover (=petalostemon phleoides torr. & a. gray) desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. var. paniculatum tall tickclover desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & a. gray sessile-leaved tickclover desmodium viridiflorum (l.) dc. velvetleaf tickclover galactia regularis (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. downey milkpea gleditsia triacanthos l. (=caesalpiniaceae family) honey locust lespedeza stuevei nutt. tall lespedeza mimosa nutallii (dc. ex britton & rose) b.l. turner sensitive briar (=schrankia nuttallii (dc. ex britton & rose) standl.) mimosa microphylla dryand. (=schrankia ucinata willd.) catclaw briar ~ orbexilum pendunculatum (mill.) rydb. var. psoralioides sampson’s snakeroot (walter) isely (=psoralea psoraloides (walt.) cory) * orbexilum simplex (nutt. ex torr. & a. gray) rydb. singlestem scurf pea (=psoralea simplex (nutt. ex torr. & a. gray) rydb.) pediomelum digitatum (nutt. ex torr. & a. gray) isely palm-leaved scurf pea (=psoralea digitata nutt. ex torr. & a. gray) * pediomelum hypogaeum (nutt. ex torr. & a. gray) rydb. sara scurf pea var. subulatum (bush) j. grimes (=psoralea subulata bush) rhynchosia latifolia nutt. ex torr. & a. gray broadleaf snoutbean strophostyles helvola (l.) elliott wild bean stylosanthes biflora (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. pencil-flower ~ tephrosia virginiana (l.) pers. goat’s rue ~ trifolium campestre schreb. low hop clover vicia sativa l. common vetch fagaceae – beech family quercus falcata michx. southern red oak quercus falcata michx southern red oak (=q. falcata michx. var. triloba (michx.) nutt) * quercus incana bartram bluejack oak ~ quercus nigra l. water oak * quercus phellos l. willow oak quercus stellata wangenh. post oak quercus velutina lam. black oak fumariaceae – fumitory family corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex a. gray) a. gray slender fumewort geraniaceae – geranium family geranium carolinianum l. carolina cranesbill oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l. g. 18 hydrophyllaceae – waterleaf family * hydrolea ovata nutt. ex choisy hairy hydrolea ~ phacelia strictiflora (engelm. & a. gray) a. gray prairie blue curls var. robbinsii constance juglandaceae – walnut family carya myristiciformis (michx. f.) nutt. nutmeg hickory carya texana buckley black hickory lamiaceae – mint family * lycopus virginicus l. virginia bugleweed ~ monarda punctata l. horsemint monarda russeliana nutt. ex sims. red spotted horsemint ~ prunella vulgaris l. heal-all ~ pycnanthemum albescens torr. & a. gray whiteleaf mountainmint * pycnanthemum tenuifolium schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint ~ salvia lyrata l. lyreleaf age scutellaria elliptica muhl. ex spreng. hairy skullcap * scutellaria laterifolia l. sideflowering skullcap scutellaria parvula michx. var. missouriensis (torr.) skullcap goodman & c.a. lawson (=s. parvula michx. var. leonardii (epling) fernald) lauraceae – laurel family sassafras albidum (nutt.) nees sassafras (=s. albidium (nutt.) nees var. molle (raf.) fernald lentibulariaceae – bladderwort family utricularia gibba l. (=u. biflora lam.) twoflower bladderwort lythraceae – loosestrife family rotala ramosior (l.) koehne toothcup melastomaceae – melastome family rhexia mariana l. meadow beauty menyanthaceae – buckbean famiy nymphoides peltata (s.g. gmel.) kuntze yellow floating heart monotropaceae – indian pipe family ~ monotropa hypopithys l. pinesap nymphaeaceae – water lily family nuphar lutea (l.) sm. yellow pond lily nymphaea odorata aiton american water lily oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l.g. 19 onagraceae – evening primrose family ludwigia alternifolia l. bushy seedbox oenothera laciniata hill cutleaf evening primrose oxalidaceae – wood sorrel family oxalis stricta l. yellow wood sorrel oxalis violaceae l. . violet wood sorrel plantaginaceae – plantain family plantago lanceolata l. buckhorn plantain plantago patagonica jacq. wooly plantain plantago virginica l. paleseed plantain plantago wrightiana decne. wright’s plantain polemoniaceae – phlox family phlox glaberrima l. smooth phlox phlox pilosa l. prairie phlox polygalaceae – milkwort family * polygala sanguinea l. blood polygala polygonaceae – buckwheat family ~ eriogonum longifolium nutt. longleaf eriogonum * eriogonum multiflorum benth. heartsepal wild buckwheat ~ polygonella americana (fisch. & c.a. mey.) small southern jointweed ~ polygonum hydropiperoides michx. mild water pepper polygonum persicaria l. lady’s thumb * polygonum sagittatum l. arrowvine ~ rumex hastatulus baldw. heartwing sorrel primulaceae – primrose family ~ hottonia inflata elliott american featherfoil * lysimachia lanceolata walter lanceleaf loosestrife ranunculaceae – buttercup family delphinium carolinianum walter prairie larkspur ranunculus laxicaulis (torr. & a. gray) darby spearwort rhamnaceae – buckthorn family berchemia scandens (hill.) k. koch rattan vine ceanothus americanus l. new jersey tea frangula caroliniana (walter) a. gray buckthorn (=rhamnus caroliniana walter) rosaceae – rose family crataegus spathulata michx. littlehip hawthorn potentilla simplex michx. old-field cinquefoil oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l. g. 20 prunus serotina ehrh. black cherry rubus occidentalis l. blackberry rubus ostryifolius rydb. highbush blackberry rubiaceae – madder family cephalanthus occidentalis l. buttonbush diodia teres walter rough buttonweed ~ galium arkansanum a. gray arkansas bedstraw galium circaezans michx. woods bedstraw ~ galium obtusum bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw galium pilosum aiton hairy bedstraw houstonia micrantha (shinners) terrell bluet (=hedyotis australis w.h. lewis & d.m. moore) sapotaceae – sapodilla family sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. ssp. lanuginosum chittamwood (=bumelia lanuginosa (michx.) pers.) scrophulariaceae – figwort family * agalinis tenuifolia (vahl.) raf. slenderleaf agalinus * castilleja coccinea (l.) spreng. indian paintbrush castilleja indivisa engelm. indian paintbrush collinsia violacea nutt. violet collinsia gratiola virginiana l. virginia hedgehyssop nuttallanthus canadensis (l.) d.a. sutton blue toadflax (=linaria canadensis (l.) chaz.) lindernia dubia (l.) pennell yellowseed false pimpernell pedicularis canadensis l. ssp. canadensis common lousewort (=p. canadensis l. var. dobbsii fernald) * penstemon laxiflorus pennell loose flower penstemon penstemon murrayanus hook. cupleaf penstemon solanaceae – potato family physalis heterophylla nees. clammy ground cherry solanum carolinense l. carolina horsenettle ulmaceae – elm family celtis tenuifolia nutt. dwarf hackberry urticaceae – nettle family ~ boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. false nettle valerianaceae – valerian family ~ valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. common beaked cornsalad verbenaceae – verbena family callicarpa americana l. american beautyberry oklahoma native plant record volume 11, december 2011 clark, l.g. 21 phryma leptostachya l. lopseed * verbena simplex lehm. narrow-leaved verbena violaceae – violet family viola villosa walter wooly violet vitaceae – grape family ampelopsis arborea (l.) koehne peppervine parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. virginia creeper vitis aestivalis michx. pigeon grape vitis rotundifolia michx. muscadine survey of the vascular flora of the boehler seeps and sandhills preserve, ph.d. dissertation by dr. linda gattie clark oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100003 the spermatophyta of oklahoma county, oklahoma exclusive of the grasses, sedges and rushes a thesis approved for the department of botany and bacteriology university of oklahoma graduate school by u. t. waterfall norman, oklahoma, 1942 chapter i introduction this paper represents a preliminary taxonomic study of the flowering plants indigenous to oklahoma county. collections during the springs, summers and falls of 1939, 1940, and 1941 and also during the spring of 1942. after the first general but extensive collections were made a number of special stations of widely varying ecological structures were selected. collections were made from these at regular intervals of about two weeks throughout the growing season, or at a corresponding time during the next year. in addition a search was made for stations containing different, ecological elements. thus the finding of a maximum number of species over a limited period of time was assured by a combination of extensive and intensive methods of collection. the specimens were pressed in the standard way used in the leading herbaria. duplicates were obtained in nearly every case and were deposited in the bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma. among the most outstanding of the recent investigations, which may be applied to the flora of this region, are fernald's series of "virginia" papers published annually in rhodora since 1935. fernald reported1 that a number of wide-ranging continental plants were first collected in virginia by john clayton. they were described by the italian botanist gronovius in his flora virginica (1739), and later given binomial designation by linneas in the species plantarum. thus the type locality for these linnean species, which are based on clayton's material, is in southeastern virginia. collections from that region were often found to differ from the wider-ranging inland plants referred erroneously, by most botanists, to the linnean species. fernald’s restudy of many of these types has shown that the variety occurring in a restricted range along the coast is usually the typical one, i.e., the variety which gronovius had before him when writing the description upon which linneas based his generic and specific name, while the wide-ranging plant of the interior must, in the large majority of cases, be given a new varietal name. a similar situation has been found to be true for plants collected along the coast and named by other botanists. this will help to account for the appearance of many of the varietal designations in this paper that are not found in the existing floras and manuals pertaining to oklahoma. 1ferna1d and griscom, three days of botanizing in southwestern virginia, rhodora 37, pp. 129-13l, 1935. 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. chapter ii history one of the first americans to traverse what is now oklahoma county was washington irving, who with charles latrobe and his fellow travelers, made a trip through this region in the fall of 1832. irving, in his tour on the prairies, recorded the events and his impressions of this trip. his companion, latrobe1, may have had some botanical training as he mentioned various genera of plants seen on the journey. the party approached the present site of edmond on the 23rd of october. their line of search took them past the sites arcadia, spencer, oklahoma city and, on the 28th, over what is now the southern boundary of oklahoma county in the direction of moore2. irving gave a good description of the post oak-blackjack woods, even mentioning the dwarf oak, quercus prinoides, although not by name3, and of the prairies he saw when emerging from the woodland near oklahoma city4. he also tells of the cottonwoods, sycamores and willows found along the streams5. josiah gregg, a santa fe trader, in commerce of the prairies (1844), told of eight expeditions across the prairies. two of these were along the course of the canadian river, hence probably through oklahoma county. he also described the "cross timbers" (post oak-blackjack associes), dwarf oaks and prairie fires.6 [see editor’s note at end.] sitgraves and woodruff, with s. w. wodehouse as naturalist, surveyed the northern boundary of the creek indian country in 1849 and 1850, returning to ft. gibson by way of the north canadian.7 bigelow (1856) discussed the vegetation of oklahoma as seen in traveling from east to west. he also mentioned briefly the "cross timbers."8 a large number of plants from oklahoma county have undoubtedly been collected by thomas r. stemen and w. stanley meyers in the course of their investigations on which the oklahoma flora9 is based. these have not been available for study by the author. 1charlee latrobe, rambler in north america, (excerpts in irving's tour on the prairies, edited by joseph b. thoburn and george c. wells. xxv. harlow pub1ishing company, oklahoma city, oklahoma, 1930). 2washington irving, tour on the prairies, (1.c.), pp. 240-243. 3ibid., p 145. 4ibid., p. 173. 5ibid., p. 151. 6w. e. bruner, the vegetation of oklahoma, ecological monographs vol. 1., no. 2, p. 128, april, 1931. 7ibid. 8ibid. 9thomas r. stemen and w. stanley myers, oklahoma flora, harlow publishing corporation, oklahoma city, oklahoma, 1937. chapter iii physical features location and size oklahoma county is in central oklahoma, being a part of the region known before the run as "old oklahoma". it is bounded on the north by logan county, on the east by lincoln and pottawatomie counties, on the south by cleveland county and on the west by canadian county. it is rectangular in shape, extending thirty miles from east to west, and twenty-four miles from north to south. it covers an area of 720 square miles. the total population of the county is 224,159. oklahoma city has a population of 204,424. oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. edmond is next with 4,002, while bethany has 2,590 and britton 2,239. other towns in the county, all under 1,000 in population, are harrah, arcadia, luther, nicoma park, newalla and marion. topography the county is drained chiefly by the north canadian river and its tributaries. the majority of the creeks, especially the small ones in this drainage system have water running in them only during the spring and after rains during the rest of the year. especially in the hot summer and early fall months one is apt to find them dried up. a tier of sections along the southern boundary south and southwest of oklahoma city are in the watershed of the south canadian river. the north canadian enters the county west of oklahoma city. here it has been dammed to form lake overholser, which furnishes the city's water supply. it runs through the southern part of oklahoma city, then swings northeast, through spencer into the central part of the county. it then bends southeast, to leave the county near harrah, l8 miles east of oklahoma city, having curved 10 miles north between these two places. the eastern part of the county is made up of sandy oak-covered hills and small prairies, together with outcroppings of red sandstone. the western townships are, for the most part, rolling prairie. near bethany there is a region of aeolian sand hills1, which support a vegetation similar to that found on the sandy soils in the eastern part of the county. geology and soils oklahoma county is in the permian system of rocks,2 which has been called the permian redbeds. the western half of the county is in the lower part of the enid formation of the permian system.3 this system consists of layers of thin red sandstones and soft red shales. the soil in the western part of the county is a prairyerth4, which is a mature soil composed mostly of clay, but containing some sand. near bethany and the northern part of lake overholser there is a small area of aeolian sandhills.5 the eastern part of the county is covered with a residual sandy soil.6 running through the prairyerths and the sandy soils is another type of transported soil. this is alluvial soil7 found chiefly along the north canadian river and its tributary creeks. 1c. e. thornwaite, map of soils, university of oklahoma (unpublished). 2hugh d. miser, geologic map of oklahoma, u.s. geologic survey, 1926. 3ibid. 4c. w. thornwaite, op. cit. 5ibid. 6ibid. 7ibid. chapter iv climate the climate of oklahoma county is of the continental type modified to some extent by winds from the gulf of mexico. the annual range in temperature is, therefore, rather marked. the summer temperatures are quite high, while in winter there are often cold spells when the thermometer hovers near zero for several days. in summer there are often droughts of several weeks duration. 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. the prevailing winds are from the south with an average velocity at oklahoma city of 11.3 miles per hour.1 the monthly average at this station varies from slightly more than 9 miles per hour in august to nearly 14 miles per hour in march and april. the highest wind velocity recorded here for a five-minute period was 57 miles per hour on june 24, 1915, and again on june 29, 1918. temperature records have been kept in oklahoma city since 1891. between that year and 1941 inclusive, the average temperature for january was found to be 37.5 degrees f. for july it was 81.3 degrees. the maximum temperature recorded over this fifty-one year period was 113 degrees on august 11, 1936, and the minimum was -17 on february l2, 1899. the average date of the last, killing frost is march 29, while in the fall the average date of the first killing frost is november 5, giving a growing season of 221 days. the average annual precipitation is 31.37 inches. february is the driest month of the year, having an average precipitation of 1.13 inches, while may is the wettest month with an average of 4.89 inches. the largest total monthly precipitation was in june 1932, when 14.12 inches were recorded. this was 10.40 inches more than the average for this month, and 2.13 inches more than may 1902, the wettest month previous to this time. the wettest year was 1902 when there were 52.03 inches of precipitation. 1annual meteorological summary with comparative data, 1941, compiled under the direction of h.f. walgren, weather bureau office, oklahoma city. published in oklahoma city, 1942. chapter v ecology oklahoma county has two principal vegetational regions. the eastern three-fifths of the county is occupied by a post oak-black jack post [sic] climax, while the western part supports a mixed grass formation. in addition there is to be found a flood-plain forest of a distinct nature running along the streams through both the prairie and the savanna. the range of the latter two is determined by the type and texture, as well as by the ph of the soil. the oak savanna is found in sandy soil, which would show a high ph value, while the mixed-grass prairie begins abruptly in the finer-textured clay soils of a lower ph value. since these soils occur in intermixed spots, zones and belts where they merge together, their resulting vegetational expressions are similarly interrupted, although separated from one another. the dominants in the savanna are quercus marilandica and q. stellata. there is not much hickory associated with these two oaks although some plants of carya buckleyi var. arkansana may befound. the association of grasses in the true prairie in the western part of the county has been called by bruner 1 the stipa-koeleria association after the grasses that are dominant in the prairie states farther north. in our area, however, their places have been taken to a large extent by the bluestems of southern origin.2 the chief dominants are species of andropogon and bouteloua. the flood-plain forests are characterized by a populus-salix associes*. in association with these is often found cephalanthus occidentalis, while farther from the water ulmus americana and u. fulva always occur, often with celtis laevigata and rather scattered specimens of prunus mexicana. oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. the forests often merge into the prairie with a narrow band of chaparral consisting of characteristic shrubs. between the flood-plain forests and the grassland these are usually rhus glabra, r. copallina var. latifolia, diospyros virginiana, symphoriocarpos orbiculatus, and prunus augustifolia if any sand is present. the ecotone between the post oak-black jack associes and the prairie is characterized by quercus prinoides, symphoriocarpos orbiculatus, rhus copallina var. latifolia, rhus glabra, and prunus angustifolia var. watsoni. some of these shrubs are common to both ecotones, but sambucus canadensis is characteristic of the transition from flood-plain forest to prairie, while quercus prinoides is found only in the ecotone between the post oak-black jack associes and the prairie. there are two common disclimaxes, or disturbance climaxes, present. one is made up of cultivated crops.3 here man determines what the climax vegetation shall be. the second consists of overgrazed pasturelands. where this condition exists in the prairies the taller grasses are replaced by bouteloua hirsuta and b. gracilis associated with buchloe dactyloides. thus the pasture assumes the aspect of the short grass plains farther west. between the two disclimaxes there is often very little of the original vegetation left. the botanist is often confined to following railroad tracks or searching for out-of-the-way corners if he is to find much of interest. even in the post oak-black jack woods overgrazing has played a destructive part. in some cases about all that remains is buck brush. the overgrazed prairies are characterized not only by the short grass species already mentioned, but also by such weedy inedible species as vernonia baldwinii var. interior, achillea lanulosa, gutierrezia dracunculoides, artemesia gnaphalodes, and cirsium undulatum. in fact these species always serve as indicators of overgrazing. their prominence in a pasture or field should be a warning to the farmer or cattleman to decrease the number of cattle pastured in a given area, or to change pastures long enough to allow the original vegetation to assume its normal dominance. it is interesting to note that different species of the same genus may be used as indicators of soil types. thus tradescantia occidentalis is found, in the prairyerths while t. canaliculata grows in the sands. liatrus punctata may grow in clay soil, but l. squarrosa var. intermedia is found in sandy soil or on sandstone outcroppings of soils that may contain some clay. lithospermum incisum is found in clay, but l. caroliniense grows only in sandy soil in the post oak-black jack associes. other species, characteristic of sandy soil, are psoralea cuspidata, p. villosum, ipomoea leptophyllum, and penstemon laxiflorus. prevernal societies on the prairies include anemone caroliniana, claytonia virginica, houstonia minima, lithospermum incisum, draba brachycarpa, d., reptans, northoscordum bivalve, and androsace occidentalis. forming a succession on previously cultivated soil one finds stel1aria media, viola kitabeliana var. rafinesquii, capsella bursa-pastoris, taraxacum laevigatom, and lamium amplexicaule. in the post oak-black jack region the common plants of this society are antennaria fallax, sagina decumbens, and a small sedge, carex microrynchia. scattered 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. individuals of viola papilionacea grow along the creeks through such environments but there is not the abundance of forbs which may be found in the prairie. some of the conspicuous components of the vernal societies on the prairies are sisyrinchium bushii, baptisia leucophaea, b.australis var. minor, senecio plattensis, valerianella stenocarpa var. parviflora, tradescantia occidentalis, callirhoe involucrata, specularia biflora, linum lewisii var. pratense, and achillea lanulosa. forbs now form a more conspicuous component of the postoak-black jack flora. they include lithospermum caroliniense and astranthium integrifolium var. ciliatum. in more open spots and along fields and roadways coreopsis grandiflora, schrankia unciniata, penstemon laxiflorus and tradescantia canaliculata are often found abundance. in succession on disturbed soils often occur linaria canadensis var. texana, lepidium densiflorum, l. virginicum, silene antirrhina, descurainia pinnata var. brachycarpa, and chaerophyllum tainturieri var. floridanum. prairie aestival societies include petalostemum purpureum, p. candidum, psoralea floribunda, sabatia campestris, coreopsis tinctoria, rudbeckia hirta var. sericia, rudbeckia amplexicaulis, oenothera serrulata, ruellia caro1iniensis, krameria secudiflora, amorpha canescens, acacia angustissima var. hirta, ratibida columnifera,4 asclepiodora decumbens, thelesperma trifidum, physalis mollis, solanum eleaegnifolium and solanum torreyi. in the oak postclimax are found petalostemum villosum, psoralea cuspidata, galium pilosum var. puncticulosum, and ruellia caroliniensis. in succession on disturbed areas are found helianthus annuus, h. petiolaris, croton monanthogynous, c. capitatus, c. texense and several species of polygonum including p. punctatum, p. opelousanum, and p. muhlenbergii. cardiospermum halicacibum is also abundant here. several species of vitis in combination with ampelopsis cordata, and parthenocissus quinquefolia form lianas. commelina erecta var. typica is a species tolerant of shade, which can be found under those layers. some of the serotinal prairie dominants are euphorbia marginata, gutierrezia dracunculoides, liatrus punctata, chrysopsis berlandieri, aster ericoides, aster oblongifolius var. rigidulus, vernonia baldwinii var. interior, solidago radula, artemisia gnaphalodes, ambrosia coronopifolia, helianthus maximi1ianus and heterotheca aubaxillaria. growing in the post oak-black jack associes one finds desmondium marilandicum, d. paniculatum, aster patens var. gracilis and acalypha gracilens. common along the wooded creek sides are acalypha rhomboidea, ambrosia trifida var. texana,aster drummondii, aster exilis, verbesina virginica, solidago petiolaris, irensine rhizomatosa and euphorbia heterophylla. in summing up the ecological aspects of the county one finds that it lies in a climate favorable to the development of a grassland formation, but due to the presence of sand the eastern three-fifths of the area is largely covered by a post oak-black jackpost climax. a second post climax is the floodplain forest found along the north canadian river and its tributaries. two disclimaxes are present, one caused by overgrazing, the other by cultivation. oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. 1w. e. bruner, the vegetation of oklahoma, ecological monographs, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 110-111, april, 1931. 2w.e. bruner, the vegetation of oklahoma, ecological monographs, vol. 1, no. 2, l.c. 3weaver and clements, plant ecology, pp. 86-89, mcgraw-hill book company, inc, new york, 1938. 4w. w. fernald, new species, varieties and transfers, rhodora 40: 353, 1938. chapter vi range extensions and plants new to the county in the course of the investigations on which this study is based several plants were collected which have been previously unrecorded from the state. these include typha truxillensis,1 medicago minima, gaura filiformis var. typica2, achillea lanulosa forma rubicunda and tragopogon major.3 the latter has since been found in several sections of the state. the pink-rayed form of achillea lanulosa is fairly common, but apparently has escaped previous notice. eloecharis parvula, var. anachaeta was collected near oklahoma city, definitely establishing its occurrence within the state. in his monograph4 svenson included oklahoma in the mapped range of var. anachaeta (map 3, page 387) but no specimens we recited from our area. this leads one to conclude that svenson assumed the presence of the variety in oklahoma, but had no actual specimens from the state. herbarium sheets were cited by him from iowa, colorado, new mexico and texas, but from kansas, nebraska, missouri and oklahoma he had seen no material. cyperus rivularis was found in the eastern portion of the county. it seems to be a rarely collected species. dr. f. j. hermann of the u.s. department of agriculture has seen no material from oklahoma. dr. hugh o'neill of the catholic university of washington, d.c., writes5 that he has seen only two sheets from the state, both of which are in the gray herbarium of harvard university. this station is west of the range as given in all the published floras and manuals. xyris torta was an unusual "find". my station in the southeastern part of the county seems to be the identical one from which dr. milton hopkins of the university of oklahoma collected this species two years earlier. at any rate this appears to be the most northwestern station in the state. acer negundo var. interior, previously unrecorded from the state was found along the north canadian river in the extreme eastern part of the county near harrah. bergia texana, collected north of oklahoma city, is neither listed by jeffs and little in their check list, nor by stemen and myers in the oklahoma flora. however, its occurrence was to be expected as it falls within the range as given by rydberg's flora. professor m. l. fernald wrote6 that there is a sheet in the gray herbarium "from arkansas, indian territory, september 28, 1894, b.f. bush, no. 33". in an investigation of ambrosia aptera and ambrosia trifida7 the author came to the conclusion that all of our specimens should be reduced to varietal rank. professor fernald8 agreed that this entity should be accorded varietal status as ambrosia trifida var. texana scheele, the first available varietal designation. 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. some highly localized species were found in the southeastern part of the county. one station where several were found was in marshy springy soil surrounding a small lake about three miles south of harrah. the lake had been made by damming a small creek, but presumably the spring and marsh, and hence the species characterizing them, were inexistence previously. here were found cyperus rivularia, agrimonia parviflora, rotala ramosier var. interior, prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata, mimulus ringens, and mimulus glabratus var. oklahomensis. growing in alluvial soil in the wooded valley of the north canadian river about a mile south of harrah were found acer negundo var. interior, ampelopsis arborea, polymnia uvedalia var. densipilis, pluchea purpurascens, and again prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata. most of these were probably at the western limit of their range. mimulus glabratus var. oklahomensis however is found farther west9, but this is the only station the author has found in the county. pluchea purpurascens may be found elsewhere. in their extreme forms, it and p. camphorata (p. petiolata) seem distinct, but there are several sheets in the bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma which appear difficult positively to assign to either species. 1m. l. fernald, midsummer vascular plants of virginia. rhodora 37: 385-387, 1935. 2u. t. waterfall, interesting plants of oklahoma. rhodora 42: 499-502, 1940. 3ibid. 4h. k. svenson, monographic studies in eleocharis iii. rhodora 36: 386-389, 1934. 5correspondence with the author. 6correspondence with dr. milton hopkins. 7u. t. waterfall. interesting plants of oklahoma, l. c 8m. l. fernald, as editor of rhodora, in editor’s footnote to waterfall's paper. 9norman c. fassett, notes from the herbarium of the university of wisconsin xvii. rhodora, 41: 525, 1939 *ed. note: according to j.e. clements and f.e. weaver, plant ecology (p46) mcgraw hill 1929; the term associes is “the developmental equivalent of the association … used where the community is not permanent but is replaced by another in the process of development of succession”. [b.h.] oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. chapter vii spermatophyta of oklahoma county, oklahoma exclusive of the grasses, sedges and rushes (based on collections of the author) angiospermae monocotyledonae typhaceae typha truxillensis hbk typha latifolia l. alismaceae echinodorus cordifolius (l.) griseb. forma lanceolatus engelm.) fernald. xyridaceae xyris torta j. e. smith commelinaceae commelina communis l. var. ludens (miquel) clark. commelina diffusa burm. f. (c.nudiflora of authors, c. longicaulis jacq.). commelina erecta l. var. typica fern. commelina erecta l. var. typical fern., forma intercursa fern. commelina erecta l. var. angustifolia (michx.)fern. forma crispa (wooton) fern pontederiaceae heteranthera limosa (sw.) willd. liliaceae allium canadense l. allium mutabile michx. allium nuttallii wats. androstephium coeruleus (scheele) greene. asparagus officinalis l. nothoscordium bivalve (l.) britton smilax bona-nox l. smilax hispida muhl. yucca glauca nutt. amaryllidaceae cooperia drumondii herb. iridaceae sisyrinchium bushii bickn. sisyrinchium campestre bickn. sisyrinchium graminoides bickn. sisyrinchium varians bickn. orchidaceae spiranthea cernuus l. dicotyledoneae salicaceae populus deltoides marsh. salix interior rowlee. salix interior rowlee var. wheeleri rowlee. salix nigra marsh. juglandaceae carya buckleyi durand var. arkansana sarg. carya pecan (marsh) engler and graebner. juglans nigra l. fagaceae quercus bicolor willd. quercus macrocarpa michx. quercus marilandica moench. quercus prinoides willd. quercus stellata wang. urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. var. drummondiana weddell. celtis laevigata willd. celtis reticulata torr. maclura pomifera (ref.) schneider. morus alba l., var. tatarica (l.) loud. morus rubra l. parietaria pennsylvanica muhl. ulmus americana l. ulmus fulva michx. loranthaceae phoradendron flavescens (pursh) nutt. polygonaceae eriogonum annuum nutt. eriogonum longifolium nutt. polygonum buxiforme small. polygonum convolvulus l. polygonum cristatum engelm. & gray. polygonum dumetorum l. 12 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. polygonum exsertum small. polygonum lapathifolium l. polygonum longistylus small. polygonum muhlenbergii (meisn.) wats. polygonum opelousanum riddell. polygonum pennsylvanicus l. var. laevigatum fernald. polygonum punctatum ell. polygonum scandens l. polygonum tenue michx. tovaria virginiana (l.) adams. chenopodiaceae atriplex argentea nutt. chenopodium ambrosioides l., ss. eu-ambrosioides aellen. chenopodium gigantospermum aellen. (c. hybridum of am. authors). chenopodium pratericola rydb. (c. leptophyllum of most authors). chenopodium standleyanum aellen. (c. boscianum moq.in part). cycloloma atriplicifolium (spreng.) coult. monolepis nuttalliana (r. & s.) wats. salsola kali l. var. tenuifolia g.f.w. mey saueda linearis (ell.) moq. amaranthacaeae acnida tamariscina (nutt.) wood. amaranthus blitoides wats. amaranthus graeciszans l. amaranthus palmeri s. wats. amaranthus spinosus l. amaranthus torreyi (gray) benth. froelichia floridana (nutt.) moq. var. campestris (small) fern. froelichia gracillis moq. iresine rhizomatosa standley. phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. nyctaginaceae oxybaphus albidus (walt.) sweet. oxybaphus floribundus chois. oxybaphus hirsutus (pursh.) robinson. illecebraceae paronychia jamesii t. & g. paronychia wardii small. aizoaceae mollugo verticillata l. caryophyllaceae cerastium brachypodum (engelm.) robinson cerastium nutans raf. sagina decumbens (ell.) t. & g. silene antirrhina l. silene antirrhina l. var. divericata robinson. stellaria media (l.) cyrill. portulacaceae claytonia virginica l. claytonia virginica l. forma robusta (somes) palmer & steyermark. portulaca oleraceae l. portulaca parvula gray. (p. pilosa) talinum parviflorum nutt. nymphaeaceae castalia odorata (ait.) woodville & wood. nelumbo pentapetala (walt.) fernald. ranunculaceae anemone caroliniana walt. clematis pitcheri t. & g. delphinum virescens nutt. var. camporum (greene) martin. myosurus minimus l. ranunculus pusillus poir. ranunculus sceleratus l. menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. menispermum canadense l. papaveraceae argemone intermedia sweet. fumariaceae corydalis aurea willd. var. ocidentalis engelm. corydalis campestris (britton) buckholz & plamer. oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. cruciferae arabis virginica (l.) poir. brassica campestrus l. camelina microcarpa andrz. capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medic. cardamine parviflora l. var. arenicola (britt.) o.e. schultz. chorispora tenella dc. descursinia pinnata (walt.) britton. var. brachycarpa (richardson) fern. draba brachycarpa nutt. draba cuneifolia nutt. var. helleri (small) o. e. schultz. draba reptans (lam.) fernald. erysimum repandum l. lepidium densiflorum schrad. (l. apetalum) lepidium oblongum small. lepidium virginicum l. rorippa islandica (oeder ex murr) borbas. rorippa sessiliflora (nutt.) hitchc. rorippa sinuata (nutta.) greene. sisymbrium altissima l. sisymbrium officinale scop. streptanthus hyacinthoides hook. thlaspi arvense l. capparidaceae cleomella angustifolia torr. polansia trachysperma t. & g. saxifragaceae ribes odoratum wendl. platanaceae platanus occidentalis l. rosaceae agrimonia parviflora ait. crataegus sp. fragaria virginiana duchesne, var. illinoensis (prince) gray. geum canadense jacq. prunus angustifolia marsh. var. watsoni (sarg.) waugh. prunus gracilis engelm. gray. prunus mexicana wats. rosa foliosa nutt. rubus sp. sanguicorba annua nutt. leguminosae acacia angustissima (will.) kuntze. var. hirta (nutt.)robinson. amorpha canescens pursh. amorpha fruticosa l. var. angustifolia pursh. apios americana medic. astragalus canadensis l. astragalus nuttallianus dc. astragalus plattensis nutt. baptisia australis (l.) r. br. var. minor (lehm.) fernald. baptisia leucantha t. & g. baptisia leucophaea nutt. (b. bracteata) cassia fasciculata michx. (c. chamascrista) cassia marilandica l. (c. medsgeri) cercis canadensis l. desmanthus illinoenis (michx.) macm. desmodium ciliare dc. (d. obtusum). desmodium dillenii darl. desmodium illinoense gray. desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. var. pubens t. & g. desmodium sessilifolium (torrey) t. & g. galactia volubillis (l.) britton. var. mississippiensis vail. gleditsia tricanthos l. gleditsia tricanthos l.forma inermis c.k. schneider glycyrrhiza lepidota (nutt.) pursh. gymnocladus diocica (l.) koch. hosackia americana (nutt.) piper. indigofera leptosepala nutt. krameria lancolata torr. lespedeza capitata michx. lespedeza intermedia (l.) britton. lespedeza intermedia (l.) britton, forma hahnii (blake) hopkins. lespedeza procumbens michx. lespedeza repens (l.) barr. lespedeza striata (thub.) h. & a. lespedeza stuevei nutt. lespedeza stuevei nutt, forma augustifolia (britt.) hopkins. medicago lupulina l. medicago minima l. medicago sativa l. 14 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. melilotus alba desv. melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. neptunea lutea (leavenw.) benth. oxytropus lambertii pursh. parosela aurea (nutt.) britton. parosela enneandra (nutt.) britton. petalostemum candidum michx. petalostemum occidentale (gray) fernald. petalostemum purpureum (vent.) rydb. petalostemum purpureum (vent.) rydb. forma pubescens fassett. petalostemum villosum nutt. psoralea digitata nutt. psoralea floribunda nutt. rhynchosia latifolia nutt. robinia pseudo-acacia l. schrankia nuttallii (dc.) standley. strophostyles helvola (l.) britton strophostyles pauciflora (benth.) wats. stylosanthes biflora (l.) bsp. var. hispidissma (michx.) pollard & ball. tephrosia virginiana (l.) pers. tephrosia virginiana (l.) pers. var. holosericia (nutt.) t. & g. trifolium carolinianum michx. trifolium pratense l. vicia caroliniana walt. vicia ludoviciana nutt. vicia villosa roth. linaceae linum berlandieri hook. linum lewisii pursh. var. pratense norton. linum rigidum pursh. linum sulcatum riddell. oxalidaceae oxalis stricta l. oxalis violaceae l. geraniaceae geranium carolinianum l. zygophyllaceae kallstroemia intermedia rydb. tribulus terrestris l. rutaceae ptelea trifoliate l. zanthoxylum americanum mill. polygalaceae polygala alba nutt. polygala incarnata l. polygala verticillata l. var. isocycla fernald. euphorbiaceae acalypha gracilens gray acalypha ostryaefolia ridd. acalypha rhomboidea raf. (a. virginica l.) croton capitatus michx. croton glandulosis l. var. septentrionalis muell. arg. croton lindheimerianus scheele. croton monanthogyhous michx. croton texenis (klotzsh) muell. arg. euphorbia arkansana engelm. & gray. euphorbia chamaesyche l. (e. malaca (small) little). euphorbia corollata l. euphorbia corollata l. var. mollis millsp. euphorbia geyeri engelm. euphorbia heterophylla l. euphorbia hexagona nutt. euphorbia humistrata engelm. ex. gray. euphorbia maculata l. (e. preslii guss.) euphorbia marginata pursh. euphorbia missurica raf. (e. zygophylloides boiss.) euphorbia missurica raf. var. intermedia (engelm.) l. c.wheeler. (e. petaloidea (engelm.) l. c. euphorbia obtusata pursh. euphorbia serpens hbk. euphorbia strictospora engelm. euphorbia supine raf. (e. maculata l.) jatropha texana muell arg. stillingia sylvatica l. anacardiaceae rhus copallina l. var. latifolia engelm. rhus glabra l. rhus radicans l. oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. celastraceae celastrus scandens l. evonymis atropurpureus jacq. aceraceae acer negundo l. acer negundo l. var. interior (britton) sarg. acer negundo l. var. texanum pax. sapindaceae cardiospermum hallicacabum l. sapindus drummondii h. & a. rhamnaceae ceanothus evatus desf. var. pubescens wats. vitaceae ampelopsis arborea (l.) rusby. ampelopsis cordata michx. parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planchl. vitis cinerea engelm. vitis palmata vahl. vitis riparia michx. (v. vulpina auth.) vitis vulpina l. (v. cordifolia michx.) malvaceae callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.)gray. callirhoe involucrate (t.& g.) gray. hibiscus trioneum l. sida spinosa l. sphaeralcea coccinea (pursh.) rydb. hypericaceae ascyrum hypericoides l. var. multicaule (michx.) fern. hypericum multilum l. hypericum punctatum lam.var. pseudomaculatum (bush) fern. elatinaceae bergia texana (hook.) seubert. cistaceae lechea tenuifolia michx. var. occidentalis hodgdon. lechea villosa ell. violaceae viola kataibeliana roem. & schultes, var. rafinesquii greene) fern. viola missourienses greene. viola papilionaceae pursh. viola primulifolia l. var. villosa a. eaton. passifloraceae passiflora incarnata l. loasaceae mentzelia oligosperma nutt. cactaceae mamillaria similes engelm. opuntia humifusa raf. lythraceae ammannia coccines rottb. lythrum lanceolatum ell. rotala ramosior (l.) koehne. onagraceae gaura filiformis small. var. typica munz. gaura parviflora dougl. var. typica munz. garua parfiflora dougl. var typica munz. forma glabra munz. gaura tripetala cav. var. triangulata (buckl.) munz. jussiaea diffusa forsakal. ludwigia alternifolia l. ludwigia palustris (l.) ell. var. americana (dc.) fern. & grisc. oenothera canovirens steele (oe. biennis in part). oenothera lacinata hill. oenothera lacinata hill, var. grandiflora (walt.) robinson. oenothera linifolia nutt. var. typica munz. oenothera missourienses sims. var. oklahomensis (norton) munz. oenothera rhombipetala nutt. oenothera serrulata nutt. var. typica munz. oenothera serrulata nutt. var. drummondii t.& g. forma flava munz. oenothera speciosa nutt. 16 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. oenothera triloba nutt. stenosiphon linofolium (nutt.) britton. umbelliferae ammoselinum butleri (engelm.) coult & rose. chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. floridanum coult. & rose. chaerophyllum texanum coult. & rose cicuta maculata l. daucus pusillus michx. lomatium daucifolium (nutt.) coutl. & rose. lomatium foeniculaceum (nutt.) coult. & rose. pastinaca sativa l. polytaenia nuttallii (dc.) britton. ptilimnium capillaceum (michx.) raf. sanicula canadensis l. spermolepis divericata (watt.) britton. spermolepis echinata (nutt.) heller. spermolepis inermis (nutt.) mathias & constance (s. patens). torilis japonicus (houtt.) dc. (t. anthriscus (l.) bernh.) cornaceae cornus drummondii meyer. (c. asperifolia of authors). primulaceae androsace occidentalis pursh. samolus pauciflorus raf. (s. floribundus hbk.) sapotaceae bumelia lanuginose (michx.) pers. ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. diospyros virginiana l. var. platycarpa sarg. oleaceae fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. var. americana (borkh.) sarg. loganiaceae polypremum procumbens l. gentianaceae sabatia angularis (l.) bursh. sabatia campestris nutt. apocynaceae apocynum cannabium l. var. glaberrimum a. dc. apocynum cannabium l. var. pubescens (r. br.) a. dc. apocynum sibiricum jacq. apocynum sibiricum jacq. var. farwellii (greene) woodson. asclepiadaceae acerates auriculata engelm. acerates viridiflora (rar.)eaton. ampelamus albidus (nutt.) britt. (gonolobus laevis sensu vail). asclepias amplexicaulis j.e. smith. asclepias galioides hbk. asclepias incarnata l. asclepias speciosa torr. asclepias stenophylla gray. asclepias tuberosa l. asclepias tuberosa l. forma lutea clute. asclepiodora decumbens (nutt.) gray. asclepiodora viridis (walt.) gray. gonolobus gonocarpos (walt.) perry. convolvulaceae convolvulus ambigens house. convolvulus sepium l. cuscuta arvensis bevrich. evolvulus nuttallianus schultze. (e. pilosus nutt.) ipomoea lacunosa l. ipomoea leptophylla torr. ipomoea longifolia benth. hydrophyllaceae ellisia nyctelea (l.) nemophila phacelioides nutt. phacelia hirsute nutt. boraginaceae hackelia virginiana (l.) i. m. johnston. (lappula virginiana (l.) greene. heliotropum tenellum (nutt.) torr. lappula texana (scheele) britton. lithospermum arvense l. oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. lithospermum caroliniense (walt.) macm. (l. gmeleni in part). lithospermum incisum lehm. (l. angustifolium michx.) verbenaceae lippia cuneifolia (torr.) steud. lippia lanceolata michx. var. recognita fern. & grisc. verbena bipinnatifida nutt. verbena bracteata lag. & rodr. verbena canadensis (l.) britton. verbena hastate l. verbena pumila rydb. verbena stricta vent. verbena urticaefolia l. labiateae hedeoma camporum rydb. hedeoma hispida pursh. lamium amplexicaule l. lycopsus americanus muhl. mondarda clinopodioides gray. monarda mollis l. prunella vulgaris l. var. lanceolata (barton) fern. salvia pitcheri torr. scutellaria lateriflorus l. scutellaria parvula michx. var. australis fassett. teucrium canadense l. var. virginicum (l.) eaton. solanaceae datura stramonium l. physalis heterophylla nees. physalis ixiocarpa brot. physalis lobata torr. physalis macrophysa rydb. physalis mollis nutt. physalis pendula rydb. physalis pumila nutt. physalis subglabrata mack. & bush. solanum carolinense l. solanum elaeagnifolium cav. solanum nigrum l. solanum rostratum dunal. solanum torreyi gray. scrophulariaceae buchnera americana l. gerardia densiflora benth. gerardia grandiflora benth. var. serrata (torr.) robinson. gerardia heterophylla nutt. llysanthes anagallidea (michx.) robinson. leucospora multifida (michx.) nutt. (conobea multifida). linaria canadensis (l.) dumont. var. texana pennell. mimulus glabratus hbk. var. oklahomensis fassett. mimulus ringens l. penstemon cobaea nutt. penstemon laxiflorus pennell. penstemon oklahomensis pennell. verbascum thapsus l. veronica arvensis l. veronica peregrina l. var. xalapensis (hbk.) pennell. bignoniaceae catalpa speciosa warder acanthaceae dicliptera brachiata (pursh) spreng. ruellia caroliniensis (walt.) steud. (r. ciliosa pursh.) ruellia strepens l. plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. plantago purshii r. & s. plantago pusilla nutt. plantago rhodosperma dcne. plantago rugelii dcne. plantago virginica l. rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. cephalanthus occidentalis l. var. pubescens raf. diodia teres walt. var. setifera fern. & grisc. galium aparine l. var. vaillantii (dc.) koch. galium circaezans michx. var. hypomalacum fern. galium obtusum bigel. galium pilosum ait. var. puncticulosum (michx.) t. & g. galium virgatum nutt. houstonia nigricans (lam.) fern. h. angustifolia michx.) houstonia minima beck. 18 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. caprifoliaceae sambucus canadensis l. symphoriocarpos orbiculatus moench. virburnum rufidulum raf. valerianaceae valerianella amarelle (lindl.) krok. valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. valerianella stenocarpa (engelm) (krok.) var. parviflora dyall. cucurbitaceae cucurbita foetidissima hbk. melothria pendula l. campanulaceae specularia biflora (r.& p.) f. & m. specularia leptocarpa (nutt.) gray. specularia perfoliata (l.) a. dc. lobeliaceae lobelia splendens willd. compositae achillea lanulosa nutt. achillea lanulosa nutt. forma rubicunda farwell. actinea linearifolia (hook.) kuntze. actinomeris alternifolia (l.) dc. agoseris cuspidata (pursh) steud. ambrosia artemesifolia l. var. elatior (l.) descourtils. ambrosia coronopifolia t. & g. ambrosia trifida l. var. texana scheele (a. aptera dc.) antennaria fallax greene. anthemis cotula l. aphanostephus skirrobasis (dc.) trel. aplopappus ciliatus (nutt.) dc. aplopapous divericatus (nutt.) gray artemisia gnaphalodes nutt. aster azureus lindl. aster drummondii lindl. aster ericoides l. (a. multiflorus) aster exilis ell. aster oblongifolius nutt. var. rigidulus gray. aster patens ait. var. gracilis hook. aster praealtus poir. (a. salicifolius) astranthium integrifolium (michx.) nutt. var. ciliatum larsen. baccharis salicina t. & g. bidens bipinnata l. bidens cernua l. bidens involucrate (nutt.)britton. bidens vulgata greene. chaetopappa asteroids dc. chrysopsis berlandieri greene. chrysopsis pilosa nutt. cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. cirsium virginianum (l.) michx. coreopsis cardaminefolia (dc.) t.& g. coreopsis grandiflora hogg. ex sweet. coreopsis tinctoria nutt. echinacea angustifolia dc. eclipta alba (l.) hassk. elephantopus carolinianus raeuschel. erigeron canadensis l. erigeron diverticatus michx. erigeron philadelphicus l. erigeron ramosus (walt.) bsp. eupatroium coelestinum l. eupatorium perfoliatum l. eupatorium serotinum michx. evax multicaulis dc. gaillardia lanceolata michx. gaillardia suavis (gray) britt. & rusby. gaillardia trinervata small gnaphalium obtusifolium l. gnaphalium purpureum l. gutierrezia dracunculoides (dc.) blake. amphiachyris dracunculoides). helenium tenuifolium nutt. helianthus annus l. helianthus hirsutus raf. helianthus maximiliani schrad. helianthus mollis lam. helianthus petiolaris nutt. helianthus tuberosus l. heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britt. & rusby. hieracium gronovii l. hieracium longipilum torr. hymenopappus tenuifolius pursh. oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. iva ciliata willd. krigia occidentalis nutt. kuhnia eupatorioides l. kuhnia eupatorioides l. var. corymbulosa t. & g. lactuca campestris greene. lactuca canadensis l. var. latifolia o. ktze. lactuca canadensis l. var. longifolia (michx.) farwell. lactuca floridana (l.) gaertn. lactuca scariola l. liatrus acidota engelm. & gray. liatrus punctata hook. liatrus squarrosa willd. var. intermedia (lindl.) dc. matricaria matricarioides (less.) porter. parthenium hysterophorus l. pluchea marilandica (michx.) cass. pulchea purpurascens (sw.) dc. polymnia uvedalia l. var. densipilis blake. polypteris macrolepis (rydb.) pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walt.) dc. pyrrhopappus scaposus dc. ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. forma pulcherrima (dc.) fern. & standl. forma pulcherrima (dc.) fern. rudbeckia hirta l. var. sericea (t.v. moore) fernald. senecio glabellus poir. senecio plattensis nutt. serinia oppositifolia (raf.) kuntze. silphium asperrimum hook. silphium laciniatum l. solidago canadensis l. solidago hellari small. solidago leptocephala t. & g. solidago petiolaris ait. solidago radula nutt. solidago rigida l. solidago serotina ait. solidago ulmifolia muhl. sonchus asper (l.) hill. taraxacum laevigatum (willd.) dc. taraxacum palustre (lyons) lam. & dc. var. vulgare (lam.) fern. thelesperma trifidum (poir) britton. tragopogon major jacq. verbesina encelioides (cav.) gray. verbesina virginica l. vernonia baldwinii torr. var. interior (small) schuberr. xanthisma texanum dc. xanthium italicum moretti. 20 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. chapter viii tabular view of the families of the spermatophyta classes, families, etc. genera species/ var-form monocotyledonae 25. ranunculaceae 5 5/1 1. typhaceae 1 2 26. menispermaceae 2 2/1 2. alismaceae 1 1 27. papaveraceae 1 1 3. xyridaceae 1 1 28. fumariaceae 1 1/1 4. commelinaceae 2 5/3 29. crucifera 14 18/3 5. pontederiaceae 1 1 30. capparidaceae 2 2 6. liliaceae 6 9 31. saxifragaceae 1 1 7. amaryllidaceae 1 1 32. platanaceae 1 1 8. iridaceae 1 4 33. rosaceae 8 8/2 9. orchidaceae 1 1 34. leguminosae 31 52/12 dicotyledonae 35. linaceae 1 3/1 10. salicaceae 2 3/1 36. oxalidaceae 1 2 11. juglandaceae 2 3 37. geraniaceae 1 1 12. fagaceae 1 5 38. zygophyllaceae 2 2 13. urticaceae 6 7/2 39. rutaceae 2 2 14. loranthaceae 1 1 40. polygalaceae 1 2/1 15. polygonaceae 3 15/1 41. euphorbiaceae 5 23/3 16. chenopodiaceae 6 9/1 42. anacardiaceae 1 2/1 17. amaranthaceae 4 9/1 43. celastraceae 2 2 18. phytolaccaceae 1 1 44. aceraceae 1 1/2 19. nyctaginaceae 1 3 45. sapindaceae 2 2 20. illecebraceae 1 2 46. rhamnaceae 1 1/1 21. aizoaceae 1 1 47. vitaceae 3 7 22. caryophyllaceae 4 5/1 48. malvaceae 4 5 23. portulacaceae 3 4/1 49. tamaricaceae 1 1 24. nymphaceae 2 2 50. hypericaceae 2 1/2 oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. 51. elatinaceae 1 1 74. solanaceae 3 14 52. cistaceae 1 1/2 75. scrophulariaceae 9 11/4 53. violaceae 1 2/2 76. bignoniaceae 1 1 54. passifloraceae 1 1 77. acanthaceae 2 3 55. loasaceae 1 1 78. plantaginaceae 1 6 56. cactaceae 2 2 79. rubiaceae 4 5/5 57. lythraceae 3 3 80. caprifoliaceae 3 3 58. onagraceae 5 12/6 81. valerianaceae 1 2/1 59. umbelliferae 11 14/1 82. cucurbitaceae 2 2 60. cornaceae 1 1 83. campanulaceae 1 3 61. primulaceae 2 2 84. lobeliaceae 1 1 62. sapotaceae 1 1 85. compositae 60 95/15 63. ebenaceae 1 1/1 total** monocotyledonae 15 26/3 64. oleaceae 1 1/1 total** dicotyledonae 283 449/84 65. loganiaceae 1 1 total** angiospermae 298 475/87 66. gentianaceae 1 2 total** spermatophyta 298 475/87 67. apocynaceae 1 1/3 68. asclepidaceae 4 12/1 69. convolvulaceae 5 7 **ed. note: while numbering of species in the chart has been edited, errors in totals have not been corrected. editor counts 25 species of monocots and 456 species of dicots making angiosperm and spermatophyte totals of 481. also, a total of 85 varieties or forms of dicots and 3 monocot varieties total 88 varieties and forms. author did not have the benefit of an electronic calculator. [s.s.] 70. hydrophyllaceae 3 3 71. boraginaceae 4 6 72. verbenaceae 2 8/1 73. labiateae 8 8/3 22 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. acknowledgements the author is deeply grateful to dr. milton hopkins, associate professor of botany in the university of oklahoma, under whose supervision this work was done. his inspiration and encouragement, his suggestions and guidance have been of great assistance. he is also indebted to the curators of several herbaria, and to various specialists for identifications of difficult, or critical specimens. these include dr. m. l. fernald and other members of the staff of the gray herbarium of harvard university, dr. e. j. alexander of the new york botanical gardens, dr. p.a. munz of pomona college, dr.francis r. pennell of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, and dr. s. f. blake of the bureau of plant industry of the united states department of agriculture. bibliography anderson, edgar, and r. e. woodson, jr. the species of tradescantia indigenous to the united states. contr. arnold arboretum of harvard university. 9: 1-132, 1935. britton, n. l., and a. brown. an illustrated flora of the northern united states, canada, and the british possessions. three vols. 2nd ed. revised and enlarged. lancaster press, inc., lancaster, pennsylvania. deam, charles c. flora of indiana. department of conservation, division of forestry. indianapolis, indiana, 1940. dyal, sarah c. key to the species of oaks of eastern north america based on foliage and twig characteristics. rhodora 38: 53-63, 1936. dyal, sarah c, valerianella in north america. rhodora 40: 185212, 1938. fassett, roman c. notes from the herbarium of the university of wisconsin. xiii. rhodora 38: 94-97, 1936. fassett, norman c. notes from the herbarium of the university of wisconsin. xv. rhodora 39: 377-379, 1937. fassett, norman c. notes from the herbarium of the university of wisconsin. xviii. rhodora 41: 524-529, 1939. fernald, m. l. midsummer vascular plants of southeastern virginia. rhodora 37: 378-413, 423-455,1935. fernald, m. l. contributions from the gray herbarium. xiii. rhodora 38: 165-l82, 261-239 [sic],1936. fernald, m. l. plants from the outer coastal plain of virginia. rhodora 38: 376-404, 414-452, 1936. fernald, m. l. petalostemum occidentae. rhodora 39: 28, 1937. fernald, m. l. nomenclatural transfers and new varieties and forms. rhodora 39: 309-320, 1937. fernald, m. l. local plants of the inner coastal plain of virginia. rhodora 39: 321-366, 379-415, 433-459, 465-491, 1937. fernald, m. l. noteworthy plants of southeastern virginia. rhodora 40: 364-424, 434-459, 467-485, 1935. fernald, m. l. new species varieties and transfers. rhodora 40: 331-358, 1938. fernald, m. l. new species varieties and transfers, rhodora 41: 423-461, 1939. fernald, m. l. last survivors in the flora of tidewater virginia. rhodora 4l: oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. 465-504, 529-558, 564-574, 1939. fernald, m. l. campestrian variety of froelichia floridana. rhodora 43: 336, 1941. fernald, m. l. another century of additions to the flora of virginia. rhodora 43: 485553, 559-630, 635-657, 1941. fernald, m. l. some forms in the aliasmaceae. rhodora 38: 73, 1938. fernald, m.l., and ludlow griscom. three days botaniing in southeastern virginia. rhodora 37: 129-157, 167-189, 1935. fernald, m. l., and ludlow griscom. notes on diodia. rhodora 39: 306-308, 1937. freeman, florence l. variations of psoralea psoralioides. rhodora 39: 425-428. 1937. henson, dorthy h. the genus monarda in oklahoma. american midland naturalist 25: 358360, 1941. hodgdon, albion r. taxonomic study of lechea. rhodora 40: 29-69, 87-131, 1938. hopkins, milton. notes on lespedeza. rhodora 37: 265266, 1935. hopkins, milton. arabis in eastern and central north america. rhodora 39: 63-98, 106-148, 155-186, 1937. hopkins, milton. cercis in north america. rhodora 44: 193-211, 1942. larisey, mary m. monograph of the genus baptisia. annals of the missouri botanical gardens. 27: 119-244, 1940. larsen, esther l. astranthium and related genera. annals of the missouri botanical gardens. 20: 23-44, 1933. leonard, emery c. the north american species of scutellaria, contrib. from the u.s. nat. herb. vol. 22, part, 10, govmt. printing office, washington, d. c., 1927. leyendecker, jordon phillip jr. a taxonomic study of the genus galium in iowa. proc. iowa acad. sci. xlvii. 101-114, 1940. mcvaugh, rogers. studies in the taxonomy and distribution of the eastern north american species of lobelia. rhodora 38: 214-263, 276-298, 305-329, 346-362, 1936 mathias, mildred e., and lincoln constance. new combinations and new names in the umbelliferae. bul. torre bot. club. 68: 128124 [sic]. 1942. merrill, e. d. on houttuyn's overlooked binomials for native or introduced plants in eastern north america. rhodora 40: 228293, 1938. munz, philip a. studies in onagracea. iv. a revision of the subgenera salpingia and calylophis of the genus oenothera. amer. journ. bot. 16: 702-715, 1929. munz, philip a. studies in onagraceae xi. a revision of the genus gaura. bul. torr. bot. club. 65: 105-122, 211-228, 1938. pennell, francis w. commelina in the united states. bull. torr. bot. club. 43: 96-111, 1916. pennell, francis w. scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate north america. acad. nat. sciences of philadelphia, monograph i. 1935. pennell, francis w. commelina communis in eastern united states. bartonia, no. 19: 19-22, 1937. pennell, francis w. a supplemental note concerning commelina nudiflora. proc. acad. sciences of philadelphia. 40: 39, 1938 perry, lily m. evolvulus pilosus an invalid name. rhodora 37: 63, 1935. perry, lily m. a revision of the north american species of verbena. annais mo. bot. gard. 20: 239-352, 1933. 24 oklahoma native plant record volume 1, number 1, december 2001 waterfall, u.t. perry, lily m. gonolobus within the gray's manual range. rhodora 40: 281-287, 1938. rickett, h. w. cornus asperifolia and its relatives. robinson, b. l., and m. l. fernald.gray's new manual of botany. amer. book co., new york. 1908. rydberg, p. a. flora of the prairies and plains of central north america. new york bot. gard. new york, 1932. sargent, c. s. manual of the trees of north america. riverside press. cambridge, mass. 3rd. ed., 1933. schubert, bernice c. notes on vernonia. rhodora 38: 369372. 1936. small, j. k. flora of the southeastern united states. pub. by j. k. small. new york. 2nd ed., 1913. small, j. k. manual of the southeastern flora. pub. by j. e. small. new york, 1933. stemen, thomas r., and w. stanley myers. oklahoma flora. harlow pub. corp., oklahoma city. 1937. stevens, g. l. the flora of oklahoma. unpublished original deposited in the widener library of harvard university, 1916. steyermark, julian a. spring flora of missouri. mo. bot. gard. and field mus. nat. history. chicago, 1940. waterfall, u. t. interesting plants of oklahoma. rhodora 42: 499 502, 1940. weatherby, c. a. typification of acalypha virginica. rhodora 39: 14-16, 1937. wheeler, l. c. euphorbia subgenus chamaesyche in canada and the united states exclusive of southern florida. rhodora 43: 97-154, 168-206, 231-236, 1941. woodson, robert e. apocynaceae. n. am. flora 29, part 2: 188-192, 1938. *ed. note: for historical purposes much of waterfall’s original format has been retained. species epithets derived from a person’s name are capitalized and margins are left-justified only. a similar font has been used. however, we have edited the thesis for readability. footnotes have been moved from the bottom of each page to the end of each chapter. italics have been substituted for underscoring of scientific names and the text has been formatted in two columns. [s.s.] oklahoma native plant record, volume 17, number 1, december 2017 oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.18.100005 laboratory studies of allelopathic effects of jun iper us vir gin iana l. on five species of native plants erica a. corbett andrea lashley department of biological sciences southeastern oklahoma state university durant, ok 74701 ecorbett@se.edu keywords: allelopathy, prairie restoration, eastern redcedar, g ermination, encroaching abstract juniperus virginiana l. (eastern redcedar) is known as an encroaching native plant species. it poses particular problems in the great plains, where fire suppression in the 20th century has led to the expansion of its population and the area it affects. there is some evidence that the genus juniperus contains members that are allelopathic; work with western species of juniper have demonstrated negative effects of litter on seedling growth. we established laboratory experiments to test the effect of a water leachate of eastern redcedar litter (100 g litter per liter di water; steeped 8 h) and eastern redcedar litter on the growth and germination of five native herbaceous species. we saw no clear negative effect of leachate or litter; in fact, there is limited evidence that the leachate increased percent germination, and the presence of litter may have led to greater height growth in inland sea-oats. there was no evidence of the litter or leachate acidifying the soil, at least over the short course of the experiment. it is possible the main negative effect of the presence of eastern redcedar on herbaceous species is through light or nutrient competition by mature trees. we are repeating this study in a field setting. introduction juniperus virginiana l. (eastern redcedar), while a native plant in the u.s., has encroached throughout much of the great plains region following fire suppression and extensive land-use changes in the 20th century (van els et al. 2010; linneman et al. 2011). eastern redcedar had invaded 600,000 acres in oklahoma by 1950; that number had increased to 1,400,000 acres in 1985 (engle et al. 1987). it can change a prairie into a closed woodland in less than 100 years (limb et al. 2010) and is considered a weed tree throughout much of its range, including oklahoma. eastern redcedar tends to invade both abandoned land and high-diversity, non-degraded native grassland because of high seed production and rapid seed dispersal (holthuizen and sharik 1984; linneman et al. 2011). juniperus species in general are a common woody invader in many grassland ecosystems (limb et al. 2010; alford et al. 2012). eastern redcedar can also affect soil properties, raising ph and leading to an increase in calcium content (pierce and reich 2010). when junipers come to dominate a site, they greatly reduce the ground cover layer (horman and anderson 2003). the reduction of ground cover is evidenced by the bare patches that often develop below its crown and dripline; there are five possible contributing factors (not mailto:ecorbett@se.edu 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley necessarily mutually exclusive) for this, listed by horman and anderson (2003): 1. the litter (bark, needles, shed branches, cones) of the cedar trees change soil ph and change its properties to prevent germination or growth of seeds. 2. the shade cast by the crown of the tree is deep enough to hinder survival of herbaceous plants and prevents germination. 3. the tree competes strongly for water with other species. 4. the depth of the litter smothers or prevents water from reaching herbaceous plants and seedlings. 5. the tree itself (roots or litter) is allelopathic and hinders seedling germination and/or survival. many western juniper species show this sort of reduction: horman and anderson (2003) demonstrated that utah juniper (juniperus osteosperma (torr.) little) litter did seem to have a negative effect on seedling growth and survival but more from the standpoint of drying than of allelopathy (i.e., the litter prevented the seeds from properly imbibing water in order to germinate). schott and pieper (1985) found that shading by one-seeded juniper (juniperus monosperma (engelm.) sarg.) in new mexico had a major effect on grass growth, and that litter and allelopathy had secondary effects. ashe juniper (juniperus ashei j. buchholz) also has a zone of reduced understory growth beneath its dripline, and furthermore, growth of vegetation may be stunted in areas where junipers were present but had been removed (yager and smeins 1999). however, engle et al. (1987) observed that the zonation noted around the base of western juniper species was not as clear around eastern redcedar. they examined the effect of eastern redcedar on herbage standing crop in tallgrass prairie. their measurements were taken 1 m and 3 m beyond the dripline of trees. they demonstrated an effect of proximity to the tree; biomass of herbaceous vegetation was reduced close to the dripline of the cedar. they concluded this was a result of shading or possibly water competition rather than allelopathy. also, in general, the effect on herbaceous vegetation under eastern redcedar in oklahoma was less than the effect under other juniperus species in the arid southwest (engle et al. 1987). alford et al. (2012) demonstrated that removal of eastern redcedar from grassland areas in oklahoma increased herbaceous plant species diversity and biomass, likely because of reduced competition for light. the effect was stronger the more heavily-invaded the area had been. van els et al. (2010) proposed possible changes j. virginiana could cause in grassland: increased litter depth, increased soil ph, changes in soil n and c balance, and decreased light availability. apparently redcedars increase, rather than decrease, soil ph, unlike the litter of some other conifers. van els et al. (2010) also proposed that the effects of redcedar encroachment would be different on prairie than in forest. smith and stubbendieck (1990) determined that in tallgrass prairie, grass biomass was reduced underneath redcedar canopy, and that water content under the tree canopy was reduced. they concluded competition for soil water was the most important factor. linnemann et al. (2011) demonstrated in a field experiment that removal of redcedar litter and trees increased herbaceous cover and species diversity, with removal of the trees having a bigger effect on forb and prairie grass cover. in a laboratory experiment, stipe and bragg (1989) demonstrated that only one prairie species among those studied (coreopsis palmata nutt.) showed a statistically significant decrease in germination when grown in soil from underneath redcedar. however, the seeds were watered with tapwater, so there was no further influence of litter after its removal. our objectives for this study were to determine to what extent eastern redcedar oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley affected selected prairie species. in particular, we were interested in the possible effects of remaining eastern redcedar litter in areas where prairie restorations might be attempted. we examined litter and leachate; future studies will examine the effects of dripline, proximity, and shading on plant growth. in this study, we focus on determining whether leachate from litter reduces prairie plant germination and growth. we hypothesize that there will be reductions in germination and/or growth of the selected plant species (two prairie grasses, two prairie forbs, one woodland grass) when watered with leachate from redcedar leaves and that the presence of litter will make that effect stronger. methods and materials in early october 2016, approximately 30 pounds of juniperus virginiana branches were collected from pastureland just outside of durant, oklahoma. these bags were transported to southeastern oklahoma state university and maintained at roughly 20oc. on october 8, leachate was prepared: redcedar needles were picked clean of branches and woody material. one hundred grams of this “cedar litter” were steeped for 8 h in 1000 ml deionized water (similar to the 10% leachate as prepared by horman and anderson 2003). at the end of the time period, the leachate was filtered through a 50 mesh sieve, bottled, and frozen at 0oc until needed. natural soil was collected from a disturbed grassland on lake texoma, bryan county, oklahoma (33.999687˚n, -96.587678˚w). the site was dominated by several species of panic-grasses (dichanthelium), crowngrasses (paspalum), and with forbs, lespedeza cuneata (dum. cours.) g. don (sericea lespedeza) and rudbeckia hirta l. (black-eyed susan). there was a stand of ulmus alata michx. (winged elm) within 15 m of where the soil was collected. the soil is in the boxville fine sandy loam series (usda 1978). approximately the top 20 cm of soil was collected and transported to southeastern oklahoma state university. cone-tainers size sc-10 (21 cm deep and roughly 4 cm in diameter) (ray leach company) were set up in racks. there was a total of four treatments and five species, and nine replicates of each species by treatment combination, resulting in 180 cone-tainers. each cone-tainer was filled with soil, and a standard-sized marble (cardinal industries’ “marble bonanza”) was placed in the bottom of each conetainer to allow for drainage and prevent excessive leakage of soil. each cone-tainer was planted with 2–3 seeds of one of the focal species. as the seeds germinated, excess individuals were removed to leave one plant per cone-tainer. the focal species were: little bluestem (schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash), indian grass (sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash), inland sea-oats (chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) h.o. yates), partridge-pea (chamaecrista nictitans (l.) moench), and black-eyed susan. seeds were purchased from native american seeds in junction, texas. the racks of cone-tainers were set under a fluorescent-light fixture having six fluorescent tubes (ge plant and aquarium 40 watt t12 warm linear fluorescent tubes). these light fixtures were suspended from pvc frames so that the tubes were approximately 20 cm above the tops of the cone-tainers. the lights were set on a timer to give a 14 h daylength. two identical fluorescent fixtures were used because there was not enough room for both racks under a single fixture. four treatments were applied: control (10 ml of deionized water once a week, no litter), leachate only (10 ml of eastern redcedar leachate once a week), litter only (~ 3 cm of eastern redcedar litter on top of soil surface), and litter plus leachate (~3 cm of litter plus 10 ml leachate once a week). between treatments, all cone-tainers were watered every second or third day (as 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley needed, from examining the soil surface). precise amounts of water given to each of the 180 cone-tainers were not measured in these waterings; however, it was approximately the same quantity to each. we monitored time-to-germination and percent germination of each species. at the end of the first run of the experiment (5 december 2016), we measured the height of each germinated grass individual or leaflength of the largest leaf for the forbs. we measured leaf growth because individual plants were too small to be weighed. in january 2017, we began a second run of the experiment with a few changes. because of high dormancy of inland seaoats, the seeds were subjected to 30 d of cold-wet stratification (between paper towels in a 5o c refrigerator) before planting. additionally, partridge-pea seeds were scarified with 100 grit sandpaper before planting. fresh soil and cedar branches were collected from the same location as for the first experiment. in contrast to the first experiment, the soil was sieved prior to planting to give a more homogeneous substrate. seeds were planted on 25 january 2017. other procedures were the same as for the first experiment. the second experiment concluded on 11 april 2017, and the height of each grass and length of the longest leaf of each forb individual measured. the soil from replicates of each species and treatment combination was pooled, and a 20 g sample was analyzed for ph. we conducted a third study in spring 2017 examining the effects of cedar leachate on seed germination. the same five species were included in this study. two treatments were applied: control (distilled water only) and leachate. ten seeds from each of the five species were placed into separate petridishes between layers of filter paper. for each species, treatments were applied to six petri-dishes: three received distilled water and three received leachate. there were three replicates (of ten seeds each) for each species and each treatment. petri dishes were maintained at room temperature and were watered as needed: control dishes were watered with deionized water, and treatment dishes with leachate. both the distilled water and eastern redcedar leachate were stored at approximately 4o c and were applied to the seeds at this temperature. germination percentage was recorded after 30 d, and shoot extension and radicle length were measured. inland sea-oats was dropped from further analysis because of low germination. analysis of the germination data was challenging because germination was typically low (table 1). we used likelihoodratio chi-square analysis (g-test) based on number of seeds germinating. we tested the fall 2016 and spring 2017 experiments separately. for this test and all other statistical tests, we used an alpha level of 0.05 for significance. we also grouped all species for each treatment separately for the two experiments for analysis of overall effects across species. for the combined data, we tested the data for normality using a shapiro-wilk test. where data were normal, we performed a one-way analysis of variance (anova) on germination by treatment. when data were not normal, we performed kruskal-wallis analysis. we originally planned to use two-way anova to test for treatment by species interactions in germination and growth. however, because germination was low overall and the species differed in growth form (grasses vs. forbs, one forb had compound leaves and the other had simple leaves), we chose instead to do a series of one-way anovas. the soil ph data (2017 experiment only) were analyzed with a one-way anova following a test for normality. for the petriplate experiment, we used chi-square and likelihood-ratio chi-square tests of germination percentages and mann-whitney u-tests on growth of individual species. statistical analyses, including chi-square oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley table 1 germination results for prairie plants in cone-tainers subjected to leachate and litter treatments in 2016 and 2017. control = no litter, no leachate. leachate = leachate only. litter = litter only. both = litter plus leachate. lb = little bluestem, ig = indian grass, so = inland sea-oats, pp = partridge-pea, and bs = black-eyed susan. for all treatments, n = 9. experiment 1: fall 2016 treatment species percent germination control lb 33.3 control ig 55.6 control so 22.2 control pp 0.0 control bs 33.3 leachate lb 22.2 leachate ig 55.6 leachate so 22.2 leachate pp 0.0 leachate bs 77.8 litter lb 66.7 litter ig 66.7 litter so 11.1 litter pp 11.1 litter bs 22.2 both lb 77.8 both ig 77.8 both so 33.3 both pp 0.0 both bs 66.7 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley table 1 continued experiment 2: spring 2017 treatment species percent germination control lb 11.1 control ig 66.7 control so 77.8 control pp 11.1 control bs 44.4 leachate lb 55.6 leachate ig 77.8 leachate so 88.9 leachate pp 11.1 leachate bs 88.9 litter lb 22.2 litter ig 33.3 litter so 100.0 litter pp 0.0 litter bs 33.3 both lb 22.2 both ig 55.6 both so 100.0 both pp 0.0 both bs 88.9 oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley table 2 growth of four species under four treatments. growth data is plant height (grasses) or length of longest leaf (forbs) at the end of the growing period. control = no litter, no leachate. leachate = leachate only. litter = litter only. both = litter plus leachate. n = sample size. partridge-pea is not included as germination was too low (zero for three treatments). fall 2016 treatment growth (cm ± se) n little bluestem control 10.6 + 2.6 3 leachate 8.0 + 0.6 2 litter 13.8 + 2. 5 6 both 10.2 + 0.4 7 indian grass control 12.7 + 2.0 4 leachate 13.8 + 1. 7 5 litter 21.3 + 4.5 6 both 23.6 + 1.3 7 inland sea-oats control 13.9 + 6.4 2 leachate 9.5 + 1.0 2 litter 6.0 + 0.0 1 both 10.6 + 2.0 3 black-eyed susan control 2.8 + 0.7 3 leachate 1.8 + 0.2 7 litter 2.6 + 0.4 2 both 3.5 + 0.1 6 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley table 2 continued spring 2017 treatment growth (cm ± se) n little bluestem control only one observation, no mean 1 leachate 13.3 + 1.9 5 litter 17.7 + 4.0 3 both 16.5 + 0.1 2 indian grass control 22.7 + 3.2 6 leachate 18.8 + 2.6 7 litter 24.5 + 3.9 3 both 20.8 + 1.7 5 inland sea-oats control 9.2 + 0.9 7 leachate 7.7 + 0.8 8 litter 11.3 + 0.7 9 both 12.0 + 0.8 9 black-eyed susan control 3.3 + 0.3 2* leachate 2.4 + 0.4 5** litter 2.4 + 0.6 3 both 3.0 + 0.3 8 *one individual germinated (total germinating = 3) but died before maturity **three individuals germinated (total germinating = 8) but died before maturity oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley figure 1 average height of indian grass for four eastern redcedar treatments in fall 2016. sample sizes: control, n = 4; leachate, n= 5; litter, n=6; litter plus leachate, n=7. treatment significantly affected height, but no pairwise comparisons were significantly different in post hoc tests. 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley figure 2 average leaf length of black-eyed susan by treatment for fall 2016 data. control, n = 3; leachate treatment, n= 7; litter treatment, n=29; litter plus leachate treatment, n=6. oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley tests, anovas, and kruskal-wallis tests, were performed using spss (ibm 2011). results fall 2016 g ermination a nd g rowth (cone-tainer experiment 1) germination percentages are shown in table 1. species-treatment combinations did not differ in germination percentages (g = 9.161, df = 12, p=0.689). to test treatment effects across species, we grouped the data for all species within each treatment. the data were not normal (shapiro-wilk test, w(20) = 0.899, p = 0.040). there was no significant difference in germination among treatments for all species grouped together (kruskalwallis test: χ2 = 5.077, df = 3, p=0.166). growth measures (i.e., the longest leaf height on the grasses or the longest leaf on the forbs) are presented in table 2. partridge-pea had too few germinating individuals to analyze. we analyzed each species separately because of differences in growth form. little bluestem data were not normal (w(18)=0.853, p=0.009) and showed no significant effect of treatment on growth (g= 4.879, df =3, p = 0.181). normality of indian grass data could not be rejected (w(22)= 0.981, p =0.927), and indian grass showed a significant effect of treatment (anova, f(3, 18)=3.598, p=0.034). there is a weak trend for litter application to result in greater height (figure 1). however, this was not statistically significant in post-hoc tests. normality of inland sea-oats data could not be rejected (w(8)=0.878, p=0.180), and inland sea-oats did not show a significant effect of treatment (anova, f (3, 4) =0.557, p=0.671), perhaps because sample sizes were low due to poor germination. normality of black-eyed susan data could not be rejected (w(18)=0.962, p = 0.650), and black-eyed susan showed a significant effect of treatment (anova, f(3, 4)=7.63, p=0.003), but post-hoc tests did not find pairwise differences between treatments (figure 2) spring 2017 g ermination and g rowth (cone-tainer experiment 2) for the spring germination results (see table 1), again there was no significant relationship between treatment, species, and germination (g = 6.190, df =12, p = 0.906). after grouping species within treatment, differences among were not significant (χ2= 1.702, df=3, p=0.637). for spring growth measures (table 2), normality of little bluestem data could not be rejected (w(11) =0.915, p = 0.277), and little bluestem showed no significant effect of treatment on growth (anova, f(3, 7)=1.478, p=0.301). normality of indian grass data could not be rejected (w(21) = 0.979, p=0.908), and indian grass did not show a significant effect of treatment (anova, f(3, 7)= 0.687, p=0.572). normality of inland sea-oats data could not be rejected (w(34)= 0.972, p=0.518), and inland sea-oats growth was affected significantly by treatment (anova, f(3, 30) = 6.211, p=0.002), with individuals in treatment 4 (litter plus leachate) growing larger (student-newmankeuls test) than individuals in treatment 2 (leachate alone; figure 3). normality of black-eyed susan data could not be rejected (w(18) = 0.945, p=0.346), and growth of black-eyed susan did not show a significant effect of treatment (anova, f(3, 14)=0.811, p=0.509). normality of treatment ph (table 3) could not be rejected (w(20)= 0.934, p=0.188). treatments did not affect soil ph (anova, f(3, 16)=1.355, p=0.262). 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley figure 3 average height of inland sea-oats by treatment for spring 2017 data. control, n = 8; leachate treatment, n= 8; litter treatment, n=9; litter plus leachate treatment, n=9. oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley table 3 soil ph for five species under five treatments in spring 2017 and means across species within treatment. control = no litter, no leachate. leachate = leachate only. litter = litter only. both = litter plus leachate. lb = little bluestem, ig = indian grass, so = inland sea-oats, pp = partridge-pea, and bs = black-eyed susan. treatment species ph control lb 6.4 control ig 6.2 control so 6.3 control pp 6.1 control bs 5.7 mean (± se) 6.1 + 0.13 leachate lb 6.0 leachate ig 6.0 leachate so 6.0 leachate pp 6.1 leachate bs 6.2 mean (± se) 6.1 + 0.04 litter lb 6.2 litter ig 5.9 litter so 5.8 litter pp 6.1 litter bs 5.8 mean (± se) 6.0 + 0.08 both lb 6.0 both ig 6.2 both so 6.2 both pp 6.2 both bs 6.2 mean (± se) 6.2 + 0.04 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley germination in petri-dishes species and treatment combinations differed in germination percentage (table 4, chi-square = 42.897, df=4, p < 0.001). this result was likely influenced by differences in germination of indian grass (ca 27% for control vs. ca 37% for added leachate) and little bluestem (ca 10% vs. 30% ). in both cases, the presence of the cedar leachate seemed to increase germination. for little bluestem, there was no treatment effect of leachate on radicle length (mann-whitney test: u=5.0, n=12, p=0.145) or shoot length (u=7.5, n=12, p=0.282). for indian grass, there was a decrease in radicle length in response to leachate (u=11.50, n=19, p=0.005). however, there was no effect of treatment on shoot length (u=41.5. n=19, p=0.840). black-eyed susan showed no effect of treatment on radicle length (u=211.5, n=42, p=0.828), but had a marginally significant effect of treatment on shoot length (u=145.5, n=42, p=0.052). table 4 percent germination in petri dishes under two treatments. see text for chi-square tests of treatment by species. treatment species average percent germination control little bluestem 10.0 ± 0.0 control indian grass 26.7 ± 8.8 control inland sea-oats 3.3 ± 3.3 control partridge-pea 3.3 ±3.3 control black-eyed susan 66.7 ± 8.8 leachate little bluestem 30.0 ± 0.0 leachate indian grass 36.7 ± 6.7 leachate inland sea-oats 0.0 ± 0.0 leachate partridge-pea 10.0 ± 5.8 leachate black-eyed susan 73.3 ± 6.7 discussion in general, there were few effects of the application of redcedar leachate and/or litter. treatment with leachate and/or litter did not hamper germination, and there was no clear effect of treatment on growth in the cone-tainer experiments. there were weak trends suggesting in some cases that application of litter plus leachate might increase growth, but trends were weak. a negative effect of redcedar was not demonstrated over the months-long course of these experiments (56 d for fall 2016 and 77 d for spring 2017). there is some evidence from the petri-dish germination oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley experiment that the redcedar leachate may stimulate germination rate (at least in indian grass and little bluestem) but reduce growth of seedling root in indian grass and seedling shoot in black-eyed susan, but it is possible that the growth reductions are a short-lived effect. anecdotally, we observed that the treatment receiving the cedar leachate required more frequent watering in order to maintain the same moist environment as those receiving the water only. further study of the rate of evaporation of the water and cedar leachate may provide additional insight regarding whether water resources may be affected by an eastern redcedar population. an additional anecdotal observation was that partridge-pea was susceptible to mold growth that was possibly inhibited by the redcedar leachate. a study of the allelopathic effects of cedar leachate on mold growth may provide additional data to test this observation. we speculate that in soils with long exposure to redcedar litter (years rather than months), perhaps effects would be greater, or there might be a negative effect. we are considering future experiments planting seeds or seedlings within the driplines of existing cedars and comparing their growth to the growth of individuals away from the dripline. it is also possible that juniperus virginiana may lack the same allelopathic compounds found in the western junipers (e.g., juniperus monosperma). it would be informative to repeat the experiment on a larger scale, comparing the effects of eastern redcedar, one-seeded juniper, and utah juniper. it is also possible that a harmful effect of redcedar is produced by shade; future research could include planting individuals at varying distances from the trunk of the tree to determine whether shading has an effect, or if the dripline of the tree has an effect. in future work, we plan to examine the ph of soils within the dripline and 3 and 5 m beyond the dripline of redcedars. smith and stubbendeick (1990) suggested that the effects of red-cedar on herbaceous species in the field is mainly mediated through light and water competition from the mature trees; they demonstrated reduction in biomass for prairie species grown inside the dripline of cedar trees. it is also possible that water competition is the mechanism of limitation; many of the studies showing reduced herbaceous growth under junipers (e.g., schott and pieper 1985; yager and smeins 1999) were conducted in climates drier than that of south-central oklahoma and certainly under more water-limited conditions than our lab experiment. however, in northeastern oklahoma, engle et al. (1987) did demonstrate reduction in herbaceous standing crop within the dripline of redcedar trees. van els et al. (2010) demonstrated reduced species richness in forest understory under juniperus trees in oklahoma; they attributed these changes to increased litter depth but did not separate what chemical or physical characteristic of the litter served as a barrier to plant germination and growth. finally, we plan to conduct a field experiment to determine whether the greater stress of growth outdoors or over a longer time is sufficient to show effects. acknowledgments we thank the oklahoma native plant society for providing a small grant to e.a.c. to purchase seeds and equipment for this study. we thank tom and charlene tucker for allowing us to cut redcedar branches on their pasture land. we thank matt spears for his assistance in setting up the second run of this experiment. we also thank two anonymous reviewers for comments that led to improvement of this paper. 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 erica a. corbett and andrea lashley literature cited alford, a.l., e.c. hellgren, r. limb, and d.m. engle. 2012. experimental tree removal in tallgrass prairie: variable responses of flora and fauna along a woody cover gradient. ecological applications 22:947–958. engle, d.m., j.f. stritzke, and p.l. claypool. 1987. herbage standing crop around eastern redcedar trees. journal of range management 48:100–107. holthuizen, a.m.a. and t.l. sharik. 1984. seed longevity and mechanism of regeneration of eastern red cedar (juniperus virginiana l.). journal of the torrey botanical society 111:153–158. horman, c.s. and v.j. anderson. 2003. understory response to utah juniper litter. journal of range management 56:68– 71. ibm corp. released 2011. ibm spss statistics for windows, version 20.0. armonk, ny: ibm corp. limb, r.f., d.m. engle, a.l. alford, and e.c. hellgren. 2010. tallgrass prairie plant community dynamics along a canopy cover gradient of eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana l.). rangeland ecology and management 63:638– 644. linneman, j.s., m.s. allen, and m.w. palmer. 2011. the effects of removal of juniperus virginiana l. trees and litter from a central oklahoma grassland. oklahoma native plant record 11:43–60. pierce, a.m and p.b. reich. 2010. the effects of eastern red cedar (juniperus virginianus) invasion and removal on a dry bluff prairie ecosystem. biological invasions 12:241–252. schott, m.r. and r.d. pieper. 1985. influence of canopy characteristics of one-seed juniper on understory grasses. journal of range management 38:328–331. smith, s.d. and j. stubbendieck. 1990. production of tall-grass prairie herbs below eastern redcedar. prairie naturalist 22:12–18. stipe, d.j. and t.b. bragg. 1989. effect of eastern red cedar on seedling establishment of prairie plants. proceedings of the eleventh north american prairie conference. pp. 101–102. [usda, scs] united states department of agriculture, soil conservation service. 1978. soil survey of bryan county, oklahoma. in cooperation with the oklahoma agricultural experiment station. van els, p., r.e. will, m.w. palmer, and k.r. hickman. 2010. changes in forest understory associated with juniperus encroachment in oklahoma, usa. applied vegetation science 12:346–368. yager, l.y. and f.e. smeins. 1999. ashe juniper canopy and litter effects on understory vegetation in a juniper-oak savannah. southwestern naturalist 44:6–16. laboratory studies of allelopathic effects of juniperus virginiana l. on five species of native plants by erica a. corbett and andrea lashley journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 4, number 1, december 2004 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 status and habitat characteristics of cypripedium kentuckiense (kentucky lady’s slipper) in southeastern oklahoma amy k. buthod oklahoma biological survey university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 e-mail: b. w. hoagland oklahoma biological survey and department of geography university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 e-mail: amybuthod@ou.edu bhoagland@ou.edu cypripedium kentuckiense is a long-lived herbaceous perennial that inhabits floodplain and mesic hardwood forests. it occurs in alabama, kentucky, louisiana, mississippi, oklahoma, tennessee, texas, and virginia and has been reported from choctaw, leflore, mccurtain, and pushmataha counties in oklahoma. c. kentuckiense is considered a rare species throughout its range, but is not currently protected under the united states endangered species act. the objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether known populations of c. kentuckiense were persisting in oklahoma and (2) characterize habitat structure. twelve sites were surveyed in 2001 and 2002 for populations of c. kentuckiense, but only three persistent populations were found. the populations that were relocated numbered fewer than 20 total stems and all showed a dramatic decline in population size relative to previous surveys. introduction cypripedium kentuckiense is a long-lived herbaceous perennial that inhabits floodplain or mesic hardwood forests or woodland springs and seeps (case et al., 1998; reed 1982, hooks 2000, magrath 2001). populations of c. kentuckiense occur in alabama, kentucky, louisiana, mississippi, oklahoma, tennessee, texas, and virginia (figure; usda 2002). in oklahoma, c. kentuckiense has been reported from choctaw, leflore, mccurtain, and pushmataha counties (hoagland et al. 2004). over 156 populations are known to exist throughout its range, the majority of which occur in arkansas. oklahoma harbors only 4.5% of c. kentuckiense populations (atwood 1984, 1985; case et al. 1998). population size averages less than 20 individuals (weldy et al. 1996), though some in arkansas exceed 800 individuals (hooks 2000). cypripedium. kentuckiense is considered a rare species throughout its range, but is not currently protected under the u.s. endangered species act. prior to 1996, it was listed as a category 2 (c2) species by the buthod, a.k. and hoagland, b.w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100031 u.s. fish and wildlife service. a c2 species is defined as “…a likely candidate for federal listing as endangered or threatened, but it is necessary to obtain further information regarding possible threats” (department of the interior 1993). state and federal agencies evaluate the conservation status of a species using a two tiered, geographical approach developed by the nature conservancy (groves et al. 1995). this system ranks species imperilment at the state (s) and global(g) levels on a scale of 1-5; 1 representing a species that is imperiled and 5, one that is demonstrably secure. natureserve, a conservation information organization, has assigned c. kentuckiense a global rank of g3, indicating a species that is “…either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even abundantly at some of its locations) in a restricted range, or because of other factors making it vulnerable to extinction throughout its range…” (natureserve 2004). the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (onhi) has assigned c. kentuckiense a state rank of s1, indicating a mailto:bhoagland@ou.edu� oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 buthod, a.k. and hoagland, b.w. species “…critically imperiled…because of extreme rarity (five or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable to extinction” (onhi 2001). in comparison, arkansas and kentucky rank c. kentuckiense as s3 (arkansas natural heritage commission 2001; kentucky nature preserves commissions 2001), tennessee s1s2 (tenessee department of environment and conservation 2001, and alabama louisiana, mississippi, and virginia as s1 (alabama natural heritage program 1996; louisiana natural heritage program 2002; mississippi museum of natural history 2002; virginia natural heritage program 2002) by heritage programs in those states. an s-rank was not available for texas (texas conservation data center 2001. the objectives of this study were (1) to verify and determine whether known populations of c. kentuckiense persist in oklahoma and (2) to gather quantitative habitat data. figure national and state distribution of cypripedium kentuckiense (kentucky lady’s slipper) (usda 2002). 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 buthod, a.k. and hoagland, b.w. methods sites visited in this study were obtained the onhi, which maintains a spatial database of rare species locations. each site was visited from late april to early may, the peak blooming period, in the springs of 2001 and 2002. all sites were thoroughly searched in an attempt to relocate previously documented c. kentuckiense populations. if a population was not found at a site, the absence was noted and no further data were collected. if a population was found, then several ecological variables were measured. these data were collected to quantitatively characterize the habitat of c. kentuckiense and provide information that can be utilized in future attempts to locate new populations. population and habitat data were collected from a quadrat encompassing all c. kentuckiense stems. the minimal quadrat size used was 1.0 m by 1.0 m. if the population occupied a larger area, additional 1 m2 quadrats were added until the total population was within a sampling grid. once the sampling grid was established, percent cover of c. kentuckiense was visually estimated in intervals of 5% and the number of stems counted. the numbers of flowering, fruiting (mature and immature), immature stems, and senescent stems were also recorded. habitat data consisted of biotic and abiotic factors. first, each species in the sampling grid was recorded. two types of data were then collected for these associated species. first, percent cover was estimated for each understory species (including woody plants under 2 cm diameter) in increments of 5%. if only a single stem of a species was present, it was given a value of 1%. second, the diameter-atbreast height (dbh) was measured for all woody plants >2 cm diameter. basal area for canopy species was calculated following wegner (1984). once these data were collected, a spherical densitometer was used to measure canopy closure. soil depth was measured using an incremental probe. finally, universal transmercator coordinates were recorded using a garmin 3+ global positioning system (gps) unit in order to resolve ambiguities in written location information. however, these data are not presented here because c. kentuckiense is a species of conservation concern. results and discussion a total of twelve sites were surveyed in 2001 and 2002 for populations of c. kentuckiense; two in choctaw county, six in leflore county, three in mccurtain county, and one in pushmataha county. the persistence of three populations was verified. five populations could not be revisited due to insufficient location information. four populations had been destroyed by timber harvest or conversion to unsuitable habitat for c. kentuckiense. no new sites were located. the first population was verified on 7 may 2001. thirteen stems of c. kentuckiense were counted, two of which were in flower. this population occurred in a mesic floodplain forest with 78% canopy closure. there were 21 associated plant species present. the most abundant were lindera benzoin (30% cover), thalictrum dascycarpum (15%), podophyllum peltatum (10%), and toxicodendron radicans (10%) (table 1). the canopy was composed exclusively of ilex opaca, a common bottomland species in southeast oklahoma (hoagland et al., 1996). the low diversity of woody plants over 2 cm dbh (table 2) and relatively open canopy (78%) indicate the second growth character of this forest. soil depth was equivalent for all sites. this population was first reported in 1982, at which time 35 stems were recorded, oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 buthod, a.k. and hoagland, b.w. but no observations were made regarding phenological state. the site was visited again in 1984 and 30 plants were recorded. additional surveys were conducted in 1985 (23 plants located, two flowering), 1988 (13 plants; phenology not recorded), 1990 (less than 20 plants present, phenology not recorded), 1991 (21 plants, four in flower), 1993 (12 plants, two in flower), and 1996 (no plants located). a second population was verified on 8 may 2001. nine broadly dispersed stems of c. kentuckiense were present. individuals in this population were widely dispersed. eleven associated species were present, of which the most common were parthenocissus quinquefolia (20% cover), panicum sp. (10%), and podophyllum peltatum (10%) (see table 1). the canopy was relatively dense (87.3%) and consisted of eight species. the highest basal areas were recorded for quercus shumardii and carpinus caroliniana, both mesic species (little 1981). this population has been visited repeatedly since its discovery in 1988 (two plants, phenological stage not recorded), 1991 (nine plants flowering, two in fruit, and four sterile), 1992 (>10 plants with immature fruit), 1993 (11 plants, nine in flower), and 1996 (11 plants in vegetative condition). a third population was verified on 8 may 2001. the population consisted of one flowering stem growing on a forested floodplain. population and associated species data were collected from the 1.0m2 plot. there were 21 associated plant species at this site (see table 1). the most abundant were panicum sp. (25% cover), parthenocissus quinquefolia (5%), and arisaema dracontium (5%). although the canopy density is highest for this plot, there were no canopy trees within the sample plot, therefore no basal area value could be calculated. previous surveys of the site were conducted in 1993 (one flowering stem recorded) and 1996 (one vegetative stem recorded). because of the limited number of sites sampled, a quantitative analysis of habitat structure is not possible. conclusions based upon this research, we conclude c. kentuckiense in oklahoma is in jeopardy. magrath (2001) had also stated that c. kentuckiense populations were in decline in oklahoma. the populations that were relocated numbered fewer than 20 total stems and all showed a dramatic decline in population size relative to previous surveys. the primary threats to c. kentuckiense in oklahoma are anthropogenic. most populations of c. kentuckiense are located in areas of active timber harvesting, which present both direct and indirect threats. the most likely direct threat is destruction of a population by timber harvesting equipment. indirect threats include road construction and structural alteration of adjacent forest stands. these reduce forest canopy cover, thus increasing the amount of light reaching the forest floor and allowing the introduction of invasive species. since c. kentuckiense is difficult to propagate, it is frequently collected in the wild for the nursery trade. the construction of logging roads increases access to collectors. in addition, road construction itself can result in the destruction of a population. indirect threats to small, isolated populations included reduced genetic variability compared to large, contiguous populations, and the inability of pollinators to locate widely dispersed populations or those on the edge of a species range. in this regard, it is noteworthy that very few mature fruits or seedlings were documented in the populations reported here. nevertheless, additional populations of 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 buthod, a.k. and hoagland, b.w. c. kentuckiense may be found in oklahoma, with efforts focused on the oachita national forest (onf) in leflore and mccurtain counties. in arkansas several new populations have been found on the onf. some populations consisted of 100 individuals or more (hooks 2000). populations located on the onf are afforded a higher degree of protection and monitoring than those on private land. in addition, seep, spring, and riparian habitats are protected from timber extraction on forest service land. thus, further exploration for populations of c. kentuckiense within oklahoma is recommended. likewise, sites known to have harbored populations of c. kentuckiense should be verified regularly. acknowledgments this project was funded by a grant from the united states fish and wildlife service. we thank newell mccarty for assistance in the field in 2001. literature cited alabama natural heritage program. 1996. plants list (on line). available at: www.natureserve.org/nhp/us/al/pl ants.html. (accessed 1 march 2004) arkansas natural heritage commission. 2001. plants of special concern (online). available at: www.naturalheritage.org/ publications/rare. atwood, john t. 1984. in defense of cypripedium kentuckiense c. f. reed. american orchid society bulletin 53(8): 835-841. (accessed 1 march2004). atwood, john t. the range of cypripedium kentuckiense. american orchid society bulletin 54(10): 1197-1199. case, martha a., henry t. mlodozeniec, lisa e. wallace, and troy w. weldy. 1998. conservation genetics and taxonomic status of the rare kentucky lady’s slipper: cypripedium kentuckiense (orchidaceae). american journal of botany 85(12): 1779-1786. department of the interior. 1993. federal register, part iv 58(188): 51160. groves, c.r., m.l. klein, and t.f. breden. 1995. natural heritage programs: public-private partnerships for biodiversity conservation. wildlife society bulletin 23:784-790. hoagland, b.w., l.r. sorrels and s.m. glenn. 1996. woody species composition of floodplain forests of the little river, mccurtain and leflore counties, oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 76:23-26. hoagland b.w., a.k. buthod, i.h. butler, p.h.c. crawford, a.h. udasi, w.j. elisens, and r.j. tyrl 2004. oklahoma vascular plants database (on line). oklahoma biological survey, university of oklahoma, norman. available at: www.biosurvey.ou.edu. (accessed 1 march 2004). hooks, susan. 2000. conservation assessment for cypripedium kentuckiense reed on the ouachita and ozark st. francis national forests. united states forest service, hot springs, arkansas. kentucky state nature preserves commission. 2001. endangered, threatened, special concern, and historic plants and animals of kentucky (on line). available at: www.kynaturepreserves.org/reports .html. (accessed 1 march 2004). little, e.l. 1981. forest trees of oklahoma. oklahoma forestry division, publication number 1, oklahoma city. http://www.naturalheritage.org/� http://www.naturalheritage.org/� http://www.naturalheritage.org/� http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/� oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 buthod, a.k. and hoagland, b.w. louisiana natural heritage programs. 2002. rare plant species of louisiana (on line). available at: www.wlf.state.la.us. (accessed 1 march 2004). magrath, l.k. 2001. native orchids of oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 1 (1):39-66. mississippi museum of natural science. 2002. natural heritage inventory plant database (on line). available at: www.mdwfp.com/ museum/html/research/plant_db.a sp. natureserve. 2004. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life (on line). available at: www.natureserve.org/explorer. (accessed 1 march 2004) (accessed 1 march 2002). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2001. onhi guide to status and rarity ranking codes (on line). available at: www. biosurvey.ou.edu/heritage/publicat. html. oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2001. onhi working list of rare oklahoma plants (on line). available at: (accessed 1 march 2004). www.biosurvey.ou.edu/heritage/ publicat.html. (accessed 1 march 2004). reed, clyde f. 1982. cypripedium kentuckiense reed, a new species of orchid in kentucky. phytologia 50(4): 286-288. tennessee department of environment and conservation. 2001. rare and endangered plant list of tennessee (on line). available at: www.state.tn.us/environment/natur al.htm. (accessed 1 march 2004). texas conservation data center. 2001. plant tracking list (on line). available at: nature.org/wherewework/northam erica/states/ texas/science/art6069.html. (accessed 1 march 2004). usda, nrcs. 2002. the plants database, version 3.5 (on line). available at: http://plants.usda.gov/. national plant data center, baton rouge, louisiana. (accessed 1 march 2004). virginia natural heritage program. 2002. rare plants (on line). available at: www.dcr.state.va.us/dnh/nhrinfo.ht m (accessed 1 march 2002). weldy, troy w., henry t. mlodozeniec, lisa e. wallace, and martha a. case. 1996. the current status of cypripedium kentuckiense (orchidaceae) including a morphological analysis of a newly discovered population in eastern virginia. sida 17(2): 423-435. wenger, k.f. 1984. forestry handbook. john wiley and son, new york http://www.wlf.state.la.us/� http://www.mdwfp.com/� http://www.mdwfp.com/� http://www.mdwfp.com/� http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/� http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/� http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/� http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/� http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/� 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 buthod, a.k. and hoagland, b.w. table 1 percent cover data for associated herbaceous species and woody species <2 cm dbh at cypripedium kentuckense sites in southeastern oklahoma. site 1 2 3 site 1 2 3 acer rubrum 1 0 1 podophyllum peltatum 10 0 10 allium canadense 0 0 1 polystichum acrostichoides 5 0 5 arisaema dracontium 0 5 0 potentilla spp. 1 0 0 campsis radicans 1 0 0 prunus spp. 1 0 0 carex spp. 1 1 0 ribes sp. 0 1 0 cercis canadensis 0 0 1 quercus alba 0 0 5 cypripedium kentuckense 5 5 1 salvia lyrata 0 1 0 euonymous americanus 1 0 0 sassafras albidum 1 0 0 galium sp. 1 0 0 senecio sp. 0 5 1 ilex opaca 1 0 0 smilicina racemosa 0 0 1 impatiens capensis 0 0 1 smilax glauca 1 0 5 krigia sp. 0 1 0 thalictrum arkansanum 0 1 0 lindernia benzoin 30 0 0 thalictrum dasycarpum 15 0 5 lysimachia quadrifolia 0 0 5 toxicodendron radicans 10 1 10 mitchella repens 1 0 0 ulmus alata 0 0 1 monarda virgatum 0 0 1 viburnum rufidulum 1 0 1 ostrya virginiana 1 0 1 viola sp. 1 0 0 oxalis violacea 0 1 0 viola pedata 1 0 1 panicum spp. 0 25 10 totals 91 52 88 parthenocissus quinquefolia 1 5 20 overstory canopy % coverage 78 87.5 93.8 phacelia sp. 0 0 1 soil depth (cm) 30 30 30 oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 buthod, a.k. and hoagland, b.w. table 2 basal area (cm2/m2) for woody species found in cypridedium kentuckense. no woody plants occurred in the plot at site 3 site 1 2 site 1 2 alnus serrulata 0 0.07 ilex opaca 8.56 0 carpinus caroliniana 0 8.0 liquidambar styraciflua 0 8.0 cornus florida 0 2.8 ostrya virginiana 0 6.6 fraxinus pensylvanica 0 0.29 quercus shumardii 0 10.8 journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 4, number 1, december 2004 oklahoma native plant record 55 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 critic’s choice elisens, w.j. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100033 critic’s choice essay “support your local h erbarium ” wayne j. elisens are herbaria becoming threatened and endangered? are natural science collections going extinct? these questions are being posed increasingly by amateur and professional biologists as we witness the closure, dispersion, and scaling back of natural history collections and cutbacks affecting curatorial personnel. noteworthy examples include the elimination of several collections and removal of the herbarium curator at the university of nebraska state museum, the transfer of the herbarium collections from the university of iowa to the herbarium of iowa state university, and the narrow escape from closure for the university of arkansas herbarium in fayetteville. these and other events at various institutions have prompted several recent editorials in the science literature stating that the nation’s natural history collections are “in crisis” (dalton 2003, gropp 2003, and raven 2003). what about oklahoma’s herbaria? should we be concerned about their health and well-being? what can we do? the first thing we can do as natural historians and concerned citizens is to dispel misinformation. for example, herbaria and other natural history collections should not be portrayed as the equivalent of a “stamp collection” (as i heard once from a botanical colleague), but rather as biological research collections. this latter phrase is the foundation for the acronym of the national science foundation program (the brc program) that funds infrastructural improvement and computerization of natural history collections. a herbarium is more than just the physical collection of plants that have been pressed, dried, and stored in packets or mounted on paper of archival quality. specimens include labels with critical information about the plant’s identity, geographic location, ecological habitat, flowering time, and collecting history. each specimen embodies the species’ morphology (its phenotype) and its genome (its genotype). in other words, each specimen represents valuable data and the entire collection should be viewed as a vast data and dna bank. oklahoma’s herbaria serve as important resources for its citizens and as critical research tools for an international network of scientists, educators, resource managers, and amateur botanists (see funk 2003). thirteen herbaria with combined holdings exceeding 450,000 specimens constitute the “oklahoma herbarium community” (table 1). twelve of these herbaria are listed in index herbariorum (holmgren et al 1990), which is the official international registry of herbaria compiled by the international association for plant taxonomy and the new york botanical garden. each herbarium has noteworthy regional, ecological, and taxonomic specializations. despite the size and significance of the collections, most of oklahoma’s herbaria are inadequately supported, some have no “hard” budgetary support, most need facility upgrades, and the majority is maintained by the efforts of one or two individuals with limited help from students and a few volunteers. faculty retirements, budget cuts, and personnel changes make some herbaria “vulnerable.” to return to the opening question, some of oklahoma’s herbaria can be categorized as “endangered”, because they meet the criterion of possible extinction in the foreseeable future. what is being done to ensure their survivability? oklahomans are fortunate to have a highly interactive network of plant taxonomists. more than in most states, plant taxonomists from across oklahoma have an uncommon sense of collegiality and are collaborating to study the state’s flora, to database label information from oklahoma plant specimens, and to interact with the community of amateur botanists such as those in the onps, tnc, etc. nine botanists representing seven institutions are working to complete a modern flora for the state – the flora of oklahoma project. additionally, botanists at ou and osu working with their colleagues in the oklahoma herbarium community are recording label data from oklahoma plant specimens for the oklahoma vascular plants database project. both of these projects draw on collective knowledge, advance the study of oklahoma’s flora, share scientific expertise and resources, and promote the significance of the state’s herbarium collections. despite these positive developments, there are many areas where the public’s help is needed to avoid extinctions. 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 critic’s choice elisens, w.j. herbaria need advocates in both the professional and public arenas. just as individual curators must promote research and the importance of their collections to administrators and colleagues, amateur botanists both individually and collectively must elevate public awareness of the importance of herbaria. at the university of arkansas, two events apparently impressed administrators and “saved” the herbarium from closure – the mass response from the professional botanical community and the widespread support throughout arkansas from amateur botanists and natural historians. some important lessons from the arkansas case are the significance of outreach efforts and the reciprocal nature of herbarium activities. in oklahoma, i am constantly impressed with the number of curators and professional biologists that maintain active public service involvement as officers and board members of organizations and through participation in lectures, field trips, workshops, and other functions. these activities result directly and indirectly from the presence of functioning herbaria located throughout the state and from the actions of knowledgeable professional staff. in view of the “crisis” impacting natural history collections and herbaria nationwide, i urge amateur botanists to advocate for and to assist herbaria whenever possible. one mechanism to do this is to use the pvc m odel: participate in sponsored activities, volunteer your services, and communicate your support to others. oklahoma’s herbaria need your help to avoid local or regional extinction. a quick perusal of table 1 indicates that there is a herbarium located conveniently near you. support your local herbarium; help preserve our botanical heritage! literature cited dalton, r. 2003. natural history collections in crisis as funding is slashed. nature 423: 575. funk, v. a. 2003. the importance of herbaria. plant science bulletin 49(3): 94-95. gropp, r. w. 2003. are university natural science collections going extinct? bioscience 53:550. holmgren, p. k., n. h. holmgren, and l. c. barnett (eds.). 1990. index herbariorum. bronx, new york: new york botanical garden press. raven, p. h. 2003. biodiversity and the future. american scientist 91:382 table. approximate numbers of specimens housed in the oklahoma herbarium community index herbariorum acronym institution and location number of total specimens number of oklahoma specimens camu cameron university, lawton 6000 5000 csu university of central oklahoma, edmond 10,000 9000 dur southeastern oklahoma state university, durant 20,000 12,000 ecsc east central university, ada 6000 6000 nosu northeastern state university, tahlequah 6000 5500 nwosu northwestern oklahoma state university, alva 5000 4000 ocla university of science & arts of oklahoma, chickasha 20,000 18,000 okl university of oklahoma, norman 210,000 150,000 okla oklahoma state university, stillwater 140,000 112,000 oru oral roberts university, tulsa 6000 5500 tuls university of tulsa 10,000 8000 woh southwestern oklahoma state university, woodward 11,000 10,000 --oklahoma panhandle state university, goodwell 3000 2500 totals 453,000 347,500 onps five year index to oklahom a n ative plant r ecord volume 13 4 ecology and taxonomy of water canyon, canadian county, oklahoma, m. s. thesis, constance a. taylor 29 a checklist of the vascular flora of the mary k. oxley nature center, tulsa county, oklahoma, amy k. buthod 48 smoke-induced germination in phacelia strictaflora, stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 55 critic’s choice essay: a calvacade of oklahoma botanists in oklahoma – contributors to our knowledge of the flora of oklahoma, ronald j. tyrl and paula a. shryock volume 14 4 flora of kiowa county, oklahoma, m. s. thesis, lottie opal baldock 38 gardens of yesteryear, sadie cole gordon 43 oklahoma deciduous trees differ in chilling enhancement of budburst, stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 50 mapping distribution in oklahoma and raising awareness: purple loosestrife (lythrum salicaria), multiflora rose (rosa multiflora), and japanese honeysuckle (lonicera japonica), katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman 67 non-twining milkweed vines of oklahoma: an overview of matelea biflora and matelea cynanchoides (apocynaceae), angela mcdonnell 80 critic’s choice essay: pollination ecology of our native prairie plants, gloria m. caddell volume 15 4 preface to first flowering dates for central oklahoma, wayne elisens 6 first flowering dates for central oklahoma, ben osborn 19 forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia, oklahoma county, oklahoma (1820–2014), chad king 31 interplanting floral resource plants with vegetable plants enhances beneficial arthropod abundance in a home garden, chrisdon b. bonner, eric j. rebek, janet c. cole, brian a. kahn, and janette a. steets 49 contributions to the flora of cimarron county and the black mesa area, amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 78 antifungal activity in extracts of plants from southwestern oklahoma against aspergillus flavus, tahzeeba frisby and cameron university students 96 kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. abundance and distribution in oklahoma, marli claytor and karen r. hickman 105 critic’s choice essay: mistletoe, phoradendron serotinum (raf.) johnston, paul buck volume 16 4 pollination ecology of sabatia campestris nutt. (gentianaceae), constance e. taylor 10 the structure of the gynostegium, breeding system, and pollination ecology of spider milkweed, asclepias viridis walt. (apocynaceae), m. s. thesis, shang-wen liaw 45 a floristic inventory of the university of oklahoma’s kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county, oklahoma, amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 64 effects of fire severity on habitat recovery in a mixed grass prairie ecosystem, laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano 78 critic’s choice essay: a conversation with a small beetle, paul buck volume 17 4 a study of the flowering plants of tulsa county, oklahoma, exclusive of the grasses, sedges, and rushes, m.s. thesis, maxine b. clark† 37 laboratory studies of allelopathic effects of juniperus virginiana l. on five species of native plants, erica a. corbett and andrea lashley 53 vascular flora of e. c. hafer park, edmond, oklahoma, gloria m. caddell, katie christoffel, carmen esqueda, and alonna smith 69 first record of chorioactis geaster from oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo and sheila brandon 72 critic’s choice essay: allelopathy, paul buck† oklahoma native plant society p.o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 characteristics of a bottomland hardwood forest at arcadia lake, edmond, oklahoma, with special emphasis of green ash (fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall) chad b. king and joseph a. buck 19 presence of pueraria montana (lour.) merr. var. lobata (willd.) maesen & s.m. almeida ex sanjappa & predeep (kudzu vine) in tulsa county, oklahoma isaac walker and paulina harron 24 comparative transpiration studies on the invasive eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana l.) and adjacent woody trees adjoa r. ahedor, bethany spitz, michael cowan, j’nae miller, and margaret kamara 38 new record of myriopteris lindheimeri (hook.) j. sm. in kiowa county, oklahoma bruce a. smith 45 anther number, anther apical appendages, and pollination biology of calyptocarpus vialis (heliantheae: asteraceae) james r. estes 52 critic’s choice essay: myrmecochory paul buck five year index to okla homa native plant r ecord – inside back cover 2018 oklahoma native plant record oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 18, december 2018 isaac walker and paulina harron 10.22488/okstate.19.100002 presence of puer ar ia mon tan a (lour.) merr. var. lobata (willd.) maesen & s.m. almeida ex sanjappa & predeep (kudzu vine) in tulsa county, oklahoma isaac walker holland hall high school tulsa, ok 74137 ike.joseph.walker@gmail.com paulina harron department of natural resource ecology and management oklahoma state university stillwater, ok 74078 paulina.harron@okstate.edu keywords: kudzu, tulsa county, invasive species, oklahoma, pueraria montana abstract pueraria montana (lour.) merr. var. lobata (willd.) maesen & s.m. almeida ex sanjappa & predeep (fabaceae; kudzu) is a deciduous perennial vine native to china. an invasive species that has spread throughout much of the southeastern united states, kudzu covers large open areas, overtops forests, and causes significant ecological and economic damage. oklahoma has seen a relatively minor impact from kudzu, and previous research indicates a limited (less than 0.04 hectare) presence in tulsa county. we describe a previously undocumented population of kudzu covering over 6.5 hectares in tulsa county. we determine the age of this population and its rate of expansion. documenting and mitigating kudzu populations will likely become increasingly important to protect oklahoma’s native biodiversity. introduction the spread of kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. var. lobata (willd.) maesen & s.m. almeida ex sanjappa & predeep, and its impact on the environment, economy, and biodiversity has been addressed in many publications. kudzu is an aggressive species that has the ability to reduce biodiversity, compete for light and space resources with natives (coiner 2012; mitich 2000), and kill trees by creating large canopies with its heavy vines (forseth and innis 2004). it can fix nitrogen in the soil (follak 2011), and it has a wide climatic range that promotes its spread (claytor and hickman 2015). claytor and hickman (2015) assessed the spread of this invasive, non-native species in oklahoma and stressed the importance of continually updating knowledge regarding this ecologically and economically detrimental species and its spread within the state. they estimated that kudzu was established in, but limited to, 0.04 hectares in tulsa county and at least 32.4 additional hectares within the state (claytor and hickman 2015). kudzu has been documented in 28 counties in oklahoma, mainly in eastern oklahoma (oklahoma vascular plants database)(figure 1), and two locations in tulsa county. we describe a previously undocumented population of kudzu currently covering approximately 6.5 hectares in tulsa county. study site and methods the tulsa kudzu site that we describe is distinct from the two locations listed in the oklahoma vascular plants database (http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org. . http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ mailto:ike.joseph.walker@gmail.com mailto:paulina.harron@okstate.edu 20 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 isaac walker and paulina harron figure 1 oklahoma vascular plants database map of kudzu occurrence by county. kudzu presence in counties shaded green. http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org december 2018) the new site is mainly established along elm creek and adjacent fields in southern tulsa county. the site is located on various undeveloped private lands and broken arrow municipal property along elm creek. a voucher specimen for this population (isaac walker 01) was collected at 35° 59' 03" n and 95° 48' 10" w and deposited in the herbarium at osu (okla). google earth and google earth historical imagery (google earth 2018) were used to estimate the area of kudzu at the site. the area was computed by using the polygon tool in google earth. the area was then ground-truthed on foot to confirm the extent of kudzu at the site. discussion from september 2002 to may 2017, we have estimated an increase in the area of the infestation from approximately 5.38 hectares to 6.52 hectares. using google earth historical imagery, we determined that the kudzu infestation has been present since at least 1995. assuming the average rate of change found with our data, which is 0.13 hectares/year, has been consistent, we suggest that the kudzu infestation was most likely established in the 1950s. the poor resolution of google earth historical images led to uncertain measurements of the kudzu’s spread until 2002, and there were no pictures available from before 1995. although observed flowering in early september of 2017, the kudzu in broken arrow was not observed to produce seeds during subsequent trips to the location. many stems were observed rooting at the nodes, and presumably, the entirety of the spread of kudzu at the site has been vegetative. in this location, kudzu has essentially created a monoculture landscape in large open areas (figure 3), and overtopped mature trees in the forest (figure 4). forbs and grasses were essentially absent in the open areas, and mature trees were observed to have been killed by the kudzu. the documentation of the 6.5 hectare site in broken arrow is an http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 18, december 2018 isaac walker and paulina harron addition to the kudzu records for tulsa county, which was previously estimated at 0.04 hectares (claytor and hickman 2015), and it demonstrates a need for the documentation and management of kudzu in tulsa county. figure 2 change in area infested by kudzu using google earth historical imagery (google earth 2018) at the broken arrow site table 1 hectares of kudzu present from 2002–2005, 2010, 2011, 2016, and 2017 using google earth historical imagery (google earth 2018) google earth image date sep. 2002 aug. 2003 oct. 2003 oct. 2004 jul. 2005 sep. 2010 jun. 2011 sep. 2016 may 2017 estimated hectares 5.38 5.75 5.75 5.95 5.87 6.11 6.43 6.47 6.52 22 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 isaac walker and paulina harron figure 4 kudzu invasion in field and over trees at the broken arrow site, august 2017. photo by isaac walker. figure 3 kudzu patch at the broken arrow site, august 2017. photo by isaac walker. oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 18, december 2018 isaac walker and paulina harron acknowledgments the authors thank gabriella price for offering access to her property for documenting and collecting samples from the kudzu site and jay walker for help with collections and revisions of the manuscript. literature cited claytor, m. and k.r. hickman. 2015. kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. abundance and distribution in oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 15(1):96–104. coiner, h.a. 2012. the role of low temperatures in determining the northern range limit of kudzu (pueraria montana var. lobata), an invasive vine in north america [doctoral dissertation]. toronto, (on): university of toronto. 234 p. follak, s. 2011. potential distribution and environmental threat of pueraria lobata. central european journal of biology 6:457– 469. forseth, i.n. and a.f. innis. 2004. kudzu (pueraria montana): history, physiology, and ecology combine to make a major ecosystem threat. critical reviews in plant sciences 23:401–413. google earth pro. v 7.3.2.5491. 2018. broken arrow, united states of america. 35°58’59.01”n, 95°48’16.82”w, eye alt 2673 feet. (december 2018). mitich, l. 2000. intriguing world of weed series 67– kudzu [pueraria lobata (willd.) ohwi]. weed technology 14:231– 235. oklahoma vascular plants database. 2018. http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org (december 2018). http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ oklahoma native plant record, volume 15, number 1, december 2015 oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100113 interplanting floral resource plants with vegetable plants enhances beneficial arthropod abundance in a home garden chrisdon b. bonner1 eric j. rebek2 janet c. cole3 brian a. kahn3 janette a. steets1 janette.steets@okstate.edu 1oklahoma state university department of botany 301 physical sciences stillwater, ok 74078 2oklahoma state university department of entomology and plant pathology 127 noble research center stillwater, ok 74078 3oklahoma state university department of horticulture and landscape architecture 358 agricultural hall stillwater, ok 74078 keywords: cowpea, herbivory, native ornamentals, natural enemies, pollinators, polyculture, tomato abstract we examined whether interplanting vegetable and ornamental flowering plants reduces herbivory and enhances photosynthetic rate, plant growth, natural enemy abundance, and pollinator visitation relative to monoculture plantings. we found no evidence of physiological or growth costs due to growth in polyculture. herbivore damage to plants did not differ with planting regime. natural enemies occurred in greater abundance in polycultures compared to monocultures. pollinator diversity was enhanced in some polyculture plots. we suggest that interplanting vegetable and flowering ornamental plants at small spatial scales may improve plant health and reproduction through natural pest control and a diversified pollinator pool. introduction habitat manipulation strategies regulate pest populations in managed landscapes by enhancing the abundance of arthropod predators and parasitoids (natural enemies) by provisioning additional plant-based resources (i.e., nectar, pollen, alternative prey, or shelter) (rebek et al. 2005, 2006; fiedler et al. 2008). these same strategies may also have beneficial effects for pollinator abundance and diversity due to an increased abundance of flowering plants in the managed landscape (tuell et al. 2008). a common habitat manipulation strategy that often benefits natural enemies and pollinators in managed landscapes is the use of polycultures, the cultivation of multiple plant species together. relative to most monoculture plantings, polycultures offer beneficial arthropods (i.e., natural enemies and pollinators) greater floral resources (i.e., nectar and pollen rewards) throughout the growing season, alternative prey, and increased habitat structure and availability of nesting sites (andow and risch 1985; andow 1991; landis et al. 2000, 2005; hooks and johnson 2003). polycultures may also provide improved microhabitats for plants and arthropods, such as increased shade and protection from wind, relative to most monocultures (andow 1991; landis et al. 2000). in addition to enhancing beneficial mailto:janette.steets@okstate.edu mailto:janette.steets@okstate.edu 32 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. arthropod abundance, polycultures often support lower pest arthropod abundance than monocultures (kloen and altieri 1990; nicholls and altieri 2004; ponti et al. 2007; isaacs et al. 2009). at small spatial scales, such as those of home gardens, polycultures are a particularly attractive alternative to cultivation techniques that require heavy pesticide applications to control pest arthropods. home gardeners commonly use pesticides to control pest arthropods (sadof et al. 2004); in the united states, 16% of all insecticides applied annually are used in residential gardens and lawns (u. s. epa 2011). widespread residential pesticide use poses significant threats to human health and the environment by increasing the incidence of pesticide poisonings (pimentel et al. 1992; u. s. epa 2009), reducing stream and ground water quality (cohen 2010), and killing non-target organisms (e.g., insect pollinators, aquatic fauna) (johansen and mayer 1990; pimentel et al. 1992; relyea 2009). effective alternatives to residential pesticide applications are needed to improve safety, minimize effects on nontarget organisms, and reduce environmental contamination. to date, most studies of polyculture techniques have examined the role of plantbased resources for natural enemy ecology and in regulating natural enemy populations (fiedler et al. 2008). what remains less well studied is whether planting polyculture gardens of vegetable and flowering ornamental plants has other beneficial effects for garden crops. we hypothesized that plants grown in polycultures will have higher rates of pollinator visitation as well as higher abundance of natural enemies relative to monoculture plantings. with an increase in natural enemy abundance (landis et al. 2000), we hypothesized that plants grown in polycultures will experience reduced rates of herbivory compared to monoculture plantings. herbivore damage is known to adversely affect photosynthesis and plant growth (crawley 1997; zangerl et al. 2002). thus, if growing plants in polycultures reduces herbivory, then we hypothesized that plants in polycultures will have higher rates of photosynthesis and growth relative to monoculture plantings. accordingly, the first objective of this study was to examine whether polycultures of vegetable and flowering ornamental plants reduce herbivory relative to monocultures. our second objective was to examine whether polycultures of vegetable and ornamental plants enhance photosynthetic rate and growth relative to monocultures. our third objective was to examine whether polycultures enhance pollinator visitation and pollinator diversity relative to monoculture plantings. our fourth objective was to examine whether polycultures enhance natural enemy abundance relative to monocultures. materials and methods garden design we conducted this study at the botanic garden at oklahoma state university (stillwater, ok; 36°07'08.6" n, 97°06'04.5" w) from april 23, 2009, to september 1, 2009. seven plant species were included in the study. four native, commonly cultivated ornamental species were largeflower tickseed (coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet ‘early sunrise’), purple coneflower (echinacea purpurea (l.) moench), blanketflower (gaillardia x grandiflora van houtte ‘arizona sun’), and goldenrod (solidago sp. ‘wichita mountains’). three commonly cultivated vegetable species were cilantro (coriandrum sativum l.), tomato (solanum lycopersicum l. ‘mountain fresh plus’), and cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp ‘early scarlet’). we chose vegetable species that would be typical of an oklahoma or southern u.s. home garden (hillock and simons 2002). while tomato and cowpea are self-fertile, visitation by insects, primarily bees, improves oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. reproductive success (free 1993). all flowering plants included in our study provide nectar and pollen to beneficial arthropods, and the chosen species overlap in blooming period, ensuring a continuous supply of floral resources. we used a randomized complete block design consisting of four blocks of nine experimental plots each. plots within each block were randomly assigned to one of nine planting treatments. each plot measured 1 m x 2 m and was separated from other plots by a 1 m mulched border. all plots and borders were kept free of weeds by hand pulling. all plots were composed of native soil (norge loam, finesilty, mixed, thermic udic paleustolls) and were provided supplemental water by drip irrigation. plants were not fertilized, as adequate plant mineral nutrients were available from fertilization of previous trials. the nine planting treatments included monocultures of each of the plant species (seven plots) and two different polycultures to add more generality to our results. one polyculture consisted of largeflower tickseed, goldenrod, cilantro, and tomato (one plot; ‘polyculture one’), and the other polyculture consisted of purple coneflower, blanketflower, goldenrod, and cowpea (one plot; ‘polyculture two’). monocultures of the four ornamental species were planted with 18 plants/plot on april 23–24, 2009, using established nursery stock. tomato monocultures were planted on april 25, 2009, using established nursery stock and included two plants/plot; plants were centered in each plot and spaced 60 cm apart within the row. we seeded the monocultures of cilantro on april 25, 2009, at a density of 240 seeds per 1 m row, with six rows per plot. monocultures of cowpea were seeded on may 22, 2009, at a density of 20 seeds per 1 m row, with two rows per plot. we later thinned cowpea to 10 plants per 1 m row where stands permitted. within polyculture one plots, we planted six largeflower tickseed, three goldenrod, two tomatoes, and seeded one row of cilantro at a density of 240 seeds per 1 m row. we planted goldenrod and largeflower tickseed on april 23–24, 2009. we planted tomatoes and seeded cilantro on april 25, 2009. within polyculture two plots, we planted three purple coneflower, three blanketflower, three goldenrod, and seeded two rows of cowpea at a density of 20 seeds per 1 m row. we later thinned cowpeas to 10 plants per row where stands permitted. we planted cowpeas on may 22, 2009, and purple coneflower, blanketflower, and goldenrod on april 23–24, 2009. the plant species were sown at densities recommended by the oklahoma cooperative extension service. different species were not planted on the same date because 1) a planting date of april 25 was too early for cowpea, which was directseeded and requires warm soils for proper germination; and 2) ornamental plants (purple coneflower, blanketflower, and goldenrod) were planted at later dates as a result of plant availability. we did not observe any shading of later-planted species by those planted earlier. cilantro and goldenrod did not establish in monoculture or polyculture. in addition, several plots of the other plant species did not establish well. thus, our analyses included four plots of largeflower tickseed, three plots of purple coneflower, four plots of blanketflower, three plots of tomato, two plots of cowpea, two plots of polyculture one, and three plots of polyculture two. herbivory to determine whether planting regime influenced rates of herbivory, we quantified leaf damage on two plants of each species per plot twice during the growing season (june and july). for each plant, we estimated herbivore damage on one standard module per plant (turcotte et al. 2014) by counting the total number of leaves and the number of leaves with 34 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. herbivore damage on the module (i.e., branch, rosette). the plant module varied for each species based on plant morphology; we counted all of the leaves on purple coneflower, only the leaves of the basal rosette on blanketflower, the leaves of one stem on largeflower tickseed, and the leaves of one lower branch on tomato and cowpea. for these same plants, we then recorded the number of leaves on the module damaged by herbivory. we calculated percent of damaged leaves for each plant as the total number of damaged leaves divided by the total number of leaves per module. we quantified herbivore damage on plants rather than inventorying herbivores, as herbivore damage represents a more comprehensive temporal perspective on herbivory in these plots; however, common herbivores in these crops included aphids (family aphididae), tomato hornworms (manduca quinquemaculata), flea beetles (family chrysomelidae, tribe alticini), squash bugs (anasa tristis), cucumber beetles (acalymma sp. and diabrotica sp.), and spider mites (family tetranychidae). plant height and photosynthetic measurements to determine whether planting regimes (i.e., monoculture versus polyculture) affected traits related to plant health, we quantified height to the nearest centimeter and measured light-saturated photosynthetic rate using an infrared gas analyzer (li-6400, li-cor, inc.; lincoln, ne). photosynthetic rate was quantified for one newly expanded leaf from each of two plants per species per plot. we recorded these measurements twice during the growing season (july and august). each month, all measurements were taken within a three-day period between 09:00– 13:00 cdst on sunny days. we standardized leaf chamber conditions with a temperature of 30c, photosynthetically active radiation (par) at 1500 μmol m-2s-1, and co2 concentration of 400 ppm. because calculations of photosynthetic rate are based in part on leaf surface area, we collected leaves that did not fill the entire leaf chamber and later determined leaf surface area using image analysis software (imagej, national institutes of health freeware; bethesda, md). pollinator abundance and composition throughout the summer, we observed insect visitation to flowers within our experimental plots during 15 min observation periods. observations were limited to sunny days when the wind was calm. throughout the summer, observation times varied throughout the day (between 07:00–17:00 cdst) to capture a wider diversity of insect visitors. on a given day, we rotated observations among experimental plots (kearns and inouye 1993). during each 15 min observation period, we recorded insect visitation at the flower or inflorescence level, recording visits to all open flowers or inflorescences on several plants within each experimental plot. observations of tomato and cowpea were conducted at the flower level; whereas, observations of all other plant species were conducted at the inflorescence level. within a plot, we observed as many flowers or inflorescences on as many plants as was possible at one time, including simultaneous observations of several plant species in polycultures. we recorded floral visitors from four insect orders: beetles (coleoptera); wasps, honey bees, bumble bees, and small-bodied bees (hymenoptera); true flies (diptera); and butterflies (lepidoptera). we observed monoculture plots for a total of 7.75 h over the course of the experiment. total duration of observations varied among species in monocultures (tomato, 1.25 h; cowpea, 1 h; purple coneflower, 1.5 h; largeflower tickseed, 1.5 h; blanketflower, 2.5 h). we observed polyculture plots for a total of 9 h over the oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. course of the experiment. as with monocultures, the total duration of observations varied among species in polycultures (tomato, 1.25 h; cowpea, 1.75 h; purple coneflower, 1.5 h; largeflower tickseed, 2.5 h; blanketflower, 3 h). natural enemy abundance and composition we sampled natural enemies using 7.5 x 13 cm yellow sticky cards (hoback et al. 1999) every two weeks throughout the growing season, for a total of seven sample dates over the course of the experiment. around mid-morning on selected days, two sticky cards per plot were placed 1 m above ground level on stakes and left for 48 h. we used a compound stereomicroscope to identify and sort specimens from the sticky cards into twelve groups of arthropods: spiders (order araneae), rove beetles (family staphylinidae), lady beetles (family coccinellidae), hover flies (family syrphidae), tachinid flies (family tachinidae), minute pirate bugs (family anthocoridae), nabid bugs (family nabidae), other predators, parasitic wasps, other wasps, bees, and other pollinators. arthropods were sorted and identified to family level and/or functional group (e.g., parasitic wasps) for comparison among plots. we defined total natural enemy abundance as the sum of individuals of all arthropod classes found on the sticky cards, excluding bees and other pollinators from the total. as yellow sticky cards are not effective at sampling the pollinator community (kearns and inouye 1993), we did not analyze the bee/other pollinator data gathered from the sticky cards. flowering phenology for comparison with natural enemy abundance, we recorded flowering phenology weekly as the number of open flowers (tomato and cowpea) or inflorescences (purple coneflower, blanketflower, and largeflower tickseed) for three plants per species per plot. statistical analyses to examine whether planting regime (monoculture versus polyculture), species, or their interaction influenced percent of leaves with herbivore damage, height, or light-saturated photosynthetic rate, we performed separate repeated measures analyses of variance (anova) for each variable (proc glm, sas institute; cary, nc). the model for these analyses included block as a random effect and planting regime, plant species, and their interaction as fixed effects. prior to analysis, we tested all response variables for normality and found that the variables met anova assumptions without data transformation. we performed g-tests (zar 1999) separately for each plant species to determine whether pollinators underor over-visited flowers (or inflorescences) on plants grown in monoculture relative to those in polyculture. visits to flowers (or inflorescences) were considered independent events and the unit of sampling was individual flowers (or inflorescences) within a plot. observations of tomato and cowpea were performed at the flower level. analyses of members of asteraceae (purple coneflower, blanketflower, and largeflower tickseed) were performed at the inflorescence level. for each 15 min observation period, we calculated visitation rate per plant species as the total number of visitors divided by the total number of flowers (or inflorescences). visitation rate was not normally distributed, even after data transformation; thus, we performed nonparametric kruskal-wallis tests separately for each plant species (proc npar1way, sas institute; cary, nc) to determine whether planting regime influenced total visitation rate of all floral visitors. to determine whether planting regime, sampling date, or their interaction 36 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. influenced total abundance of natural enemies, we performed repeated measures anova (proc mixed, sas institute; cary, nc). the model for this analysis included block as a random effect and planting regime, sampling date, and their interaction as fixed effects. when we detected a significant main effect of species or a significant interaction between plant species and planting regime, we used tukey post hoc comparisons to test for differences among means. to determine whether there was a relationship between total natural enemy abundance and flowering phenology (i.e., number of open flowers) of each plant species over the course of the experiment, we used a non-parametric spearman rank correlation (proc corr, sas institute; cary, nc). results herbivory leaf damage did not differ between plants grown in monoculture versus those grown in polyculture gardens across the growing season (f1,15 = 0.71, p = 0.41) (fig. 1; monoculture vs. polyculture mean leaf damage  standard error (se): 16.12%  2.27% vs. 9.46%  2.49% leaves damaged). all species responded similarly in terms of leaf damage to planting regime across the growing season (f4,15 = 0.69, p = 0.61). as expected, leaf damage differed across plant species (f5,15 = 29.41, p < 0.0001; see fig. 1). plant height and photosynthetic measurements as expected, plant species differed in height and photosynthetic rate (height: f4,16 = 49.90, p < 0.0001; photosynthetic rate: f4,15 = 31.69, p < 0.0001) (fig. 2). plant height and photosynthetic rate were not significantly affected by planting regime (i.e., monoculture versus polyculture) (analyses not shown; all p > 0.10 for planting regime effect) and all species responded similarly in terms of these traits to planting regime (analyses not shown; all p > 0.10 for interaction term). pollinator abundance and composition of the two vegetable plant species (cowpea and tomato) for which we conducted pollinator observations, we only recorded floral visitors to cowpeas; we observed no insects visiting tomato flowers. coleoptera were observed more frequently on flowers of cowpea plants grown in polyculture than those grown in monoculture (g = 3.85, p < 0.05), but the opposite pattern occurred for diptera (g = 47.3, p < 0.0001). the pattern of visitation to cowpeas by hymenoptera and by other floral visitors did not differ significantly with planting regime (all p > 0.05). insects from three orders (i.e., coleoptera, diptera, and hymenoptera) were observed visiting cowpea flowers in monoculture gardens; whereas, we observed insects from four orders (i.e., coleoptera, diptera, hymenoptera, and lepidoptera) visiting cowpea flowers in polyculture plantings (fig. 3a). thus, the diversity of floral visitors to cowpea was greater in polycultures compared to monocultures (see fig. 3a). hymenoptera were observed more frequently visiting inflorescences of purple coneflower plants in polycultures than those in monoculture (g = 18.6, p < 0.001), but the opposite pattern was found for coleoptera (g = 4.1, p < 0.05). visitation by lepidoptera and diptera to purple coneflower did not differ significantly between planting regimes (p > 0.05; fig. 3b). lepidoptera were observed more frequently visiting inflorescences of blanketflower plants grown in polyculture than those in monoculture (g = 3.94, p < 0.05). the proportion of visits to inflorescences by coleoptera, diptera, and hymenoptera did not differ significantly between blanketflower planting regimes (all p > 0.05; fig. 3c). the proportion of visits oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. to inflorescences by four taxa (coleoptera, diptera, hymenoptera, and lepidoptera) did not differ significantly between largeflower tickseed planting regimes (all p > 0.05; fig. 3d). although total visitation rate across all insect orders did not differ significantly between planting regimes for any plant species (purple coneflower: χ21 = 0.0064, p > 0.10; largeflower tickseed: χ21 = 0.6433, p > 0.10; blanketflower: χ21 = 0.1491, p > 0.10; cowpea: χ21 = 3.0, p = 0.0833), cowpea growing in monocultures tended to experience a higher visitation rate compared to cowpeas grown in polycultures (fig. 4). natural enemy abundance and composition total abundance of natural enemies was significantly higher in polycultures compared to monocultures (f7,102 = 4.34, p = 0.0003; mean natural enemies/plot/sampling date for monocultures vs. polycultures  se: 25.78  1.24 vs. 28.31  2.84). in addition, polyculture two yielded 30% higher natural enemy abundance than polyculture one. parasitic wasps were by far the most common group of natural enemies in all planting regimes (fig. 5). total abundance of natural enemies differed across the season (f6,102 = 68.08, p < 0.0001); natural enemy abundance was highest in late spring, rapidly declined in mid-june, rebounded in mid-july, and then decreased for the remainder of the growing season (fig. 6). there was a significant interaction between planting regime and sampling date for natural enemy abundance (f42,102 = 1.53, p = 0.0434) . 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. figure 1a mean herbivory (+ 1 se) of purple coneflower, largeflower tickseed, blanketflower, tomato, and cowpea grown in monoculture (solid bar) and polyculture (open bar), during june 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma. figure 1b mean herbivory (+ 1 se) of purple coneflower, largeflower tickseed, blanketflower, tomato, and cowpea grown in monoculture (solid bar) and polyculture (open bar), during july 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 mono poly mono poly mono poly mono poly mono poly coneflower tickseed blanketflower tomato cowpea m ea n pe rc en t l ea f d am ag e/ pl an t 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 mono poly mono poly mono poly mono poly mono poly coneflower tickseed blanketflower tomato cowpea m ea n pe rc en t l ea f d am ag e/ pl an t oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. figure 2 mean plant height and light-saturated photosynthetic rate (+ 1 se) of ornamentals (coneflower, tickseed, and blanketflower) and vegetables (tomato and cowpea) grown in monoculture (solid bar) and polyculture (open bar), during july 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma. august data not shown. 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. figure 3a percent of floral visits from four insect orders to cowpea grown in monoculture and polyculture, april 23–september 1, 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma. figure 3b percent of floral visits from four insect orders to purple coneflower grown in monoculture and polyculture, april 23–september 1, 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 monoculture polyculture cowpea pe rc en t o f v is its diptera hymenoptera coleoptera lepidoptera other visitors 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 monoculture polyculture coneflower pe rc en t o f v is its diptera hymenoptera coleoptera lepidoptera other visitors oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. figure 3c percent of floral visits from four insect orders to blanketflower grown in monoculture and polyculture, april 23–september 1, 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma. figure 3d percent of floral visits from four insect orders to largeflower tickseed grown in monoculture and polyculture, april 23–september 1, 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 monoculture polyculture blanketflower pe rc en t o f v is its diptera hymenoptera coleoptera lepidoptera other visitors 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 monoculture polyculture tickseed pe rc en t o f v is its diptera hymenoptera coleoptera lepidoptera other visitors 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. figure 4 mean visitation rate (+ 1 se ) of floral visiting insects to purple coneflower, largeflower tickseed, blanketflower, and cowpea grown in monoculture and polyculture, april 23–september 1, 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma. figure 5a percent abundance of seven natural enemy groups sampled using yellow sticky cards across all monocultures, april 23–august 25, 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 mono poly mono poly mono poly mono poly coneflower tickseed blanketflower cowpea m ea n n um be r of v is its /f lo w er o r in fl or es ce nc e/ 15 m in ut es oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. figure 5b percent abundance of seven natural enemy groups sampled using yellow sticky cards across polyculture one, april 23–august 25, 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma. figure 5c percent abundance of seven natural enemy groups sampled using yellow sticky cards across polyculture two, april 23–august 25, 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma. 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 figure 6 mean total natural enemy abundance per plot for each plant species grown in monoculture, polyculture one, and polyculture two, june 2–august 25, 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma. figure 7 number of open flowers or inflorescences per plant for purple coneflower, largeflower tickseed, blanketflower, tomato, and cowpea, june 2–august 25, 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma, pooled across monocultures and polycultures. chrisdon b. bonner, et al. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 1-jun 15-jun 29-jun 13-jul 27-jul 10-aug 24-aug m ea n a rt hr op od a bu nd an ce /p lo t/s am pl ed d at e date coneflower tickseed blanketflower tomato cowpea polyculture one polyculture two 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 2-jun 9-jun 16-jun 23-jun 30-jun 7-jul 14-jul 21-jul 28-jul 4-aug 11-aug 18-aug 25-aug n um be r of f lo w er s or in fl or es ce nc es date cowpea tomato blanketflower tickseed coneflower oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. flowering phenology and natural enemy abundance flowering phenology was similar between monoculture and polyculture plantings for all species; therefore, all treatments were pooled for the illustration of peak flowering times (fig. 7). most species (except those species belonging to asteraceae) exhibited a bimodal peak in flowering; the first peak in flowering occurred from late june to early july and the second from early to mid-august. both peaks coincided with rainfall events. two of the ornamental species (purple coneflower and blanketflower) exhibited peak flowering in mid to late august. the other ornamental species, largeflower tickseed, exhibited peak flowering in early june. the abundance of blanketflower inflorescences was negatively correlated with natural enemy abundance (rspearman = -0.79, n = 7, p = 0.03). natural enemy abundance was not correlated with the abundance of flowers or inflorescences of any other plant species (table 1). table 1 spearman-rank correlation between total natural enemy abundance and flower or inflorescence abundance of five plant species grown in monoculture and polyculture, june 2-august 25, 2009, in stillwater, oklahoma; * p < 0.05. species correlation coefficient cowpea -0.55858 tomato -0.42857 blanketflower -0.78571* coneflower -0.39286 tickseed 0.32143 discussion our study demonstrated that natural enemy abundance is higher in polycultures than in monocultures. this finding, in conjunction with similar findings by other researchers (kloen and altieri 1990; andow 1991; rebek et al. 2005; ponti et al. 2007), suggests that growing vegetable plants in polyculture with flowering ornamental species is an effective habitat management strategy to increase abundance of natural enemies at small spatial scales, such as those found in home gardens. there are a number of mechanisms by which polycultures may promote natural enemy abundance. first, the addition of flowering ornamental plants may provide additional pollen and nectar resources and/or may attract alternative prey species, all of which serve as food sources for natural enemies (landis et al. 2000; rebek et al. 2005; isaacs et al. 2009). second, the ornamental plants may provide a hospitable microclimate and shelter (i.e., refugia) to natural enemies. refugia are essentially sites where temperature, humidity, light intensity, and other abiotic conditions are at optimal levels for survival of natural enemies. refuge plants may also harbor alternative prey species for both immature and adult natural enemies (frank 2010), leading to 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. increased abundance of natural enemies. given that we did not detect a significant positive correlation between flowering phenology and natural enemy abundance (see table 1), the availability of floral resources to natural enemies is likely to be less important than the availability of refugia in determining habitat quality for these arthropods at small spatial scales, such as those found in home gardens. however, future work is needed to determine the mechanism(s) by which polycultures of vegetable and ornamental plants enhance natural enemy abundance. in addition to supporting higher natural enemy abundance, polycultures have been shown to reduce pest arthropod abundance and improve control of key plant pests compared with monocultures (kloen and altieri 1990; rebek et al. 2006; ponti et al. 2007). thus, we expected higher rates of herbivory in monoculture compared to polyculture. however, we failed to detect significant differences between monoculture and polyculture for any plant species. differences may have been more apparent with other vegetable crops. for example, ponti et al. (2007) found that broccoli (brassica oleracea l. italica group) polycultures benefited from reduced herbivore abundance compared to broccoli grown in monocultures. we predicted that reduced herbivory experienced by plants grown in polyculture would lead to improved health in polyculture plants compared to those in monocultures; however, we found no significant differences in height or photosynthetic activity between plants grown in monoculture and plants grown in polyculture. the lack of differences suggests that no physiological cost exists to vegetables grown in polycultures with ornamental plants at the planting densities and arrangements chosen for this study compared to vegetables grown in monocultures. previous work has demonstrated that greater diversity of flowering plants leads to greater diversity of pollinating insects (potts et al. 2003, 2004). in line with this past work, we found that cowpea grown in polyculture had an additional order of insect floral visitors (lepidoptera) compared with cowpea grown in monoculture (see fig. 3a). higher diversity of pollinators is linked to improved pollinator services and increased plant reproductive success (albrecht et al. 2012). future research should investigate whether greater diversity of pollinating insects to cowpeas grown in polyculture results in increased crop yields relative to monoculture plantings. our results did not support the hypothesis of higher pollinator visitation rates to plants grown in polyculture vs. monoculture. in fact, we observed the opposite trend for cowpeas. because largebodied bees are the primary pollinators of cowpea (free 1993), this tendency toward an increased visitation rate, mostly from true flies (diptera), does not necessarily translate to an increase in the number of successful pollinations compared to plants in polyculture, as the pollination efficiency of true flies to cowpea is not known. conclusions our findings provide evidence that a habitat manipulation strategy in which vegetable and ornamental plants are grown in polyculture has beneficial effects for some crops, including species typically grown in home gardens. polycultures support a greater abundance of natural enemies. thus, diversifying plantings to include both vegetable and ornamental species may provide an alternative means to control pest populations, which has important implications for home gardeners. furthermore, the home gardener may see additional benefits of a diversified garden, including a more diverse pollinator assemblage. oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 15, december 2015 chrisdon b. bonner, et al. acknowledgements this project was funded by the institute for sustainable environments at oklahoma state university (osu). we thank the botanic garden at osu for providing facilities, as well as daniel valdez, senior agriculturist at the botanic garden at osu, for assistance in maintaining irrigation to garden plots. we thank derek barchenger, cristina carballo, 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http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/pestsal es/ (1 october 2012). u. s. environmental protection agency. 2009. updated review of malathion incident data. docket epa-hq-opp2009-0317-0004. http://www.regulations.gov/search/re gs/home.html#docketdetail?r=epahq-opp-2009-0317 (1 october 2012). zangerl, a.r., j.g. hamilton, t.j. miller, a.r. crofts, k. oxborough, m.r. berenbaum, and e.h. de lucia. 2002. impact of folivory on photosynthesis is greater than the sum of its holes. proceedings of the national academy of sciences 99:1088–1091. zar, j.h. 1999. biostatistical analysis. 4th ed. upper saddle river (nj): prentice hall. http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/pestsales/ http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/pestsales/ http://www.regulations.gov/search/regs/home.html%23docketdetail?r=epa-hq-opp-2009-0317%20 http://www.regulations.gov/search/regs/home.html%23docketdetail?r=epa-hq-opp-2009-0317%20 http://www.regulations.gov/search/regs/home.html%23docketdetail?r=epa-hq-opp-2009-0317%20 interplanting floral resource plants with vegetable plants enhances beneficial arthropod abundance in a home garden by ms. chrisdon b. bonner, et al. oklahoma native plant record, volume 12, number 1, december 2012 oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 12, december 2012 c. randy ledford https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100090 a preliminary pawnee ethnobotany checklist c. randy ledford oklahoma state parks, biologist, retired crloutandabout@yahoo.com pawnee, oklahoma 74058 keywords: pawnee, ethnobotany, plant use, plants distribution abstract this document contains excerpts from a work in progress focusing on the ethnobotany of the pawnee native americans. the effort being made is to consolidate research findings to provide a written record specifically addressing plant use by the pawnee. the majority of the information gained was through literature reviews which provided a historic perspective. however, living among the pawnee for twenty-two years has provided some insight into modern uses of some plants. a priority at the onset was to identify and describe the broad-ranging application of plants within their culture. all the ethnobotanical examples here are based on plants that have been documented in oklahoma. each plant is related to its currently known biogeography in kansas and nebraska which was regionally part of their historic homeland until their removal to oklahoma beginning in 1875. introduction loss of land to encroaching euroamericans, inept government policies, disease, and warfare all contributed to the cultural degradation of the four bands or divisions of the pawnee. the bands are known as the chawi, kitkahahki, pitahawirata, and skiri. the pawnee belong to the caddoan language family which also includes the arikara, caddo, and wichita tribes. historically, the bands had linguistic differences and it is especially noted today when comparing the skiri dialect to the often called, “south bands”. well before the tribe was relocated to what is now known as pawnee, oklahoma, cultural fragmentation had begun. for an account of the chronological history of the pawnee see the pawnee indians by george e. hyde (1951). the floristic influence that enveloped and sustained the pawnee culture in their homeland arose from prairie plant associations and riparian environments linked to major rivers including the loup, platte, republican, and their tributaries. in close proximity to their villages with earth lodges were gardens where they cultivated crops such as beans, corn, squash, and tobacco. many plants were gathered from the surrounding areas to meet a variety of needs. in addition to farming, a summer and winter bison hunt was undertaken. their survival and religious practices were critically dependent on a deep connection to the natural world. their new land allocation in oklahoma consisted of different soils, a different climate and astronomical position, and plant life that further changed their life ways as pressure of acclimation and assimilation mounted. as a result, the botanical knowledge necessary to carry out ceremonies and other life ways continued to wane. as elders passed away, some loss of plant use knowledge accompanied them with each succeeding generation. although information sources dating in the 1800s were found that contributed to oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 c. randy ledford 34 the enthnobotany research, significant material was extracted from the works of james r. murie (half pawnee), melvin r. gilmore (married into the tribe), george a. dorsey, and others around the turn of the 20th century. the intent of the research was not to limit the focus to plants used for food and medicine. other relationships such as the use of plants for ceremonies, games, and materials were investigated to provide a broader representation as well as enhance an understanding of the complexity of pawnee culture. with each plant species listed, an attempt to document its location in kansas, nebraska, and oklahoma was made primarily using the united states department of agriculture (usda) and oklahoma vascular plants database (ovpd) websites. the results revealed that certain plants were documented in all three states, other plants had limited or restricted ranges in one or more states, and some were not found in oklahoma. the presentation here consists of only a sample of plant species that are found in oklahoma, reported to have been used by the pawnee. providing a written record of consolidation specifically addressing the use of plants by the pawnee may contribute to educational and cultural interests of the pawnee nation, individual tribal members, and others. oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 12, december 2012 c. randy ledford pawnee ethnic botany plant listing each plant is listed by family, genus, and species; former scientific name in parenthesis; one or more common names, including the pawnee language name and meaning (if known); distribution of the plant; and information regarding usage of the plant. cupressaceae juniperus virg inana l. eastern redcedar or “mother cedar” (as referred to by the pawnee) tawatsaako eastern redcedar grows in a variety of soil conditions and thrives in kansas, oklahoma, and nebraska (usda). true cedar, such as western redcedar, of the genus thuja, is not native to kansas, oklahoma, and nebraska. this evergreen tree, commonly called “cedar”, was used by many native americans for a variety of purposes [moerman 1998 (pp.290-291)]. in regard to the pawnee, smoke inhaled from burned twigs is used as a remedy for colds; a decoction of fruits and leaves is used as a cough medicine and given to horses for same purpose; and boughs are put on tepee poles to ward off lightning (ibid). historically, juniper trees were used in ceremonies including the skiri doctors and bear dances [murie 1981 (pp.170, 336)]. skiri bear society participants used the leaves for ceremonial smudges, and if a thunderstorm should threaten, a smudge was made to protect the lodge (earth lodge) [murie 1914 (p.604)]. murie did not define “smudge” in the text cited. “cedar poles” were fashioned for use as lances associated with the two lance society [ibid (p.561)]. gilmore [1919 (p.12)] noted that a smoke offering of cedar twigs was used as a remedy for nervousness and bad dreams. based on my observations, i report that the pawnee currently burn juniper leaves/needles as a ceremonial incense and/or prayer smoke offering, including use in the native american church. as i have witnessed, the smoke caused by placing juniper leaves on coals has been used to suffuse a person or object and in some situations only to allow smoke to permeate the surroundings. prior to the practice, it is often said “going to burn some cedar” and the word “smudge” is not used. nothing further will be added here since the focus of this paper is not to reveal ceremonial details. according to weltfish [1965 (p.387)], juniper was used for tepee poles by the pawnee, but not necessarily as first choice if cottonwood was available. juniper also had a place in ghost dance hand game paraphernalia. examples include hand game leaders mark rudder using a “cedar wood cross topped with a soft eagle feather and three cedar sticks topped with four red-painted crow feathers radially affixed to the top”, and barclay white having used tally or counting sticks that were made of “cedar” in a ceremony [lesser 1933 (pp.267-268, 288)]. also, emmett pierson’s hand game set included a “sack of crumpled cedar leaves” that was part of the contents of a bundle. at the onset of the ceremony, a handful of the leaves were placed oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 c. randy ledford 36 on coals [lesser 1933 (pp.274, 278)]. at one time, i was overseer of the pierson collection, on behalf of skiri band member ms. maude chisholm, which included a cloth bag containing juniper leaves. the collection on loan is housed in the pawnee bill ranch museum, pawnee, oklahoma, and also includes hand game sticks as well as other items. agavaceae yucca g lauca nutt. yucca or soapweed yucca chakida-kahtsu or chakila-kahtsu this perennial can be found growing in prairies and on hillsides in kansas and nebraska (usda). it has been documented across oklahoma (ovpd). the yucca is known for the roots being used as soap, especially for washing hair, and the fibers from the leaves used by the pawnee to make twine or cordage, with the leaf ends used as needles [gilmore 1919 (p.19)]. i have made cordage from the leaves and found it to be quite strong, especially if primary use is for binding material. liliaceae allium cana densis l. (=a. mutabile) wild onion or meadow garlic osidawa this perennial herb can be found growing in prairies, open woods, roadsides, and lawns. allium can be found in kansas and nebraska (usda). a. canadensis and other species of onion can be found throughout oklahoma (ovpd). my personal experience of using “wild onions” as food is that a little can go a long way. moerman [1998 (p.57)] cited at least thirty species of allium used by different native american tribes, with reference to the above named species associated with the pawnee for use as a spice, sauce, and relish. it is a species cited by gilmore [1919 (p.19)], but under the older name, a. mutabile. reportedly, the plant was eaten raw, cooked to flavor meat and soup, and also fried (ibid). poaceae arundinaria g ig antea (walter) muhl. river cane or giant cane usda database lists the plant in kansas, but not in nebraska. more than 20 counties in eastern oklahoma host the plant (ovpd). river cane is the “bamboo” of north america. river cane served many purposes for tribes, especially the southeastern woodland cultures, in the making of arrows, blow guns, whistles, construction materials, fishing items, and in basketry [moerman 1998 (p.104)]. the woody grass inhabits moist bottomlands and forest understories and can reach 20 or more feet in height. oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 12, december 2012 c. randy ledford stewart culin [1975 (p.99)], described pawnee gaming sets containing four dice each that were made from split cane ranging from 8 to 16.5 inches (20.32 cm to 41.91 cm) in length, with some sets painted, and a set with a small feather tied to the end of each piece of cane. according to tuttle [1838 (p.41)] a type of flute was made out of cane which she noted as “sugar cane”. in my opinion, the flute was more likely made out of river cane. moerman [1998 (p.499)] only listed the seminole as using sugar cane as a food. a small cane whistle was included in the warrior’s bundle belonging to eagle flying under the heavens [murie 1981 (p.190)]. h esperostipa spartea (trin.) barkworth (=stipa spartea) porcupine or needle grass pitsuts (hair brush) or paari pitsuts (pawnee hairbrush) porcupine grass prefers dry prairies and open woods with a geographic range that includes kansas and nebraska. according to the usda database and ovpd, the grass has been documented in three northern oklahoma counties: kay, osage, and washington. pawnee county joins osage county to the north. the grass was prepared as a brush after the stiff awns and stalks were tightly bound into a small rounded-bundle, followed by burning off the pointed grains [gilmore 1919 (p.14)]. gilmore, citing alice fletcher, noted that the grass brush was used in the pawnee hako pipe ceremony. included in the publication by fletcher [1904 (p.220)], regarding the hako ceremony, a section titled “explanation by the ku’rahus” (old man or priest) is as follows: “the grass of which the brush is made is gathered during a ceremony belonging to the rain shrine. it represents toharu, the living covering of mother earth. the power which is in toharu gives food to man and the animals so that they can live and become strong and able to perform the duties of life. this power represented by the brush of grass is now standing before the little child”. the grass brush was also described by weltfish [1965 (p.363)]. typhaceae t ypha latifolia l. cat-tail or broadleaf cattail hawahawa and kirit-tacharush (meaning “eye itch” with reference to down getting into eyes) the plant grows in a wide-spread range and conditions of moist sites and wetland environments. it can be found in kansas, oklahoma, and nebraska (usda and ovpd). the pawnee used the down to make dressings for burns and scalds [moerman 1998 (p.574)]. gilmore [1919 (p.12)] related that the down was used on infants to prevent chafing, as we use talcum; as a filling for pillows; and as padding for cradle boards, as well as in quilting baby wrappings. a great quantity of down was gathered in advance to have readied for the placement oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 c. randy ledford 38 of a newborn infant on the down. with the lack of cotton diapers in the olden times, pads of down were used (ibid). cat-tail leaves were used in the making of woven mats as an alternative to bulrush [weltfish 1965(p.404)]. anacardiaceae r hus g labra l. smooth sumac nuppikt, sour top smooth sumac is a shrub that often grows in prairies, fields, and edges of woodlands. it is common across oklahoma (ovpd) and much of kansas and nebraska (usda). the pawnee name is in reference to the sour-tasting red fruits that develop in summer. in the fall when the leaves turn red, they were gathered and dried for smoking [moerman 1998 (p.472)]. gilmore [1919 (p.47)] also noted the use of the red leaves for smoking. in relation to a chawi doctor ceremony, sumac leaves were mixed with tobacco for smoking [murie 1981 (p.203)]. the fruits were boiled to make a remedy for dysmenorrhea and also for bloody flux [gilmore 1919 (p.47)]. the use of its leaves, bark, and roots to make a black dye included the application to bison hides [moerman 1998 (p.472)]. araceae arisaema triphyllum (l.) schott jack-in-the pulpit or indian turnip nikso kororik kahtsu nitawau; medicine or herb, that bears, what resembles, an ear of corn (the ripe fruits) it grows in moist woodlands and is known to exist in kansas and nebraska (usda). it has been documented in more than 17 counties in oklahoma (ovpd). if you eat the un-cooked corm (root), you will certainly reap the unpleasant sensation due to the calcium oxalate crystals inherent in this poisonous plant. the corm was not reportedly used as a food source of the pawnee, but was pulverized and used as medicine. it was used to treat headaches by dusting the top of the head and temples and applied as a counterirritant for rheumatism and similar pains. the seeds were placed in gourd shell rattles [gilmore 1919 (p.17)]. asteraceae grindelia squarrosa (push) dun. curly cup or curly top gum weed bakskititis, stick-head (bak, head; skitits, sticky) gumweed is a perennial plant that grows in fields, along roadsides, and in waste places. the plant exudes a sticky substance which is true to the pawnee name. it is spread across the oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 12, december 2012 c. randy ledford northern half of kansas and found across the state of nebraska (usda). in oklahoma, the plant is mostly situated in western counties (ovpd). according to a pawnee informant, the tops and leaves were boiled to make a wash for saddle galls and sores on horses [gilmore 1919 (p.81)]. this species has the longest listing of uses by native americans of the grindelia genus [moerman 1998 (pp.252-253)]. h elianthus annuus l. common sunflower kirik-tara-kata, yellow eyes (kirik, eye; tara, having; kata, yellow) the annual plant is often found in fields and along roadsides. the common sunflower is listed for every county in kansas, and in nebraska, it is distributed across the entire state (usda). it has been documented in the majority of counties in oklahoma (ovpd). gilmore [1919 (p.78)] noted that he could not find that the plant was ever cultivated by any of the nebraska tribes, but there was evidence of such by some of the eastern tribes and the arikara (linguistic neighbors to the north). a pawnee informant of gilmore’s reported that the seeds were pounded up with certain roots (not identified or disclosed) and were taken in the dry form without further preparation, by women who became pregnant while still suckling a child for the reason that the suckling child should not become sick (ibid). h elianthus tuberosa l. jerusalem artichoke kisu-sit (kisu, tapering; sit, long) the perennial plant has been reported for mainly the eastern three-quarters of kansas and nebraska (usda). in oklahoma, it is erratically distributed mostly in the eastern half of the state (ovpd). it grows in wet soils of prairies, open woods, disturbed areas, and roadsides. the people of the nebraska tribes say they never cultivated the plant, but used its tubers for food [gilmore 1919 (p.79)]. the pawnee reportedly ate them only raw, but the others, according to their own statement, ate them raw, boiled, or roasted (ibid). in a pawnee tale, “coyote and the artichoke”, artichoke (presumably jerusalem artichoke), was mentioned; whereas, coyote ate too many artichokes which caused intestinal distress [dorsey 1906 (p.464)]. wonder what the moral of that story part is? fabaceae apios americana medik. (=glycine apios) groundnut or indian potato its the habitat of the perennial twining herb includes pond and stream banks, moist thickets, and wet meadows. it can be found in kansas and nebraska (usda) and mostly in central, eastern, and some southwestern counties in oklahoma (ovpd). oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 c. randy ledford 40 two parts of the plant were a food source for the pawnee. the tubers were eaten raw or cooked, preferably gathered in the fall, and the seeds of summer were consumed like peas [kindscher 1987 (pp.48-49)]. groundnut is a common native food plant of temperate and eastern north america. it is possible that the plant was propagated by the cheyenne and other tribes and its range extended westward (ibid). weltfish [1965 (p.415)] noted that the tubers were an important food provision for the winter bison hunt. gilmore [1919 (p.42)] reported that the tubers of the plant were used as a food source by all the tribes within its range and prepared by boiling or roasting. pediomelum esculenta (pursh) rydb. (=psoralea esculenta) indian breadroot or pomme blanche patsuroka the perennial herbaceous plant prefers prairies and has a scattered occurrence in about 16 oklahoma counties (ovpd). it is scattered through much of kansas and across nebraska (usda). the french name, “pomme blanche”, means white fruit. the plant’s root was an important substance of the vegetal diet of the plains tribes and after being peeled was eaten fresh, cooked, or stored to dry for use during the winter. the roots were braided in long strings by the tapering ends. when the women and children went to the prairie to gather the roots, on finding a plant the mother tells the children to note the directions which the several branches point and a child is sent in the general direction of each branch to look for another plant, for they say the plants “point to each other” [gilmore 1919 (p.40)]. nelumbonaceae nelumbo lutea willd. water lily or water chinquapin tukawiu, skiri band word and tut, chawi band the aquatic plant currently has a range in nebraska limited to 3 counties and is scattered in more than 20 counties in kansas. it has been documented across oklahoma (ovpd), but only in 12 counties by the usda. the plant was considered to be one invested with mystic powers. it was an important food source with use of the seeds and tubers (shaped somewhat like a banana). the hard, nutlike seeds were cracked and used with meat for making soup. the peeled tubers were cut up and cooked with meat or with hominy [gilmore 1919 (p.27)]. ranunculacea aquileg ia canadensis l. wild columbine or red columbine skalikatit or skarikatit, black seed the plant prefers growing in moist, well-drained, shady or partly shaded sites. it has been documented in some eastern kansas counties and some northern and eastern counties in oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 12, december 2012 c. randy ledford nebraska (usda). in oklahoma, the columbine is mainly in 17 northeastern and eastern counties (ovpd). according to an account of the seeds being used as a perfume and a love charm, seeds are pulverized and rubbed in the palms of the suitor, who then contrives to shake hands with the desired one, whose fancy it is expected will thus be captivated [gilmore 1919 (pp.30-31)]. also, historically, seeds were crushed in an elm mortar by a pestle made of the same wood, with the resulting powder being added to hot water and the infusion being drunk for fever and headache (ibid). conclusion i have made an attempt to provide a checklist of plant usage as it relates to the pawnee. before publication, a “preliminary pawnee ethnobotany checklist” was reviewed by mr. stephen bird (b.s., m.s.) and three other pawnees. my goal is to complete the larger paper which may include more than sixty species of plants, not including species associated with agriculture. when that is done, a pawnee review committee will be offered the opportunity to respond to the findings of the research. ethnobotany has many applications. along with the existing pawnee endeavors involving agriculture, linked to historic corn varieties and other cultivated plants of olden times, herbaceous native plants could also be grown in an ethnobotany garden to contribute to horticultural skills development, cultural education, and the actual use of the plants. also, information gained through the research could be applied to the arts and in the sanctioned reproduction of certain artifacts. it is like filling ones tow sack with pieces of lost earthly connections to possess in order to bring elements of the past to the present. lastly, i share an excerpt from “origin of the chaui”, also written “chawi”, as told by roaming chief-hereditary chief of the chaui (band) in about 1906 and recorded by dorsey [1997(p.13)]: the earth i give you, and you are to call her ‘mother’, for she gives birth to all things. the timber that shall grow upon the earth you shall make use of in many ways. some of the trees will have fruit upon them. shrubs will grow from the ground and they will have berries upon them. all these things i give you and you shall eat of them. never forget to call the earth ‘mother’, for you are to live upon her. you must love her, you must walk upon. literature cited culin, stewart. 1975. games of the north american indians. new york: dover publications, inc. dorsey, george. 1997 (first published 1906). the pawnee mythology. lincoln: university of nebraska press. fletcher, alice. 1996. the hako: song, pipe, and unity in a pawnee calumet ceremony. reprint of 1904 report. bison books edition. university of nebraska press. gilmore, melvin. 1977 (first published 1919). uses of plants of the indians of the missouri river region. lincoln: university of nebraska press. hyde, george. 1974 (first published 1951). the pawnee indians. norman: university of oklahoma press. kindscher, kelly. 1987. edible wild plants of the prairie. [lawrence]: university press of kansas. lesser, alexander. 1978 (originally published 1933). the pawnee ghost dance oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 c. randy ledford 42 hand game. [madison]: university of wisconsin press. moerman, daniel. 1998. native american ethnobotany. portland: timber press. murie, james. 1914. pawnee indian societies. anthropological papers of the american museum of natural history, volume 11, part 7. murie, james, edited by douglas r. parks. 1981. ceremonies of the pawnee. lincoln: university of nebraska press. oklahoma vascular plants database (ovpd). 2011. oklahoma biological survey. university of oklahoma, norman. tuttle, sarah. 1838. history of the american mission to the pawnee indians. boston: massachusetts sabbath school society. usda-nrcs plants database. 2011. plant profiles. united states department of agriculture. weltfish, gene. 1965. the lost universepawnee life and culture. lincoln: university of nebraska press. . a preliminary pawnee ethnobotany checklist by mr. c. randy ledford 2019 oklahoma native plant record oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 19, december 2019 foreword this issue of the oklahoma native plant record contains articles describing the vegetation of the past and present in oklahoma, and one that sheds light on the potential for an invasive species to further affect the native vegetation of our state. based on plats, bearing tree data, and line summaries from the public land survey, bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick from the university of oklahoma describe the historical land cover along the deep fork river in okmulgee county circa 1897. these records indicate the bottomland forests, cross timbers forests and woodlands, and tallgrass prairie in this area were already starting to be transformed by agricultural activities. abby crosswhite and adam ryburn from oklahoma city university conducted a vascular plant survey of the john nichols scout ranch in a suburban area of canadian county. they report that a diversity of habitats on this property (upland forest, mixed grass prairie, bottomland forest, riparian areas) provide refuge for many species no longer found in the surrounding agricultural and residential areas. bruce smith provides a checklist of the woody plants he and his students at mcloud high school have identified in the mcloud oak-hickory forest near their campus. he also provides a trail map and a guided tour of the forest, in which he illustrates how to identify many of the woody plants by their leaves, buds, and bark; encourages the reader to notice the lichens, slime molds, and insect larvae on the plants; and describes the size structure of the forest. i encourage you to stop by mcloud and use his trail guide to help you enjoy and appreciate this native forest. eric duell and karen hickman from oklahoma state university investigate the ability of kudzu (pueraria montana) to sexually reproduce in oklahoma at the western extent of its range. although kudzu primarily spreads by rhizomes, sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity and results in seeds that can be dispersed by animals and water, thus potentially increasing its range. information on the relative importance of asexual versus sexual reproduction in kudzu in oklahoma can help us monitor and manage this invasive species. this issue's critic’s choice essay was written by paul buck for the botany bay section of the spring 1998 gaillardia. in his essay, paul visits a bottomland forest and describes the life he sees there on a cold and windy winter day. as this issue goes to press, we are in the midst of the covid-19 pandemic, and many people are finding the time and opportunity to notice more of the myriad of interactions in the natural world, something paul always beautifully encouraged us to do. please consider publishing your work in the oklahoma native plant record. it is listed in the directory of open access journals, is abstracted by the centre for agricultural bioscience international, and can be accessed by researchers around the world. gloria caddell managing editor 2018 oklahoma native plant record 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 bruce a. smith 10.22488/okstate.19.100004 new record of m yr iopter is lin dh eim er i (hook.) j. sm. in kiowa county, oklahoma bruce a. smith mcloud high school 1100 w. seikel mcloud, oklahoma 74851 cmwootoni1@gmail.com keywords: apog amous, tomentose, fronds, pteridaceae, rare, fairy swords, fern abstract myriopteris lindheimeri (hook.) j. sm. (fairy swords; pteridaceae) is an apogamous fern of the southwestern united states. fairy swords are native to arizona, new mexico, texas, and oklahoma. the only two records in oklahoma are from comanche county: f.b. mcmurry in 1942 and j.b. beck with c.j. rothfels in 2017. in this article, i report a new sighting from kiowa county, describe the species, and explain how it can be distinguished from other southwestern oklahoma species in the genus. introduction myriopteris lindheimeri (hook.) j. sm. (fairy swords; pteridaceae), formerly cheilanthes lindheimeri hook. (grusz and windham 2013), is a fern of the southwestern u.s. that occurs in arizona, new mexico, texas (windham and rabe 1993), and oklahoma (hoagland et al. 2004-present). the species has been classified as rare by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory with a sh rank (oklahoma natural heritage inventory 2018). the only occurrences in oklahoma were reported from comanche county (hoagland et al. 2004-present) in 1942 and 2017. the 2017 specimens were deposited at the herbaria of the university of oklahoma, university of michigan, university of duluth, and wichita state university. a third sighting in kiowa county in 2013 and 2016 is reported in this article. i will give a technical description of m. lindheimeri and describe general locations where it has been seen and collected. i will also include a simple dichotomous key to six southwestern oklahoma species of myriopteris. methods and materials on march 18, 2013, my wife and i visited lindheimer’s mountain (figure 1) on the campus of southwest baptist youth camp in kiowa county. i made two collections of what i thought were myriopteris rufa fée most likely because the blades appeared tomentose. to my surprise, both specimens were m. lindheimeri. on april 23, 2016, i visited the same location and again found a population (figure 2) of what i thought was m. rufa. i made several collections, and once again i had made the same identification mistake as i did in 2013. knowing how rare m. lindheimeri is, and knowing that the only record of its occurrence was in comanche county, it took me by surprise. the 2013 and 2016 specimens will be deposited in the herbaria of the university of oklahoma, university of central oklahoma, and oklahoma state university. the exact location of the collection is not reported because of the status of m. lindheimeri as a species of conservation concern in oklahoma. mailto:cmwootoni1@gmail.com oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 18, december 2018 bruce a. smith m yriopteris in oklahoma myriopteris in oklahoma is composed of eight species that were formerly in the genus cheilanthes (grusz and windham 2013). the eight species are typically separated by presence or absence of rachis scales and whether the fronds are clustered or separated on the rhizomes (figures 2, 3, 4, and 5). six of the eight species can be found on rocky slopes and ledges in the wichita mountains: m. gracilis fée, m. lanosa (michx.) grusz and windham, m. rufa fée, m. tomentosa (link) fée, m. wootonii (maxon) grusz and windham, and m. lindheimeri. neither m. alabamensis (buckley) grusz and windham nor m. scabra (c. chr.) grusz and windham have been reported to occur in the wichita mountains. both occur mainly on limestone rock; m. alabamensis is a northeastern oklahoma species reaching its western limits in murray county, and m. scabra has only been sighted in murray county. description of m yriopteris lindh eim eri plants growing in open rock crevices or rock overhangs or rocky ledges (see figure 2; figure 6). rhizomes long creeping, fronds separate. fronds all alike, 3.1-29.5 cm long, mostly erect; vernation noncircinate. stipes straight or curving, brown; scales conspicuous. blades oblonglanceolate to ovate-deltate, 1.5-4 cm wide, 2-13 cm long, 3-4 times pinnately compound at the base; pinnulets or ultimate segments beadlike at the base; adaxial surfaces green, falsely appearing tomentose (the hairs have their origin from the ciliate scales that grow between the lobes of the ultimate segments from the abaxial surfaces to the adaxial surfaces); abaxial surfaces obscured by scales with ciliate margins. rachis brown; scales conspicuous. costae on adaxial surfaces green, obscured by scales. revolute margins (false indusia) hidden or partially hidden by scales (figure 7). sori continuous. key to southwest oklahoma lip ferns, m yriopteris 1. rachis and stipe scales absent; segmented hairs present. 2. ultimate segments beadlike. ............................................................. m. gracilis (=cheilanthes feei) 2. ultimate segments not beadlike. .................................................. m. lanosa (=cheilanthes lanosa) 1. rachis and stipe scales present; segmented hairs absent. 3. rhizomes short creeping. fronds clustered, erect in center to ascending to descending on the outside. 4. scales on abaxial surfaces of costae conspicuous, margins erose-dentate. blades about 6 times longer than wide. ........ m. rufa (=cheilanthes eatonii) 4. scales on abaxial surfaces of costae inconspicuous, margins entire. blades about 4 times longer than wide. ........ m. tomentosa (=cheilanthes tomentosa) 3. rhizomes long creeping. fronds separate, mostly erect. 5. adaxial surfaces of blades glabrous. revolute margins (false indusia) on abaxial surfaces of blades conspicuous, not hidden by scales. ............................................................................. m. wootonii (=cheilanthes wootonii) 5. adaxial surfaces of blade glabrous, but appearing tomentose (the hairs on the adaxial surface originate from the abaxial surfaces and grow between the lobes of the ultimate segments to the adaxial surface). revolute margins (false indusia) on abaxial surfaces of blades inconspicuous, hidden or partially hidden by scales. ......................................... m.lindheimeri (=cheilanthes lindheimeri) 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 bruce a. smith discussion and conclusions currently m. lindheimeri is assigned a state rank of sh plant by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (oklahoma natural heritage inventory 2018). sh plants are thought to be "possibly extinct or extirpated" in oklahoma. with the two new sightings in comanche and kiowa counties, the status of the species will be upgraded to s1 (amy buthod, oklahoma natural heritage inventory, personal communication). s1 means the species is critically imperiled, with fewer than five populations. this is good news. the number and size of the populations in the area in which it has been found are also important to conserving m. lindheimeri. the 2017 wichita mountains national wildlife refuge collection by beck with rothfels is from a single population of two small patches with at least 100 leaves (james beck, wichita state university, personal communication). i have no idea how many populations are on lindheimer's mountain; it is a large area that needs to be traversed on both sides. the picture taken in april 2016 is of a relatively large group of fairy swords. the population i visited in november 2018 (which may be the same population as the one located in 2016) is about 6 m2 with nine groups about the size of those pictured in figure 6. the area needs more visits to document the size of the population(s). in conclusion, i am glad that frank mcmurry explored the wichita mountains and made a record of m. lindheimeri. nice job j.b. beck and c.j. rothfels for successfully searching and finding m. lindheimeri, for the first time since 1942. it must have been an exciting day. good news, it still lives in the wichitas! finally, i am glad we found it "thriving” in kiowa county. hopefully, additional populations will be found, its known range will be extended in both counties, and it will be found in other southwestern oklahoma counties. i suggest quartz mountain resort and headquarters mountain hiking trail in granite (both in greer county) as good areas to search. let me know; i am ready. acknowledgments thanks to clayton and christie carlisle for giving me access to the southwest baptist youth camp. you have been very kind. thank you reviewers, including amy buthod, for your time and additions. thank you, dr. caddell, for your additions, editing the article, patience, and allowing me to publish my findings. literature cited grusz, a.l. and m.d. windham. 2013. toward a monophyletic cheilanthes: the resurrection and recircumscription of myriopteris (pteridaceae). phytokeys 32:49– 63. hoagland, b.w., a.k. buthod, and t.d. fagin. 2004-present. oklahoma vascular plants database. norman (ok): university of oklahoma, oklahoma biological survey. http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org (december 2018). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2018. norman (ok): oklahoma biodiversity information system. http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/ (december 2018). windham, m.d. and e.w. rabe. 1993. cheilanthes. in: flora of north america editorial committee, eds. flora of north america north of mexico 2:152–169. new york (ny) and oxford (england): oxford university press. http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/ oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 18, december 2018 bruce a. smith figure 1 lindheimer’s mountain (name given by the author), southwest baptist youth camp, near quartz mountain resort. photo by bruce smith. figure 2 myriopteris lindheimeri (= cheilanthes lindheimeri), fairy swords, growing under a granite rock overhang on lindheimer’s mountain, southwest baptist youth camp. note the long stretching rhizome, separate erect fronds, and adaxial surfaces appearing tomentose. photo taken by bruce smith. 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 bruce a. smith figure 3 myriopteris wootonii, beaded lip fern. rhizomes long creeping, fronds separate. photo by bruce smith. figure 4 myriopteris rufa, eaton’s lip fern, on headquarters mountain hiking trail in granite, oklahoma. note the clustered fronds and the white hairs on the blade surfaces. photo by bruce smith. oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 18, december 2018 bruce a. smith figure 5. myriopteris tomentosa, wooly lip fern. rhizomes short creeping, fronds clustered. photo by bruce smith. figure 6 myriopteris lindheimeri growing in an open granite rock crevice on lindheimer’s mountain, southwest baptist youth camp. photo by bruce smith. 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 bruce a. smith figure 7 abaxial surfaces of m. lindheimeri (top) and m. wootonii (bottom). note the revolute margins (false indusia) hidden or partially hidden by scales on m. lindheimeri. photo by bruce smith. 2019 oklahoma native plant record 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 paul buck 10.22488/okstate.20.100005 critic's choice essay seeking a special plant reprinted from gaillardia, spring 1998 paul buck† professor emeritus department of biological science university of tulsa tulsa, ok 74104 i am nearing a bottomland forest, one filling the large band of a bird creek meander north of tulsa. it is a typical, beautiful oklahoma winter day. typical in that it is overcast, the wind is from the north, a hint of moisture is in the air, and temperatures near freezing. beautiful in the sense that no others will be out today. the editor asked for a botany article, one featuring an interesting oklahoma plant. i quickly accepted since the literature search is always rewarding. i enjoy discussing our native flora, and it is necessary to go into the field to gather information. past articles have featured goldenrod, mistletoe, pokeweed, and other species. the present problem is, what species should i write about? one approach is to go into the field and wander until, by chance, the plant makes itself known. leaving the truck at the edge of the road, i enter the forest and immediately encounter a large lagoon, too deep to wade, and besides, it is too cold to get wet. that means a walk, which turns out to be worthwhile. along the bank, the surface is a mat of water fern, gathered here by the persistent wind. the few openings are covered by duckweed from which several birds, startled by my intrusion, gather wing and flee to what they must perceive is a safer place. i wonder what lurks beneath the surface? there must be a multitude of insect larvae, many active while others have started the pupation process, a prelude to the reawakening of aquatic life next spring. the lagoon is interesting, but i must move on, seeking that special plant. the forest consists of large oaks, hickories, ash, elms, and maples. there is no sound but the wind pushing against the protesting trees, the soft impact of latefalling leaves striking the litter-covered soil, and complaints of crows objecting to my presence. the tranquil beauty compels me to stop. i settle comfortably on a fallen tree and become immersed in thought – there is something special here. nearby i spot a tangle of vines consisting of oklahoma's three members of the moonseed family: carolina snailseed, moonseed, and cupseed. the striking yellowish-orange buds of poison ivy catch my eye, and close examination reveals bud scales covered with long, soft hairs. suddenly a white-footed deer mouse, unable to stand it any longer, darts from temporary hiding near my feet for the security of its burrow a short distance away. but it is time to press on in my search of a subject for this article. why follow this worn path when an animal trail angles off in the direction i wish to go? the trail shows evidence of deer passing recently. the prints indicate an adult and two juveniles, perhaps a doe with her twins. in this moist area, the trail is lined oklahoma native plant record 59 volume 19, december 2019 paul buck with broadleaf spanglegrass, the heavy fruiting stems forming arches. youngsters prefer to call the grass “fish on a line”, a most descriptive name. many of the plants here are still green; perhaps this spot has escaped a hard freeze. beyond the wet area, i find myself surrounded by coralberry (kansans call it buckbrush), still bearing dense clusters of the reddish fruit which give it our common name. this would be a good subject for the article, but i prefer continuing; it is difficult to give up the interactions with nature and the peaceful seclusion. in spite of the low temperature, something is moving in the leaf litter. they are wolf spiders scurrying about, although most are under the protective leaf cover. interestingly, none of the females are carrying egg sacs, the eggs having long since hatched and new young dispersed. these spiders live five or six years and are active through the winter. i wonder how they survive the bitter cold? in the distance, a fallen tree has a distinct reddish glow which calls for examination. it turns out to be a beautiful mass of brightly pigmented moss sporophytes – but this is not the time for moss reproduction. down on the belly! an up-close, hand-lens look and it is obvious each capsule is wide open, empty of spores. a delightful winter gift from mother nature. as i arise, i am greeted by a raucous, almost vulgar alarm cry from a great blue heron as it struggles to get airborne along the edge of the creek. i move to the bank to watch the heron disappear around a bend and find the slope covered with hop vines. most have been frozen, but some are still green and show evidence of browsing, probably deer. while examining the hop fruits, a skunk appears, moving rapidly in my direction. it stops at the sound of my voice, stares directly at me, and seems to listen as i explain i am no threat and sincerely hope it shares my peaceful intent. after appearing to consider my comments, it continues, not toward me but at an angle, passing without so much as a “pardon me” and disappears into the dense mass of hop. space will not permit me to share all i found. there is so much more: the beautiful sulfur-yellow winter buds of bitternut hickory, logs covered with carpets of small tan puffballs, a great horned owl passing soundlessly overhead, patches of leaves covered with powdery mildew, huge sycamores and cottonwoods, and spots of bright green in the leaf litter which turn out to be henbit, nettle, and groundsel – a sneak preview of what is to come. later, as i contemplate bur-oak fruit along the trail and marvel at the few acorns but abundance of empty fringed cups, it occurs to me it is getting darker; the sun must be setting. at the edge of the forest, i climb onto a dike, this time into a much stronger wind, heavier clouds, stinging rain, and it is colder – but still, that beautiful oklahoma winter day. no, i have not located that special plant i was seeking. that is bad; what will i tell the editor? on the other hand, it is good; i must return to this spiritual place and continue my search. onps 2019 oklahoma native plant record five year index to oklahoma native plant record volume 14 4 flora of kiowa county, oklahoma, m. s. thesis, lottie opal baldock 38 gardens of yesteryear, sadie cole gordon 43 oklahoma deciduous trees differ in chilling enhancement of budburst, stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 50 mapping distribution in oklahoma and raising awareness: purple loosestrife (lythrum salicaria), multiflora rose (rosa multiflora), and japanese honeysuckle (lonicera japonica), katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman 67 non-twining milkweed vines of oklahoma: an overview of matelea biflora and matelea cynanchoides (apocynaceae), angela mcdonnell 80 critic’s choice essay: pollination ecology of our native prairie plants, gloria m. caddell volume 15 4 preface to first flowering dates for central oklahoma, wayne elisens 6 first flowering dates for central oklahoma, ben osborn 19 forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia, oklahoma county, oklahoma (1820–2014), chad king 31 interplanting floral resource plants with vegetable plants enhances beneficial arthropod abundance in a home garden, chrisdon b. bonner, eric j. rebek, janet c. cole, brian a. kahn, and janette a. steets 49 contributions to the flora of cimarron county and the black mesa area, amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 78 antifungal activity in extracts of plants from southwestern oklahoma against aspergillus flavus, tahzeeba frisby and cameron university students 96 kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. abundance and distribution in oklahoma, marli claytor and karen r. hickman 105 critic’s choice essay: mistletoe, phoradendron serotinum (raf.) johnston, paul buck† volume 16 4 pollination ecology of sabatia campestris nutt. (gentianaceae), constance e. taylor 10 the structure of the gynostegium, breeding system, and pollination ecology of spider milkweed, asclepias viridis walt. (apocynaceae), m. s. thesis, shang-wen liaw 45 a floristic inventory of the university of oklahoma’s kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county, oklahoma, amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 64 effects of fire severity on habitat recovery in a mixed grass prairie ecosystem, laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano 78 critic’s choice essay: a conversation with a small beetle, paul buck† volume 17 4 a study of the flowering plants of tulsa county, oklahoma, exclusive of the grasses, sedges, and rushes, m.s. thesis, maxine b. clark† 37 laboratory studies of allelopathic effects of juniperus virginiana l. on five species of native plants, erica a. corbett and andrea lashley 53 vascular flora of e. c. hafer park, edmond, oklahoma, gloria m. caddell, katie christoffel, carmen esqueda, and alonna smith 69 first record of chorioactis geaster from oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo and sheila brandon 72 critic’s choice essay: allelopathy, paul buck† volume 18 4 characteristics of a bottomland hardwood forest at arcadia lake, edmond, oklahoma, with special emphasis of green ash (fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall), chad b. king and joseph a. buck 19 presence of pueraria montana (lour.) merr. var. lobata (willd.) maesen & s.m. almeida ex sanjappa & predeep (kudzu vine) in tulsa county, oklahoma, isaac walker and paulina harron 24 comparative transpiration studies on the invasive eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana l.) and adjacent woody trees, adjoa r. ahedor, bethany spitz, michael cowan, j’nae miller, and margaret kamara 38 new record of myriopteris lindheimeri (hook.) j. sm. in kiowa county, oklahoma, bruce a. smith 45 anther number, anther apical appendages, and pollination biology of calyptocarpus vialis (heliantheae: asteraceae), james r. estes 52 critic’s choice essay: myrmecochory, paul buck† oklahoma native plant society p.o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 historical land cover along the deep fork river: an analysis of vegetation composition and distribution of the deep fork national wildlife refuge, okmulgee county, oklahoma, circa 1897 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick 17 a floristic inventory of the john w. nichols scout ranch, canadian county, oklahoma abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn 30 a walk through the mcloud high school oak-hickory forest with a checklist of the woody plants bruce a. smith 52 sexual reproduction of kudzu (pueraria montana [lour.] merr.) in oklahoma eric b. duell and karen r. hickman 58 critic’s choice essay: seeking a special plant paul buck† five year index to oklahoma native plant record – inside back cover journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 9, december 2009 74 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 five year index to oklahoma native plant record volume 4 4 ecological factors affecting the distribution of woody vegetation near the arkansas river, tulsa county, anne wanamaker long 24 cotinus obovatus raf. (smoke-tree) in oklahoma, bruce hoagland. 26 giant cane and southeastern indian baskets, julia a. jordan. 30 vascular flora of the chouteau wildlife management area, wagoner county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and forrest l. johnson. 40 status and habitat characteristics of chyprepedium kentuckiense (kentucky lady’s slipper) in southeastern oklahoma, bruce hoagland and amy k. buthod. 48 common lawn and garden mushrooms of central oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo 56 why do species names change? patricia a. folley volume 5 4 relationship of forest vegetation to soils on geological formations of the oklahoma gulf coastal plain, r. john taylor 39 a vegetation analysis of a pimpled prairie in northeastern oklahoma, constance l. murray 61 vascular flora of a site along the arkansas river, pawnee county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 73 additions to the flora of garvin county, oklahoma, phillip t. crawford and priscilla h.c. crawford 98 tribute to john taylor, onps members volume 6 4 the lichens of north central oklahoma, darvin w. keck 51 annotated nomenclatural update to keck (1961), douglas m. ladd 53 vascular flora of a red sandstone hills site, canadian county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 69 vascular flora of a riparian site on the canadian river, cleveland county, oklahoma, lacy burgess and bruce w. hoagland. 80 cedar-apple rust, clark l. ovrebo volume 7 4 vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks, charles s. wallis 21 updated oklahoma ozark flora, bruce w. hoagland 54 the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site osage county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy buthod 67 vascular plant checklists from oklahoma, michael w. palmer 78 the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers, caleb stotts, michael w. palmer, and kelly kindscher 91 botanizing with larry magrath, patricia a. folley volume 8 4 a floristic study of the vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma, 1975 m.s. thesis, susan c. barber 37 updated list of taxa for vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma, susan c. barber 45 updated flora of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge keith a. carter, pablo rodriguez, and michael t. dunn 57 common spring mushrooms of oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo and nancy s. weber 61 fern habitats and rare ferns in oklahoma, bruce a. smith 67 tribute to paul buck, constance murray 75 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 oklahoma native plant society c/o tulsa garden center 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 vascular plants of southeastern oklahoma from san bois to the kiamichi mountains f. hobart means 38 composition and structure of bottomland forest vegetation at the tiak research natural area, mccurtain county, oklahoma. bruce w. hoagland and newell a. mccarty 59 is seedling establishment very rare in the oklahoma seaside alder, alnus maritima ssp. oklahomensis? stanley a. rice and j. phil gibson 64 whatever happened to cheilanthes horridula and cheilanthes lindheimeri in oklahoma? bruce a. smith 70 critic’s choice essay: invasive plants versus oklahoma’s biodiversity chadwick a. cox five year index to oklahoma native plant record - inside back cover journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 9, december 2009 1 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 volume 9, december 2009 issn 1536-7738 managing editor: sheila strawn technical editor: erin miller production editor: paula shryock electronic production editor: chadwick cox technical advisor: bruce hoagland editorial assistant: patricia folley the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2009 officers and board members president: lynn michael vice-president: gloria caddell secretary: paula shryock treasurer: mary korthase membership database: tina julich past president: kim shannon board members: monica macklin constance murray stanley rice bruce smith marilyn stewart ron tyrl central chapter chair: jeannie coley cross-timbers chapter chair: paul richardson mycology chapter chair: sheila strawn northeast chapter chair: sue amstutz gaillardia editor: chadwick cox harriet barclay award chair: rahmona thompson anne long award chair: patricia folley onps service award chair: sue amstutz historian: sharon mccain librarian: bonnie winchester website manager: chadwick cox photo poster curators: sue amstutz & marilyn stewart color oklahoma chair: tina julich conservation chair: chadwick cox mailings chair: karen haworth merchandise chair: susan chambers nominating chair: paula shryock photography contest chair: tina julich publicity chairs: kim shannon & marilyn stewart wildflower workshop chair: constance murray website: www.usao.edu/~onps/ cover photo: lobelia cardinalis l. cardinal flower, courtesy of marion homier, taken at horseshoe bend in beaver’s bend state park, september 2006. articles (c) the authorsjournal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant societyexcept where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one.https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100065 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 9 table of contents foreword ................................................................................................................................................. 3 vascular plants of southeastern oklahoma from the sans bois to the kiamichi mountains, ph.d. thesis .............................................................................................. 4 dr. f. hobart means composition and structure of bottomland forest vegetation at the tiak research natural area, mccurtain county, oklahoma ................................................ 38 dr. bruce w. hoagland and mr. newell alan mccarty is seedling establishment very rare in the oklahoma seaside alder, alnus maritima ssp. oklahomensis? ................................................................................................. 59 dr. stanley a. rice and dr. j. phil gibson whatever happened to cheilanthes horridula and cheilanthes lindheimeri in oklahoma? ................................................................................................................................ 64 dr. bruce a. smith critic’s choice essay: invasive plants versus oklahoma’s biodiversity .................................... 70 dr. chadwick a. cox five year index to oklahoma native plant record .......................................... inside back cover oklahoma native plant record, volume 13, number 1, december 2013 oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100096 4 ecology and taxonomy of water canyon, canadian county, oklahoma master’s thesis, university of oklahoma 1961 [revised 2013] constance e. taylor, professor emeritus department of biological sciences southeastern oklahoma state university durant, ok 74701-0609 keywords: disjunct species, erosion, microclimate, plant distribution, sediment, caddo ca nyons, acer saccharum [abstract] numerous canyons have been cut into the rush springs sandstone of permian age in west central oklahoma and subsequently refilled. some of these canyons have been partly exposed by erosion of the sediment fill. fossils collected indicate the canyon fill is sub-pleistocene to geologically recent. the microclimate of these canyons is more mesic compared to the dryer prairie uplands. sugar maple (acer saccharum) persists there, far west of its other locations in very eastern oklahoma. beginning in 1932 several of these sediment-filled canyons began a process of rapid erosion, exposing the rock walls of the canyons. this study is a comparison of water canyon and two of its branches: water branch canyon, a stable canyon wooded with mature vegetation including sugar maple and activity branch canyon, a newly excavated canyon branch that began eroding after excessive rainfall in 1932. this study was completed in 1960. six transects are used to show the distribution of the 233 plant species found in the water canyon complex. herbaceous species generally were unique to each canyon type. [2013 introduction] this 1959-60 study of the water canyon complex, a part of the caddo canyons, compares the vegetation of an actively eroding canyon branch to the vegetation of a more stable canyon branch. at the time of the study, there was little overlap of herbaceous species in the two branches. with over 50 years of succession, it would be most interesting to compare the current vegetation of the recently eroded activity branch of water canyon with that currently present in the more stable and mature water branch canyon to see how many species of the more stable canyons have become established. scientific names have been updated according to usda plants database, 2013. common names have been added according to taylor and taylor (1994). 1961 introduction this morning we continued up the south side of the creek . . . at the point where the road strikes the crest of the ridge we found ourselves only one mile from the river, and continued . . . until we reached the head of spring creek, where we encamped, making our day’s march sixteen miles. the valley of spring creek . . . is a mile in width, abundantly watered, arable soil, oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor and timbered with black walnut, elm, hackberry and cottonwood. it is in the immediate vicinity of the upper cross timbers, where postoak timber is abundant. it is also directly opposite the head of the little washita river, where there is said to be hickory and sugar-maple timber, within a distance of ten miles from this place. (foreman 1939) on may 22, 1849, captain r. b. marcy made camp near the head of what is now boggy creek in caddo county, oklahoma. the next day, he and his company travelled the ridge dividing the south canadian river and sugar creek (called by him, little washita) drainage basins. this prairie road passes through one of the most interesting and unique areas in oklahoma. within a half mile of both sides of the divide lie numerous steep walled canyons where water flows year round and eastern sugar maples (acer saccharum) occur (little 1939; taylor 1960). the relic maples here are growing 160 to170 miles (258 to 273 km) west of their western most locations in eastern oklahoma. the caddo canyon area, as it is frequently called, lies principally in northeastern caddo county and southwestern canadian county. steep box canyons have vertical rock walls at their upper end. numerous canyons occur from binger, oklahoma to 8 miles (12.8 km) north of hinton in blaine county, and from 4 miles (6.4 km) west of hinton, east along the south canadian river into canadian county to a point northeast of cogar. to the west of the general area, the streams flow in shallow v-shaped valleys approximately 50 feet (15m) wide. north of hinton, on the north side of the south canadian river, a few shallower box canyons are found, but most streams there are in rounded valleys where erosion has not removed the sediment from the canyon walls. the so-called caddo canyons are located in the south canadian and washita river basins which are separated by a relatively narrow ridge or divide. marcy’s route followed the ridge, which is now traversed by oklahoma state highway 37 between cogar and hinton, and by a section line road west of hinton. the steep canyons have cut back into the ridge for distances of a mile or more. downstream they gradually spread out into low rounded valleys. the south canadian river is three to five miles (5-8 km) north of the ridge; whereas, the washita river lies about 24 miles (38 km) south of the divide. the canyons of the washita drainage flow first into sugar creek which flows to the southeast into the washita river. the canyons on the north side drain directly into the south canadian river. the study area little (1939) studied the vegetation of four canyons: south, devils, kickapoo, and water. both devils canyon (site of the united methodist church canyon camp) and kickapoo canyon are located on many maps. south canyon is now called red rock canyon and is the location of a state park. the exact location of water canyon was not mentioned by dr. little. however, smith (1930), in her study of the geography of canadian county, includes a map of the county’s water drainage and the location of this canyon. the water canyon complex was chosen for detailed study because many disjunct species occur there and its branches are representative of the two major canyon types. it is located in the very southwestern corner of canadian county. hinton, oklahoma is five miles (8 km) west; the small community of niles is on the eastern edge. the main stream of the complex flows oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor 6 directly 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from its head to the south canadian river (figure 1). this study dealt with the vegetation in the canyon proper and its two large eastwest branches. the northern boundary was placed at the moss grove school site’s section line bridge which is about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of the south canadian river. the vegetation here is similar to the floodplain, which has been greatly influenced by human activity. oklahoma state highway 37 defines the boundary of the canyon complex drainage on the south and west, while the north-south section line road which passes through niles roughly defines the drainage boundary of the east side of the study area. the area studied is located in t11s, r10e in sections 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 16, and 17. creeks in the canyons on the south side of the south canadian river flow northward, entering the river at more or less right angles. therefore, that part of the water canyon complex, which was designated as the main stream, flows from the very north central part of section 16 north to the moss grove school bridge and on to the south canadian river. there are four major branches in the complex. there are two major types of canyons in the caddo canyons. previously excavated, stabilized canyons with deep sheer walls, little erosion, and mature trees are the first type. water canyon branch is an example of this type. other examples are the red rock canyon state park and devils canyon. the other type of canyon is characterized by recent rapid erosion, having been excavated to depths of as much as 100 feet (30 m) starting in 1932. with slump, unstable slopes, and young trees, activity canyon branch represents this type. this research was done from september 1959 to september 1960. specimens are deposited in the bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma, norman, oklahoma. [portions of water branch, as well as the main canyon, now have dams, including the northeast corner of sec. 4. google maps (niles cemetery, canadian, oklahoma) shows the upland vegetation strongly contrasts with the mesic vegetation in the canyons which are dark green.] geology canyon formation the canyons are cut in the whitehorse formation of late permian age (270-250 million years ago). the upper member, rush springs sandstone, is a poorly cemented and very friable rock with much cross-bedding. it varies from 160 to 300 feet (48 to 91 m) in thickness. the lower marlow member in its upper part is composed of red brick shale with bands of white sand, sandy gypsum, and thin beds of dolomite. it is approximately 120 feet (36 m) thick. the box heads and upper canyons are cut in the rush springs sandstone; the lower parts farther downstream 1.5 to 3 miles (2.4 to 4.8 km) are cut in the marlow member. the general widening into rounded valleys is due in part to the marlow member being more easily eroded. the origin of the canyons is not completely known. they are believed to have formed after the creation of the south canadian river, which controls the water gradient of drainage in the area. in road cuts along state highway 37, rounded quartzite pebbles form a layer at about the 1600 foot (480 m) contour level. this pebbly deposit is believed to have been laid down by the ancestral canadian river during the early part of the pleistocene. since that time, the river has moved 4 miles (6.4 km) north of this locality and has cut down about 300 feet (480 km). the highest elevation in the study area is slightly over 1700 feet (510 m) and the lowest point is approximately 1380 feet (415 m) at the stream near moss grove school bridge 3 miles (4.8 km) away. rough calculations from the topographic map oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor figure 1 canyon transect locations. binger quadrangle map, 1951. u.s. geological survey. black lines indicate transects i through vi. red outlines indicate sugar maple habitats. oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor 8 indicate the gradient of the stream bed from the head of water branch to moss grove is about 80 feet per mile (24 m per 1.6 km). it is thought that four cycles of cutting occurred in relation to the ice ages (one million to 12, 000 years ago). norris (1951) suggests that rounded valleys were cut during the nebraskan glaciations, with the box heads appearing during the kansan. during the illinoian stage of glaciations, the old canyons were widened and cut deeper. [suneson and johnson (1996) suggest the colder wetter glaciation periods produced permanent streams with waterfalls cutting back the box heads, and interglacial periods were a time of filling with sediment.] norris reports finding a sediment filled canyon. once one is familiar with the area, other non-eroded canyons can be identified. the forested slopes indicate that erosion in most exposed canyons is currently slow. several exceptions occur, among which are activity branch and grokett canyon. here, rapid re-excavation has occurred since 1932. before this time, small ravines marked the drainage channel. mr. frank hagen states he drove lumber wagons across grokett canyon on a road which followed the entire north side of section 5 (see figure 1) as late as 1925. there is no record of a bridge. this location is about one-third mile downstream from the present box head, and the sheer walls of the canyon are over 70 feet (21 m) in height. activity branch began its extensive erosion may 31, 1932, when a reported 15 inches (38.1 cm) of rain fell in the area within 12 hours. this was followed by a week of extremely rainy weather. here too, almost one-half mile of ravine was eroded and re-excavated back to bedrock canyon. the drainage area had been cleared, recently plowed, and planted to cotton just prior to the rainy period. this increased runoff of the drainage area and the increase in the amount of sediment carried by the stream has affected the topography of the main stream. at moss grove, a bridge 25 feet (7.5 m) in height is now necessary to cross the stream. local inhabitants report that upstream a 6 foot (1.8 m) fence was buried under sediment in less than 5 years. sedimentation and fossils norris (1951) reports that the sedimentary fill in the canyons is composed of rather uniform particles. close examination of the sandstone bedrock shows it too is composed of similar particles. it can thus be concluded that the sandstone bedrock was formed from wind deposited material, and that the fill in the canyons resulted from water deposition of the weathered parent rock. various means were employed to date the sediments in certain areas. fragile snail specimens were collected from various locations in several canyons. dr. branley branson (kansas state college) was kind enough to identify all specimens collected. two snail species dated as sub-recent to sub-pleistocene were identified as mesodon sp. and viviparus sp. these forms are characteristic of the more mesic forests in the eastern united states. other species dated this age were helisoma triavolvis, lymnaea bulimoides, gyralus parvus, and succinea avara. dated as recent forms were zonotoides arboreus, polygyra stenotrema, monodon aliciae, physa anatina, p. halei, and helicodiscus parallelus. [these investigations were later published by branson, taylor, and taylor (1962, 1982).] soil samples taken near the box head of niles branch were analyzed for pollen. each sample was collected 6 inches (15.24 cm) into the slope at 5 feet (1.5 m) intervals vertically. the first sample was taken about one foot above the stream bed; the last sample was taken about 2 feet (0.6m) below the rim. care was taken to avoid contaminating samples with surrounding soil that might have been washed down from the top. all samples were found to contain fossil pine pollen, pinus sp. the nearest stands of pine growing naturally in oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor oklahoma are the shortleaf pine, pinus echinata mill., found near coalgate, about 150 miles (240 km) southeast of the study site. grass and oak pollen were also abundant. dr. l. r. wilson, oklahoma geological survey, university of oklahoma, made the analysis. near the junction of niles branch and the main stream several fossil seeds were dug out of a 50 foot (15 m) sediment wall. specimens were removed about 20 feet (6 m) above the base. the seeds are probably those of celtis occidentalis. in the same layer with the seeds were several fingernail clam shells in the order sphaeriidae. species could not be determined. a buffalo (bison bison) molar was also found in this general area, and along the main stream a buffalo skull was dug out of a sediment wall. the specimen was located about 27 feet (8.1 m) from the base of a 40 foot (12 m) wall. soil around the specimen was very firm, while the skull itself was extremely fragile. the probable age is late wisconsin. climate since the soils in the area are all derived from sandstone, the controlling factors for vegetation were topography and climate. the hot dry winds of summer are important in limiting the western extent of species. maximum precipitation occurs during the spring and summer months. in this section, a large portion of the spring rains come during violent storms from the southwest. much of the torrential rain water is lost in runoff despite the porous, sandy soil. such rains are significant in erosion of the canyon sediments, particularly where vegetative cover is sparse. weather data since 1912 are available for geary, blaine county, oklahoma which is about 14 miles (23.3 km) north. the table below gives the monthly average rainfall in inches and average temperature for the geary station. averages are u.s. weather bureau data taken from 1931 to 1952. the averages are given for a period of erratic rainfall that includes the drought period of the early thirties. the temperature during the summer frequently surpasses 100 degrees f (37.7 degrees c), though winter temperatures rarely go below zero degrees. rice (1960) studied the microclimate of a sugar maple stand in devils canyon located about one-half mile (0.8 km) west of the study area. this canyon drains into the washita river. data were collected from april to november of 1958. he compared the microclimate inside the canyon with that above the rim. data were obtained during a relatively wet year, the precipitation being about twice the average during the summer months. rice found that the average daily air temperature was consistently higher at stations located outside and just above the canyon as was the average daily air movement, which was from 3.5 to 15 times higher outside. after the first week in may, the average daily relative humidity was consistently higher at stations located within the canyon. the precipitation/evaporation ratio in the canyon was about 1:1; whereas, it was about 1:3 outside the canyon. average soil temperature was also higher outside. these differences emphasize the more mesic environment in the bottom of the canyons as compared with the upland areas. differences were greatest during hot, dry periods. sugar maple (acer saccharum) has thus been able to retain numerous populations in the canyons as hot and dry conditions have eliminated this species from all but very eastern oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor 10 table average monthly rainfall (in.) and average temperature (of) jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec total in. 1.23 1.17 1.63 2.87 4.14 3.89 2.14 2.66 3.03 1.91 1.50 1.34 27.51 of 38.3 42.0 49.8 60.0 68.5 78.5 83.4 83.2 74.6 64.4 49.4 40.8 61.1 general vegetation of the area according to the duck and fletcher game type map of oklahoma (1943), the two major vegetation types occurring in the area are the tall grass prairie and oak woodlands. due to the extensive cultivation of the upland area, its general appearance is that of mixed grasses. among the more abundant species found here are western ragweed (ambrosia psilostachya), little blue stem (schizachrium scoparium var. scoparium), fall witch grass (digitaria cognata), triple awn grass (aristida oligantha), hairy grama (bouteloua hirsuta), and indian grass (sorghastrum nutans). on the more thinly soiled, steeper slopes not cleared for cultivation is found red cedar (juniperus virginiana), blackjack oak (quercus marilandica), and some post oak (q. stellata). there, open savannahs become scrubby forests in places. the major grasses which grow in the savannah area are those listed above, particularly the triple awn grass and hairy grama. prickly pear cactus (opuntia sp.) is a prominent savannah species. the sheer walls of the canyon, especially on the north facing side, are frequently covered with mosses and lichens, depending on how long they have been exposed. the talus slopes of the stable canyons support a forest vegetation: sugar maple (acer saccharum), hackberry (celtis spp.), black walnut (juglans nigra), chinkapin oak (quercus muehlenbergii), bur oak (q. macrocarpa), shumard’s oak (q. shumardii), and american elm (ulmus americana). an understory of redbud (cercis canadensis), rough-leaved dogwood (cornus drummondii), coralberry (symphoricarpos orbiculatus), poison ivy (toxicodendron radicans spp. radicans), and greenbriar (smilax spp.) is to be found. the floor of the canyons have these same species, with slippery elm (ulmus rubra) and blackhaw (viburnum rufidulum) characteristically occurring. the stream is generally without vascular forms of aquatic vegetation. species occurring on the newly formed talus slopes were noted to come from two major sources. the first was the expansion of the clumps of vegetation which were not covered by soil when the slope or wall collapsed; these clumps usually occurred on the top of the slope. the second source of species was seed dispersal from plants growing in the area. the more stable and older slopes are covered by tall grass prairie species, the major species being little blue stem and indian grass, with smooth sumac (rhus glabra) and coralberry represented by scattered individuals. the bottoms of the actively eroding canyons, particularly in the upper end, are occupied by cottonwood (populus deltoids) and black willow (salix nigra), with some sandbar willow (s. interior). downstream where less severe erosion has occurred, red cedar and chinkapin oak are predominant on the talus slopes and the floor, with shumard’s oak being common. the stream edges support stands of cattail (typha sp.) and horsetail (equisetum sp.). the canyon complex, midway from its box canyon head to the floodplain, is characterized by much lower rims. the walls are soil and are rarely over 50 feet in height, being generally about 30 feet high, with severe erosion occurring. deposition of oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor material in the stream is continuous. the trees on this flat floodplain are box elder (acer negundo var. texanum), cottonwood, black willow, and american elm. water speedwell (veronica anagallis-aquatica) and members of the cyperaceae are present along the stream edge and in other permanently moist areas. disjunct species the accepted explanation for the presence of disjunct species in western oklahoma is the relict vegetation theory. this theory proposes that at one time middle and western oklahoma had a wetter climate, enabling the eastern maple forest to grow naturally throughout the state. as the climate became dryer and dryer, the western boundary of the distribution range of some species moved eastward. in the caddo canyon area, the more mesic conditions of the canyons enabled the disjunct species to survive generation after generation. the presence of a number of disjunct herbaceous species seems to rule out chance seed dissemination to the area. the presence of pine pollen and fossil snails all tend to support the theory. some of the canyons in the area would have to have been excavated at the time the more mesic vegetation receded or the habitat would not have been available for the survival of the disjunct species. sugar maple is the most obvious of the disjunct species. it has a rather large distribution—from blaine county just north of bridgeport to south of binger in caddo county, and from just west of hinton to its eastward extension in canadian county north of cogar in the cedar lake sportsman club area. in only one location in the study area did maple become dominant, although it was a common tree in some areas. figure 1 shows that the maples are found in three branches of water canyon, becoming dominant in water branch about halfway downstream from the head of the box canyon. in the head of the niles branch box canyon, sugar maple trees are distributed from the stream edge to the canyon rim. trees at the latter location are small. no trees were of the large diameter reported by little (1939). several core samples were taken from sugar maple trees at a height of four feet. many had rotten centers. tentative identification of the disease is brown checked wood rot caused by polyporus sulphureus. the year this study was done, no seeds were produced by the maple trees. an attempt was made to dig up several young trees, and it was found that they were attached by underground rootstock to the larger parent tree nearby. a specimen of sugar maple from blaine county was not collected, as the tree was discovered during the winter. it is located just northeast of the center of sec. 17, t13n, r11w. this tree is growing on the upper half of the talus slope in a rather rounded canyon. the presence of maples on the rim or near it might suggest that they are fairly drought resistant. there is one strong piece of evidence that suggests that the caddo canyon sugar maple might possibly be a different biotype than the eastern maples. on oct. 3, 1954, dr. g.j. goodman, university of oklahoma, made a trip to the noble nursery at noble, cleveland county, oklahoma, where he collected specimens from two rows of sugar maple trees. one of the rows had been grown from stock obtained from an eastern nursery, while the other row had been grown from seeds collected in the canyons. the sun-scorched and dried leaves of the eastern maple were quite striking in comparison with the caddo sugar maple. dr. goodman states that the difference between the rows of trees was much more striking than is indicated by the specimens. the collections, goodman 6012 and 6013, are deposited in the bebb herbarium, university of oklahoma, norman, oklahoma. survival of the sugar maples in the canyons may be due partially oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor 12 to the fact that they are a more drought resistant biotype than those that grow in eastern oklahoma. the disjunct species of coralroot (corallorhiza wisteriana) was collected for the second time. this saprophytic orchid is a member of the more mesic eastern oklahoma forests. one of the most interesting disjunct species collected was figwort (scrophularia lanceolata). it is reported to be present also in the wichita mountains. identification of a duplicate specimen (stevens no. 923) was made by pennell and was cited in his work (pennell 1935) on the scrophulariaceae of the eastern temperate section of north america. other disjunct species which occur in the caddo canyon area are deertongue panicum (dichanthelium clandestinum), woodnettle (laportea canadensis), bonewort (cryptotaenia canadensis), aniseroot (osmorhiza longistylis var. villicaulis), fragrant bedstraw (galium triflorum), daisy fleabane (erigeron annuus), enchanter’s nightshade (circaea lutetiana ssp. canadensis), and purple-leaved willow weed (epilobium coloratum). the only collections of e. coloratum from the state are from the canyon area. hackberry (celtis occidentalis) is also disjunct; however, specimens have been collected from custer county, farther west. many species reach their western limit in the canyon area, and these are usually found growing in the stable type canyons. one specimen of dwarf prairie willow (salix humilis) [later corrected to salix exigua] was collected. verification of the identification of this specimen, as well as that of a specimen tentatively identified as slender muhly (muhlenbergia tenuiflora) [later corrected to muhlenbergia sobolifera], will add two more species to the list of disjuncts. although eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana) is not disjunct, its distribution in the area has had an interesting history. the local inhabitants of the area remember few redcedar occurring when they first settled the land in 1902. at the present time [1960], it is one of the most abundant and widely distributed species, occurring in almost all habitats. there are a number of very old trees, but most trees are small, young individuals. [continued expansion of populations is such that in 2013, redcedar is considered a nuisance tree by the state of oklahoma.] habitats the habitats described below all have distinctive vegetation types or species which are characteristic. one may delineate the habitats vertically from rim of canyon to stream edge in the bottom and horizontally from the box head to the canadian river floodplain. they may also be separated into two distinct types. niles, water, and pigpen branches represent the first type of canyon where very little erosion is taking place at the present time [1960]. they may be described as stable. activity branch is an example of the second type which is characterized by rapid erosion that has resulted in the recent excavation of the sediment in the upper end of a previously filled bedrock canyon. the vegetation growing in the habitats along the main stream is similar to the second or recently excavated type. habitat locations are discussed below with the use of six transects taken across the canyon branches at various positions from the box head to the floodplain. transect locations are indicated on the study area topographic map (see figure 1). distribution of species within the habitats of the transects are found in the appendix. water branch illustrates the typical habitats of the stable type canyons. transect i (figure 2) is taken at the box head where two habitats may be distinguished: the canyon floor (a) and the plunge pool-seep area (b). transect ii (figure 3) is taken about one-half mile from the box head and is typical of most of the branch. sheer oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor bedrock walls typical of transect i are also present as a result of the stream meandering from wall to wall eroding sediment away from the bedrock walls. major habitats that were collected here are: the north and south facing slopes of sediment remnants (a), the floor of the canyon (b), and the stream edge (c). figure 2 transect i (t-i) water branch’s stable box head a floor b plunge pool-seep area figure 3 transect ii (t-ii) one-half mile downstream from water branch’s stable box head a talus slopes b floor c stream edge activity branch represents the rapidly eroding type of canyon. the upper half of the canyon is more eroded than the lower end. transect iii (figure 4), taken about onefourth mile down from the box head, shows the following habitats: extensive north (a) and south (b) facing talus slopes, which are continuously changing; floor of the canyon (c,) where deposition of sediment is common; and the stream edge (d,) which is frequently inundated. the sheer bedrock walls were recently exposed by erosion. the curve of the canyon from a slight southwest-northeast direction to a west-east direction has caused the stream to flow on the north side of the floor. thus, a large portion of the remnant fill has eroded away on this side, exposing more of the wall. the slopes themselves are continually slumping, the sediment sliding into the stream bed. this causes a frequent change in the stream course. these habitats, exclusive of the slopes, occupy the box head area. transect iv (figure 5), taken about three-quarters of a mile from the box head of activity branch, has habitats in the lower part where less erosion has occurred. habitats include the north and south facing talus slopes (a), the floor of the canyon (b), and the stream edge (c). the rim is not as high above the canyon floor, and the width is slightly greater. figure 4 transect iii (t-iii) upper half of activity branch’s rapidly eroding canyon one-fourth mile downstream from its box head a south facing talus slope b north facing talus slope c canyon floor d stream edge oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor 14 figure 5 transect iv (t-iv) lower half of activity branch canyon threequarters mile from its box head a talus slopes b floor c stream edge transect v (figure 6) is taken along the main stream of the drainage between niles branch and water branch junction. the bedrock form in this area is probably of an older cutting cycle than that of activity branch, and the upper level habitat was probably at one time the bottom of the canyon. during the next cutting cycle, the channeling of water would have caused a new inner canyon to develop in the old canyon. as erosion developed this new inner canyon, the walls of the older canyon were rounded and the floor widened. then the entire canyon complex was probably filled with sediment. the form of the topography at present is the result of geologically recent erosion. habitats in this transect are: upper slopes (a), in which the sheer rock walls may reach a height of 50 feet (15 m); the slump slopes (b), resulting from the sediment not yet removed by erosion; the floor (c); and stream edge (d). transect vi (figure 7), taken at the north end of the study area near the moss grove school site, shows later development of the previous profile. here the canyon proper is wider than its approximately 35 foot (10.5 m) depth. the upper level has developed into an extensive flat area which is cultivated and grazed. for this reason it was not studied. from the rim there are stable slopes (a) into the canyon, and at one time the local inhabitants crossed without the need of a bridge. the meandering of the stream from one side of its bed to another has cut into these slopes and produced, in many places, sheer sediment walls which are continuously collapsing into slump slopes (b) above the floor (c) and stream edge (d). not studied was one small area that was commonly covered with a few inches of standing water. it was the only marsh type habitat noted. figure 6 transect v (t-v) main upper canyon between its niles and water branch junctions a upper slope b slump slopes c floor d stream edge figure 7 transect vi (t-vi) main lower canyon downstream from its water branch junction a stable slopes b slump slope c floor d stream edge oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor vegetation of habitats transect i – across the box head of water branch (see figure 2) the north and west facing sheer bedrock walls are almost continuously shaded and are covered with lichens and liverworts. dry as this habitat may be, after rains, when the air is very humid, the walls take on a definite green hue. in some places, the wall has a narrow ledge where the most important species are grasses. virginia creeper (parthenocissus virginiana) and poison ivy (toxicodendron radicans ) climb the walls to considerable heights. the ferns found in crevices and at the base of the wall are lady fern (asplenium sp.), eaton’s lipfern (cheilanthes castanea), purple cliff break (pellaea atropurpurea), and blunt lobed cliff fern (woodsia obtuse). little (1939) states that reboulia hemisphaerica is the common liverwort in the shaded moist areas. the south facing sheer bedrock walls receive considerable sun and vegetation is sparse. near the base of the cliff where the walls are shaded by trees, the species are the same as those listed above. the plunge pool-seep area has two major divisions. on the walls of the seep area, which are moist at all times, conocephalum conicum is common. ferns, such as common bladder fern (cystopteris fragilis), may be found. these areas are almost continually shaded, and where there is enough soil for herbaceous plants, the following species are found which are characteristic of the seep habitat (see appendix). these are hairyseed paspalum (paspalum pubiflorum var. glabrum), fragrant bedstraw (galium triflorum), small flower brookweed (samolus parviflorus), and water speedwell (veronica anagallis-aquatica), the latter not being restricted to the seep area. the plunge pool at the base of the cliffs where stream runoff comes over the rim does not have aquatic or wetland vegetation zonation, probably due to the fluctuation of the water level. the floor at the base of the canyon extends to the base of the walls. many of the species found on the slopes and in the more shaded parts of the canyon are present here. however, the trees are young without dense forest canopy, allowing denser growth of understory plants. here, greenbriar (smilax sp.) and poison ivy make passage very difficult. chinkapin oak (quercus muhlenbergii), american elm (ulmus americana), and redcedar (juniperus virginiana) are the common trees. the forenamed vines and grape (vitis spp.), which climb the wall, are extensive. species which grow here are not only those of the shaded slopes, but many upland grasses such as bluestem (schizachrium sp.) and grama grass (bouteloua spp.) are found less extensively. t ransect ii – one-half mile down from water branch box head (see figure 3) the walls in transect ii are similar to the walls at the box head. the talus slope generally slants up at an angle of over 60 degrees, but the dense vegetative cover is a great deterrent to erosion. in places where a path has been made up the slope, deep ruts are now present. the vegetation of the slopes are variable, determined by degree of slope, age, and soil stabilization. the major woody plants are american elm, chinkapin oak, bur oak (quercus macrocarpa), shumard’s oak (q. shumardii), redcedar, netleaf hackberry (celtis reticulata), sugar maple (acer saccharum), and black walnut (juglans nigra). major understory species are redbud (cercis canadensis), rough leaf dogwood (cornus drummondii), elbowbush (forestiera pubescens), and coralberry (symphoricarpos orbiculatus). virginia wild rye (elmus virginicus) seemed to be the most common grass in the less densely shaded areas. herbaceous species were limited in number, the most common being the sedge (carex artitecta) and missouri violet (viola missouriensis). the ground had a very dense covering of mosses, the major species being mnium cuspidatum. no attempt oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor 16 was made to identify the bryophytes. little (1935) gives a fairly comprehensive list of the species of this group and the pteridophytes which occur in the caddo canyon area. there are several differences in the north and south facing slopes. the species are the same, but the south facing side has a slightly thinner tree canopy, particularly near the rim, and the density of shrubs and herbs is slightly greater. the major difference was the number and abundance of upland species which could be found on the upper slopes of the canyons right below the rim. as is expected, both number and abundance were greater for the south facing side. i have included many of the upland species which grow in this area and have indicated them with a “u” (see appendix). it was interesting to note that many of the upland species found here were not found in other places throughout the canyon complex. many of these species were collected in the few areas along the slopes where there is slight erosion or in clearings. the floors of the stable type canyons supported almost all species present in the slope habitats. they contained many species not found on the slopes, including hackberry (celtis occidentalis), white mulberry (morus alba), red mulberry (m. rubra), green ash (fraxinus pennsylvanica), and slippery elm (ulmus rubra). shrubs such as blackhaw (viburnum rufidulum) and wahoo (euonymus atropurpurea) were mostly limited to this habitat, while both greenbriar and virginia creeper were usually on the more level grounds. grasses found only in this locality were stout woodreed (cinna arundinacea) and slender muhly (muhlenbergia tenuiflora). when the upland species found on the slopes are not taken into consideration, the number of herbaceous species was greater for this habitat. some of the more common herbs included green dragon (arisaema dracontium), day-flower (commelina erecta), and white avens (geum canadense). the stream itself was generally one to three feet below the general canyon floor. among the characteristic species of the stream edge were coralroot orchid (corallorhiza wisteriana), veiny pepperweed (lepidium oblongum), bloodleaf (iresine rhizomatosa), richweed (pilia pumila), false nettle (boehmeria cylindrica), elephant’s foot (elephantopus carolinianus), and inland sea oats (chasmanthium latifolium) which reached its greatest development here. t ransect iii – upper end of activity branch (see figure 4) the box head of activity branch does not contain any distinct vegetation types. the recent exposure of the canyon bedrock walls is the reason for the limited development of the liverwort population. the talus slopes here have only been recently formed, and many are not stabilized. some are presently being held by a rather dense grassland cover, as trees are absent or rare on the slopes. the north facing slope supports more mesic vegetation than the south facing slope. major grasses are little bluestem (schizachrium scoparium), indian grass (sorghastrum nutans), knotroot bristlegrass (setaria parviflora), little barley (hordeum pusillum), and others. the major grasses of the south facing talus slopes are bluestems in lesser quantity with purpletop (tridens flavus) dominant in some localities. species composition depends on the age of the slope. the floor of the area near the box head is dominated by cottonwoods (populus deltoids) about 25 years of age and by both sandbar and black willows (salix exigua and s. nigra). it was noted that the sandbar willow was more abundant on the lower part of the talus slope than in the level bottom. in this canyon as well as in the others, the vegetation of the floor tends to extend up the bottom of the talus slope until the incline becomes steeper than 45 degrees. the extensive erosion of sediment from the drainage area above the canyon oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor and from the slopes has resulted in the deposition of sediment in the stream, burying the bases of the cottonwoods and willows. here, during the spring, large portions of the canyon bottom are inundated. farther downstream, indian cigar tree (catalpa speciosa) is abundant with a few elm trees. many cedar trees only 4 feet (1.3 m) in height or less are dead, probably from inundation. both poison ivy and greenbriar are present, but not to great extent. barnyard grass (echinochloa crus-galli) and water speedwell are present, but cattail (typha latifolia) and horsetail (equisetum hyemale) are the more abundant species of the stream edge. transect iv – lower part of activity branch (see figure 5) in this area of less erosion, the talus slopes are forested. the major woody species include red cedar and chinkapin oak, with shumard’s oak occurring frequently. blackjack oak (quercus marilandica) is also present. coralberry is the common shrub, and bluestem and grama grasses are present in sunny spots. these slopes support a forest which is transitional between the upland forests and the more mesic forests of the box head area of the stable type canyons. the floor is not densely wooded, and greenbriar and bluestem cover most parts. the increased amount of water flowing through the stream, as well as the effect of deposition, cause the stream edge to closely resemble that of the upper end of the branch. species which are most common along the stream edge are cattail and horsetail. transect v – across the main stream and canyon (see figure 6) the main stream has forest occurring on the upper level. species here are generally the same as those of the slopes of water branch, but sugar maple is absent, and shumard’s oak is the predominant species along with chinkapin oak and american elm. the canopy is such that most of the shrubs are on the slope. common are rough leaf dogwood, elbowbush, some blackhaw (viburnum rufidulum), and coralberry. the moss ground cover is not as thick as that of the slopes of water branch. herbaceous species are the same, but are few in number in comparison to the other habitats. along the main stream, the upper level begins to slope upward to the upland, and the more mesic oak forest gradually grades into the redcedar – blackjack oak shrub savannah characteristic of the less protected areas. in some places, the upper level slopes downward to the stream, but this is infrequent, as the sediment-carrying stream has caused extensive cutting, which in turn has produced sheer walls. the stream meanders from side to side and cuts under the walls, causing frequent collapsing with production of slump slopes. the common species of these recently produced slopes depend in part on the composition of species growing on the top before it collapsed. other species include sandbur (cenchrus spinifex), hairy grama (bouteloua hirsuta), canada wild rye (elmus canadensis), sixweeks fescue grass (vulpia octoflora), and little barley (hordeum pusillum). also, little bluestem is frequently found here. woody species, such as smooth sumac (rhus glabra) and coralberry, are present on the older slopes. herbs include croton spp., wild buckwheat (eriogonum annuum), white sweetclover (melilotus alba), and yellow sweetclover (m. officinalis). it is felt that the list of species occurring in this habitat is not complete. woody species on the floor include hackberry, celtis spp., green ash, kentucky coffeebean (gymnocladus dioica), chinkapin oak, shumard’s oak, and indian cigar tree. these trees are widely scattered, and the floor habitat itself is quite narrow due to the wide stream edge where black willow is abundant. occurring along the stream edge oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor 18 with black willow is water speedwell, cattail, and horsetail. transect vi – near the moss grove school site (see figure 7) here, stable slopes around 35 feet (10.7 m) in height are common. woody species are box elder (acer negundo), redbud, redcedar, american elm with rough leaf dogwood, smooth sumac, and coralberry. trees are widely spaced, and in the sunny areas one finds rescue grass (bromus catharticus), japanese brome (b. arvensis), canada brome (b. pubescens), sixweeks fescue, and little barley (hordeum pusillum), with various species of corydalis, croton, wild buckwheat, and sweet clover. on the slump slopes, species present are characteristic of newly formed surfaces. these include water hemp (amaranthus tamariscinus), toothcup (ammannia coccinea), goosefoot (chenopodium hybridum), carpetweed (mollugo verticillata), and sandbur. the canyon floor is wider than the walls are high, and the meandering of the stream from side to side forms isolated spots of habitat. the trees occurring here are the same as those on the slopes, but box elder is more abundant. cottonwood and black willow are common. herbaceous species characteristic of this area are the grasses mentioned above for the stable slope plus scribner’s panic grass (dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum), meadow dropseed (sporobolus asper), venus looking glass (specularia holzingeri), spurge (euphorbia heterophylla), three-seed mercury (acalypha ostryaefolia), salt marsh aster (aster exilis), western ragweed (ambrosia psilostachya), toothed spurge (euphorbia dentata), and sweetclovers. the stream edge is also wide at this location. here also, frequent inundation and deposition of sediment occur. horsetail and cattail are infrequent, with water speedwell being the more abundant species. in one isolated spot in the moss grove area there was a depression which was usually covered with water. here several species occurred which were found nowhere else. they were fescue sedge (carex brevior), slimpod rush (juncus diffusissimus), one-flowered flatsedge (cyperus uniflorus), dark green bulrush (scirpus pallidus), swordgrass (scirpus americanus), water speedwell, and barnyard grass which grew at the stream edge. acknowledgements i wish to express my sincere appreciation for the time and aid given by dr. george j. goodman, university of oklahoma, in the identification of species found in the study area. thanks also to dr. william t. penfound for his advice and guidance in the ecological aspect of the study. dr. r. l. wilson and dr. d. b. kitts, both of the university of oklahoma, and dr. branley branson, of kansas state teachers college, were most helpful in providing information about the classification of fossil forms found in the area. thanks is given to mr. frank hagen, mr. ed major, and mr. f. hienchel, all residents of the hinton, oklahoma area since 1902. they supplied much helpful information about the study area in the early nineteen hundreds. my most sincere gratitude is expressed for the encouragement and moral support of my husband, john taylor. bibliography duck, l.g. and j.b. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. in: duck, l.g. and j. b. fletcher (editors). a survey of the game and fur-bearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma city (ok): oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. foreman, grant. 1939. marcy and the gold seekers. norman (ok): university of oklahoma press. oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor little, e.l. 1935. bryophytes and pteridophytes of some west central oklahoma canyons. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 16:47–52. little, e.l. 1939. the vegetation of the caddo county canyons, oklahoma. ecology 20:1–11. norris, robert p. 1951. the origin and sedimentation of wilson canyon, caddo county, oklahoma [master’s thesis]. lawrence (ks): university of kansas. pennell, f.w. 1935. the scrophulariaceae of eastern north america. academy of natural science of philadelphia. monograph no. 1:272. rice, e.l. 1960. the microclimate of a relic stand of sugar maple in devils canyon in canadian county, oklahoma. ecology 41:445–453. smith, m.m. 1930. canadian county: a geographic study of a rural landscape [master’s thesis]. norman (ok): university of oklahoma. taylor, r. john. 1960. a general ecological survey of nine south canadian canyons near hinton, oklahoma (caddo co. and canadian co.) [master’s thesis]. norman (ok): university of oklahoma. [additional 2013 bibliography] branson, branley a., r. john taylor, and constance e. taylor. 1962. a pleistocene local fauna from caddo and canadian counties, oklahoma. oklahoma geology notes 22:280–295. branson, b., r.j. taylor, and c.e. taylor. 1982. additional collections of mollusk from pleistocene local faunas in caddo and canadian counties, oklahoma. southwestern naturalists 27(2):238–239. niles cemetery, canadian county, oklahoma. map. google maps. google. accessed web 24 november 2013. suneson, n. h. and k.s. johnson. 1996. geology of red rock canyon state park. oklahoma geology notes 56:88–105. taylor, r. john and constance e.s. taylor, 1994. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma, 3rd edition. published by authors. usda, nrcs. 2013. the plants database national plant data team, greensboro, nc 27401-4901 usa. [cited 2013] http://plants.usda.gov. http://plants.usda.gov/ oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor 20 appendix species-habitat list, water canyon, canadian county, ok in the following table the species are listed alphabetically within groups: trees, shrubs, woody vines, grasses. herbaceous species have been separated into groups: those found in the stable canyons and those characteristic of newly eroded canyons. habitats are arranged by transects. the list may be considered the beginning of a complete species-habitat list for the canyon area and serve as an aid to others who wish to study the canyons. x – present frequently, either evenly distributed as individuals or in occasional clumps. s – species abundant in that habitat. i – infrequent or rare. used when only a few plants were found in several places or many individuals occurring in only one limited area. u – indicates the species is normally a member of the upland communities but is occurring in the mesic woods of the stable type canyon. stable canyon eroding canyon main canyon head lower head lower upper lower t-i t-ii t-iii t-iv t-v t-vi species a b a b c a b c d a b c a b c d a b c d trees acer negundo l. var. texanum pax i x x x s s x acer saccharum marshall x x i catalpa speciosa (warder) warder ex engelm. x x x x x x x x x celtis laevigata willd. var. texana sarg. x x x celtis occidentalis l. x celtis reticulata torr. x x cercis canadensis l. x x x x x x x x fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall x x x x x x gymnocladus dioicus (l.) k. koch x x x juglans nigra l. x x juniperus virginiana l. x x x x s x x x x x maclura pomifera (raf.) c.k. schneid. morus alba l. x morus rubra l. x populus deltoids marshall s i s prunus mexicana watson x quercus macrocarpa michx. x x x x quercus marilandica münchh. u u u oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor stable canyon eroding canyon main canyon head lower head lower upper lower t-i t-ii t-iii t-iv t-v t-vi species a b a b c a b c d a b c a b c d a b c d quercus muehlenbergii engelm. s x x s u x x quercus shumardii buckley x x x s x quercus stellata wangenh. u u u robinia pseudoacacia l. x salix humilis marshall i salix interior rowlee s s s s x x salix nigra marshall i s s s s x x sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook & arn.) l.d. benson i sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. x x x x ulmus americana l. x s x i x x x x ulmus rubra muhl. x shrubs aesculus glabra willd. var. glabra u u u cephalanthus occidentalis l. i cornus drummondii c.a. mey. x s s x x x celastrus scandens l. x euonymus atropurpureus jacq. x x x x forestiera pubescens nutt. x s s i x x rhus glabra l. i i x x x x x x x x ribes aureum pursh var. villosum dc. x x x sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli x x x x symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench x x x i i x x x x i x x x tamarix gallica l. x x x viburnum rufidulum raf. i s x x x vines campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau i i cissus trifoliata (l.) l. cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. x x x x melothria pendula l. i menispermum canadense l. x x parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. x x x x x x x oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor 22 stable canyon eroding canyon main canyon head lower head lower upper lower t-i t-ii t-iii t-iv t-v t-vi species a b a b c a b c d a b c a b c d a b c d passiflora lutea l. var. glabrifolia fernald i smilax bona-nox l. s x s i x x i smilax tamnoides l. x x toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze s s s i i i vitis acerifolia raf. i vitis vulpina l. x x x grasses aristida oligantha michx. i i i i i bothriochloa saccharoides (sw.) rydb. x bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. i i i i i bouteloua gracilis (willd.) ex kunth i i i i i bouteloua hirsuta lag. x x x x x bromus arvensis l. u x x x x x bromus catharticus vahl u x x x bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. x x x x x s x x bromus tectorum l. u s cenchrus spinifex cav. x x x x i x x chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates x x s cinna arundinacea l. i cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. x x x dichanthelium clandestinum (l.) gould x dichanthelium oligosanthes (schult.) gould var. scribnerianum (nash) gould u x x x x x x x x digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop. x echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv. i x x x x elymus canadensis l. x x x x x x elymus virginicus l. x x x eragrostis capillaris (l.) nees u x eragrostis curvula (schrad.) nees x x x eragrostis secundiflora j. presl ssp. oxylepis (torr.) s.d. koch i x eragrostis sessilispica buckley u eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) alph. wood x oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor stable canyon eroding canyon main canyon head lower head lower upper lower t-i t-ii t-iii t-iv t-v t-vi species a b a b c a b c d a b c a b c d a b c d hordeum pusillum nutt. u x x x s x leersia virginica willd. x melica nitens (scribn.) nutt. ex piper i muhlenbergia racemosa (michx.) britton i i x i i muhlenbergia tenuiflora (willd.) britton i panicum capillare l. i paspalum setaceum michx. x paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex fourn. x phalaris caroliniana walter x schizachrium scoparium (michx.) nash i i i s i i x x x x x x setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen x x x x x x x sporobolus clandestinus (biehler) hitchc. x sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) a. gray x tridens flavus (l.) hitchc. s x x x vulpia octoflora (walter) rydb. var. octoflora u x x herbs –stable canyons acalypha virginica l. i i antennaria plantaginifolia (l.) richardson x x arisaema dracontium (l.) schott x boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. x x x carex albicans willd. ex spreng var. albicans s s carex blanda dewey x x carex brevior (dewey) mack. x x commelina erecta l. x corallorhiza wisteriana conrad i desmodium canadense (l.) dc. x x desmodium glutinosum (muhl. ex willd.) alph. wood x desmodium perplexum b.g. schub. u draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & a. gray i elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. x x erigeron philadelphicus l. x i oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor 24 stable canyon eroding canyon main canyon head lower head lower upper lower t-i t-ii t-iii t-iv t-v t-vi species a b a b c a b c d a b c a b c d a b c d eupatorium coelestinum (l.) dc. x euphorbia glyptosperma (engelm.) small u euphorbia heterophylla l. x x x galium aparine l. x x x x x x galium triflorum michx. x x geum canadense jacq. var. canadense x x x hackelia virginiana (l.) i.m.johnst. x x houstonia pusilla schoepf u iresine rhizomatosa standl. x lepidium oblongum small var. oblongum x lobelia cardinalis l. x monarda clinopodioides a. gray u myosotis verna nutt. u oxalis dillenii jacq. u palafoxia texana dc. u pediomelum digitatum (nutt. ex torr. & a. gray) isely u penstemon laxiflorus pennell i phemeranthus parviflorum (nutt.) kiger u pilea pumila (l.) a. gray x plantago patagonica jacq. u polygonum virginianum l. x polygonatum biflorum (walter) elliott x portulaca oleracea l. u pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & b.l. burtt spp. obtusifolium i samolus valerandi l. ssp. parviflorus (raf.) hulten x sanicula canadensis l. var. canadensis x scrophularia lanceolata pursh x spermolepis echinata (nutt. ex dc.) a. heller u stillingia sylvatica l. u tradescantia occidentalis (britt.) smyth i i i i oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor stable canyon eroding canyon main canyon head lower head lower upper lower t-i t-ii t-iii t-iv t-v t-vi species a b a b c a b c d a b c a b c d a b c d verbena urticifolia l. x x viola missouriensis greene x x x herbs – recent type canyon acalypha ostryifolia riddell x acalypha virginica l. i i amaranthus tamariscinus (moq.) sauer x x ambrosia psilostachya dc. x x x x x x ambrosia trifida l. x x x x x x x x ammannia coccinea rottb. x androsace occidentalis pursh u x i aphanostephus skirrobasis (dc.) trel. x x x x x x x apios americana medik. i apocynum cannabinum l. x x x x x argemone polyanthemos (fredde) g.b. ownbey x x x x x asclepias verticillata l. i x x asparagus officinalis l. i bidens cernua l. x carex emoryi dewey x x cassia fasciculata (michx.) greene var. fasciculata i i i chamaesyce maculata (l.) small x x chenopodium album l. x x x x x x chenopodium simplex (torr.) raf. x chenopodium leptophyllum (moq.) nutt. ex s. watson u cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. var. undulatum x conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist u i x x x x x x x x x corydalis curvisiliqua engelm. ssp. occidentalis (engelm. ex a. gray) w.a. weber x x x corydalis micrantha (engel. ex a. gray) a. gray x x croton glandulosus l. var. septentrionalis müll. arg. x x x x oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor 26 stable canyon eroding canyon main canyon head lower head lower upper lower t-i t-ii t-iii t-iv t-v t-vi species a b a b c a b c d a b c a b c d a b c d croton lindheimerianus scheele var. lindheimerianus u x x x x cucurbita foetidissima kunth x cyperus echinatus (l.) alph. wood u x cyperus retroflexus buckley x descurainia pinnata (walter) britton u x x x desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. var. paniculatum x x draba reptans (lam.) fernald x eleocharis montevidensis kunth x x x equisetum x ferrissii clute (pro sp.) [hyemale x laevigatum] x x x x equisetum variegatum schleich. ex f. weber & d. mohr x eriogonum annuum nutt. u x x x x euphorbia dentata michx. x froelichia floridana (nutt.) maq. i gaillardia pulchella foug. var. pulchella u x x x geranium carolinianum l. u x x grindelia papposa g.l. nesom & suh x x x x x helianthus petiolaris nutt. x x x x x heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britton & rusby u x x x x x hymenopappus scabiosaeus l’hér. var corymbosus (torr. & a. gray) b.l. turner i i i i i i i i juncus brachyphyllus wiegand x juncus diffusissimus buckley x lactuca canadensis l. x x x lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) riddell x x lactuca serriola l. x lepidium virginicum l. u x x x x lespedeza frutescens (l.) hornem. u x lycopus americanus muhl. ex w.p.c. barton x marrubium vulgare l. i melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. s s x x x x oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor stable canyon eroding canyon main canyon head lower head lower upper lower t-i t-ii t-iii t-iv t-v t-vi species a b a b c a b c d a b c a b c d a b c d mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macmill. x x x x x mollugo verticillata l. x x x monarda punctata l. ssp. punctata var. occidentalis (epling) pollmer & steyerm. u x x nemophila phacelioides nutt. x x x x nuttallanthus texanus (scheele) d.a. sutton x oenothera laciniata hill. u x x x x x x oenothera rhombipetala nutt. ex torr. & a. gray x x x opuntia mill. u x x packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & á. löve u x parietaria pennsylvanica muhl. ex willd. x penthorum sedoides l. x phacelia strictiflora (engelm. & a. gray var. lundelliana constance x phytolacca americana l. var. americana u i i x x plantago virginica l. u i pluchea odorata (l.)cass. var. odorata i polygonum lapathifolium l. x x pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. u x ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. i i rubus (l.) x x rumex hastatulus baldw. x schoenoplectus pungens (vahl) palla var. pungens x scirpus pallidus (britton) fernald x solanum americanum mill x x solanum rostratum dunal x x solanum dimidiatum raf. x x x x solidago gigantea aiton x x sonchus asper (l.) hill x x x sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. x x strophostyles helvola (l.) elliott x symphyctrichum divaricatum (nutt.) g.l. nesom x x x oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013 constance taylor 28 stable canyon eroding canyon main canyon head lower head lower upper lower t-i t-ii t-iii t-iv t-v t-vi species a b a b c a b c d a b c a b c d a b c d taraxacum laevigatum (willd.) dc. x teucrium canadense l. var. canadense x thelesperma filifolium (hook.) a. gray var. intermedium (rydb.) shinners u x x triodanis holzingeri mcvaugh x x x x typha latifolia l. x x x x verbesina encelioides (cav.) benth. & hook. f. ex a. gray ssp. encelioides x x vernonia baldwini torr. u veronica anagallus-aquatica l. i i s s s s viola bicolor pursh x x x x x x x x xanthium strumarium l. x x x yucca glauca nutt. x ecology and taxonomy of water canyon, canadian county, oklahoma, m.s. thesis by dr. constance e. taylor 2018 oklahoma native plant record 24 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. 10.22488/okstate.19.100003 comparative transpiration studies on the invasive eastern redcedar (juniper us virginiana l.) and adjacent woody trees adjoa richardson ahedor bethany spitz michael cowan j’nae miller margaret kamara engineering and science division rose state college midwest city, ok 73110 aahedor@rose.edu keywords: loblolly pine, bur oak, eastern cottonwood, white mulberry abstract fire suppression and grazing on the great plains have resulted in alteration of the grassland ecosystem, including an increase in woody trees. eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana l.) is a native but invasive conifer that is rapidly expanding its range in oklahoma due to human and ecological factors and the ability to tolerate aridity. it is known to reduce soil moisture due to high rates of water uptake compared to neighboring grasses and herbaceous species. the objectives of this study were to compare average amounts of water transpired between eastern redcedar and adjacent woody trees in central oklahoma to determine how water loss in the conifer compares with other trees in the same locality. average amounts of transpiration in eastern redcedar were compared with those of loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.), white mulberry (morus alba l.), eastern cottonwood (populus deltoides w. bartram ex marshall) and bur oak (quercus macrocarpa michx.). three to six branch tips per tree were securely bagged over 24-hour periods, and water collected in each bag was weighed and analyzed. three to five sampling months spanning two or three seasons were conducted for each comparative study. results indicated that for winter, spring, and fall, transpiration from eastern redcedar exceeded that from the other tree species. weather variables such as day length and temperature were found to have strong to moderate effects on transpiration in eastern redcedar. day length and temperature also had strong effects on transpiration in white mulberry and bur oak, respectively, and humidity had an effect on transpiration in loblolly pine. no reliable or significant effect of weather variables was detected in eastern cottonwood. introduction eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana l.) is the most widely distributed evergreen in the eastern half of the united states (smith 2011; van haverbeke and read 1976) and extends into the great plains (van els et al. 2010). in 1950, eastern redcedar occurred on about 1.5 million acres of oklahoma (bernardo 1986). by 1985, the conifer had expanded its range to 3.5 million acres, and by 1994, it had spread to almost 6 million acres of land in oklahoma (bernardo 1986; mckinley 2012). this indicates an increase of about 79% in less than 50 years. in 1985, a survey by the soil conservation service mailto:aahedor@rose.edu oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. indicated that eastern redcedar, though native, has become invasive and widespread (snook 1985). in the last few decades, eastern redcedar is rapidly expanding its range in the southern great plains primarily due to fire suppression (bragg and hulbert 1976), livestock overgrazing (van auken 2009; briggs et al. 2002), and rapid seed germination (horncastle et al. 2004). it is a pioneer species in old fields and pastures protected from fires. eastern redcedar is estimated to be currently expanding its range at a rate of 300,000 acres (121405.69 hectares) per annum in the oklahoma rangelands and prairies (hung 2012). although native to the state, it is considered to be drought-tolerant, invasive (snook 1985; bihmidine et al. 2010), and well adapted to the semi-arid climate of the state partly due to the presence of scale-like leaves, a thick cuticle, sunken stomata, and fibrous roots typical of conifers. the fast encroachment of eastern redcedar has raised concern among scientists, land owners, ranchers, water resource managers, and policy makers as a hindrance to water conservation (hung 2012). the encroachment of eastern redcedar is expected to cause a decline in soil moisture, stream flow, and water supply due to its relatively high water uptake capability compared to native grasses in the same habitat (huxman et al. 2005). it is estimated that one acre of eastern redcedar trees can absorb up to 55,000 gallons (ca. 208,000 l) of water every year, thereby reducing soil water availability to grasses and other herbaceous species (briggs et al. 2002). research on the effect of eastern redcedar in grassland ecosystems has focused primarily on water use efficiency, impact on soil moisture, and effect on adjacent native grass species (hung 2012; awada et al. 2013). however, as a droughttolerant invader in the semi-arid grassland of oklahoma, it is important to investigate the amount of water transpired from eastern redcedar. previous studies have shown that in loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.), green ash (fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall), and sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) high rates of transpiration during the day enhanced root absorption at night in the sense that the rate of water intake was largely determined by the rate of water loss (kramer 1937). the current study was designed to determine the average amount of water transpired from branch tips with intact leaves of eastern redcedar and adjacent trees in four localities in central oklahoma. the objectives of the study were to 1) compare the average amounts of transpiration in eastern redcedar and adjacent trees in the same habitat and 2) determine how climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, day length, and wind speed affect transpiration in the trees. results will be useful in understanding the potential amount of water transpired from eastern redcedar. because most broadleaf deciduous trees in the area are dormant in the winter season, the focus of the study was to assess the level of transpiration in eastern redcedar (and loblolly pine) during the cold seasons, the beginning and end of the warm seasons when deciduous trees are refoliating or defoliating. materials and methods sampling was conducted on trees growing in central oklahoma at both urban and rural sites. three deciduous tree species: white mulberry (morus alba l.), eastern cottonwood (populus deltoides w. bartram ex marshall), and bur oak (quercus macrocarpa michx.) and one evergreen conifer, loblolly pine, were selected for the comparative studies, in addition to eastern redcedar. these tree species were sampled because they were growing in the same locality on yards and ranches accessible to undergraduate researchers. a total of four sites were selected, three in oklahoma county and one in pottawatomie county. at each site, one to three eastern redcedar 26 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. trees were sampled adjacent to one to three comparable trees. the oklahoma county sites contained eastern redcedar and white mulberry in downtown oklahoma city (35.4754on, 97.5330 o w), eastern redcedar and eastern cottonwood in urban southeastern oklahoma city (35.4111on, 97.5556ow), and eastern redcedar and loblolly pine in rural, wooded southeastern oklahoma city (35.4249on, 97.3260ow). eastern redcedar and bur oak were studied at a site in rural northwestern pottawatomie county (35.4359on, 97.0917ow). the investigations were conducted in two parts, a fall study (september–december) of eastern redcedar and bur oak and a spring study (february–june) of eastern redcedar and loblolly pine, eastern cottonwood and white mulberry. to assess transpiration, clear plastic bags 68.5 cm x 60.9 cm (hdx waste basket liners) were used to enclose branch tips (robinson and donaldson 1967). each bag was examined for holes or open seams prior to use. the mass of each empty bag was estimated (wi; g), and it was tightly secured with twine around three to six branch tips on each tree (jadrich and bruxvoort 2011). branch tips ranged in length from 60–65 cm. branch tips had approximately 30–40 leaves and needles, except for eastern redcedar that had numerous scales that could not be counted. leaf surface area was not measured since leaves remained intact on branches, and many were high up on the branches and individual leaves could not be easily measured. bags securely fastened on branches were left overnight for a 24-hour period, after which they were carefully removed and mass was measured (wf; g). the mass of water (ww; g) collected in each bag was determined by subtracting wi from wf, that is, ww = wf – wi. branch tips sampled per tree were varied weekly to achieve greater sampling of each tree. branch tips high up on a tree were reached by carefully climbing ladders. the same side(s) of adjacent trees were bagged each time for consistency and to minimize microclimate effect. to assess the potential of condensation inside bags, additional bags were closed and left outside for each sampling event. condensation was either negligible or completely absent after 24h, particularly after the early morning hours when bags were examined. because sampling for each tree species at each site was conducted at the same time, the influence of condensation on the results was uniform across species. experiments were suspended during rainy or windy days to avoid accidental influx of rain water in the bags or puncturing/removal of bags due to excessive wind. the experiment was conducted weekly over three to five months. the local weather (temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and day length) was recorded for each sampling day by accessing oklahoma mesonet weather reports (oklahoma climatological survey 2017). following rainfall events, precipitation levels were recorded, but due to persistent rainfall in the spring, there were entire weeks when sampling was suspended. the bagging technique is typically used in classroom demonstrations (jadrich and bruxvoort 2011) but has potential for research applications explored here. however, if bags were not firmly secured, they could have been blown away by the wind or punctured. furthermore, changes in ambient temperature could cause condensation of moisture in the air originally trapped in the bag during bagging. temperatures were typically mild or low, except for a few sampling days when temperatures were high; thus, condensation in bags due to ambient high temperature was either absent or negligible. the total amount of water collected (transpired) was organized into tables for each investigation and analyzed using pasw statistics ver. 18.0 for windows predictive analysis software (spss, inc. 2009). normality tests were conducted to oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. determine the appropriate analysis (parametric or non-parametric) for each dataset. due to the small sample size in each investigation (< 50), shapiro-wilk test was conducted instead of k-s test. ghasemi and zahediasi (2012) reported that shapiro-wilk test is more reliable in testing data with a small sample size of fewer than 50. the eastern redcedar and loblolly pine data were analyzed using a t-test of the hypothesis that these species experience equal transpiration rates after conducting levene’s test for equality of variances. the remaining comparison involved significantly nonnormal data, and differences were tested using mann whitney u tests (spss inc. 2009; zar 1996). the significance level (alpha) was set at 0.05 for all statistical analyses. correlations between weather variables and transpiration for each comparison investigation were determined by conducting paired samples t-tests using spss (spss, inc. 2009). results tests for normality results of the normality tests (shapirowilk tests) indicated that for the spring study most of the data were normal (as significance levels were higher than 0.05) except for white mulberry, and eastern redcedar compared with eastern cottonwood (table 1). the shapiro-wilk test also indicated that for the fall study data obtained for eastern redcedar were not normal (p-value = 0.017) and bur oak data were normal (p-value = 0.097) (see table 1). transpiration rates for eastern redcedar growing with loblolly pine were normal. table 1 results of shapiro-wilk normality tests for data obtained for all comparison studies. significance level (p-value) = 0.05. p-values greater than 0.05 indicate normal data; less than 0.05 indicate not normal data. statistic degrees of freedom (df) significance level (p-value) spring eastern redcedar white mulberry eastern redcedar loblolly pine eastern redcedar eastern cottonwood fall eastern redcedar bur oak 0.935 0.814 0.897 0.857 0.750 0.948 0.850 0.900 13 13 9 9 15 15 15 15 0.401 0.010 0.237 0.090 0.0001 0.495 0.017 0.097 28 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. figure 1 average monthly transpiration measured in the spring study for (a) comparison study between eastern redcedar and loblolly pine conducted in rural southeastern oklahoma city, (b) comparison study between eastern redcedar and eastern cottonwood conducted in urban southeastern oklahoma city, and (c) comparison study between eastern redcedar and white mulberry conducted in downtown oklahoma city. bars represent means of water collected for all trees during the sampling period. standard error bars represent distribution of overall data obtained for three trees per species (a & b). bars without error bars represent means of water collected for one tree per species (c). all sites were located in oklahoma county. 30 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. spring study: eastern redcedar and loblolly pine, white mulberry and eastern cottonwood the variances of eastern redcedar and loblolly pine did not differ significantly (levene’s test: f = 0.413, p = 0.53, df = 16). the mean amount of water transpired did not differ between these species (t-test: t = 2.392, p = 0.29, df = 16) (table 2). the mean amount of water transpired by eastern redcedar was 90.54 g; whereas, the mean for loblolly pine was 49.92 g. results of mannwhitney tests indicated that the difference in mean transpiration was not significant between eastern redcedar and white mulberry (u = 54, n = 26, p = 0.125) but was significant between eastern redcedar and eastern cottonwood (u = 20, n = 30, p = 0.0001) (see table 2). average monthly transpiration increased steadily in all trees from winter to spring (figure 1a c). eastern redcedar transpired on all sampling days at all three sites, and its average transpiration was also higher than that by eastern cottonwood in each month from february to june (see figure 1b). in the comparisons of total transpired water between eastern redcedar and either loblolly pine or eastern cottonwood, 64% and 70% respectively of the total amounts of water transpired were obtained from eastern redcedar (table 3). in the spring, significant effect was detected between day length and transpiration in eastern redcedar (figure 2), and white mulberry (table 4). humidity also had some effect on transpiration in loblolly pine, but no effect was detected in the remaining tree species, including eastern redcedar (see table 4). results on precipitation were inconclusive due to very small sample size. table 3. total amounts of water transpired over entire sampling periods and overall percentages of total water mass sampled from eastern redcedar alone. n = number of sampling days. comparison n ww total mass of water in bags (g) percent of total water transpired from eastern redcedar (%) eastern redcedar & loblolly pine (spring) 9 1264 64 eastern redcedar & eastern cottonwood (spring) 15 1086 70 eastern redcedar & white mulberry (spring) 13 981 50 eastern redcedar & bur oak (fall) 15 1920 68 oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. 32 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. figure 2 effect of increasing day length on transpiration as observed in comparison study between eastern redcedar and eastern cottonwood in urban southeastern oklahoma city fall study: eastern redcedar and bur oak results of mann-whitney u tests indicated that the ranks of median transpired water were not significantly different between eastern redcedar and bur oak (u = 91, n = 30, p = 0.389) (see table 2). however, similar to the spring study, eastern redcedar transpired throughout the entire sampling period (figure 3) and 68% of the total amount of water sampled in the entire study came from eastern redcedar (see table 3). in eastern redcedar, transpiration was very low at high temperatures ≥ 90of (32oc) but moderate at warm temperatures ranging from 77–88of (25–31oc) (figure 4). in the winter when the temperature fell below freezing at 29of (1.7oc), transpiration decreased in eastern redcedar to similar levels observed in the summer when temperatures were at 90of and 94of (34oc), respectively. in the late summer at high temperatures, transpiration in bur oak was very high, but as temperature decreased in the fall, transpiration decreased quickly as trees defoliated until transpiration completely stopped when temperatures reached below 44of (7oc) and trees became dormant. thus, temperature had a significant effect on bur oak but not on eastern redcedar (see table 4). day length was also found to have an effect on transpiration in bur oak but not eastern redcedar (see table 4). as day length decreased from summer through fall, transpiration decreased in both bur oak and in eastern redcedar (see figure 4 and table 4). effect of humidity and precipitation were not tested. oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. figure 3 average monthly transpiration measured for eastern redcedar and bur oak in the fall study in rural northwestern pottawatomie county. bars represent means of water collected for all trees that month. standard error bars represent distribution of overall data obtained for three trees per species. figure 4 combined effect of decreasing average daily temperature and decreasing day length hours on transpiration observed in the comparison study between eastern redcedar and bur oak during fall in rural northwestern pottawatomie county 34 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. discussion results of the study indicated that eastern redcedar transpired throughout the entire study period and more than observed in adjacent trees including loblolly pine (see table 3). this may be partly due to the presence of stomata on both surfaces of the numerous scales (reduced leaves) of eastern redcedar. although stomatal counts were not conducted in this study, leaf anatomical studies of a related species, western juniper (juniperus occidentalis hook), revealed stomatal distribution on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the scales with the majority of stomata occurring on the adaxial surface and near the margins (miller and shultz 1987). unlike deciduous trees, transpiration in eastern redcedar did not greatly increase during the warm growing seasons but remained low to moderate even when seasons changed (see figures 1 and 3). a study by eggemeyer et al. (2009) on depth of water uptake in eastern redcedar growing in nebraska using stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen revealed that in the winter, water uptake occurs from deeper levels of the soil below 0.9 m due to unfavorable low and extreme temperatures in upper soil profiles. however, in the warm seasons, water uptake in eastern redcedar occurred at the shallow soil levels between 0.05 – 0.5 m. uptake of water from the upper soil profiles during the warm seasons was associated with an increase in fine shallow roots (eggemeyer et al. 2009). it has also been reported by lawson (1990) that adults and seedlings of eastern redcedar are known for their fibrous and extensive root system that spreads widely in shallow and rocky soils. furthermore, eastern redcedar is known to develop some form of deep penetrating taproot when growing in good soils, thereby enhancing water uptake from deeper levels and transpiration (hung 2012). the ability for eastern redcedar to utilize soil water at variable depths in response to seasonal temperatures may account for the low to moderate amounts of transpiration of eastern redcedar observed in all the comparison investigations in the current study. awada et al. (2013) also observed significant seasonal variability in transpiration in eastern redcedar with minimal transpiration observed in the winter from december to february when ambient temperatures fell below 0oc. similarly, in the present investigations, very low average amounts of transpiration were sampled for eastern redcedar during the cold months of february (see figures 1a–c), november, and december (see figures 3 and 4). however, the highest average amounts of water sampled from eastern redcedar were in april at the beginning of spring (see figures 1a–c) and september at the end of summer (see figure 3). average amounts of transpiration were also highest for loblolly pine, white mulberry, and cottonwood in april (see figures 1a and c). low transpiration was observed for loblolly pine in february compared to eastern redcedar. in general, average transpiration was observed to increase in march (see figures 1a–c) when trees were leafing out. the results further show that eastern redcedar and loblolly pine (both conifers and evergreen) transpired in february when the deciduous trees were either dormant or lacked matured leaves. the trace amounts of water sampled for eastern cottonwood and white mulberry in february may have been due to condensation after a spike in ambient temperature on one sampling day (see figures 1b and 1c). hydrogen isotopes used to determine water uptake from different soil levels in loblolly pine in north carolina revealed that similar to eastern redcedar, water uptake during spring through fall occurred primarily in the upper soil profiles; whereas, in winter, water uptake occurred at lower soil profiles (retzlaff et al. 2001). our data suggest that eastern redecedar and loblolly pine may have similar water uptake oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. strategies (eggemeyer et al. 2009; retzlaff et al. 2001), as evident in the consistent amounts of water collected in the bags throughout the sampling period (see figure 1a). the effect of humidity on transpiration in loblolly pine (see table 4) supports its predominant southern distribution in the usa where average humidity may be higher than that on the grassland due to the forest ecosystem, coastal climate, and higher annual precipitation. awada et al. (2013) reported that in the winter, daily average air temperature was a major factor limiting transpiration in eastern redecedar followed by precipitation and photosynthetic active radiation. in that study, a slight increase in transpiration in eastern redcedar was measured in the months of march and april when environmental conditions improved as photosynthetic active radiation, temperature, and precipitation increased. awada et al. (2013) further observed significant regression estimates between transpiration in eastern redcedar and daily air temperature when temperatures were above 0oc (32of). despite the limited sampling events of our current spring investigations, temperature was found to have a significant effect on transpiration in eastern redcedar (see table 4). similarly, day length had an effect on transpiration in eastern redcedar in the spring (see figure 2 and table 4). therefore, it can be inferred from the results obtained that as day length increased from february to june, associated with an increase in temperature, transpiration increased in all trees, especially in eastern redcedar (see figure 1). in late august through late september when day length was long (11.0–12.5 hours), transpiration was much higher in bur oak than in the adjacent eastern redcedar. however, as day length decreased (from october), transpiration drastically decreased in bur oak, and by late november and early december, negligible amounts were recorded. eastern redcedar, on the other hand, maintained a consistent moderate to low transpiration even when day length decreased to 9.5 hours in early december. despite the uneven sampling events for both spring and fall studies, the t-test paired samples results suggested that overall, day length and temperature are two weather variables that affected transpiration in eastern redcedar (see table 4). thus, further research will be necessary to better understand the combined effects of weather variables on transpiration in eastern redcedar. in conclusion, the success of eastern redcedar in the semi-arid grassland may be due to multiple factors, including droughttolerance (hung 2012), long growing season (awada et al. 2013), water uptake strategies (eggemeyer et al. 2009), and the effect of day length and temperature on transpiration, as observed in this study. considering the mild and short winters, coupled with early spring typical of oklahoma weather, transpiration in eastern redcedar appears to span all seasons. transpiration is moderate during warm seasons but low during hot or cold seasons. thus, overall, annual transpiration in eastern redcedar may be higher than in adjacent trees due to the consistent low to moderate transpiration all year round, regardless of season. acknowledgments the authors would like to thank rose state college for partly supporting the project. special thanks go to wayne jones, jennifer khoh, and jo hartman at the engineering and science division for their assistance in securing supplies to conduct the research. special thanks to the editorial board of onpr; to abigail moore, chuang shao, and leanne may; and to anonymous reviewers for providing comments on the paper. 36 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. literature cited awada, t., r. el-hage, m. gehe, d.a. wedin, j.a. huddle, x. zhou, j. msanne, r.a. sudmeyer, d.l. martin, and l.j. brandle. 2013. intra-annual 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2011. learning and teaching scientific inquiry: research and applications. arlington (va): national science teachers association press. kramer, p.j. 1937. the relation between rate of transpiration and rate of absorption of water in plants. american journal of botany 24(1):10–15. lawson, e.r. 1990. eastern redcedar. in: burns, r.m. and b.h. honkala, tech. coords. silvics of north america: 1. conifers; 2. hardwoods. agriculture handbook. washington (dc): u.s. department of agriculture. p 240-259. mckinley, c.r. 2012. the oklahoma redcedar resource and its potential biomass energy. circular nrem-5054. stillwater (ok): oklahoma state university cooperative extension service. miller, r.f. and l.m. shultz. 1987. water relations and leaf morphology of juniperus occidentalis in the northern great basin. forest science 33(3):690–706. oklahoma climatological survey. 2017. oklahoma mesonet weather. http://www.mesonet.org (15 july 2017). retzlaff, w.a., g.k. blaisdell, and m.a. topa. 2001. seasonal changes in water source of four families of loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.). trees – structure and function 15(3):154–162. http://www.mesonet.org/ oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 18, december 2018 adjoa r. ahedor, et al. robinson, t.w. and d. donaldson. 1967. pontacyl brilliant pink as a tracer dye in the movement of water in phreatophytes. water resource research 3(1):203–211. smith, s. 2011. eastern red-cedar: positives, negatives and management. circular. ardmore (ok): the samuel roberts noble foundation. snook, e.c. 1985. distribution of eastern redcedar on oklahoma rangelands. in: wittwer, r.f. and d.m. engle, eds. conference proceedings on eastern redcedar. circular e-349. stillwater (ok): oklahoma state university cooperative extension service. p 45-52. spss, inc. 2009. pasw statistics for windows, version 18.0. chicago (il): ibm corp. van auken, o.w. 2009. causes and consequences of woody plant encroachment into western north american grasslands. journal of environmental management 90:2931–2942. van els, p., r.e. will, m.w. palmer, and k.r. hickman. 2010. changes in forest understory associated with juniperus encroachment in oklahoma, usa. applied vegetation science 13:356–368. van haverbeke, d.f. and r.a. read. 1976. genetics of eastern redcedar. research paper wo-32. washington (dc): usda forest service. 17 p. zar, j.h. 1996. biostatistical analysis. 3rd edition. upper saddle river (nj): prentice hall 2018 oklahoma native plant record oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 18, december 2018 james r. estes 10.22488/okstate.19.100005 anther number, anther apical appendages, and pollination biology of calypt ocarpus vialis lessing (heliantheae: asteraceae) james r. estes robert bebb herbarium university of oklahoma norman, ok 76354 university of nebraska state museum lincoln, ne 68588 keywords: secondary pollen presentation, pollen-dome, reproductive system, bordered pa tch butterflies, invasive species abstract the numbers of disk floret anthers of calyptocarpus vialis in wichita county, texas form a consecutive series of one to four; four anthers (71%) and three anthers (27%) were most common. three anthers is an unusual, perhaps singular, number for asteraceae. these florets also have four-lobed corollas. the extruded pollen-mass is enclosed by a vaulted dome created by apical appendages of the anthers that are lanceolate and inflexed. pollination appears to be via autogamy (sensu stricto) for disk florets and (considering each head as a single blossom) facultative autogamy and allogamy (both geitonogamy and xenogamy) for the ray florets. introduction calyptocarpus vialis lessing (straggler daisy, horseherb, or horse herb) is native to eastern mexico and perhaps as far north as bexar and medina, or even travis, counties in texas (nesom 2011). it has spread eastward and become established in all the gulf coast states (strother 2006; nesom 2011), and nesom recorded its presence in the desert southwest, arkansas, south carolina, illinois, and western mexico. he also clearly documented the species’ recent migration north to the red river where it was collected in grayson county. the species has since been reported in oklahoma (singhurst et al. 2012; ryburn et al. 2018), and it may be more widespread in the state. migration may be partly attributable to the use of straggler daisy in the landscape-trade as a shade-loving groundcover and/or climate change. collections of the species from texas are geographically spotty except in the south and south-central counties; however, it appears to be exceedingly under-collected throughout the state. in the rolling plains, the species is known from tom green (nesom 2011), wichita (this report), and taylor (anna saghatelyn, pers. comm., 19 october 2018) counties. based on nesom’s map (2011), straggler daisy occurs in all the vegetation areas of texas (correll and johnston 1970) except the high plains and the far western reaches of the trans-pecos mountains and basins (nesom 2011). straggler daisy is now one of the most abundant, invasive lawn plants in wichita county, texas, especially, but not exclusively, in shady locations. in deep shade under shumard oak (quercus shumardii buckley), two live oak species (quercus fusiformis small; quercus virginiana mill.), and american elm (ulmus americana l.), its 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 james r. estes measure of cover is often close to 100%. it is less dense, but still abundant, in the shade of sycamore (platanus occidentalis l.), sugarberry (celtis laevigata willd.), and western soapberry (sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook &arn.) l.d. benson). anther number and floral morphology in calyptocar pus vialis five is, by far, the most common anther number among genera in the asteraceae, although some taxa have only four (barkley et al. 2006). disk florets from specimens of calyptocarpus in mexico were reported to have either four or five anthers (mcvaugh and smith 1967; mcvaugh 1984), and gibson (2013+) observed both these numbers in williamson county, texas. although the anther number was not listed by the authors in the illustrated flora of north central texas (diggs et al. 1999), the illustration by linny heagy in the text displayed four anthers. during a public event at river bend nature center in wichita falls in 2014, i used heads of c. vialis in an exhibit to demonstrate magnification of plant parts using a zeiss stereo-microscope—the small heads (diameter 6–9 mm: apex to apex of opposing rays) of straggler daisy were examined (along with its leaves) with the naked eye, a hand lens, and then the microscope at various powers of magnification. elementary-aged students observed previously dissected heads and verbally described them, including the unusual achenes and the ray and disk florets. all the heads were taken from plants growing in soil within the ruby n. priddy conservatory. the disk florets that the students examined had only three anthers per floret. these plants had been introduced from a local native plant nursery, perhaps from a single ramet. to determine if this unexpected number of anthers was a singular horticultural sport, in 2014, i surveyed fresh heads from a number of local populations in northern wichita county and from specimens collected from the same areas in the bebb herbarium (okl). anther numbers formed a consecutive series from one to four, but not five. to determine the proportion of each anther number in early fall of 2018, a 0.5 km transect along park street, burkburnett, texas was sampled. the species was personally known to be especially abundant along this street. flowering heads of c. vialis were collected from populations growing along the verge of the street (utility easement of the lot) of every other street address, beginning with an exceptionally large population at 412 park, east along the south side of the street, and then the alternate addresses on the north side of the street. if five distinct colonies were present, then one open head was taken from each colony. if a single continuous population was encountered, five heads were taken at five-step intervals. if fewer than five distinct colonies were present, then one head was taken from each available colony, with fewer than five collected for that site. if a site lacked calyptocarpus, the sampling method was maintained, and no counts were made for that “plot.” side streets were not counted as lots. both mown and non-mown plants were sampled, as were plants in shady and sunny sites. the heads were dissected fresh, and the anther-numbers were determined. if anther number could not be determined from a plant (i.e., a head had completed its flowering phase), then it was discarded and not replaced, unless another head was present on the sampled stem. when an anther number of fewer than four was recorded, a second count from another floret in the sampled head was made to confirm the count. all those counts were confirmed. in sum, 63 heads included florets whose anthers could be tallied. sampled specimens along the transect revealed disk florets with two, three, or four oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 18, december 2018 james r. estes anthers, with four (71.43%) and three (26.98%) being the most common numbers (table 1). i have been unable to find reports of composite genera with three anthers per disk floret in flora of north america (barkley et al. 2006). even though an earlier collection revealed one head with one anther per disk floret, no one-anthered heads were collected in this sample, and only one head (1.59%) had two anthers. the two anthers of this head were not fused and were opposite one another; whereas, the anthers were fused in those florets with three and four anthers. it seems likely that the oneand two-anthered florets are developmental anomalies rather than regular occurrences. all of the heads that were in anthesis from five discrete plants were examined to determine if the number of anthers varied within plants. the number of anthers varied (three versus four) among the plants, but the numbers of anthers among all the disk florets of single heads and all the heads on a single plant were identical with respect to anther number, implying genetic control, but the sample size was small. the range of anther numbers per disk floret obviously differs between populations in mexico and central texas and those in this study from wichita county. it is unknown whether anther number decreases along the se to nw distributional axis for c. vialis, or if lower anther numbers occur (but have not been recorded) throughout the species in texas and mexico, or if the plants in wichita county differ in the range of anther numbers from other populations in the state. because these counts were obtained in late october and early november, perhaps some plants produce fewer anthers in the autumn. all of the disk florets sampled in wichita county had four corolla lobes; whereas, the populations sampled by mcvaugh and smith (1964) and mcvaugh (1984) in mexico and gibson (2013+) in texas were fourand less commonly fivelobed. in their description of c. vialis, correll and johnston (1970) reported five lobes for the corollas of disk florets. therefore, i conclude that the number of corolla lobes also decreases from south to north. the adaxial surfaces of the corolla lobes of the wichita county plants are highly and densely ornamented with turgid papillae; these protuberances are yellow. the papillae are restricted to the adaxial surfaces; they are difficult to discern in herbarium specimens, and they were not discussed in any descriptions of the genus with which i am familiar. table 1 distribution of anther numbers from samples of calyptocarpus vialis from a transect in wichita county, texas. five flowering heads were sampled from the street verge of each sampled address on park street in the city of burkburnett. the survey was completed from late october to early november. anther number individuals 5 0 4 45 3 17 2 1 1 0 0 0 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 james r. estes the number and form of ray florets, however, differed among and within the heads of single plants: numbers of ray florets per head ranged from two to nine. apices of the rays in this survey were either acute or broadly obtuse, and the number of teeth ranged from zero to five (the latter number on only one ray among five rays from one head on one plant). the teeth on a single ray often varied in size. this is in contrast to correll and johnston’s (1970) description, which indicated that the rays are “equally 5-toothed.” gibson’s (2013+) account indicated that most rays were two to three lobed (perhaps equivalent to teeth in this account and in correll and johnston’s description) with a few, apparently, entire (in gibson’s description, “unlobed” was included in parentheses). in addition, with the exception of one head, the apices of the rays observed in this study were more appropriately referable to “teeth” rather than “lobes.” it is possible that the numbers of teeth per ray diminish from south to north, but additional analysis would be necessary to determine if that is the case. role of apical appendages of calyptocar pus vialis anthers the anthers of the disk florets of c. vialis dehisce introrsely, and sweeping hairs on the distal surface of the style extrude the pollen-mass upward and out of the anther tube as per proctor and yeo’s (1972), yeo’s (1993), and carlquist’s (1976) general descriptions for some genera in the family. however, rather than being presented in an open-cup formed from the appendages as described by carlquist, in this species the inflexed appendages combine to form a closed, domeor cap-like covering (hereinafter in this account referred to as a “pollen-vault” or “vault”) over the pollenmass. the entire pollen crop from the anthers was swept into the vault, rather than incrementally (proctor and yeo 1972). small (1915) recorded other composite genera with appendages that are inflexed. however, i did not locate any descriptions that implied a pollen-holding function for any other genera of the family. the pollen-vault is formed as a result of the lanceolate appendages being curved inward (rather than outward) and fitting together closely. therefore, the pollen is not immediately and readily available to foragers or for deposition on the stigmas of the ray florets. it was not visually apparent to this viewer, whether the margins of the appendages coalesced or cohered or were just closely fitted. however, judging by how readily they separated during dissection, i concluded that they were merely closefitting (immature appendages were observed to be distinct). the yellow pollen, therefore, might be accessible to insects at the seams of the vault. in the heads with only two anthers, the pollen was only partially covered. that might result in the more ready deposition of pollen on styles of ray florets. pollination biology of calyptocarpus vialis in northwest texas a sod of c. vialis was isolated in a plexiglas-covered indoor terrarium to monitor achene-set in the absence of potential pollinators and to observe floral behavior. all heads that were already open and flowering or fruiting were excised. newly-opening heads (n = 10) were observed daily for one week. the plants in the sod failed to thrive indoors, and nine of the ten heads opened but shriveled within three weeks, and of the nine, six were both shriveled and brown. none of the nine exhibited fully developed achenes, though melanin did form in many of the flat, unfilled ovaries (three-week duration). only one head formed achenes that appeared mature (expanded in all three dimensions, oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 18, december 2018 james r. estes dark brown). all of the achenes that appeared normal were from ray florets. none of the disk florets from that head produced mature achenes. i do not believe any conclusions regarding pollination can be drawn from this experiment. based on observations of capitulum development in the field and the terrariumgrown plants, when the flower buds open, on the first day of anthesis, the pistillate ray florets of blossoms of c. vialis emerge first from the buds, often in the late afternoon, but also other times throughout the day. this is equivalent to protogyny (faegri and pijl 1966; proctor and yeo 1972), presumably favoring cross-pollination. in all examined calyptocarpus, the styles of this whorl of florets are oriented more or less radially, even though the flattened achenes are tangentially oriented. pollen-carrying floral visitors could deposit pollen on these stigmas at any time after opening. i was unable to determine directly if nectar was being produced by the ray florets. the outermost whorl of disk florets opens throughout the secondor third-day of anthesis; however, the pollen is not exposed until later in the same day. the centrally-positioned limb of the ray florets’ styles is, at this time, in close proximity to or even in contact with the pollen-vaults of the disk florets. however, the vault’s closure clearly restricts pollen transfer, thereby effectively extending the period of protogyny. in the field, many of the ray stigmas appear devoid of pollen, but a few have scattered grains and in a few older heads, the tips of the styles of ray florets exhibited a mass of pollen. the anthers of the disk florets ultimately grow and project through the pollen-mass and from the vault. in some heads, the styles emerge from the apex of the vault, and in others, one style branch breaks through one lateral suture and the other through an opposite suture. in the latter instance, the styles were pollen-coated; in those that emerged from the apex, some bore pollen along the stigmatic lines, but others seemed to be pollen-free. clearly the tubular disk florets of c. vialis exhibit a delayed secondary pollen presentation (cf. small 1915; yeo 1993; leins and erbar 2006). however, many (probably most) of the emergent stigmas are already selfpollinated, and all those stigmas that emerged laterally are covered with selfpollen. within a capitulum, pollination of the ray florets of the head could also occur at this time. during the study period (late summer and autumn) in north texas, the heads were visited by dipterans, mostly syrphid flies, throughout the day and by small lepidopterans from about 1100 hours until 1800 hours. the visitors were not collected, and it is unknown if any carry c. vialis pollen. [the author is aware of j. w. mcswain’s retort that not all flower visitors are pollinators (robbin thorp, pers. comm.; otto solbrig, pers. comm.).] the lepidopterans probed the florets, as though they were foraging for nectar, which is the only evidence of nectar production in these populations. parsons (2018) reported that straggler daisy is a host for caterpillars of bordered patch butterflies (chlosyne lacinia), but none were observed in wichita country. small butterflies were cited as anthophilous visitors at the lady bird wildflower center in austin (2018); that listing did not mention syrphids. straggler daisy was introduced into wichita county and to potential pollinators that may differ from those available in mexico and southern texas and earlier in the season in north texas. the pollination system of c. vialis appears to be facultative autogamousallogamous facilitated by the described secondary pollen presentation. this inference could be tested in insect exclusionand artificial pollination-studies. the pollen-vault assures that the disk florets have the potential for self-pollination, all the while preventing immediate pollination of 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 james r. estes ray florets by the pollen of disk florets from the same blossoms. thus, the more numerous disk florets appear to be primarily autogamous. the pistillate ray florets acquire pollen from disk flowers in the same head (autogamous) [it is often useful in terms of pollination and reproductive systems to consider the composite head as a single “blossom” (sensu faegri and pijl, 1966; proctor and yeo, 1972).], different heads on the same plant (geitonogamous), or heads from a different plant (xenogamous). a facultative reproductive system such as this could be advantageous for an invasive species that spreads into a new area with a different set of pollinators. however, pollination of straggler daisy appears to rely on available indigenous insects rather than a few specialized anthophilous insects. this dual pollination system may be useful in mat-forming species such as this with many heads of the same genotype in close proximity (estes and brown 1973). geitonogamy must be commonplace in this species. in field observations, all of the fruiting heads studied bore a full array of the cuneate-shaped, two-spined achenes. conclusions the floral morphology of the northwestern texas populations of calyptocarpus vialis is distinctive from those reported from south-central texas and mexico with regard to the numbers of anthers (from four and five in the south to three to four in wichita county) and the numbers of corolla lobes of disk florets (from four and five in the south to four in wichita county). the highly ornamented faces of the corolla lobes have not been previously described in any floras or generic descriptions of this species seen by this author. although definitive breeding studies were not accomplished, it appears that the species is largely self-pollinated. it is unclear if the northerly migration and presumed self-fertilization are correlated with the decreasing anther number; reduction of pollen production with decreasing anther number would be compatible with those features. pollen retention by the pollen-vault produced by the apical anther appendages also appears to favor self-pollination. acknowledgments and collections specimens collected by estes in 2014 are deposited at the robert bebb herbarium (okl). a count of three-anthers was confirmed by ronald j. tyrl for a specimen from the herbarium. synantherologists john strother and bruce baldwin at the university of california; luc brouillet, université de montréal; and linda watson, oklahoma state university, all kindly responded that each was unaware of any composites that regularly produce three anthers per floret. dr. anna saghatelyn, mcmurry university in abilene, texas, generously provided her observations and collections of calyptocarpus vialis. dr. richard kazmaier, west texas a&m university, provided an interesting discussion of the abundance of c. vialis in terrell county, texas, and he had not noted the plant in the panhandle, albeit, he had not searched for it. i am grateful to assistant librarian and interlibrary loan director ms. ashlee o’rourke and all the staff of the burkburnett public library for provision of their services and library loans. the sooner xpress/interlibrary loan provided copies of journal articles on line that were essential to the conduct of this study. the original anther-counts of three were from a plant grown in a glasshouse at river bend nature center in wichita falls, texas and made in conjunction with a number of young visitors during an open-house event at the nature center. three anonymous reviewers made several substantive suggestions that greatly oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 18, december 2018 james r. estes aided interpretation of this paper, and i am deeply appreciative of their contributions. literature cited barkley, t.m., l. brouillet, and j.l. strother. 2006. asteraceae. in: editorial committee, eds. flora of north america north of mexico 19:3–16. new york (ny) and oxford (england): oxford university press. carlquist, s. 1976. tribal interrelationships and phylogeny of the asteraceae. aliso 8:465–492. correll, d.s. and m.c. johnston. 1970. manual of the vascular plants of texas. renner (tx): texas research foundation. diggs, g., b. lipscomb, and r. o’kennon. 1999. shinners and mahler’s illustrated flora of north central texas (sida, botanical miscellany). fort worth (tx): botanical research institute of texas. estes, j.r. and l.s. brown. 1973. entomophilous, intrafloral pollination in phyla incisa. american journal of botany 60:413–415. faegri, k. and l. van der pijl. 1966. principles of pollination ecology, 3rd revised ed. oxford (england): pergamon. gibson, a.c. 2013+. vascular plants of williamson county. http://w3.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/ (november 2018). lady bird johnson wildflower center. 2018. calyptocarpus vialis. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/resu lt.php?id_plant=cavi2 (november 2018). leins, p. and c. erbar. 2006. secondary pollen presentation syndromes of the asterales—a phylogenetic perspective. botanische jahrbücher für systematik 127:83– 103. mcvaugh, r. 1984. calyptocarpus. in: anderson, william r., ed. flora novogaliciana: a descriptive account of the vascular plants of western mexico 12:200201. ann arbor (mi): university of michigan press. mcvaugh, r. and n.j. smith. 1967. calyptocarpus vialis and c. wendlandii (compositae). brittonia 19:268–272. nesom, g. 2011. is calyptocarpus (asteraceae) native or introduced in texas? phytoneuron 2011-1:1–7. parsons, j., ed. 2018. horseherb or straggler daisy. plantanswers. http://plantanswers.com/articles/hors eherborstragglerdaisy.asp (december 2018). proctor, m. and p. yeo. 1972. the pollination of flowers. new york (ny): taplinger. ryburn, a.k., s.c. barber, p. buck, g.m. caddell, w.j. elisens, j.r. estes, m. fishbein, p. folley, l.k. magrath, a.j. moore, c.l. murray, b.a. smith, c.e.s. taylor, r.j. tyrl, r.a. thompson, j.b. walker, and l.e. watson. 2018. flora of oklahoma: keys and descriptions, 2nd ed. oklahoma city (ok): flora oklahoma inc. singhurst, j.r., j.n. mink, and w.c. holmes. 2012. two vascular plant species new to oklahoma. phytoneuron 2012-5:1–2. small, j. 1915. the pollen presentation mechanism in the compositae. annals of botany 29(115):457–470. strother, j. 2006. calyptocarpus. in: flora of north america editorial committee, eds. flora of north america north of mexico 21: 65–67. new york (ny) and oxford (england): oxford university press. yeo, p.f. 1993. secondary pollen presentation: form, function, and evolution. plant systematics and evolution, supplement 6. wien (austria) and new york (ny): springer-verlag. http://w3.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/ https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=cavi2 https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=cavi2 http://plantanswers.com/articles/horseherborstragglerdaisy.asp http://plantanswers.com/articles/horseherborstragglerdaisy.asp journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 9, december 2009 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 3 foreword f. h. means’ 1969 doctoral thesis, “vascular plants of southeastern oklahoma from san bois to kiamichi mountains”, includes most species now listed for that area in the oklahoma vascular plant database housed at the oklahoma biological survey. though not engaged in agricultural or botanical research since that time, he had some extraordinary experiences and worked with several of the state’s top botanists, whose names you will recognize. it was a pleasure to talk with him about his professional life and about teaching, his favorite activity. a native oklahoman from newkirk and a graduate student at ksu, he joined a team of faculty and students from oklahoma and kansas who studied the tallgrass prairie at the request of kenneth s. “boots” adams, who owned the ranch near foraker which later became the tallgrass prairie preserve. for his ph.d., he worked with umaldy ted waterfall (yes, that’s u.t.) as his major professor. his memories of u.t. include tall boots racing across the prairie and a big buick everyone complained about having to park around. he also related stories about charles wallis, george goodman (an enviable instructor), and his friend paul nighswonger, as well as kling anderson, professor at kansas state university and artist of grasses, who worked on the donaldson ranch pastures, which later became the konza prairie. stan rice and phil gibson have given us a preliminary research paper about the reproductive status of seaside alder. this is an example of the type of biodiversity research that needs to be done in oklahoma. oklahoma’s combination of flat topography made of clay soil along with a pattern of alternating drought and flood often washes out the banks of our rivers. this may be interacting with the reproductive habit of riparian species such as seaside alders in such a way that young seedlings cannot get established. it makes you ask how they ever got established in the first place and whether the alder will eventually be extirpated from oklahoma. many readers have expressed their appreciation for the species lists that bruce hoagland of the oklahoma biological survey provides us each year from the oklahoma vascular plant database. one of these days we’ll have published species lists from all areas of the state, but by then the first ones will be out of date and he’ll have to do them again. this year, he and newell mccarty bring us “composition and structure of bottomland forest vegetation at the tiak research natural area, mccurtain county, oklahoma”. it’s a little known, but beautiful area in the far southeastern corner of the state. his article makes you want to see it for yourself. last year bruce smith reported on several rare ferns in oklahoma. realizing that two of those species may have completely disappeared, he has issued a full report on them. his article, “whatever happened to cheilanthes horridula and cheilanthes lindheimeri in oklahoma?” describes the two ferns and their habitats in detail, in hope of enlisting some help finding them again. chadwick cox has been filling the post of conservation chair for the society for several years. he has recently become involved in a national organization promoting conservation of native species in their natural habitats. in his essay, “invasive plants versus oklahoma’s biodiversity”, he gives us insight into this important problem and the role the society’s new affiliate, the oklahoma invasive plant council (okipc) is going to be playing in finding solutions. it’s been another great year for the oklahoma native plant record, which will be available online beginning in 2010. it just keeps getting better and better thanks to your input and support. sheila strawn managing editor oklahoma native plant record, volume 16, number 1, december 2016 oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100122 a floristic inventory of the university of oklahoma’s kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county, oklahoma amy k. buthod bruce w. hoagland oklahoma biological survey oklahoma biological survey university of oklahoma department of geography and norman, ok 73019 environmental sustainablity amybuthod@ou.edu university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 keywords: vascular, rare, non-native, tallg rass, prairie abstract this paper reports the results of a vascular plant inventory at the university of oklahoma’s kessler atmospheric and ecological field station in mcclain county in the state of oklahoma. a total of 388 taxa in 80 families were collected. two hundred and fifty-seven genera, 361 species, and 27 infraspecific taxa were identified. the largest families were the poaceae with 66 taxa and the asteraceae with 55 taxa. fifty-seven taxa were planted or non-native to the u.s. (14.7 % of the flora). four taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were found. introduction and study area the kessler atmospheric and ecological field station (kaefs) at the university of oklahoma was established on properties donated by dr. edwin kessler from 1988 to 2011 (http://kaefs.ou.edu/). located approximately 28 km southwest of the norman campus, kaefs promotes and facilitates collaborative research and learning. the station hosts both formal and informal courses, workshops, and numerous meteorological and biological experiments, including a long-term global warming experiment. the goal of this work was to compile a complete list of vascular plant taxa present at the site to assist current and future kaefs researchers in species identification and documentation. kaefs occupies 146 ha in mcclain county in central oklahoma approximately 13 km from the town of washington (figure 1). latitudinal extent ranges from 34°58’15.99”n to 34°59’10.61”n and longitudinal extent from 97°30’32.88”w to 97°31’42.63”w. physiographically, the site is located within the western red-bed plains geomorphic province, which consists of gently rolling hills of red sandstone and shale of permian age (curtis et al. 2008; johnson 2008). two soil associations predominate at kaefs: the nash-lucentgrant (deep to shallow, gently sloping to moderately steep loams over sandstone uplands) and the port-pulaski-keokuk (deep, nearly level loamy soils on floodplains; moebius and sparwasser 1979). kaefs is located within the subtropical humid (cf) climate zone (trewartha 1968), with a mean annual temperature of 16oc. low temperatures (to 3oc) occur in january, while the warmest temperatures occur in july (to 28oc; oklahoma climatological survey 2016). the month of may is typically the wettest, with an average precipitation of 13.5 cm. mean annual precipitation is mailto:amybuthod@ou.edu http://kaefs.ou.edu/ 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 96.7 cm (oklahoma climatological survey 2016). elevation ranges from 332 m to 343 m. the dominant potential vegetation type is tallgrass prairie (duck and fletcher 1943). the kaefs property has a long history of farming and livestock grazing. the first homestead was established in 1904, and crops such as cotton, sorghum, and wheat were grown on the property up until the early 1970s. the property has an equally long history of cattle grazing, and a small herd still roams the grasslands today (http://kaefs.ou.edu/). a population of the mediterranean basin native carthamus lanatus l. was discovered at the site in the mid1970s and grew to approximately 3000 plants by 1989. it was eradicated in the early 1990s with a strict regime of hand-pulling (kessler unpublished). methods vouchers of vascular plant taxa encountered at kaefs were made throughout the growing seasons (march through october) of 2013, 2014, and 2015. vouchers for u.s. non-native or planted taxa were only collected from naturalized populations. specimens were processed according to standard procedures. in addition to these vouchers, collections from an earlier, unpublished study were also examined to see if additional taxa had been collected. manuals used for identification included diggs et al. (1999) and tyrl et al. (2015). identifications were verified by comparison with specimens from the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma (okl). duration, growth habit, vegetation type, and nativity were determined using the plants database (usda-nrsc 2016) and taylor and taylor (1991). classification and nomenclature follow angiosperm phylogeny group iii (stevens 2001 onward) and the integrated taxonomic information system (itis 2016). all specimens were deposited at okl. results and discussion a total of 388 taxa in 80 families were collected (appendix). two hundred and fifty-seven genera, 361 species, and 27 infraspecific taxa were identified. two hundred and fifty-two taxa were perennials; there were 133 annuals and three biennials. the largest families were the poaceae with 66 taxa and the asteraceae with 55 taxa. two-hundred and fifty-one taxa were forbs, and 91 were graminoids. there were 26 trees, 12 shrubs, and eight vines. four taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were found (table 1). threehundred and seventy-nine of the 388 taxa were collected by the authors. nine additional taxa were found during an earlier survey by former kaefs researcher becky sherry. fifty-seven taxa were planted and naturalized or non-native to the u.s. (14.7 % of the flora). fifty-six of these were non-native. this number is high when compared to surveys from other oklahoma grassland-dominated sites (table 2), but it is not surprising given the land use history at kaefs. taxodium distichum, which is native to southeastern oklahoma, was also found but was planted by the former property owner and has since naturalized. the poaceae had the greatest number of exotic taxa with 13. the fabaceae followed with nine exotics. carthamus lanatus, reported from the property as late as 1991, was not relocated (kessler 1987; hoagland et al. 2012; kessler unpublished). the predominant vegetation type encountered at kaefs was the schizachyrium scoparium-sorghastrum nutans association, a herbaceous vegetation type found throughout oklahoma on uplands with well-drained soils. associated taxa included amorpha canescens, dichanthelium oligosanthes var. oligosanthes, panicum virgatum, and symphotrichum ericoides var. ericoides (hoagland 2000). http://kaefs.ou.edu/ oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 16, december 2016 we encountered three community types dominated by woody plants at kaefs. the populus deltoides-ulmus americana-celtis laevigata forest association was found on the bottomlands surrounding the property’s larger order streams. this vegetation type is found frequently throughout the state (excluding the panhandle) on moist or wet soils along riparian corridors. associated taxa found in this association included carya illinoinensis, symphoricarpos orbiculatus, and toxicodendron radicans (hoagland 2000). small stands of quercus muehlenbergii were encountered in mesic situations. associated taxa included amphicarpaea bracteata, desmodium glutinosum, elephantopus carolinianus, and phryma leptostachya. upland woodlands of the juniperus virginianaschizachyrium scoparium association intergraded with the grasslands and the riparian zones of low order streams. this vegetation type is common throughout oklahoma (excluding the panhandle) and is the product of fire suppression and land-use change. associated taxa included andropogon virginicus, cirsium altissimum, quercus marilandica, and smilax bona-nox (hoagland 2000). herbaceous wetland vegetation was restricted to ponds and creek channels. plants found in this type included coleataenia anceps, juncus torreyi, lycopus americanus, teucrium canadense, and the invasive aquatic myriophyllum spicatum. disturbed areas included an area around a barn, the parking lots, and gravel roads. plants in these areas included mollugo verticillata, muhlenbergia paniculata, polygonum ramosissimum, and solanum rostratum. figure 1 the kessler atmospheric and ecological field station. map by todd fagin, oklahoma biological survey amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland table 1 taxa located during this study that are tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (groves 1995; natureserve explorer 2016; oklahoma natural heritage inventory 2016). status ranks are on a 1–5 scale, with a 1 indicating the taxon is critically imperiled. g ranks are at the global level, and s ranks are at the subnational or state level. infraspecific taxa are assigned a t rank. family taxon rank convolvulaceae ipomoea shumardiana (torr.) shinners s3g2g3 cyperaceae eleocharis geniculata (l.) roem. & schult. s2g5 fabaceae desmodium nuttalllii (schindl.) b.g. schub. s1g5 plantaginaceae plantago elongata pursh ssp. elongata s3t3g4t4 table 2 comparison of exotic taxa from the kaefs site with other oklahoma grasslanddominated sites study site reference size of site (ha) number of taxa found percentage of non-native taxa kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county this paper 146.0 388 14.7% pontotoc ridge nature preserve, johnston and pontotoc counties buthod et al., in preparation 848.2 616 8.8% tulsa botanic garden, osage county hoagland and buthod 2007 69.0 293 15.0% camp kickapoo boy scout camp, canadian county hoagland and buthod 2006 64.7 334 12.3% selman living laboratory, woodward county buckallew and caddell 2003 129.5 229 9.0% oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland acknowledgements the authors wish to thank todd fagin, daryn hardwick, jenna messick, abby moore, becky sherry, brenda smith-patten, and the souza lab for assistance with specimen collection. we also thank todd fagin for his assistance with map preparation. literature cited buckallew, r.r. and g.m. caddell. 2003. vascular flora of the university of central oklahoma selman living laboratory, woodward county, oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of sciences 83:31–45. curtis, n.m., w.e. ham, and k.s. johnson. 2008. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza (eds.). earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. diggs, g.m., jr., b.l. lipscomb, and r.j. o’kennon. 1999. shinners and mahler’s illustrated flora of north central texas. fort worth (tx): botanical research institute of texas. duck, l.g. and j.b. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. in: a survey of the game and furbearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma city (ok): oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. groves, c.r., m.l. klein, and t.f. breden. 1995. natural heritage programs: public-private partnerships for biodiversity conservation. wildlife society bulletin 23:784–790. hoagland, b.w. 2000. the vegetation of oklahoma: a classification for landscape mapping and conservation planning. the southwestern naturalist 43:285–420. hoagland, b.w. and a.k. buthod. 2007. the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site, osage county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 7:54–66. hoagland, b.w. and a. buthod. 2006. vascular flora of a red sandstone hills site, canadian county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 6:53–68. hoagland, b.w., a.k. buthod, i.h. butler, p.h.c. crawford, a.h. udasi, w.j. elisens, and r.j. tyrl. 2004. oklahoma vascular plants database. http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org (22 august 2016). integrated taxonomic information system. 2016. www.ipni.org (6 june 2016). johnson, k.s. 2008. generalized geologic map of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza (eds.). earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. kessler, e. 1987. carthamus lanatus l. (asteraceae: cynareae)—a potentially serious plant pest in oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 67:39–43. moebius, g.e. and w.a. sparwasser. 1979. soil survey of mcclain county, oklahoma. washington (d.c.): united states department of agriculture. natureserve. 2016. natureserve explorer. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer (1 august 2016). oklahoma climatological survey. 2016. the climate of mcclain county. http://www.ocs.ou.edu (1 august 2016). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2016. vascular plant tracking list. http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/downloa d/publications/tracking_list_ju l16.pdf (16 july 2016). stevens, p.f. (2001 onwards). angiosperm phylogeny website. version 12, july 2012. www.mobot.org/mobot/research/a pweb (6 june 2016). taylor r.j. and c.e. taylor. 1991. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ http://www.ipni.org/ http://www.natureserve.org/explorer http://www.ocs.ou.edu/ http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/tracking_list_jul16.pdf http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/tracking_list_jul16.pdf http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/tracking_list_jul16.pdf http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland gymnosperms, and flowering plants of oklahoma. durant (ok): self-published. trewartha, g.t. 1968. an introduction to climate. new york (ny): mcgraw-hill. tyrl, r.j., s.c. barber, p. buck, w.j. elisens, j.r. estes, p. folley, l.k. magrath, c.l. murray, a.k. ryburn, b.a. smith, c.e.s. taylor, r.a. thomspon, j.b. walker, and l.e. watson. 2015. flora of oklahoma: keys and descriptions. oklahoma city (ok): flora oklahoma inc. usda, nrcs. 2016. the plants database. plants.usda.gov/plants (6 june 2016). http://plants.usda.gov/plants oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland appendix list of plant taxa from the university of oklahoma’s kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county, oklahoma taxa list with duration, growth habit, vegetation type, and nativity. a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial; f=forb, g=graminoid, s=shrub, t=tree, v=woody vine; da=disturbed area, gl=schizachyrium scopariumsorghastrum nutans grassland, hwv=herbaceous wetland vegetation, mf=quercus muehlenbergii mesic forest, sbl=populus delotides-ulmus americana-celtis laevigata stream bottomland, uwl=juniperus virginiana-schizachyrium scoparium upland woodland. an asterisk (*) indicates a taxon that is non-native to the united states. a tilde (~) indicates a taxon that is planted but native to oklahoma. a dagger (†) indicates a tracked taxon. duration and nativity were determined using the plants database (usdanrsc 2016); if the information from plants was ambiguous, taylor and taylor (1991) was consulted. common names were taken from plants (usda-nrsc 2016), and vegetation classifications were based on hoagland (2000). all specimens were collected by the authors with the exception of those marked with the pound sign (#), which were collected by becky sherry. specimens were assigned collection numbers with the prefix kes. acanthaceae ruellia humilis nutt. (denseflowered waterwillow); p; f; gl; kes-327 adoxaceae viburnum rufidulum raf. (rusty blackhaw); p; s; uwl; kes-077 amaranthaceae *chenopodium album l. (lambsquarters); a; f; da; kes-428 chenopodium pratericola rydb. (desert goosefoot); a; f; da; kes-066 iresine rhizomatosa standl. (juda's bush); p; f; sbl; kes-054 amaryllidaceae allium canadense l. var. fraseri ownbey (fraser meadow garlic); p; f; gl; kes-152 nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britton (crow-poison); p; f; gl; kes-153 anacardiaceae rhus copallinum l. (winged sumac); p; s; gl; kes-239 rhus glabra l. (smooth sumac); p; s; gl; kes-052 toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze (eastern poison ivy); p; v; sbl; kes-051 apiaceae ammoselinum butleri (engelm. ex s. watson) j.m. coult. & rose (butler's sandparsley); a; f; gl; kes-050 #ammoselinum popei torr. & a. gray (plains sandparsley); a; f; gl; kes-407 chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. tainturieri (hairyfruit wild chervil); a; f; sbl; kes-087 daucus pusillus michx. (american wild carrot); a; f; gl; kes-047 sanicula canadensis l. (snakeroot); b; f; mf; kes-048 spermolepis inermis (nutt. ex dc.) mathias & constance (red river scaleseed); a; f; gl; kes-049 *torilis arvensis (huds.) link (hedge parsley); a; f; da; kes-227 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland apocynaceae apocynum cannabinum l. (indian hemp); p; f; gl; kes-046 asclepias amplexicaulis sm. (clasping milkweed); p; f; gl; kes-387 asclepias stenophylla a. gray (narrowleaf milkweed); p; f; gl; kes-041 asclepias tuberosa l. (butterfly milkweed); p; f; gl; kes-040 asclepias viridiflora raf. (green comet milkweed); p; f; gl; kes-042 asclepias viridis walter (green milkweed); p; f; gl; kes-043 *vinca major l. (greater periwinkle); p; f; sbl; kes-045 araliaceae *hedera helix l. (english ivy); p; v; sbl; kes-044 asparagaceae androstephium coeruleum (scheele) greene (blue funnel lily); p; f; gl; kes-154 yucca glauca nutt. (common yucca); p; s; gl; kes-393 aspleniaceae asplenium platyneuron (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (ebony spleenwort); p; f; uwl; kes-379 asteraceae achillea millefolium l. (yarrow); p; f; gl; kes-030 ambrosia psilostachya dc. (western ragweed); p; f; gl; kes-004 ambrosia trifida l. (giant ragweed); a; f; gl; kes-006 amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. (broomweed); a; f; gl; kes-014 #antennaria parlinii fernald ssp. fallax (greene) bayer & stebbins (parlin's pussytoes); p; f; mf; kes-408 artemisia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. mexicana (willd. ex spreng.) d.d. keck (white sagebrush); p; f; gl; kes-347 berlandiera x betonicifolia (hook.) small (texas greeneyes); p; f; gl; kes-008 bidens bipinnata l. (spanish needles); a; f; sbl; kes-012 bradburia pilosa (nutt.) semple (golden aster); a; f; gl; kes-031 cirsium altissimum (l.) hill (tall thistle); b; f; uwl; kes-017 cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. (wavyleaf thistle); p; f; gl; kes-013 conoclinium coelestinum (l.) dc. (mist flower); p; f; sbl; kes-019 conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist (horseweed); a; f; gl; kes-370 conyza ramosissima cronquist (dwarf horseweed); a; f; da; kes-429 diaperia verna (raf.) morefield (spring pygmycudweed); a; f; gl; kes-035 echinacea angustifolia dc. (blacksamson); p; f; gl; kes-021 eclipta prostrata (l.) l. (false daisy); a; f; hwv; kes-374 elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. (elephant's foot); p; f; mf; kes-376 erechtites hieraciifolius (l.) raf. ex dc. (american burnweed); a; f; gl; kes-423 erigeron philadelphicus l.; (philadelphia fleabane); p; f; sbl; kes-039 erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. (prairie fleabane); a; f; gl; kes-003 gaillardia aestivalis (walter) h. rock (summer gaillardia); p; f; gl; kes-027 gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera (purple cudweed); p; f; gl; kes-313 grindelia ciliata (nutt.) spreng. (wax goldenweed); a; f; gl; kes-011 helianthus annuus l. (common sunflower); a; f; gl; kes-005 helianthus maximiliani schrad. (maximilian sunflower); p; f; gl; kes-346 oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland helianthus mollis lam. (ashy sunflower); p; f; gl; kes-015 heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britt. & rusby (camphorweed); a; f; gl; kes-344 hieracium longipilum torr. (longbeard hawkweed); p; f; gl; kes-001 krigia caespitosa (raf.) k.l. chambers (common dwarf dandelion); a; f; gl; kes-395 lactuca canadensis l. (canada lettuce); a; f; sbl; kes-368 *lactuca serriola l. (prickly lettuce); a; f; da; kes-022 liatris pycnostachya michx. (button snakeroot); p; f; gl; kes-363 liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. (gayfeather); p; f; gl; kes-010 pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & b.l. burtt (rabbit-tobacco); a; f; gl; kes-009 pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walter) dc. (carolina desert-chicory); a; f; gl; kes-294 pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. (false dandelion); p; f; gl; kes-026 ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. (yellow coneflower); p; f; gl; kes-033 rudbeckia hirta l. (black-eyed susan); p; f; gl; kes-028 silphium asteriscus l. (starry rosinweed); p; f; gl; kes-430 solidago missouriensis nutt. (missouri goldenrod); p; f; gl; kes-034 solidago radula nutt. (rough goldenrod); p; f; gl; kes-357 solidago rigida l. (stiff prairie goldenrod); p; f; gl; kes-366 *sonchus asper (l.) hill (spiny sowthistle); a; f; da; kes-303 symphyotrichum drummondii (lindl.) g.l. nesom var. texanum (e.s. burgess) g.l. nesom (blue wood aster); p; f; uwl; kes-356 symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) g.l. nesom var. ericoides (heath aster); p; f; gl; kes-353 symphyotrichum patens (aiton) g.l. nesom var. patens (spreading aster); p; f; gl; kes-425 symphyotrichum subulatum (michx.) g.l. nesom (salt marsh aster); p; f; hwv; kes-018 *taraxacum erythrospermum andrz. ex besser (rock dandelion); p; f; da; kes-394 tetraneuris linearifolia (hook.) greene (fineleaf fournerved daisy); a; f; gl; kes-037 #thelesperma filifolium (hook.) a. gray (greenthread); p; f; gl; kes-411 *tragopogon dubius scop. (yellow salsify); a; f; gl; kes-023 verbesina virginica l. (virginia crownbeard); p; f; sbl; kes-020 vernonia baldwinii torr. (western ironweed); p; f; gl; kes-007 xanthium strumarium l. (cocklebur); a; f; hwv; kes-371 boraginaceae lithospermum incisum lehm. (narrowleaf puccoon); p; f; gl; kes-091 brassicaceae *camelina microcarpa dc. (littlepod false flax); a; f; gl; kes-079 *capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. (shepherd's purse); a; f; gl; kes-083 cardamine pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. (pennsylvania bittercress); a; f; sbl; kes-088 descurainia pinnata (walter) britton (western tansymustard); a; f; gl; kes-089 draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & a. gray (shortpod draba); a; f; gl; kes-080 draba cuneifolia nutt. ex torr. & a. gray (wedgeleaf draba); a; f; gl; kes-081 lepidium austrinum small (southern pepperweed); a; f; da; kes-084 lepidium oblongum small (veiny pepperweed); a; f; gl; kes-082 lepidium virginicum l. (virginia peppergrass); a; f; gl; kes-078 physaria ovalifolia (rydb.) o'kane & al-shehbaz ssp. ovalifolia (roundleaf bladderpod); p; f; gl; kes-086 rorippa palustris (l.) besser ssp. palustris (bog yellowcress); a; f; hwv; kes-297 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland cactaceae escobaria missouriensis (sweet) d.r. hunt (missouri foxtail cactus); p; f; gl; kes-250 opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. (devil's tongue); p; s; gl; kes-339 campanulaceae triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. ssp. perfoliata (clasping venus' looking-glass); a; f; gl; kes-388 cannabaceae celtis laevigata willd. (sugarberry); p; t; sbl; kes-245 caprifoliaceae *lonicera japonica thunb. (japanese honeysuckle); p; v; sbl; kes-076 symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench (coralberry); p; s; sbl; kes-075 caryophyllaceae *arenaria serpyllifolia l. (thyme-leaved sandwort); a; f; gl; kes-072 *cerastium pumilum w. curtis (european chickweed); a; f; gl; kes-073 *dianthus armeria l. (deptford pink); a; f; gl; kes-068 minuartia michauxii (fenzl) farw. (rock sandwort); p; f; gl; kes-382 paronychia jamesii torr. & a. gray (james' nailwort); p; f; gl; kes-069 sagina decumbens (elliott) torr. & a. gray (beach pearlwort); a; f; gl; kes-071 silene antirrhina l. (sleepy catchfly); a; f; gl; kes-067 *stellaria media (l.) vill. (common chickweed); a; f; sbl; kes-074 commelinaceae commelina erecta l. (whitemouth dayflower); p; f; sbl; kes-065 tradescantia occidentalis (britton) smyth (prairie spiderwort); p; f; gl; kes-316 convolvulaceae cuscuta cuspidata engelm. (cusp dodder); p; f; gl; kes-055 cuscuta pentagona engelm. (fiveangled dodder); a; f; gl; kes-056 †ipomoea shumardiana (torr.) shinners (narrowleaf morning-glory); p; f; gl; kes-064; s3g2g3 cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. (rough-leaf dogweed); p; t; sbl; kes-062 cucurbitaceae cucurbita foetidissima kunth (buffalo gourd); p; f; gl; kes-240 melothria pendula l. (guadeloupe cucumber); p; f; da; kes-059 cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. (eastern red cedar); p; t; uwl; kes-057 ~taxodium distichum (l.) rich. (bald cypress); p; t; sbl; kes-431 cyperaceae carex aureolensis steud. (goldenfruit sedge); p; g; hwv; kes-139 carex blanda dewey (eastern woodland sedge); p; g; uwl; kes-358 55 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 carex brevior (dewey) mack. (shortbeak sedge); p; g; gl; kes-402 carex cephalophora muhl. ex willd. (oval-leaf sedge); p; g; mf; kes-403 carex gravida l.h. bailey (heavy sedge); p; g; gl; kes-321 cyperus acuminatus torr. & hook. ex torr. (taperleaf flatsedge); p; g; hwv; kes-319 cyperus echinatus (l.) alph. wood (globe flatsedge); p; g; gl; kes-138 *#cyperus esculentus l. (chufa flatsedge); p; g; da; kes-406 cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks (great plains flatsedge); p; g; gl; kes-134 cyperus squarrosus l. (bearded flatsedge); a; g; hwv; kes-140 †eleocharis geniculata (l.) roem. & schult. (canada spikesedge); a; g; hwv; kes-335 eleocharis montevidensis kunth (sand spikesedge); p; g; hwv; kes-320 eleocharis obtusa (willd.) schult. (blunt spikesedge); a; g; hwv; kes-382 eleocharis palustris (l.) roem. & schult. (common spikerush); p; g; hwv; kes-137 fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl var. puberula (hairy fimbry); p; g; gl; kes-336 fuirena simplex vahl var. aristulata (torr.) kral (umbrella sedge); p; g; hwv; kes-331 lipocarpha drummondii (nees) g.c. tucker (drummond's halfchaff sedge); a; g; hwv; kes-325 schoenoplectus pungens (vahl) palla var. longispicatus (britton) s.g. sm. (common threesquare); p; g; hwv; kes-136 scirpus atrovirens willd. (darkgreen bulrush); p; g; hwv; kes-135 scleria ciliata nees (fringed nutrush); p; g; gl; kes-301 ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. (persimmon); p; t; sbl; kes-230 elaeagnaceae *elaeagnus umbellata thunb. (oleaster); p; s; sbl; kes-169 equisetaceae equisetum hyemale l. ssp. affine (engelm.) calder & roy (scouring horsetail); p; f; sbl; kes-133 euphorbiaceae acalypha ostryifolia riddell (pineland threeseed mercury); a; f; sbl; kes-122 acalypha virginica l. (virginia threeseeded mercury); a; f; sbl; kes-131 croton capitatus michx. (wooly croton); a; f; gl; kes-123 croton glandulosus l. (croton); a; f; gl; kes-121 croton monanthogynus michx. (one-seed croton); a; f; gl; kes-127 euphorbia corollata l. (flowering spurge); p; f; gl; kes-124 euphorbia dentata michx. (toothed spurge); a; f; sbl; kes-120 euphorbia maculata l. (spotted sandmat); a; f; gl; kes-129 euphorbia marginata pursh (snow on the mountain); a; f; gl; kes-125 euphorbia nutans lag. (eyebane); a; f; gl; kes-373 euphorbia prostrata aiton (prostrate sandmat); a; f; gl; kes-132 stillingia sylvatica l. (queen's delight); p; f; gl; kes-126 tragia betonicifolia nutt. (betonyleaf noseburn); p; f; gl; kes-130 fabaceae amorpha canescens pursh (leadplant); p; f; gl; kes-098 amorpha fruticosa l. (false indigo); p; s; hwv; kes-381 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland amphicarpaea bracteata (l.) fernald (hog peanut); a; f; mf; kes-112 astragalus lotiflorus hook. (lotus milkvetch); p; f; gl; kes-115 baptisia australis (l.) r. br. (blue wild indigo); p; f; gl; kes-390 baptisia leucophaea nutt. (plains wild indigo); p; f; gl; kes-118 cercis canadensis l. (redbud); p; t; uwl; kes-119 chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene (partridge pea); a; f; gl; kes-097 dalea aurea nutt. ex fraser (golden prairie clover); p; f; gl; kes-104 dalea candida michx. ex willd. (white prairie clover); p; f; gl; kes-101 dalea enneandra nutt. ex fraser (nine-anther prairie clover); p; f; gl; kes-092 dalea purpurea vent. (purple prairie clover); p; f; gl; kes-107 desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macmill. ex b.l. rob. & fernald (bundleflower); p; f; gl; kes-111 desmodium glutinosum (muhl. ex willd.) alph. wood (large-flowered tickclover); p; f; mf; kes-249 †desmodium nuttallii (schindl.) b.g. schub. (nuttall's ticktrefoil); p; f; gl; kes-113; s1g5 desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & a. gray (sessile tickclover); p; f; gl; kes-105 indigofera miniata ortega (coastal indigo); p; f; gl; kes-110 *kummerowia stipulacea (maxim.) makino (korean clover); a; f; gl; kes-305 *lathyrus hirsutus l. (caley pea); a; f; gl; kes-306 lespedeza capitata michx. (bush clover); p; f; gl; kes-378 *lespedeza cuneata (dum. cours.) g. don (sericea lespedeza); p; f; gl; kes-103 lespedeza procumbens michx. (trailing lespedeza); p; f; mf; kes-367 lespedeza stuevei nutt. (stueve's lespedeza); p; f; uwl; kes-369 *medicago minima (l.) l. ex bartal. (small medic); a; f; gl; kes-117 *melilotus albus medik. (white sweetclover); a; f; gl; kes-432 *melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. (yellow sweetclover); a; f; gl; kes-096 mimosa nuttallii (dc. ex britton & rose) b.l. turner (sensitive briar); p; f; gl; kes-094 oxytropis lambertii pursh (purple locoweed); p; f; gl; kes-386 psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. (wild alfalfa); p; f; gl; kes-100 robinia pseudoacacia l. (black locust); p; t; uwl; kes-114 *securigera varia (l.) lassen (crownvetch); p; f; gl; kes-109 strophostyles helvola (l.) elliott (wild bean); a; f; gl; kes-106 strophostyles leiosperma (torr. & a. gray) piper (smoothseed wild bean); a; f; gl; kes-377 *vicia sativa l. (common vetch); a; f; gl; kes-116 *vicia villosa roth (winter vetch); a; f; gl; kes-396 fagaceae quercus macrocarpa michx. (bur oak); p; t; mf; kes-235 quercus marilandica münchh. (blackjack oak); p; t; uwl; kes-231 quercus muehlenbergii engelm. (chinquapin oak); p; t; mf; kes-234 gentianaceae eustoma exaltatum (l.) salisb. ex g. don ssp. russellianum (hook.) kartesz (showy prairie gentian); a; f; gl; kes-375 sabatia campestris nutt. (pink gentian); a; f; gl; kes-150 geraniaceae *erodium cicutarium (l.) l'hér. ex aiton (redstem stork's bill); a; f; da; kes-149 geranium texanum (trel.) a. heller (texas geranium); a; f; gl; kes-148 oklahoma native plant record 57 volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland haloragaceae *myriophyllum spicatum l. (eurasian water-milfoil); p; f; hwv; kes-341 heliotropiaceae heliotropium tenellum (nutt.) torr. (pasture heliotrope); a; f; gl; kes-090 hydrocharitaceae najas guadalupensis (spreng.) magnus (southern waternymph); a; f; hwv; kes-311 hypericaceae hypericum drummondii (grev. & hook.) torr. & a. gray (nits-and-lice); a; f; gl; kes-380 iridaceae *iris germanica l. (german iris); p; f; sbl; kes-439 sisyrinchium angustifolium mill. (blue-eyed grass); p; f; gl; kes-146 juglandaceae carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch; (pecan); p; t; sbl; kes-323 juncaceae juncus brachyphyllus wiegand (tuftedstem rush); p; g; hwv; kes-145 juncus dudleyi wiegand (dudley's rush); p; g; gl; kes-398 juncus interior wiegand (inland rush); p; g; gl; kes-397 juncus marginatus rostk. (grassleaf rush); p; g; hwv; kes-144 juncus torreyi coville (torrey's rush); p; g; hwv; kes-143 krameriaceae krameria lanceolata torr. (trailing ratany); p; f; gl; kes-164 lamiaceae hedeoma drummondii benth. (false pennyroyal); p; f; gl; kes-161 hedeoma hispida pursh (rough pennyroyal); a; f; gl; kes-159 *lamium amplexicaule l. (henbit deadnettle); a; f; gl; kes-162 *lamium purpureum l. (purple deadnettle); a; f; sbl; kes-163 lycopus americanus muhl. ex w.p.c. bartram (american bugleweed); p; f; hwv; kes-158 monarda clinopodioides a. gray (basil beebalm); a; f; gl; kes-160 monarda fistulosa l. (wild bergamot); p; f; gl; kes-156 salvia azurea michx. ex lam. (blue sage); p; f; gl; ke-157 teucrium canadense l. (american germander); p; f; hwv; kes-155 linaceae linum sulcatum riddell (grooved flax); a; f; gl; kes-151 lythraceae ammannia coccinea rottb. (valley redstem); a; f; hwv; kes-364 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 malvaceae callirhoe involucrata (torr. & a. gray) a. gray (winecup); p; f; gl; kes-168 menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. (carolina snailseed); p; f; uwl; kes-233 molluginaceae mollugo verticillata l. (green carpetweed); a; f; da; kes-167 montiaceae claytonia virginica l. (springbeauty); p; f; gl; kes-282 phemeranthus parviflorus (nutt.) kiger (sunbright); p; f; gl; kes-317 moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) c.k. schneid. (bois d'arc); p; t; sbl; kes-248 *morus alba l. (white mulberry); p; t; da; kes-166 morus rubra l. (red mulberry); p; t; sbl; kes-165 nyctaginaceae mirabilis albida (walter) heimerl (white four o'clock); p; f; gl; kes-361 mirabilis linearis (pursh) heimerl (narrowleaf four o'clock); p; f; gl; kes-383 oleaceae fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. (green ash); p; t; sbl; kes-379 onagraceae oenothera berlandieri (spach) steud. ssp. berlandieri (spach) steud. (berlandier's sundrops); p; f; gl; kes-218 oenothera curtiflora w.l. wagner & hoch (velvety gaura); a; f; gl; kes-217 oenothera glaucifolia w.l. wagner & hoch (false gaura); p; f; gl; kes-221 oenothera laciniata hill (cut-leaf evening primrose); p; f; gl; kes-220 oenothera macrocarpa nutt. (large-fruited evening primrose); p; f; gl; kes-219 oenothera rhombipetala nutt. ex torr. & a. gray (fourpoint evening primrose); p; f; gl; kes-222 oenothera sinuosa w.l. wagner & hoch (wavyleaf gaura); p; f; gl; kes-223 oenothera triangulata (buckley) w.l. wagner & hoch (prairie beeblossom); a; f; gl; kes-391 ophioglossaceae ophioglossum engelmannii prantl (limestone adder's tongue); p; f; gl; kes-216 orchidaceae spiranthes cernua (l.) rich. (nodding lady's tresses); p; f; gl; kes-385 orobanchaceae agalinis heterophylla (nutt.) small (prairie false foxglove); a; f; gl; kes-381 buchnera americana l. (american blue hearts); p; f; gl; kes-266 castilleja indivisa engelm. (indian paintbrush); a; f; gl; kes-267 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland oklahoma native plant record 59 volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata l. (yellow wood-sorrel); p; f; gl; kes-215 oxalis violacea l. (violet wood-sorrel); p; f; gl; kes-384 penthoraceae penthorum sedoides l. (ditch stonecrop); p; f; hwv; kes-061 phyrmaceae phryma leptostachya l. (american lopseed); p; f; mf; kes-293 phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. (pokeweed); p; f; da; kes-334 plantaginaceae leucospora multifida (michx.) nutt. (narrowleaf paleseed); a; f; hwv; kes-265 nuttallanthus texanus (scheele) d.a. sutton (texas toadflax); b; f; gl; kes-392 penstemon cobaea nutt. (large beardtongue); p; f; gl; kes-385 plantago aristata michx. (bottlebrush plantain); a; f; gl; kes-289 †plantago elongata pursh ssp. elongata (prairie plantain); a; f; gl; kes-290; s3t3g4t4 plantago patagonica jacq. (wooly plantain); a; f; gl; kes-309 plantago rhodosperma decne. (redseed plantain); a; f; gl; kes-291 plantago rugelii decne. (blackseed plantain); p; f; sbl; kes-433 *veronica arvensis l. (common speedwell); a; f; gl; kes-268 *#veronica peregrina l. (purslane speedwell); a; f; gl; kes-410 platanaceae platanus occidentalis l. (american sycamore); p; t; sbl; kes-389 poaceae *aegilops cylindrica host (jointed goatgrass); a; g; gl; kes-170 agrostis hyemalis (walter) britton, sterns & poggenb. (ticklegrass); p; g; gl; kes-214 andropogon gerardii vitman (big bluestem); p; g; gl; kes-213 andropogon ternarius michx. (splitbeard bluestem); p; g; gl; kes-351 andropogon virginicus l. (broomsedge); p; g; gl; kes-424 aristida longespica poir. (slimspike threeawn); a; g; gl; kes-178 aristida purpurea nutt. var. longiseta (steud.) vasey (fendler threeawn); p; g; gl; kes-211 aristida purpurea nutt var. purpurea (purple threeawn); p; g; gl; kes-175 *bothriochloa ischaemum (l.) keng (yellow bluestem); p; g; gl; kes-210 bothriochloa laguroides (dc.) herter var. torreyana (steud.) m. marchi & longhi-wagner (silver beardgrass); p; g; gl; kes-209 bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. (sideoats grama); p; g; gl; kes-208 bouteloua dactyloides (nutt.) columbus (buffalo grass); p; g; gl; kes-376 bouteloua gracilis (kunth) lag. ex griffiths (blue grama); p; g; gl; kes-207 bouteloua hirsuta lag. (hairy grama); p; g; gl; kes-206 bouteloua rigidiseta (steud.) hitchc. (texas grama); p; g; gl; kes-205 *bromus arvensis l. (field brome); a; g; gl; kes-204 *bromus catharticus vahl (rescue grass); a; g; gl; kes-173 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. (canada brome); p; g; uwl; kes-203 *bromus tectorum l. (cheatgrass); a; g; gl; kes-174 cenchrus spinifex cav. (coastal sandbur); p; g; gl; kes-383 chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) h.o. yates (inland sea oats); p; g; sbl; kes-202 chloris verticillata nutt. (windmill grass); p; g; gl; kes-201 chloris virgata sw. (feather fingergrass); a; g; gl; kes-434 coleataenia anceps (michx.) soreng (beaked panicgrass); p; g; hwv; kes-187 *cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. (bermuda grass); p; g; gl; kes-228 dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. lindheimeri (nash) gould & c.a. clark (lindheimer panicgrass); p; g; gl; kes-296 dichanthelium malacophyllum (nash) gould (softleaf rosette grass); p; g; uwl; kes-194 dichanthelium oligosanthes (schult.) gould var. oligosanthes (heller's rosette grass); p; g; gl; kes-193 dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (elliott) gould (roundseed panicgrass); p; g; gl; kes-426 digitaria ciliaris (retz.) pers. (southern crabgrass); a; g; gl; kes-435 digitaria cognata (schult.) pilg. (fall witchgrass); p; g; gl; kes-198 distichlis spicata (l.) greene (saltgrass); p; g; gl; kes-378 echinochloa muricata (p. beauv.) fernald (rough barnyard grass); a; g; hwv; kes-298 elymus canadensis l. (canada wildrye); p; g; gl; kes-197 elymus virginicus l. (virginia wild rye); p; g; uwl; kes-196 *eragrostis cilianensis (bellardi) vignolo ex janch. (stinkgrass); a; g; gl; kes-384 eragrostis curtipedicellata buckley (gummy lovegrass); p; g; gl; kes-192 *eragrostis curvula (schrad.) nees (weeping lovegrass); p; g; gl; kes-329 eragrostis hirsuta (michx.) nees (bigtop lovegrass); p; g; gl; kes-191 eragrostis secundiflora j. presl ssp. oxylepis (torr.) s.d. koch (red lovegrass); p; g; gl; kes-190 eragrostis sessilispica buckley (tumble lovegrass); p; g; gl; kes-200 #eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) alph. wood (sand lovegrass); p; g; gl; kes-412 hordeum pusillum nutt. (little barley); a; g; gl; kes-377 leersia virginica willd. (whitegrass); p; g; hwv; kes-189 *lolium perenne l. (perennial ryegrass); p; g; gl; kes-188 mnesithea cylindrica (michx.) de koning & sosef (mousetail); p; g; gl; kes-199 #muhlenbergia capillaris (lam.) trin. (hairawn muhly); p; g; gl; kes-199 muhlenbergia paniculata (nutt.) columbus (tumblegrass); p; g; da; kes-330 panicum capillare l. (witchgrass); a; g; gl; kes-186 panicum philadelphicum bernh. ex trin. (philadelphia witchgrass); a; g; gl; kes-345 panicum virgatum l. (switchgrass); p; g; gl; kes-185 *paspalum dilatatum poir. (dallis grass); p; g; gl; kes-184 paspalum distichum houtt. (knotgrass); p; g; gl; kes-183 paspalum setaceum michx. (thin paspalum); p; g; gl; kes-182 phalaris caroliniana walter (maygrass); a; g; gl; kes-386 *poa annua l. (annual bluegrass); a; g; gl; kes-172 schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash (little bluestem); p; g; gl; kes-181 setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen (knotroot foxtail); p; g; gl; kes-326 *setaria viridis (l.) p. beauv. (green bristlegrass); a; g; gl; kes-315 sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash (indian grass); p; g; gl; kes-372 *sorghum halepense (l.) pers. (johnson grass); p; g; gl; kes-180 sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. (prairie wedgescale); p; g; hwv; kes-176 sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) a. gray (sand dropseed); p; g; gl; kes-314 oklahoma native plant record 61 volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland sporobolus pyramidatus (lam.) hitchc. (madagascar dropseed); p; g; gl; kes-179 tridens flavus (l.) hitchc. (purpletop); p; g; gl; kes-177 vulpia octoflora (walter) rydb. (poverty grass); a; g; gl; kes-171 polygalaceae polygala alba nutt. (white milkwort); p; f; gl; kes-288 polygala incarnata l. (pink milkwort); a; f; gl; kes-287 polygala verticillata l. (whorled milkwort); a; f; gl; kes-286 polygonaceae eriogonum annuum nutt. (annual buckwheat); a; f; gl; kes-355 eriogonum longifolium nutt. (longleaf buckwheat); p; f; gl; kes-284 *fallopia convolvulus (l.) á. löve (black bindweed); a; f; gl; kes-312 persicaria lapathifolia (l.) gray (pale smartweed); a; f; hwv; kes-229 persicaria punctata (elliott) small (dotted smartweed); a; f; hwv; kes-285 polygonum ramosissimum michx. (bushy knotweed); a; f; da; kes-360 *rumex crispus l. (curly dock); p; f; hwv; kes-283 #rumex hastatulus baldwin (heartwing sorrel); p; f; gl; kes-409 potamogetonaceae potamogeton nodosus poir. (longleaf pondweed); p; f; hwv; kes-322 primulaceae samolus valerandi l. (smallflower brookweed); p; f; hwv; kes-295 ranunculaceae anemone berlandieri pritz. (ten-petal windflower); p; f; gl; kes-281 delphinium carolinianum walter ssp. virescens (nutt.) r.e. brooks (carolina larkspur); p; f; gl; kes-391 rosaceae geum canadense jacq. (white avens); p; f; mf; kes-304 *potentilla recta l. (erect cinquefoil); p; f; gl; kes-280 prunus angustifolia marshall (chickasaw plum); p; s; gl; kes-226 prunus mexicana s. watson (mexican plum); p; t; gl; kes-241 *pyrus calleryana decne. (callery pear); p; t; uwl; kes-278 rosa foliolosa nutt. ex torr. & a. gray (prairie rose); p; f; gl; kes-224 *rosa multiflora thunb. (mulitflora rose); p; v; sbl; kes-277 rubus pensilvanicus poir. (oklahoma blackberry); p; s; gl; kes-436 rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. (buttonbush); p; s; hwv; kes-337 *cruciata pedemontana (bellardi) ehrend. (piedmont bedstraw); a; f; gl; kes-275 diodella teres (walter) small (poor-joe); a; f; gl; kes-272 galium aparine l. (catchweed bedstraw); a; f; gl; kes-276 galium virgatum nutt. (southwest bedstraw); a; f; gl; kes-271 houstonia pusilla schoepf (prairie bluets); a; f; gl; kes-274 stenaria nigricans (lam.) terrell var. nigricans (diamond flowers); p; f; gl; kes-273 62 oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016 salicaceae populus deltoides w. bartram ex marshall (cottonwood); p; t; sbl; kes-236 salix exigua nutt. (narrowleaf willow); p; t; hwv; kes-270 salix nigra marshall (black willow); p; t; hwv; kes-269 sapindaceae acer negundo l. (boxelder); p; t; sbl; kes-247 sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l.d. benson (western soapberry); p; t; uwl; kes-246 sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. (chittamwood); p; t; uwl; kes-237 smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. (greenbrier); p; f; uwl; kes-264 smilax rotundifolia l. (roundleaf greenbrier); p; f; uwl; kes-300 smilax tamnoides l. (bristly greenbrier); p; f; uwl; kes-350 solanaceae *#lycium barbarum l. (common matrimonyvine); p; s; unknown habitat; kes-427 physalis cinerascens (dunal) hitchc. (smallflower groundcherry); p; f; gl; kes-260 solanum dimidiatum raf. (horsenettle); p; f; gl; kes-262 solanum elaeagnifolium cav. (silverleaf nightshade); p; f; gl; kes-263 solanum rostratum dunal (buffalo bur); a; f; da; kes-225 ulmaceae ulmus americana l. (american elm); p; t; sbl; kes-238 *ulmus pumila (siberian elm); p; t; da; kes-437 ulmus rubra muhl. (slippery elm); p; t; sbl; kes-387 urticaceae parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. (pennsylvania pellitory); a; f; sbl; kes-243 valerianaceae valerianella amarella (lindh. ex engelm.) krok (hairy cornsalad); a; f; gl; kes-257 valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. (beaked cornsalad); a; f; gl; kes-258 verbenaceae glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber (pink mock vervain); a; f; gl; kes-256 phyla lanceolata (michx.) greene (lanceleaf fogfruit); p; f; hwv; kes-254 verbena bracteata cav. ex lag. & rodr. (bigbract verbena); a; f; gl; kes-232 verbena halei small (slender verbena); p; f; gl; kes-255 violaceae viola bicolor pursh (johnny jump-up); a; f; gl; kes-253 viola sororia willd. var. missouriensis (greene) l.e. mckinney (common blue violet); p; f; mf; kes-252 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland oklahoma native plant record 63 volume 16, december 2016 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland vitaceae ampelopsis cordata michx. (heartleaf peppervine); p; v; sbl; kes-388 parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. (virginia creeper); p; v; sbl; kes-244 vitis cinerea (engelm.) engelm. ex millard (graybark grape); p; v; sbl; kes-251 vitis vulpina l. (frost grape); p; v; sbl; kes-302 xanthorrhoeaceae *hemerocallis fulva (l.) l. (orange daylily); p; f; sbl; kes-440 a floristic inventory of the university of oklahoma’s kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county, oklahoma by ms. amy k. buthod and dr. bruce w. hoagland journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 4, number 1, december 2004 24 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 cotinus obovatus raf. (smoke-tree ) in oklahoma bruce w. hoagland oklahoma biological survey and department of geography university of oklahoma, norman, ok 73019 cotinus obovatus is a shrub or small tree, up to 6.5 m (20 feet) tall. the twigs are orange to brown, glabrous (without hairs), and aromatic when crushed (figure 1). the sap is resinous and strong-smelling. the wood is yellow to orange in color with creamy colored sapwood. the leaves are alternate, simple, elliptical to obovate, 5-13 cm (2-5 inches) long, and 4-7.5 cm (1.6-3 inches) wide. they are pointed at the base, but rounded to weakly pointed at the apex and margins are entire. leaves turn orange to scarlet in the fall (figure 2). flowers bloom in early spring, are very small, and have five petals and five sepals that are greenish in color, with five stamens and one pistil. separate male and female flowers are present on the same plant. the wispy panicles measure 15 cm (6 inches) or more in length and are the root of the common name smoke-tree (figure 3). however, there are few flowers in the panicle and many of them are sterile. fruits are small drupes about 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter. some flowers are sterile and their stalks are long and covered with purplish or brownish hairs. the tree sprouts readily from the roots (elias 1987, hightshoe 1988, kurz 1997, little 1996, sargent 1905). cotinus species are members of the anacardiaceae (cashew) family. other members of this family occurring in oklahoma include rhus aromatica (skunkbrush), rhus copallinum (winged sumac), r. glabra (shining sumac), and toxicodendron radicans (poison ivy). cotinus is the classic name for wild olive and obovatus refers to the leaf shape (vines 1960). there are only two species in the genus cotinus; c. coggygria (european smoke tree) and c. obovatus (north american smoke tree). cotinus coggygria is widely planted in the united states as an ornamental tree, but its native range extends from europe east to the himalayas (elias). cotinus obovatus occurs in seven states in the southeastern united states (little 1943) and six counties in oklahoma (figure 4; johnson and hoagland 2004). cotinus obovatus grows on calcareous bluffs and ravines where limestone predominates. associated trees and shrubs often include fraxinus quadrangulata (blue ash), philadelphus pubescens (mock orange), staphylea trifolia (bladdernut), quercus muehlenbergii (chinkapin oak), and ulmus rubra (red elm). fort gibson dam in wagoner county and chandler park in tulsa are excellent locations for viewing c. obovatus. cotinus obovatus was first discovered in oklahoma in 1919 by thomas nuttall. he encountered this tree on limestone cliffs along the grand river 30 miles north of its confluence with hoagland, b.w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100028 the arkansas river. this plant was in fruit and greatly resembled the european species, which was referred to as rhus cotinus in the early 19 th century. in this vein, he named the plant rhus cotinoides. the name cotinus obovatus was described by constantine rafinesque in 1840. the second discovery of c. obovatus in oklahoma was made by ernest palmer on 14 april 1928, 109 years after nuttall’s visit, at a site near page in leflore county (little 1943). the wood of c. obovatus has no economic value to the timber industry, due to its small size, but it is rot resistant and has been used for fence posts in some regions of the united states. during the civil war, a yellow dye was extracted from the wood (elias 1987). currently c. coggygria is sold and planted as an ornamental plant in greater quantity than c. obovatus. however, its beautiful panicles of flowers in the spring and brilliant autumn colors make it a worthy addition to any home garden as well. literature cited elias, t.s. 1987. trees of north america: a field guide and natural history. gramercy pub. co., new york. hightshoe, g.l. 1988. native trees, shrubs, and vines for urban and rural america: a planting design manual for environmental designers. van nostrand reinhold, new york. johnson, f.l. and b.w. hoagland. 2004. catalog of the woody plants of oklahoma [online]. available: www.biosurvey.ou.edu. (accessed on 1 june 2004). kurz, d. 1997. shrubs and woody bines of missouri. missouri department of conservation, jefferson city. little, e.l. 1943. american smoketree (cotinus obovatus raf.), one of oklahoma’s rarest tree species. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 23: 21-23. little, e.l., jr., 1977, atlas of united states trees, volume 4, minor eastern hardwoods: u.s. department of agriculture miscellaneous publication 1342. little, e. l. 1996. forest trees of oklahoma, 14 th . oklahoma department of agriculture, forestry services. sargent, c.s. 1905. manual of the trees of north america. houghton mifflin, new york. vines, r.a. 1960. trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the southwest: a guide for the states of arkansas, louisiana, new mexico, oklahoma, and texas. university of texas press, austin. http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu./� oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 hoagland, b.w. figure 1 leaves of cotinus obovatus, fort gibson dam, wagoner county, oklahoma. figure 3 inflorescence of cotinus obovatus, fort gibson dam, wagoner county, oklahoma. figure 2 habitat photo of cotinus obovatus, fort gibson dam, wagoner county, oklahoma. figure 4 distribution of cotinus obovatus in north america (adapted from little 1977). five year index to oklahoma native plant record volume 5 4 relationship of forest vegetation to soils on geological formations of the oklahoma gulf coastal plain, r. john taylor 39 a vegetation analysis of a pimpled prairie in northeastern oklahoma, constance l. murray 61 vascular flora of a site along the arkansas river, pawnee county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 73 additions to the flora of garvin county, oklahoma, phillip t. crawford and priscilla h.c. crawford 98 tribute to john taylor, onps members volume 6 4 the lichens of north central oklahoma, darvin w. keck 51 annotated nomenclatural update to keck (1961), douglas m. ladd 53 vascular flora of a red sandstone hills site, canadian county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 69 vascular flora of a riparian site on the canadian river, cleveland county, oklahoma, lacy burgess and bruce w. hoagland. 80 cedar-apple rust, clark l. ovrebo volume 7 4 vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks, charles s. wallis 21 updated oklahoma ozark flora, bruce w. hoagland 54 the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site osage county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy buthod 67 vascular plant checklists from oklahoma, michael w. palmer 78 the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers, caleb stotts, michael w. palmer, and kelly kindscher 91 botanizing with larry magrath, patricia a. folley volume 8 4 a floristic study of the vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma, 1975 m.s. thesis, susan c. barber 37 updated list of taxa for vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma, susan c. barber 45 updated flora of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge keith a. carter, pablo rodriguez, and michael t. dunn 57 common spring mushrooms of oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo and nancy s. weber 61 fern habitats and rare ferns in oklahoma, bruce a. smith 67 tribute to paul buck, constance murray volume 9 4 vascular plants of southeastern oklahoma from san bois to the kiamichi mountains, 1969 ph.d. dissertation, f. hobart means 38 composition and structure of bottomland forest vegetation at the tiak research natural area, mccurtain county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland and newell a. mccarty 59 is seedling establishment very rare in the oklahoma seaside alder, alnus maritima ssp. oklahomensis?, stanley a. rice and j. phil gibson 64 whatever happened to cheilanthes horridula and cheilanthes lindheimeri in oklahoma? bruce a. smith 70 invasive plants versus oklahoma‟s biodiversity, chadwick a. cox oklahoma native plant society c/o tulsa garden center 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 the identification of some of the more common native oklahoma grasses by vegetative characters, ph.d. thesis william franklin harris 34 the vascular flora of hale scout reservation, leflore county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 54 the toxicity of extracts of tephrosia virginiana (fabaceae) in oklahoma mary gard 65 four western cheilanthoid ferns in oklahoma bruce a. smith 77 critic’s choice essay: being a method proposed for the ready finding ... to what sort any plant belongeth ronald j. tyrl five year index to oklahoma native plant record – inside back cover 2019 oklahoma native plant record 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 eric b. duell and karen r. hickman 10.22488/okstate.20.100004 sexual reproduction of kudzu (puer ar ia mon tan a [lour.] merr.) in oklahoma eric b. duell karen r. hickman department of natural resource ecology and management oklahoma state university stillwater, ok 74078 eric.duell@okstate.edu keywords: invasive species, kudzu, sexual reproduction abstract non-native invasive plants pose major threats to biodiversity across the globe. in the southeastern united states, kudzu (pueraria montana [lour.] merr.) was introduced as a flowering, ornamental vine. in many areas, it quickly escaped cultivation and has caused major disruption to native ecosystems. over the past two decades, kudzu has gradually spread north and west, being found as far north as illinois and indiana, and as far west as kansas and oklahoma. only recently has the species distribution been thoroughly assessed in oklahoma, and these studies have found its statewide range to be more extensive than previously thought. as a result of the species being understudied in the region, the reproductive ecology of kudzu in oklahoma has gone largely unexamined. our research provides evidence of sexual reproduction at two sites in southeastern oklahoma. this is the first documentation of germination of kudzu in oklahoma. while kudzu reproduces primarily through rhizomatous vegetative growth, the production of viable seeds is essential to the maintenance of genetic diversity and is often important at range limits. this research, coupled with further plant demographic research, could provide key details surrounding the potential further spread of kudzu in oklahoma. introduction invasion by non-native species continues to pose a major threat to native biodiversity and has been identified as a major driver of species extinctions across the globe (clavero and garcía-berthou 2005; bellard et al. 2016). non-native invasive plant species pose many threats to native biodiversity, including competition for resource acquisition, alterations in ecosystem functions, and shifting disturbance regimes (dukes and mooney 1999; dillemuth et al. 2008; corbin and d’antonio 2010). invasiveness of introduced plants is often facilitated by a wide variety of physiological and anatomical characteristics, such as enhanced biomass production, greater root: shoot ratio, or improved seed production (sandel and dangremond 2012). according to forseth and innis (2004), there are an estimated 6,000 non-native vascular plant species in the u.s., compared to 17,000 native species. kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. (fabaceae), is an introduced, perennial, leguminous vine which can detrimentally alter the ecosystems which it invades. first introduced to the united states as a livestock forage and as an agent for erosion control on degraded landscapes, kudzu has rapidly expanded its range, out-competing native flora and altering biogeochemical processes (mitich 2000). due to its vinemailto:cking24@uco.edu oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 19, december 2019 eric b. duell and karen r. hickman forming growth habit and extremely rapid growth rate (forseth and innis 2004), kudzu covers and shades out native trees and shrubs, often killing them in the process. kudzu also has the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen (n2) into plantavailable ammonium (nh4+). this pulse of available nitrogen alters the soil chemistry, which can result in the exclusion of plant species better adapted to low-nutrient environments. this, in turn, causes increased rates of nitrogen transformations, namely nitrification and denitrification, and thus increasing emissions of nitrous oxide (n2o), a harmful greenhouse gas (hickman et al. 2010). along with the impacts on natural ecosystems, kudzu is also economically devastating. an estimated $100–500 million is spent annually in an attempt to control kudzu and mitigate the effects of kudzu on forests and agricultural lands (blaustein 2001). once believed to be restricted to parts of the southeastern u.s. because of lack of temperature tolerances, kudzu has spread outside these confines. kudzu has been documented as far west as nebraska, kansas, and oklahoma, and as far north as new york, massachusetts, and ontario (waldron and larson 2012), with populations also found throughout the midwestern states of ohio, illinois, and indiana. some of this is likely due to milder winters experienced by regions at the northern extent of the kudzu range. climate models predict kudzu could spread even further into northern states such as michigan and wisconsin (jarnevich and stohlgren 2009; follak 2011). other models suggest appropriate climate for kudzu persistence along the west coast from washington south into california and even arizona (bradley et al. 2010; callen and miller 2015). the extent of kudzu invasion in oklahoma has only been recently assessed. claytor and hickman (2015) determined kudzu to be present in 23 of oklahoma’s 77 counties, a more extensive range than previous reports from the state. while the distribution and occurrences of kudzu in oklahoma have gained recent attention, there are currently no documentations of sexual reproduction of kudzu in the state. kudzu is a perennial vine, capable of overwintering in a senesced state before emerging in spring via rhizomes. while seed production may not be the primary means of propagation for kudzu, the transport of viable seeds by means of water or wildlife has the potential to further the dispersal of this species, especially in localized populations on the boundaries of its current range. for these reasons, we examined the germinability of seeds collected from kudzu populations identified by claytor and hickman (2015). methods legume pods were collected from three oklahoma sites: fittstown a, fittstown b (36° 37.48’ n, 96° 38.6’ w), and claremore (36° 17.56’ n, 95° 35.56’ w), which were identified by claytor and hickman (2015) (figure 1). individual seeds were then extracted from legumes. seeds were surfacesterilized by soaking in 7% sodium hypochlorite solution for five minutes and thoroughly rinsed using distilled water (ruiz et al. 2003). once sterilized and rinsed, seeds were then scarified using sandpaper. once sterilized, rinsed, and scarified, 50 seeds from each site were placed on top of germination paper fitted in the bottom of a standard (90 mm x 15 mm) petri dish. each site was replicated six times, giving us a total of 18 petri dishes. germination experiments were conducted in controlled environmental chambers (conviron-pgw 36, interior dimension: 98” w x 54” d x 93” h, growth area: 36 ft2, and growth capacity: 240 ft2) under a 14-hour photoperiod, located on the campus of oklahoma state university in stillwater, ok, usa. ambient temperatures were 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 eric b. duell and karen r. hickman maintained at 24°c. germination was considered successful once the radicle had reached approximately 2 mm in length. to avoid counting previously recorded germinations, germinated seeds were discarded following initial documentation. due to the non-normal distribution of our data, a kruskal-wallis test was performed with site as the sole factor to determine differences in germination among the three sites. to determine differences among sites, a dunn’s post-hoc test was used (α = 0.05). all data were analyzed using r version 3.6.1 (r core team 2019). results in our study, 86 of 900 seeds germinated. all 86 germinated seeds were collected from fittstown, with no germination occurring in seeds collected from claremore (figure 2). nearly 10% of seeds from fittstown a germinated while germination occurred in 19% of seeds collected from fittstown b (see figure 2). germination of seeds from both fittstown sites was significantly greater than that of claremore (p = 0.008; p = 0.012), and there was no difference in germination between the two fittstown sites (p = 0.522). from these data, we can conclude that, given appropriate conditions, kudzu is capable of sexual reproduction in oklahoma. figure 1 map of kudzu populations in oklahoma. stars indicate the locations of seeds collected for the germination experiment, with fittstown located in south-central oklahoma and claremore being the northeastern site. map created by claytor and hickman 2015. oklahoma native plant record 55 volume 19, december 2019 eric b. duell and karen r. hickman figure 2 germination of kudzu from three sites in eastern oklahoma. different letters indicate significant differences in germination between sites (p ≤ 0.05). discussion and conclusions current and predictive climate models suggest oklahoma’s climate is suitable for sustaining kudzu populations in many parts of the state (bradley et al. 2010; callen and miller 2015). until now, documentation of viable kudzu seed in oklahoma has gone unreported. along with the data collected by claytor and hickman (2015), our research suggests that not only is kudzu able to overwinter in parts of the state, but it is also capable of sexual reproduction given appropriate environmental conditions. while it has been documented that vegetative (asexual) reproduction is the primary mode of propagation in kudzu (forseth and innis 2004; lindgren et al. 2013), sexual reproduction and dispersal is often important for genetic diversity and long-term population persistence in plants. in our study, only seeds collected from fittstown successfully germinated, while no germination was observed in seeds from claremore. these results are supported by previous research that suggests kudzu produces relatively few viable seeds, and in some instances populations fail to produce viable seed altogether (tsugawa 1986a, b). our results are also supported by mcclain et al. (2006), who found that 72 of 78 studied kudzu populations did not produce mature fruit at northern edges of its range. fruit maturation and subsequent viable seed production are thought to be linked to microclimate (pappert et al. 2000), which could be one reason why claremore seeds did not germinate. average annual temperatures near fittstown are between 1.5 and 2°c warmer than claremore, and it is possible that this difference is enough to influence germinability. germination of seeds from fittstown was found to be similar to seeds from other areas of the southeastern united states (10–20%), and it is suggested that germination of just a few individuals is adequate for the introduction of new genotypes and addition of genetic diversity to populations (pappert et al. 2000). our study assessed three populations of kudzu for seed germinability. to fill knowledge gaps in the reproductive ecology of kudzu in oklahoma, additional research is needed to further determine which populations are capable of sexual reproduction. furthermore, much research is needed regarding the population demographics and genetic diversity of kudzu at the western extent of its invaded range. this will help determine the relative importance of different reproductive strategies (asexual vs. sexual), as well as potential modes of dispersal. this type of research will also aid in early detection and rapid response and potentially slow or halt the spread of this invasive species. 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 eric b. duell and karen r. hickman acknowledgments we would like to thank j. nolan craun and callie zoeller for the collection of seeds and assistance with germination trials. thanks to the oklahoma agricultural experiment station for additional funding and support. literature cited bellard, c., p. cassey, and t.m. blackburn. 2016. alien species as a driver of recent extinctions. biology letters 12:20150623. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0623 blaustein, r.j. 2001. kudzu’s invasion into the southern united states life and culture. in: mcneeley, j.a., ed. the great reshuffling: human dimensions of invasive species. gland, (switzerland) and cambridge (uk): iucn, the world conservation union. pp. 55–62. bradley, b.a., d.s. wilcove, and m. oppenheimer. 2010. climate change increases risk of plant invasion in the eastern united states. biological invasions 12:1855–1872. callen, s.t. and a.j. miller. 2015. signatures of niche conservatism and niche shift in the north american kudzu (pueraria montana) invasion. diversity and distributions 21:853–863. clavero, m. and e. garcía-berthou. 2005. invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions. trends in ecology and evolution 20:110. claytor, m. and k.r. hickman. 2015. kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. abundance and distribution in oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 15(1):96–104. corbin, j.d. and c.m. d’antonio. 2010. not novel, just better: competition between native and non-native plants in california grasslands that share species traits. plant ecology 209:71–81. dillemuth, f.p., e.a. rietschier, and j.t. cronin. 2008. patch dynamics of a native grass in relation to the spread of invasive smooth brome (bromus inermis). biological invasions 11:1381–1391. dukes, j.s. and h.a. mooney. 1999. does global change increase the success of biological invaders? trends in ecology and evolution 14:135–139. follak, s. 2011. potential distribution and environmental threat of pueraria lobata. central european journal of biology 6(3):457–469. forseth, i.n. and a.n. innis. 2004. kudzu (pueraria montana): history, physiology, and ecology combine to make a major ecosystem threat. critical reviews in plant sciences 23:401–413. hickman, j.e., s. wu, l.j. mickley, m.t. lerdau, and c.b. field. 2010. kudzu (pueraria montana) invasion doubles emissions of nitric oxide and increases ozone pollution. proceedings of the national academy of sciences 107(22):10115–10119. jarnevich, c. and t. stohlgren. 2009. near term climate projections for invasive species distributions. biological invasions 11:1373–1379. lindgren, c.j., k.l. castro, h.a. coiner, r.e. nurse, and s.j. darbyshire. 2013. the biology of invasive alien plants in canada. 12. pueraria montana var. lobata (willd.) sanjappa and predeep. canadian journal of plant science 93(1):71–95. mcclain, w.e., j. shimp, t.l. esker, j.m. coons, e.t. adler, and j.e. ebinger. 2006. distribution and reproductive potential of kudzu (pueraria lobata, fabaceae) in illinois, usa. transactions of the illinois state academy of science 99(1– 2):17–30. mitich, l.w. 2000. kudzu (pueraria lobata [willd.] ohwi.). weed technology 14:231– 235. pappert, r.a., j.l. hamrick, and l.a. donovan. 2000. genetic variation in pueraria lobata (fabaceae), an introduced, clonal, invasive plant of the southeastern united states. american journal of botany 87:1240–1245. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0623 oklahoma native plant record 57 volume 19, december 2019 eric b. duell and karen r. hickman r core team. 2018. r: a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna (austria): r foundation for statistical computing. https://www.rproject.org/ ruiz, o.n., h.s. hussein, n. terry, and h. daniell. 2003. phytoremediation of organomercurial compounds via chloroplast genetic engineering. plant physiology 132:1344–1352. sandel, b. and e.m. dangremond. 2012. climate change and the invasion of california by grasses. global change biology 18:277–289. tsugawa, h. 1986a. cultivation and utilization of kudzu-vine (pueraria lobata ohwi). taxonomy, geographical distribution, use, breeding, and propagation. journal of japanese society of grassland science 31:435–443. tsugawa, h. 1986b. cultivation and utilization of kudzu-vine (pueraria lobata ohwi). adaptability, cultivation method, cutting frequency, yield, grazing, and feeding value. journal of japanese society of grassland science 32:173–183. waldron, g.e. and b.m. larson. 2012. kudzu vine, pueraria montana, adventive in southern ontario. the canadian fieldnaturalist 126(1):31–33. https://www.r-project.org/ https://www.r-project.org/ 2020 oklahoma native plant record oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 20, december 2020 foreword this issue of the oklahoma native plant record contains reports of efforts to document the biological diversity of oklahoma, including vascular plant surveys of two nature conservancy preserves, an account of the discovery of a population of a critically imperiled plant species that had been thought to be extirpated from oklahoma, and an article that will facilitate identification of oklahoma's common amanita species. also included is a summary of an investigation that might lead us to question the wisdom of planting non-native milkweeds as part of the conservation effort to protect monarch butterflies. amy buthod and bruce hoagland from the university of oklahoma conducted vascular plant surveys of two biologically diverse nature conservancy preserves in south-central oklahoma: the hottonia bottoms preserve and the oka' yanahli preserve. the hottonia bottoms preserve contains several forest and herbaceous vegetation types with a high number of obligate and facultative wetland taxa. the preserve is named for one of the wetland plants, hottonia inflata (american featherfoil), pictured on the cover of this issue. the oka' yanahli preserve, located along the blue river, contains a variety of grassland, forest, shrubland, and wetland vegetation types. the cobble bars and riparian areas of this preserve provide habitat for the imperiled shrub alnus maritima (seaside alder). audrey whaley, monika kelley, and allison holdorf of the national ecological observatory network (neon) project report their discovery of a population of palafoxia callosa (small palafox) in washita county, oklahoma. previously reported only from caddo and pontotoc counties several decades ago, this species had been listed as possibly extirpated from oklahoma. in a time when we hear more often about the disappearance of species, it is heartening to hear of a discovery of a new population of a critically imperiled species in our state. clark ovrebo from the university of central oklahoma and jay justice from the arkansas mycological society describe and illustrate twenty of the most frequently encountered species of amanita in forests of oklahoma. they explain the morphological characters that are most important in the identification and classification of the species of this charismatic genus of gilled mushrooms. kayleigh clement and priscilla crawford from the university of oklahoma investigate the utilization of the non-native tropical milkweed versus native milkweeds by migrating monarch butterflies in the fall. they suggest the availability of non-native tropical milkweed until late fall could be detrimental to monarch conservation by stimulating the monarchs to break reproductive diapause, compromising their ability to continue their journey to mexico. please consider publishing your work in the oklahoma native plant record. it is listed in the directory of open access journals, is abstracted by the centre for agricultural bioscience international, and can be accessed by researchers around the world. gloria caddell managing editor 2020 oklahoma native plant record 1 oklahoma native plant r ecord journal of the okla hom a native plant society p. o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 volume 20, december 2020 issn 1536-7738 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ editor: gloria caddell production editor: sandy graue electronic production editor: sandy graue manuscript editor: chad king technical advisor: erica corbett the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. officers and board members president: bill farris vice-president: donna horton secretary: connie murray treasurer: mary korthase past president: bruce smith directors at large: kathy doss jim elder ray luth joe roberts janet thomas rahmona thompson chapter chairs: central: patrick bell cross timbers: elaine lynch northeast: teresa blue mycology: nancy hamill committee chairs: historian: fran stallings publicity/merchandise: barbara klein betty kemm award: sue amstutz awards: constance murray membership database: sandy graue membership database ed.: tina julich mailings/printings: sandy graue gaillardia editor: lynn michael color oklahoma: alicia nelson webmaster: adam ryburn web editors: joe roberts, sandy graue http://www.oknativeplants.org articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution noncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.21.100000 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ http://www.oknativeplants.org/ https://webmail.suddenlink.net/do/redirect?url=https%253a%252f%252fcreativecommons.org%252flicenses%252f&hmac=c55f81a2d88a183f74295dc18f7bbb4a https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.21.100000 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 oklahoma native plant record volum e 20 ta ble of contents foreword .................................................................................................................................................... 3 a floristic inventory of the nature conservancy’s hottonia bottoms preserve, atoka, bryan, and choctaw counties, oklahoma ........................................................................................................ 4 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland a floristic inventory of the nature conservancy’s oka’ yanahli preserve, johnston county, oklahoma .................................................................................................................................................. 24 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland first observations of palafoxia callosa in washita county, oklahoma ............................................ 53 audrey whaley, monika kelley, and allison holdorf some common amanita species of oklahoma .................................................................................. 58 clark l. ovrebo and jay justice fall available tropical milkweed (asclepias curassavica l.) may be a population sink for the monarch butterfly. ................................................................................................................................... 68 kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h. c. crawford editorial policies and procedures ......................................................................................................... 79 five year index to oklahoma native plant record ............................................... inside back cover cover photo: hottonia inflata (american featherfoil) by amy k. buthod oklahoma native plant record, volume 17, number 1, december 2017 oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.18.100006 vascular flora of e. c. hafer park, edmond, oklahoma gloria m. caddell katie christoffel carmen esqueda alonna smith department of biology university of central oklahoma edmond, ok 73007 gcaddell@uco.edu keywords: floristic inventory, urban park, cross timbers, non-native, invasive abstract e. c. hafer park is located on the western edge of the cross timbers ecoregion, in central oklahoma within the city of edmond. the park contains post oak-blackjack oak forest, tallgrass prairie, riparian forest, and areas developed for recreational activities. a vascular plant inventory conducted during 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017 yielded 270 species in 190 genera and 65 families. the largest families were the asteraceae (46 species), poaceae (42), and fabaceae (27). there were 96 annuals, four biennials, and 170 perennials. sixty species (22.2%) were not native to the united states. no rare species currently being tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were present. compared to floristic inventories for other sites of similar size in oklahoma, hafer park has a relatively high number of species. however, it also has a relatively high percentage of exotic species from other continents, some of which are invasive and are threatening the native forest, grassland, and riparian plant communities. introduction efforts to protect biodiversity often focus on large natural habitats outside of highly urbanized locations, but efforts should also be made to preserve and promote biodiversity in urban forests and other urban green spaces that have maintained relatively high levels of biodiversity including species of conservation concern (alvey 2006). in a literature review of species richness in urban parks on five continents, nielsen et al. (2013) found that those with a diversity of habitats and microhabitats can be biodiversity hotspots with large components of native species of all plant and animal groups. for vascular plants, however, urban parks often have a large percentage of exotic species, sometimes over 50% (nielsen et al. 2013). palmer et al. (1995) summarized the importance of floristic inventories in providing data for research on biodiversity, environmental impact assessment, and management decisions. the floras of north america project (palmer 2017) promotes the compilation of floras, emphasizing their importance as “baselines for understanding patterns of, and threats to, modern biodiversity”. we conducted a floristic inventory of e. c. hafer park, an urban park in central oklahoma, from 2013 to 2017. our 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. objectives were to 1) document the vascular plant richness of a central oklahoma urban park; 2) contribute to our knowledge of plant distributions in oklahoma; 3) assess the threat that exotic species, i.e., from other continents, pose to the biodiversity of this urban park; and 4) provide a resource that can be used by the city of edmond to conserve the biodiversity of hafer park and to educate the public. study area e. c. hafer park is located in the city of edmond, oklahoma county, oklahoma (t14n, r2w, sw1/4 of sec 31). latitudinal extent is from 35o 38’17” n to 35o 38’ 44” n, and longitudinal extent is from 97o 27’ 6” w to 97o 27’ 37” w. the park consists of approximately 49 hectares (=121 acres). spring creek flows west to east along the southern edge of the park. elevation ranges from approximately 326 m to 345 m. soils are stephenville-darnell-niotaze shallow, sandy and loamy soils that are moderately acidic and humus-poor, and occur on steep slopes up to 18% (carter and gregory 2008). the climate is continental. according to climate data for the past 15 years (2002– 2016) from mesonet stations in oklahoma county (oklahoma climatological survey 2017b), average annual precipitation was 89.8 cm. the mean annual temperature for 2002–2016 was 16.1oc, with daily average temperatures ranging from 3.9oc in january to 27.8o c in july. temperatures ranged from an average low temperature of -1.7oc in january to an average daytime high of 33.3oc in july. average wind speed was 8 mph. the climate averages for the past 15 years differ somewhat from longer-term historical trends. for example, from 2002– 2016 spring and summer had the highest average precipitation, but historically fall and spring have been the wettest seasons (oklahoma climatological survey 2017a). annual precipitation for oklahoma county varied considerably for the four years during which this vascular plant survey was conducted, ranging from 75.4 cm to 131.3 cm. e. c. hafer park is in the central redbed plains physiographic province, in which "permian red shales and sandstone form gently rolling hills and broad, flat plains" (curtis et al. 2008). it is on the western edge of the cross timbers ecoregion (oklahoma forestry services 2017) and is in the northern cross timbers level iii ecoregion (environmental protection agency 2017). the dominant potential vegetation is post oak-blackjack oak woodland (duck and fletcher 1943). king and cheek (2015) documented the land-use history of the site. from the early 1900s to the 1940s, historical documents indicate that it was privately owned and farmed. from 1952 to 1972, a portion of the site housed a sewage treatment facility operated by the city of edmond. following decommissioning of the facility in 1972 and the acquisition of additional small tracts of land, the site was commissioned as e. c. hafer park in 1979. paved trails, playgrounds, picnic areas, and pavilions have been constructed, but the eastern half of the park is primarily post oak-blackjack oak forest with tallgrass prairie in the northeast corner. methods we surveyed the park during the growing seasons (march through october) of 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017. during those years, we visited the site 23 times, with 6 collecting dates in the spring, 10 in the summer, and 7 in the fall. we recorded the vascular plant species encountered and collected voucher specimens. we collected non-native and exotic species only from naturalized populations, excluding cultivated species in flower beds, picnic areas, playgrounds, etc. a few species were oklahoma native plant record 55 volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. identified by sight and documented only by photographs because of their rarity at the site or because the steep slope of spring creek made a collection impossible. references used for specimen identification included great plains flora association (1986), diggs et al. (1999), yatskievyich (1999), barkworth et al. (2007), and tyrl et al. (2015). in addition to our collections, we searched the university of central oklahoma herbarium (csu) database and added a few previously collected species from the park. specimens were identified only to the species level. the organization of taxa in our species list is based on angiosperm phylogeny group (apg iii) recommendations (stevens 2017). nomenclature follows the integrated taxonomic information system (2017). the plants database (usda nrcs 2017) was used for common names and to determine whether each species was native to the united states, its duration (annual, biennial, or perennial), and its growth form (forb, graminoid, shrub, tree, or woody vine). if duration varied or if more than one growth form was listed in the plants database, the duration and growth form listed for oklahoma by taylor and taylor (1994) was used. voucher specimens were deposited in the university of central oklahoma (csu) herbarium. our reporting of site location and geography, taxonomy, voucher specimens, botanical effort, exotic species, taxonomic list, and summary table follows recommendations by palmer and richardson (2012) for published floras. an "invasive species", as defined by executive order 13112, is one that is “1) non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and 2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health” (usda national agricultural library 2017). table 1 summary of floristic collections from e. c. hafer park in edmond, oklahoma* taxonomic group families genera species native spp. non-native spp. monilophyta 1 1 1 1 0 pinophyta 1 1 1 1 0 magnoliophyta eudicots 55 146 206 162 44 monocots 8 42 62 46 16 * table format follows palmer (1995) 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. results and discussion we identified 270 species in 190 genera and 65 families (table 1; appendix). these included one monilophyte, one gymnosperm, 206 eudicots, and 62 monocots. species in the asteraceae (46), poaceae (42), and fabaceae (27) far outnumbered those in other families. only six other families were represented by more than five species: euphorbiaceae (9), cyperaceae (8), rosaceae (8), rubiaceae (7), plantaginaceae (6), and polygonaceae (6). the largest genera, each with five species, were quercus, solidago, and bromus. ninety-six species (35.5%) were annuals, four (1.5%) were biennials, and 170 (63%) were perennials. thirty-eight species were trees, 12 were shrubs, and 10 were woody vines. there were 157 forbs and 53 graminoids. no rare species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2017) were present. sixty species (22.2%) in 26 families were not native to the united states. these included 13 species of poaceae, 10 species of fabaceae, and 5 species of asteraceae. all but one nonnative species (torilis arvensis) were exotic to north america. eight exotic species (albizia julibrissin, bromus japonicus, bromus tectorum, lespedeza cuneata, ligustrum sinense, lonicera japonica, rosa multiflora, sorghum halepense) are listed as oklahoma problem species by the oklahoma invasive plants council (2017). five of these species (b. tectorum, l. cuneata, l. sinense, l. japonica, s. halepense) and one native species (juniperus virginiana) are on the okipc's "dirty dozen" list of the worst invasive species in the state. four species (erodium cicutarium, lonicera maackii, melilotus officinalis, pyrus calleryana) are on the oklahoma watch list, and an additional 19 species are listed as problem species in states bordering oklahoma (oklahoma invasive plants council 2017). other species may become problems in the future. for example, koelreuteria paniculata, nandina domestica, and pistacia chinensis were found in the forest, and these cultivated species are considered invasive in texas and other southeastern states (texas invasives 2017). the major plant communities at hafer park and brief descriptions of common species are as follows: 1. quercus stellata-quercus marilandica/schizachyrium scoparium woodland association (hoagland 2000) post oak/blackjack oak woodland is the predominant vegetation association in the park. common species included celtis spp., cornus drummondii, juniperus virginiana, morus rubra, quercus muehlenbergii, sideroxylon lanuginosum, symphoricarpos orbiculatus, and ulmus spp. fraxinus pennsylvanica, prunus mexicana, quercus shumardii, and viburnum rufidulum were occasionally encountered. exotic woody plants found in this community included ligustrum sinense, lonicera maackii, pyrus calleryana, and rosa multiflora. 2. schizachyrium scopa riumsorg hastrum nuta ns herbaceous association (hoagland 2000) this tallgrass prairie community was found in the northeast corner of the park. commonly encountered species included acacia angustissima, ambrosia psilostachya, asclepias verticillata, asclepias viridis, bouteloua spp., chamaecrista fasciculata, coreopsis tinctoria, dichanthelium spp., eragrostis spp., gaillardia aestivalis, lespedeza spp., liatris punctata, panicum virgatum, psoralidium tenuiflorum, sabatia campestris, solidago spp., symphyotrichum ericoides, and xanthisma texanum. rhus glabra has spread into much of this area. the invasive native juniperus virginiana and the invasive exotic lespedeza cuneata are threatening this community. 3. riparian forest riparian forest was found on the steep banks of spring creek. common woody species included catalpa speciosa, celtis spp., oklahoma native plant record 57 volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. cercis canadensis, cornus drummondii, juglans nigra, juniperus virginiana, morus rubra, populus deltoides, salix nigra, sapindus saponaria, ulmus americana, and ulmus rubra. quercus macrocarpa, q. muehlenbergii, acer negundo, gymnocladus dioicus, and equisetum laevigatum were occasionally encountered. common vines included cocculus carolinus, parthenocissus quinquefolia, smilax spp., and toxicodendron radicans. exotic woody plants found in this community included albizia julibrissin and ulmus parvifolia. 4. disturbed areas this type of vegetation was found predominately in mowed lawns around picnic areas and playgrounds and along paved trails. common species included ambrosia trifida, arenaria serpyllifolia, bromus spp., cerastium pumilum, cruciata pedemontana, cynodon dactylon, erodium cicutarium, geranium pusillum, lamium amplexicaule, lonicera japonica, medicago lupulina, scleranthus annuus, stellaria media, sherardia arvensis, sorghum halepense, trifolium repens, and veronica spp. disturbed areas of spring creek have been invaded by exotic species such as phragmites australis, parthenium hysterophorus, and clematis terniflora. a comparison with the species-area relationship for 59 oklahoma floras published by palmer (2007) indicates the flora of hafer park is among the richest for areas of a similar size. however, of all the floras listed, only one (vance air force base) had a higher proportion of non-native species (46.8%) than hafer park (22.2%). the next highest is for a checklist of plants in cleveland county, at 17.5%. the percentage of non-native taxa from grassland-dominated sites (buthod and hoagland 2016) in oklahoma ranged from 8.8% to 15%. the percentage of non-native taxa for alabaster caverns state park, a heavily-visited park in the cimarron gypsum hills of woodward county, oklahoma, was 15.3% (caddell and rice 2012). inventories of natural areas in oklahoma generally exclude cultivated plants that have not become naturalized, and those plants have been excluded in the inventory reported here. however, the proportion of non-native species for hafer park would be much higher if those plants were included. this inventory indicates that hafer park has a rich vascular plant community, in spite of the development of large portions for recreational use. it has a variety of habitats that support high plant diversity within the rapidly developing city of edmond. however, the native plant communities at hafer park are threatened by an increase in exotic, invasive plants that are already reported as invasive within the state, as well as perhaps by others that are considered invasive in adjacent states. the diversity of the understory of the post oak-blackjack oak forest is being threatened particularly by the invasion of chinese privet (ligustrum sinense), and the tallgrass prairie in the northeast corner of the park is being threatened particularly by encroachment of the native invader eastern red cedar (juniperus virginiana) and by the exotic invasive lespedeza cuneata. acknowledgments we thank the city of edmond parks and recreation department for permission to conduct this study. we also thank shahang derakhshan, rachel cotts, and aaron kidd for assistance with plant collections and madelynne short and brandi easton for assistance with mounting specimens. dr. johnnie gentry identified rubus aboriginum specimens. literature cited alvey, a.a. 2006. promoting and preserving biodiversity in the urban forest. urban forestry and urban greening 5:195–201. http://www.sciencedirect.com http://www.sciencedirect.com/ 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. barkworth, m.e., l.k. anderton, k.m. capels, s. long, and m.b. piep, eds. 2007. manual of grasses for north america. logan (ut): intermountain herbarium and utah state university press. buthod, a.k. and b.w. hoagland. 2016. a floristic inventory of the university of oklahoma's kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 16:45–63. caddell, g.m. and k.d. rice. 2012. vascular flora of alabaster caverns state park, cimarron gypsum hills, woodward county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 12:43–62. carter, b.j. and m.s. gregory. 2008. soil map of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza, eds. earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. 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forestry services. 2017. the ecoregions of oklahoma. http://www.forestry.ok.gov oklahoma invasive plants council. 2017. oklahoma invasives. https://www.okinvasives.org (16 september 2017). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2017. oklahoma natural heritage inventory plant tracking list. http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/downloa d/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_5 2012.pdf (5 december 2017). http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/ep9_all.pdf http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/ep9_all.pdf http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/ep9_all.pdf http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/ep9_all.pdf http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duckflt/dfmap.gif http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duckflt/dfmap.gif http://www.epa.gov/ http://www.itis.gov/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11252-013-0316-1 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11252-013-0316-1 http://climate.ok.gov/index.php/climate/county_climate_by_county/oklahoma http://climate.ok.gov/index.php/climate/county_climate_by_county/oklahoma http://www.mesonet.org/index.php/weather/mesonet_averages_maps http://www.mesonet.org/index.php/weather/mesonet_averages_maps http://www.forestry.ok.gov/ https://www.okinvasives.org/ http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012.pdf http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012.pdf http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012.pdf oklahoma native plant record 59 volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. palmer, m.w. 2007. vascular plants checklists from oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 7:67–77. palmer, m.w. 2017. floras of north america project. http://botany.okstate.edu/floras/ palmer, m.w. and j.c. richardson. 2012. biodiversity data in the information age: do 21st century floras make the grade? castanea 77(1): 46–59. palmer, m.w., g.l. wade, and p.r. neal. 1995. standards for the writing of floras. bioscience 45:339–345. stevens, p.f. (2001 onwards). angiosperm phylogeny website. version 14, july 2017. http://www.mobot.org/mobot/resea rch/apweb/ taylor, r.j. and c.e.s. taylor. 1994. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. durant (ok): self-published. texas invasives. 2017. invasives database. http://texasinvasives.org (8 october 2017). tyrl, r.j., s.c. barber, p. buck, w.j. elisens, j.r. estes, p. folley, l.k. magrath, c.l. murray, a.k. ryburn, b.a. smith, c.e.s. taylor, r.a. thompson, j.b. walker, and l.e. watson. 2010, 2015. flora of oklahoma: keys and descriptions. oklahoma city(ok): flora oklahoma incorporated. usda national agricultural library. 2017. national invasive species information center. https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/w hatis.shtml usda nrcs. 2017. the plants database.http://plants.usda.gov national plant data team, greensboro, nc 27401-4901 usa (30 november 2017). yatskievych, g. 1999. steyermark's flora of missouri. volume 1, revised edition. st. louis (mo): missouri department of conservation and missouri botanical garden press. . http://botany.okstate.edu/floras http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ http://texasinvasives.org/ 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. appendix vascular plant species from e. c. hafer park, edmond, oklahoma annotated species list with organization based on angiosperm phylogeny group (apg iii) recommendations (stevens 2017). nomenclature is based on itis (2017), and common names are from the usda plants database (usda nrcs 2017). duration (a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial), growth form (f=forb, g=graminoid, s=shrub, t=tree, v=woody vine), and collection numbers follow species name. duration, nativity, and growth form are from the usda plants database (usda nrcs 2017). if duration varied or if more than one growth form was listed in the plants database, the duration and growth form listed for oklahoma by taylor and taylor (1994) was used. non-native species to the united states are indicated with an asterisk (*). collectors are ak= aaron kidd, ap= alonna price smith, cc= carmen cowo esqueda, gc=gloria caddell, hu=hitomi ushio, kc= katie christoffel, rc= rachel cotts, sd= shahang derakhshan, tw=t. williams, and ys=yukiko shimoda. voucher specimens were deposited in the university of central oklahoma herbarium (csu). monilophyta equisetaceae equisetum laevigatum a. braun (smooth horsetail) – p; f; gc1315 gymnosperms/pinophyta cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. (eastern redcedar) – p; t; ap105, cc50 angiosperms/magnoliophyta eudicots acanthaceae dicliptera brachiata (pursh) spreng. (branched foldwing) – a; f; gc1316 ruellia humilis nutt. (fringeleaf wild petunia) – p; f; ap127, kc88 adoxaceae viburnum rufidulum raf. (rusty blackhaw) – p; t, s; kc91 amaranthaceae amaranthus arenicola i.m. johnst. (sandhill amaranth) – a; f; kc115, kc116 froelichia floridana (nutt.) moq. (plains snakecotton) – a; f; ap107 anacardiaceae *pistacia chinensis bunge (chinese pistache) – p; t; kc123 rhus copallinum l. (winged sumac) – p; s; ap96, cc67 rhus glabra l. (smooth sumac) – p; s; ap124, sd67 toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze (eastern poison ivy) – p; v; kc69 apiaceae chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. (hairyfruit chervil) – a; f; gc 1306 sanicula canadensis l. (canadian blacksnakeroot) – b; f; ap75 *torilis arvensis (huds.) link (spreading hedgeparsley) – a; f; ap93, kc68 oklahoma native plant record 61 volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. apocynaceae apocynum cannabinum l. (indianhemp) – p; f; ap122 asclepias verticillata l. (whorled milkweed) – p; f; ap109 asclepias viridis walter (green antelopehorn) – p; f; rc74 asteraceae achillea millefolium l. (common yarrow) – p; f; ap67 ambrosia psilostachya dc. (cuman ragweed) – p; f; cc49 ambrosia trifida l. (great ragweed) – a; f; kc87 amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. (prairie broomweed) – a; f; sd69 antennaria parlinii fernald (parlin’s pussytoes) – p; f; kc139 artemisia ludoviciana nutt. (white sagebrush) – p; f; gc1300 bidens bipinnata l. (spanish needles) – a; f; kc89 bradburia pilosa (nutt.) semple (soft goldenaster) – a; f; ap92, cc52, cc53 cirsium altissimum (l.) hill (tall thistle) – b; f; kc39 cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. (wavyleaf thistle) – p; f; ap120 conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist (canadian horseweed) – a; f; ak1 coreopsis tinctoria nutt. (golden tickseed) – a; f; ap94 *cosmos sulphureus cav. (sulphur cosmos) – a; f; kc80 diaperia prolifera (nutt. ex dc.) nutt. (bighead pygmycudweed) – a; f; rc59 diaperia verna (raf.) morefield (spring pygmycudweed) – a; f; gc1301 eclipta prostrata (l.) l. (false daisy) – a; f; kc150 elephantopus carolinianus raeusch (carolina elephantsfoot) – p; f; kc58 erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. (prairie fleabane) – a; f; ap90 gaillardia aestivalis (walter) h. rock (lanceleaf blanketflower) – p; f; ap99 gamochaeta argyrinea g. l. nesom (silvery everlasting) – a; f; ap53 gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera (spoonleaf purple everlasting) – p; f; gc1302 grindelia ciliata (nutt.) spreng. (spanish gold) – a; f; kc95 helianthus annuus l. (common sunflower) – a; f; kc42, kc94 helianthus mollis lam. (ashy sunflower) – p; f; kc40 heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britton & rusby (camphorweed) – a; f; sd60, kc149 lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) riddell (biannual lettuce) – b; f; ak3 *lactuca serriola l. (prickly lettuce) – a; f; ap113 liatris punctata hook. (dotted blazing star) – p; f; sd72, gc1317 *parthenium hysterophorus l. (santa maria feverfew) – a; f; kc148 pluchea camphorata (l.) dc. (camphor pluchea) – p; f; kc76 pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & b.l. burtt (rabbit-tobacco) – a; f; kc112 pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. (tuberous desert-chicory) – p; f; rc57 solidago canadensis l. (canada goldenrod) – p; f; kc102 solidago missouriensis nutt. (missouri goldenrod) – p; f; kc77 solidago nemoralis aiton (gray goldenrod) – p; f; cc48 solidago rigida l. (stiff goldenrod) – p; f; cc42 solidago speciosa nutt. (showy goldenrod) – p; f; cc41 symphyotrichum drummondii (lindl.) g.l. nesom (drummond’s aster) – p; f; cc70, kc78, kc85 symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) g.l. nesom (white heath aster) – p; f; cc44 symphyotrichum subulatum (michx.) g.l. nesom (eastern annual saltmarsh aster) – a; f; kc99, kc147, sd79 62 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. *taraxacum officinale f.h. wigg. (common dandelion) – p; f; ap64 thelesperma filifolium (hook.) a. gray (stiff greenthread) – p; f; ap108 *tragopogon dubius scop. (yellow salsify) – a; f; ap104 verbesina virginica l. (white crownbeard) – p; f; sd71 vernonia baldwinii torr. (baldwin's ironweed) – p; f; kc41 xanthisma texanum dc. (texas sleepydaisy) – a; f; sd77 berberidaceae *nandina domestica thunb. (sacred bamboo) – p; s; gc1320, kc83, sd75 bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau (trumpet creeper) – p; v; gc 1322 catalpa speciosa (warder) warder ex engelm. (northern catalpa) – p; t; rc38, kc101, kc163 boraginaceae myosotis verna nutt. (spring forget-me-not) – a; f; gc1291 brassicaceae *capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. (shepherd’s purse) – a; f; kc127 lepidium virginicum l. (virginia pepperweed) – a; f; ap71, rc48, gc1294 cactaceae opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. (devil’s-tongue) – p; s; gc1319 campanulaceae triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. (clasping venus' looking glass) – a; f; rc42 cannabaceae celtis laevigata willd. (sugarberry) – p; t; rc77 celtis occidentalis l. (common hackberry) – p; t; kc59 celtis reticulata torr. (netleaf hackberry) – p; t; ap65, kc37, kc84 caprifoliaceae *lonicera japonica thunb. (japanese honeysuckle) – p; v; sd66, kc162 *lonicera maackii (rupr.) herder (amur honeysuckle) – p; s; gc1285 lonicera sempervirens l. (trumpet honeysuckle) – p; v; ys31 symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench (coralberry) – p; s; sd63 caryophyllaceae *arenaria serpyllifolia l. (thymeleaf sandwort) – a; f; ap74, rc82 *cerastium pumilum w. curtis (european chickweed) – a; f; rc41, gc1292 *scleranthus annuus l. (german knotgrass) – a; f; gc1304 *stellaria media (l.) vill. (common chickweed) – a; f; rc45 celastraceae *euonymus europaeus l. (european spindletree) – p; s; kc57 oklahoma native plant record 63 volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. cistaceae lechea tenuifolia michx. (narrowleaf pinweed) – p; f; ap103, gc1278, kc61 cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. (roughleaf dogwood) – p; t; ap58, cc64, rc56 cucurbitaceae melothria pendula l. (guadeloupe cucumber) – p; f; kc109 ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. (common persimmon) – p; t; kc50 euphorbiaceae acalypha gracilens a. gray (slender threeseed mercury) – a; f; kc46, sd58 acalypha ostryifolia riddell (pineland threeseed mercury) – a; f; kc117 croton glandulosus l. (vente conmigo) – a; f; kc48, kc75 croton lindheimerianus scheele (threeseed croton) – a; f; ap110 croton monanthogynus michx. (prairie tea) – a; f; sd78 euphorbia corollata l. (flowering spurge) – p; f; cc62 euphorbia dentata michx. (toothed spurge) – a; f; kc47 euphorbia maculata l. (spotted sandmat) – a; f; sd64, kc49 euphorbia nutans lag. (eyebane) – a; f; kc97 fabaceae acacia angustissima (mill.) kuntze (prairie acacia) – p; f; cc45 acmispon americanus (nutt.) rydb. (american bird’s-foot trefoil) – a; f; rc73 *albizia julibrissin durazz. (silktree) – p; t; kc51, kc105 cercis canadensis l. (eastern redbud) – p; t; ap66, sd57, kc137 chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene (partridge pea) – a; f; ap102, cc43 desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macmill. ex b.l. rob. & fernald (illinois bundleflower) – p; f; ap97 desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. (panicledleaf ticktrefoil) – p; f; kc153 desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & a. gray (sessileleaf ticktrefoil) – p; f; cc59 desmodium viridiflorum (l.) dc. (velvetleaf ticktrefoil) – p; f; kc141 galactia regularis (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (eastern milkpea) – p; f; kc66, ap131 gleditsia tricanthos l. (honeylocust) – p; t; gc 1321 gymnocladus dioicus (l.) k. koch (kentucky coffeetree) – p; t; gc1283 *kummerowia stipulacea (maxim.) makino (korean clover) – a; f; kc152 lespedeza capitata michx. (roundhead lespedeza) – p; f; cc55 *lespedeza cuneata (dum. cours.) g. don (sericea lespedeza) – p; f; sd74 lespedeza stuevei nutt. (tall lespedeza) – p; f; kc55 lespedeza virginica (l.) britton (slender lespedeza) – p; f; cc46 *medicago lupulina l. (black medick) – a; f; rc47 *medicago minima (l.) l. ex bartal. (little bur-clover) – a; f; rc46 *melilotus albus medik. (white sweet clover) – a; f *melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. (yellow sweet clover) – a; f; gc1280 psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. (slimflower scurf pea) – p; f; ap100 robinia pseudoacacia l. (black locust) – p; t; kc98 64 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. strophostyles helvola (l.) elliott (amberique-bean) – a; f; ak7 *trifolium dubium sibth. (suckling clover) – a; f; ap56 *trifolium repens l. (white clover) – p; f; rc53, kc157 *vicia sativa l. (garden vetch) – a; f; gc1295 fagaceae quercus macrocarpa michx. (bur oak) – p; t; kc70 quercus marilandica munchh. (blackjack oak) – p; t; cc66 quercus muehlenbergii engelm. (chinquapin oak) – p; t; sd56 quercus shumardii buckley (shumard’s oak) – p; t; kc90 quercus stellata wangenh. (post oak) – p; t; cc68 gentianaceae sabatia campestris nutt. (texas star) – a; f; ap128 geraniaceae *erodium cicutarium (l.) l'hér ex aiton (redstem stork’s bill) – a; f; ap63 *geranium pusillum l. (small geranium) – a; f; rc40, gc1297 geranium texanum (trel.) a. heller (texas geranium) – a; f; gc1307 juglandaceae carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch (pecan) – p; t; kc93 juglans nigra l. (black walnut) – p; t; rc78 lamiaceae *lamium amplexicaule l. (henbit deadnettle) – a; f; kc126 monarda citriodora cerv. ex lag. (lemon beebalm) – a; f; ap98 scutellaria parvula michx. (small skullcap) – p; f; gc1298 teucrium canadense l. (canada germander) – p; f; ap129 malvaceae callirhoe involucrata (torr. & a. gray) a. gray (purple poppymallow) – p; f; kc154 *hibiscus trionum l. (flower of an hour) – a; f menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. (carolina coralbead) – p; f; ap119, kc82 molluginaceae mollugo verticillata l. (green carpetweed) – a; f; kc110 montiaceae phemeranthus parviflorus (nutt.) kiger (sunbright) – p; f; gc1279 moraceae *morus alba l. (white mulberry) – p; t; kc124 morus rubra l. (red mulberry) – p; t; sd65 oklahoma native plant record 65 volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. nyctaginaceae mirabilis albida (walter) heimerl (white four o’clock) – p; f; ap130 *mirabilis jalapa l. (marvel of peru) – p; f; kc114 mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macmill. (heartleaf four o'clock) – p; f; gc1296 oleaceae fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. (green ash) – p; t; kc65, kc106 *ligustrum sinense lour. (chinese privet) – p; s; ap91, sd59, gc1299 onagraceae ludwigia alternifolia l. (seedbox) – p; f; ap126 oenothera biennis l. (common evening primrose) – b; f; kc108 oenothera curtiflora w.l. wagner & hoch (velvetweed) – a; f oenothera laciniata hill (cutleaf evening primrose) – p; f; ap69 oxalidaceae oxalis dillenii jacq. (slender yellow woodsorrel) – p; f; ap54, rc36 oxalis violacea l. (violet woodsorrel) – p; f passifloraceae passiflora lutea l. (yellow passionflower) – p; f; kc38 phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. (american pokeweed) – p; f; ap123 plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. (largebracted plantain) – a; f; ap76 plantago patagonica jacq. (woolly plantain) – a; f; rc64, kc161 plantago virginica l. (virginia plantain) – a; f; rc39, ap57, gc1290 *veronica arvensis l. (corn speedwell) – a; f; gc1293, kc155 *veronica hederifolia l. (ivyleaf speedwell) – a; f; kc138 *veronica polita fr. (gray field speedwell) – a; f; kc132 polygonaceae fallopia scandens (l.) holub (climbing false buckwheat) – p; f; gc1313 persicaria bicornis (raf.) nieuwl (pennsylvania smartweed) – a; f; kc100 persicaria lapathifolia (l.) gray (curlytop knotweed) – a; f; kc118 persicaria virginiana (l.) gaertn. (jumpseed) – p; f; kc119 *polygonum aviculare l. (prostrate knotweed) – a; f; kc92 rumex hastatulus baldwin (heartwing sorrel) – p; f; ap62, rc63 portulacaceae portulaca pilosa l. (kiss me quick) – a; f; gc1286 ranunculaceae *clematis terniflora dc. (sweet autumn virginsbower) – p; v; kc107 ranunculus abortivus l. (littleleaf buttercup) – p; f 66 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. rosaceae geum canadense jacq. (white avens) – p; f; gc1282, kc142 prunus angustifolia marshall (chickasaw plum) – p; s; kc140 prunus gracilis engelm. & a. gray (oklahoma plum) – p; s; rc75, ap121 prunus mexicana s. watson (mexican plum) – p; t; kc134 prunus virginiana l. (chokecherry) – p; t; ys30 *pyrus calleryana decne. (callery pear) – p; t; kc72 *rosa multiflora thunb. (multiflora rose) – p; v; kc71 rubus aboriginum rydb. (garden dewberry) – p; s; hu32, ys32 rubiaceae *cruciata pedemontana (bellardi) ehrend. (piedmont bedstraw) – a; f; rc43, rc44 diodella teres (walter) small (poorjoe) – a; f; cc54 galium aparine l. (stickywilly) – a; f; gc1288 galium circaezans michx. (licorice bedstraw) – p; f; ap95, rc80 galium pilosum aiton (hairy bedstraw) – p; f; ap68 houstonia pusilla schoepf (tiny bluet) – a; f; kc131, gc1289 *sherardia arvensis l. (blue fieldmadder) – a; f; ap73 rutaceae zanthoxylum americanum mill. (common pricklyash) – p; t; ap125, kc56, kc135 salicaceae populus deltoides w. bartram ex marshall (eastern cottonwood) – p; t; kc52, kc96 salix nigra marshall (black willow) – p; t; rc58 santalaceae phoradendron serotinum (raf.) m.c. johnst. (oak mistletoe) – p; s; kc125 sapindaceae acer negundo l. (boxelder) – p; t acer saccharinum l. (silver maple) – p; t; kc122 *koelreuteria paniculata laxm. (goldenrain tree) – p; t; rc81 sapindus saponaria l. (western soapberry) – p; t; kc44, kc62, kc79 sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. (gum bully) – p; t; sd53 solanaceae solanum dimidiatum raf. (western horsenettle) – p; f; tw46 solanum elaeagnifolium cav. (silverleaf nightshade) – p; f; kc103 solanum ptycanthum dunal (west indian nightshade) – a; f; kc113, kc120 ulmaceae ulmus americana l. (american elm) – p; t; rc35, sd54, sd55, kc128 *ulmus parvifolia jacq. (chinese elm) – p; t; gc1314 ulmus rubra muhl. (slippery elm) – p; t; cc63 oklahoma native plant record 67 volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. urticaceae parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. (pennsylvania pellitory) – a; f; rc55 violaceae viola bicolor pursh (field pansy) – a; f; kc130 viola sororia willd. (common blue violet) – p; f; kc136 vitaceae parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. (virginia creeper) – p; v; ap112 vitis vulpina l. (frost grape) – p; v; rc68, rc79 monocots amaryllidaceae *allium vineale l. (wild garlic) – p; f; kc158 nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britton (crowpoison) – p; f; kc133 asparagaceae *muscari botryoides (l.) mill. (common grape hyacinth) – p; f; kc129 commelinaceae *commelina communis l. (asiatic dayflower) – a; f; kc81 commelina erecta l. (whitemouth dayflower) – p; f; ak2, ap101, rc72 tradescantia ohiensis raf. (bluejacket) – p; f; rc70, ap111 cyperaceae carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. (muhlenberg’s sedge) – p; g; ap87, rc60 carex retroflexa muhl. ex willd. (reflexed sedge) – p; g; gc1305 cyperus echinatus (l.) alph. wood (globe flatsedge) – p; g; kc144 cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks (great plains flatsedge) – p; g; ap78, rc51 cyperus reflexus vahl (bentawn flat sedge) – p; g; ap59, ap117 cyperus squarrosus l. (bearded flat sedge) – a; g; ap61 lipocarpha drummondii (nees) g.c. tucker (drummond's halfchaff sedge) – a; g; ap118 scleria ciliata michx. (fringed nutrush) – p; g; gc1277 iridaceae sisyrinchium angustifolium mill. (narrowleaf blue-eyed grass) – p; f; kc159 juncaceae juncus coriaceus mack. (leathery rush) – p; g; ap79 juncus interior wiegand (inland rush) – p; g; gc1303 juncus marginatus rostk. (grassleaf rush) – p; g; ak6, rc61, ap60 poaceae andropogon gerardii vitman (big bluestem) – p; g; cc60 andropogon ternarius michx. (splitbeard bluestem) – p; g; gc1287, gc1318 aristida oligantha michx. (prairie threeawn) – a; g; cc57 bothriochloa laguroides (dc.) herter (silver beardgrass) – p; g; kc143, gc1276 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 17, december 2017 gloria m. caddell et al. bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. (sideoats gramma) – p; g; kc64 bouteloua dactyloides (nutt.) columbus (buffalograss) – p; g; ap83 bouteloua hirsuta lag. (hairy grama) – p; g; kc63 *bromus catharticus vahl (rescuegrass) – a; g; gc1310, rc50 *bromus commutatus schrad. (meadow brome) – a; g; rc62 *bromus japonicus thunb. ex murray (japanese brome) – a; g; ap77 bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. (hairy woodland brome) – p; g; rc54 *bromus tectorum l. (cheatgrass) – a; g; gc1309 cenchrus incertus m.a. curtis (field sandbur) – p; g; kc121, ap116 chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) h.o. yates (indian woodoats) – p; g; ap114 chloris verticillata nutt. (tumble windmill grass) – p; g; sd68 coelorachis cylindrica (michx.) nash (cylinder jointtail grass) – p; g; ap81 coleataenia anceps (michx.) soreng (beaked panicgrass) – p; g; kc36 *cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. (bermudagrass) – p; g; rc49, kc160 *dactylis glomerata l. (orchardgrass) – p; g; ap82 dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark (tapered rosette grass) – p; g; kc74, ap115, ap52 dichanthelium oligosanthes (schult.) gould (heller's rosette grass) – p; g; gc1311, kc60 dichanthelium scoparium (lam.) gould (velvet panicum) – p; g; sd70 digitaria ciliaris (retz.) koeler (southern crabgrass) – a; g; kc111 echinochloa muricata (p. beauv.) fernald (rough barnyardgrass) – a; g; kc104 *eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. (indian goosegrass) – a; g; kc146 elymus virginicus l. (virginia wildrye) – p; g; ak4, ap72 eragrostis capillaris (l.) nees (lace grass) – a; g; kc73 eragrostis secundiflora j. presl (red lovegrass) – p; g; kc53 eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. (purple lovegrass) – p; g; cc56 hordeum pusillum nutt. (little barley) – a; g; ap70, rc52 panicum virgatum l. (switchgrass) – p; g; cc61, kc145 paspalum setaceum michx. (thin paspalum) – p; g; ap80, kc45 *phragmites australis (cav.) trin. ex steud. (common reed) – p; g; kc151 *poa annua l. (annual bluegrass) – a; g; ap55, rc37 *schedonorus arundinaceus (shreb.) dumort. (tall fescue) – p; g; kc156, rc65 schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash (little bluestem) – p; g; cc47 *setaria faberi r.a.w. herrm. (japanese bristlegrass) – a; g; ak5, sd61 sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash (indiangrass) – p; g; cc58 *sorghum halepense (l.) pers. (johnsongrass) – p; g; rc71, kc54, ap86 tridens flavus (l.) hitchc. (purpletop tridens) – p; g; sd76 *vulpia myuros (l.) c.c. gmel. (annual fescue) – a; g; ap85 vulpia octoflora (walter) rydb. (sixweeks fescue) – a; g; gc1312 smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. (saw greenbrier) – p; v; ap106 smilax tamnoides l. (bristly greenbrier) – p; v; rc69 vascular flora of e. c. hafer park, edmond, oklahoma by gloria m. caddell, katie christoffel, carmen espueda, and alonna smith journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 9, december 2009 64 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 smith, b.a. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100070 whatever happened to cheilanthes horridula and cheilanthes lindheimeri in oklahoma? dr. bruce a. smith mcloud high school mcloud, oklahoma e-mail: fronds02@yahoo.com introduction oklahoma is where several ferns reach their northern or eastern range limits. among them are two species of lip ferns in the family pteridaceae, cheilanthes horridula maxon and cheilanthes lindheimeri hook (hoagland et al. 2007). c. horridula (prickly lip fern) is primarily found on dry limestone slopes in the chihuahuan desert region of northeastern mexico. its range extends northward to southwestern oklahoma. c. lindheimeri hook (fairy swords) is widespread in central and northern mexico as well as the southwestern united states (mickel and smith 2004). in oklahoma, the distributions of both are limited, and the numbers of individual plants of each species are likely to be relatively small, compared with other oklahoma members of the genus cheilanthes. the last record of these two plants in oklahoma goes back to 1980 for cheilanthes horridula (figs. 1 and 2) and 1942 for cheilanthes lindheimerii (figs. 3 and 4). there are only four herbarium sheets of fairy swords in oklahoma herbaria. all four specimens are from the same collector on the same date: cheilanthes lindheimeri hooker. o comanche co: f.b. mcmurry #1273 (okl). 8/23/1942. o one s.n. (okl). 8/23/1942. o two s.n. (okla). 8/23/1942. only four collections of the prickly lip fern from the arbuckle mountains are known: cheilanthes horridula maxon. o murray co: unknown, s.n. (okla) 11/28/1926. o murray co: h.i. featherly, s.n. (okla) 8/21/1932. o murray co: m. huft, d. johnson, and r. cranfill, #1002. (okl) 3/7/1980. o murray co: j. and c. taylor, #28907. (brit) 5/15/1980. as the citations show, the bebb herbarium (okl) in norman and oklahoma state university herbarium (okla) in stillwater have holdings of both species. if you have seen them, you have seen two of oklahoma’s rarest ferns. according to amy buthod at the bebb herbarium (pers.com. nov. 11, 2009), both have been designated sh, since all records are older than 20 years. sh refers to a species that is possibly extirpated and known only from historical records. however, while they are in danger of being extirpated in oklahoma, both are globally secure in more southern regions. these designations have recently been revised (natureserve 2008). 65 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 smith, b.a. what could explain this rarity? these ferns could still be out there growing in nature but botanists are simply not looking where they are, or do not recognize them, have overlooked them, or perhaps they no longer exist in oklahoma; they are gone! i prefer the first scenario. where to look cheilanthes horridula has previously only been reported in the arbuckle mountains (hoagland et al.). i have looked and not found it at camp classen and turner falls. both locations are in murray county in the arbuckle mountains. their rarity there may lie in the fact that these areas are popular sites to visit and send young people to ymca and church camps. thus, development and other human impacts may have contributed to the rarity of this species. cheilanthes lindheimeri has only been reported in the wichita mountains in comanche county. while both species are xeric ferns growing in rock crevices, c. horridula is almost always found on calcareous substrates, whereas plants of c. lindheimeri occur on a variety of acidic and mildly basic rock types (windham and rabe 1993). what they look like you will not have a problem getting a positive identification of cheilanthes horridula if you view the adaxial (upper) surface with magnification. the blades are scabrous; with white, pustulate hairs (see fig. 1). cheilanthes lindheimeri is a little more difficult to identify. it can easily be confused with cheilanthes wootonii maxon (figs. 5 and 6), which has a much larger oklahoma range and has been found in at least four oklahoma counties including comanche county (hoagland et al. 2007) the quickest way to distinguish between the two is by examining the fronds with magnification. though technically glabrous, c. lindheimeri appears tomentose (hairy) on its adaxial (upper) surface because the scales on the adaxial (lower) surface have relatively long wooly hairs along the margins with tips extending between the beadlike segments onto their upper surface (see fig. 4). in c. wootonii, the beadlike segments of the adaxial surface appear glabrous and the scales on the abaxial surface have fine marginal hairs that are not woolly (see fig. 5; windham and rabe 1993). conclusion i hope you will keep a keen eye open for both these ferns when you visit the arbuckle and wichita mountains. remember that these are rare species and it is important to practice good conservation. if you think you have found either of these two ferns, take careful notes on the number of plants you see and their exact location. take a set of habit and habitat photos as well as shots of both the abaxial and adaxial frond surfaces. please contact the oklahoma biological survey at the university of oklahoma or myself if you think you have found them. i would love to see them. sources hoagland, bw, ak buthod, ih butler, p callahan-crawford, we elisens, and r tyrl. 2007. oklahoma vascular plants database, university of oklahoma, norman. www.biosurvey.ou.edu (october 2009). mickel, jt and ar smith. 2004. the pteridophytes of mexico. memoirs of the new york bot. gard. 88:1-1055. natureserve. 2008. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [web application]. version 7.0 natureserve, http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/ 66 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 smith, b.a. arlington, va usa available www.natureserve.org/explorer (11 november 2009). usda plants database 2009, natural resources conservation service. http://plants.usda.gov (october 2009). windham, md, and ew rabe. 1993. cheilanthes swartz. p.p. 152-169 n flora of north america. editorial committee eds. flora of north america, north of mexico. oxford university press, new york. acknowledgements the author wishes to thank wayne elisens, curator, and amy buthod, collections manager, bebb herbarium (okl), norman, oklahoma, as well as ron tyrl, former director of the osu herbarium (okla) for their technical assistance; david combs, canyon camp and conference center near hinton for access and permission to take photos; patrick alexander, of the new mexico state university herbarium for allowing use of his wonderful photos; and the editors and reviewers who offered key information for the article. www.natureserve.org/explorer http://plants.usda.gov/ 67 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 smith, b.a. figure 1 adaxial view of cheilanthes horridula. photo courtesy of p. j. alexander figure 2 abaxial view of cheilanthes horridula. photo courtesy of p. j. alexander 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 smith, b.a. figure 3 adaxial view of cheilanthes lindheimeri. photo courtesy of p. j. alexander figure 4 abaxial view of cheilanthes lindheimeri. photo courtesy of p. j. alexander 69 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 smith, b.a. figure 5 adaxial view of cheilanthes wootonii. photo by author. figure 6 abaxial view of cheilanthes wootonii. photo by author. journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 9, december 2009 71 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 cox, c.a. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100071 critic’s choice invasive plants versus oklahoma’s biodiversity chadwick a. cox onps conservation chair and board member, oklahoma invasive plants council e. o. wilson stated that invasive species are second only to habitat loss for reducing biodiversity, and that threat to biodiversity by invasive plants is the subject of this report. for that purpose, the standard definition of invasive species as one that causes harm to humans or other species when introduced to an ecosystem is too broad to be helpful. under that definition, several native species are classified as invasive because they grow in cultivated fields, but biodiversity does not exist there. even so, for this purpose, control of invasive plants in agriculture and less so at recreational sites, consumes an estimated $34.5 billion per year in the united states; whereas in natural systems only about $160 million is spent (pimentel 2002). herein, we are concerned with the displacement of the species in natural ecosystems. invasive plants are not native to the ecosystems that they alter. their predators are left behind so they are at a competitive advantage in the new setting. seldom are invasive species naturally introduced. most are the result of human manipulation. although most are from other continents, an invasive plant can be a native in one part of the continent but exotic (non-native) in another. whether from aquatic, riparian, or terrestrial habitats, these plants usually invade only that type of habitat from which they come. the following story illustrates several points about invasive plants. spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) from the east coast was transported to willapa bay, washington where it proved very invasive and threatened a variety of species by virtue of converting mudflats into grassy meadows. it was thoughtlessly transported along with oyster "spat" to seed willapa bay with a replacement for the depleted native oysters. this is an example of the unwitting introduction of an invasive species (s. alterniflora) which thrived and the purposeful introduction of a non-native species of oyster that, had it thrived, would have prevented the recovery of the native oyster variety. this story, told so poetically by florence caplow (2009), should be read by those wanting a concise, yet thorough education about invasive plants. most of our worst invasive plants were introduced either as hitchhikers, like s. alterniflora, or purposely transported but with unforeseen consequences. many are now naturalized and would require enormous funds for eradication and vast amounts of herbicides, possibly with even more unwanted consequences. in the past, a knowledgeable group of biologists would develop a list of known problem species as well as those species "to watch" in a given area. this often led to watched species being allowed to become naturalized in areas where removal would have been prohibitively expensive for even the more aggressive ones. now that we recognize that invasive plants cannot be just watched, we are struggling with what controlling them would require. so the emphasis now is to control the spread of those already here and to prevent infestations of new invasive species. this will require monitoring all vulnerable areas and having the mechanism to quickly remove new introductions. this policy is now called early detection/rapid response or simply “ed/rr”. 70 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 cox, c.a. (article facing page.) introduced to the u.s. in 1876 and widely cultivated after that as an ornamental, kudzu, pueraria montana var. lobata, is a vine from japan that has gained the title of “scourge of the south”. government agencies promoted kudzu for forage and erosion control for about 30 years, but it easily escaped cultivation. growing rapidly, about a foot a day, and rooting at nodes, kudzu spreads quickly. although dying back to the ground during oklahoma winters, it completely re-covers shrubs and even mature trees the next season. its invasiveness finally recognized, kudzu was designated first by the usda as a noxious weed and then listed as a federal noxious weed in 1997. photo by author. kudzu’s inflorescence is an axillary the leaves with 3 leaflets are arranged and raceme in which the pea type flowers are often shaped similarly to those of a large poison ivy whorled about the stem. it has a grape-leaf. however, the vine and leaf stalks are covered like fragrance which adds to its appeal as with stiff hairs. photo by bruce hoagland. an ornamental. photo by author. 72 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 cox, c.a. furthermore, since non-native species are not all equally invasive, we will first need to develop a ranking system of invasiveness; the inherent ability of the species to spread and displace native species. such a ranking would provide a rational approach for control so that funds are spent for the most aggressive species first. however, the threat of reducing biodiversity does not register significant attention at the state level in much of the u.s. for that reason, concerned citizens have established organizations to attempt to control invasive plants in their states. here, the oklahoma invasive plant council (okipc) was established in 2008. oklahoma is one of 35 states with an organization composed of interested stakeholders in biodiversity. in affiliation with the oklahoma native plant society, okipc educates oklahomans about invasive plants and advocates for the efficient and effective management of invasive plants for the protection of the economic and natural resources of oklahoma’s private and public land and water. to learn more about solutions to the problems of invasive species, visit us at www.ok-invasive-plant-council.org. caplow, zf. (2009, may 16). of resurrection, slipping glimpser. http://zenshinedz.blogspot.com/2009_05_01_archive. html (accessed 20 dec. 2009). pimentel, d. 2002. biological invasions. boca raton, fl: crc press. onps http://zenshin-edz.blogspot.com/2009_05_01_archive.html http://zenshin-edz.blogspot.com/2009_05_01_archive.html http://zenshin-edz.blogspot.com/2009_05_01_archive.html journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 9, december 2009 59 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 rice & gibson https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100069 is seedling establishment very rare in the oklahoma seaside alder, alnus maritima ssp. oklahomensis? stanley a. rice* j. phil gibson department of biological sciences department of zoology and southeastern oklahoma state university department of botany and durant, ok microbiology *corresponding author university of oklahoma, norman, ok the oklahoma seaside alder (alnus maritima ssp. oklahomensis) is a shrub that grows almost exclusively in johnston county. while individuals resprout vigorously from rootstocks, few seedlings have been observed in the wild. we surveyed 1,848 one-metersquare plots of suitable microhabitat at two locations on the blue river and a location on pennington creek. we found only 20 alder seedlings, all of them in their first year, and most of them in unsuitable, shaded conditions. these observations are consistent with the interpretation that, despite its abundant production of viable seeds, the oklahoma seaside alder has effectively no long-term successful seedling establishment. these observations serve as a basis for seedling establishment experiments planned for the near future. introduction the oklahoma seaside alder is one of three subspecies of the seaside alder (betulaceae: alnus maritima (marshall) muhl. ex. nutt.). all three subspecies are rare and have limited geographical distributions (schrader and graves 2002). subspecies maritima j. a. schrader and w. r. graves grows in some of the swamps on the delmarva peninsula east of chesapeake bay; subspecies georgiensis j. a. schrader and w. r. graves grows in a single swamp in bartow county, northwestern georgia; and subspecies oklahomensis j. a. schrader and w. r. graves grows only along the blue river and nearby creeks such as pennington creek in johnston county, oklahoma, and canyon creek in pontotoc county, oklahoma. a few individuals also occur in pontotoc county. the three subspecies are genetically distinct and probably represent relicts of a previously widespread species (gibson, rice, and stucke 2008). in contrast, the hazel alder (alnus serrulata (aiton) willdenow) is abundant, growing in swamps, around lakes, and along streams and rivers throughout eastern north america. one reason for its greater abundance appears to be that individuals of a. serrulata can persist in partially to completely shaded conditions, whereas a. maritima flourishes in mostly to fully sunny conditions (schrader, graves, rice, and gibson 2006). the oklahoma seaside alder (fig. 1) grows back vigorously from its rootstock after floods. the floods in the summer of 2007 tore away the aboveground stems of many of the plants, but new branches began to grow from the clumps later that summer. nearly all of the alders grow as clumps of numerous small trunks rather than forming a single trunk. this may perhaps be the result of past flood events. we have seen only two seaside alders in oklahoma that had single trunks: one on canyon creek in pontotoc county and one on pennington creek near reagan, oklahoma. they were growing in locations that may have allowed them to escape severe flooding. 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 rice & gibson seaside alder seedlings appear to establish best under moist, sunny conditions, a hypothesis that we plan to test in an upcoming field experiment. such conditions were probably widespread throughout north america at the end of the most recent ice age. since the end of the most recent ice age, alder seedling establishment might have been very sporadic, dependent upon occasional disturbances perhaps on the scale of decades or centuries. if this is the case, we would expect to find alder populations that consist mostly of even-aged stands. unfortunately, the multi-trunked growth form does not permit an assessment of the age of any individual. even the rare singletrunked individuals have rotten heartwood. the apparently rare establishment of seaside alder seedlings contrasts with the production and viability of the seeds. reproductive a. maritima stems produce pendulous male and strobilus-like female catkins. pollination occurs in early autumn, which is characteristic of alnus subgenus clethropsis, of which a. maritima is the only north american representative. the following year, the female catkins expand. in the autumn, brown female catkins open their bracts and release the seeds which are dispersed by water. each catkin can produce dozens of seeds, and many clumps produce several dozen female catkins. when we have collected seeds for experiments, we have usually had no difficulty obtaining thousands of them. under artificial conditions nearly all of the seeds germinate and grow into healthy seedlings. we propose that the limited seedling establishment of a. maritima in the wild is not the result of poor seed production or viability. our hypothesis is that seedling establishment of seaside alder in oklahoma is extremely rare in a typical growing season. to test this hypothesis, we undertook a thorough search for a. maritima seedlings in may 2008, the year following major flooding along the blue river and the creeks where a. maritima grows. methods study locations. we selected three locations in johnston county (table) that have large populations of a. maritima. hughes crossing of the blue river is in the blue river wildlife management area north of bullard chapel road near tishomingo (n 34° 19’ w 96° 35’). alders grow along both east and west banks and on shallow islands north and south of the crossing. we surveyed riverbank and island substrate on or near the west bank along transects (total length about 1.2 kilometers) about one-half kilometer north and one-half kilometer south of the crossing (designated area 1 by the oklahoma department of wildlife conservation), as well as a short transect (about 0.2 kilometer) about a kilometer north of the crossing (designated area 2 by the oklahoma department of wildlife conservation). state highway 7 crosses the blue river in the blue river wildlife management area (n 34° 21’ w 96° 35’). footpaths lead to the river on its east and west banks, both north and south of the bridge. alders are abundant along the banks and on shallow islands in all of these locations. we surveyed riverbank and island substrate on or near the west bank along transects (total length about one-half kilometer) about a kilometer north of the highway. reagan road crosses pennington creek near reagan, ok (n 34° 21’ 61 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 rice & gibson w 96° 41’). alders are moderately abundant in this location. we surveyed along a transect about a quarter of a kilometer west of the crossing. dominant tree species above the alders were sycamore (platanus occidentalis), american and slippery elms (ulmus americana and u. rubra), chinkapin oak (quercus muehlenbergi), walnut (juglans nigra), box elder (acer negundo), persimmon (diospyros virginiana), and white ash (fraxinus americana). red cedar (juniperus virginiana), redbud (cercis canadensis), rough dogwood (cornus drummondii), buckbrush (rhamnus caroliniana), and chittamwood (sideroxylon lanuginosa) were also common. the blue river and pennington creek populations are in different watersheds despite their proximity, and are genetically distinct (gibson, rice, and stucke 2008). survey method. we searched for seedlings in 1,848 plots, each approximately 1 m 2 in size based on visual estimation. this method, though not precise, was adequate for this survey, given the very low abundance of alder seedlings. we conducted the surveys on 11 and 12 may 2008. choice of survey locations. along the transects within each of the three study areas, we looked for alder seedlings in each meter-square plot that met the following characteristics: large reproductive alders were nearby. our major interest is to eventually understand regeneration within existing alder populations. there was evidence of recent flooding. seedlings of other species were growing. we did not examine locations in which seedlings would have been unable to grow, such as rocks or flotsam. other herbaceous plants (such as sedges) did not form dense stands. previous surveys have shown that seedlings are unable to grow in these dense stands. recognition of alder seedlings. a. maritima was the only alder species growing in these locations. we grew seedlings of a. maritima (fig. 2) in order to learn to distinguish their characteristics from those of other seedlings. alder sprouts could be distinguished from seedlings by their thicker stem and lack of cotyledons. results most plots contained no alder seedlings. seedlings were usually solitary, although in one case there were three in close proximity (figure 3). we located only 20 seedlings in the 1,848 plots. there was therefore an average of 0.01 seedlings per m 2 . considering the rarity of seedlings, the inverse of that value, one seedling in each 92.4 m 2 , is easier to conceptualize. there were far fewer seedlings than adults, of which there were hundreds. discussion and conclusion if this survey method had detected no alder seedlings, our ability to find them might be suspect. the survey took place in the growing season after floods had created new and potentially suitable substrate for seedling germination, although the floods may also have reduced the number of seeds available. the 1,848 plots that we surveyed consisted only of suitable microhabitat. the estimate of one seedling per 92.4 m 2 is therefore a conservative estimate. although our survey represented only day of one year for each site, our observations were 62 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 rice & gibson consistent with our informal surveys in previous years, dating back to 2001. all of the seedlings were in their first year of growth; we found no older seedlings. most of the seedlings were in the shade and were unlikely to survive into a second year, given the requirement that a. maritima appears to have for bright sunlight (schrader et al. 2006). this survey was intended as background to further research. since it appears that conditions are unsuitable for seedling establishment in the areas where adult oklahoma seaside alders grow, we now wish to experimentally determine what the conditions of light, substrate, and water depth would be for successful seedling establishment. because the alders appear to persist only by re-sprouting, preservation of this subspecies appears to require the preservation of the existing adult individuals. it is also possible that we can manipulate substrate conditions in such a way as to encourage seedling recruitment. this is included in the next phase of our research. references gibson jp, rice sa, and stucke cm. 2008. comparison of population genetic diversity between a rare, narrowlydistributed species and a common, widespread species of alnus (betulaceae). american journal of botany 95(5):588-596. schrader, ja. and graves wr.2002. intraspecific systematics of alnus maritima (betulaceae) from three widely disjunct provenances. castanea 67:380401. schrader, ja, graves wr, rice sa, and gibson jp. 2006. differences in shade tolerance help explain varying success of two sympatric alnus species. international journal of plant sciences 167(5):979-989. table areas surveyed and number of alnus maritima seedlings found in the three locations surveyed in this study. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ location area number of density m 2 per surveyed (m 2 ) seedlings seedlings m -2 seedling ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ hughes crossing 1329 16 0.012 83.1 state highway 7 398 3 0.008 132.7 pennington creek 121 1 0.008 121.0 total 1848 20 0.011 92.4 63 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 rice & gibson figure 1 new stems of an oklahoma seaside alder (in the center of the photograph) grow profusely when old stems are damaged or destroyed by flooding or other disturbances. this photograph is from a side channel along the blue river. figure 2 this alnus maritima figure 3 three seaside alder seedlings closest to seedling was grown in a pot so photographer’s finger are growing at the highway 7 that the investigators could location. the seedling further to the right is not an compare field seedlings to it. alder. oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 10, december 2010 foreword this year, our 10 th year of publication, is marked by our entry into the world wide web. we‟ve been working with digital services at oklahoma state university‟s edmon low library to make the oklahoma native plant record available to everyone, globally. we are ready for the new age of botanists who have grown up in the digital age and expect to be able to submit articles without picking up a pencil or putting a stamp on an envelope. some of us will be challenged to think and communicate differently, as we re-tool our offices and struggle to learn electronic text, graphics, and statistics programs. we ask for your patience as we make the transition and offer our help as you continue to submit, review, and read our articles. we have a very useful historical article this year, “the identification of some of the more common native oklahoma grasses by vegetative characters”. it is the master‟s thesis of william franklin harris, who graduated from oklahoma agricultural and mechanical college (now osu) in 1949. he submitted this as his master‟s thesis the following year. though a commonly used key to the grasses of oklahoma, it is overdue for publication. hopefully this version, updated by dr. ronald j. tyrl, recently retired botanist from osu, will inspire new taxonomists. dr. bruce hoagland and ms. amy buthod, from the oklahoma biological survey, have given us a new checklist for one of the most popular regions of the state, ouachita national forest. since thomas nuttall‟s visit in 1819 the area has been inventoried numerous times, but only three floristic lists have been published for this vast and diverse area. this list of species collected at the camp tom hale scout reservation is an extension of their 2009 study in the cucumber creek area, which is 66 km se of this site. it is intended to enhance the knowledge of plant distributions in the ouachita mountains in leflore county and to be used as an educational tool by the boy scouts of america. ms. mary gard is a graduate of oklahoma state university. her preliminary research on the toxicity of tephrosia virginiana plants in oklahoma provides insight to their historic use by native americans to stun fish to facilitate their capture. while some of the findings of previous studies were similar, this new study also raises questions that she intends to address in future research. dr. bruce smith, our local native fern expert, has provided us another educational and enjoyable article. this year it is on ferns found in the more arid regions of western oklahoma. again, he has detailed photos which illustrate oklahoma species of this important, but often overlooked, taxon. because the purpose of the society is to encourage the study of native plants, the record has an obligation to its readers to be a resource for study. to that end, our “critic‟s choice” essay this year is written by dr. ron tyrl. his stories are proverbially erudite, holding our attention and giving us an intriguing piece of his knowledge that keeps us wanting more. acknowledging the importance of taxonomic identification tools, like patricia folley‟s field guide for oklahoma wildflowers (forthcoming from iowa press), he underscores the importance of keys for learning those species that aren‟t often photographed. he provides us with an historic perspective on the format styles and use of keys like those of harris and linnaeus. sheila strawn managing editor 1 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 volume 10, december 2010 issn 1536-7738 managing editor: sheila strawn production editor: paula shryock electronic production editor: chadwick cox technical advisors: bruce hoagland and ron tyrl editorial assistants: patricia folley, sandy graue and kristi rice the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2010 officers and board members president: lynn michael vice-president: carol eames secretary: paula shryock treasurer: mary korthase membership database: tina julich past president: kim shannon board members: clare miller buddy miller marilyn stewart ron tyrl connie murray bruce smith central chapter chair: betty culpepper cross-timbers chapter chair: ron tyrl mycology chapter chair: sheila strawn northeast chapter chair: alicia nelson gaillardia editor: chadwick cox anne long award chair: gloria caddell harriet barclay award chair: rahmona thompson onps service award chair: sue amstutz historian: sharon mccain librarian: bonnie winchester website manager: chadwick cox photo poster curators: sue amstutz & marilyn stewart color oklahoma chair: tina julich conservation chair: chadwick cox mailings chair: karen haworth merchandise chair: susan chambers nominating chair: constance murray photography contest chair: tina julich publicity chairs: kim shannon & marilyn stewart wildflower workshop chair: sharon mccain website: www.usao.edu/~onps/ cover photo: rubus l. sp., blackberry by becky sheets, first place photo winner, special category, 2010. articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100072 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 10 table of contents foreword ................................................................................................................................................. 3 the identification of some of the more common native oklahoma grasses by vegetative characters, m.s. thesis ................................................................................................ 4 dr. william franklin harris the vascular flora of hale scout reservation, leflore county, oklahoma ........................... 34 dr. bruce w. hoagland and ms.amy k. buthod the toxicity of extracts of tephrosia virginiana (fabaceae) in oklahoma ................................... 54 ms. mary gard four western cheilanthoid ferns in oklahoma ............................................................................ 65 dr. bruce a. smith critic’s choice essay: “being a method proposed for the ready finding ... to what sort any plant belongeth” ........................................................................................................ 77 dr. ronald j. tyrl editorial policies and procedures ..................................................................................................... 85 five year index to oklahoma native plant record ........................................... inside back cover 2019 oklahoma native plant record oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn 10.22488/okstate.20.100002 a floristic inventory of the john w. nichols scout ranch, canadian county, oklahoma abby crosswhite adam k. ryburn department of biology oklahoma city university okc, ok 73106 aryburn@okcu.edu keywords: vascular flora, biodiversity, invasive species, upland forest abstract we conducted a vascular plant survey of the john nichols scout ranch in southeastern canadian county, oklahoma, during the growing seasons of 2017 to 2019. vouchered specimens were collected for 152 species in 116 genera and 49 families. the largest families represented were the asteraceae (37 species), poaceae (19), and fabaceae (17). no rare species currently being tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were encountered. twenty of the species collected were not native to the united states, of which six (lonicera japonica, lespedeza cuneata, bothriochloa ischaemum, bromus tectorum, sorghum halepense, and tamarix chinensis) are considered invasive. three tree species (pinus taeda, pistacia chinensis, and taxodium distichum) were planted in developed areas of the ranch. species richness appears to be low when compared to surveys of similar size. we suggest that the adjacent properties used for agriculture and housing development have influenced the number of species of this suburban wilderness. introduction e. o. wilson writes in his book biodiversity (1988) that “biological diversity must be treated more seriously as a global resource, to be indexed, used, and above all, preserved.” in partnership with the last frontier council of the boy scouts of america, the oklahoma city university department of biology began a project to explore the biodiversity of a 150-hectare (371-acre) suburban wilderness in southwest oklahoma city known as the john nichols scout ranch (jnsr). managed by the last frontier council, very little is known of the biodiversity of this suburban natural area that is surrounded by agriculture and housing developments. as protected lands such as the jnsr become the refuges of biodiversity, it is essential to have an accurate picture of what species are present. by identifying species and adapting management practices to preserve biodiversity, future generations are provided a baseline of information to assess the success of those management practices. previous studies have explored the mammal (hackney and stancampiano 2015) and bird (jardine et al. 2016) diversity and habitat preferences. this study reports on the vascular plant diversity of the area. study area the jnsr is located in the southeastern corner of canadian county, oklahoma (35°21’00” n 97°40’17” w) (figure 1). on the southern border, the south canadian river flows east towards cleveland county. the elevation in the area ranges from 356 m mailto:aryburn@okcu.edu mailto:aryburn@okcu.edu 18 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn to 418 m. the 150-hectare (371-acre) ranch has been maintained by the last frontier council since 1932. the ranch is composed of various habitats such as upland and bottomland forests, mixed prairie, and disturbed areas. based on satellite imagery, hackney and stancampiano (2015) estimated that approximately 70% of the site is wooded area while the other 30% is grassland, disturbed areas, and developed areas. disturbed and developed areas can be found throughout jnsr in sections maintained for campsites, common areas used for boy scout activities, trails, and roadsides. throughout the year, the level of human disturbance ranges from high to none. the most human influence occurs during the spring and summer months due to scouting camps. the area is irregularly mowed for maintenance, but mowing is restricted to inhabited areas such as campgrounds and surrounding establishments. according to the united states department of agriculture natural resources conservation service (usdanrcs 2019b), the two main soil compositions are darnell-noble complex and nash-ironmound complex (figure 2). the jnsr is in the central red-bed plains geomorphic province characterized by permian red shales and sandstone that form gently rolling hills and broad, flat plains (curtis et al. 2008). located in the central great plains level iii ecoregion, the jnsr is on the border of the prairie tableland and cross timbers transition level iv ecoregions (woods et al. 2005). the dominant potential vegetation is a combination of tallgrass prairie and bottomland (floodplain) (duck and fletcher 1943). in west-central oklahoma from 1896– 2018, the summer average temperature was 26.6 ± 13.4°c. winter months averaged 3.17 ± 13.4°c. the highest temperatures occurred mostly in july with an average of 27.7°c, while the coldest temperatures occurred in january at an average of 2.00°c. over the period, the average precipitation was 66.65 ± 34.70 cm. precipitation reached an average low of 2.01 cm in january and an average high of 10.52 cm in may (oklahoma climatological survey 2018). methods the floristic survey occurred during the growing seasons (march to november) in 2017, 2018, and 2019. vouchers of specimens were deposited in the oklahoma city university (ocu) herbarium following recommendation by palmer and richardson (2012) for published flora. sources used for identification included ryburn et al. (2018), folley (2011), mccoy (1987), tyrl et al. (2008), and little (2010) along with comparison to specimens present in the ocu herbarium. duration (annual, biennial, perennial) and growth form (forb, graminoid, shrub, tree, woody vine) were determined using the plants database (usda-nrcs 2019a) and taylor and taylor (1994). classification and nomenclature are based on angiosperm phylogeny group (apg iii) recommendations (stevens 2019) and the integrated taxonomic information system (itis 2019). oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn figure 1 map of jnsr, canadian county, oklahoma. used by permission from the last frontier council of the boy scouts of america. 20 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn figure 2 soil map of jnsr by usda nrcs (2019b). nad/nad2 = nash-ironmound, w = water, dnf = darnell-noble, gb = gracemore, kfb = kingfisher silt, msc = minco silt, ya = yahola oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn table 1 summary of floristic collections made from john nichols scout ranch (jnsr)* taxonomic group families genera species native spp. exotic spp. monilophyta 1 1 1 1 0 pinophyta 2 3 3 1 2** magnoliophyta eudicots 38 89 121 107 14 monocots 8 23 27 21 6 total 49 116 152 130 22 *table format follows palmer et al. (1995) **p. taeda and t. distichum were planted in developed areas and were treated as exotic species in the inventory. results and discussion in total, 152 species in 116 genera and 49 families were collected at jnsr (table 1; appendix). among the angiosperms, three families were predominant: asteraceae (37 species), poaceae (19), and fabaceae (17). one fern species (asplenium platyneuron) was collected. three species of conifers were collected and included juniperus virginiana, pinus taeda, and taxodium distichum. it should be noted, however, that p. taeda and t. distichum were planted in developed areas of the ranch and, while native to the state, were treated as exotic species in the inventory. the largest genera present were symphyotrichum and oenothera with four species each. of the 152 species collected, 20 (13.16%) were considered exotic to the united states and six of these were considered invasive species by the oklahoma invasive plant council (2019). no rare species currently being tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2019) were encountered. the majority of jnsr is characterized by upland forest habitat that is dominated by quercus stellata and quercus marilandica. other common species included celtis laevigata, juniperus virginiana, prunus mexicana, sapindus saponaria, smilax bona-nox, and vitus vulpina. adjacent woodland margins that open into mixed prairie or disturbed areas were dominated by small tree and shrub species that included cercis canadensis, cornus drummondii, rhus glabra, symphoricarpos orbiculatus, and toxicodendron radicans. the second most abundant habitat is mixed prairie. common mixed prairie species included achillea millefolium, bouteloua curtipendula, bouteloua gracilis, bouteloua hirsuta, dalea purpurea, gaillardia pulchella, liatris punctata, oenothera speciosa, opuntia humifusa, rhus aromatica, rhus glabra, sabatia campestris, schizachyrium scoparium, sorghastrum nutans, thelesperma filifolium, and yucca glauca. the riparian zone along the south canadian river that makes up the southern border of jnsr was dominated by herbaceous species, such as carex spp., cynodon dactylon, phragmites australis, sorghum halepense, and typha latifolia, and intermixed with woody species, such as salix exigua and tamarix chinensis, as the riparian zone gives way to bottomland forest habitat. common bottomland forest species included carya illinoinensis, catalpa bignonioides, celtis laevigata, 22 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn populus deltoides, robinia pseudoacacia, salix nigra, and ulmus americana. disturbed and developed areas can be found throughout jnsr in sections maintained for campsites, common areas used for boy scout activities, trails, and roadsides. common species found in these disturbed areas included ambrosia psilostachya, ambrosia trifida, amphiachyris dracunculoides, cynodon dactylon, bothriochloa ischaemum, helianthus annuus, lespedeza cuneata, lonicera japonica, melilotus albus, melilotus officinalis, pinus taeda, pistacia chinensis, solanum elaeagnifolium, sorghum halepense, and taxodium distichum. species richness is poor when compared to other similar sized (136–161 ha) floristic surveys (palmer 2007). while this property provides a refuge for many species of flora and fauna, the encroaching agricultural areas and housing developments surrounding jnsr have contributed to lower plant diversity. since urban sprawl of surrounding areas will likely continue to increase, a management plan must be established to maintain current, or improve upon, current levels of biodiversity. acknowledgments we thank the last frontier council of the boy scouts of america for the opportunity and permission to complete this survey. we also thank laura e. jardine and emily brown for assistance with plant collections and sireene khader for assistance with mounting specimens. special thanks to rhonda and david crosswhite for support throughout the collection process. literature cited curtis, n.m., w.e. ham, and k.s. johnson. 2008. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza, eds. earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. educational publication 9. norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/ ep9_all.pdf duck, l.g. and j.d. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. in: a survey of the game and furbearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma city (ok): oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duc kflt/dfmap.gif folley, p. 2011. the guide to oklahoma wildflowers. iowa city (ia): university of iowa press. hackney, s. and a.j. stancampiano. 2015. microhabitat preferences of a small mammal assemblage in canadian county, oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 95:54–63. integrated taxonomic information system (itis). 2019. http://www.itis.gov (december 2019). jardine, l.e., a.n. hosford, s.a. legg, and a.j. stancampiano. 2016. habitat selection, nest box usage, and reproductive success of secondary cavity nesting birds in a semirural setting. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 96:101–108. last frontier council, boy scouts of america. 2019. john w. nichols scout ranch. https://www.scoutingrocks.tv/jnsr little, e.l. jr. 2010. forest trees of oklahoma: how to know them. rev. ed. no. 17. oklahoma city (ok): oklahoma department of agriculture, forestry services division. mccoy, d. 1987. oklahoma wildflowers. oklahoma city (ok): self-published. oklahoma climatological survey. 2018. the climate of west central oklahoma. https://climate.ok.gov (15 december 2019). oklahoma invasive plant council. 2019. oklahoma invasives. https://www.okinvasives.org (december 2019) http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/%20ep9_all.pdf http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/%20ep9_all.pdf http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duc%20kflt/dfmap.gif http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duc%20kflt/dfmap.gif http://www.itis.gov/ https://www.scoutingrocks.tv/jnsr https://climate.ok.gov/ oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2019. oklahoma natural heritage inventory plant tracking list. http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu (december 2019) palmer, m.w. 2007. vascular plants checklists from oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 7:67–77. palmer, m.w. and j.c. richardson. 2012. biodiversity data in the information age: do 21st century floras make the grade? castanea 77(1):46–59. palmer, m.w., g.l. wade, and p.r. neal. 1995. standards for writing of floras. bioscience. 45:339–345. ryburn, a.k., s.c. barber, p. buck, g.m. caddell, w.j. elisens, j.r. estes, m. fishbein, p. folley, lawrence k. magrath, a.j. moore, c.l. murray, b.a. smith, c.e.s. taylor, r.a. thompson, r.j. tyrl, j.b. walker, and l.e. watson. 2018. flora of oklahoma: keys and descriptions. 2nd ed. oklahoma city (ok): flora oklahoma incorporated. stevens, p.f. 2001 onwards. angiosperm phylogeny website. version 14. http://www.mobot.org/mobot/rese arch/apweb/welcome.html (december 2019). taylor, r.j. and e.s. taylor. 1994. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. durant (ok): self-published. tyrl, r.j., t.g. bidwell, r.e. masters, and r.d. elmore. 2008. field guide to oklahoma plants: commonly encountered prairie, shrubland, and forest species. 2nd ed. stillwater (ok): oklahoma state university. usda nrcs. 2019a. the plants database. http://plants.usda.gov (31 october 2019). usda nrcs. 2019b. web soil survey. https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov /app/websoilsurvey.aspx (october 2019). wilson, e.o. 1988. biodiversity. washington (dc): the national academies press. woods, a.j., j.m. omernik, d.r. butler, j.g. ford, j.e. henley, b.w. hoagland, d.s. arndt, and b.c. moran. 2005. ecoregions of oklahoma. reston (va): u.s. geological survey. https://www.epa.gov/ecoresearch/ecoregion-download-filesstate-region-6#pane-34 (december 2019). http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/welcome.html http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/welcome.html http://plants.usda.gov/ https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/app/websoilsurvey.aspx https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/app/websoilsurvey.aspx https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/ecoregion-download-files-state-region-6#pane-34 https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/ecoregion-download-files-state-region-6#pane-34 https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/ecoregion-download-files-state-region-6#pane-34 24 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn appendix list of plant taxa at john w. nichols scout ranch, canadian county, oklahoma annotated species list with organization based on angiosperm phylogeny group (apg iii) recommendations (stevens 2019). nomenclature is based on itis (2019), and common names are from the usda plants database (usda nrcs 2019a). duration (a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial), and growth form (f=forb, g=graminoid, s=shrub, t=tree, v=woody vine). duration, nativity, and growth form are from the usda plants database (usda nrcs 2019a). if duration varied or if more than one growth form was listed in the plants database, the duration and growth form listed for oklahoma by taylor and taylor (1994) was used. non-native species to the united states are indicated with an asterisk (*). monilophyta aspleniaceae asplenium platyneuron (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (ebony spleenwort) – p; f pinophyta cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. (eastern red cedar) – p; t taxodium distichum (l.) rich. (baldcypress) – p; t pinaceae pinus taeda l. (loblolly pine) – p; t magnoliophyta monocots amaryllidaceae nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britton (crowpoison) – p; f asparagaceae yucca glauca nutt. (soapweed yucca) – p; f commelinaceae tradescantia occidentalis (britton) symth (prairie spiderwort) – p; f cyperaceae carex spp. l. (sedge) – g eleocharis montevidensis kunth (sand spikerush) – p; g iridaceae sisyrinchium campestre e.p. bicknell (prairie blue-eyed grass) – p; f oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn poaceae andropogon ternarius michx. (splitbeard bluestem) – p; g * bothriochloa ischaemum (l.) keng (yellow bluestem) – p; g; i bothriochloa laguroides (dc.) herter (silver beardgrass) – p; g bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. (sideoats gramma) – p; g bouteloua gracilis (kunth) lag. ex griffiths (blue grama) – p; g bouteloua hirsuta lag. (hairy grama) – p; g * bromus tectorum l. (cheatgrass) – a; g; i chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) h.o. yates (indian woodoats) – p; g * cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. (bermudagrass) – p; g dichanthelium oligosanthes (schult.) gould (heller's rosette grass) – p; g dichanthelium scoparium (lam.) gould (velvet panicum) – p; g elymus canadensis l. (canada wildrye) – p; g eragrostis secundiflora j. presl (red lovegrass) – p; g paspalum floridanum michx. (florida paspalum) – p; g * phragmites australis (cav.) trin. ex steud. (common reed) – p; g * poa annua l. (annual bluegrass) – a; g schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash (little bluestem) – p; g sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash (indiangrass) – p; g * sorghum halepense (l.) pers. (johnsongrass) – p; g; i smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. (saw greenbrier) – p; v typhaceae typha latifolia l. (broadleaf cattail) – p; f eudicots acanthaceae ruellia humilis nutt. (fringeleaf wild petunia) – p; f anacardiaceae * pistacia chinensis bunge (chinese pistache) – p; t rhus aromatica aiton (fragrant sumac) – p, s rhus glabra l. (smooth sumac) – p, s toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze (eastern poison ivy) – p; s,v apiaceae * torilis arvensis (huds.) link (spreading hedgeparsley) – a; f apocynaceae asclepias asperula (decne.) woodson (spider milkweed) – p; f asclepias viridis walter (green antelopehorn) – p; f asteraceae achillea millefolium l. (common yarrow) – p; f 26 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn ambrosia psilostachya dc. (cuman ragweed) – p; f ambrosia trifida l. (giant ragweed) – a; f amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. (prairie broomweed) – a; f artemisia ludoviciana nutt. (white sagebrush) – p; f cirsium altissimum (l.) hill (tall thistle) – b; f cirsium ochrocentrum a. gray (yellowspine thistle) – p; f cirsium texanum buckley (texas thistle) – p; f coreopsis tinctoria nutt. (golden tickseed) – a; f echinacea angustifolia dc. (blacksamson echinacea) – p; f erigeron annuus (l.) pers. (eastern daisy fleabane) – a; f erigeron strigosus muhl. ex. willd. (prairie fleabane) – a; f eupatorium serotinum michx. (lateflowering thoroughwort) – p; f fleischmannia incarnata (walter) king & h. rob. (pink thoroughwort) – p; f gaillardia aestivalis (walter) h. rock (lanceleaf blanketflower) – p; f gaillardia pulchella foug. (indian blanket) – a; f gaillardia suavis (a. gray & engelm.) britton & rusby (perfumeballs) – p; f helianthus annuus l. (annual sunflower) – a; f heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britton & rusby (camphorweed) – a; f hymenopappus filifolius hook. (fineleaf hymenopappus) – p; f * hypochaeris radicata l. (hairy cat's ear) – p; f liatris punctata hook. (dotted blazing start) – p; f machaeranthera tanacetifolia (kunth) nees (tanseyleaf tansyaster) – a; f packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & á. löve (prairie groundsel) – p; f pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walter) dc. (carolina desert-chicory) – a; f pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. (tuberous deser-chicory) – p; f ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. (upright prairie coneflower) – p; f rudbeckia hirta l. (blackeyed susan) – p; f solidago canadensis l. (canada goldenrod) – p; f solidago speciosa nutt. (showy goldenrod) – p; f symphyotrichum drummondii (lindl.) g.l. nesom (drummond’s aster) – p; f symphyotrichum lateriflorum (l.) á. löve & d. löve (calico aster) – p; f symphyotrichum praealtum (poir.) g.l. nesom (willowleaf aster) – p; f symphyotrichum subulatum (michx.) g.l. nesom (eastern annual saltmarsh aster) – a; f thelesperma filifolium (hook.) a. gray (stiff greenthread) – p; f verbesina encelioides (cav.) benth. & hook. f. ex a. gray (golden crownbeard) – p; f vernonia baldwinii torr. (baldwin’s ironweed) – p; f bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau (trumpet creeper) – p; v catalpa bignonioides walter (southern catalpa) – p; t brassicaceae * capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. (shepherd’s purse) – a; f physaria ovalifolia (rydb.) o’kane & al-shehbaz (roundleaf bladderpod) – p: f cactaceae opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. (devil’s tongue) – p; s oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn caprifoliaceae * lonicera japonica thunb. (japanese honeysuckle) – p; v; i symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench (coralberry) – p; s caryophyllaceae paronychia jamesii torr. & a. gray (james' nailwort) – p; f cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. (roughleaf dogwood) – p; s euphorbiaceae acalypha gracilens a. gray (slender threeseed mercury) – a; f croton capitatus michx. (hogwort) – a; f fabaceae cercis canadensis l. (eastern redbud) – p; t dalea aurea nutt. ex fraser (golden prairie clover) – p; f dalea candida michx. ex willd. (white prairie clover) – p; f dalea enneandra nutt. ex fraser (nineanther prairie clover) – p; f dalea purpurea vent. (purple prairie clover) – p; f desmodium obtusum (muhl. ex willd.) dc. (stiff ticktrefoil) – p; f gleditsia triacanthos l. (honeylocust) – p; t * lespedeza cuneata (dum. cours.) g. don (sericea lespedeza) – p; f; i lespedeza stuevei nutt. (tall lespedeza) – p; f * medicago lupulina l. (black medick) – a; f * medicago sativa l. (alfalfa) – p; f * melilotus albus medik. (white sweet clover) – a; f * melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. (yellow sweet clover) – a; f mimosa quadrivalvis l. (fourvalve mimosa) – p; v psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. (slimflower scurf pea) – p; f robinia pseudoacacia l. (black locust) – p; t vicia sativa l. (garden vetch) – a; f fagaceae quercus marilandica munchh. (blackjack oak) – p; t quercus shumardii buckley (shumard’s oak) – p; t quercus stellata wangenh. (post oak) – p; t gentianaceae sabatia campestris nutt. (texas star) – a; f geraniaceae * erodium cicutarium (l.) l'hér. ex aiton (redstem stork’s bill) – a; f hypericaceae hypericum drummondii (grev. & hook.) torr. & a. gray (nits and lice) – a: f http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=41302 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=142970 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=47543 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=142970 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=44892 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=41302 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=143108 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=42061 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=41302 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=41302 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=34622 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=41302 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=48709 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=41302 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/singlerpt/refrpt?search_type=author&search_id=author_id&search_id_value=41302 28 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn juglandaceae carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch (pecan) – p; t lamiaceae clinopodium glabrum (nutt.) kuntze (limestone calamint) – p; f monarda fistulosa l. (wild bergamot) – p; f scutellaria incana biehler (hoary skullcap) – p; f scutellaria parvula michx. (small skullcap) – p; f stachys pilosa nutt. (hairy hedgenettle) – p; f teucrium canadense l. (canada germander) – p; f malvaceae callirhoe involucrata (torr. & a.gray) a. gray (purple poppymallow) – p; f moraceae * morus alba l. (white mulberry) – p; t oleaceae fraxinus americana l. (white ash) – p; t onagraceae oenothera berlandieri (spach) steud. (berlandier's sundrops) – p; f oenothera serrulata nutt. (yellow sundrops) – p; f oenothera speciosa nutt. (pinkladies) – p; f oenothera suffulta (engelm.) w.l. wagner & hoch (kisses) – a; f orobanchaceae castilleja indivisa engelm. (entireleaf indian paintbrush) – a; f papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey (crested pricklypoppy) – a; f plantaginaceae nuttallanthus canadensis (l.) d.a. sutton (canada toadflax) – a; f * plantago lanceolata l. (narrowleaf plantain) – p; f plantago virginica l. (virginia plantain) – a; f polygonaceae eriogonum annuum nutt. (annual buckwheat) – a; f rosaceae crataegus viridis l. (green hawthorn) – p; t geum canadense jacq. (white avens) – p; f prunus angustifolia marshall (chickasaw plum) – p; s prunus gracilis engelm. & a. gray (oklahoma plum) – p; s prunus mexicana s. watson (mexican plum) – p; t oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 19, december 2019 abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn rubiaceae houstonia pusilla schoepf (tiny bluet) – a; f stenaria nigricans (lam.) terrell (diamond-flowers) – p; f salicaceae populus deltoides w. bartram ex marshall (eastern cottonwood) – p; t salix exigua nutt. (narrowleaf willow) – p; s salix nigra marshall (black willow) – p; t santalaceae phoradendron serotinum (raf.) m.c. johnst. (oak mistletoe) – p; s sapindaceae sapindus saponaria l. (western soapberry) – p; t solanaceae solanum carolinense l. (carolina horsenettle) – p; f solanum dimidiatum raf. (western horsenettle) – p; f solanum elaeagnifolium cav. (silverleaf nightshade) – p; f tamaricaceae * tamarix chinensis lour. (five-stamen tamarisk) – p; s,t; i ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. (sugarberry) – p; t ulmus americana l. (american elm) – p; t valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. (beaked cornsalad) – a; f verbenaceae glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. (rose mock vervain) – p; f glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber (pink mock vervain) – a; f vitaceae vitis vulpina l. (frost grape) – p; v journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 5, number 1, december 2005 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 issn 1536-7738 managing editor: sheila strawn technical editor: patricia folley technical advisor: bruce hoagland cd-rom producer: chadwick cox website: http://www.usao.edu/~onps/ the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps shall be open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2005 officers and board members president: constance murray vice-president: kim shannon secretaries: lou duke & tina julich treasurer: mary korthase past president: jim elder board members: paul buck kay gafford melynda hickman monica macklin elfriede miller stanley rice central chapter chair: marilyn stewart cross-timbers chapter chair: paul richardson mycology chapter chair: clark ovrebo northeast chapter chair: sue amstutz historians: irene mckee ann long award chair: patricia folley harriet barclay award chair: constance taylor onps service award chair: sue amstutz nominating committee: paula shryok conservation chair: chadwick cox publicity chairs: kim shannon & marilyn stewart publications chairs: paul buck & constance taylor marketing co-chairs: lawrence magrath susan chambers photo contest co-chairs: patricia and chadwick cox gaillardia editor: chadwick cox librarian: bonnie winchester website manager: chadwick cox mailing committee chair: karen haworth color oklahoma committee chair: kim shannon wildflower workshop chair: larry magrath photo poster curators: sue amstutz & marilyn stewart cover photo: passiflora incarnata l., passionflower by kim shannon. “nature does nothing uselessly.” aristotle (384 bc322 bc). articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercialsharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100035 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1 table of contents forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 relationship of forest vegetation to soils on geological formations of the oklahoma gulf coastal plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 dr. raymond john taylor a vegetation analysis of a pimpled prairie in northeastern oklahoma . . 39 dr. constance lucile murray vascular flora of a site along the arkansas river, pawnee county, oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 dr. bruce w. hoagland and amy buthod additions to the flora of garvin county, oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 dr. phillip t. crawford and ms. priscilla h.c. crawford editorial: tribute to john taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 7, number 1, december 2007 five-year index to oklahoma native plant record volume 2 4 vascular plants of the wichita mountains, paul buck 22 floristic list for comanche county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland 54 schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus; wichita mountains wildlife refuge survey: 2000, lawrence k. magrath 65 pontotoc ridge floristic survey: 1999, forrest l. johnson, patricia folley (ed.) 82 water, soil, and plant diversity in oklahoma, sheila strawn volume 3 4 black mesa flora study, james k. mcpherson 19 black mesa state park flora update, patricia a. folley 23 vascular flora of the keystone wildlife management area, bruce hoagland and amy k. buthod. 38 floristic survey of the the nature conservancy’s preserve, johnston county, ok, kimberly a. shannon. 51 historical accounts of the transformation of a pairie town, todd d. fagin and melissa s. brown. 68 triphora trianthophora and tipularia discolor in oklahoma, lawrence k. magrath 73 take time to watch, not just smell the wildflowers, gloria m. caddell volume 4 4 ecological factors affecting the distribution of woody vegetation near the arkansas river, tulsa county, anne wanamaker long 24 cotinus obovatus raf. (smoke-tree) in oklahoma, bruce hoagland. 26 giant cane and southeastern indian baskets, julia a. jordan. 30 vascular flora of the couteau wildlife management area, wagoner county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and forrest l. johnson. 40 status and habitat characteristics of chyprepedium kentuckiense (kentucky lady’s slipper) in southeastern oklahoma, bruce hoagland and amy k. buthod. 48 common lawn and garden mushrooms of central oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo 56 why do species names change? patricia a. folley volume 5 4 relationship of forest vegetation to soils on geological formations of the oklahoma gulf coastal plain, r. john taylor 39 a vegetation analysis of a pimpled prairie in northeastern oklahoma, constance l. murray 61 vascular flora of a site along the arkansas river, pawnee county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 73 additions to the flora of garvin county, oklahoma, phillip t. crawford and priscilla h.c. crawford 98 tribute to john taylor, onps members volume 6 4 the lichens of north central oklahoma, darvin w. keck 51 annotated nomenclatural update to keck (1961), douglas m. ladd 53 vascular flora of a red sandstone hills site, canadian county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 69 vascular flora of a riparian site on the canadian river, cleveland county, oklahoma, lacy burgess and bruce w. hoagland. 80 cedar-apple rust, clark l. ovrebo oklahoma native plant society c/o tulsa garden center 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks charles s. wallis 21 updated oklahoma ozark flora bruce w. hoagland 54 the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site osage county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland and amy buthod 67 vascular plant checklists from oklahoma michael w. palmer 78 the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers caleb stotts, michael w. palmer, and kelly kindscher 91 botanizing with larry magrath patricia a. folley five year index to oklahoma native plant record inside back cover journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 4, number 1, december 2004 oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 jordan, j.a. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100029 giant cane and southeastern indian baskets ms. julia a. jordan 233 84 th avenue, n.e. norman, oklahoma 73026 among the wide variety of natural materials suitable for basket making, one of the most attractive is giant cane (figure 1), an oklahoma native plant. taxonomically, giant cane is in the genus arundinaria, and the family poaceae (grasses). this genus comprises the only native species of bamboo in the continental united states. hitchcock (1971) recognized one genus: arundinaria michx. (cane) and two species: arundinaria macrosperma michx., giant cane, and arundinaria tecta walt. muhl., switch cane. however estes and thompson (1984), following f. a. mcclure, recognized one species, a. gigantea (walter) muhlenberg (cane) with three inclusive subspecies: a. gigantea ssp. gigantea, ssp. tecta (walter) mcclure, and ssp. macrosperma (michaux.) mcclure. taylor and taylor (1991) recognized one species, a. gigantea (walt.) muhl., giant cane. the taxon relevant to oklahoma, and to southeastern indian basketry generally, is a. gigantea ssp. gigantea, which will be referred to herein as giant cane. giant cane is a robust grass with culms (stems) reaching five meters or more in height and 5 to 8 cm (2 3 in) in diameter. it is the most widespread of the three subspecies, forming extensive colonies or canebrakes on the first and second terraces of major streams and wet lowlands. it is found in the mississippi river valley, the appalachian-ozarkian uplands (including the ouachita highlands (usgs 2004), and the gulf coastal plain (estes and thompson 1984), including much of eastern oklahoma. it spreads rapidly by creeping horizontal rhizomes. the erect, woody culms are perennial--sometimes branching with flowering branchlets borne in fascicles on the main stem or on primary branches. giant cane flowers infrequently and the flowering stems die after setting seed. sterile branches, which are numerous, are branched repeatedly. the caryopses (seed grains) are large, up to 1.5 cm (0.5 in) long, floury, and are edible. they are produced in great abundance on each flowering stem. swanton (1946) notes that they were used as food by southeastern indians. cane stalks grow rapidly, forming dense, tall stands that were formerly widespread and numerous in suitable habitats across the southeast. however, populations are now limited, probably due to the introduction of domestic animals and to the draining and clearing of fertile, lowland sites for agriculture. both cattle and swine relish the young shoots, while pigs also root in the soil to consume the rhizomes. cane culms are jointed with hollow internodes. in contrast to most grasses, the stems are woody and there is extensive deposition of lignin and silica in the outer layer (estes and thompson 1984). this and the length of the fibers contribute to the strength of the stem. the culms are round in cross-section; thus they are lightweight and flexible, as well as strong. the hard, shiny surface of the culm results partly from a silica-wax cuticle which forms a thin layer over the silica-impregnated epidermis. the culm is therefore nearly impervious to water. these characteristics make giant cane an excellent material for the manufacture of many items of material culture, and it was utilized for many purposes by both aboriginal and historic indian peoples of the southeastern united states. swanton (1946) refers to cane as “one of the most important of all raw materials,” for southeastern indians. it was 28 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 jordan, j.a. used for spears, arrows, blowguns, fishing crails and traps, beds, corncribs, flageolets, baskets, mats, and many other items. blake and cutler (2001) have recorded cane from prehistoric sites in illinois, indiana, and arkansas, indicating some antiquity to the use of this material. giant cane was the favorite basketry material of such tribes as the choctaw, cherokee, creek, chitimacha, natchez, and caddo. most southeastern basketry was made by the technique of weaving, as opposed to coiling (hudson 1976). that is, weft (horizontal) elements were built up onto a warp (vertical) foundation. twilling, in which two or more weft splints were passed over two or more warp splints, was the prevailing weave. the twilling technique produced a wide variety of diagonal and herringbone patterns, and when colored splints were combined with natural splints, the resulting baskets and mats were quite decorative, as well as useful. cane was usually converted into basketry splints immediately after gathering, though it could be processed later (gettys 1984). the long lengths of cane were split lengthwise into quarters with a stout sharp knife. the object was to obtain a long and strong, flexible strip of even thickness. the splints were then trimmed along each edge to make them of uniform width, and scraped to a smooth texture on the inner surface. the glossy, natural, outer surface of the cane contributed to the beauty of cane baskets. some of the splints were dyed black, red, yellow, purple, or brown using dyes obtained from plants (sinton 1946, gettys 1984). a variety of mats and baskets were made. large twilled cane mats, measuring about 152 cm by 183 cm (5 ft by 6 ft), were used for bedding, for floor covering, to cover the seats in the square ground (summer council arena), to cover the walls and roofs of houses, and to wrap the bodies of the dead for burial. the finest southeastern baskets were double weave baskets, so called because they are woven with back-toback inside and outside fabrics, such that the surface of the basket was glossy and smooth both inside and out (hudson 1976). like other tribes, the choctaw produced many types of cane baskets for which they had names, including carrying baskets, hampers, pack baskets, trays, and pointed baskets. of special importance was a three-piece set of baskets used in the preparation of hominy, a dietary staple. the set consisted of a winnowing basket or "fanner," (obfko' ) (figure 2), a sieve or "sifter," (ishsho'ha) (figure 3), and a shallow container or tray (tapa) (figure 4), (bushnell 1909). collectively, this trilogy of baskets came to be called "tom fuller" baskets, the term deriving from the choctaw word for hominy, tanfula (edwards 1932). hominy was made from whole kernels of dried corn which were first soaked in cool water to which had been added some wood-ash lye (hudson 1976). the next day the corn was drained and pounded in a mortar to loosen the hulls and crack the grains. the cracked corn was then separated from the hulls with the "fanner," a large flat basket with a shallow pocket at one end. the corn was placed in the basket which was then agitated up and down and back and forth to separate the heavier hominy from the lighter hulls. the "sifter" had a loosely woven plaited bottom through which the smaller grains could be separated from the coarser grains. the latter were returned to the mortar for further cracking. the tightly-woven cane tray had many uses, such as holding cracked and uncracked hominy, corn meal, and bread. the accompanying photographs are of "tom fuller" baskets made of giant cane and purchased by the author in 1977 from a choctaw basket maker of wright city, oklahoma. fine quality cane baskets are 26 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 jordan, j.a. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100029 cane photo by author. basket photos courtesy of patricia a. folley figure 4 utility basket, a shallow container. or tray (tapa). figure 3 sifter or sieve (ishsho'ha). figure 2 fanner or winnowing basket (obfko' ). figure 1 stand of giant cane in cherokee county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 jordan, j.a. produced today by the mississippi choctaw and the chitimacha of louisiana. their sales outlets may be easily located on the internet. gettys (1984) knew of only three cane weavers in oklahoma (one of whom had produced this author’s baskets), and believed that traditional forms not adaptable to modern uses had been dropped. although it is highly unlikely that any “tom fuller” sets are now made for general sale, it is quite possible that a few oklahoma choctaw artisans are capable of filling a special order. inquiry might begin with the choctaw nation tribal complex office in durant or at museums and specialty shops featuring authentic southeastern indian arts and crafts. references blake, leonard w. and hugh c. cutler. 2001. plants from the past. tuscaloosa: the university of alabama press. bushnell, david i., jr. 1909. the choctaw of bayou lacomb, st. tammany parish, louisiana. u.s. smithsonian institution, bureau of american ethnology, bulletin 48. washington, d.c.: u.s. government printing office. edwards, john. 1932. the choctaw indians in the middle of the nineteenth century. chronicles of oklahoma 10:3. estes, james r. and rahmona a. thompson. 1984. cane: its characteristics and identification in baskets. in: marshall gettys (ed.). basketry of southeastern indians. idabel, ok: museum of the red river; p 57-64. gettys, marshall. 1984. the choctaw basket tradition. in: marshall gettys (ed.). basketry of southeastern indians. idabel, ok: museum of the red river, p 35-42. hitchcock, a. s. 1971. manual of the grasses of the united states. vol. 1, 2nd ed., rev. agnes chase, new york: dover publications, inc. hudson, charles. 1976. the southeastern indians. knoxville: university of tennessee press. swanton, john r. 1946. the indians of the southeastern united states. vol. 1, 2nd ed., rev. agnes chase, new york: dover publications, inc. taylor, john r. and constance e. s. taylor. 1991. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. 2nd ed. durant, ok: [published by the authors at southeastern oklahoma state university.] usgs, 2004. geology in the parks. http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgnpsnps /province/inthigh.html http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgnpsnps/province/inthigh.html� http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgnpsnps/province/inthigh.html� oklahoma native plant record, volume 15, number 1, december 2015 oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100114 contributions to the flora of cimarron county and the black mesa area amy k. buthod bruce w. hoagland oklahoma biological survey oklahoma biological survey university of oklahoma department of geography and norman, ok 73019 environmental sustainablity amybuthod@ou.edu university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 keywords: flora, cimarron county, black mesa, vascular plants, rare plants abstract this paper reports the results of recent collection activities in cimarron county, including the black mesa area, in the state of oklahoma. a total of 331 taxa in 60 families were collected. two-hundred and six genera, 279 species and 52 infraspecific taxa were identified. the largest families were the poaceae with 72 taxa and the asteraceae with 63. thirty-six exotic taxa were collected (10.9 % of the flora), including two species new to oklahoma: scorzonera laciniata and ranunculus testiculatus. forty-six taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were found. introduction cimarron county has long been recognized as a botanically significant region in oklahoma. a total of 95 vascular plants tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (onhi) occur in the county (oklahoma natural heritage inventory 2013). included among these is asclepias uncialis greene, which, prior to 1996, was listed as a likely candidate for federal listing as threatened or endangered by the u.s. fish and wildlife service (united states department of the interior 1993). before this survey, nineteen of the tracked taxa had an onhi ranking of sh, meaning that reports of occurrences are older than twenty years (oklahoma natural heritage inventory 2013; natureserve 2015). the number of taxa in cimarron county that are rare at the state level is due in part to the presence of black mesa, an extension of the mesa de maya, which extends for 72 km from east of raton, new mexico, though colorado and into northwestern cimarron county. the eastern-most extension of the rocky mountain foothill vegetation is present in the area; rogers (1953) found it to be “an excellent example of the intergradation of the flora of the great plains with that of the rocky mountain foothills”. our intent for this work was to relocate the rare taxa, update their onhi ranks, and, hopefully, expand our knowledge of the area’s current flora. the earliest botanical collections from the black mesa region were made in 1820 by edwin james, botanist for major stephen long’s expedition to the rocky mountains. eighty-four years later, per axel rydberg, author of flora of colorado (1906) and flora of the rocky mountains and adjacent plains (1917), botanized in the area. the first thorough botanical inventory of the mesa de maya was completed by rogers (1953). from 1947 and 1949, he collected along the mesa in colorado, new mexico and oklahoma, as well as from some of the secondary mesas in the area (rogers 1953). according mailto:amybuthod@ou.edu 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland to a list published in 1953, rogers collected 267 taxa from 51 families in oklahoma, but in a later work (1954) he notes that “approximately five-hundred were found, or could be found”. u. t. waterfall collected at black mesa and in cimarron county within the same time period, adding approximately 30 taxa to the state’s flora (waterfall 1949, 1950a, b). james k. mcpherson completed an inventory with the sole focus of black mesa in the early 1990s, reporting 236 taxa from 58 families (2003a, b). his collecting activities were confined to the areas of the mesa on the property belonging to the state of oklahoma (township 6n, range 1e, sections 28–33 and township 5n, range 1e, section 6). patricia folley (2003) supplemented the mcpherson list with collections made from 1994 through 2003. folley collected over a wider area than mcpherson, surveying the state park around lake etling, the roadsides leading to the park and mesa, and some private lands, including tesequite canyon (folley 2003). she found an additional 49 taxa from 25 families. other botanists have contributed to the knowledge of the black mesa/cimarron county flora over the years, including delzie demaree, who worked in the area in the 1930s, george goodman (from the late 1930s through the early 1970s), john and connie taylor (1960s and 1970s), and larry magrath in the 1980s (oklahoma vascular plants database 2015). study site cimarron county falls within the high plains and the cimarron river valley geomorphic provinces (curtis et al. 2008). the high plains province consists of flat uplands over tertiary-era dakota sandstones and is found throughout most of the county (rogers 1953). the cimarron river valley is found in the northeastern part of the county and is distinguished by dissected valleys of mesozoic-era shale and sandstone. the black mesa, the flat, eroded remnant of a tertiary-era lava flow, is located in this area (curtis et al. 2008). the highest point in oklahoma, at 1515 m, is on the mesa. rolling, low hills and canyons surround the mesa. four soil associations occur within cimarron county. travessilla-kim soils are only found in the northeastern corner of the county. they consist of “loam, calcareous, and humus-poor soils on steep slopes” (carter and gregory 2008). dalhart-vona soils are found primarily in the southern half of the county; these are “very deep loamy soils on gentle slopes” (carter and gregory 2008). sherm-ulysses type soils dominate the eastern half of the county. these soils are “very deep, silty and clayey, humus-rich soils on gentle slopes” (carter and gregory 2008). conlen-pastura-plack soils are the least common soil type in the county; they consist of “loamy and calcareous soils on moderately steep slopes” (carter and gregory 2008). potential vegetation types in cimarron county include shortgrass high plains, sandsage grassland, piñon pine/juniper mesa, and bottomland forest (duck and fletcher 1943; hoagland 2008). cimarron county has a dry climate, falling within trewartha’s steppe or semiarid type (1968). average annual precipitation ranges from 38–50 cm, with most falling from may through august. thunderstorms occur in the spring and summer. average temperature is 13–14°c. the average high (in july) is 34°c, and the average low (in january) is -7°c. southsouthwesterly winds are dominant and relative humidity ranges from 29–84%. over 70% of days are sunny (oklahoma climatological survey 2015). methods plants were collected at 100 sites throughout cimarron county (fig. 1; table 1). collection sites were chosen based on location information from the oklahoma natural heritage inventory database and oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland figure 1 cimarron county, oklahoma. dots indicate collection sites. shaded areas indicate black mesa nature preserve lands. map by todd fagin, oklahoma biological survey. the oklahoma vascular plants database. additional collections were also made opportunistically. coordinates of each site were collected using a garmin gpsmap 76cx unit. sites were located between latitudes n36.98989 and n36.62313 and longitudes w102.67913 and w102.68063. elevations ranged from 1118 m to 1513 m. field work began in march of 2013, with subsequent monthly trips until september. an additional trip was made in may of 2014. one example of each taxon encountered was collected and processed according to standard herbarium protocols. specimens were deposited at the robert bebb herbarium (okl) at the university of oklahoma. manuals used to identify plants included great plains flora association (1986), tyrl et al. (2010) and allred and ivey (2012); the collections of the robert bebb herbarium were also used to verify identifications. taxonomy follows the integrated taxonomic information system (2015). duration and nativity to oklahoma were determined using the plants database (usda-nrsc 2015); if the information from plants was ambiguous, taylor and taylor (1991) was consulted. vegetation classifications were assigned based on hoagland (2000). results and discussion three-hundred and thirty-one taxa in 60 families were collected in this study (appendix a). two-hundred and six genera, 279 species, and 52 infraspecific taxa were identified. two-hundred thirty-one taxa were perennials; there were 96 annuals and four biennials. thirty-six taxa were nonnative to oklahoma, including two species new to the state (scorzonera laciniata in the asteraceae and ranunculus testiculatus in the 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland ranunculaceae); non-native taxa accounted for 10.9% of the total flora. the poaceae had the greatest number of exotic taxa with 11; the brassicaceae had five. the largest families were the poaceae with 72 taxa and the asteraceae with 63. forty-six taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were found (table 2). asclepias uncialis, the former candidate for federal listing, was not located. vegetation classes encountered in this study included the artemisia filifolia/sporobolus cryptandrus-schizachyrium scoparium shrubland association. it is found on sandy soils and stabilized dunes in the northwestern and central portions of the study site. associated taxa included andropogon gerardii ssp. hallii, abronia fragrans, and eriogonum annuum (duck and fletcher 1943; hoagland 2000). two intergrading variations of shortgrass prairie were noted. the bouteloua curtipendula-b. gracilis-b. dactyloides herbaceous association is found on rocky slopes and well-drained soils in the southern part of the study area (duck and fletcher 1943; hoagland 2000). plants found here included muhlenbergia torreyi, ratibida columnifera, and sphaeraclea coccinea. the bouteloua gracilishilaria jamesii herbaceous association is found in northwestern cimarron county on slopes and uplands (hoagland 2000). plants found in this type included cylindropuntia imbricata, melampodium leucanthum, and zinnia grandiflora. the bouteloua gracilis-hilaria jamesii herbaceous association intergrades with the fourth vegetation type, the juniperus monosperma woodland alliance. this alliance includes the juniperus monosperma/bouteloua curtipendula woodland association and the juniperus monosperma-pinus edulis/bouteloua curtipendula woodland association and is found in northwestern cimarron county. plants from this type included bouteloua gracilis, cercocarpus montanus, and prunus virginiana (hoagland 2000). herbaceous wetland vegetation was found at only a few sites, including those with seeps, lakes, and intermittently flowing streams and rivers. plants found in this vegetation type included polypogon monspeliensis, populus deltoides, salix exigua, and tamarix chinensis. vegetation of disturbed areas includes taxa found around lawns, stock tanks, campgrounds, parking lots, and gravel pits. plants in this vegetation type included conyza canadensis, descurainia sophia, kochia scoparia, and malva neglecta. table 1 collection sites in cimarron county latitude longitude township, range, and section 36.623130 -102.68063 sec. 24-t2n-r3e 36.690420 -102.95001 sec. 33-t3n-r1e 36.698390 -102.9484 sec. 28-t3n-r1e 36.719380 -102.89576 sec. 13-t3n-r1e 36.719660 -103.00208 sec. 18-t3n-r1e 36.722180 -102.877 sec. 18-t3n-r2e oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 36.733790 -102.7183 sec. 15-t3n-r3e 36.733800 -102.76698 sec. 17-t3n-r3e 36.733920 -102.74949 sec. 16-t3n-r3e 36.739900 -102.51231 sec. 10-t3n-r5e 36.741100 -102.51344 sec. 10-t3n-r5e 36.753940 -102.96656 sec. 4-t3n-r1e 36.756350 -102.96655 sec. 4-t3n-r1e 36.765380 -102.96653 sec. 32-t4n-r1e 36.772640 -102.96652 sec. 32-t4n-r1e 36.780300 -102.87736 sec. 30-t4n-r2e 36.790710 -102.96668 sec. 29-t4n-r1e 36.804340 -102.97145 sec. 20-t4n-r1e 36.806220 -102.37202 sec. 13-t4n-r6e 36.817480 -102.80509 sec. 13-t4n-r2e 36.829480 -102.87738 sec. 7-t4n-r2e 36.832480 -102.65052 sec. 8-t4n-r4e 36.835430 -102.96116 sec. 9-t4n-r1e 36.836080 -102.88737 sec. 6-t4n-r2e 36.840080 -102.88219 sec. 6-t4n-r2e 36.845780 -102.87656 sec. 5-t4n-r2e 36.846420 -102.88263 sec. 6-t4n-r2e 36.848380 -102.62216 sec. 3-t4n-r4e 36.849240 -102.88435 sec. 6-t4n-r2e 36.850360 -102.87642 sec. 31-t5n-r2e 36.850360 -102.87642 sec. 31-t5n-r2e 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 36.851790 -102.86967 sec. 32-t5n-r2e 36.853670 -102.87138 sec. 32-t5n-r2e 36.854090 -102.88454 sec. 31-t5n-r2e 36.856980 -102.94078 sec. 34-t5n-r1e 36.859200 -102.38917 sec. 34-t5n-r6e 36.881280 -102.88344 sec. 19-t5n-r2e 36.882050 -102.97772 sec. 20-t5n-r1e 36.883330 -102.97295 sec. 20-t5n-r1e 36.886460 -102.97238 sec. 20-t5n-r1e 36.887550 -102.97424 sec. 20-t5n-r1e 36.889260 -102.96963 sec. 20-t5n-r1e 36.891690 -102.96015 sec. 21-t5n-r1e 36.892660 -102.98643 sec. 19-t5n-r1e 36.893120 -102.82283 sec. 22-t5n-r2e 36.893790 -102.95947 sec. 16-t5n-r1e 36.895370 -102.9677 sec. 17-t5n-r1e 36.895760 -102.98476 sec. 18-t5n-r1e 36.895960 -102.98691 sec. 18-t5n-r1e 36.897520 -102.91134 sec. 13-t5n-r1e 36.897950 -102.96324 sec. 16-t5n-r1e 36.898540 -102.98034 sec. 17-t5n-r1e 36.899190 -102.97931 sec. 17-t5n-r1e 36.899370 -102.8527 sec. 16-t5n-r2e 36.899560 -102.84465 sec. 16-t5n-r2e 36.899830 -102.82454 sec. 15-t5n-r2e oklahoma native plant record 55 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 36.900190 -102.96891 sec. 17-t5n-r1e 36.900640 -102.97209 sec. 17-t5n-r1e 36.901170 -102.96404 sec. 16-t5n-r1e 36.901410 -102.95449 sec. 16-t5n-r1e 36.903700 -102.94789 sec. 16-t5n-r1e 36.904800 -102.93303 sec. 15-t5n-r1e 36.907530 -102.44369 sec. 7-t5n-r6e 36.908160 -102.45214 sec. 7-t5n-r6e 36.910440 -102.92143 sec. 11-t5n-r1e 36.912730 -102.82081 sec. 11-t5n-r2e 36.913450 -102.97624 sec. 8-t5n-r1e 36.914270 -102.96875 sec. 8-t5n-r1e 36.919640 -102.4009 sec. 10-t5n-r6e 36.920710 -102.51988 sec. 9-t5n-r5e 36.921370 -102.60638 sec. 10-t5n-r4e 36.921370 -102.60638 sec. 10-t5n-r4e 36.929980 -102.58279 sec. 1-t5n-r4e 36.931820 -102.99784 sec. 6-t5n-r1e 36.934710 -102.9383 sec. 3-t5n-r1e 36.934710 -102.93839 sec. 3-t5n-r1e 36.934850 -102.57666 sec. 1-t5n-r4e 36.936330 -102.55646 sec. 21-t6n-r5e 36.936870 -102.52358 sec. 33-t6n-r5e 36.936880 -102.47233 sec. 36-t6n-r5e 36.937150 -103.0018 sec. 6-t5n-r1e 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 36.938120 -103.00098 sec. 31-t6n-r1e 36.938800 -103.00023 sec. 31-t6n-r1e 36.939080 -102.99954 sec. 31-t6n-r1e 36.940380 -102.98649 sec. 31-t6n-r1e 36.943380 -102.95534 sec. 33-t6n-r1e 36.944330 -102.95544 sec. 33-t6n-r1e 36.945420 -102.618 sec. 34-t6n-r4e 36.945760 -102.97118 sec.32-t6n-r1e 36.947060 -102.97128 sec. 32-t6n-r1e 36.947930 -102.96566 sec. 33-t6n-r1e 36.948080 -102.45784 sec. 31-t6n-r6e 36.952680 -102.96242 sec. 28-t6n-r1e 36.955610 -102.72656 sec. 27-t6n-r3e 36.960120 -102.71428 sec. 27-t6n-r3e 36.962150 -102.80867 sec. 26-t6n-r2e 36.964600 -102.62363 sec. 28-t6n-r4e 36.967830 -102.71885 sec. 22-t6n-r3e 36.982940 -102.24962 sec. 13-t6n-r7e 36.989890 -102.67913 sec. 13-t6n-r3e oklahoma native plant record 57 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland table 2 taxa located during this study that are tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (oklahoma natural heritage inventory 2013; natureserve explorer 2015). status ranks are on a 1–5 scale, with a 1 indicating the taxa is critically imperiled. g ranks are at the global level and s ranks are at the subnational or state level. infraspecific taxa are assigned a t rank. a taxon with nr indicates that it has not been ranked at the global level (natureserve 2015). highlighted taxa were re-ranked as a result of this survey. family taxon ranking amaranthaceae krascheninnikovia lanata (pursh) a. meeuse & a. smit s1g5 apocynaceae asclepias macrotis torr. s1g4 asteraceae ambrosia confertiflora dc. s1g5 asteraceae artemisia carruthii alph. wood ex carruth. s2g4? asteraceae brickellia brachyphylla (a. gray) a. gray s1g5 asteraceae brickellia californica (torr. & a. gray) a. gray s1g5 asteraceae brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners var. s1g5t5 asteraceae ericameria nauseosa (pall. ex pursh) g.l. nesom & s1g5t5 asteraceae picradeniopsis woodhousei (a. gray) rydb. s2g4g5 asteraceae solidago velutina dc. ssp. sparsiflora (a. gray) semple s1g5?tnr boraginaceae cryptantha cinerea (greene) cronquist var. s2g5t5? boraginaceae cryptantha thyrsiflora (greene) payson s2g4 cactaceae cylindropuntia imbricata (haw.) f.m. knuth s2g5 cactaceae echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) j.n. s3g5 cactaceae echinocereus viridiflorus engelm. s1g5 cactaceae escobaria vivipara (nutt.) buxb. s1g5 cactaceae opuntia polyacantha haw. var. polyacantha s2g5t5 convolvulaceae cuscuta umbellata kunth s1g5 crossomataceae glossopetalon spinescens a. gray var. s1g5tnr cupressaceae juniperus monosperma (engelm.) sarg. s2g4g5 fabaceae dalea formosa torr. s2g5 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland fabaceae dalea jamesii (torr.) torr. & a. gray s1g5 fabaceae desmanthus cooleyi (eaton) trel. s2g5 fabaceae hoffmannseggia drepanocarpa a. gray s2g5 fabaceae lupinus plattensis s. watson s1g4 grossulariaceae ribes cereum douglas s1g5 malvaceae sphaeralcea angustifolia (cav.) g. don s2g5 nyctaginaceae abronia fragrans nutt. ex hook. s2g5 papaveraceae argemone squarrosa greene s1g4 pinaceae pinus edulis engelm. s1g5 plantaginaceae penstemon fendleri torr. & a. gray s1g5t4? poaceae aristida arizonica vasey s1g4 poaceae bouteloua barbata lag. s1g5 poaceae bouteloua eriopoda (torr.) torr. s1g5 poaceae hesperostipa neomexicana (thurb.) barkworth s1g4g5 poaceae hilaria jamesii (torr.) benth. s1g5 poaceae muhlenbergia phleoides (kunth) columbus s1g5 poaceae muhlenbergia porteri scribn. ex beal s1g5 poaceae muhlenbergia torreyi (kunth) hitchc. ex bush s1g4 poaceae piptatherum micranthum (trin. & rupr.) barkworth s1g5 polygonaceae eriogonum jamesii benth. s1g5 polygonaceae eriogonum lachnogynum torr. ex benth. s1g4? polygonaceae eriogonum tenellum torr. s1g5 rosaceae cercocarpus montanus raf. s1g5 rosaceae rubus deliciosus torr. s1g4? selaginellaceae selaginella underwoodii hieron. s1g5? oklahoma native plant record 59 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland discussion one-hundred sixty taxa from 46 families reported in the rogers, mcpherson, and folley studies were not found (appendix b), and only 46 of the 95 taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were located. one explanation for this difference is land access. for instance, we were not able to collect in tesequite canyon, which is known to have populations of tracked taxa (oklahoma natural heritage inventory 2015), as was done in the folley study. we were uncomfortable botanizing along some of the public roads, as well. another explanation could be that vegetation changes have occurred in the area. vegetation analysis by graham et al. (unpubl. data) indicates a decrease in the amount of grassland/herbaceous vegetation and an increase in forest/shrubland since 1992. this is most probably due to the increased amount of cholla (cylindropuntia imbricata) in the area. the most likely explanation for our results, however, is drought. cimarron county is considered to be the epicenter of the exceptional drought experienced by the high plains regions of northern texas, southwestern kansas, northeastern new mexico, southeastern colorado, and the northwestern oklahoma panhandle (lindsey 2008; south central climate science center 2013). throughout the survey period, western cimarron county experienced exceptional, extreme, or extreme/severe drought (national oceanic and atmospheric administration et al. 2015). rogers (1953) stated that the “severe drouth of the 1930s had a disturbing effect on the vegetation”, but noted a “great recovery” in the following decade. although the national weather service predicts that the drought status for the area will likely be removed, another “great recovery” is unlikely (u. s. geological survey 2014). the area could be as much as 5°c hotter by the end of the century, and decreases in precipitation, runoff, and amounts of soil water storage are also likely (u. s. geological survey 2014). acknowledgements this work was supported by a grant from the department of interior, u. s. fish and wildlife service. the authors wish to thank todd fagin (oklahoma biological survey/department of geography and environmental sustainability, university of oklahoma) for assistance with map preparation. literature cited allred, k.w. and r.d. ivey. 2012. flora neomexicana iii: an illustrated identification manual. self-published. carter, b.j. and m.s. gregory. 2008. soil map of oklahoma. in: earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza (eds.). norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. curtis, n.m., w.e. ham, and k.s. johnson. 2008. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza (eds.) norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. duck, l.g. and j.b. fletcher. 1943. a survey of the game and fur-bearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma city (ok): oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. folley, p.a. 2003. additions to black mesa flora study. oklahoma native plant record 3:19–22. great plains flora association. 1986. flora of the great plains. lawrence (ks): university of kansas press. hess, w.j. 2002. nolina. pp. 415–422. in: flora of north america north of mexico. vol. 26. flora of north american editorial committee (eds.). new york and oxford. 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland hoagland, b.w. 2000. the vegetation of oklahoma: a classification for landscape mapping and conservation planning. the southwestern naturalist 45:385–420. hoagland, b.w. 2008. vegetation of oklahoma. in: earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza (eds.). norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. integrated taxonomic information system. 2015. http://www.itis.gov (12 february 2015). lindsey, r. 2008. devastating drought settles on the high plains. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov (17 march 2015). mcpherson, j.k. 2003a. black mesa flora study. oklahoma native plant record 3:4–7. mcpherson, j.k. 2003b. black mesa flora study: year two supplement. oklahoma native plant record 3:8–18. national drought mitigation center. 2015. http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu (17 march 2015). national oceanic and atmospheric administration, u.s. department of agriculture, and national drought mitigation center. 2015. u.s. drought monitor. http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/home.aspx (9 march 2015). natureserve. 2015. natureserve explorer. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer (12 february 2015). noaa center for weather and climate prediction. 2015. http://www.cpc.noaa.gov (23 march 2015). oklahoma climatological survey. 2015. the climate of cimarron county. http://www.ocs.ou.edu (11 march 2015). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2013. plant tracking list. http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu (15 january 2013). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2015. heritage database. http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu (17 march 2015). oklahoma vascular plants database. 2015. http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org (4 november 2015). rogers, c.m. 1953. the vegetation of the mesa de maya region of colorado, new mexico and oklahoma. lloydia 16:257–290. rogers, c.m. 1954. some botanical studies in the black mesa region of oklahoma. rhodora 56: 205–212. south central climate science center. 2013. drought history for the oklahoma panhandle. http://www.southcentralclimate.org (17 march 2015). taylor, r.j. and c.e.s. taylor. 1991. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. self-published. trewartha, g.t. 1968. an introduction to climate. new york: mcgraw-hill. tyrl, r.j., s.c. barber, p. buck, w.j. elisens, j.r. estes, p. folley, l.k. magrath, c.l. murray, a.k. ryburn, b.a. smith, c.e.s. taylor, r.a. thompson, j.b. walker, and l.e. watson. 2010. keys and descriptions for the vascular plants of oklahoma. noble (ok): flora oklahoma incorporated. united states department of the interior, fish and wildlife service. 1993. federal register, part iv 58(188):51160. united states geological survey. 2014. summary of cimarron county. http://regclim.coas.oregonstate.edu/n exdcp30_app/data/counties_201403 31/summaries/40025/40025.pdf (23 march 2015). usda, nrcs. 2015. the plants database. http://plants.usda.gov/plants (9 march 2015). waterfall, u.t. 1949. some results of a summer’s botanizing in oklahoma. rhodora 51:18–28. http://www.itis.gov/ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/ http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/ http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/home.aspx http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/home.aspx http://www.natureserve.org/explorer http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/ http://www.ocs.ou.edu/ http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/ http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/ http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ http://www.southcentralclimate.org/ http://regclim.coas.oregonstate.edu/nexdcp30_app/data/counties_20140331/summaries/40025/40025.pdf http://regclim.coas.oregonstate.edu/nexdcp30_app/data/counties_20140331/summaries/40025/40025.pdf http://regclim.coas.oregonstate.edu/nexdcp30_app/data/counties_20140331/summaries/40025/40025.pdf http://plants.usda.gov/plants oklahoma native plant record 61 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland waterfall, u.t. 1950a. some additions to the oklahoma flora. rhodora 52:19–24, 35– 41. waterfall, u.t. 1950b. some results of a third summer’s botanizing in oklahoma. rhodora 52:165–175. 62 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland appendix a list of plant taxa in cimarron county and black mesa, oklahoma taxa list with duration, vegetation type, and nativity. a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial; afsa=artemisia filifolia shrubland association, bcbgbd=bouteloua curtipendula-bouteloua gracilisbouteloua dactyloides herbaceous association, bghj=bouteloua gracilis-hilaria jamesii herbaceous association, daof=disturbed area/old field vegetation, hwv=herbaceous wetland vegetation, jmwa=juniperus monosperma woodland alliance. an asterisk (*) indicates a taxon that is non-native to the united states. a dagger (†) indicates a tracked taxon. taxonomy follows the integrated taxonomic information system (2015). duration and nativity to oklahoma were determined using the plants database (usda-nrsc 2015); if the information from plants was ambiguous, taylor and taylor (1991) was consulted. vegetation classifications were based on hoagland (2000). alismataceae alisma subcordatum raf., p, hwv amaranthaceae amaranthus palmeri s. watson, a, afsa amaranthus tuberculatus (moq.) j.d. sauer, a, afsa atriplex canescens (pursh) nutt., p, bghj *chenopodium album l., a, bghj chenopodium berlandieri moq., a, daof chenopodium incanum (s. watson) a. heller, a, bghj chenopodium leptophyllum (moq.) nutt. ex s. watson, a , daof chenopodium pratericola rydb., a, bghj chenopodium simplex (torr.) raf., a, bcbgbd chenopodium standleyanum aellen, a, jmwa froelichia floridana (nutt.) moq., a, jmwa *kochia scoparia ssp. scoparia (l.) schrad., a, daof †krascheninnikovia lanata (pursh) a. meeuse & a. smit, p, jmwa monolepis nuttalliana (schult.) green, a, daof *salsola tragus l., a, bcbgbd tidestromia lanuginosa (nutt.) standl., a, afsa amaryllidaceae allium drummondii regel, p, bghj anacardiaceae rhus aromatica aiton var. pilosissima (engl.) shinners, p, bghj toxicodendron rydbergii (small ex rydb.) greene, p, jmwa apiaceae cymopterus montanus nutt. ex torr. & a. gray, p, jmwa oklahoma native plant record 63 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland apocynaceae apocynum androsaemifolium l., p, jmwa asclepias asperula (decne.) woodson ssp. capricornu (woodson) woodson, p, jmwa asclepias engelmanniana woodson, p, afsa asclepias latifolia (torr.) raf., p, afsa †asclepias macrotis torr., p, jmwa asclepias subverticillata (a. gray) vail, p, afsa asclepias viridiflora raf., p, bcbgbd asparagaceae *asparagus officinalis l., p, bcbgbd yucca glauca nutt., p, afsa asteraceae †ambrosia confertiflora dc., p, afsa ambrosia grayi (a. nelson) shinners, p, daof ambrosia psilostachya dc., p, daof ambrosia trifida l., a, bghj amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt., a, afsa †artemisia carruthii alph. wood ex carruth., p, bcbgbd artemisia filifolia torr., p, afsa artemisia ludoviciana nutt., p, bghj baccharis salicina torr. & a. gray, p, hwv berlandiera lyrata benth., p, afsa †brickellia brachyphylla (a. gray) a. gray, p, bghj †brickellia californica (torr. & a. gray) a. gray, p, bghj †brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners var. chlorolepis (woot. & standl.) b.l. turner, p, bghj cirsium ochrocentrum a. gray ssp. ochrocentrum, p, bghj cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng., p, bghj conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist, a, daof diaperia prolifera (nutt. ex dc.) nutt., a, bghj dyssodia papposa (vent.) hitchc., a, jmwa engelmannia peristenia (raf.) goodman & c.a. lawson, p, bghj †ericameria nauseosa (pall. ex pursh) g.l. nesom & baird var. graveolens (nutt.) reveal & schuyler, p, jmwa erigeron bellidiastrum nutt., afsa, a erigeron flagellaris a. gray, b, afsa gaillardia pinnatifida torr., p, bghj gaillardia pulchella foug., a, bghj grindelia squarrosa (pursh) dunal, p, bghj gutierrezia sarothrae (pursh) britton & rusby, p, bghj helianthus annuus l., a, bghj helianthus ciliaris dc., p, bcbgbd helianthus petiolaris nutt., a, daof heterotheca stenophylla (gray) shinners var. angustifolia (rydb.) semple, p, jmwa heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britton & rusby spp. latifolia (buckley) semple, a, bghj 64 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland heterotheca villosa (pursh) shinners var. villosa, p, jmwa hymenopappus flavescens a. gray, b, afsa hymenopappus tenuifolius pursh, b, bghj *lactuca serriola l., a, daof liatris punctata hook. var. punctata, p, afsa lygodesmia juncea (pursh) d. don ex hook., p, jmwa machaeranthera tanacetifolia (kunth) nees, a, jmwa melampodium leucanthum torr. & a. gray, p, bghj packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & a. löve, p, bghj palafoxia sphacelata (nutt. ex torr.) cory, a, bcbgbd †picradeniopsis woodhousei (a. gray) rydb., p, bghj pseudognaphalium canescens (dc.) w.a. weber ssp. canescens, b, bghj ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl., p, bcbgbd ratibida tagetes (james) barnhart, p, daof *scorzonera laciniata l., p, daof senecio flaccidus less. var. flaccidus, p, bghj senecio riddellii torr. & a. gray, p, jmwa solidago gigantea aiton, p, daof †solidago velutina dc. ssp. sparsiflora (a. gray) semple, p, bghj symphyotrichum subulatum (michx.) g.l. nesom, a, hwv *taraxacum officinale f.h. wigg., p, daof tetraneuris acaulis (pursh) greene var. acaulis, p, jmwa tetraneuris scaposa (dc.) greene var. scaposa, p, bghj thelesperma ambiguum a. gray, p, afsa thelesperma filifolium (hook.) a. gray, p, bghj thelesperma megapotamicum (spreng.) kuntze, p, bghj townsendia exscapa (richardson) porter, p, bghj *tragopogon dubius scop., a, jmwa vernonia marginata (torr.) raf., p, jmwa xanthisma spinulosum (pursh) d.r. morgan & r.l. hartm. var. spinulosum, p, bghj xanthium strumarium l., a, hwv zinnia grandiflora nutt., p, bghj boraginaceae †cryptantha cinerea (greene) cronquist var. jamesii (torr.) cronquist, p, afsa, cryptantha minima rydb., a, afsa cryptantha thyrsiflora (greene) payson, p, bghj lappula occidentalis (s. watson) greene var. cupulata (a. gray) higgins, a, daof lappula occidentalis (s. watson) greene var. occidentalis, a, daof lithospermum incisum lehm., p, bghj onosmodium bejariense dc. ex a. dc. var. occidentale (mack.) b.l. turner, p, jmwa brassicaceae *camelina microcarpa dc., a, bcbgbd descurainia pinnata (walter) britton ssp. brachycarpa (richardson) detling, a, jmwa *descurainia sophia (l.) webb ex prantl, a, daof erysimum asperum (nutt.) dc., p, bghj oklahoma native plant record 65 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland erysimum capitatum (douglas ex hook.) greene, p, bghj *erysimum repandum l., a, bghj *lepidium densiflorum schrad., a, daof physaria ovalifolia (rydb.) o'kane & al-shehbaz ssp. ovalifolia, p, jmwa rorippa sinuata (nutt.) hitchc., p, hwv *sisymbrium altissimum l., a, bghj cactaceae †cylindropuntia imbricata (haw.) f.m. knuth, p, bghj †echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) j.n. haage, p, afsa †echinocereus viridiflorus engelm., p, jmwa †escobaria vivipara (nutt.) buxb., p, jmwa opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. var. humifusa, p, bghj opuntia macrorhiza engelm., p, jmwa opuntia phaeacantha engelm., p, bghj, †opuntia polyacantha haw.var. polyacantha, p, jmwa cannabaceae celtis reticulata torr., p, bghj caryophyllaceae paronychia jamesii torr. & a. gray, p, bghj paronychia sessiliflora nutt., p, bghj cleomaceae polanisia dodecandra (l.) dc., a, bghj commelinaceae commelina erecta l., p, jmwa tradescantia occidentalis (britton) smyth var. occidentalis, p, bghj convolvulaceae *convolvulus arvensis l., bghj, p convolvulus equitans benth., bghj, p †cuscuta umbellata kunth, a, daof evolvulus nuttallianus schult., p, bghj ipomoea leptophylla torr., p, bghj crossomataceae †glossopetalon spinescens a. gray var. planitierum (ensign) yatsk., p, jmwa, cucurbitaceae cucurbita foetidissima kunth, p, bghj cyclanthera dissecta (torr. & a. gray) arn., a, jmwa cupressaceae †juniperus monosperma (engelm.) sarg., p, jmwa 66 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland cyperaceae carex gravida l.h. bailey, p, hwv carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd., p, hwv schoenoplectus acutus (muhl. ex bigelow) á. löve & d. löve var. acutus, p, hwv schoenoplectus pungens (vahl) palla var. pungens, p, hwv euphorbiaceae croton texensis (klotzsch) müll. arg., a, bghj ditaxis mercurialina (nutt.) j.m. coult., p, jmwa euphorbia dentata michx., a, afsa euphorbia exstipulata engelm., a, bghj euphorbia fendleri torr. & a. gray, p, jmwa euphorbia glyptosperma engelm., a, afsa euphorbia lata engelm., p, bghj euphorbia marginata pursh, a, bcbgbd euphorbia missurica raf., a, bcbgbd euphorbia serpyllifolia pers. var. serpyllifolia, a, bcbgbd tragia ramosa torr., p, jmwa fabaceae amorpha canescens pursh, p, jmwa astragalus missouriensis nutt., p, bghj astragalus mollissimus torr., p, bghj dalea aurea nutt. ex fraser, p, bghj dalea candida michx. ex. willd var. oligophylla (torr.) shinners, p, jmwa dalea enneandra nutt. ex fraser, p, afsa †dalea formosa torr., p, jmwa †dalea jamesii (torr.) torr. & a. gray, p, bghj dalea lanata spreng., p, bghj dalea tenuifolia (a. gray) shinners, p, bghj dalea villosa (nutt.) spreng., p, daof †desmanthus cooleyi (eaton) trel., p, bghj glycyrrhiza lepidota pursh, p, bghj †hoffmannseggia drepanocarpa a. gray, p, bghj hoffmannseggia glauca (ortega) eifert, p, bcbgbd †lupinus plattensis s. watson, p, afsa *medicago sativa l., p, bghj *melilotus officinalis (l.) lam., a, daof mimosa borealis a. gray, p, bghj oxytropis lambertii pursh, p, afsa pediomelum cuspidatum (pursh) rydb., p, bghj prosopis glandulosa torr. var. glandulosa, p, bghj psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb., p, bghj robinia pseudoacacia l., p, daof sophora nuttalliana b.l. turner, p, bghj oklahoma native plant record 67 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland fagaceae quercus mohriana buckley ex rydb., p, jmwa geraniaceae *erodium cicutarium (l.) l'hér. ex aiton, a, daof grossulariaceae ribes aureum pursh var. villosum dc., p, bcbgbd †ribes cereum douglas, p, jmwa juncaceae juncus interior wiegand, p, hwv juncus torreyi coville, p, hwv krameriaceae krameria lanceolata torr., p, bghj lamiaceae hedeoma drummondii benth., p, bghj *marrubium vulgare l., p, bghj monarda pectinata nutt., a, afsa salvia reflexa hornem., a, jmwa teucrium laciniatum torr., p, jmwa linaceae linum pratense (norton) small, a, bghj linum rigidum pursh var. rigidum, a, bcbgbd loasaceae mentzelia multiflora (nutt.) a. gray, a, afsa mentzelia nuda (pursh) torr. & a. gray, p, afsa mentzelia oligosperma nutt. ex sims, p, bghj malvaceae callirhoe involucrata (torr. & a. gray) a. gray, p, bcbgbd *malva neglecta wallr., a, daof †sphaeralcea angustifolia (cav.) g. don, p, afsa sphaeralcea coccinea (nutt.) rydb., p, bcbgbd martyniaceae proboscidea louisianica (mill.) thell., ssp. louisianica, a, afsa moraceae *morus alba l., p, jmwa nyctaginaceae †abronia fragrans nutt. ex hook., p, afsa 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland mirabilis albida (walter) heimerl, p, jmwa mirabilis linearis (pursh) heimerl var. subhispida (heimerl) spellenb., p, jmwa mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macmill., p, jmwa oleaceae forestiera pubescens nutt., p, bghj onagraceae oenothera cespitosa nutt., p, jmwa oenothera cinerea (wooton & standl.) w.l. wagner & hoch ssp. cinerea, p, bcbgbd oenothera curtiflora w.l. wagner & hoch, a, daof oenothera hartwegii benth. ssp. pubescens (a. gray) w.l. wagner & hoch, p, bghj oenothera serrulata nutt., p, bcbgbd oenothera suffrutescens (ser.) w.l. wagner & hoch, p, bghj oenothera triloba nutt., p, bghj orobanchaceae orobanche ludoviciana nutt. ssp. multiflora (nutt.) t.s. collins ex h.l. white & w.c. holmes, a, bghj papaveraceae †argemone squarrosa greene, p, bghj corydalis aurea willd. ssp. occidentalis (engelm. ex a. gray) g.b. ownbey, a, bcbgbd pinaceae †pinus edulis engelm., p, jmwa plantaginaceae penstemon albidus nutt., p, bghj penstemon ambiguus torr., p, bghj †penstemon fendleri torr. & a. gray, p, afsa plantago patagonica jacq., a, bghj veronica anagallis-aquatica l., p, hwv poaceae *aegilops cylindrica host, a, daof andropogon gerardii vitman ssp. hallii (hack.) wipff, p, afsa andropogon gerardii vitman ssp. gerardii, p, bcbgbd aristida adscensionis l., a, bghj †aristida arizonica vasey, p, bghj aristida havardii vasey, p, bcbgbd aristida oligantha michx., a, afsa aristida purpurascens poir., p, bcbgbd aristida purpurea nutt. var. purpurea, p, bghj bothriochloa barbinodis (lag.) herter, p, bghj *bothriochloa ischaemum (l.) keng, p, afsa bothriochloa laguroides (dc.) herter, p, bghj †bouteloua barbata lag., a, jmwa oklahoma native plant record 69 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr., p, afsa bouteloua dactyloides (nutt.) columbus, p, bghj †bouteloua eriopoda (torr.) torr., p, bghj bouteloua gracilis (kunth) lag. ex griffiths, p, bcbgbd bouteloua hirsuta lag. , p, bghj *bromus arvensis l., a, daof *bromus catharticus vahl, a, daof *bromus racemosus l., a, bghj *bromus tectorum l., a, daof calamovilfa gigantea (nutt.) scribn. & merr., p, bcbgbd cenchrus spinifex cav., p, bghj chloris verticillata nutt., p, afsa chloris virgata sw., a, bghj *cynodon dactylon (l.) pers., p, daof distichlis spicata (l.) greene var. stricta (torr.) thorne, p, bghj echinochloa muricata (p. beauv.) fernald, a, daof elymus canadensis l., p, bghj elymus elymoides (raf.) swezey, p, jmwa elymus virginicus l., p, afsa *eragrostis cilianensis (bellardi) vignolo ex janch., a, afsa erioneuron pilosum (buckley) nash, p, jmwa †hesperostipa neomexicana (thurb.) barkworth, p, bghj †hilaria jamesii (torr.) benth., p, bghj hopia obtusa (kunth) zuloaga & morrone, p, afsa hordeum jubatum l., p, daof hordeum pusillum nutt., a, daof leptochloa fusca (l.) kunth spp. fasicularis n.w. snow, a, hwv muhlenbergia asperifolia (nees & meyen ex trin.) parodi, p, afsa muhlenbergia paniculata (nutt.) columbus, p, daof †muhlenbergia phleoides (kunth) columbus, p, bghj †muhlenbergia porteri scribn. ex beal, p, jmwa †muhlenbergia torreyi (kunth) hitchc. ex bush, p, bcbgbd munroa squarrosa (nutt.) torr., a, bghj panicum capillare l., a, daof panicum hallii vasey, p, bghj panicum virgatum l., p, jmwa pascopyrum smithii (rydb.) barkworth & d.r. dewey, p, afsa paspalum setaceum michx. var. stramineum (nash) d.j. banks, p, daof †piptatherum micranthum (trin. & rupr.) barkworth, p, jmwa poa fendleriana (steud.) vasey, p, jmwa *polypogon monspeliensis (l.) desf., a, hwv schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash, p, afsa setaria macrostachya kunth, p, daof *setaria viridis (l.) p. beauv., a, daof sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash, p, bghj *sorghum halepense (l.) pers., p, bghj sporobolus airoides (torr.) torr. , p, bghj 70 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) a. gray, p, afsa sporobolus pyramidatus (lam.) hitchc., p, afsa polemoniaceae ipomopsis laxiflora (j.m. coult.) v.e. grant, a, jmwa polygalaceae polygala alba nutt., p, bghj polygonaceae eriogonum annuum nutt., a, afsa †eriogonum jamesii benth., p, bcbgbd †eriogonum lachnogynum torr. ex benth., p, bghj †eriogonum tenellum torr., p, jmwa persicaria amphibia (l.) delarbre, p, hwv persicaria lapathifolia (l.) gray, a, hwv *polygonum aviculare l., a, daof rumex altissimus alph. wood, p, hwv *rumex crispus l., p, hwv rumex venosus pursh, p, daof portulacaceae phemeranthus parviflorus (nutt.) kiger, p, afsa portulaca oleracea l., a, jwma portulaca pilosa l., a, daof potamogetonaceae zannichellia palustris l., p, hwv pteridaceae cheilanthes eatonii baker, p, jmwa notholaena standleyi, p, jmwa ranunculaceae delphinium carolinianum walter ssp. virescens (nutt.) r.e. brooks, p, jmwa ranunculus abortivus l., p, hwv ranunculus sceleratus l., a, hwv *ranunculus testiculatus crantz, a, daof rosaceae †cercocarpus montanus raf., p, jmwa prunus virginiana l. var. demissa (nutt.) torr., p, jmwa †rubus deliciosus torr., p, jmwa rutaceae ptelea trifoliata l., p, jmwa oklahoma native plant record 71 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland salicaceae populus deltoides w. bartram ex marshall, p, hwv salix amygdaloides andersson, p, hwv salix exigua nutt., p, hwv salix nigra marshall, p, hwv santalaceae comandra umbellata (l.) nutt. ssp. pallida (a. dc.) piehl, p, jmwa sapindaceae sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l.d. benson, p, daof selaginellaceae †selaginella underwoodii hieron., p, jmwa solanaceae chamaesaracha coniodes (moric. ex dunal) britton, p, jmwa datura quercifolia kunth, a, daof physalis hederifolia a. gray var. fendleri (a. gray) cronquist, p, jmwa physalis longifolia nutt. var. longifolia, p, afsa quincula lobata (torr.) raf., p, jmwa solanum elaeagnifolium cav., p, daof solanum ptychanthum dunal, a, bcbgbd solanum rostratum dunal, a, afsa solanum triflorum nutt., a, daof tamaricaceae *tamarix chinensis lour., p, hwv verbenaceae glandularia bipinnatifida (nutt.) nutt. var. ciliata (benth.) b.l. turner, a, bghj glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt., p, jmwa glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber, a, bghj phyla cuneifolia (torr.) greene, p, hwv verbena bracteata cav. ex lag. & rodr., a, afsa violaceae hybanthus verticillatus (ortega) baill., p, bghj vitaceae vitis vulpina l., p, jmwa zygophyllaceae kallstroemia parviflora norton, a, afsa *tribulus terrestris l., a, afsa 72 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland appendix b list of plant taxa in cimarron county and black mesa, oklahoma not found by buthod and hoagland taxa from the published lists of rogers (1953), mcpherson (2003a, b), and folley (2003) that were not found by buthod and hoagland. r=rogers collection, m=mcpherson collection, f=folley collection. taxonomy has been updated and follows the integrated taxonomic information system (2015). amaranthaceae amaranthus retroflexus l., m chenopodium albescens small, r cycloloma atriplicifolium (spreng.) j.m. coult., r froelichia gracilis (hook.) moq., r guilleminea densa (humb. & bonpl. ex schult.) moq. var. densa, r salsola kali l. ssp. tenuifolia moq., m suckleya suckleyana (torr.) rydb., m amaryllidaceae allium canadense l. var. fraseri ownbey, m anacardiaceae rhus aromatica aiton var. simplicifolia (greene) cronquist, r toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze, m apiaceae cymopterus glomeratus (nutt.) dc., m apocynaceae asclepias arenaria torr. , m asclepias involucrata engelm. ex torr. , r asclepias pumila (a. gray) vail, r, m asclepias uncialis greene, m funastrum crispum (benth.) schltr., r, m araceae lemna minor l., m asparagaceae nolina texana s. watson, f (collections are actually nolina greenei s. watson ex trel.; hess 2002)) yucca harrimaniae trel., f aspleniaceae asplenium septentrionale (l.) hoffm., m asteraceae antennaria parvifolia nutt., r oklahoma native plant record 73 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland artemisia dracunculus l., r, m baccharis wrightii a. gray, r bidens cernua l., f brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners var. corymbulosa (torr. & a. gray) shinners, r chaetopappa ericoides (torr.) g.l. nesom, r, m ericameria nauseosa (pall. ex pursh) g.l. nesom & baird var. nauseosa, r, m erigeron nudiflorus buckley, r erigeron tracyi greene, m nothocalais cuspidata (pursh) greene, m oonopsis foliosa (a. gray) greene var. foliosa, r packera tridenticulata (rydb.) w.a. weber & a. löve, r, m pericome caudata a. gray, r, m, f picradeniopsis oppositifolia (nutt.) rydb. ex britton, r psilostrophe villosa rydb., f solidago mollis bartlett , m solidago petiolaris aiton, m stephanomeria pauciflora (torr.) a. nelson, r, m symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) g.l. nesom, r, m symphyotrichum fendleri (a. gray) g.l. nesom, m symphyotrichum oblongifolium (nutt.) g.l. nesom, m verbesina encelioides (cav.) benth. & hook. f. ex a. gray, m vernonia fasciculata michx., f xanthisma spinulosum (pursh) d.r. morgon & r.l. hartm. var. glaberrimum (rydberg) d.r. morgan & r.l. hartm., r boraginaceae cryptantha cinerea (greene) cronquist var. cinerea, r cryptantha crassisepala (torr. & a. gray) greene, r euploca convolvulacea nutt., f lithospermum multiflorum torr. ex a. gray, f brassicaceae boechera fendleri (s. watson) w.a. weber, m cactaceae opuntia fragilis (nutt.) haw., f campanulaceae lobelia cardinalis l., f cleomaceae peritoma serrulata (pursh) dc., r, f polanisia jamesii (torr. & a. gray) iltis, f cupressaceae juniperus scopulorum sarg., m 74 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland cyperaceae carex brevior (dewey) mack. , f cyperus croceus vahl, f cyperus schweinitzii torr., r, m schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (c.c. gmel.) palla, m scirpus atrovirens willd., f scirpus pallidus (britton) fernald, r cystopteridaceae cystopteris fragilis (l.) bernh., f equisetaceae equisetum laevigatum a. br., r euphorbiaceae ditaxis humilis (engelm. & a. gray) pax, r, m euphorbia geyeri engelm., r euphorbia spathulata lam., r fabaceae astragalus ceramicus e. sheld., f astragalus crassicarpus nutt., r astragalus crassicarpus nutt. var. paysonii (e.h. kelso) barneby, m astragalus gracilis nutt., r astragalus hallii a. gray, r astragalus lotiflorus hook. , r, m astragalus puniceus osterh., m colutea arborescens l., f dalea candida michx. ex willd var. candida, r dalea compacta spreng. var. compacta, r dalea nana torr. ex a. gray, r dalea purpurea vent. var. purpurea, r hedysarum boreale nutt., r melilotus albus medik., r pediomelum argophyllum (pursh) j.w. grimes, m pediomelum hypogaeum (nutt.) rydb. var. hypogaeum, r pomaria jamesii (torr. & a. gray) walp., r, m vicia americana muhl. ex willd. , m vicia ludoviciana nutt. ex torr. & a. gray var. leavenworthii (nutt. ex torr. & a. gray) broich, r fagaceae quercus gambelii nutt., r quercus grisea liebm., r quercus x undulata torr., r lamiaceae salvia azurea michx. ex lam. var. grandiflora benth., m oklahoma native plant record 75 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland linaceae linum lewisii pursh , r, m loasaceae mentzelia decapetala (pursh ex sims) urb. & gilg, r, m lythraceae lythrum alatum pursh, r nyctaginaceae mirabilis glabra (s. watson) standl., r, m mirabilis linearis (pursh) heimerl var. linearis, r onagraceae oenothera albicaulis pursh, r oenothera engelmannii (small) munz, r, f oenothera lavandulifolia torr. & a. gray, m oenothera pallida lindl. ssp. latifolia (rydb.) munz, f orobanchaceae castilleja sessiliflora pursh, r, m papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey, r plantaginaceae penstemon angustifolius nutt. ex pursh var. caudatus (a. heller) rydb., r poaceae achnatherum hymenoides (roem. & schult.) barkworth, r, m achnatherum scribneri (vasey) barkworth, r, m andropogon virginicus l., f aristida barbata e. fourn., r aristida divaricata humb. & bonpl. ex willd., r aristida purpurea nutt. var. fendleriana (steud.) vasey, r aristida purpurea nutt. var. longiseta (steud.) vasey, r aristida purpurea nutt. var. wrightii (nash) allred, r, m bothriochloa saccharoides (sw.) rydb., m bouteloua hirsuta lag. var. hirsuta, m bromus japonicus thunb. ex murray, r bromus lanatipes (shear) rydb., r, m cenchrus incertus m.a. curtis, r cenchrus longispinus (hack.) fernald, m dichanthelium oligosanthes (schult.) gould, r digitaria californica (benth.) henrard, r digitaria cognata (schult.) pilg., r echinochloa crus-galli (l.) p. beauv., m 76 oklahoma native plant record volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland enneapogon desvauxii p. beauv., r eragrostis curtipedicellata buckley, r eragrostis intermedia hitchc., r eragrostis secundiflora j. presl, r eragrostis sessilispica buckley, r eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) alph. wood, m hesperostipa comata (trin. & rupr.) barkworth, r, m leptochloa dubia (kunth) nees, r muhlenbergia arenicola buckley, r muhlenbergia racemosa (michx.) britton, sterns & poggenb., r, f phalaris caroliniana walter, r phragmites australis (cav.) trin. ex steud., r poa nemoralis l., r poa pratensis l., r setaria leucopila (scribn. & merr.) k. schum., m sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn., r tridens muticus (torr.) nash var. elongatus (buckley) shinners, r triplasis purpurea (walter) chapm., r vulpia octoflora (walter) rydb., r, m polemoniaceae giliastrum rigidulum (benth.) rydb., f polygonaceae polygonum ramosissimum michx. , m pteridaceae astrolepis sinuata (lag. ex sw.) d.m. benham & windham ssp. sinuata, r cheilanthes feei t. moore, r, m cheilanthes lanosa (michx.) d.c. eaton, m pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link, r, m ranunculaceae clematis hirsutissima pursh var. scottii (porter) r.o. erickson, m ranunculus cymbalaria pursh, r rhamnaceae ceanothus herbaceus raf., r rosaceae fallugia paradoxa (d. don) endl. ex torr., r physocarpus monogynus (torr.) j.m. coult., r, m prunus americana marshall , m rosa woodsii lindl., f rubiaceae galium texense a. gray, m oklahoma native plant record 77 volume 15, december 2015 amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland salicaceae salix interior rowlee, m selaginellaceae selaginella densa rydb., r solanaceae solanum nigrum l., r tamaricaceae tamarix gallica l., r, m urticaceae parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd., m verbenaceae verbena plicata greene, r vitaceae parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch., m vitis acerifolia raf., r, f, woodsiaceae woodsia oregana d.c. eaton, r, m contributions to the flora of cimarron county and the black mesa area by ms. amy k. buthod and dr. bruce w. hoagland five year index to oklahoma native plant record volume 3 4 black mesa flora study, james k. mcpherson 19 black mesa state park flora update, patricia a. folley 23 vascular flora of the keystone wildlife management area, bruce hoagland and amy k. buthod. 38 floristic survey of the nature conservancy’s preserve, johnston county, ok, kimberly a. shannon. 51 historical accounts of the transformation of a prairie town, todd d. fagin and melissa s. brown. 68 triphora trianthophora and tipularia discolor in oklahoma, lawrence k. magrath 73 take time to watch, not just smell the wildflowers, gloria m. caddell volume 4 4 ecological factors affecting the distribution of woody vegetation near the arkansas river, tulsa county, anne wanamaker long 24 cotinus obovatus raf. (smoke-tree) in oklahoma, bruce hoagland. 26 giant cane and southeastern indian baskets, julia a. jordan. 30 vascular flora of the chouteau wildlife management area, wagoner county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and forrest l. johnson. 40 status and habitat characteristics of chyprepedium kentuckiense (kentucky lady’s slipper) in southeastern oklahoma, bruce hoagland and amy k. buthod. 48 common lawn and garden mushrooms of central oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo 56 why do species names change? patricia a. folley volume 5 4 relationship of forest vegetation to soils on geological formations of the oklahoma gulf coastal plain, r. john taylor 39 a vegetation analysis of a pimpled prairie in northeastern oklahoma, constance l. murray 61 vascular flora of a site along the arkansas river, pawnee county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 73 additions to the flora of garvin county, oklahoma, phillip t. crawford and priscilla h.c. crawford 98 tribute to john taylor, onps members volume 6 4 the lichens of north central oklahoma, darvin w. keck 51 annotated nomenclatural update to keck (1961), douglas m. ladd 53 vascular flora of a red sandstone hills site, canadian county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 69 vascular flora of a riparian site on the canadian river, cleveland county, oklahoma, lacy burgess and bruce w. hoagland. 80 cedar-apple rust, clark l. ovrebo volume 7 4 vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks, charles s. wallis 21 updated oklahoma ozark flora, bruce w. hoagland 54 the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site osage county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy buthod 67 vascular plant checklists from oklahoma, michael w. palmer 78 the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers, caleb stotts, michael w. palmer, and kelly kindscher 91 botanizing with larry magrath, patricia a. folley oklahoma native plant society c/o tulsa garden center 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 8, number 1, december 2008: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 a floristic study of the vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma, 1975 m.s. thesis susan c. barber 37 updated list of taxa for vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma susan c. barber 45 updated flora of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge keith a. carter, pablo rodriguez, and michael t. dunn 57 common spring mushrooms of oklahoma clark l. ovrebo and nancy s. weber 61 fern habitats and rare ferns in oklahoma bruce a. smith 67 tribute to paul buck constance murray five year index to oklahoma native plant record inside back cover 2008_5yrindexbkpg 2008_5yrindexbkpg22 oklahoma native plant record, volume 5, number 1, december 2005 oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 forward in this fifth year of publication we are experiencing a wider interest in the oklahoma native plant record. subscriptions go to members, libraries, and herbaria, as well as amateur and professional botanists across the nation. we have had the honor of presenting, for our readers, historic and seminal works never before published; works that had only been available as photocopies of research done for masters’ theses and ph.d. dissertations. with most we have also published current regional floras for comparison with the historic works. soon we hope to have all these works available for global inquiry when our pages become available on the world wide web. along with regional floras we’ve offered interdisciplinary articles describing human impacts on oklahoma’s vegetation as well as species distribution information of interest to landscapers and naturalists. the wide variety of articles reflects the diversity of membership in the oklahoma native plant society. it is clear that the journal best serves the purposes of the society when it cross-communicates between disciplines, geographic borders, professionals, and non-members. we welcome and celebrate the variety of sources offered to our readers. the pimpled prairie article provides one of those cross-disciplinary research articles. it is an interesting look at one of the causes of oklahoma’s native floral diversity; its complex soil and plant interactions. i think you’ll find it intriguing and hopefully, worthy of additional research. hoagland and buthod have once again provided an up-to-date regional flora, this one from pawnee county. with their work our species lists will eventually cover the entire state. crawford and crawford, a new husband and wife research team, have begun their careers with the thoroughly done flora additions for garvin county. we look forward to hearing more from them. in this issue we also pay tribute to dr. john taylor, co-author with his wife, dr. constance taylor, of the single most used botanical resource for information regarding oklahoma’s native species, an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. we are pleased to include his masters thesis which began his life-long career as researcher and teacher. john passed away in november of 2004. connie has done a great job of reformatting his work for present-day publishing standards and we are very grateful for her help. there is still much research to be done on oklahoma’s native flora and the next generation needs to know where to begin in this awesome yet rewarding task. so please continue to tell others about the oklahoma native plant record and thank you for reading it. sheila a. strawn 2005 2020 oklahoma native plant record oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 20, december 2020 audrey whaley, monida kelley, and allison holdorf 10.22488/okstate.21.100003 first observations of palafoxia callosa in washita county, oklahoma audrey whaley monika kelley allison holdorf neon project battelle memorial institute denton, tx 76205 whaleyae10@gmail.com abstract palafoxia callosa (nutt.) torr. & a. gray is a critically imperiled plant that has an extremely restricted distribution in oklahoma with all previous observations recorded from caddo and pontotoc counties. here we report the first observations of p. callosa in washita county, oklahoma. considering the restricted distribution and limited information available on p. callosa in oklahoma, additional surveys are needed to assess the population status and current threats to the conservation of this species. keywords: asteraceae, palafoxia, biog eog raphy, rare species introduction palafoxia callosa (nutt.) torr. & a. gray was observed on five occasions at the same research site in washita county, oklahoma. the authors observed a population of individuals at the klemme range research station in washita county, oklahoma in september 2019 (figure 1). additional observations occurred in september 2016, september 2017, and july 2018 at the same site (figure 2). a voucher specimen was collected in august 2015. these observations were the first on record for this species in washita county, oklahoma (hoagland et al. 2020). materials and methods the observations were made during routine field sampling work at a terrestrial national ecological observatory network (neon) site at the klemme range research station (35.41059, -99.05879) near the town of burns flat in washita county, oklahoma (neon 2020b). the voucher specimen was collected as part of standardized sampling efforts to support identification of unknown species. the voucher specimen is currently being stored in the herbarium at neon’s southern plains domain support facility in denton, texas. the conservation status of p. callosa was not known at the time of collection. discussion palafoxia callosa is a member of the asteraceae family. the species is an annual herb with glandular stems that reach 20-60 cm tall at maturity. the inflorescence is discoid, with pink disk flowers. anthers are maroon to reddish purple. leaves are linear, measuring 20-70 x 1 mm, with glandular-based hairs. the phyllaries are 3-5 x 1.4 mm. the fruit is a pappus-bearing achene (diggs jr. et al. 1999). palafoxia callosa is very similar to palafoxia rosea and the two species may be confused where their distributions overlap. the main mailto:whaleyae10@gmail.com 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 audrey whaley, monika kelley, and allison holdorf distinctions are the width and length of the phyllaries, and the shape and length of the pappus scales. the phyllaries of p. rosea are longer and wider than those of p. callosa, and generally measure 1-2.5 x 5-10 mm long (figure 3). the pappus scales of p. rosea are usually longer (1.5-8 mm long) than those of p. callosa (0.3-2 mm long) (figure 4) (strother 2020). palafoxia callosa has been documented in the south-central united states, occurring in missouri, arkansas, louisiana, mississippi, oklahoma, and texas. this species has also been documented in the state of coahuila, mexico (usda 2020). in oklahoma, there are only two previous records of this species. there is one specimen recorded in caddo county from 1985 and one specimen recorded in pontotoc county in 1951 (hoagland et al. 2020). according to natureserve (2020) the species’ global status is g4 (apparently secure), but for oklahoma it has been listed as sh (possibly extirpated). in september of 2020, the oklahoma natural heritage program (onhp) confirmed that the heritage status rank for p. callosa was updated to s1 (critically imperiled), but the oklahoma natural heritage tracking list has not been updated to reflect this change. additionally, onhp stated that even though the flora of north america does not include oklahoma in the distribution description of p. callosa, the onhp has decided to include this species in the next revision of flora of oklahoma (amy buthod, oklahoma biological survey/oklahoma natural heritage inventory/bebb herbarium, personal correspondence 2020). habitat types for p. callosa include gravelly stream edges, rocky limestone glades and prairies (npin 2013). the habitat for p. callosa at the klemme range research station consists of short and mixed grass prairie, gravelly stream edges, and rocky outcrops (figure 5). the site is dominated by soils in the cordell series (usda 2019). the cordell soil series is characterized by gravelly, calcareous loamy soils. the soil is typically shallow and underlain by reddish sandstone and siltstone that supports vegetation adapted to arid, well-drained conditions (usda 2019). at the klemme range research station, the associated species include sporobolus compositus (poir.) merr., thelesperma filifolium (hook.) a. gray, ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl., bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr., and ophioglossum engelmannii prantl (neon 2020a). the population size of this taxon is estimated to be several hundred individuals at klemme range research station. figure 1 palafoxia callosa observed in situ in september of 2019 in washita county, oklahoma oklahoma native plant record 55 volume 20, december 2020 audrey whaley, monika kelley, and allison holdorf figure 3 palafoxia callosa a) phyllaries; b) a single phyllary; palafoxia rosea c) phyllaries; d) a single phyllary. voucher specimens collected in washita county, oklahoma in summer of 2015. figure 4 a) palafoxia callosa achene with pappus and b) palafoxia rosea achene with pappus. voucher specimens collected in washita county, oklahoma in summer of 2015. a b a b c d figure 2 palafoxia callosa observed in situ in september 2017 in washita county, oklahoma 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 audrey whaley, monika kelley, and allison holdorf acknowledgments we thank clara whiting for collecting the voucher specimen used to corroborate the authors’ observations. we thank oklahoma state university for providing access to the research site where the authors’ observations were made, and the national ecological observatory network for funding the field sampling that facilitated the authors’ opportunity to observe p. callosa. we thank courtney meier for helpful comments on the manuscript. literature cited diggs jr. g.m., b.l. lipscomb, and r.j. o’kennon. 1999. shinner’s and mahler’s illustrated flora of north central texas. fort worth (tx): botanical research institute of texas. hoagland, b.w., a.k. buthod, and t.d. fagin. 2004-present. oklahoma vascular plants database. norman (ok): oklahoma biological survey, university of oklahoma. http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ (28 july 2020). national ecological observatory network. 2020a. data products: neon.d11.oaes.dp1.10058.001. boulder (co): battelle. provisional data downloaded from http://data.neonscience.org (03 august 2020). national ecological observatory network. 2020b. neon science. https://www.neonscience.org/fieldsites/field-sites-map/oaes (08 october 2020). native plant information network, npin. 2013. austin (tx): lady bird johnson wildflower center at the university of texas. http://www.wildflower.org/plants/ (03 august 2020). figure 5 an example of palafoxia callosa habitat during october of 2018 at klemme range research station http://www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org/ http://data.neonscience.org/ https://www.neonscience.org/field-sites/field-sites-map/oaes https://www.neonscience.org/field-sites/field-sites-map/oaes http://www.wildflower.org/plants/ oklahoma native plant record 57 volume 20, december 2020 audrey whaley, monika kelley, and allison holdorf natureserve. 2020. natureserve explorer [web application]. arlington (va): natureserve. https://explorer.natureserve.org/ (08 october 2020). strother, j.l. palafoxia. in flora of north america editorial committee, eds. 1993+. flora of north america north of mexico [online]. 21+vols. new york and oxford. vol. 21. http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/palafo xia_rosea (08 october 2020). usda, nrcs. 2019. neon site-level plot summary klemme research station (oaes). https://data.neonscience.org/documents /10179/2361410/oaes_soil_sitesumma ry/cc20887d-b0fc-0fbc-3a015a38b99d193e?version=1.0 (12 october 2020). usda, nrcs. 2020. the plants database. national plant data team, greensboro, nc 27401-4901 usa. http://plants.usda.gov (4 august 2020). https://explorer.natureserve.org/ http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/palafoxia_rosea http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/palafoxia_rosea https://data.neonscience.org/documents/10179/2361410/oaes_soil_sitesummary/cc20887d-b0fc-0fbc-3a01-5a38b99d193e?version=1.0 https://data.neonscience.org/documents/10179/2361410/oaes_soil_sitesummary/cc20887d-b0fc-0fbc-3a01-5a38b99d193e?version=1.0 https://data.neonscience.org/documents/10179/2361410/oaes_soil_sitesummary/cc20887d-b0fc-0fbc-3a01-5a38b99d193e?version=1.0 https://data.neonscience.org/documents/10179/2361410/oaes_soil_sitesummary/cc20887d-b0fc-0fbc-3a01-5a38b99d193e?version=1.0 http://plants.usda.gov/ 2018 oklahoma native plant record 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck 10.22488/okstate.19.100001 characteristics of a bottomland hardwood forest at arcadia lake, edmond, oklahoma, with special emphasis on green ash (fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall) chad b. king joseph a. buck department of biology university of central oklahoma edmond, ok 73034 email: cking24@uco.edu keywords: emerald ash borer, fraxinus pennsylvanica, flood abstract we characterized the structure and tree species composition of bottomland hardwood forest at arcadia lake, oklahoma county, oklahoma. additionally, we quantified the age structure of fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall (green ash) at the study site in order to establish a baseline dataset in the event that agrilus planipennis (emerald ash borer) invades f. pennsylvanica stands in central oklahoma. three species, salix nigra marshall (black willow), f. pennsylvanica, and populus deltoides w. bartram ex marshall (cottonwood) accounted for over 98% of importance values. these three species were also common in the understory. we found that 95% of f. pennsylvanica established following arcadia lake reaching pool conservation status in 1987. arcadia lake has experienced five sustained flooding events since 1995 that have likely played a role in regeneration at the study site. in particular, we showed that the 1995 event resulted in reduced radial growth in seedlings of f. pennsylvanica. two biotic stressors appear to be influencing f. pennsylvanica overstory trees, castor canadensis (american beaver) and hylesinus spp. (ash bark beetle), which will likely enhance the establishment of a. planipennis at the study site. we recommend expanding the study of fraxinus spp. forest stands in oklahoma. baseline data on fraxinus species prior to an a. planipennis range expansion to central oklahoma can enhance strategies for control and management of this invasive insect by identifying the traits of surviving ash following the invasion. introduction bottomland hardwood forests comprise approximately 10–14% of land cover in oklahoma (anderson and masters 1992; dooley 2017). generally, this includes two broad classifications: ulmus-fraxinus-populus (elm-ash-cottonwood) in central and eastern oklahoma and quercus-liquidambartaxodium (oak-sweetgum-cypress) in southeast oklahoma. bottomland hardwood forests in oklahoma represent an important ecological component that exhibits high biological diversity in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and influence flood control ability and water quality (brabander et al 1985; anderson and masters 1992; rumble and gobeille 1998). previous studies of bottomland hardwood forests along riparian corridors in oklahoma have highlighted a commonality in terms of species composition but differences in species importance. rice (1965) documented climax floodplain forest mailto:cking24@uco.edu oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck communities in north-central oklahoma. he noted ulmus americana l. (american elm) was the most common and dominant tree species across 10 counties. he also noted several other co-dominant species in these mature floodplain forests, including celtis occidentalis l. (common hackberry), c. laevigata willd. (sugarberry), juglans nigra l. (black walnut), carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch (pecan), sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn) l.d. benson (western soapberry), and fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall (green ash). hefley (1937) defined the climax floodplain community as ulmus-quercus (elm-oak) along the canadian river in cleveland county. petranka and holland (1980) documented bottomland hardwood forest composition at 13 sites along tributaries of the washita river. they found that salix nigra marshall (black willow) and celtis spp. were the most important overstory tree species at their study sites. rice and penfound (1956) found f. pennsylvanica to be the dominant overstory species at a site in cleveland county, oklahoma. several species that were of higher importance in other studies (rice 1965; hefley 1937; petranka and holland 1980) were of minor importance at rice and penfound’s (1956) site, possibly reflecting differences in stage of succession. f. pennsylvanica was a component of all the previous studies in oklahoma but varied in its importance. this species is a deciduous angiosperm in the oleaceae (olive family). f. pennsylvanica is predominately found in bottomland forest associations, often with salix nigra, platanus occidentalis l. (american sycamore), populus deltoides w. bartram ex marshall (cottonwood), celtis spp., and ulmus spp. (hoagland 2000; kennedy, jr. 1990). according to the united states forest service forest inventory analysis (forest inventory and analysis 2018) there are an estimated 163.5 million individuals of fraxinus spp. in oklahoma greater than 1 cm dbh (diameter at breast height). while fraxinus spp. only account for 3% of stems >1 cm dbh in oklahoma, these trees are under threat by the non-native emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis fairmaire; coleoptera: buprestidae, eab, figure 1) as it expands its distribution westward in north america. figure 1 adult emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis; david cappaert, bugwood.org https://www.insectimages.org/browse/deta il.cfm?imgnum=2106098). creative commons license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0/us/legalcode). no modifications were made of the image. agrilus planipennis, native to asia, was first detected in southeast michigan in 2002 but is believed to have arrived sometime in the 1990s (herms and mccullough 2014). forests closest to the epicenter of invasion have experienced more than 99% ash mortality (klooster et al. 2014). since the initial detection, eab has spread to 33 states and four canadian provinces (emerald ash borer information network 2018). in october 2016, eab was detected in delaware county, oklahoma (oklahoma forestry services, http://www.forestry.ok.gov/). this woodboring beetle feeds in galleries under the bark within the phloem and cambium of fraxinus trees (cappaert et al. 2005). the result of infestation is mortality due to girdling which eliminates the tree’s ability to transport sugars and water. https://www.insectimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=2106098 https://www.insectimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=2106098 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/us/legalcode https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/us/legalcode http://www.forestry.ok.gov/ 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck with this potential threat to fraxinus in oklahoma, there is an immediate need to study existing bottomland hardwood forests that contain fraxinus. baseline data on the existing structure and dynamics of bottomland hardwood forest communities, prior to an invasion by a non-native species, can provide invaluable information on approaches to control and manage the nonnative species and to identify traits of fraxinus trees that survive, known as “lingering” ash (knight et al. 2012; koch et al. 2012). the goal of our research is the establishment of a baseline dataset for a bottomland hardwood forest at arcadia lake, oklahoma county, oklahoma that has a high density of f. pennsylvanica. research for this paper had three objectives: 1) record the tree species composition in both the overstory and understory, 2) quantify the characteristics of f. pennsylvanica structure and growth using standard forestry measurements and dendrochronology, and 3) relate patterns of fraxinus establishment and bottomland hardwood forest structure to repeated flooding at arcadia lake. the results reported in this manuscript are part of a long-term study at arcadia lake to better understand bottomland hardwood forest succession and dynamics following the formation of the lake during the early 1980s. methods and materials study site arcadia lake (35° 38' 54" n, 97° 21' 47" w) is a man-made lake located in northeast oklahoma county, oklahoma. the lake is found at the confluence of the deep fork river and spring creek. formation of the earthen dam on the deep fork river began in 1980 with the conservation pool being filled by 1987. the united states army corps of engineers maintains a lake surface elevation of 306.6 m (1006.0 ft) that covers 736.5 ha (1820 ac). the lake is managed as a recreational area, drinking water source for the city of edmond, and for flood control of the deep fork river (u.s. army corps of engineers 2018). the regional climate (oklahoma climate division 5) is warm-temperate. mean annual temperature (1901–2017) is 15.7oc (60.2of) with highest average monthly temperatures occurring in july-august (27.7oc, 81.9of; 1901–2017) and lowest average monthly temperatures occurring in decemberjanuary (3.3oc, 38.0of; 1901–2017). precipitation during the year is bimodal, with the highest total monthly precipitation during may (12.9 cm, 5.10 in; 1901–2017) and september (9.30 cm, 3.66 in; 1901– 2017) (national oceanic and atmospheric administration 2018). soils adjacent to arcadia lake are dominated by stephenville-darsil-newalla (3–8% slope) fine sandy loam to sandy clay loam and harrah (3–5% slope) fine sandy loam. soils at our specific study site at arcadia lake are easpur loam (0–1% slope). these soils are associated with bottomland/floodplain areas of oklahoma county and have depths up to 203.2 cm (80 in) to bedrock (u.s. department of agriculture web soil survey 2018). our study site at arcadia lake is located at the northwest section approximately 354 m from the inflow of spring creek into arcadia lake and is approximately 4.7 ha; the f. pennsylvanica stand studied for this paper covers 2.2 ha (47% of total study area). fraxinus pennsylvanica stand structure and dendrochronolog y during spring 2016, we began assigning individually identified tree tags to all f. pennsylvanica >5 cm dbh. each tree was tagged with an individually assigned number that allows for continuous monitoring. tags were nailed to trees at approximately 1.5– 1.8 m height to minimize the chance of wildlife removing the tags. waypoints were recorded using a handheld garmin gps for oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck all tagged trees. we measured dbh (1.3 m above ground level) using a dbh tape measure (cm) on all tagged trees. tree height was estimated using a nikon forestry pro laser rangefinder/hypsometer. we estimated the age structure of f. pennsylvanica by comparing increment cores (speer 2010). approximately every sixth tagged tree (n = 65) was cored at 30 cm above ground level using a 5 mm (diameter) haglof increment borer. one to two cores (n = 83) were collected from each tree to get an estimate of tree age at coring height. increment cores were stored in straws and returned to the tree (treering ecology & environment) lab at the university of central oklahoma for processing and analysis. we mounted increment cores and sanded using progressively finer sandpaper (80–1200 grit) to visualize individual cells under a binocular microscope (stokes and smiley 1996). to determine age at coring height of f. pennsylvanica and radial growth dynamics, tree-ring widths were measured to the nearest 0.001 mm for each increment core using a velmex ta measuring system (velmex, inc., bloomsfield, ny), a binocular microscope, and measure j2x software (voortech consulting, holderness, nh). all tree-ring series were crossdated to assign calendar years to each tree-ring using the computer program cofecha (grissino-mayer 2001; holmes 1983) and graphical visualization. we used arstan (cook and holmes 1986) to create a stand-level standardized tree-ring index for f. pennsylvanica. the program allows for different detrending techniques that emphasize a signal of interest in tree-ring series. arstan calculates a standardized tree-ring index by fitting a curve to each tree-ring series. a standardized tree-ring index for each tree is calculated by dividing each tree-ring width by the curve fit value. the stand-level standardized tree-ring index is the average of all individual standardized tree-ring indices. we applied a 10-year cubic smoothing spline to create a standardized tree-ring index, given the relatively short tree-ring series, in order to understand the patterns of f. pennsylvanica growth at the study site. bottomland forest structure to establish a baseline dataset in the event of eab invasion, we categorized the bottomland hardwood forest structure and species composition at the study site. four 150 m transects (oriented southeastnorthwest) were established within the 2.2 ha study area in an effort to understand bottomland forest regeneration. at 10 m intervals along each transect, a 1m2 fixed area plot was established. all seedlings (< 1.3 m height) and saplings (> 1.3 m height; dbh < 8 cm) were counted to estimate stem density and identified to species. four 0.04 ha fixed area circular plots (n = 16) were established along each transect to assess the overstory composition associated with f. pennsylvanica. diameter at breast height was measured for all trees > 8 cm dbh, and each tree was identified to species. we calculated standard descriptive statistics for the overstory composition including tree density (stems/ha), basal area (m2/ha), relative density (species density/total tree density x 100), relative basal area (species basal area/total tree basal area x 100), and importance (relative tree density + relative basal area) (cottam and curtis 1956; curtis and mcintosh 1951). results fraxinus pennsylvanica stand structure and dendrochronolog y to date, a total of 404 f. pennsylvanica trees have been individually tagged and measured at arcadia lake. the largest diameter was 35.1 cm (mean = 14.0 cm, sd ± 4.61). the tallest tree was 13.99 m (mean = 9.31 m, sd ± 2.16) (table 1). 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck table 1 summary statistics for f. pennsylvanica at arcadia lake, oklahoma county, oklahoma atree-ring index values correspond to the standardized chronology in figure 4. figure 2 actual (circles) and estimated pith dates (triangles) and tree diameter of green ash (n = 65) at arcadia lake, oklahoma county, oklahoma. pith dates were estimated using the method indicated by speer (2010) for trees in which coring missed the pith. vertical dash line indicates the year (1987) that arcadia lake first reached conservation pool status (306.6 m; 1006 ft) following dam completion. n mean sd range diameter (cm) 404 14.0 4.61 7.00 – 35.1 height (m) 404 9.31 2.16 2.20 – 13.9 ring-width (mm) 83 3.55 1.67 1.71 – 6.92 age (years) 65 23.9 2.84 17.0 – 32.0 tree-ring indexa 83 0.99 0.15 0.92 – 1.00 oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck figure 3 (a) standardized tree-ring index of f. pennsylvanica at arcadia lake, oklahoma county, oklahoma (1987–2016). tree-ring index is standardized using the computer program arstan and methods outlined by cook and holmes (1986). the standardized tree-ring index has a mean = 1 and is unitless. index values > 1 indicate above-average annual growth; index values < 1 indicate below-average annual growth. right y-axis is associated with the shaded area; left y-axis is associated with the standardized tree-ring index. (b) annual palmer drought severity index (palmer 1965) for oklahoma climate division 5 (national oceanic and atmospheric administration 2018). values above zero indicate above-average annual moisture; values below zero indicate below-average annual moisture. eighty-three increment cores from 65 f. pennsylvanica trees were analyzed. the oldest f. pennsylvanica tree at the 2.2 ha site was 31 years old (estimated pith date = 1985; figure 2). three trees pre-dated arcadia lake reaching conservation pool level (1987). approximately 95% of cored f. pennsylvanica trees established following arcadia lake formation in 1987 (see figure 2). f. pennsylvanica exhibited variable radial growth based on tree-ring measurements. below-average growth was documented during the late 1980s and early 1990s (1987– 1995; figure 3). following 1995, aboveaverage growth occurred in 52% of the years up to 2016. below-average radial growth after 1995 corresponded with below-average palmer drought severity index for oklahoma climate division 5 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck (national oceanic and atmospheric administration 2018). bottomland forest structure six species were documented in the overstory at the study site. three species were identified in the understory (sapling/seedling) that were not present in the overstory (table 2). three species, salix nigra, f. pennsylvanica, and populus deltoides, had the highest importance values, accounting for over 98% of the importance values in this bottomland forest. f. pennsylvanica had the highest estimated overstory density (271.7 trees/ha) but a lower basal area (6.654 m2/ha) compared to s. nigra and p. deltoides (see table 2). s. nigra had the highest basal area (10.73 m2/ha (see table 2). f. pennsylvanica had the highest seedling abundance with an estimated 1000 stems/ha. ulmus spp. and acer saccharinum l. (silver maple) were the second and third most common in the seedling stage, respectively (see table 2). two species documented in the overstory that lacked trees in the understory included maclura pomifera (raf.) c.k. schneid. (osage orange) and gleditsia triacanthos l. (honey locust). f. pennsylvanica also had the highest estimated sapling density (250 stems/ha). s. nigra and p. deltoides were present in the seedling stage but lacking in the sapling stage in the understory. discussion we documented the characteristics of a bottomland hardwood forest at arcadia lake, oklahoma county, oklahoma. these data are a baseline in the event that eab arrives in central oklahoma. f. pennsylvanica was the second most important tree species in this forest and demonstrated regeneration in the understory (see table 2). other typical bottomland forest species were documented, including s. nigra and p. deltoides. our findings were similar to those for other bottomland forests in the southcentral united states. at a site similar to ours in texas, rosiere et al. (2013) documented 15 tree species. we documented nine species at our study site in oklahoma. compared to rosiere et al. (2013), several similar species were noted within our site, including ulmus spp., g. triacanthos, f. pennsylvanica, morus spp. (mulberry), and p. deltoides. of note from rosiere et al. (2013) was a very high importance value for c. laevigata, which was absent at our study site but can be found in adjacent upland areas around arcadia lake (king 2015). the importance value for f. pennsylvanica was much lower in texas (rosiere et al. 2013) and at a site in cleveland and calhoun counties, arkansas (lockhart et al. 2010), and it was a minor component in 13 southern oklahoma bottomland forests (petranka and holland 1980). an exception to the lower f. pennsylvanica component in the previous studies is the f. pennsylvanica-dominant forest near norman, oklahoma (rice and penfound 1956). similar to our results, rice and penfound documented low density of p. deltoides in the understory even though this species was one of the most important species in the overstory. possible explanations for the differences in species composition and f. pennsylvanica densities may be differences in hydrology and age of forest stands. the arkansas study site (lockhart et al. 2010) was along a braided stream, and the texas study site (rosiere et al. 2013) was along the bosque river. our study site, while located near spring creek, was situated along the edge of arcadia lake. lockhart et al. (2010) suggested that their bottomland forest was old-growth which is in contrast to our study site, where very few f. pennsylvanica had pith dates prior to 1990. oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck t ab le 2 d es cr ip tiv e st at is tic s fo r t he 2 .2 h a bo tto m la nd fo re st a t a rc ad ia l ak e, o kl ah om a c ou nt y, o kl ah om a. o ve rs to ry d en si ty is ba se d on tr ee s >8 c m d ia m et er a t b re as t h ei gh t. sa pl in g de ns ity is b as ed o n tr ee s te m s <8 c m a nd > 1. 3 m h ei gh t. se ed lin g de ns ity is ba se d on tr ee s <1 .3 c m h ei gh t. sp ec ie s c om m on n am e o ve rs to ry d en si ty (t re es /h a) r el at iv e d en si ty a b as al a re a (m 2 /h a) r el at iv e d om in an ce a im po rt an ce v al ue a sa pl in g d en si ty (s te m s/ ha ) se ed lin g d en si ty (s te m s/ ha ) s a li x n ig ra b la ck w ill ow 21 3. 3 36 .0 5 10 .7 3 42 .2 9 78 .3 4 - 50 0. 4 f ra xi n u s p en n sy lv a n ic a g re en a sh 27 1. 7 45 .9 2 6. 65 4 26 .2 3 72 .1 5 25 0. 0 10 00 .1 p o p u lu s d el to id es c ot to nw oo d 96 .7 16 .3 4 7. 69 0 30 .3 1 46 .6 5 - 83 .3 3 a ce r sa cc h a ri n u m si lv er m ap le 5. 00 0 0. 84 5 0. 21 6 0. 85 1 1. 69 6 41 .7 0 87 5. 0 m a cl u ra p o m if er a o sa ge o ra ng e 3. 33 0 0. 56 3 0. 03 5 0. 13 8 0. 70 1 - - g le d it si a t ri a ca n th o s h on ey lo cu st 1. 67 0 0. 28 2 0. 04 5 0. 17 7 0. 46 0 - - m o ru s sp p . m ul be rr y sp p. 41 .7 0 29 1. 7 u lm u s sp p . e lm s pp . 12 5. 0 95 8. 3 a ce r n eg u n d o b ox el de r - 41 6. 7 t o ta ls 59 1. 7 10 0. 0 25 .3 7 10 0. 0 20 0. 0 45 8. 4 41 25 .5 a r el at iv e de ns ity = n um be r o f t re es in a s pe ci es / t ot al n um be r o f t re es r el at iv e do m in an ce = b as al a re a of a s pe ci es / t ot al b as al a re a im po rt an ce v al ue = re la tiv e de ns ity + re la tiv e do m in an ce fo r e ac h sp ec ie s 12 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck fi gu re 4 c ha ng es in m on th ly la ke e le va tio n (m ) a t a rc ad ia l ak e, o kl ah om a c ou nt y, o kl ah om a (1 99 5– 20 15 ). c ha ng e is th e di ff er en ce b et w ee n th e m in im um a nd m ax im um la ke e le va tio n fo r ea ch m on th . n um er ic al v al ue s du rin g 19 95 , 2 00 7, 20 10 , 2 01 3, a nd 2 01 5 in di ca te th e nu m be r of c on se cu tiv e da ys th at la ke e le va tio n w as a bo ve c on se rv at io n po ol s ta nd ar d (3 06 .6 m ; 1 00 6 ft ). d at a w as a cc es se d vi a u .s . a rm y c or ps o f e ng in ee rs t ul sa d is tr ic t w at er c on tr ol w eb si te : ht tp :/ /w w w .s w tw c. us ac e. ar m y. m il/ a r c a .la ke pa ge .h tm l. http://www.swt-wc.usace.army.mil/arca.lakepage.html oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck rice (1965) described and documented bottomland forest communities in northcentral oklahoma. he described 10 different bottomland forest communities; three were in oklahoma county, including u. americana, u. americana-c. laevigata, and u. americana-f. pennsylvanica community types. these were named based on the two species that had importance values >75. our study site lacked overstory ulmus species. while ulmus was identified in the understory, s. nigra and f. pennsylvanica were the dominant overstory species (see table 2). ulmus species are present around arcadia lake (u. americana, ulmus rubra muhl.) but are most often associated with upland areas (king 2015). one important factor that may be playing a role in the succession of this bottomland hardwood forest is repeated, sustained flooding. arcadia lake was formed by damming the flow of the deep fork river and, to a lesser degree, spring creek. the u.s. army corps of engineers figure 5 image of the bottomland forest study site along the northwest edge of arcadia lake, oklahoma county, oklahoma. photograph was taken april 27, 2018, when lake elevation was 1.1 feet (0.33 m) above conservation pool standard (306.6 m; 1006 ft). the lake edge can be seen in the left-center of the image. previous flooding height is documented with white arrows approximately 1 m above ground level. photo by chad b. king. 14 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck maintain a conservation pool at 306.6 m (1006 ft) elevation. precipitation events increase arcadia lake levels and cause flooding at our study site. five pronounced events have occurred since the u.s. army corps of engineers began recording daily lake levels in 1994 (u.s. army corps of engineers 2018). figure 4 highlights events during 1995, 2007, 2010, 2013, and 2015 that resulted in multiple, consecutive days of lake elevations >306.6 m. these flood events result in several days of standing water that often inundate seedlings and saplings (figure 5). lake elevation data also demonstrate that every year between 1995 and 2015 had a period of flooding at the study site. these repeated flooding events maintain bare, moist soil (scott et al. 1996) that likely contributed to the establishment of f. pennsylvanica (see figure 2) and other bottomland species. we demonstrate that 95% of cored f. pennsylvanica established after the lake reached conservation pool status in 1987 (see figure 2) and suggest that increased moisture availability promoted the establishment of f. pennsylvanica and other bottomland tree species. we also show that approximately 72% of the cored f. pennsylvanica trees established prior to the 1995 flood year (see figure 2 and figure 4) and ranged in age from 1–10 years old at that time. from april 18, 1995, through july 19, 1995, arcadia lake elevation was >306.9 m (1007 ft) and reached a peak of 311.7 m (1022.8 ft) on june 12, 1995. this 93-day flooding event was due to 51.5 cm (20.29 in) of rainfall from april through july, 1995. it is likely that most of the 1–4 year old f. pennsylvanica trees were completely inundated with water for several days. this is emphasized by the narrow 1995 tree-ring (see figure 3) that was formed in the seedlings and saplings during that year. in contrast, dendrochronological work at other study sites near our study site demonstrated wider than average growth rings for 1995 (king and cheek 2015; king unpubl. data). this suggests a reduced radial growth rate that is likely attributed to prolonged inundation and reduced photosynthesis during the 1995 growing season. despite reduced growth rates, these green ash trees survived the 1995 flood. hosner (1958) demonstrated that f. pennsylvanica and s. nigra seedlings could survive up to 16 days while inundated. krinard and johnson (1981) documented >50% survival of f. pennsylvanica and p. deltoides seedlings following flooding events during the 1970s along the mississippi river. in studies that encompassed several species found at our site, loucks (1971) and loucks and keen (1973) found 100% survival of f. pennsylvanica seedlings after four weeks of submersion; a. negundo l. (boxelder) had increased mortality after the third week; p. deltoides had increased mortality in the fourth week of submersion; and a. saccharinum had 100% survival after four weeks of submersion. this mirrors the seedling density data in this study (see table 2) which show higher densities for these same species that are able to survive prolonged submersion. the four highest estimated seedling densities were f. pennsylvanica, ulmus spp., a. saccharinum, and a. negundo. the high frequency of flooding at arcadia lake (see figure 4) likely plays a role in the regeneration of these flood tolerant species while reducing the survival of less flood tolerant species. all of the species documented in our study are classified as intermediate to very tolerant of flooding as mature trees and able to survive flooding or saturated soils up to a minimum of 30 days (clatterbuck 2005). these periodic flooding events, particularly during the growing season (see figure 4) are likely influencing regeneration that favors flood tolerant species and maintains the existing species composition. in addition to flood tolerance, we have found that f. pennsylvanica encounters biotic stressors that may make it more prone to oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck eab attack at arcadia lake. american beaver (castor canadensis) are active and have girdled many f. pennsylvanica, s. nigra, and p. deltoides trees around arcadia lake (figure 6a). we have begun documenting beaver damage and have currently found that 30% of f. pennsylvanica trees have some type of beaver damage (king unpubl. data). native ash bark beetles (hylesinus spp.; coleoptera: curculionidae) are also present at arcadia lake (figure 6b). these insects are phloem-feeders and attack recently stressed trees impacted by mechanical damage or disease (u.s. department of agriculture forest service 1985). these biotic stressors have likely increased the probability for the establishment of a viable eab population in central oklahoma. with the detection of eab in delaware county, oklahoma in 2016 there is an increased likelihood of the continued westward expansion of this non-native beetle to oklahoma county. modelled short range dispersal of eab is on average 20 km per year (prasad et al. 2010) but long range dispersal is facilitated by humans, often via firewood and wood products that contain undetected eab. arcadia lake has camping areas and does not currently restrict firewood transport (leon mixer, city of edmond arcadia lake supervisor, pers. comm. 4/13/2018). this, and the aforementioned biotic stressors, potentially increase the risk for eab introduction to the arcadia lake area. figure 6 two examples of biotic stressors on green ash at arcadia lake, oklahoma county, oklahoma. (a) american beaver activity that nearly girdled this green ash and subsequent sprouting by the green ash. (b) ash bark beetle (hylesinus sp.) galleries located under the bark of a dead green ash. photos by chad b. king. b a 16 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck conclusions we documented the characteristics of a bottomland hardwood forest at arcadia lake, oklahoma county, oklahoma with an emphasis on the current age structure of f. pennsylvanica. the three dominant species in the overstory were s. nigra, f. pennsylvanica, and p. deltoides. regeneration of the three overstory species was occurring in this bottomland forest. frequent flooding of arcadia lake since 1995 has sustained this bottomland forest and has likely restricted the establishment of more flood intolerant tree species. the high density of f. pennsylvanica and additional biotic stressors at this study site may set the stage for the invasion of eab in the future. we recommend foresters, scientists, and the public document the locations of f. pennsylvanica stands in oklahoma for further monitoring of eab infestation. acknowledgments we thank justin cheek and kaitlyn dunbar for their assistance in collecting increment cores at arcadia lake and nayyer ahrabi and mackenzie endebrock for their assistance in tagging green ash. we graciously thank the city of edmond for permission to sample and study the bottomland forest at arcadia lake. incredibly helpful comments and suggestions were made by three anonymous reviewers. funding for portions of this project was awarded from the university of central oklahoma office of research and grants. literature cited anderson, s.a. and r.e. masters. 1992. riparian forest buffers. fact sheet no. 5034. stillwater (ok): oklahoma state university cooperative extension service. brabander, j.j., r.e. masters, and r.m. short. 1985. bottomland hardwoods of eastern oklahoma: a special study of their status, trends, and values. oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. cappaert, d., d.g. mccullough, t.m. poland, and n.w. siegert. 2005. emerald ash borer in north america: a research and regulatory challenge. american entomologist 51:152–165. clatterbuck, w.k. 2005. sp656 shade and flood tolerance of trees. university of tennessee agricultural extension service. sp656-15m-9/05. r12-4910051-001-06 06-0066, http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_agexfor es/60. cook e.r. and r.l. holmes. 1986. users manual for program arstan. in: holmes, r.l., r.k. adams, and h.c. fritts, eds. tree-ring chronologies of western north america: california, eastern oregon and northern great basin with procedures used in the chronology development work including users manuals for computer programs cofecha and arstan. cottam, g. and j.t. curtis. 1956. the use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling. ecology 37:451–460. curtis, j.t. and r.p. mcintosh. 1951. an upland forest continuum in the prairieforest border region of wisconsin. ecology 32:476–496. dooley, k. 2017. forests of oklahoma, 2015. resource update fs-126. asheville (nc): u.s. department of agriculture forest service, southern research station. emerald ash borer information network. 2018. http://www.emeraldashborer.info (10 july 2018). forest inventory and analysis. design and analysis toolkit for inventory and monitoring web application, version may 24, 2018 r6082. st. paul (mn): u.s. department of agriculture, forest service, northern research station. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_agexfores/60 http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_agexfores/60 http://www.emeraldashborer.info/ oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/rig/dati m/index.shtml (9 july 2018). grissino-mayer, h.d. 2001. evaluating crossdating accuracy: a manual and tutorial for the computer program cofecha. tree-ring research 57:205– 221. hefley, h.m. 1937. ecological studies on the canadian river floodplain in cleveland county, oklahoma. ecological monographs 7:345–402. herms, d.a. and d.g. mccullough. 2014. emerald ash borer invasion of north america: history, biology, ecology, impacts, and management. annual review of entomology 59:13–30. hoagland, b. 2000. the vegetation of oklahoma: a classification for landscape mapping and conservation planning. southwestern naturalist 45:385– 420. holmes, r.l. 1983. computer assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement. tree-ring bulletin 43:69– 78. hosner, j.f. 1958. the effects of complete inundation upon seedlings of six bottomland tree species. ecology 39:371– 373. kennedy, jr. h.e. 1990. fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. in: burns, r.m. and b.h. honkala, tech. coords. silvics of north america 2: hardwoods. agriculture handbook 654. washington (dc): u.s. department of agriculture, forest service. king, c.b. 2015. forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia, oklahoma county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 15:19–30. king, c.b. and j. cheek. 2015. dendroecology, forest composition, and land-use history of a suburban cross timbers forest in central oklahoma. urban naturalist 6:1–19. klooster, w.s., d.a. herms, k.s. knight, c.p. herms, d.g. mccullough, a. smith, k.j.k. gandhi, and j. cardina. 2014. ash (fraxinus spp.) mortality, regeneration, and seed bank dynamics in mixed hardwood forests following invasion by emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis). biological invasions 16:859– 873. knight, k.s., d. herms, r. plumb, e. sawyer, d. spalink, e. pisarczyk, b. wiggin, r. kappler, e. ziegler, and k. menard. 2012. dynamics of suriving ash (fraxinus spp.) populations in areas long infested by emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis). in: sniezko, r.a., a.d. yanchuck, j.t. kliejunas, k.m. palmieri, j.m. alexander, and s.j. frankel, tech. coords. proceedings of the fourth international workshop on the genetics of host-parasite interactions in forestry: disease and insect resistance in forest trees. gen. tech. rep. psw-gtr-240. albany (ca): pacific southwest research station, forest service, u.s. department of agriculture. koch, j.l., d.w. carey, k.s. knight, t. poland, d.a. herms, and m.e. mason. 2012. breeding strategies for the development of emerald ash borer – resistant north american ash. in: sniezko, r.a., a.d. yanchuck, j.t. kliejunas, k.m. palmieri, j.m. alexander, and s.j. frankel, tech. coords. proceedings of the fourth international workshop on the genetics of host-parasite interactions in forestry: disease and insect resistance in forest trees. gen. tech. rep. psw-gtr-240. albany (ca): pacific southwest research station, forest service, u.s. department of agriculture. krinard, r.m. and r.l. johnson. 1981. flooding, beavers, and hardwood seedling survival. southern forest experiment station report so-270. new orleans (la): southern forest experiment station, forest service, u.s. department of agriculture. lockhart, b.r., j.m. guldin, and t. foti. 2010. tree species composition and https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/rig/datim/index.shtml https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/rig/datim/index.shtml 18 oklahoma native plant record volume 18, december 2018 chad b. king and joseph a. buck structure in an old bottomland hardwood forest in south-central arkansas. castanea 75:315–329. loucks, w.l. 1971. submersion tolerance of selected seedling trees [master’s thesis]. manhattan (ks): kansas state university. loucks, w.l. and r.a. keen. 1973. submersion tolerance of selected seedling trees. journal of forestry 8:496– 497. national oceanic and atmospheric administration (noaa) national centers for environmental information. climate at a glance: divisional time series, published april 2018. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/ (10 may 2018). oklahoma forestry services. 2018. emerald ash borer. http://www.forestry.ok.gov/eab (10 july 2018). palmer, w.c. 1965. meteorological drought. research paper no. 45. washington (dc): weather bureau, u.s. department of commerce. petranka, j.w. and r. holland. 1980. a quantitative analysis of bottomland communities in south-central oklahoma. southwestern naturalist 25:207–213. prasad, a.m., l.r. iverson, m.p. peters, j.m. bossenbroek, s.n. matthews, t.d. sydnor, and m.w. schwartz. 2010. modeling the invasive emerald ash borer risk of spread using a spatially explicit cellular model. landscape ecology 25:353– 369. rice, e.l. 1965. bottomland forests of north-central oklahoma. ecology 46:708– 714. rice, e.l. and w.t. penfound. 1956. composition of a green ash forest near norman, oklahoma. southwestern naturalist 1:145–147. rosiere, r.e., a.d. nelson, and l.p. cowley. 2013. composition and structure of a mixed-hardwood bottomland forest in the west cross timbers of north-central texas. southwestern naturalist 58:81–90. scott, m.l., j.m. friedman, and g.t. auble. 1996. fluvial process and the establishment of bottomland trees. geomorphology 14:327–339. speer, j.h. 2010. fundamentals of tree-ring research. tucson (az): university of arizona press. stokes, m.a. and t.l. smiley. 1996. an introduction to tree-ring dating. tucson (az): university of arizona press. united states army corps of engineers, tulsa district. arcadia lake. http://www.swt.usace.army.mil/locatio ns/tulsa-districtlakes/oklahoma/arcadia-lake/ (15 april 2018). united states department of agriculture, forest service. 1985. insects of eastern forests. miscellaneous publication 1426. washington (dc): u.s. department of agriculture, forest service. united states department of agriculture. 2018. natural resources conservation service web soil survey. https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov (10 may 2018). http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/ http://www.swt.usace.army.mil/locations/tulsa-district-lakes/oklahoma/arcadia-lake/ http://www.swt.usace.army.mil/locations/tulsa-district-lakes/oklahoma/arcadia-lake/ http://www.swt.usace.army.mil/locations/tulsa-district-lakes/oklahoma/arcadia-lake/ https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/ http://www.forestry.ok.gov/eab five year index to oklahom a n ative plant r ecord volume 11 4 survey of the vascular flora of the boehler seeps and sandhills preserve, ph. d. dissertation, linda gatti clark 22 schoenoplectus hallii, s. saximontanus, and the putative s. hallii x s. saximontanus hybrid: observations from the wichita mountains wildlife refuge and the fort sill military reservation from 2002-2010, marian smith and paul m. mckenzie 33 spatial genetic structure of the tallgrass prairie grass dichanthelium oligosanthes (scribner’s panicum), molly j. parkhurst, andrew doust, margarita mauro-herrera, janette a. steets, and jeffrey m. byrnes 43 the effects of removal of juniperus virginiana l. trees and litter from a central oklahoma grassland, jerad s. linneman, matthew s. allen, and michael w. palmer 61 the changing forests of central oklahoma: a look at the composition of the cross timbers prior to euro-american settlement, in the 1950s and today, richard e. thomas and bruce w. hoagland 75 critic’s choice essay: some thoughts on oklahoma plants and summer 2011’s exceptional drought, leslie e. cole volume 12 4 possible mechanisms of the exclusion of johnson grass by tall grass prairies, m. s. thesis, marilyn a. semtner 33 a preliminary pawnee ethnobotany checklist, c. randy ledford 43 vascular flora of alabaster caverns state park, cimarron gypsum hills, woodward county, oklahoma, gloria m. caddell and kristi d. rice 63 a comparison of the composition and structure of two oak forests in marshall and pottawatomie counties, bruce smith 69 critic’s choice essay: virtual herbaria come of age, wayne elisens volume 13 4 ecology and taxonomy of water canyon, canadian county, oklahoma, m. s. thesis, constance a. taylor 29 a checklist of the vascular flora of the mary k. oxley nature center, tulsa county, oklahoma, amy k. buthod 48 smoke-induced germination in phacelia strictaflora, stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 55 critic’s choice essay: a calvacade of oklahoma botanists in oklahoma – contributors to our knowledge of the flora of oklahoma, ronald j. tyrl and paula a. shryock volume 14 4 flora of kiowa county, oklahoma, m. s. thesis, lottie opal baldock 38 gardens of yesteryear, sadie cole gordon 43 oklahoma deciduous trees differ in chilling enhancement of budburst, stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 50 mapping distribution in oklahoma and raising awareness: purple loosestrife (lythrum salicaria), multiflora rose (rosa multiflora), and japanese honeysuckle (lonicera japonica), katherine e. keil and karen r. hickman 67 non-twining milkweed vines of oklahoma: an overview of matelea biflora and matelea cynanchoides (apocynaceae), angela mcdonnell 80 critic’s choice essay: pollination ecology of our native prairie plants, gloria m. caddell volume 15 4 preface to first flowering dates for central oklahoma, wayne elisens 6 first flowering dates for central oklahoma, ben osborn 19 forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia, oklahoma county, oklahoma (1820–2014), chad king 31 interplanting floral resource plants with vegetable plants enhances beneficial arthropod abundance in a home garden, chrisdon b. bonner, eric j. rebek, janet c. cole, brian a. kahn, and janette a. steets 49 contributions to the flora of cimarron county and the black mesa area, amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 78 antifungal activity in extracts of plants from southwestern oklahoma against aspergillus flavus, tahzeeba frisby and cameron university students 96 kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. abundance and distribution in oklahoma, marli claytor and karen r. hickman 105 critic’s choice essay: mistletoe, phoradendron serotinum (raf.) johnston, paul buck oklahoma native plant society p.o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 16, december 2016: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 pollination ecology of sabatia campestris nutt. (gentianaceae) constance e. taylor 10 the structure of the gynostegium, breeding system, and pollination ecology of spider milkweed, asclepias viridis walter (apocynaceae), m. s. thesis shang-wen liaw 45 a floristic inventory of the university of oklahoma’s kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county, oklahoma amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 64 effects of fire severity on habitat recovery in a mixed grass prairie ecosystem laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, anthony j. stancampiano 79 critic’s choice essay: a conversation with a small beetle paul buck five year index to okla homa native plant r ecord – inside back cover journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 4, number 1, december 2004 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 common lawn and garden mushrooms of central oklahoma clark l. ovrebo department of biology university of central oklahoma edmond, ok 73034 mushrooms are often abundant in lawns and gardens after periods of wet weather. this article presents photographs of some of the more common mushrooms the author has encountered in central oklahoma over the past fifteen years. introduction a mushroom is the fruiting body of a fungus. the body of the fungus, termed mycelium, is found in soil, compost, wood chips, or logs. rarely are mushroom species parasitic. the mycelium gets nutrition from breaking down the organic substrates (saprotrophic mode of nutrition). if the yard has oaks, hickories or pines, the fungus forms a mycorrhizal association with the tree roots, an association that is beneficial to both the fungus and the tree. mycorrhizal fungi are most often found in forested areas, but may also occur in yards or city parks if their symbiotic trees are present. with the exception of suillus brevipes, the fungi treated in this paper are saprotrophic. the term “common,” is not so easily defined. some mushrooms appear every year after almost every rain, whereas others may appear only sporadically even after wet weather. some fungi are abundant some years and not the next. thus, the term “common” as used for fleshy fungi must remain vague. the time of year given for fruiting is also somewhat general and is intended to give an approximation of when the mushrooms fruit. in addition to photos, a brief description is provided for each species. the intent is not to provide complete macroscopic and microscopic descriptions of the fungi, but rather, the salient morphological features. to be sure of identification, it may be necessary to use ovrebo, c.l. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100032 microscopic examination and consult field guides or technical literature. spore print color is presented for some species because determining spore color is often the first step in identifying a mushroom. a spore print is made by cutting off the stipe and placing the pileus with lamellae side down on a piece of white paper. this set-up is covered and left overnight. advice is not provided about which lawn mushrooms are edible. great care must be taken to be absolutely sure of a mushroom’s identity. only after becoming sufficiently familiar with mushroom characters and their identifying features can one be certain of the identification, and only then can the determination about edibility be made. many field guides are helpful and provide additional information. a listing of some field guides that are useful for oklahoma is found at the end of the article. agaricales fungi in this order comprise one of the more common groups of lawn fungi and include what are called “gilled mushrooms” and “boletes”. the parts of a gilled mushroom are the pileus (cap), stipe (stem), and lamellae (gills). a bolete has tubes that end in pores instead of lamellae. the spores are produced on the lamellae or tubes, forcibly discharged, and are dispersed by air currents. oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 ovrebo, c.l. chlorophyllum molybdites scattered, on lawns or pastures, sometimes in fairy rings or arcs (figure 1), late spring through mid-fall. chlorophyllum molybdites is one of the most common larger mushrooms occurring on lawns. it is recognized by the rather large fruiting bodies, whitish pileus surface with tan scales near or on the center, green lamellae and by the partial veil which leaves an annulus on the stipe (figure 2). the lamellae are off-white when young and become green at maturity, and are free (not attached to the stipe). the spore deposit is green. chlorophyllum molybdites is the leading cause of mushroom poisoning in the united states. it causes severe gastrointestinal upset with recovery after several hours. it is especially toxic to young children and people already compromised by health problems. amanita thiersii scattered, on lawns, sometimes in fairy rings or arcs (figure 3), summer and fall. amanita thiersii is another of the larger mushrooms occurring on lawns and may be in fruit at the same time as c. molybdites. the pileus and stipe are white and the lamellae light cream-colored. young fruiting bodies are covered with a flocculent coating that may remain throughout maturation (figure 4). the covering is easily removed when touched and may be washed away with rain. the spore print is white. this species belongs in the genus that contains some of the most deadly poisonous mushrooms. though little is known about the toxicity or edibility of a. thiersii, it is probably poisonous. figure 1 chlorophyllum molybdites, fairy ring. figure 2 chlorophyllum molybdites, fruiting bodies. figure 3 amanita thiersii, fairy ring. figure 4 amanita thiersii, fruiting bodies. 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 ovrebo, c.l. marasmius oreades (fairy ring mushroom) scattered, on lawns, occasionally in arcs or fairy rings (figure 5), summer to late fall. marasmius oreades is a small, thin-statured mushroom with the pileus reaching at most 3-4 cm in diameter. the pileus is smooth, off-white with the center often light tan (figure 6). the buttons can be light brown overall. the lamellae are rather distantly spaced and off-white. the stipe is also off-white and lacks an annulus. the spore print is white. coprinus comatus (shaggy mane) scattered, on lawns, late summer through late fall. coprinus comatus is easily recognized by the rather tall fruiting bodies that have a vertically elongated pileus. the pileus of the buttons is elliptical. the pileus has a shaggy surface and is off-white although the top can be tan (figures 7 and 8). the lamellae are off-white when young and black at maturity. the genus is characterized by the fact that the mushrooms deliquesce (auto-digest). beginning at the margin, the pileus begins to liquefy and the process continues toward the top-center of the pileus (figure 9). often only the stipe remains. figure 5 marasmius oreades, fairy ring. figure 6 marasmius oreades, fruiting bodies. figure 7 coprinus comatus, fruiting bodies showing shaggy surface. figure 8 coprinus comatus, mature fruiting bodies. figure 9 coprinus comatus, deliquescing fruiting bodies oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 ovrebo, c.l. coprinopsis variegata scattered to clustered, on lawns, but attached to buried wood, or on stumps, summer. coprinopsis variegata appears in clusters on lawns but is actually growing from buried wood such as the remains of a stump. the pileus is off-white to grayish brown to gray, and has scales or patches (figures 10 and 11). like coprinus comatus, the fruiting bodies deliquesce. this species was formerly placed in coprinus. conocybe lactea scattered, on lawns, early summer. conocybe lactea has small fragile fruiting bodies that are evident in the morning but wither away as the heat of the day sets in. the pileus is whitish to light tan and rounded-conic. the lamellae are light cinnamon-brown (figure 12). parasola plicatilis scattered, on lawns, early summer. fruiting bodies of parasola plicatilis are small and thin-statured (figure 13). the pileus is translucent-gray and plicate (grooved). the lamellae are black. this species is most noticeable in the morning. in sunlight it quickly dries and disappears. this species was also formerly placed in coprinus. agaricus campestris (meadow mushroom) scattered, on lawns and pastures, summer to early fall. agaricus campestris is characterized by the whitish pileus and stipe, annulate stipe and by the dark brown, free lamellae (figure 14). the lamellae start out light pink in the button stage and become dark brown as the spores mature. the spore print is dark brown. this species is in the same genus as the cultivated button mushroom that is available fresh or canned in grocery stores. figure 10 coprinopsis variegata, cluster of fruiting bodies. figure 11 coprinopsis variegata, fruiting bodies. figure 12 conocybe lactea, fruiting bodies. figure 13 parasola plicatilis, fruiting bodies. figure 14 agaricus campestris, fruiting bodies. 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 ovrebo, c.l. leucoagaricus naucinus scattered on lawns, fall. leucoagaricus naucinus is a medium-sized mushroom and is creamy white overall. the pileus is smooth, the lamellae are free and the stipe has an annulus (figure 15). the spore print is white. this species is not edible and causes mild to severe gastric upset. there is no cup at the base as with amanita virosa, which is similar in coloration but occurs in forests and is deadly poisonous. pluteus petasatus on dead wood or wood chips, in clusters of two or three, summer. the pileus of pluteus petasatus is off-white to light tan with the center becoming brown. the center of the pileus develops cracks in age. the lamellae are pinkish tan and free (figure 16). the spore print is pinkish tan. clitocybe tarda scattered, on lawns, generally in clusters, fall. clitocybe tarda is characterized by the smooth, violet-purple pileus (figure 17). the lamellae and stipe are pigmented similarly but generally lighter. with age considerable fading of the pileus may occur. the spore print is very pale pinkish buff. suillus brevipes scattered, on soil or lawns underneath pinus spp., late fall. suillus brevipes has tubes and pores rather than lamellae. the pileus is brown and slimy when fresh and in age the color fades to yellowish tan and the surface may dry. the tubes and pores are yellow when young and become more olive-tinged in age (figure 18). suillus brevipes forms a mycorrhizal association with pinus. figure 15 leucoagaricus naucinus, fruiting bodies. figure 16 pluteus petasatus, fruiting bodies. figure 17 clitocybe tarda, fruiting bodies. figure 18 suillus brevipes, fruiting bodies. oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 ovrebo, c.l. order phallales (stinkhorns) the stinkhorns comprise a most interesting group of fleshy fungi. rather than using air currents for spore dispersal, the spores are borne on a sticky mass called the gleba, which has a repulsive odor. for the species discussed here, the gleba is formed at the tip of the mushroom and is dark olive to nearly black. the odor attracts flies and other insects which are the agents of spore dispersal. the fungi start out as “buttons” completely encapsulated by an outer membrane (universal veil). when the mushroom bursts out of the button, a cup (volva) is left at the base. a section through the button reveals the immature fruiting body. all species of phallus have a phallus-shaped fruiting body. various stages of development can be seen in figures 19-21, 23. phallus ravenelii scattered on lawns, soil or wood mulch, summer to fall. this species is identical in stature to phallus hadriani, but the gleba is light gray, nearly smooth, and not pitted. note the flies on the gleba of figure 21. phallus hadriani scattered, on lawns, soil or wood mulch, summer to fall. phallus hadriani is distinguished by the pitted gleba (figure 19). the surface of the volva is pink colored in this species. phallus impudicus is identical in appearance but the outer surface of the volva is white. figure 21 phallus ravenelii, longitudinally sectioned button and fruiting bodies. figure 19 phallus hadriani, an intact button whole fruiting body, and a longitudinally sectioned button. figure 20 phallus ravenelii,buttons 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 ovrebo, c.l. phallus rubicundus scattered on lawns, summer. phallus rubicundus also has the phalloid stature but the stipe is orange (figure 22). lysurus periphragmoides solitary or scattered on lawns, summer to late fall. lysurus periphragmoides is another common stinkhorn. it is generally smaller than the phallus species, has an orange stipe and the glebal head is different. the glebal head has a sterile orange lattice network with gleba in between the netted pattern (figure 23). some field guides refer to this species as simblum sphaerocephalum. field guides arora, david. 1986. mushrooms demystified. 2nd ed. ten speed press, berkeley, ca. bessette, alan e., david w. fischer, and a. r. bessette. 1997. mushrooms of northeastern north america. syracuse university press. horn, b., r. kay, and d. abel. 1993. a guide to kansas mushrooms. university of kansas press. lincoff, gary. 1981. audubon field guide to north american mushrooms. alfred knopf, new york. metzler, s., and v. metzler. 1992. texas mushrooms. university of texas press, austin. miller, o.k. 1977. mushrooms of north america. paperback ed. dutton publications. new york [out of print]. smith, a. h., and nancy s. weber. 1981. the mushroom hunter’s field guide. all colored revised ed. university of michigan press, ann arbor. weber, n. s., and a. h. smith. 1985. a field guide to southern mushrooms. university of michigan press, ann arbor figure 22 phallus rubicundus, fruiting body. figure 23 lysurus periphragmoides, mature fruiting body with intact and longitudinally sectioned buttons. oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 3 forward several years ago a small group of members of the oklahoma native plant society, interested in fungi, initiated its mycological chapter. the debate which accompanied the chapter’s formation naturally centered on the fact that fungi are just not plants, even if they had historically been studied by botanists. in the end most realized that if we did not give the fledgling group a place in the society, mycological studies in oklahoma might forever continue to be inadequately addressed in the natural sciences. for the past several years dr. clark ovrebo has served as chair of the mycological chapter and has contributed articles regarding fungi, including one in this volume as well. the oklahoma native plant record is proud to deliver these articles to those who would study fungi in oklahoma and to those whose interests in fungi might be stimulated toward further investigation. in another effort to spawn more interest in these under-studied taxa, we present in this volume the first, and until recently the only, major study of lichen distribution in oklahoma. lichens, being a dual organism of a fungal base with algal and/or bacterial photobionts, offer the biologist a unique perspective on ecosystem dynamics and evolution. lichens deserve a more thorough study and this seminal article is the requisite for their study in oklahoma. the author of the lichens of north central oklahoma, darvin wendell keck was born at willis, oklahoma in 1926. after serving in the army from 1944 to 1946 and before receiving his ph.d., he taught four years in secondary schools and eight years in higher education. he received his bachelor of science, master of science and ph.d. degrees from oklahoma state university. after receiving his doctorate he accepted a teaching position at oklahoma christian university where he was the first inductee of the science and engineering hall of honor and was awarded many other honors including the gaylord chair of distinguished teaching and the master teacher award. he was the chairman of the division of science for 15 years before retiring in 1989. keck became interested in oklahoma lichens while taking a course in lichenology at the university of michigan biological station in the summer of 1958. the teacher, dr. howard crum, pointed out that very little work had been done in oklahoma and in most of the surrounding states, and encouraged him to pursue a study of this type. the primary purpose of his study was to collect and identify lichens in an 11-county area of north central oklahoma. secondary aims were to analyze ecological relationships and to establish a record of species distribution for each county. difficulties encountered included the lack of sufficient up-to-date literature, particularly family and generic monographs, and the lack of herbarium specimens for reference. since no herbarium specimens were available at osu, the author sent most of the foliose specimens to mason e. hale, jr. at the smithsonian institution for verification. he also spent several days at the university of colorado studying with sam shushan and william weber, while making use of the excellent herbarium facilities there. national science foundation provided the research grant. dr. john e. thomas served as thesis adviser and chairman of the graduate committee, and drs. walter w. hansen, george moore, glenn todd, and u.t.waterfall were members. darvin keck is retired and currently resides in oklahoma city, oklahoma. journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 4, number 1, december 2004 30 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 vascular flora of the chouteau wildlife management area wagoner county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland forrest johnson (deceased) oklahoma biological survey oklahoma biological survey and department of geography university of oklahoma university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 norman, ok 73019 e-mail: bhoagland@ou.edu this article reports the results of a vascular plant inventory of the chouteau wildlife management area in eastern oklahoma. one hundred eighty-one species of vascular plants were collected from 144 genera and 63 families. the families with the greatest number of species were the asteraceae (25), poaceae (22), and fabaceae (18). fifty-seven species were annuals, four biennials, and 120 were perennials. thirty-nine woody plant species were present. twenty-one species exotic to north america were collected representing 11.6% of the flora. azolla caroliniana was the only species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory found. this study reports 148 species previously not documented in wagoner county. introduction the objectives of this study were twofold: to fill a gap in floristic data for eastern oklahoma and provide resource managers at the chouteau wildlife management area (chwma) with a comprehensive species list. prior to 1996, when collecting began for this study, 198 specific and infraspecific taxa were reported from wagoner county (hoagland 2004). the first collections made in wagoner county were by robert bebb, namesake of the university of oklahoma herbarium, in 1903 (hoagland 2004). no additional collections were recorded until 1913, when g. w. stevens visited the county. the peak collecting year in wagoner county was 1939 (51 specimens), with work completed by r. bebb (hoagland et al. 2004). study area the chwma is located on u.s. army corp of engineers land in wagoner county (figure 1) and has been managed by the oklahoma department of wildlife conservation since 1973. it encompasses 402 hectares, and elevation ranges from 167m to 158m. latitudinal extent ranges hoagland, b.w. and johnson, f.l. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100030 from 35.86o n to 35.85o n and longitudinal extent from 95.34o w to 95.37o w. the chwma is located within the subtropical humid (cf) climate zone (trewartha 1968). summers are warm (mean july temperature = 27.7o c) and humid, whereas winters are relatively short and mild (mean january temperature = 2.9o c). mean annual precipitation is 114.5 cm, with periodic severe droughts (oklahoma climatological survey 2004). physiographically, the study area is located in the osage plains section of the central lowlands province (hunt 1974) and within the claremore cuesta plains province of oklahoma (curtis and ham 1979). the surface geology is primarily quaternary silt, sand, and clays deposited along the verdigris river (branson and johnson 1979). the primary soil association at chwma is the sage-radley, which is composed of deep, level to gently sloping, poorly drained soils (polone 1976). the potential natural vegetation type at chwma is the bottomland forest type (duck and fletcher 1943). oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 hoagland, b.w. and johnson, f.l. methods three collection sites were established at chwma for intensive floristic sampling. sites were selected following a review of us geological survey 1:24,000 topographic maps and field reconnaissance. the predominant vegetation associations at these sites were classified according to hoagland (2000). collections also were made randomly throughout the site. collections were made on a monthly basis from march through october 1996. vouchers for species exotic to north america were made from naturalized populations only, thus excluding cultivated and ornamental plants. specimens were processed at the robert bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma (okl) following standard herbarium techniques. specimens were identified using waterfall (1969) and diggs et al. (1999). origin (whether native or introduced to north america) was determined using taylor and taylor (1991) and united states department of agriculture-natural resources conservation service (usda-nrcs 2004). nomenclature follows usda-nrcs (2004). voucher specimens were deposited at okl. results and discussion a total of 181 vascular plants in 144 genera and 63 families were collected (table 1). among the angiosperms, 43 were monocots and 142 were dicots. the most species were collected from the families poaceae (22), asteraceae (25), fabaceae (18). the genera polygonum (6) and carex (5) had the most species. fifty-seven species were annual, four biennials, and 119 perennial. thirty-nine woody plant species were present. twenty-one exotic species were collected, representing 11.6% of the flora. the numbers of exotic species were greater in the families poaceae (6) and fabaceae (7). these numbers are comparable to recent floristic inventories from other areas in oklahoma. for example, a flora of the chickasaw national recreation area reported 12% exotic species (hoagland and johnson 2001), 9% at oologah wildlife management area (hoagland and wallick 2003), 15% at keystone wildlife management area (hoagland and buthod 2003), and 11% for an inventory of tillman county (hoagland et al. 2004). however, the percentage was lower, 6.6%, at red slough and grassy slough in southeastern oklahoma (hoagland and johnson 2004). however, these studies report a higher number of exotic species in the asteraceae. in addition, chwma is the first reported location for alternanthera philoxeroides in oklahoma, a noxious weed of the southeastern united states (hoagland and mccarty 1998). azolla caroliniana (g5s2) was the only species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory found at chwma. species are ranked according to level of imperilment at the state (s) and global (g) levels on a scale of 1•5; 1 representing a species that is imperiled and 5 representing one that is secure (groves et al. 1995). as a result of this study, 313 species are now known to occur in wagoner county. of the 181 species reported in this study, 33 had been previously collected in the county. there were 165 species reported in the atlas of the flora of oklahoma database that were not reported in this study (hoagland 2004). this study documented 148 species not previously reported from wagoner county. the three collection sites occurred within four vegetation associations. a brief description of each follows: aquatic and wetland vegetation several aquatic and wetland vegetation types were present at chwma. all intergraded with one another, making clear delineations difficult. the predominant emergent wetland vegetation types were jussiaea peploides polygonum hydropiperoides herbaceous association, nelumbo lutea herbaceous association, and juncus effusus herbaceous association. cephalanthus occidentalis shrubland association was the predominant woody wetland vegetation type. associated 32 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 hoagland, b.w. and johnson, f.l. species included hibiscus laevis, justicia americana, potamogeton nodosus, polygonum lapathifolium, p. pensylvanicum, salix nigra, and typha domingensis. azolla caroliniana, a species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2004), was found in this habitat type. quercus palustris carya illinoensis/ilex decidua forest association this association was the predominant forest type at chwma. however, all stands were immature second growth. associate species included amorpha fruticosa, ampelopsis cordata, arundinaria gigantea, fraxinus pennsylvanica, gleditsia triacanthos, passiflora lutea and ulmus rubra. on natural levies along the verdigris river this association intergraded with the acer saccharinum • acer negundo forest association. disturbed areas and old-field vegetation this designation included areas which have been or are currently in cultivation, roadsides and areas visited by chwma visitors, and other areas exhibiting signs of physical disruption. common plants in disturbed areas and old fields included: ambrosia trifida, geranium carolinianum, melilotus officinalis, oenothera biennis, solanum carolinense, sorghum halepense, and trifolium dubium. acknowledgments this project was funded by a grant from the oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. figure location of chouteau wildlife management area, wagoner county, oklahoma, site of the floristic collection. oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 hoagland, b.w. and johnson, f.l. annotated species list for the chouteau wildlife management area the first entry is life history (a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial); followed by abundance (1=least 5=dominant or codominant, palmer et al. 1995); species not native to north america designated with an asterisk (*); habitat (aq=aquatic and wetland vegetation, bf = quercus palustris • carya illinoensis/ilex decidua forest association, and daof=disturbed area/old-field); and collection number. voucher specimens were deposited at the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma (okl). pteridophyta azollaceae azolla caroliniana willd. (mosquito fern) a; 2; aq; ch096 magnoliophyta magnoliopsida acanthaceae justicia americana (l.) vahl (water willow) p; 2; aq; ch037 ruellia strepens l. (wild petunia) p; 2; bf; ch0173 aceraceae acer negundo l. (boxelder) p; 3; bf; ch079 a. saccharinum l. (silver maple) p; 2; bf; ch078 amaranthaceae alternanthera philoxeroides (mart.) griseb.* (alligator weed) p; 3; aq; ch094 amaranthus palmeri s. wats. (palmer's pigweed) a; 2; daof; ch0144 apiaceae limnosciadium pinnatum (dc.) mathias & constance (tansy dog shade) a; 3; aq; ch065 ptilimnium capillaceum (michx.) raf. (threadleaf mockbishopweed) a; 2; daof; ch0134 sanicula canadensis l. (snakeroot) b; 2; bf; ch0143 torilis arvensis (huds.) link.* (hedge parsley) a; 2; daof; ch063 apocynaceae apocynum cannabinum l. (indian hemp) p; 3; daof; ch085 aquifoliaceae ilex decidua walt. (deciduous holly) p; 3; bf; ch0114 aristolochiaceae aristolochia tomentosa sims (wooly pipe vine) p; 2; bf; ch0101 asclepiadaceae asclepias incarnata l. (swamp milkweed) p; 2; aq; ch0160 a. viridis walt. (green milkweed) p; 2; daof; ch072 asteraceae ageratina altissima (l.) king & h.e. robins. (white snakeroot) p; 2; daof; ch0194 ambrosia artemisiifolia l. (common ragweed) a; 3; daof; ch0174 a. trifida l. (giant ragweed) a; 4; daof; ch0157 bidens aristosa (michx.) britt. (bearded beggarticks) a; 2; aq; ch0206 boltonia asteroides (l.) l'her. var. latisquamata (gray) cronq. (white doll's daisy) p; 2; aq; ch0208 cirsium altissimum (l.) hill (tall thistle) b; 2; daof; ch0185 conoclinium coelestinum (l.) dc. (blue mistflower) p; 2; aq; ch0199 conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. (horseweed) a; 3; daof; ch0162 coreopsis tinctoria nutt. (plains coreopsis) a; 3; daof; ch0123 dracopis amplexicaulis (vahl.) cass. (clasping coneflower) a; 4; aq, daof; ch073 eclipta prostrata (l.) l. (yerba de tajo) p; 3; aq; ch0108 elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. (elephant's foot) p; 2; bf; ch0150 34 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 hoagland, b.w. and johnson, f.l. erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. (daisy fleabane) b; 2; daof; ch090 grindelia papposa nesom & suh (goldenweed) a; 2; daof; ch0111 helianthus annuus l. (common sunflower) a; 2; daof; ch0164 iva annua l. (marsh elder) a; 3; daof; ch0158 lactuca serriola l.* (prickly lettuce) a; 2; daof; ch0145 pyrrhopappus multicaulis (d. don) dc. (geiser's false dandelion) p; 2; daof; ch060 solidago canadensis l. (canada goldenrod) p; 2; daof; ch0197 symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) nesom (white heath aster) p; 2; daof; ch0189 s. ontarione (wieg.) nesom (bottomland aster) p; 2; daof; ch0200 s. subulatum (michx.) nesom (eastern saltmarsh aster) a; 4; aq; ch0165 verbesina virginica l. (frostweed) p; 2; bf; ch0184 vernonia baldwinii torr. (western ironweed) p; 2; daof; ch0163 xanthium strumarium l. (cocklebur) a; 2; aq; ch0209 balsaminaceae impatiens capensis meerb. (jewelweed) a; 2; bf; ch0109 bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau (trumpetvine) p; 2; bf; ch083 brassicaceae lepidium densiflorum schrad. (peppergrass) a; 2; daof; ch051 rorippa palustris (l.) bess (bog yellow cress) a; 2; aq; ch088 thlaspi arvense l.* (field pennycress) a; 1; daof; ch053 campanulaceae triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuw. (clasping venus’ looking glass) a; 2; daof; ch082 caprifoliaceae sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli (elderberry) p; 2; bf; ch084 viburnum rufidulum raf. (rusty blackhaw) p; 2; bf; ch074 celastraceae euonymus atropurpurea jacq. (wahoo) p; 2; bf; ch0187 chenopodiaceae chenopodium standleyanum aellen (standley's goosefoot) a; 3; daof; ch0159 convolvulaceae ipomoea lacunosa l. (white morning glory) a; 2; daof; ch0203 i. pandurata (l.) g.f.w. mey. (bigroot morning glory) p; 3; daof; ch0129 cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. (rough leaved dogwood) p; 3; daof; ch069 crassulaceae penthorum sedoides l. (ditch stonecrop) p; 3; aq; ch0176 ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. (persimmon) p; 2; daof; ch025 euphorbiaceae chamaesyce maculata (l.) small (spotted spurge) a; 3; daof; ch0151 euphorbia spathulata lam. (warty spurge) a; 2; daof; ch049 fabaceae amorpha fruticosa l. (false indigo) p; 2; aq; ch052 cercis canadensis l. (redbud) p; 3; bf; ch0170 desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macm. ex b.l. robins. & fern. (bundleflower) p; 2; daof; ch0125 desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. (panicled tickclover) p; 3; bf; ch0106 gleditsia triacanthos l. (honey locust) p; 3; bf; ch044 gymnocladus dioicus (l.) k. koch. oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 hoagland, b.w. and johnson, f.l. (kentucky coffee tree) p; 2; bf; ch092 lathyrus pusillus ell. (low peavine) a; 2; daof; ch002 lespedeza cuneata (dum.-cours.) g. don* (sericea lespedeza) p; 2; daof; ch0167 melilotus alba medikus* (white sweet clover) a; 2; daof; ch071 m. officinalis (l.) lam.* (yellow sweet clover) a; 3; daof; ch041 senna marilandica (l.) link (wild senna) p; 2; bf; ch0124 sesbania herbacea (p. mill.) mcvaugh (bequilla) a; 5; aq; ch0166 strophostyles helvola (l.) ell. (fuzzy trailing bean) a; 2; daof; ch0191 trifolium arvense l.* (rabbit foot clover) a; 2; daof; ch040 t. dubium sibthrop* (small hop clover) a; 2; daof; ch026 t. pratense l.* (red clover) p; 2; daof; ch0140 vicia caroliniana walt. (pole vetch) p; 3; daof; ch0128 v. villosa roth* (hairy vetch) a; 3; daof; ch035 fagaceae quercus macrocarpa michx. (bur oak) p; 2; bf; ch0135 q. palustris muenchh. (pin oak) p; 3; bf; ch034 q. velutina lam. (black oak) p; 2; bf; ch042 geraniaceae geranium carolinianum l. (carolina cranesbill) a; 2; daof; ch027 juglandaceae carya illinoensis (wangenh.) k. koch (pecan) p; 2; bf; ch087 lamiaceae prunella vulgaris l. (common self heal) p; 2; bf; ch020 lauraceae sassafras albidum (nutt.) nees (sassafras) p; 2; bf; ch0120 lythraceae ammannia coccinea rottb. (redstem loosestrife) a; 2; aq; ch0141 lythrum alatum pursh (winged loosestrife) p; 2; aq; ch0121 malvaceae hibiscus laevis all. (halberd leaved rose mallow) p; 2; aq; ch0153 sida spinosa l. (prickly sida) a; 1; daof; ch0152 menispermaceae calycocarpum lyonii (pursh) gray (cupseed) p; 2; bf; ch093 cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. (carolina snailseed) p; 2; bf; ch0103 moraceae morus rubra l. (red mulberry) p; 2; bf; ch0180 nelumbonaceae nelumbo lutea willd. (lotus) p; 2; aq; ch0179 oleaceae fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. (green ash) p; 3; bf; ch043 onagraceae ludwigia palustris (l.) ell. (marsh seedbox) p; 4; aq; ch055 l. repens forst. (water primrose) p; 2; aq; ch0131 oenothera biennis l. (common evening primrose) b; 3; daof; ch0161 o. laciniata hill (cutleaf evening primrose) a; 2; daof; ch061 oxalidaceae oxalis stricta l. (yellow wood sorrel) p; 2; daof; ch081 passifloraceae passiflora lutea l. (yellow passionflower) p; 2; bf; ch058 phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. (pokeweed) p; 2; daof; ch0116 polygonaceae polygonum hydropiper l.* (water pepper) a; 2; aq; ch0115 p. hydropiperoides michx.* (mild water pepper) p; 4; aq; ch0113 36 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 hoagland, b.w. and johnson, f.l. p. lapathifolium l. (pale smartweed) a; 3; aq; ch0190 p. pensylvanicum l. (pennsylvania smartweed) a; 2; aq; ch0204 p. ramosissimum michx. (knotweed) a; 2; aq; ch014 p. scandens l. (false buckwheat) p; 2; aq; ch0193 rumex altissimus wood (pale dock) p; 2; daof; ch089 r. crispus l.* (curly dock) p; 3; daof; ch091 r. verticillatus l. (water dock) p; 2; daof; ch07 ranunculaceae clematis pitcheri torr. & gray (pitcher's clematis) p; 2; bf; ch046 ranunculus sceleratus l. (cursed buttercup) a; 2; aq; ch031 rosaceae crataegus viridis l. (green hawthorn) p; 3; bf; ch06 geum canadense jacq. (white avens) p; 2; bf; ch0112 rosa multiflora thunb. ex murr.* (japanese rose) p; 2; daof; ch033 r. setigera michx. (climbing prairie rose) p; 2; daof; ch056 rubus trivialis michx. (southern blackberry) p; 3; bf; ch0105 rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. (buttonbush) p; 2; aq; ch0138 galium aparine l. (catchweed bedstraw) a; 2; bf; ch036 spermacoce glabra michx. (smooth buttonweed) p; 2; aq; ch0155 salicaceae salix nigra marsh. (black willow) p; 2; aq; ch0192 sapindaceae sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l. benson (soapberry) p; 2; bf; ch077 sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. (chittamwood) p; 2; bf; ch0110 scrophulariaceae lindernia dubia (l.) pennell (false pimpernel) a; 2; aq; ch0136 penstemon digitalis nutt. ex sims (smooth penstemon) p; 2; daof; ch045 veronica peregrina l. (purslane speedwell) a; 2; daof; ch024 solanaceae physalis angulata l. (cutleaf ground cherry) a; 2; daof; ch015 solanum carolinense l. (carolina horsenettle) p; 2; daof; ch062 ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. (sugarberry) p; 4; bf; ch01 ulmus alata michx. (winged elm) p; 3; bf; ch032 u. rubra muhl. (slippery elm) p; 4; bf; ch038 urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l. ) sw. (false nettle) p; 2; bf; ch0175 valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. (common beaked cornsalad) a; 2; aq; ch08 verbenaceae phyla lanceolata (michx.) greene (northern fogfruit) p; 2; aq; ch0139 viscaceae phoradendron leucarpum (raf.) reveal & m.c. johnston (eastern mistletoe) p; 2; bf; ch086 vitaceae ampelopsis arborea (l.) koehne (peppervine) p; 2; bf; ch0100 a. cordata michx. (racoon grape) p; 2; bf; ch0147 parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. (virginia creeper) p; 3; bf; ch098 vitis aestivalis michx. (pigeon grape) p; 3; bf; ch0102 v. cinerea (engelm.) millard (sweet grape) p; 2; bf; ch0107 oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 hoagland, b.w. and johnson, f.l. liliopsida alismataceae echinodorus cordifolius (l.) griesb. (creeping burhead) p; 2; aq; ch0177 sagittaria latifolia willd. (duck potato) p; 2; aq; ch0186 araceae arisaema dracontium (l.) schott (green dragon) p; 2; bf; ch0114 cyperaceae carex crus-corvi shuttlw. ex kunze (ravenfoot sedge) p; 2; aq; ch070 c. granularis muhl. ex willd. var. haleana (olney) porter (limestone meadow sedge) p; 2 bf; ch0032 c. hyalinolepis steudel (shoreline sedge) p; 2; aq; ch0089 c. tribuloides wahlenberg (blunt broom sedge) p; 2 bf; ch0103 c. vulpinoidea michx. (fox sedge) p; 2 bf; ch0230 cyperus pseudovegetus stued. (marsh flatsedge) p; 2; aq; ch0114 c. strigosus l. (strawcolored flatsedge) p; 2; aq; ch097 eleocharis compressa sullivant (flatstem spikesedge) p; 4; aq; ch052 e. obtusa (willd.) j.a. schultes (blunt spikesedge) p; 2; aq; ch0039 iridaceae sisyrinchium angustifolium p. mill. (blue eyed grass) p; 2; daof; ch0029 juncaceae juncus acuminatus michx. (tapertip rush) p; 2; aq; ch063 j. effusus l. (soft rush) p; 2; aq; ch024 j. interior wieg. (inland rush) p; 2; aq; ch041 liliaceae allium canadense l. (wild onion) p; 2; daof; ch030 poaceae agrostis hyemalis (walt.) b. s. p. (ticklegrass) p; 2; aq; ch0017 alopecurus carolinianus walt. (carolina foxtail) a; 2; aq; ch0019 andropogon glomeratus (walt.) b. s. p. (broomsedge) p; 3; daof; ch0182 arundinaria gigantea (walt.) mulh. (giant cane) p; 2; bf; ch076 bromus japonicus thunb. ex murr*. (japanese brome) p; 3; daof; ch047 digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop. (hairy crabgrass) a; 3; daof; ch0169 echinochloa colona (l.) link* (barnyard grass) a; 2; aq; ch0205 e. crus-galli (l.) beauv.* (barnyard grass) a; 3; aq; ch0104 e. muricata (beauv.) fern.* (barnyard grass) a; 2; aq; ch0130 elymus virginicus l. (virginia wild rye) p; 2; bf; ch075 eragrostis spectabilis (pursh.) steud. (purple lovegrass) p; 2; bf; ch0196 hordeum pusillum nutt. (little barley) a; 3; daof; ch050 leersia oryzoides (l.) sw. (rice cutgrass) p; 2; aq; ch0181 leptochloa panicea (retz.) ohwi ssp. brachiata (steudl.) n. snow (red sprangletop) a; 2; aq; ch0201 lolium perenne l.* (perennial ryegrass) p; 2; daof; ch048 panicum dichotomiflorum michx. (fall panicum) a; 2; bf; ch0198 paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex fourn. (hairyseed paspalum) p; 2; daof; ch0202 setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen. (knotroot bristlegrass) p; 2; daof; ch0207 s. viridis (l.) beauv.* (green foxtail) a; 2; daof; ch0127 sorghum halepense (l.) pers.* (johnson grass) 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 4, number 1, december 2004 hoagland, b.w. and johnson, f.l. p; 3; daof; ch021 sphenopholis obtusata (michx) scribn. (wedgegrass) p; 2; aq; ch010 tridens flavus (l.) a.s. hitchc. (redtop) p; 3; daof; ch0183 potamogetonaceae potamogeton nodosus poir. (long leaved pondweed) p; 2; aq; ch095 smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. (greenbriar) p; 2; bf; ch097 s. glauca walt. (pale greenbriar) p; 2; bf; ch0119 typhaceae typha domingensis pers. (southern cattail) p; 2; aq; ch0178 table summary of floristic collections at the chouteau wildlife management area, wagoner county, oklahoma. table format follows palmer et al. (1995). taxonomic group species native spp. introduced spp. pteridophyta 1 1 0 magnoliophyta magnoliopsida 137 122 15 liliopsida 43 37 6 total 181 160 21 literature cited branson, c.c. and k.s. johnson. 1979. generalized geologic map of oklahoma. page 4 in k.s. johnson, c.c. branson, n.m. curtis, w. e. ham, w.e. harrison, m.v. marcher, and j.f. roberts, editors, geology and earth resources of oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey, norman. curtis, n.m. and w.e. ham. 1979. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. page 45 in k.s. johnson, c.c. branson, n.m. curtis, w.e. ham, w.e. harrison, m.v. marcher, and j.f. roberts, editors, geology and earth resources of oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey, norman. diggs, g.m., b.l. lipscomb, and r.j. o’kennon. 1999. shinners and mahler’s illustrated flora of north central texas. botanical research institute of texas and austin college, fort worth. oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 4, number 1, december 2004 hoagland, b.w. and johnson, f.l. duck, l.g. and j.b. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. oklahoma department of wildlife conservation, oklahoma city. groves, c.r., m.l. klein, and t.f. breden. 1995. natural heritage programs: public-private partnerships for biodiversity conservation. wildlife society bulletin 23:784-790. hoagland, b.w. 2000. the vegetation of oklahoma: a classification of landscape mapping and conservation planning. southwest naturalist 45:385-420. hoagland, b.w. 2004. atlas of the flora of oklahoma [online]. available: www.biosurvey.ou.edu hoagland, b.w. and a. buthod. 2003. vascular flora of the keystone wildlife management area, creek, pawnee, and osage counties, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 3:23-37. . (accessed on 14 january 2004). hoagland, b.w., p. crawford-callahan, p. crawford, and f.l. johnson. 2004. vascular flora of hackberry flat, frederick lake, and suttle creek, tillman county, oklahoma. sida 21:429-445. hoagland, b.w. and f.l. johnson. 2001. vascular flora of the chickasaw national recreation area, murray county, oklahoma. castanea 66:383-400. hoagland, b.w. and f.l. johnson. 2004. the vascular flora of red slough and grassy slough wildlife management areas, gulf coastal plain, mccurtain county, oklahoma. castanea 69. hoagland, b. w. and n. a. mccarty. 1998. alternanthera philoxeroides (mart.) griseb.(amaranthaceae) new to oklahoma. castanea 63: 194. hoagland, b.w. and k. wallick. 2003. vascular flora of oologah wildlife management area, nowata county, oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy 83:47-62. hunt, c.b. 1974. natural regions of the united states and canada. w. h. freeman, san francisco. oklahoma climatological survey. 2004. oklahoma climatological data [online]. available: http://www.ocs.ou.edu/. oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2004. onhi working list of rare oklahoma plants [online]. available: (accessed on 1 march 2004). http://www.biosurvey. ou.edu/publicat.html. palmer, m.w., g.l. wade, and p. neal. 1995. standards for the writing of floras. bioscience 45:339-345. (accessed on 1 march 2004). polone, d. j. 1976. soil survey of wagoner county, oklahoma. united states department of agriculture, washington d.c. taylor, r.j. and c.s. taylor. 1991. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms, and flowering plants of oklahoma. southeastern oklahoma state university, durant. trewartha, g.t. 1968. an introduction to climate. mcgraw-hill, new york. usda-nrcs 2004. the plants database [online]. available: http://plants.usda.gov/pl ants. waterfall, u.t. 1969. keys to the flora of oklahoma. 4th edition. published by the author, stillwater. national plant data center, baton rouge, la. (accessed on 14 january 2004). five year index to oklahoma native plant r ecord volume 8 4 a floristic study of the vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma, 1975 m. s. thesis, susan c. barber 37 updated list of taxa for vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma, susan c. barber 45 updated flora of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge keith a. carter, pablo rodriguez, and michael t. dunn 57 common spring mushrooms of oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo and nancy s. weber 61 fern habitats and rare ferns in oklahoma, bruce a. smith 67 tribute to paul buck, constance murray volume 9 4 vascular plants of southeastern oklahoma from san bois to the kiamichi mountains, 1969 ph. d. dissertation, f. hobart means 38 composition and structure of bottomland forest vegetation at the tiak research natural area, mccurtain county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and newell a. mccarty 59 is seedling establishment very rare in the oklahoma seaside alder, alnus maritime ssp. oklahomensis? stanley a. rice and j. phil gibson 64 whatever happened to cheilanthes horridula and cheilanthes lindheimeri in oklahoma? bruce a. smith 70 critic’s choice essay: invasive plants versus oklahoma’s biodiversity, chadwick a. cox volume 10 4 the identification of some of the more common native oklahoma grasses by vegetative characters, 1950 m. s. thesis, william franklin harris 34 the vascular flora of hale scout reservation, leflore county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 54 the toxicity of extracts of tephrosia virginiana (fabaceae) in oklahoma, mary gard 65 four western cheilanthoid ferns in oklahoma, bruce a. smith 77 critic’s choice essay: being a method proposed for the ready finding ... to what sort any plant belongeth, ronald j. tyrl volume 11 4 survey of the vascular flora of the boehler seeps and sandhills preserve, ph. d. dissertation, linda gatti clark 22 schoenoplectus hallii, s. saximontanus, and the putative s. hallii x s. saximontanus hybrid: observations from the wichita mountains wildlife refuge and the fort sill military reservation from 20022010, marian smith and paul m. mckenzie 33 spatial genetic structure of the tallgrass prairie grass dichanthelium oligosanthes (scribner’s panicum), molly j. parkhurst, andrew doust, margarita mauro-herrera, janette a. steets, and jeffrey m. byrnes 43 the effects of removal of juniperus virginiana l. trees and litter from a central oklahoma grassland, jerad s. linneman, matthew s. allen, and michael w. palmer 61 the changing forests of central oklahoma: a look at the composition of the cross timbers prior to euro-american settlement, in the 1950s and today, richard e. thomas and bruce w. hoagland 75 critic’s choice essay: some thoughts on oklahoma plants and summer 2011’s exceptional drought, leslie e. cole volume 12 4 possible mechanisms of the exclusion of johnson grass by tall grass prairies, m. s. thesis, marilyn a. semtner 33 a preliminary pawnee ethnobotany checklist, c. randy ledford 43 vascular flora of alabaster caverns state park, cimarron gypsum hills, woodward county, oklahoma, gloria m. caddell and kristi d. rice 63 a comparison of the composition and structure of two oak forests in marshall and pottawatomie counties, bruce smith 69 critic’s choice essay: virtual herbaria come of age, wayne elisens oklahoma native plant society p.o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 13, december 2013: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 ecology and taxonomy of water canyon, canadian county, oklahoma, m. s. thesis constance a. taylor 29 a checklist of the vascular flora of the mary k. oxley nature center, tulsa county, oklahoma amy k. buthod 48 smoke-induced germination in phacelia strictaflora stanley a. rice and sonya l. ross 55 critic’s choice essay: a calvacade of oklahoma botanists in oklahoma contributors to our knowledge of the flora of oklahoma ronald j. tyrl and paula a. shryock five year index to okla homa native plant r ecord – inside back cover 2021 oklahoma native plant record 1 oklahoma native plant r ecord journal of the okla hom a native plant society p. o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 volume 21, december 2021 issn 1536-7738 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ editor: gloria caddell production editor: sandy graue electronic production editor: sandy graue manuscript editor: gloria caddell technical advisor: erica corbett the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps is open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. officers and board members president: patrick bell vice-president: shalini chitturi secretary: debbie drinko treasurer: mary korthase past president: bill farris directors at large: kathy doss jim elder joe roberts ric brown dennis martin constance murray chapter chairs: central: micah friedman northeast: kathy doss mycology: nancy hamill committee chairs: historian: fran stallings publicity/merchandise: barbara klein betty kemm award: sue amstutz awards: constance murray membership database ed.: sandy graue mailings/printings: sandy graue gaillardia editor: lynn michael color oklahoma: pearl garrison webmaster: adam ryburn web editors: joe roberts, sandy graue http://www.oknativeplants.org articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution noncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.22.100000 http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ http://www.oknativeplants.org/ https://webmail.suddenlink.net/do/redirect?url=https%253a%252f%252fcreativecommons.org%252flicenses%252f&hmac=c55f81a2d88a183f74295dc18f7bbb4a https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.22.100000 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 oklahoma native plant record volum e 21 ta ble of contents foreword .................................................................................................................................................... 3 growth patterns and ages of trees from martin park nature center, oklahoma county, oklahoma ................................................................................................................................................... 4 chad b. king measuring changes in phenology of oklahoma asteraceae using herbarium specimens ......... 12 john a. unterschuetz, jennifer a. messick, and abigail j. moore literature review of dendrochronology research in oklahoma, u.s.a. ...................................... 34 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king cold stratification of salvia azurea var. grandiflora benth. (lamiaceae) seeds to break dormancy ...................................................................................................................... 53 samantha coplen critic's choice essay: musings at dusk .................................................................................................... 62 paul buck† editorial policies and procedures ......................................................................................................... 64 five year index to oklahoma native plant record ............................................... inside back cover † indicates an author who is deceased cover photo: eryngium leavenworthii (leavenworth’s eryngo) 2004 photo contest entry by ellen jonsson 2019 oklahoma native plant record 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick 10.22488/okstate.20.100001 historical land cover along the deep fork river: an analysis of vegetation composition and distribution of the deep fork national wildlife refuge, okmulgee county, oklahoma, circa 1897 bruce hoagland oklahoma natural heritage inventory and department of geography and environmental sustainability university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 bhoagland@ou.edu rick thomas daryn hardwick department of geography and environmental sustainability university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 keywords: deep fork river, public land survey, historical land cover, bearing trees abstract north american vegetation has been extensively modified by human activity. restoring the landscape to past conditions is a strategy for species conservation, but this requires access to reliable data that describes those conditions. here we use plat and bearing tree data collected during the public land survey of 1897 (pls) to describe the vegetation at the deep fork national wildlife refuge. we digitized five township plats and recorded data for all bearing trees. of the six land cover types, forest (67%) and grassland (29%) were the most extensive. surveyors recorded 708 individual bearing trees. post oak (quercus stellata wangenh.) (199 stems), red oak (q. rubra l.) (140), and blackjack oak (q. marilandica münchh) (92) were the most common trees. some proportion of the trees identified as red oak were most likely black oak (quercus velutina lam.) and/or shumard oak (quercus shumardii buckley var. shumardii). eastern red cedar (juniperus virginiana l.) was not recorded as a bearing tree but was recorded in the line notes. at the time of the pls survey, the study area exhibited modification. although the pls began in oklahoma in 1870, the creek nation was surveyed beginning in 1896. introduction north american vegetation has been extensively modified or obliterated by human activity, which is certainly the case in oklahoma. the extent and pace of these changes began to accelerate in the 19th century. although the use of fire and clearing for settlements by the original occupants of the continent affected vegetation (cronon 1983), the rate accelerated following westward expansion by euro-americans (flannery 2002; goudie 2005). the result has been a significant loss of and fragmentation of habitat which exacerbates the likelihood of extinction for many species (turner and meyer 1991; hanski 2011). to stem the loss of both, ecologists have turned to the practice of habitat restoration. but this begs the mailto:bhoagland@ou.edu oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick question, what were the environmental conditions and habitat composition in early north american history? to address this question, many have turned to the records of the public land survey (pls), which was established by passage of the land ordinance on 20 may 1785 by the continental congress (white 1983; brothers 1991). the general land office (glo) was responsible for conducting the pls. the land ordinance required that areas in the u.s. territories be delineated into congressional townships of 36 mile2 (9,323.96 hectares), each of which was further subdivided into 36 sections of 1 mile2. surveyors were instructed to describe the vegetation and physical features encountered during the survey in the form of written notes and on mapped township plats (brothers 1991; stewart 1935). the surveyors were also required to mark "witness trees" to aid in the relocation of survey landmarks. the procedure involved measuring the distance from the survey landmark to the nearest trees: one tree in each of four quarters where section-lines intersect and one on opposite sides of the survey line for quarter sections (figure 1). the species name (typically common name was recorded, but scientific binomials were provided by surveyors in some states), stem diameter, and distance were recorded for each witness tree (whitney and decant 2001). bearing tree 1 bearing tree 2 bearing tree 3 bearing tree 4 point to tree distance congressional township (6 miles by 6 miles, or 36 mile2 in area) of 36 sections (1 mile by 1 mile, or 1 mile2 in area). figure 1 process for locating bearing trees employed by surveyors of the public land survey. as surveyors established quarter section lines, they were required to stop at half mile intervals and measure the distance and diameter of trees in adjacent sections and record an identification. this information was used to relocate section corners and assist settlers by providing them the legal description for their land claims. 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick although the intent of the pls was to parcel land and not to gather ecological data, these records have been useful for evaluating the composition and distribution of vegetation and land-use of the past (bourdo 1956; whitney and decant 2001). as such, the pls data can be used to develop a baseline of environmental conditions prior to extensive euroamerican settlement and aid in the analysis of land cover change over time (galatowitsch 1990; schulte and mladenoff 2001). the pls began in oklahoma with the establishment of the initial point in the arbuckle mountains in 1871 (hoagland 2006). though lagging behind other states in the analysis of pls data (fagin and hoagland 2002), recent studies have analyzed these data for locations in the cross timbers region. each of these studies addressed questions about the composition and structure of cross timbers vegetation in the 1870s and whether native-invasive species were detectable in the data (i.e., juniperus virginiana l. or prosopis glandulosa torr.). two of these studies focused on the arbuckle mountains region. shutler and hoagland (2004) analyzed the witness tree data for carter county in 1871 and found that only one “cedar” tree (juniperus ashei buchholz or j. virginiana) was reported. fagin and hoagland (2010) modeled the distribution of witness trees in relation to geology and soils in the arbuckle mountains using the pls data from 1871 and a second pls dataset from 1890 and discovered four individual cedars reported in the bearing tree data of the first survey and seven in the second. hoagland et al. (2013) analyzed pls data from the wichita mountains national wildlife refuge and found juniperus virginiana and prosopis glandulosa, both a modern ecological and economic threat (van auken 2000), were present in the 1870s and 1890s. thomas (2010) used the pls plats and witness tree data to investigate the role of rivers as landscape barriers to the spread of fire and the resulting difference in vegetation composition. given the ever-changing nature of bottomland and upland forest vegetation in oklahoma, the objective of this study was to analyze pls records for the deep fork national wildlife refuge (dfnwr) and adjacent areas to establish a baseline of landscape and vegetation conditions for refuge personnel. although the pls started in the 1870s in present day oklahoma (hoagland 2006), creek tribal lands were not surveyed until the 1890s, by which time landscape transformation was well underway. we used qualitative data consisting of written timber descriptions, each of which lists predominant and cooccurring species and the physical setting in which the surveys were conducted. quantitative data consisted of both bearing tree records (e.g., point-to-plant distance, diameter-at-breast height) and plats for determination of land cover types and their extent. the bearing tree data provides insight regarding the species composition and vegetation structure (e.g., basal area and stem density). study area the deep fork national wildlife refuge (096o00’21.6”w to 095o54’39.6”w and 35o34’51.6”n to 35o32’24.1”n) (figure 2) was established in 1993 to protect 3,925 ha of forested and herbaceous emergent wetlands habitats (united states fish and wildlife service 2019). the ecological significance of the bottomland hardwood forests of the deep fork river has been long recognized (brabander et al. 1985). the dfnwr is located in the subtropical humid (cf) climate zone (trewartha 1968), with warm (mean july temperature 27.28oc) and humid summers and relatively short and mild (mean january temperature 2.68oc) winters. mean annual oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick precipitation is 110 cm (oklahoma climatological survey 2019). the dfnwr lies within the osage plains section of the central lowlands province (hunt 1974) and within the eastern sandstone cuesta plains province of oklahoma. the surface geology is pennsylvanian sandstones and quaternary alluvium (curtis et al. 2008). soil associations at the dfnwr are predominantly the verdigris-lightningpulaski association (nearly level, deep, loamy floodplain soils) and the konawa-stidham (nearly level to sloping, deep, sandy soils). the hector-hartsells (very gently sloping to steep, moderately deep soils on forested uplands) and the taloka (nearly level, deep soils on prairies) occupy the uplands (sparwasser et al. 1968). figure 2 an example of a plat as mapped by the general land office in 1896 that includes portions of the deep fork national wildlife refuge. the township is 13 north and range 13 east of the indian meridian. features on the plat include okmulgee in the northwest corner, the deep fork of the canadian river, ponds, agricultural field, fencing, and forest woodlands. source: general land office records (www.glorecords.blm.gov) http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/ 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick duck and fletcher (1943) mapped the potential natural vegetation (or as they wrote game types) of okmulgee county as post oak-blackjack oak forest and tallgrass prairie, with a distinct band of bottomland forest following the deep fork river. duck and fletcher describe the post oak-blackjack oak forest as “the overstory is largely composed of post oak (quercus stellata), blackjack oak (q. marilandica), and black hickory (carya texana) with the percent of blackjack oak increasing in the composition as one moves west through the post oak blackjack game type. the understory is made up of little bluestem (schizachyrium scoparium), big bluestem (andropogon gerardii), and other species depending upon the site.” the tallgrass prairie “consists of a mixture of such species as big bluestem (andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (schizachyrium scoparium), indian grass (sorghastrum nutans), switch grass (panicum virgatum), and silver beard grass (bothriochloa saccharoides), in the eastern portions of the type…” as mapped by duck and fletcher, the bottomland forest type extends from southeast oklahoma to the panhandle as one unit. in the text of the report, however, they describe regional variation in vegetation composition. the following text most closely describes the bottomland forest communities of okmulgee county: “typical stream growth in central oklahoma within the tallgrass prairie game type consists of american elm (ulmus americana), chinquapin oak (quercus muhlenbergii), post oak (quercus stellata), blackjack oak (quercus marilandica), hackberry (celtis laevigata and/or c. occidentalis), chittamwood (bumelia lanuginosa) [sideroxylon lanuginosum michx.], cottonwood (populus deltoides), chickasaw plum (prunus angustifolia), fragrant sumac (rhus trilobata nutt.) [r. aromatica aiton], smooth sumac (rhus glabra), and rough leafed dogwood (cornus drummondii). black oaks, pecan (carya illinoensis) [c. illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch], sycamore (platanus occidentalis), bitternut (carya cordiformis) and walnut (juglans nigra) are more common southward and eastward.” it should be noted that in regard to forest vegetation, many floristic elements of the eastern oak-hickory forest and southern bottomland forest flora are present in the study area. the land-use history of the county has obscured some of the patterns of the historic vegetation. clearing and conversion to agriculture of the bottomland forests along the deep fork river began in the 19th century, with restricted clearing following removal of the creek nation to indian territory. the rate of change accelerated following passage of the dawes act and the allotment of tribal lands. in the mid-20th century, land abandonment allowed some areas to return to quercus palustris-carya illinoinensis/ilex decidua and ulmus rubra-celtis laevigata-fraxinus pennsylvanica bottomland forests (hoagland 2000). many hectares in the area are still used for pasturage, much of which was converted from native grasses to schedonorus arundinaceus (schreb.) dumort. (sparwasser et al. 1968). materials and methods the pls records provide three important sources of information, each of which was utilized here: township plats, witness or bearing tree records, and line summaries. the plats and the field notes of the survey were acquired from the bureau of land management (www.glorecords.blm.gov) for the townships 12n 12e (survey date: 1897), 12n 13e (1898), 13n 12e (1897), 13n 13e (1897), and 14n 12e (1897). plats township plats (see figure 2) were georeferenced and digitized using arcgis pro. features that were digitized from a plat were attributed to one of the following data layers: vegetation (forest, grassland, and oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick wetland), hydrology (streams, rivers, springs, and ponds), agriculture (cultivated fields), transportation (roads, trails, and railroads), and settlement (residences, schools, and other cultural features). once a township was digitized, each data layer was edited, attributed, and joined with adjacent plats. fragstats (mcgarigal et al. 2012) calculates landscape metrics from geospatial data and was used to determine landscape/land cover composition and patterns. for this study, area of a land cover type, number of patches, mean patch size, and patch size standard deviation were calculated. the term patch refers to individual polygons or occurrences of a land cover type. class area is a measure of the total area occupied by a particular land cover type, number of patches is a count of individual occurrences of a given land cover type, and mean patch size is an average value of the number of patches for a land cover type. bearing trees the bearing tree data were used to determine which woody plant species were present and to calculate the stand structure metrics of basal area (ba), the proportion of stems of one species to the total number of stems (ps), and an importance value (iv). note that biases toward larger trees have been identified in the surveyor’s selection of bearing trees (bourdo 1956). we did not calculate, however, stand density (number of stems or individual tree trunks per unit area). previous literature employing pls data have calculated tree density using the point-center-quarter and other “plotless” methods (schulte and mladenoff 2001). these methods were intended to quickly collect data using transects from points at regular intervals in distinct forest types (cottam and curtis 1956). the pls collected data at intervals of 0.5 mile (804.7 m), crossing multiple plant community types and environmental gradients. in addition, the points sampled by the pls represent a township, an area of 36 mile2 (9,323.96 hectares). finally, it is important to remember that the pls data were not collected to characterize ecological communities or forest stand demographics, but they are the best available data for quantitative analysis of woody plant communities of the past. basal area (ba) is a measure of the cross-sectional area of each tree trunk within a given area. we used tree diameter data recorded by the pls to calculate ba according to wenger (1984) for each species, using the formula area=πr2. relative basal area (rba) was calculated as rba=σ bai/σ bat x 100, where bai is the total ba of a species and bat is the total ba of all species. we calculated the proportion of stems (ps) as the following formula: ps=σ si/σ st x 100, where si is the number of stems of a species and st is the total number of stems of all species. the iv is a measure of the predominance of species in a dataset or at a site and in this study is the sum of rba + ps. line notes and township summaries line summaries provide supplemental information that facilitates the development of a thorough description of ecological conditions at the time of the survey. unlike the bearing tree and plat data, these are narrative statements. we parsed the line descriptions into three categories: surface, vegetation, and soils. surveyors noted the surface or topography of an area in a broad sense, using terms such as level, hilly, or rolling. the vegetation descriptions were typically a list of taxa present, with occasional notations as to which were more 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick common. the protocol for soil description is rather obscure and the categories undefined. typically, a surveyor ranked the soil on a scale of 1–4 and occasionally supplied an adjective such as sandy or rocky. rarely were other details presented. it is important to recall, however, that this information was intended to inform the general land office and settlers of agricultural potential and not ecological conditions. township descriptions presented the same three categories of information, with additional remarks about settlement and other aspects of the township as a whole. table 1 landscape metrics calculated for the land cover in the townships encompassing the deep fork national wildlife refuge, okmulgee county, oklahoma landcover class area (ha) number of patches mean patch size (ha) patch size standard deviation forest 28849.7 3.0 9616.6 13598.6 grassland 12393.2 27.0 459.0 904.4 agricultural fields 910.0 55.0 16.5 23.4 wetland 643.7 13.0 49.5 91.4 slough 47.9 4.0 12.0 12.4 lake 75.5 26.0 2.9 3.3 total 42920.0 128.0 results and discussion plats of the six land cover categories appearing on the plats, forest and woodland vegetation constituted 67% of the landcover in the study area for 1897 (table 1). approximately one third of the study area was grassland vegetation. no other category exceeded 3.0% of the total area. regarding the categories presented in the map legend (figure 3), two points need to be made. first, as noted earlier, the study area lies on the eastern flank of the post oak-blackjack oak forest (duck and fletcher 1943). this region is known colloquially as the cross timbers, a mosaic of forest, woodland, and grassland vegetation. second, the map category “forest and woodland” used here was not employed by the pls surveyors. this designation was adopted because within the cross timbers both forest and woodland vegetation were present, probably on south and west facing slopes (hoagland et al. 1999). a similar issue arises with the term "grassland". the surveyors use the term prairie, but given the degree of settlement in the townships analyzed, areas of grassland were likely grazed by livestock, as were the adjacent woodlands. oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick although forest-woodland vegetation occupies the greatest area, it has the fewest number of patches, indicating it is a matrix community type. it is misleading, however, to assume this is all one type of forest. as noted by the surveyors, the area is a combination of upland and bottomland forest. this distinction was not made when the plats were drawn, unfortunately. grasslands were much smaller in total extent but had a greater number of patches, indicating that grasslands were embedded within the forest-woodland matrix and were likely bordered by woodlands. figure 3 land cover in the townships encompassing the deep fork national wildlife refuge, okmulgee county, oklahoma, 1897. the map was prepared by digitizing 5 township plats developed by the public land survey in indian territory. 12 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick there were 55 agricultural fields averaging 16.5 hectares. most were bordered by one or more of the 83 built structures (residences or barns, though the surveyors did not denote which type) mapped in the study area. the majority of agricultural fields were in lowland locations where soils tend to be level and fertile. the 93 fenced areas typically enclosed agricultural fields and/or built structures. at this time in american history, fences were constructed to exclude livestock and protect crops (hart and mather 1957). symbology on the plats indicates that the vast majority of fencing was barbed wire, with a smaller quantity of rail fencing. bearing trees surveyors documented the occurrence of 702 stems, or individual trees, representing 22 taxa of woody plants. all taxa encountered by surveyors were also reported as occurring on the dfnwr by hoagland and buthod (2017) with the exception of q. nigra l. and q. rubra l., nor was either species reported from the adjacent deep fork wildlife management area or eufaula wildlife management area, deep fork unit (hoagland and johnson 2005). there are records for both species, however, in okmulgee county in the oklahoma vascular plants database (2019). confounding this is the high number of stems (n=140) and importance value (iv=41) for q. rubra, indicating that it was a common tree at the time of the survey. although that possibility cannot be dismissed, surveyors did not collect specimens for identification, so two matters should be considered. first, the dfnwr is on the western extent of the geographic range for q. rubra, and therefore high abundance is unlikely. second, some of the 140 individuals were possibly misidentified and in fact are q. shumardii buckley or other members of the red oak group that have been documented at the dfnwr (q. falcata michx., q. palustris münchh., and q. velutina lam.). several taxa were reported to the genus level only (elm, hickory, maple, ash, birch). identifications can be posited as to species in two instances. it is reasonable to conclude that the maple reported by surveyors is acer saccharinum l., a common tree of levees and streamsides in the area, and because a. saccharum marsh. is not reported from the area. the same is true of the birch, which is most likely betula nigra l. additionally, only one species of hackberry (celtis laevigata willd.) is reported from dfnwr, but c. occidentalis l. is also reported from okmulgee county (ovpd 2019). adding resolution to the identification of other trees identified to the genus level is more problematic. for example, two species of ash (fraxinus americana l. and f. pennsylvanica marsh.) and two species of hickories (carya cordiformis [wangenh.] k. koch and c. texana buckley) have been reported from the dfnwr. likewise, four species of elm have been reported from the dfnwr: ulmus alata michx., u. americana l., u. rubra muhl., and u. pumila l. the latter is a non-native species that was not reported from oklahoma until 1934 (hoagland 2019). the high number of stems for post oak recorded by surveyors is consistent with the cross timbers vegetation (hoagland et al. 1999). the typical cross timbers codominant is blackjack oak, which is third in the order of importance (table 2). several species reported reflect the extensive bottomland forests in the area: pecan (carya illinoinensis), eastern cottonwood (populus deltoides w. bartram ex marshall), water oak (q. nigra), bur oak (q. macrocarpa michx.), and q. palustris. the low number of blackjack oak stems, which approach a ratio of 2:1 post oak:blackjack oak in the cross timbers (rice and penfound 1959), reflects the eastern location of the sites and the higher diversity of forest types. oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick table 2 woody plant species recorded by general land office surveyors circa 1897 in the townships encompassing the deep fork national wildlife refuge, okmulgee county, oklahoma. the scientific name was derived by the authors from the common name recorded by surveyors. ba = basal area, calculated in meters2; rba = relative basal area; stems = the number of individuals stems recorded by surveyors; ps = proportion of stems; iv = importance value. ba (m2) rba stems ps iv post oak quercus stellata 18.53 32.80 199 28.11 60.91 red oak quercus rubra 12.47 22.06 140 19.77 41.48 blackjack oak quercus marilandica 5.88 10.40 92 12.99 23.40 oak quercus spp. 5.90 10.44 52 7.34 17.79 elm ulmus spp. 3.58 6.33 67 9.46 15.79 hickory carya spp. 2.12 3.75 37 5.23 8.97 water oak quercus nigra 1.80 3.19 33 4.66 7.85 black oak quercus velutina 1.29 2.29 23 3.25 5.54 ash fraxinus sp. 0.91 1.61 14 1.98 3.59 bur oak quercus macrocarpa 1.03 1.82 11 1.55 3.38 walnut juglans nigra 0.62 1.10 8 1.13 2.23 pecan carya illinoensis 0.47 0.83 6 0.85 1.68 hackberry celtis spp. 0.38 0.67 5 0.71 1.38 maple acer spp. 0.32 0.57 5 0.71 1.27 cottonwood populus deltoides 0.52 0.92 2 0.28 1.20 persimmon diospyros virginiana 0.22 0.38 5 0.71 1.09 birch betula sp. 0.22 0.39 3 0.42 0.82 sycamore platanus occidentalis 0.07 0.12 2 0.28 0.40 box elder acer negundo 0.05 0.09 1 0.14 0.23 mulberry morus rubra 0.05 0.09 1 0.14 0.23 pin oak quercus palustris 0.05 0.09 1 0.14 0.23 spanish oak quercus falcata 0.02 0.04 1 0.14 0.19 14 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick line notes there were 205 line notes recorded by the surveyors. woody plant communities were described as “timber” rather than “forest” in the line notes. the term would appear alone or with the adjectives “heavy” or “scattering”, providing a subjective indication of tree density in the area. on three occasions the terms “slough”, “swamp”, and “swampy” were used to describe the vegetation along the deep fork river. although these terms have multiple definitions, the surveyors were presumably referring to forested wetlands because of the accompanying phrases such as “heavy timber with dense underbrush.” forest understory was described in terms such as “dense underbrush of briars and vines” (n=9). interestingly, the surveyors did distinguish between pastures (n=8) and prairies (n=75), providing evidence of active livestock grazing in the area. the terms appear together in two descriptions, “scattering timber, prairie glade, pasture” and “timber, pasture, dense underbrush, prairie.” these are also examples of how surveyors would report the vegetation encountered along the survey line in strings. grasslands also appeared in bottomlands, as indicated by the description “timber, river bottom and heavy timber, prairie” (n=2). the surveyors reported three trees in the line notes that do not appear as a bearing tree: cedar, dogwood, and locust. the cedar is most likely juniperus virginiana. the dogwood could be either roughleaf dogwood (cornus drummondii c.a. mey), flowering dogwood (c. florida l.), or as recently reported from dfnwr, stiff dogwood (c. foemina mill.) (hoagland and buthod 2017). although both bristly locust (robinia hispida l.) and black locust (r. pseudoacacia l.) were reported from dfnwr (hoagland and buthod 2017), the locust in question is most likely honeylocust (gleditsia triacanthos l.), a common tree of bottomland forests. conclusions the pls records from 1897 clearly illustrate a transformation from bottomland forests, cross timbers forest and woodlands, and tallgrass prairie to an anthropogenic landscape. the extent of the transformation is limited, given that agricultural fields are relatively small and scattered. there are many subtleties, however, that are not revealed by the pls records, such as the impact of livestock. pastures, for example, were not mapped by the surveyors but were mentioned in the line notes. livestock, both cattle and swine, likely foraged in prairie and woodland, thus impacting herbaceous species composition. the taxa represented among the bearing trees are part of the modern flora. the abundance of j. virginiana, a native invasive, is low, but this is not surprising considering the percentage of forested land cover. the pls records have demonstrated utility in describing this landscape of the past, even if it is not a snapshot of the primeval forest. acknowledgments the authors thank gloria caddell and chad king for their thoughtful and constructive comments, as well as those of two reviewers. literature cited bourdo e.a. 1956. a review of the general land office survey and of its use in quantitative studies of former forests. ecology 37:754–768. brabander, j.j., r.e. masters, and r.m. short. 1985. bottomland hardwoods of eastern oklahoma. tulsa (ok): u.s. fish and wildlife service. brothers t. 1991. the u.s. general land office survey as a basis for biogeography exercises. journal of geography 90:18–26. oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick cottam g. and j.t. curtis. 1956. the use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling. ecology 37:451–460. cronon, w. 1983. changes in the land: indians, colonists, and the ecology of new england. new york (ny): hill and wang. curtis, n.m., w.e. ham, and k.s. johnson. 2008. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza, eds. earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. duck, l.g. and j.b. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. in: a survey of the game and furbearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma city (ok): oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. fagin, t.d. and b.w. hoagland. 2002. in search of the forest primeval: the use of land survey records in reconstructing past landscapes and evaluating human impact. north american geographer 4: 1–20. fagin, t.d. and b.w. hoagland. 2010. patterns from the past: modeling public land survey witness tree distributions with weights-of-evidence. plant ecology 212:207–217. flannery, t. 2002. the eternal frontier: an ecological history of north america and its peoples. new york (ny): grove press. galatowitsch, s.m. 1990. using the original land survey notes to reconstruct presettlement landscapes in the american west. great basin naturalist 50:181–191. goudie, a. 2005. the human impact on the natural environment. oxford (england): blackwell publishing. hanski, i. 2011. habitat loss, the dynamics of biodiversity, and a perspective on conservation. ambio 40:248–255. hart, j.f. and e.c. mather. 1957. the american fence. landscape 6:4–9. hoagland, b.w. 2000. the vegetation of oklahoma: a classification for landscape mapping and conservation planning. southwestern naturalist 45:385–420. hoagland b.w. 2006. township and range survey system, in: c.r. goins and d. goble, eds. historical atlas of oklahoma. norman (ok): university of oklahoma press. hoagland, b.w. 2019. an assessment of invasive status of non-native vascular plants in oklahoma. phytoneuron 49:1-18. hoagland, b.w. and a.k. buthod. 2017. vascular flora of the deep fork national wildlife refuge, okmulgee county, oklahoma. castanea 82:32–45. hoagland, b.w., i. butler, f.l. johnson, and s.m. glenn. 1999. the cross timbers. in: anderson, r.c., j. fralish, and j. baskins, eds. savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop communities of north america. cambridge (england): cambridge university press. hoagland b.w. and f.l. johnson. 2005. vascular flora of the deep fork river in okmulgee, creek, and okfuskee counties, oklahoma. publications of the oklahoma biological survey 6:15–29. hoagland, b.w., j. messick, m. rahman, and t. fagin. 2013. vegetation patterns in wichita mountains national wildlife refuge, oklahoma; an analysis of general land office survey records from 1874 and 1905. publications of the oklahoma biological survey 12:1–14. hunt, c.b. 1974. natural regions of the united states and canada. san francisco (ca): w.h. freeman. mcgarigal, k., s.a. cushman, and e. ene. 2012. fragstats v4: spatial pattern analysis program for categorical and continuous maps. amherst (ma): university of massachusetts. https://www.umass.edu/landeco/resear ch/fragstats/fragstats.html oklahoma climatological survey. 2019. climate facts by county. https://climate.ok.gov/index.php/clima te/county_climate//local_data (1 november 2019) https://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstate.html https://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstate.html https://climate.ok.gov/index.php/climate/county_climate/local_data https://climate.ok.gov/index.php/climate/county_climate/local_data 16 oklahoma native plant record volume 19, december 2019 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick oklahoma vascular plants database (ovpd). 2019. https://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/atlasdes c.html (1 november 2019) rice e.l. and w.t. penfound. 1959. the upland forests of oklahoma. ecology 40:593–608. schulte l.a. and d.j. mladenoff. 2001. the original us public land survey records: their use and limitations in reconstructing presettlement vegetation. journal of forestry 99:5–10. shutler a. and b.w. hoagland. 2004. vegetation patterns in carter county, oklahoma, 1871. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 84:19–26. sparwasser, s.g., v.a. bogard, and o.g. henson. 1968. soil survey of okmulgee county, oklahoma. washington (dc): united states department of agriculture. stewart, l.o. 1935. public land surveys: history, instructions, methods. ames (ia): collegiate press. thomas, r. 2010. pre-settlement cross timbers in central oklahoma. [master’s thesis]. norman (ok): university of oklahoma. trewartha g.t. 1968. an introduction to climate. new york (ny): mcgraw-hill. turner ii, b.l. and w.b. meyer. 1991. global land-use and land-cover change: an overview. in: meyer, w.b. and b.l. turner ii, eds. changes in land use and land cover: a global perspective. cambridge (england): cambridge university press. united states fish and wildlife service. 2019. deep fork national wildlife refuge. https://www.fws.gov/refuge/deep_for k/ (1 november 2019). van auken o.w. 2000. shrub invasions of north american semiarid grasslands. annual review of ecology and systematics 31:197–215. wenger, k.f. 1984. forestry handbook, 2nd ed. new york (ny): wiley-interscience. white, c.a. 1983. a history of the rectangular survey system. washington (dc): u.s. department of the interior, bureau of land management. whitney g.g. and j.p. decant. 2001. government land office survey and other early land surveys. in: egan, d. and e.a. howell, eds. historical ecology handbook. washington (dc): island press. https://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/atlasdesc.html https://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/atlasdesc.html https://www.fws.gov/refuge/deep_fork/ https://www.fws.gov/refuge/deep_fork/ journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 5, number 1, december 2005 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 98 editorial tribute to john taylor it‟s no wonder that the taylors have been responsible for the identification and distribution information of more native oklahoma species than anyone else, worldwide; john loved working in the field more than anything else he did. he and connie traveled extensively and exhaustively throughout their careers. he was active in the oklahoma academy of science and oklahoma native plant society and connie, even in her retirement, continues her active participation in these organizations. it is an honor to include john‟s 1967 master‟s thesis in this volume of the oklahoma native plant record, as we continue to bring historic and significant scientific work into the hands of today‟s botanists and ecologists. we thank connie for updating the format and condensing some of the information for optimal access by current readers. she helped john collect data and prepared the original manuscript for his thesis. she is still a major source of taxonomic expertise for oklahoma species and the following testimonials are a tribute to her work as well. “the book „an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma‟ has been indispensable to me and my students over the past fifteen years. it has been so helpful to be able to consult it when a plant didn‟t fit the waterfall keys, and to find that there were species new to oklahoma that we might have in hand. the lists of synonyms and distribution information have been equally helpful. i am so grateful that john and connie taylor undertook this tedious task to help expedite the identification of the oklahoma plants.” gloria caddell, professor of biology, csu herbarium, university of central oklahoma “i met dr. taylor rather late in his life, as he had already retired at the time, but remember very well a field trip he co-led with connie for the onps, along the talimena trail in, i think, 1998. it had been very dry, and there weren‟t many plants in bloom, but the two of them knew every plant we passed, whether blooming or not. along the way he pulled up a carex seedling and gave it to me to grow, saying, “this is quite rare in oklahoma”. it was, and still is. it later bloomed for me on a place i built for it in cleveland county, and by that time i knew enough to know it as carex atlantica. but john‟s most endearing contribution to oklahoma plants was that „…annotated list…‟ at a time when the usda database was only an unreliable hatchling, apt to go off-line at irregular intervals, that list was the best reference we had for the organization of the flora of oklahoma project. using it, we were able to determine workloads and make assignments. it is still the best available source for information about whether a plant is native or not, where to look for it, or why it has three scientific names! only someone who understood and sympathized with the plight of beginning botanists in oklahoma could have produced such a valuable book.” patricia folley, bebb herbarium, university of oklahoma. “i use the annotated list constantly, both for my own personal gratification in https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100041 oklahoma native plant record 99 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 my home landscape and for professional landscape planting projects for clients. it is my bedrock concerning the suitability of planting in the different regions of oklahoma.” susan chambers, owner rose rock landscaping, midwest city, oklahoma “i did not have the opportunity to know john taylor very well; however, i greatly appreciate his contributions to the flora of oklahoma. in particular, the „an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma‟ is an invaluable resource. my students and i use the list several times a week. student workers (usually work-study students who may not be biology majors) manage our small herbarium and without the list they would be lost. john and connie‟s list is the first reference that i use to resolve a nomenclature issue.” monica macklin, instructor of biology, joe m. anderson herbarium, northeastern state university “at 7:30 a.m. on saturday, march 18, 1989, i left home in noble to drive to durant for an onps field trip. it was cold and blustery, as march usually is. john taylor was to be our trip leader with jim norman‟s assistance. i had been on only a few such outings and was excited. however, i had reservations about the weather. it was more like a day to stay inside and read. we were to meet at a restaurant on the outskirts of town. when i arrived john and jim were there alone. the three of us were the only ones to show up. i felt badly because john had gone to a lot of trouble to set up a display of things we could expect to see that day, in the school‟s herbarium at east central state college. then we proceeded on an extensive driving and walking trip to several locations and john was just as instructive and patient with only one student as he would have been with a dozen or more. sixteen years later i don‟t remember many details except that somewhere we saw seaside alder growing in a bar ditch and i realized that my miniature pinecone earrings that had been dipped in gold were actually seaside alder cones. i had never even heard of them before. in spite of my earlier misgivings and disappointment that we hadn‟t had more people, it turned out to be one of the best experiences of my life. i will always remember that trip and all the special attention i received as an only student with two excellent teachers.” incidentally, john and connie‟s book (an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma) has made it possible for me to convince a lot of people that i know more about oklahom” ruth boyd, charter member of the central chapter of onps “john and connie taylor‟s, an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma” is one of the most valuable publications about oklahoma plants i own. it is certainly the first one i reach for when i want to know a plant‟s range, use, and common name. i wish i could have taken field trips with the taylors. what an adventure that would have been!” marilyn stewart, owner, wild things nursery, seminole, oklahoma his work has benefitted many more oklahoma botanists than he knew or could ever have met. that number will surely increase in the coming decades. ss onps 2021 oklahoma native plant record oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 21, december 2021 foreword this issue of the oklahoma native plant record contains two dendrochronology reports, a phenological study of oklahoma asteraceae, and a study of the effect of cold stratification on germination of seeds of a native plant. these studies provide evidence of how land-use changes and abiotic factors affect oklahoma plant communities and native species as well as provide insight into how future changes could impact our native flora. chad king from the university of central oklahoma investigated the growth patterns and ages of trees at martin park nature center in north oklahoma city. he reports that some trees in this park are approaching a century in age. through the analysis of tree-rings, he was able to determine when trees of various species became established, and document variation in annual growth over time, indicating periods of growth suppression and growth release that might be due to land-use practices after the park was established in 1963. john unterschuetz and abigail moore from the university of oklahoma, and jennifer messick from the university of central oklahoma investigated the flowering phases of herbarium specimens of four native asteraceae (sunflower family) species that had been collected since the early 1900s. their goal was to determine if there was evidence of shifts in flowering times related to changing climatic conditions. carmen esqueda and chad king of the university of central oklahoma provide a literature review of dendrochronological research conducted solely within the state of oklahoma, beginning almost 100 years ago. common research topics included age-diameter/growth rate, stand dynamics, climate, fire history, and some combinations of these topics. post oak, blackjack oak, and eastern redcedar were the most frequently studied species. the authors identify understudied species and research topics that might stimulate additional dendrochronological research in the state. samantha coplen from the university of central oklahoma investigated the effect of cold stratification on germination of seeds of the pitcher sage, salvia azurea var. grandiflora. studies such as this, by documenting the germination probability of seeds exposed to different lengths of cold stratification, can give insight into whether climate change could reduce germination probability in the future. this issue's critic’s choice essay was written by paul buck for the fall 1998 gaillardia. it describes his attempts to verbalize what i suspect we all experience when we take time to reflect on the immense beauty of oklahoma landscapes. he encourages us to extend our observations past dusk to experience the transition in sights, sounds, and scents from daylight to dark. please consider publishing your work in the oklahoma native plant record. it is listed in the directory of open access journals, is abstracted by the centre for agricultural bioscience international, and can be accessed by researchers around the world. gloria caddell managing editor 2020 five year index and back cover five year index to oklahom a n ative plant r ecord volume 15 4 preface to first flowering dates for central oklahoma, wayne elisens 6 first flowering dates for central oklahoma, ben osborn 19 forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia, oklahoma county, oklahoma (1820–2014), chad king 31 interplanting floral resource plants with vegetable plants enhances beneficial arthropod abundance in a home garden, chrisdon b. bonner, eric j. rebek, janet c. cole, brian a. kahn, and janette a. steets 49 contributions to the flora of cimarron county and the black mesa area, amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 78 antifungal activity in extracts of plants from southwestern oklahoma against aspergillus flavus, tahzeeba frisby and cameron university students 96 kudzu, pueraria montana (lour.) merr. abundance and distribution in oklahoma, marli claytor and karen r. hickman 105 critic’s choice essay: mistletoe, phoradendron serotinum (raf.) johnston, paul buck† volume 16 4 pollination ecology of sabatia campestris nutt. (gentianaceae), constance e. taylor 10 the structure of the gynostegium, breeding system, and pollination ecology of spider milkweed, asclepias viridis walt. (apocynaceae), m. s. thesis, shang-wen liaw 45 a floristic inventory of the university of oklahoma’s kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county, oklahoma, amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 64 effects of fire severity on habitat recovery in a mixed grass prairie ecosystem, laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano 78 critic’s choice essay: a conversation with a small beetle, paul buck† volume 17 4 a study of the flowering plants of tulsa county, oklahoma, exclusive of the grasses, sedges, and rushes, m.s. thesis, maxine b. clark† 37 laboratory studies of allelopathic effects of juniperus virginiana l. on five species of native plants, erica a. corbett and andrea lashley 53 vascular flora of e. c. hafer park, edmond, oklahoma, gloria m. caddell, katie christoffel, carmen esqueda, and alonna smith 69 first record of chorioactis geaster from oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo and sheila brandon 72 critic’s choice essay: allelopathy, paul buck† volume 18 4 characteristics of a bottomland hardwood forest at arcadia lake, edmond, oklahoma, with special emphasis of green ash (fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall), chad b. king and joseph a. buck 19 presence of pueraria montana (lour.) merr. var. lobata (willd.) maesen & s.m. almeida ex sanjappa & predeep (kudzu vine) in tulsa county, oklahoma, isaac walker and paulina harron 24 comparative transpiration studies on the invasive eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana l.) and adjacent woody trees, adjoa r. ahedor, bethany spitz, michael cowan, j’nae miller, and margaret kamara 38 new record of myriopteris lindheimeri (hook.) j. sm. in kiowa county, oklahoma, bruce a. smith 45 anther number, anther apical appendages, and pollination biology of calyptocarpus vialis (heliantheae: asteraceae), james r. estes 52 critic’s choice essay: myrmecochory, paul buck† volume 19 4 historical land cover along the deep fork river: an analysis of vegetation composition and distribution of the deep fork national wildlife refuge, okmulgee county, oklahoma, circa 1897 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick 17 a floristic inventory of the john w. nichols scout ranch, canadian county, oklahoma, abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn 30 a walk through the mcloud high school oak-hickory forest with a checklist of the woody plants, bruce a. smith 52 sexual reproduction of kudzu (pueraria montana [lour.] merr.) in oklahoma, eric b. duell and karen r. hickman 58 critic’s choice essay: seeking a special plant, paul buck† oklahoma native plant society p.o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 a floristic inventory of the nature conservancy’s hottonia bottoms preserve, atoka, bryan, and choctaw counties, oklahoma amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland 24 a floristic inventory of the nature conservancy’s oka’ yanahli preserve, johnston county, oklahoma amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland 53 first observations of palafoxia callosa in washita county, oklahoma audrey whaley, monika kelley, and allison holdorf 58 some common amanita species of oklahoma clark l. ovrebo and jay justice 68 fall available tropical milkweed (asclepias curassavica l.) may be a population sink for the monarch butterfly kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h. c. crawford five year index to oklahoma native plant record – inside back cover journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 7, number 1, december 2007 21 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100052 updated oklahoma ozark flora a checklist for the vascular flora of ozark plateau in oklahoma based on the work of c.s. wallis and records from the oklahoma vascular plants database bruce w. hoagland oklahoma biological survey and department of geography university of oklahoma, norman, ok 73019-0575 e-mail: bhoagland@ou.edu charles wallis’ 1959 dissertation “vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks” is one of the most important florisitic works for state botanists and conservationists. although a number of local and county floras for oklahoma have been published, only wallis and c. t. eskew (1937) have completed regional studies. wallis’s interest in the ozark flora began with his 1953 masters thesis, “the spermophyta of cherokee county oklahoma,” and subsequent studies in collaboration with u. t. waterfall at oklahoma a&m (wallis 1957; wallis and waterfall 1953; waterfall and wallis 1962, 1963). this paper has two objectives, to update the taxonomy of wallis’s ozark list (wol) and to provide a current ozark checklist (oc) by inclusion of records that did not appear in wol. since several decades have passed since the wol was completed, there have been many changes in the taxonomy of the plants listed. these updates will enhance the utility of the wol for modern users and not detract from wallis’s original work. the oc was compiled by comparing the updated wol with the oklahoma vascular plants database (ovpd; hoagland et al. 2007). nomenclature for the oc follows the united states department of agriculture-natural resources conservation service (usdanrcs 2007). in the oc, species introduced to north america were determined using the usda-nrcs (2007). the wol and oc were summarized separately following palmer et al. (1995) (tables 1 and 2). the oc was also compared with the rare species tracking list of the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2007) to determine which species of conservation interest were listed (table 3). the wol consisted of 1,205 species or 1,240 when subspecies, varieties, and hybrids were added. these taxa belong to 556 genera in 131 families. in the oc, there were 303 species that did not appear in the wol, for a total of 1,508 species. subspecies, varieties, and hybrids accounted for 57 additional taxa, increasing the total to 1,565 taxa. (note that the oc does not include castanea dentata, opuntia phaeacantha, and quercus coccinea species which appeared in wallis’s original list. they have since been annotated to other taxa.) these taxa belong to 615 genera in 145 families. the most speciose families in the wol were the asteraceae 213, poaceae 172, cyperaceae 104, and fabaceae 100. the genus carex contained the most species (51) in the wol, followed by dichanthelium and polyogonum, each with 20 taxa. there were 134 taxa of non-native plants or 10.8% of the total taxa in the wol. there were an additional 54 non-native taxa in the oc for a total of 188, or 12.0% of the total taxa reported. non-native species occurred in 45 families. the genera with the greatest number of non-native species were trifolium (7 species), bromus (5), and polygonum (5). 22 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. seventy-nine taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were present in the oc (table 3). of these, 50 were reported by wallis and 28 were added from the ovpd. conservation ranks are assigned to taxa according to level of imperilment at the state (s) and global (g) levels on a scale of 1 – 5, where 1 represents a species that is imperiled and 5 a species that it is secure (groves et al. 1995). fifty-one taxa or 66.4% of those in table 3 were ranked as g5 and thus considered demonstrably secure at the global scale. no taxa were ranked g1 or g2, indicating imperilment at the global level. thirty-one taxa (39.7%), however, were ranked as s1, 12 as s2, and 19 as s1s2. the higher percentage of state rare species indicates that many of these species are at the western margin of their ranges in eastern oklahoma. in oklahoma, some of species listed in table 3 occur only in the ozarks, such as clematis virginiana, equisetum arvense (one location in adair county), erigenia bulbosa, gentiana alba, glyceria acutiflora, heteranthera dubia (one location in cherokee county), physocarpus opulifolius var. intermedius, silene regia, and symphyotrichum novae-angliae (cherokee county only). castanea pumila var. ozarkensis and silene regia are species of concern and were once candidates for federal listing as threatened. literature cited eskew, c.t. 1937. the flowering plants of the wichita national forest. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. groves, c.r., m.l. klein, and t.f. breden. 1995. natural heritage programs: public-private partnerships for biodiversity conservation. wildlife society bulletin 23: 784-790. hoagland, b.w., a.k. buthod, i.h. butler, p. callahan-crawford, w.e. elisens, and r. tyrl. 2007. oklahoma vascular plants database. university of oklahoma, norman. www.biosurvey.ou.edu accessed 1 october 2007). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2007. oklahoma natural heritage inventory working list of rare oklahoma plants. university of oklahoma, norman. (www.biosurvey.ou.edu/publicat.html accessed 1 october 2007). palmer, m.w., g.l. wade, and p. neal. 1995. standards for the writing of floras. bioscience 45: 339-345. usda-nrcs. 2007. the plants database national plant data center, baton rouge, la 70874-4490 usa(http://plants.usda.gov accessed 1 may 2007). wallis, c.s. 1953. the spermatophyta of cherokee county, oklahoma (exclusive of the poaceae, cyperaceae, and juncaceae). m.s. thesis, oklahoma a&m college, stillwater, oklahoma. wallis, c.s. 1957. additions to the oklahoma flora from the oklahoma ozarks. proc. oklahoma acad. sci. 38: 3-5. wallis, c.s. 1957. additions to the oklahoma flora from the oklahoma ozarks. proc. oklahoma acad. sci 38: 3-5. wallis, c.s. 1959. vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks. ph.d dissertation, oklahoma state university, stillwater, oklahoma. wallis, c.s. and u.t. waterfall. 1953. additions to the oklahoma flora from cherokee county. proc. oklahoma acad. sci. 34: 124-125. waterfall, u.t. and c.s. wallis. 1962. some geographic relationships of the vascular flora of the oklahoma ozarks: studies in the composition and distribution of the oklahoma flora. proc. oklahoma acad. sci. 43: 61-63. waterfall, u.t. and c.s. wallis. 1963. a list of the vascular flora of the oklahoma ozarks. proc. oklahoma acad. sci. 44: 11-22. 23 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. table 1 summary of wallis’s (1959) floristic list of the oklahoma ozarks. numbers outside the parentheses represent the number of species reported, those within the parentheses represent the total number of taxa reported, including subspecies and varieties. the number of hybrids reported is denoted with an asterisk. taxonomic group taxa native nonnative equisetophyta 0 (1*) 0 (1*) 0 lycopodiophyta 1 1 0 pteridophyta 21 21 0 coniferophyta 2 2 0 magnoliophyta 1,181 (1,215) 1,047 (1,081) 134 magnoliopsida 882 (909) 781 (808) 101 liliopsida 299 (306) 266 (273) 33 total 1,205 (1,240) 1,071 (1,106) 134 table 2 summary of all plants reported from the oklahoma ozarks based upon wallis (1959) and data in the oklahoma vascular plants database. numbers outside the parentheses represent the number of species reported, those within the parentheses represent the total number of taxa reported, including subspecies and varieties. the number of hybrids reported is denoted with an asterisk. taxonomic group taxa native nonnative equisetophyta 3 (3; 1*) 3 (3; 1*) 0 lycopodiophyta 3 3 0 pteridophyta 31 (32) 31 (32) 0 coniferophyta 3 3 0 magnoliophyta 1,481 (1,518; 5*) 1,280 (1,330; 5*) 188 magnoliopsida 1,082 (1,125; 5*) 945 (983; 5*) 142 liliopsida 381 (393) 335 (347) 46 total 1,508 (1,565) 1,321 (1,377) 188 table 3 species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory in the oklahoma ozarks. this list is a combination of wallis (1959) and records from the oklahoma vascular plants database. taxa not reported in wallis 1959 are denoted with #. taxa are ranked according to level of imperilment at the state (s) and global (g) levels on a scale of 1 – 5, where 1 represents a species that is imperiled and 5 a species that it is secure (groves et al. 1995). taxa grank srank agalinis tenuifolia var. parviflora g5 s2s3 #agalinis viridis g4 s1 aletris farinose g5 s1s2 arabis shortii g5 s1s2 arnoglossum atriplicifolium g4 g5 s1s2 arnoglossum reniforme g4 s1s3 aruncus dioicus var. pubescens g5 s1s3 asplenium bradleyi g4 s1 axonopus fissifolius g5 s1 #brachyelytrum erectum g5 s1 #brasenia schreberi g5 s1 callirhoe bushii g3 s3 #calopogon oklahomensis g4 s1 calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus g5 s1 carex cephalophora var. cephalophora g5 s2 carex oklahomensis g4 s2 #carex oxylepis g5 s2 castanea pumila var. ozarkensis g5 s2 #cayaponia grandifolia g4 s1 cladrastis kentukea g4 s2s3 clematis virginiana g5 s1s2 #collinsia verna g5 s1 #corallorrhiza odontorhiza g5 s1 24 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. cotinus obovatus g4 s3 #croton michauxii g5 s1 #cypripedium kentuckiense g3 s1 desmodium pauciflorum g5 s1 dicentra cucullaria g5 s1s2 draba aprica g3 s1 #drosera brevifolia g5 s2s3 #equisetum arvense g5 s1 #erigenia bulbosa g5 s1s2 fraxinus quadrangulata g5 s2s3 galium arkansanum g5 s1s2 #gentiana alba g4 s1 #gentiana puberulenta g4 g5 s1 glyceria acutiflora g5 s1 hedeoma pulegioides g5 s1s3 heteranthera dubia g5 s2 hexalectris spicata g5 s1s2 hypericum gentianoides g5 s1s2 impatiens pallida g5 s2 iris cristata g5 s2 iris virginica g5 s2 #malaxis unifolia g5 s1 #marsilea vestita g5 s1 #monotropa hypopithys g5 s1 #monotropa uniflora g5 s1 #muhlenbergia bushii g5 s1s2 neobeckia aquatica g4 s1s3 #panax quinquefolius g3 g4 s1 panicum brachyanthum g5 s2s3 #perideridia americana g4 s1s2 #phacelia gilioides g5 s1 phaseolus polystachios g4 s1 philadelphus pubescens g5 s2 physocarpus opulifolius var.intermedius g5 s1s3 #pilularia americana g5 s1s2 platanthera lacera g5 s1s2 #podostemum ceratophyllum g5 s2 rhamnus lanceolata ssp. glabrata g5 s1 #rhus lanceolata g4 g5 s1s2 rhododendron canescens g5 s2s3 #ribes missouriense g5 s1 rorippa teres g5 s1s2 silene regia g3 s1 sporobolus vaginiflorus var. ozarkanus g5 s1s2 symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve g5 s1s3 symphyotrichum novae-angliae g5 s1 tilia americana var. americana g5 s1s2 tilia americana var. caroliniana g5 s1s2 #tipularia discolor g4 g5 s1 tradescantia ernestiana g3 g4 s? tradescantia ozarkana g3 s1s2 ulmus serotina g4 s2 urtica dioica g5 s2 uvularia grandiflora g5 s2s3 valerianella ozarkana g3 s1 25 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. appendix: a checklist for the vascular flora of ozark plateau in oklahoma. this list was compiled from wallis (1959) with additions from the oklahoma vascular plant database (hoagland et al. 2007). # indicates species not appearing in wallis (1959). * indicates species that are not native to north america are marked with an asterisk. equisetophyta equisetaceae #equisetum arvense l. equisetum ×ferrissii clute (pro sp.) [hyemale × laevigatum]. syn. = equisetum hymenale l. var. intermedium. #equisetum hyemale l. #equisetum laevigatum a. braun lycopodiophyta isoetaceae #isoetes melanopoda gay & durieu ex durieu selaginellaceae selaginella apoda (l.) fern. #selaginella rupestris (l.) spring pteridophyta aspleniaceae asplenium bradleyi d.c. eat. asplenium platyneuron (l.) b.s.p. asplenium resiliens kunze asplenium rhizophyllum l. syn. = camptosorus rhizophyllus (l.) link. dryopteridaceae athyrium filix-femina (l.) roth ssp. asplenioides (michx.) hultén. syn. = a. filix-femina (l.) roth var. asplenioides (michx.) farw. #cystopteris bulbifera (l.) bernh. cystopteris fragilis (l.) bernh. var. fragilis. wallis listed forma dentata (dickson) clute cystopteris tennesseensis shaver. syn. = c. fragilis (l.) bernh. var. simulans (weatherby) mcgregor. dryopteris marginalis (l.) gray onoclea sensibilis l. polystichum acrostichoides (michx.) schott woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. marsileaceae #marsilea vestita hook. & grev. #pilularia americana a. braun ophioglossaceae #botrychium dissectum spreng. botrychium virginianum (l.) sw. #ophioglossum crotalophoroides walt. #ophioglossum engelmannii prantl polypodiaceae #pleopeltis polypodioides (l.) andrews & windham ssp. michauxiana (weatherby) andrews & windham pteridaceae adiantum capillus-veneris l. adiantum pedatum l. argyrochosma dealbata (pursh) windham. syn. = notholaena dealbata (pursh) kunze. asplenium trichomanes l. cheilanthes alabamensis (buckl.) kunze cheilanthes lanosa (michx.) d.c. eat. syn. = c. vestita (spreng.) sw. #cheilanthes tomentosa link pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link #pellaea wrightiana hook. #pteridium aquilinum (l.) kuhn var. latiusculum (desv.) underwood ex heller pteridium aquilinum (l.) kuhn var. pseudocaudatum (clute) heller thelypteridaceae phegopteris hexagonoptera (michx.) fée. syn. = dryopteris hexagonoptera (michx.) c. christens. #thelypteris palustris schott var. pubescens (lawson) fern. 26 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. coniferophyta cupressaceae #juniperus ashei buchh. juniperus virginiana l. pinaceae pinus echinata p. mill. magnoliophyta magnoliopsida acanthaceae dicliptera brachiata (pursh) spreng. justicia americana (l.) vahl. #ruellia caroliniensis (j.f. gmel.) steud. ssp. ciliosa (pursh) r.w. long var. cinerascens (fern.) kartesz & gandhi ruellia humilis nutt. syns. = r. humilis nutt. var. expansa fern. and r. humilis nutt. var. longiflora (gray) fern. ruellia pedunculata torr. ex gray ruellia strepens l. aceraceae acer negundo l. var. negundo acer negundo l. var. texanum pax acer rubrum l. acer saccharinum l. acer saccharum marsh. amaranthaceae amaranthus albus l. #amaranthus arenicola i.m. johnston amaranthus graecizans l. amaranthus hybridus l. #amaranthus palmeri s. wats. amaranthus retroflexus l. amaranthus spinosus l. amaranthus tuberculatus (moq.) sauer. syn. = acnida tamariscina auct. non (nutt.) wood froelichia floridana (nutt.) moq. var. campestris (small) fern. froelichia graçilis (nutt.) moq. iresine rhizomatosa standl. anacardiaceae cotinus obovatus raf. rhus aromatica alt. var. aromatica rhus aromatica alt. var. serotina (greene) rehd. rhus copallinum l. var. latifolia engl. rhus glabra l. #rhus lanceolata (gray) britt. #rhus trilobata nutt. #rhus trilobata nutt. var. simplicifolia (greene) barkl. toxicodendron rydbergii (small ex rydb.) greene. syn. = rhus radicans l. var. vulgaris (michx.) dc. wallis listed formas negundo (greene) fern. and vulgaris. toxicodendron pubescens p. mill. syn. = rhus toxicodendron l. anonaceae asimina triloba (l.) dunal apiaceae (= umbelliferae) #ammoselinum butleri (engelm. ex s. wats.) coult. & rose *#anethum graveolens l. angelica venenosa (greenway) fern. #bifora americana benth. & hook. f. ex s. wats. chaerophyllum procumbens (l.) crantz #chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. dasycarpum hook. ex s. wats. chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. tainturieri. syn. = c. texanum coult. & rose. cicuta maculata l. cryptotaenia canadensis (l.) dc. *daucus carota l. wallis listed formas carota and epurpuratus farw. daucus pusillus michx. #erigenia bulbosa (michx.) nutt. eryngium leavenworthii torr. & gray #eryngium prostratum nutt. ex dc. eryngium yuccifolium michx. var. synchaetum gray ex coult. & rose hydrocotyle verticillata thunb. limnosciadium pinnatum (dc.) mathias & constance osmorhiza longistylis (torr.) dc. syn. = 27 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. osmorhiza longistylis (torr.) dc. var. villicaulis fern. oxypolis rigidior (l.) raf. #perideridia americana (nutt. ex dc.) reichenb. polytaenia nuttallii dc. #ptilimnium capillaceum (michx.) raf. #ptilimnium nuttallii (dc.) britt. sanicula canadensis l. var. canadensis sanicula odorata (raf.) k.m. pryer & l.r. phillippe. syn. = s. gregaria bickn. spermolepis divaricata (walt.) raf. ex ser. spermolepis echinata (nutt. ex dc.) heller taenidia integerrima (l.) drude thaspium barbinode (michx.) nutt. thaspium trifoliatum (l.) gray var. aureum britt. syn. = t. trifoliatm (l.) gray var. flavum blake. *#torilis arvensis (huds.) link *torilis japonica (houtt.) dc. trepocarpus aethusae nutt. ex dc. zizia aptera (gray) fern. zizia aurea (l.) w.d.j. koch apocynaceae amsonia illustris woods. amsonia tabernaemontana walt. var. salicifolia (pursh) woods. amsonia tabernaemontana walt. var. tabernaemontana apocynum androsaemifolium l. apocynum cannabinum l. syn. = a. cannabinum l. var. glaberrimum a. dc. and apocynum cannabinum l. var. pubescens (mitchell ex r. br.) woods. aquifoliaceae ilex decidua walt. araliaceae #panax quinquefolius l. aristolochiaceae #aristolochia serpentaria l. aristolochia tomentosa sims asarum canadense l. syn. = a. canadense l. var. acuminatum ashe. asclepiadaceae asclepias amplexicaulis sm. asclepias hirtella (pennell) woods. asclepias incarnata l. ssp. incarnata asclepias obovata ell. asclepias purpurascens l. asclepias quadrifolia jacq. asclepias stenophylla gray asclepias sullivantii engelm. ex gray asclepias tuberosa l. ssp. interior woods. #asclepias variegata l asclepias verticillata l. asclepias viridiflora raf. syn. = a. viridiflora raf. var. lanceolata (ives) torr. and a. viridiflora raf. var. linearis (gray) fern. asclepias viridis walt. cynanchum laeve (michx.) pers. matelea baldwyniana (sweet) woods. matelea decipiens (alexander) woods. matelea gonocarpos (walt.) shinners asteraceae (= compositae) achillea millefolium l. var. occidentalis dc. syn. = a. lanulosa nutt. wallis listed formas lanulosa and rubicunda farwell. ageratina altissima (l.) king & h.e. robins. var. altissima. wallis listed villicaule fern. ambrosia artemisiifolia l. var. elatior (l.) descourtils. wallis listed forma villosa fern. & griseb. ambrosia bidentata michx. ambrosia psilostachya dc. syn. = a. psilostachya dc. var. lindheimeriana (scheele) blank. ambrosia trifida l. var. texana scheele amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. syn. = gutierrezia dracunculoides (dc.) blake. antennaria neglecta greene. syn. = a. campestris rydb. #antennaria parlinii fern. #antennaria parlinii fern. ssp. fallax (greene) bayer & stebbins antennaria plantaginifolia (l.) richards *anthemis cotula l. aphanostephus skirrhobasis (dc.) trel. *arctium minus (hill) bernh. arnoglossum atriplicifolium (l.) h.e. robins. 28 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. syn. = cacalia atriplicifolia l. arnoglossum plantagineum raf. syn. = cacalia plantaginea (raf.) shinners. arnoglossum reniforme (hook.) h.e. robins. syn. = cacalia muehlenbergii (schultzbip.) fern. *artemisia annua l. artemisia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. ludoviciana. syn. = a. ludoviciana nutt. var. gnaphalodes (nutt.) torr. & gray artemisia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. mexicana (willd. ex spreng.) keck. syn. = artemisia ludoviciana nutt. var. mexicana (willd. ex spreng.) gray astranthium integrifolium (michx.) nutt. #baccharis halimifolia l. berlandiera pumila (michx.) nutt. var. pumila. syn. = b. tomentosa nutt. var. dealbata torr. & gray. bidens aristosa (michx.) britt. syns. = b. polylepis blake var. polylepis and b. polylepis blake var. retrorsa sherff. bidens bipinnata l. #bidens cernua l. #bidens discoidea (torr. & gray) britt. bidens frondosa l. boltonia asteroides (l.) l'hér. var. latisquama (gray) cronq. syn. = b. latisquama gray. boltonia diffusa ell. var. interior fern. & grisc. brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners var. texana (shinners) shinners. syn. = kuhnia eupatoriodes l. var. ozarkana shinners. *carduus nutans l. centaurea americana nutt. *centaurea cyanus l. chaetopappa asteroides nutt. ex dc. chrysopsis pilosa nutt. syn. = heterotheca pilosa (nutt.) shinners *cichorium intybus l. cirsium altissimum (l.) hill *cirsium vulgare (savi) ten. #cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. conoclinium coelestinum (l.) dc. syn. = eupatorium coelestinum l. conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. var. canadensis conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. var. glabrata (gray) cronq. coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet var. grandiflora #coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet var. harveyana (gray) sherff coreopsis lanceolata l. syn. = c. lanceolata l. var. villosa michx. coreopsis palmata nutt. coreopsis pubescens ell. var. pubescens coreopsis tinctoria nutt. wallis listed formas tinctoria and atropurpurea (hook) fern. coreopsis tripteris l. syn. = c. tripteris l. var. deamii standl. *#cosmos sulphureus cav. *#crepis pulchra l. dracopis amplexicaulis (vahl) cass. #echinacea angustifolia dc. #echinacea atrorubens nutt. echinacea pallida (nutt.) nutt. echinacea purpurea (l.) moench eclipta alba (l.) l. elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. erechtites hieraciifolia (l.) raf. ex dc. var. hieraciifolia. syns. = e. hieraciifolia (l.) raf. ex dc. var. intermedia fern. and e. hieraciifolia (l.) raf. ex dc. var. praealta (raf.) fern. erigeron annuus (l.) pers. erigeron philadelphicus l. var. philadelphicus erigeron pulchellus michx. erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. var. beyrichii (fisch. & c.a. mey.) torr. & gray ex gray erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. var. strigosus #erigeron tenuis torr. & gray eupatorium altissimum l. #eupatorium hyssopifolium l. eupatorium perfoliatum l. eupatorium purpureum l. eupatorium serotinum michx. #eupatoriadelphus fistulosus (barratt) king & h.e. robins. eurybia hemispherica (alexander) nesom. syn. = aster hemisphericus alexander euthamia gymnospermoides greene. syn. = solidago gymnospermoides (greene)fern. 29 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. fleischmannia incarnata (walt.) king & h.e. robins. syn. = eupatorium incarnatum walt. gaillardia aestivalis (walt.) h. rock var. aestivalis. syn. = g. fastigiata greene. gaillardia aestivalis (walt.) h. rock var. flavovirens (c. mohr) cronq. syn. = g. lutea greene. #gaillardia suavis (gray & engelm.) britt. & rusby *galinsoga parviflora cay. *#galinsoga quadriradiata cav. gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera. syn. = gnaphalium purpureum l. grindelia lanceolata nutt. var. lanceolata. wallis listed forma lanceolata. grindelia papposa nesom & suh. syn. = haplopappus ciliatus (nutt.) dc. helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock helenium autumnale l. helenium flexuosum raf. helianthus angustifolius l. helianthus annuus l. #helianthus decapetalus l. #helianthus divaricatus l. helianthus ×doronicoides lam. (pro sp.) [giganteus × mollis]. syn. = h. doronicoides lam. helianthus grosseserratus martens helianthus hirsutus raf. syns. = h. hirsutus raf. var. stenophyllus torr. & gray and h. hirsutus raf. var. trachyphyllus torr. & gray. #helianthus ×laetiflorus pers. (pro sp.) [pauciflorus × tuberosus] helianthus maximiliani schrad. helianthus mollis lam. #helianthus nuttallii torr. & gray #helianthus laetiflorus pers. var. rigidus (cass.) fern. helianthus petiolaris nutt. helianthus salicifolius a. dietr. helianthus tuberosus l. heliopsis helianthoides (l.) sweet var. scabra (dunal) fern. heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britt. & rusby. syn. = h. latifolia buckl. hieracium gronovii l. hieracium longipilum torr. #hieracium scabrum michx. hymenopappus scabiosaeus l'hér. var. corymbosus (torr. & gray) b.l. turner hymenopappus scabiosaeus l'hér. var. scabiosaeus ionactis linariifolius (l.) greene. syn. = aster linariifolius l. iva angustifolia nutt. ex dc. iva annua l. var. annua. syn. = i. ciliata willd. krigia biflora (walt.) blake. wallis listed formas biflora and glandulifera fern. krigia dandelion (l.) nutt. krigia caespitosa (raf.) chambers. syn. = serinia oppositifolia (rat.) kuntze krigia occidentalis nutt. krigia virginica (l.) willd. lactuca canadensis l. syn. = l. canadensis var. canadensis (wallis listed formas angustata wieg. and canadensis), l. canadensis l. var. latifolia kuntze (wallis listed formas latifolia and exauriculata wieg.), l. canadensis l. var. longifolia (michx.) farw., and l. canadensis l. var. obovata wieg. (wallis listed forma stenopoda wieg.). lactuca floridana (l.) gaertn. lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) riddell. wallis listed formas campestris (greene) fern. and ludoviciana. *lactuca serriola l. syn. = l. scariola l. wallis listed formas integrifolia (bogenh.) g. beck and scariola. #lactuca tatarica (l.) c.a. mey. var. pulchella (pursh) breitung *leucanthemum vulgare lam. syn. = chrysanthemum leucanthemum l. var. pinnatifidum lecoq & lamotte. liatris aspera michx. var. aspera. wallis listed formas aspera and benkii (macbr.) fern. liatris aspera michx. var. intermedia (lunell) gaiser #liatris punctata hook. #liatris punctata hook. var. nebraskana gaiser liatris pycnostachya michx. wallis listed forma pycnostachya. 30 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. var. hirsuta (rydb.) gaiser #liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. var. glabrata (rydb.) gaiser #liatris squarrulosa michx. *#matricaria discoidea dc. oligoneuron nitidum (torr. & gray) small. syn. = solidago nitida torr. & gray. #oligoneuron rigidum (l.) small packera aurea (l.) a.& d. löve. syn. = senecio aureus l. packera glabella (poir.) c. jeffrey. syn. = senecio glabellus poir. packera obovata (muhl. ex willd.) w.a. weber & a. löve. syn. = senecio obovatus muhl var. rotundus britt. packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & a. löve. syn. = senecio plattensis nutt. *#parthenium hysterophorus l. parthenium integrifolium l. pluchea camphorata (l.) dc. #pluchea odorata (l.) cass. var. odorata polymnia canadensis l. wallis listed forma radiata (gray) fassett. prenanthes aspera michx. #prenanthes altissima l. pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & burtt ssp. obtusifolium. syn. = gnaphalium obtusifolium l. pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walt.) dc. #pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. #pyrrhopappus pauciflorus (d. don) dc. ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. wallis listed formas columnifera and pulcherrima (dc.) fern. ratibida pinnata (vent.) barnh. rudbeckia grandiflora (d. don) j.f. gmel. ex dc. rudbeckia hirta l. var. pulcherrima farw. rudbeckia laciniata l. var. laciniata rudbeckia subtomentosa pursh rudbeckia triloba l. var. triloba #silphium asteriscus l. #silphium integrifolium michx. var. integrifolium silphium integrifolium michx. var. laeve torr. & gray. syn. = s. speciosum nutt. silphium laciniatum l. var. laciniatum silphium perfoliatum l. silphium radula nutt. syn. = s. asperrimum hook. smallanthus uvedalius (l.) mackenzie ex small. syn. = polymnia uvedalia l. var. densipilis blake solidago altissima l. #solidago arguta ait. var. boottii (hook.) palmer & steyermark solidago caesia l. solidago canadensis l. var. gilvocanescens rydb. solidago gigantea ait. syn. = s. gigantea ait. var. leiophylla fern. solidago hispida muhl. ex willd. solidago ludoviciana (gray) small solidago missouriensis nutt. var. fasciculata holz. solidago nemoralis ait. var. longipetiolata (mackenzie & bush) palmer & steyermark. syn. = s. nemoralis ait. var. decemflora (dc.) fern. solidago nemoralis ait. var. nemoralis. syn. = s. nemoralis ait. var. haleana fern. #solidago odora ait. solidago petiolaris ait. var. angusta (torr. & gray) gray. syns. = s. lindheimeriana scheele and s. petiolaris ait. var. wardii (britt.) fern. solidago radula nutt. var. radula solidago rugosa p. mill. ssp. aspera (ait.) cronq. syn. = s. rugosa mill. var. celtidifolia (small) fern. solidago speciosa nutt. var. speciosa #solidago speciosa nutt. var. rigidiuscula torr. & gray solidago ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. var. ulmifolia solidago ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. var. microphylla gray. syn. = s. delicatula small. *sonchus asper (l.) hill. wallis listed forma glandulosus beckh. symphyotrichum anomalum (engelm.) nesom. syn. = aster anomalus engelm. symphyotrichum cordifolium (l.) nesom. syn. = aster sagittifolius wedemeyer ex willd. var. sagittifolius. 31 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. symphyotrichum divaricatum (nutt.) nesom. syn. = aster exilis ell. symphyotrichum drummondii (lindl.) nesom var. drummondii. syn. = aster sagittifolius wedemeyer ex willd. var. drummondii (lindl.) shinners. symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) nesom var. ericoides. syn. = aster ericoides l. symphyotrichum laeve (l.) a.& d. löve var. laeve. syn. = aster laevis l. #symphyotrichum lanceolatum (willd.) nesom symphyotrichum novae-angliae (l.) nesom. syn. = aster novae-angliae l. symphyotrichum oblongifolium (nutt.) nesom. syn. = aster oblongifolius nutt. symphyotrichum ontarionis (wieg.) nesom. syn. = aster ontarionis wieg. symphyotrichum oolentangiense (riddell) nesom var. oolentangiense. syn. = aster azureus lindl. var. azureus. symphyotrichum oolentangiense (riddell) nesom var. poaceum (burgess) nesom. syn. = aster azureus lindl. var. poaceus (burgess) fern. symphyotrichum patens (ait.) nesom var. gracile (hook.) nesom. syn. = aster patens ait. var. gracilis hook. symphyotrichum patens (ait.) nesom var. patens. syn. = aster patens ait. var. patens. symphyotrichum pilosum (willd.) nesom. syn. = aster pilosus willd. symphyotrichum praealtum (poir.) nesom var. praealtum. syn. = aster praealtus poir. var. praealtus. #symphyotrichum subulatum (michx.) nesom. symphyotrichum turbinellum (lindl.) nesom. syn. = aster turbinellus lindl. *#tanacetum vulgare l. *taraxacum officinale g.h. weber ex wiggers ssp. officinale #thelesperma ambiguum gray *tragopogon dubius scop. syn. = t. major jacq. verbesina alternifolia (l.) britt. ex kearney. syn. = actinomeris alternifolia (l.) dc. #verbesina encelioides (cav.) benth. & hook. f. ex gray verbesina helianthoides michx. verbesina virginica l. vernonia arkansana dc. syn. = v. crinita raf. vernonia baldwinii torr. ssp. baldwinii vernonia gigantea (walt.) trel. ssp. gigantea. syn. = v. altissima nutt. vernonia missurica raf. xanthium strumarium l. var. canadense (p. mill.) torr. & gray. syns. = x. italicum mor., x. pensylvanicum wallr., and x. speciosum kearney. xanthium strumarium l. var. glabratum (dc.) cronq. syn. = x. chinense mill. balsaminaceae impatiens capensis neerb. impatiens pallida nutt. berberidaceae podophyllum peltatum l. betulaceae (=corylaceae) alnus serrulata (alt.) willd. syn. = a. serrulata (alt.) willd. var. vulgaris spach. betula nigra l. corylus americana walt. var. americana. wallis listed forma americana. ostrya virginiana (p. mill.) k. koch var. virginiana. syn. = ostrya virginiana (p. mill.) k. koch var. lasia fern. wallis listed forma glandulosa (spach) macbr. bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. catalpa bignonioides walt. catalpa speciosa (warder) warder ex engelm. boraginaceae *buglossoides arvensis (l.) i.m. johnston. syn. = lithospermum arvense l. #cynoglossum virginianum l. hackelia virginiana (l.) i.m. johnston heliotropium convolvulaceum (nutt.) gray *heliotropium indicum l. heliotropium tenellum (nutt.) torr. 32 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. lithospermum canescens (michx.) lehm. lithospermum caroliniense (walt. ex j.f. gmel.) macm. lithospermum incisum lehm. myosotis macrosperma engelm. myosotis verna nutt. onosmodium bejariense dc. ex a. dc. var. occidentale (mackenzie) b.l. turner. syn. = o. occidentale mackenzie. onosmodium bejariense dc. ex a. dc. var. subsetosum (mackenzie & bush) b.l. turner. syn. = o. subsetosum mackenzie & bush. brassicaceae *#alliaria petiolata (bieb.) cavara & grande arabis canadensis l. arabis laevigata (muhl. ex willd.) poir. arabis missouriensis greene arabis shortii (fern.) gleason. syn. = a. perstellata e.l. br. var. shortii fern. *barbarea vulgaris ait. f. *brassica napus l. *brassica rapa l. *camelina microcarpa andrz. ex dc. *capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. cardamine bulbosa (schreb. ex muhl.) b.s.p. cardamine parviflora l. var. arenicola (britt) o.e. shultz cardamine pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. cardamine concatenata (michx.) sw. syn. = dentaria laciniata muhl. descurainia pinnata (walt.) britt. ssp. brachycarpa (richards.) detling draba aprica beadle draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & gray draba cuneifolia nutt. ex torr. & gray var. cuneifolia #draba reptans (lam.) fern. iodanthus pinnatifidus (michx.). steud. lepidium campestre (l.) ait. f. lepidium densiflorum schrad. lepidium virginicum l. var. virginicum lesquerella gracilis (hook.) s. wats. var. gracilis *nasturtium officinale ait. f. neobeckia aquatica (eat.) greene. syn. = armoracia aquatica (eat.) wieg. rorippa palustris (l.) bess. ssp. fernaldiana (butters & abbe) jonsell. syn. = r. islandica (oeder) borbas var. fernaldia butters & abbe. rorippa palustris (l.) bess. ssp. hispida (desv.) jonsell. syn. = r. islandica (oeder) borbas var. hispida (desv.) butters & abbe. rorippa teres (michx.) r. stuckey. syn. = r. obtusa (nutt.) britt. rorippa sessiliflora (nutt.) a.s. hitchc. selenia aurea nutt. sibara virginica (l.) rollins *sinapis arvensis l. syn. = brassica kaber (dc.) l.c. wheeler var. pinnatifida (stokes) l.c. wheeler. *#sisymbrium altissimum l. *sisymbrium officinale (l.) scop. syn. = s. officinale (l.) scop. var. leiocarpum dc. streptanthus maculatus nutt. *thlaspi arvense l. cabombaceae #brasenia schreberi j.f. gmel. cactaceae #opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. opuntia macrorhiza engelm. callitrichaceae callitriche heterophylla pursh callitriche terrestris raf. campanulaceae campanulastrum americanum (l.) small. syn. = campanula americana l. var. illinoensis (fresn.) farw. lobelia appendiculata a. dc. #lobelia puberula michx. lobelia cardinalis l. lobelia inflata l. lobelia siphilitica l. var. ludoviciana a. dc. lobelia spicata lam. var. spicata lobelia spicata lam. var. leptostachys (a. dc.) mackenzie & bush triodanis biflora (ruiz & pavón) greene. syn. 33 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. = specularia biflora (ruiz & pavón) fisch. & c.a. mey. triodanis lamprosperma mcvaugh. syn. = specularia lamprosperma (mcvaugh) fern. triodanis leptocarpa (nutt.) nieuwl. syn. = specularia leptocarpa (nutt.) gray triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. syn. = specularia perfoliata (l.) a. dc. cannabinaceae *humulus lupulus l. capparidaceae *#cleome hassleriana chod. #cleome serrulata pursh #polanisia dodecandra (l.) dc. ssp. dodecandra polanisia dodecandra (l.) dc. ssp. trachysperma (torr. & gray) iltis caprifoliaceae lonicera flava sims *lonicera japonica thunb. #lonicera sempervirens l. sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli. syn. = s. canadensis l. var. canadensis and s. canadensis l. var. submollis rehd. symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench. # triosteum aurantiacum bickn. triosteum perfoliatum l. #viburnum molle michx. #viburnum rafinesquianum j.a. schultes viburnum rufidulum raf. caryophyllaceae agrostemma githago l. *arenaria serpyllifolia l. cerastium brachypodum (engelm. ex gray) b.l. robins. #cerastium brachypetalum desportes ex pers. *cerastium fontanum baumg. ssp. vulgare (hartman) greuter & burdet. syn. = c. vulgatum l. *cerastium glomeratum thuill. syn. = c. viscosum auct. non l. cerastium nutans raf. *#cerastium pumilum w. curtis *dianthus armeria l. minuartia drummondii (shinners) mcneill. syn. = stellaria nuttallii torr. & gray. #minuartia michauxii (fenzl) farw. var. texana (b.l. robins.) mattf. minuartia muscorum (fassett) rabeler. syn. = stellaria muscorum fassett. minuartia patula (michx.) mattf. syn. = arenaria patula michx. wallis listed formas media steyerm. pitcheri (nutt.) steyerm. and robusta steyerm. paronychia canadensis (l.) wood paronychia fastigiata (raf.) fern. var. fastigiata *#petrorhagia dubia (raf.) g. lópez & romo *petrorhagia prolifera (l.) p.w. ball & heywood. syn. = dianthus prolifer l. sagina decumbens (ell.) torr. & gray *saponaria officinalis l. *#scleranthus annuus l. silene antirrhina l. silene regia sims silene stellata (l.) ait. f. wallis listed forma scabrella (niewl.) palm. & steyerm. silene virginica l. *stellaria media (l.) vill. celastraceae #celastrus scandens l. euonymus atropurpureus jacq. ceratophyllaceae ceratophyllum demersum l. chenopodiaceae chenopodium album l. *chenopodium ambrosioides l. var. ambrosioides #chenopodium berlandieri moq. chenopodium leptophyllum (moq.) nutt. ex s. wats. *chenopodium pumilio r. br. chenopodium simplex (torr.) raf. syn. = c. hybridum l. var. gigantospermum (aellen) rouleau. chenopodium standleyanum aellen cycloloma atriplicifolium (spreng.) coult. 34 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. monolepis nuttalliana (j.a. schultes) greene cistaceae lechea mucronata raf. syn. = l. villosa ell. lechea tenuifolia michx. syn. = lechea tenuifolia michx.var. occidentalis hodgdon. clusiaceae (= guttiferae) hypericum hypericoides (l.) crantz ssp. hypericoides. syn. = ascyrum hypericoides l. var. hypericoides. hypericum hypericoides (l.) crantz ssp. multicaule (michx. ex willd.) robson. syn. = ascyrum hypericoides l. var. multicaule (michx.) fern. hypericum drummondii (grev. & hook.) torr. & gray hypericum gentianoides (l.) b.s.p. hypericum multilum l. syn. = h. multilum l. var. parviflorum (willd.) fern. *hypericum perforatum l. hypericum pseudomaculatum bush hypericum prolificum l. syn. = h. spathulatum (spach.) steud. hypericum punctatum lam. hypericum sphaerocarpum michx. convolvulaceae *calystegia sepium (l.) r. br. ssp. sepium *convolvulus arvensis l. syn. = c. arvensis l. var. fraterniflorus mack. & bush. *#ipomoea coccinea l. #ipomoea pandurata (l.) g.f.w. mey. *#ipomoea purpurea (l.) roth #calystegia silvatica (kit.) griseb. ssp. fraterniflora (mackenzie & bush) brummitt *ipomoea hederacea jacq. syn. = i. hederacea (l.) jacq. var. integriuseula gray. ipomoea lacunosa l. ipomoea pandurata (l.) g.f.w. mey. cornaceae cornus drummondi c.a. meyer cornus florida l. cornus obliqua raf. crassulaceae sedum nuttallianum raf. sedum pulchellum michx. *#sedum sarmentosum bunge cucurbitaceae #cayaponia grandifolia (torr. & gray) small cucurbita foetidissima kunth melothria pendula l. sicyos angulatus l. cuscutaceae cuscuta compacta juss. ex choisy cuscuta cuspidata engelm. cuscuta glomerata choisy cuscuta gronovii willd. ex j.a. schultes #cuscuta indecora choisy #cuscuta obtusiflora kunth cuscuta pentagona engelm. var. pentagona. syn. = c. campestris yuncker. cuscuta pentagona engelm. var. glabrior (engelm.) gandhi, thomas & hatch. syn. = c. glabrior (engelm.) yuncker. #cuscuta polygonorum engelm. dipsacaceae *dipsacus fullonum l. syn. = dipsacus sylvestris huds. droseraceae #drosera brevifolia pursh ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. syn. = d. virginiana l. var. pubescens (pursh) dippel. elaeagnaceae *#elaeagnus angustifolia l. ericaceae rhododendron canescens (michx.) sweet #rhododendron oblongifolium (small) millais #rhododendron prinophyllum (small) millais vaccinium arboreum marsh. syn. = vaccinium arboreum marsh. var. glaucescens (greene) sarg. vaccinium pallidum ait. syn. = v. vacillans 35 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. torr. var. crinitum fern. vacciniun stamineum l. syn. = v. stamineum l. var. interius (ashe) palmer & steyerm. and v. stamineum l. var. neglectum (small) deam) #vaccinium virgatum ait. euphorbiaceae acalypha gracilens gray. syn. = a. gracilens gray var. fraseri (muell.-arg. weatherby acalypha monococca (engelm. ex gray) l. mill. & gandhi. syn. = a. gracilens gray var. monococca engelm. ex gray. acalypha ostryifolia riddell acalypha rhomboidea raf. acalypha virginica l. argythamnia mercurialina (nutt.) muell.-arg. var. mercurialina. syn. = ditaxis mercurialina (nutt.) coult. chamaesyce humistrata (engelm. ex gray) small. syn. = euphorbia humistrata engelm. ex gray. chamaesyce maculata (l.) small. syn. = euphorbia maculata l. and euphorbia supina raf. chamaesyce missurica (raf.) shinners. syn. = euphorbia missurica raf. #chamaesyce nutans (lag.) small chamaesyce prostrata (ait.) small. syn. = euphorbia chamaesyce auct. non l. chamaesyce serpens (kunth) small. syn. = euphorbia serpens kunth. croton capitatus michx. var. capitatus. croton glandulosus l. var. septentrionalis muell.-arg. croton lindheimerianus scheele #croton michauxii g.l. webster croton monanthogynus michx. croton willdenowii g.l. webster. syn. = crotonopsis elliptica willd. euphorbia corollata l. var. paniculata (ell.) boiss. euphorbia cyathophora murr. syn. = e. heterophylla l. var. graminifolia (michx.) engelm. euphorbia dentata michx. wallis listed formas cuphosperma (engelm.) fern. and dentata. euphorbia heterophylla l. euphorbia hexagona nutt. ex spreng. euphorbia marginata pursh euphorbia pubentissima michx. syn. = e. corollata l. var. mollis millap. euphorbia spathulata lam. syn. = e. dictyosperma fisch. & c.a. mey. euphorbia obtusata (pursh) small phyllanthus caroliniensis walt. stillingia sylvatica l. tragia betonicifolia nutt. syn. = t. urticifolia michx. #tragia urticifolia michx. tragia ramosa torr. fabaceae (=leguminosae) acacia angustissima (p. mill.) kuntze var. hirta (nutt.) b.l. robins. *#albizia julibrissin durazz. amorpha canescens pursh amorpha fruticosa l. syn. = a. fruticosa l. var. angustifolia pursh, a. fruticosa l. var. oblongifolia palmer and a. fruticosa l. var. tennesseensis (shuttlew.) palmer. #amorpha laevigata nutt. amphicarpaea bracteata (l.) fern. var. bracteata amphicarpaea bracteata (l.) fern. var. comosa (l.) fern. apios americana medik. syn. = a. americana medik. var. turrigera fern. astragalus canadensis l. astragalus crassicarpus nutt. var. trichocalyx (nutt.) barneby astragalus distortus torr. & gray #astragalus nuttallianus dc. baptisia alba (l.) vent. var. macrophylla (larisey) isely. syn. = baptisia leucantha torr. & gray var. leucantha. baptisia australis (l.) r. br. ex ait. f. var. minor (lehm.) fern. #baptisia bracteata muhl. ex ell. var. leucophaea (nutt.) kartesz & gandhi cercis canadensis l. var. canadensis. wallis listed formas canadensis and glabrifolia fern. chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene var. 36 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. fasciculata. syn. = cassia fasiculata michx. var. robusta (pollard) macbr. chamaecrista nictitans (l.) moench ssp. nictitans var. nictitans. syn. = cassia nictitans l. cladrastis kentukea (dum.-cours.) rudd. clitoria mariana l. crotalaria sagittalis l. dalea candida michx. ex willd. var. candida dalea lanata spreng #dalea multiflora (nutt.) shinners dalea purpurea vent. desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macm. ex b.l. robins. & fern. desmodium canadense (l.) dc. desmodium canescens (l.) dc. desmodium ciliare (muhl. ex willd.) dc. desmodium cuspidatum (muhl. ex willd.) dc. ex loud. desmodium glutinosum (muhl. ex willd.) wood #desmodium illinoense gray desmodium laevigatum (nutt.) dc. desmodium marilandicum (l.) dc. desmodium nudiflorum (l.) dc. wallis lists formas foliolatum (farwell) fassett, nudiflorum, and personatum fassett. #desmodium nuttallii (schindl.) schub. desmodium obtusum (muhl. ex willd.) dc. syn. = desmodlum rigidum (ell.) dc. desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. var. paniculatum desmodium pauciflorum (nutt.) dc. desmodium perplexum schub. syn. = desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. var. dillenii (darl.) isely. desmodium rotundifolium dc. desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & gray #desmodium viridiflorum (l.) dc. galactia volubilis (l.) britt. syn. = g. volubilis (l.) britt. var. mississippiensis vail. gleditsia triacanthos l. gymnocladus dioicus (l.) k. koch #indigofera miniata ortega *kummerowia stipulacea (maxim.) makino *kummerowia striata (thunb.) schindl. *#lathyrus hirsutus l. *lathyrus latifolius l. lathyrus pusillus ell. lespedeza capitata michx. lespedeza cuneata (dum.-cours.) g. don #lespedeza frutescens (l.) hornem. lespedeza hirta (l.) hornem. lespedeza procumbens michx. lespedeza repens (l.) w. bart. lespedeza stuevei nutt. *#lespedeza thunbergii (dc.)nakai lespedeza violacea (l.) pers. lespedeza virginica (l.) britt. lotus unifoliolatus (hook.) benth. var. unifoliolatus. syn. = l. americanus (mitt.) bisch. non vell. *medicago lupulina l. *medicago sativa l. *melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. syn. = m. alba medikus. mimosa nuttallii (dc.) b.l. turner. syn. = schrankia nuttallii (dc.) standl. neptunia lutea (leavenworth) benth. orbexilum pedunculatum (p. mill.) rydb. var. pedunculatum. syn. = psoralea psoralioides (walt.) cory var. eglandulosa (ell.) freeman. #orbexilum simplex (nutt. ex torr. & gray) rydb. #pediomelum linearifolium (torr. & gray) j. grimes phaseolus polystachios (l.) b.s.p. psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. syn. = p. tenuiflora pursh var. floribunda (nutt.) rydb. *#pueraria montana (lour.) merr. rhynchosia latifolia nutt. ex torr. & gray #robinia hispida l. robinia pseudo-acacia l. senna marilandica (l.) link. syn. = cassia marilandica l. sesbania herbacea (p. mill.) mcvaugh. syn. = s. exaltata raf. strophostyles helvula (l.) elliot strophostyles leiosperma (torr. & gray) piper strophostyles umbellata (muhl. ex willd.) britt. stylosanthes biflora (l.) b.s.p. syn. = s. biflora (l.) b.s.p. var. hispidissima (michx.) pollard & ball. 37 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. tephrosia virginiana (l.) pers. syn. = t. virginiana (l.) pers. var. holosericea (nutt.) torr. & gray. *trifolium arvense l. trifolium carolinianum michx. *trifolium dubium sibthorp *trifolium hybridum l. *trifolium incarnatum l. *trifolium pratense l. trifolium campestre schreb. syn. = t. procumbens l. trifolium reflexum l. *trifolium repens l. *trifolium resupinatum l. vicia caroliniana walt. vicia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. leavenworthii (torr. & gray) lassetter & gunn. syn. = v. leavenworthii torr. & gray var. leavenworthii. #vicia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. ludoviciana vicia minutiflora f.g. dietr. *vicia sativa l. ssp. nigra (l.) ehrh. syn. = v. angustifolia l. var. segetalis (thuill.) w.d.j. koch. *vicia villosa roth fagaceae castanea pumila (l.) p. mill. var. ozarkensis (ashe) tucker. syn. = c. ozarkensis ashe. quercus alba l. wallis listed formas alba, latiloba (sarg,) palmer & steyerm. and viridis trel. #quercus buckleyi nixon & dorr quercus falcata michx. var. falcata quercus lyrata walt. quercus macrocarpa michx. quercus marilandica (l.) muenchh. quercus muehlenbergii engelm. wallis lists forma alexanderi (britt.) trel. quercus nigra l. var. nigra quercus palustris muenchh. quercus rubra l. var. ambigua (gray) fern. syn. = q. rubra l. var. borealis (michx. f.) farw. quercus rubra l. var. rubra quercus shumardii buckl. var. schneckii (britt.) sarg. quercus stellata wangenh. quercus velutina lam. wallis listed formas dilaniata thel., macrophylla (dippel) trel., and missouriensis (sarg.) trel. fumariaceae #corydalis curvisiliqua engelm. ssp. occidentalis (engelm. ex gray) w.a. weber corydalis crystallina engelm. corydalis flavula (raf.) dc. corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex gray) gray dicentra cucullaria (l.) bernh. gentianaceae #gentiana alba muhl. ex nutt. #gentiana puberulenta j. pringle sabatia angularis (l.) pursh sabatia campestris nutt. wallis listed formas albiflora d. m. moore and campestris. geraniaceae *erodium cicutarium (l.) l'hér. ex ait. geranium carolinianum l. #geranium carolinianum l. var. sphaerospermum (fern.) breitung geranium maculatum l. *#geranium molle l. *geranium pusillum l. grossulariaceae #ribes missouriense nutt. haloragaceae *myriophyllum aquaticum (vell.) verdc. syn. = m. brasiliense camb. myriophyllum heterophyllum michx. myriophyllum pinnatum (walt.) b.s.p. hamamelidaceae hamamelis vernalis sarg. syn. = h. vernalis sarg. var. tomentella (rehd.) palmer. hippocastanaceae aesculus glabra willd. var. glabra. syn. = a. glabra willd. var. sargentii rehd. 38 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. hydrangeaceae hydrangea arborescens l. var. arborescens. syn. = h. arborescens l. var. oblonga torr. & gray hydrangea cinerea small. syn. = h. arborescens l. var. deamii st. john. philadelphus pubescens loisel. hydrocharitaceae *#egeria densa planch. #elodea canadensis michx. hydrophyllaceae ellisia nyctelea (l.)l. hydrolea ovata nutt. ex choisy hydrophyllum virginianum l. nemophila phacelioides nutt. #phacelia gilioides brand phacelia hirsuta nutt. phacelia strictiflora (engelm. & gray) gray var. robbinsii constance juglandaceae carya alba (l.) nutt. ex ell. syn. = carya tomentosa (lam. ex poir.) nutt. carya cordiformis (wangenh.) k. koch #carya glabra (p. mill.) sweet carya illinoensis (wangenh.) k. koch #carya laciniosa (michx. f.) g. don carya ovalis (wangenh.) sarg. syn. = carya ovalis (wangenh.) sarg. var. obcordata (muhl. & willd.) sarg. carya ovata (p. mill.) k. koch carya texana buckl. juglans nigra l. lamiaceae (= labiatae) agastache nepetoides (l.) kuntze #blephilia ciliata (l.) benth. clinopodium arkansanum (nutt.) house. syn. = satureja arkansana (nutt.) briq. cunila origanoides (l.) britt. *glechoma hederacea l. syn. = g. hederacea l. var. micrantha moricand. hedeoma hispida pursh hedeoma pulegioides (l.) pers. *lamium amplexicaule l. wallis listed formas albiflorum d. m. moore and amplexicaule. *lamium purpureum l. *leonurus cardiaca l. *leonurus sibiricus l. lycopus americanus muhl. ex w. bart. syn. = l. americanus muhl. var. scabrifolius fern. lycopus rubellus moench. syn. = l. rubellus moench. var. arkansanus (fresn.) benner. lycopus uniflorus michx. *marrubium vulgare l. *melissa officinalis l. * mentha ×piperita l. (pro sp.) [aquatica × spicata]. syn. = mentha piperita l. *mentha spicata l. #monarda bradburiana beck monarda citriodora cerv. ex lag. monarda fistulosa l. ssp. fistulosa #monarda fistulosa l. ssp. fistulosa var. mollis (l.) benth. monarda punctata l. ssp. punctata var. villicaulis (pennell) palmer & steyermark. syn. = m. punctata l. var. villicaulis (pennell) shinners monarda russeliana nutt. ex sims. syn. = m. virgata raf. *nepeta cataria l. *perilla frutescens (l.) britton physostegia angustifolia fern. #physostegia virginiana (l.) benth. prunella vulgaris l. syn. = p. caroliniana mill. #prunella vulgaris l. var. lanceolata (w. bart.) fern. pycnanthemum albescens torr. & gray pycnanthemum tenuifolium schrad. pycnanthemum verticillatum (michx.) pers. var. pilosum (nutt.) cooperrider. syn. = p. pilosum nutt. salvia azurea michx. ex lam. var. grandiflora benth. salvia lyrata l. scutellaria elliptica muhl. ex spreng. scutellaria incana biehler scutellaria lateriflora l. scutellaria ovata hill ssp. bracteata (benth.) epling scutellaria ovata hill ssp. ovata scutellaria parvula michx. var. parvula 39 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. #scutellaria parvula michx. var. australis fassett stachys tenuifolia willd. teucrium canadense l. var. canadense. syn. = t. canadense l. var. virginicum (l.) eat. trichostema brachiatum l. lauraceae lindera benzoin (l.) blume var. benzoin lindera benzoin (l.) blume var. pubescens (palmer & steyerm.) rehd. sassafras albidum (nutt.) nees. syn. = s. albidum (nutt.) nees var. molle (raf.) fern. lentibulariaceae utricularia gibba l. syn. = u. biflora lam. linaceae #linum berlandieri hook. var. berlandieri hook. var. berlandieri linum medium (planch.) britt. var. texanum (planch.) fern. linum pratense (j.b.s. norton) small. syn. = l. lewisii pursh var. pratense j.b.s. norton linum sulcatum riddell loasaceae mentzelia oligosperma nutt. ex sims. loganiaceae polypremum procumbens l. lythraceae ammannia auriculata willd. ammannia coccinea rothb. cuphea viscosissima jacq. syn. = c. petiolata koehne. lythrum alatum pursh lythrum alatum pursh var. lanceolatum (ell.) torr. & gray ex rothrock. syn. = l. lanceolatum ell. rotala ramosior (l.) koehne. syn. = r. ramosior (l.) koehne var. interior fern. & grisc. malvaceae *abutilon theophrasti medik. callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.) gray callirhoe bushii fern. callirhoe digitata nutt. var. digitata callirhoe involucrata (torr. and gray) gray var. involucrata #callirhoe leiocarpa r.f. martin hibiscus laevis all. syn. = h. militaris cav. hibiscus lasiocarpos cav. #hibiscus moscheutos l. *#hibiscus syriacus l. *#hibiscus trionum l. *malva neglecta wallr. malvastrum hispidum (pursh) hochr. syn. = sidopsis hispida (pursh) rydb. sida spinosa l. melastomataceae rhexia mariana l. var. interior (pennell) kral & bostick. syn. = r. interior pennell menispermaceae calycocarpum lyoni (pursh) gray cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. menispermum canadense l. molluginaceae glinus lotoides l. mollugo verticillata l. monotropaceae #monotropa hypopithys l. #monotropa uniflora l. moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) schneider *morus alba l. morus rubra l. nelumbonaceae nelumbo lutea willd. nyctaginaceae mirabilis albida (walt.) heimerl mirabilis linearis (pursh) heimerl *mirabilis jalapa l. mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macm. 40 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. nymphaeaceae nuphar lutea (l.) sm. ssp. advena (ait.) kartesz & gandhi. syn. = n. advena (ait.) alt. f. nymphaea odorata ait. ssp. tuberosa (paine) wiersma & hellquist. syn. = n. tuberosa ait. nyssaceae nyssa sylvatica marsh. syn. = n. sylvatica marsh. var. dilatata fern. oleaceae #forestiera acuminata (michx.) poir. fraxinus americana l. fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. syn. = fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. var. subintegerrima (vahl) fern. fraxinus quadrangulata michx. *ligustrum sinense lour. onagraceae #calylophus serrulatus (nutt.) raven circaea lutetiana l. ssp. canadensis (l.) aschers. & magnus. syn. = c. quadrisulcata (maxim.) franch. & savigny ssp. canadensis (l.) a.& d. löve. #gaura biennis l. gaura longiflora spach. syn. = g. biennis l. var. pitcheri torr. & gray. gaura mollis james. syn. = g. parviflora dougl. ex lehm. var. parviflora. wallis listed forma parviflora. ludwigia alternifolia l. syn. = ludwigia alternifolia l. var. pubescens palmer & steyermark. ludwigia decurrens walt. syn. = jussiaea decurrens (walt.) dc. ludwigia glandulosa walt. ssp. glandulosa ludwigia palustris (l.) ell. syn. = l. palustris (l.) ell. var. americana (dc.) fern. & grisc. ludwigia peploides (kunth) raven ssp. glabrescens (kuntze) raven. syn. = jussiaea repens l. var. glabrescens kuntze. #ludwigia repens j.r. forst. oenothera biennis l. var. biennis oenothera elata kunth ssp. hirsutissima (gray ex s. wats.) w. dietr. syn. = o. biennis l. var. hirsutissima gray. oenothera fruticosa l. ssp. fruticosa #oenothera grandis (britt.) smyth oenothera laciniata hill oenothera linifolia nutt. #oenothera spachiana torr. & gray #oenothera speciosa nutt. oenothera villosa thunb. ssp. villosa. syn. = o. biennis l. var. canescens torr. & gray. oenothera triloba nutt. orobanchaceae orobanche uniflora l. oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata l. syn. = o. corniculata l. var. langloisii (small) wieg. #oxalis dillenii jacq. *oxalis stricta l. syns. = o. europaea jord. var. bushii (small) wieg. and o. europaea jord. var. europaea. wallis listed formas europaea, pilosella wieg., and villicaulis wieg. oxalis violacea l. syn. = o. violacea l. var. tricnophora fasaett. . papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey. syn. = a. intermedia auct. non sweet. *#papaver dubium l. sanguinaria canadensis l. syn. = s. canadensis l. var. rotundifolia (greene) fedde. passifloraceae passiflora incarnata l. wallis listed formas alba waterfall and incarnata. passiflora lutea l. syn. = p. lutea l. var. glabriflora fern. phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. rivina humilis l. 41 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. #plantago elongata pursh #plantago heterophylla nutt. *plantago lanceolata l. #plantago major l. #plantago patagonica jacq. plantago pusilla nutt. #plantago rhodosperma dcne. plantago rugelii dcne. plantago virginica l. #plantago wrightiana dcne. platanaceae platanus occidentalis l. podostemaceae #podostemum ceratophyllum michx. polemoniaceae #phlox cuspidata scheele phlox divaricata l. ssp. laphamii (wood) wherry. syn. = p. divaricata l. var. laphamii wood. phlox pilosa l. ssp. ozarkana (wherry) wherry. syn. = p. pilosa l. var. ozarkana wherry. phlox pilosa l. var. pilosa polemonium reptans l. polygalaceae polygala ambigua nutt. syn. = p. verticillata l. var. dolichoptera fern. polygala incarnata l. polygala sanguinea l. #polygala verticillata l. polygonaceae eriogonum longifolium nutt. *#fagopyrum esculentum moench #polygonum amphibium l. *polygonum aviculare l. var. aviculare. syn. = p. aviculare l. var. vegetum ledeb. polygonum buxiforme small. syn. = p. aviculare l. var. littorale (link) w. d. j. koch. *polygonum convolvulus l. *#polygonum cuspidatum sieb. & zucc. *polygonum hydropiper l. polygonum hydropiperoides michx. var. hydropiperoides. syns. = p. hydropiperoides michx. var. bushianum stanford and p. hydropiperoides michx. var. opelousanum (riddell ex small) riddell ex w. stone. polygonuum lapathifolium l. *#polygonum orientale l. polygonum pensylvanicum l. var. pensylvanicum syn. = p. pensylvanicum l. var. laevigatum fern. polygonum persicaria l. polygonum punctatum ell. var. confertiflorum (meisn.) fassett polygonum punctatum ell. var. leptostachyum ((meisn.) small polygonum punctatum ell. var. punctatum polygonum ramosissimum michx. polygonum sagittatum l. polygonum scandens l. #polygonum setaceum baldw. polygonum tenue michx. polygonum virginianum l. syn. = tovara virginiana (l.) raf. *rumex acetosella l. rumex altissimus wood *rumex crispus l. rumex hastatulus baldw. *rumex obtusifolius l. *#rumex patientia l. *rumex pulcher l. portulacaceae claytonia virginica l. phemeranthus calycinus (engelm.) kiger. syn. = talinum calycinum engelm. phemeranthus parviflorus (nutt.) kiger. syn. = talinum parviflorum nutt. portulaca halimoides l. syn. = portulaca parvula gray. portulaca oleracea l. #portulaca pilosa l. primulaceae *#anagallis arvensis l. androsace occidentalis pursh 42 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. centunculus minimus l. dodecatheon meadia l. ssp. meadia. wallis listed formas album and meadia. lysimachia ciliata l. lysimachia lanceolata walt. samolus valerandi l. ssp. parviflorus (raf.) hultén. syn. = s. parviflorus raf. ranunculaceae anemone caroliniana walt. wallis listed formas caroliniana and violacea clute. anemone berlandieri pritz. syn. = anemone decapetala auct. non ard. anemone virginiana l. aguilegia canadensis l. syn. = a. canadensis l. var. latiuscula (greene) munz. clematis ligusticifolia nutt. clematis pitcheri torr. & gray *#clematis terniflora dc. clematis versicolor small ex rydb. clemiatis virginiana l. *consolida ajacis (l.) schur. syn. = delphinium ajacis l. wallis listed formas ajacis and alba r. h. cheney. delphinium carolinianum walt. ssp. carolinianum. syn. = d. carolinianum walt. var. crispum perry and d. carolinianum walt. var. nortonianum (mack & bush) perry. delphinium tricorne michx. wallis listed formas albiflora millsp. and tricorne. enemion biternatum raf. syn. = isopyrum biternatum (raf.) torr. & gray myosurus minimus l. ranunculus abortivus l. var. abortivus ranunculus fascicularis muhl. ex bigelow syn. = r. fascicularis muhl. ex bigelow var. aprica (greene) fern. ranunculus harveyi (gray) britt. ranunculus hispidus michx. ranunculus hispidus michx. var. nitidus (chapman) t. duncan. syn. = r. carolinianus dc. ranunculus laxicaulis (torr.& gray) darby ranunculus longirostris godr. #ranunculus macranthus scheele ranunculus micranthus nutt. *ranunculus parviflorus l. ranunculus pusillus poir. ranunculus recurvatus poir. ranunculus sceleratus l. var. sceleratus thalictrum dasycarpum fisch. & avé-lall. syn. = t. dasycarpum fisch. & avé-lall. var. hypoglaucum (rydb.) boivin. #thalictrum dioicum l. thalictrum thalictroides (l.) eames & boivin. syn. = anemonella thalictroides (l.) eames & boivin. rhamnaceae berchemia scandens (hill) k. koch ceanothus americanus l. syn. = c. americanus l. var. pitcheri torr.& gray. ceanothus herbaceus raf. syn. = c. herbaceus raf. var. pubescens (torr. & gray ex s. wats.) shinners. frangula caroliniana (walt.) gray. syn. = rhamnus caroliniana walt. var. caroliniana and rhamnus caroliniana walt. var. mollis fern. rhamnus lanceolata pursh ssp. glabrata (gleason) kartesz & gandhi. syn. = rhamnus lanceolata pursh var. glabrata gleason. rosaceae agrimonia parviflora ait. agrimonia pubescens wallr. agrimonia rostellata wallr. amelanchier arborea (michz. f.) fern. #amelanchier arborea (michx. f.) fern. var. alabamensis (britt.) g.n. jones aruncus dioicus (walt.) fern. var. pubescens (rydb.) fern. crataegus coccinioides ashe crataegus crus-galli l. crataegus engelmanni sarg. #crataegus intricata lange crataegus mollis scheele #crataegus pruinosa (wendl. f.) k. koch #crataegus punctata jacq. crataegus reverchonii sarg. syn. = c. reverchoni sarg. var. discolor (sarg.) palmer. 43 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. crataegus spathulata michx. crataegus viridis l. *#duchesnea indica (andr.) focke fragaria virginiana duchesne geum canadense jacq. var. canadense. syn. = g. canadense jacq. var. camporum (rydb.) fern. & weath. geum vernum (raf.) torr. & gray gillenia stipulata (muhl. ex willd.) baill. malus ioensis (wood) britt. var. ioensis. syn. = pyrus ioensis (wood) bailey. *malus sylvestris p. mill. syn. = pyrus malus l. physocarpus opulifolius (l.) maxim. var. intermedius (rydb.) b.l. robins. potentilla norvegica l. *potentilla recta l. potentilla simplex michx. var. simplex #prunus americana marsh. #prunus angustifolia marsh. #prunus gracilis engelm. & gray prunus hortulana bailey prunus mexicana s. wats. syn. = p. americana marsh. var. lanata sudsworth. prunus munsoniana w. wright & hedrick. *prunus persica (l.) batsch prunus rivularis scheele. syn. = p. reverchonii sarg. prunus serotina ehrh. #prunus virginiana l. *#pyrus communis l. rosa carolina l. var. carolina. syn. = r. carolina var. villosa (best) rehd. wallis listed forma glandulosa (crepin) fern. rosa foliolosa nutt. ex torr. & gray rosa multiflora thunb. ex murr. rosa setigera michx. var. setigera rosa setigera michx. var. tomentosa torr. & gray rubus aboriginum rydb. #rubus argutus link rubus allegheniensis porter rubus bushii bailey. syn. = r. fructifer bailey, r. ozarkensis bailey, and r. scibilis bailey. #rubus flagellaris willd. rubus frondosus bigelow. syn. = r. pratensis bailey. rubus mollior bailey rubus occidentalis l. rubus oklahomus bailey rubus trivialis michx. sanguisorba annua (nutt. ex hook.) nutt. ex torr. & gray rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. diodia teres walt. var. teres. syn. = d. teres walt. var. setifera fern. & grisc. #diodia virginiana l. galium aparine l. var. aparine. syn. = g. aparine l. var. vaillantii (dc.) koch. galium arkansanum gray galium circaezans michx. var. hypomalacum fern. galium concinnum torr. & gray #galium obtusum bigelow #galium pilosum ait. var. pilosum galium pilosum ait. var. puncticulosum (michx.) torr. & gray galium tinctorium (l.) scop. galium triflorum michx. wallis listed formas glabrum leyend and triflorum. galium virgatum nutt. houstonia purpurea l. var. calycosa gray. syn. = houstonia lanceolata (poir.) britt. houstonia longifolia gaertn. houstonia pusilla schoepf. syn. = h. patens ell. houstonia purpurea l. #houstonia rosea (raf.) terrell #oldenlandia boscii (dc.) chapman *sherardia arvensis l. spermacoce glabra michx. stenaria nigricans (lam.) terrell var. nigricans. syn. = houstonia nigricans (lam.) fern. rutaceae ptelea trifoliata l. #zanthoxylum americanum p. mill. salicaceae *#populus alba l. populus deltoides marsh. salix caroliniana michx. salix humilis marsh. var. humilis. syn. = s. 44 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. humilis marsh. var. hyporhysa fern. salix interior rowlee. wallis listed forma wheeleri (rowlee) rouleau. salix nigra marsh. santalaceae comandra umbellata (l.) nutt. ssp. umbellata. syn. = c. richardsiana fern. sapindaceae #cardiospermum halicacabum l. sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l. benson. syn. = s. drummondii hook. & arn. sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. ssp. oblongifolium (nutt.) t.d. pennington. syn. = bumelia lanuginosa (michx.) pers. var. oblongifolia (nutt.) r. b. clark. saxifragaceae heuchera americana l. var. hirsuticaulis (wheelock) rosendahl butters & lakela penthorum sedoides l. #saxifraga palmeri bush saxifraga texana buckl. saxifraga virginiensis michx. var. subintegra goodman saururaceae saururus cernuus l. scrophulariaceae #agalinis densiflora (benth.) blake agalinis fasciculata (ell.) raf. syn. = gerardia fasciculata ell. agalinis gattingeri (small) small. syn. = gerardia gattingeri small. agalinis heterophylla (nutt.) small ex britt. syn. = gerardia heterophylla nutt. agalinis tenuifolia (vahl) raf. var. parviflora (nutt.) pennell. syn. = gerardia tenuifolia vahl. var. parviflora nutt. #agalinis viridis (small) pennell aureolaria grandiflora (benth.) pennell var. cinerea pennell. syn. = gerardia grandiflora benth. var. cinerea (pennell) cory. #aureolaria pectinata (nutt.) pennell bacopa rotundifolia (michx.) wettst. buchnera americana l. castilleja coccinea (l.) spreng. wallis listed formas coccinea and lutescens farwell. #castilleja indivisa engelm. #castilleja purpurea (nutt.) g. don #collinsia verna nutt. collinsia violacea nutt. dasistoma macrophylla (nutt.) raf. syn. = seymeria macrophylla nutt. gratiola neglecta torr. gratiola virginiana l. *kickxia elatine (l.) dumort. leucospora multifida (michx.) nutt. syn. = conobea multifida (michx.) benth. *linaria vulgaris p. mill. lindernia dubia (l.) pennell var. anagallidea (michx.) cooperrider. syn. = l. anagallidea (michx.) pennell. lindernia dubia (l.) pennell var. dubia mecardonia acuminata (walt.) small var. acuminata. syn. = bacopa acuminata (walt.) b.l. robins. mimulus alatus ait. mimulus glabratus kunth var. oklahomensis fassett #mimulus ringens l. nuttallanthus texanus (scheele) d.a. sutton. syn. = linaria canadensis (l.) dumont. var. texana (scheele) pennell. pedicularis canadensis l. ssp. canadensis. syn. = p. canadensis l. var. dobbsii fern. penstemon arkansanus pennell penstemon digitalis nutt. ex sims #penstemon laxiflorus pennell penstemon tubiflorus nutt. scrophularia marilandica l. wallis listed forma neglecta (rydb.) pennell. *verbascum blattaria l. wallis listed formas albiflora (don) house and blattaria. *verbascum thapsus l. #veronica anagallis-aquatica l. 45 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. *veronica arvensis l. veronica peregrina l. ssp. peregrine veronica peregrina l. ssp. xalapensis (kunth) pennell. syn. = v. peregrina l. var. xalapensis (kunth) pennell. veronicastrum virginicum (l.) farw. simaroubaceae *#ailanthus altissima (p. mill.) swingle solanaceae *datura inoxia p. mill. syn. = d. meteloides auct. p.p., non dunal. *datura stramonium l. physalis angulata l. syns. = p. angulata l. var. lanceifolia (nees) waterfall and p. angulata l. var. pendula (rydberg) waterfall. physalis cordata p. mill. syn. = p. pubescens l. var. glabra (michx.) waterfall. #physalis hederifolia gray physalis heterophylla nees var. heterophylla physalis longifolia nutt. var. longifolia. syn. = physalis virginiana mill. var. sonorae (torr.) waterfall. physalis missouriensis mackenzie & bush #physalis pubescens l. var. pubescens physalis pubescens l. var. integrifolia (dunal) waterfall physalis pumila nutt. physalis virginiana p. mill. var. virginiana solanum americanum p. mill. solanum carolinense l. wallis listed formas albiflorum (o. ktze.) benke and carolinense. solanum elaeagnifolium cav. solanum rostratum dunal *solanum physalifolium rusby. syn. = solanum sarachoides auct. non sendtner. #solanum ptychanthum dunal *#veronica persica poir. *#veronica polita fries staphyleaceae staphylea trifolia l. tamaricaceae *#tamarix chinensis lour. *tamarix gallica l. tiliaceae tilia americana l. var. americana. syn. = tilia neglecta spach. #tilia americana l. var. caroliniana (p. mill.) castigl. ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. var. laevigata #celtis laevigata willd. var. texana sarg. celtis occidentalis l. syn. = c. occidentalis l. var. pumila (pursh) gray. celtis tenuifolia mitt. var. ternilfolia. syn. = celtis tenuifolia nutt. var. georgiana. (small) fern. & schub. ulmus alata michx. ulmus americana l. ulmus crassifolia nutt. *ulmus pumila l. ulmus rubra muhl. #ulmus serotina sarg. urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l. ) sw. var. cylindrica laportea canadensis (l.) weddell parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. pilea pumila (l.) gray var. deamii (lunell) fern. urtica chamaedryoides pursh urtica dioica l. valerianaceae valerianella longiflora (torr. & gray) walp. valerianella ozarkana dyal. syn. = v. bushii dyal. valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. verbenaceae callicarpa americana l glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber. syn. = verbena pumila rydb. phryma leptostachya l. formerly placed in the phrymaceae. 46 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. phyla lanceolata (michx.) greene syn. = l. lanceolata michx. var. recognita fern. & grisc. phyla nodiflora (l.) greene. syn. = l. incisa (small) tidestrom verbena bracteata cav. ex lag. & rodr. verbena halei small verbena hastata l. verbena simplex lehm. verbena stricta vent. wallis listed formas albiflora wadmond and stricta. verbena urticifolia l. var. urticifolia #verbena urticifolia l. var. leiocarpa perry & fern. violaceae hybanthus concolor (t.e. forst.) spreng. viola bicolor pursh. syn. = v. kitaibeliana r. & s. var. rafinesquii (greene) fern. viola missouriensis greene #viola ×palmata l. (pro sp.) [brittoniana or pedatifida × affinis or sororia] viola pedata l. syn. = v. pedata l. var. lineariloba dc. viola pedatifida g. don viola pubescens ait. syn. = v. pensylvanica var. pensylvanica. viola pubescens ait. var. scabriuscula schwein. ex torr. & gray. syn. = v. pensylvanica michx var. leiocarpa (fern. & wieg.) fern. #viola x primulifolia viola sagittata ait. viola sororia willd. syn. = v. papilionacea pursh. viola triloba schwein. var. dilatata (ell.) brainerd viscaceae (=loranthaceae) phoradendron leucarpum (raf.) reveal & m.c. johnston. syn. = p. flavescens nutt. ex engelm. vitaceae ampelopsis arborea (l.) koehne ampelopsis cordata michx. cissus trifoliata (l.) l. syn. = c. incisa (nutt.) des moulins. parthenocissus quinguefolia (l.) planch. wallis listed forma hirsuta (donn) fern. #vitis aestivalis michx. var. aestivalis vitis aestivalis michx. var. bicolor deam. syn. = v. aestivalis michx. var. argentifolia (munson) fern. vitis aestivalis michx. var. lincecumii (buckl.) munson. syn. = v. lincecumii buckl. var. glauca munson. #vitis cinerea (engelm.) millard #vitis palmata vahl #vitis riparia michx. #vitis rupestris scheele vitis vulpina l. zygophyllaceae *tribulus terrestris l. monocotyledoneae acoraceae #acorus calamus l. agavaceae manfreda virginica (l.) salisb. ex rose. syn. = agave lata shinners. yucca arkansana trel. yucca filamentosa l. #yucca glauca nutt. alismataceae alisma subcordatum raf. echinodorus cordifolius (l) griseb. sagittaria ambigua j.g. sm. #sagittaria brevirostra mackenzie & bush sagittaria calycina engelm. sagittaria graminea michx. sagittaria latifolia willd. wallis listed formas hastata (pursh) robins. and latifolia. syn. = s. latifolia willd var. obtusa (engelm.) wieg. #sagittaria platyphylla (engelm.) j.g. sm. araceae arisaema triphyllum (l.) schott ssp. triphyllum. syn. = a. atrorubens (ait.) blume. wallis formas virde (engler) fern. and zebrinum 47 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. (sims) fern. arisaema dracontium (l.) schott commelinaceae *commelina communis l. commelina diffusa burm. f. commelina erecta l. var. angustifolia (michx.) fern. wallis listed forma crispa (woot.) fern. commelina erecta l. var. deamiana fern. commelina erecta l. var. erecta. wallis listed formas erecta and intercursa fern. commelina virginica l. tradescantia ernestiana e.s. anderson & woods. wallis listed formas alba waterfall and ernestiana. #tradescantia hirsutiflora bush tradescantia ohiensis raf. wallis listed forma ohiensis. tradescantia ozarkana e.s. anderson & woods. cyperaceae bulbostylis capillaris (l.) kunth ex c.b. clarke ssp. capillaris. syn. = bulbostylis capillaris (l.) c. b. clark var. crebra fern. carex aggregata mackenzie #carex albicans willd. ex spreng. var. albicans carex amphibola steud. var. amphibola carex annectens (bickn.) bickn. carex austrina mackenzie carex bicknelii britt. carex blanda dewey carex brevior (dewey) mackenzie carex bulbostylis mackenzie. syn. = carex amphibola steud. var. globosa (bailey) bailey. carex bushii mackenzie #carex caroliniana schwein. carex cephalophora muhl. var. cephalophora carex cherokeensis schwein. #carex complanata torr. & hook. carex crawei dewey carex crus-corvi shuttlw. ex kunze #carex davisii schwein. & torr. #carex digitalis willd. #carex festucacea schkuhr ex willd. #carex fissa mackenzie carex flaccosperma dewey carex frankii kunth carex granularis muhl. ex willd. syn. = carex haleana olney. carex gravida bailey var. lunelliana (mackenzie) f.j. herm. carex grayi carey. syn. = carex grayi carey var. hispidula gray. carex grisea wahlenb. syn. = carex amphibola steud var. turgida fern. carex hirsutella mackenzie carex hyalinolepis steud. carex jamesii schwein. carex leavenworthii dewey. syn. = carex cephalophora muhl. var. leavenworthii (dewey) kükenth. carex laevivaginata (kükenth.) mackenzie #carex louisianica bailey carex lupuliformis sartwell ex dewey #carex lupulina muhl. ex willd. carex lurida wahlenb. #carex microdonta torr. & hook. #carex molestiformis reznicek & rothrock carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. var. enervis boott. carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. var. muehlenbergii. carex normalis mackenzie carex oklahomensis mackenzie. syn. = carex stipata muhl. var. oklahomensis (mackenzie) gleason. carex oligocarpa schkuhr ex willd. #carex oxylepis torr. & hook. carex retroflexa muhl. ex willd. #carex scoparia schkuhr ex willd. #carex shinnersii p. fothr. & reznicek carex shortiana dewey #carex socialis mohlenbrock & schwegm. #carex squarrosa l. carex triangularis boeckl. carex vulpinoidea michx. cyperus acuminatus torr. & hook. ex torr. cyperus bipartitus torr. syn. = cyperus rivularis kunth. cyperus echinatus (l.) wood. syns. = cyperus ovularis (michx.) torr. var. 48 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. ovularis and cyperus ovularis (michx.) torr. var. sphaericus boeckl. cyperus erythrorhizos muhl. *cyperus esculentus l. cyperus flavescens l. syn. = cyperus flavescens l. var. poiformis (pursh) fern. *#cyperus iria l. cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks ssp. lupulinus. syn. = cyperus filiculmis vahl. cyperus odoratus l. #cyperus reflexus vahl #cyperus retroflexus buckl. syn. = cyperus uniflorus torr. & hook. #cyperus setigerus torr. & hook. cyperus strigosus l. syn. = cyperus strigosus l. var. robustior britt. cyperus strigosus l. var. strigosus cyperus squarrosus l. syn. = cyperus inflexus muhl. cyperus virens michx. eleocharis acicularis (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes var. acicularis syn. = eleocharis acicularis (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes var. gracilescens svens. eleocharis engelmanni steud. wallis lists forma englemanni. #eleocharis erythropoda steud. eleocharis lanceolata fern. eleocharis macrostachya britt. eleocharis montevidensis kunth eleocharis obtusa (willd.) j.a. schultes #eleocharis palustris (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes #eleocharis parvula (roemer & j.a. schultes) link ex bluff, nees & schauer eleocharis quadrangulata (michx.) roemer & j.a. schultes eleocharis radicans (a. dietr.) kunth. eleocharis tenuis (willd.) j.a. schultes var. verrucosa (svens.) svens. fimbristylis annua (all.) roemer & j.a. schultes. syn. = fimbristylis baldwiniana (j.a. schultes) torr. fimbristylis autumnalis (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl var. puberula. syn. = fimbristylis drummondii (torr. & hook. ex torr.) boeckl. fimbristylis vahlii (lam.) link fuirena squarrosa michx. isolepis carinata hook. & arn. ex torr. syn. = scirpus koilolepis (steud.) gleason. kyllinga pumila michx. syn. = cyperus tenuifolius (steud.) dandy. lipocarpha drummondii (nees) g. tucker. syn. = hemicarpha drummondii nees. lipocarpha micrantha (vahl) g. tucker. syn. = hemicarpha micrantha (vahl) pax. rhynchospora harveyi w. boott rhynchospora macrostachya torr. ex gray rhynchospora recognita (gale) kral. syn. = rhynchospora globularis (chapm.) small var. recognita gale. #schoenoplectus acutus (muhl. ex bigelow) a.& d. löve var. acutus schoenoplectus americanus (pers.) volk. ex schinz & r. keller. syn. = scirpus americanus pers. var. americanus. schoenoplectus californicus (c.a. mey.) palla. syn. = scirpus californicus (c.a. meyer) steud. schoenoplectus heterochaetus (chase) soják. syn. = scirpus heterochaetus chase. schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (k.c. gmel.) palla. syn. = scirpus validus vahl var. creber fern. scirpus atrovirens willd. scirpus pendulus muhl. syn. = scirpus lineatus auct. non michx. scleria ciliata michx. var. ciliata scleria oligantha michx. scleria pauciflora muhl. ex willd. var. caroliniana (willd.) wood scleria triglomerata michx. dioscoreaceae *dioscorea oppositifolia l. syn. = dioscorea batatas dcne. dioscorea quaternata j.f. gmel. dioscorea villosa l. wallis listed formas glabrifolia (bartlett) fern. and villosa. hydrocharitaceae elodea nuttallii (planch.) st. john 49 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. iridaceae *belamcanda chinensis (l.) dc iris cristata ait. iris virginica l. var. shrevei (small) e. anders. nemastylis nuttallii pickering ex r.c. foster sisyrinchium angustifolium p. mill. sisyrinchium campestre bickn. wallis lists forma kansanum (bickn.) steyerm. sisyrinchium langloisii greene. syn. = sisyrinchium varians bickn. juncaceae juncus acuminatus michx. juncus biflorus ell. juncus brachycarpus engelm. juncus diffusissimus buckl. #juncus dudleyi wieg. juncus effusus l. var. solutus fern. & wieg. juncus interior wieg. juncus marginatus rostk. juncus nodatus coville. syn. = juncus acuminatus michx. var. robustus engelm. juncus scirpoides lam. #juncus secundus beauv. ex poir. juncus tenuis willd. juncus torreyi coville juncus validus coville luzula bulbosa (wood) smyth & smyth #luzula echinata (small) f.j. herm. lemnaceae lemna minor l. lemna valdiviana phil. spirodela polyrrhiza (l.) schleid. #wolffia brasiliensis weddell #wolffia columbiana karst. liliaceae aletris farinosa l. allium canadense l. var. canadense allium canadense l. var. lavandulare (bates) ownbey & aase allium canadense l. var. mobilense (regel) ownbey *#allium sativum l. allium stellatum fraser ex ker-gawl. *allium vineale l. wallis listed formas compactum (thuill.) aschers and vineale. *asparagus officinalis l. camassia scilloides (raf.) cory cooperia drummondii herbert erythronium albidum nutt. erythronium americanum ker-gawl. erythronium mesochoreum knerr. syn. = erythronium albidum nutt. var. mesochoreum (knerr) rickett. #erythronium rostratum w. wolf *hemerocallis fulva (l.) l. hypoxis hirsuta (l.) coville maianthemum racemosum (l.) link ssp. racemosum. syn. = smilacina racemosa (l.) desf. var. cylindrata fern. nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britt. *#ornithogalum umbellatum l. polygonatum biflorum (walt.) ell. var. commutatum (j.a. & j.h. schultes) morong. syn. = polygonatum canaliculatum auct. non (muhl. ex willd.) pursh. trillium recurvatum beck #trillium sessile l. trillium viridescens nutt. uvularia grandiflora sm. zigadenus nuttallii (gray) s. wats. najadaceae najas guadalupensis (spreng.) magnus orchidaceae #calopogon oklahomensis d.h. goldman calopogon tuberosus (l.) b.s.p. var. tuberosus. syn. = calopogon pulchellus r. br. ex ait. f. #corallorrhiza odontorhiza (willd.) poir. corallorhiza wisteriana conrad #cypripedium kentuckiense c.f. reed #cypripedium parviflorum salisb. hexalectris spicata (walt.) barnh. #malaxis unifolia michx. platanthera lacera (michx.) g. don. syn. = habenaria lacera (michx.) r. br. spiranthes cernua (l.) l.c. rich. 50 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. spiranthes lacera (raf.) raf. var. gracilis (bigelow) luer. syn. = spiranthes gracilis (bigelow) beck. spiranthes tuberosa raf. syn. = spiranthes grayi ames. spiranthes vernalis engelm. & gray #tipularia discolor (pursh) nutt. poaceae (= gramineae) *aegilops cylindrica host. syn. = aegilops cylindrica host. var. rubiginosa popova. *agrostis gigantea roth. syn. = agrostis alba l. agrostis elliottiana j.a. schultes agrostis hyemalis (walt.) b.s.p. agrostis perennans (walt.) tuckerman #agrostis scabra willd. #agrostis stolonifera *aira caryophyllea l. *#aira elegans willd. ex kunth alopecurus carolinianus walt. andropogon gerardi vitman. syn. = andropogon gerardi vitman var. chrysocomas (nash) fern. andropogon ternarius michx. andropogon virginicus l. var. virginicus. syn. = andropogon virginicus l. var. tetrastachyus (ell.) hack. #aristida basiramea engelm. ex vasey aristida dichotoma michx. var. curtissii gray ex s. wats. & coult. aristida dichotoma michx. var. dichotoma aristida longespica poir. var. geniculata (raf.) fern. syn. = aristida intermedia scribn. & ball. aristida longespica poir. var. longespica aristida oligantha michx. aristida purpurascens poir. *arthraxon hispidus (thunb.) makino. syn. = arthraxon hispidus (thunb.) makino var. cryptatherus (hack) houda. arundinaria gigantea (walt.) muhl. *#avena sativa l. axonopus fissifolius (raddi) kuhlm. syn. = axonopus affinis chase. *bothriochloa ischaemum (l.) keng. syn. = andropogon ischaemum l. bothriochloa saccharoides (sw.) rydb. syn. = andropogon saccharoides sw. bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. #brachyelytrum erectum (schreb. ex spreng.) beauv. *bromus catharticus vahl. *bromus hordeaceus l. ssp. hordeaceus. syn. = bromus mollis l. *bromus japonicus thunb. bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. *bromus secalinus l. *bromus tectorum l. cenchrus spinifex cav. syns. = cenchrus incertus m.a. curtis and cenchrus pauciflorus benth. chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates. syn. = uniola latifolia michx. chloris verticillata nutt. #chloris virgata sw. cinna arundinacea l. syn. = cinna arundinacea l. var. inexpansa fern. & grisc. coelorachis cylindrica (michx.) nash. syn. = manisuris cylindrica (michx.) kuntze. *cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. *dactylis glomerata l. danthonia spicata (l.) beauv. ex roemer & j.a. schultes. syn. = danthonia spicata (l.) beauv. ex roemer & j.a. schultes var. longipila scribn. & merr. #diarrhena americana beauv. diarrhena obovata (gleason) brandenburg. syn. = diarrhena americana beauv. var. obovata gleason. #dichanthelium aciculare (desv. ex poir.) gould & c. a. clark #dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. acuminatum dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. fasciculatum (torr.) freckmann. syn. = panicum lanuginosum ell. var. fasciculatum (torr.) fern. #dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. lindheimeri (nash) gould & c.a. clark dichanthelium boscii (poir.) gould & c.a. clark. syn. = panicum boscii poir. 51 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. #dichanthelium clandestinum (l.) gould dichanthelium commutatum (j.a. schultes) gould. syn. = panicum commutatum schultes var. commutatum. #dichanthelium depauperatum (muhl.) gould #dichanthelium dichotomum (l.) gould var. dichotomum dichanthelium latifolium (l.) gould & c.a. clark. syn. = panicum latifolium l. dichanthelium laxiflorum (lam.) gould. syn. = panicum laxiflorum lam. dichanthelium linearifolium (scribn. ex nash) gould. syns = panicum linearifolium scribn. var. linearifolium, panicum linearifolium scribn. ex nash var. werneri (scribn.) fern., and panicum perlongum nash. dichanthelium malacophyllum (nash) gould. syn. = panicum malacophyllum nash. #dichanthelium oligosanthes (j.a. schultes) gould var. oligosanthes dichanthelium oligosanthes (j.a. schultes) gould var. scribnerianum (nash) gould. syns. = panicum oligosanthes schultes var. helleri (nash) fern. and panicum oligosanthes schultes var. scribnerianum (nash) fern. dichanthelium ravenelii (scribn. & merr.) gould. syn. = panicum ravenelii scribn. & merr. dichanthelium scoparium (lam.) gould. syn. = panicum scoparium lam. dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (ell.) gould. syn. = panicum sphaerocarpon ell. dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (ell.) gould var. isophyllum (scribn.) gould & c.a. clark. syn. = panicum polyanthes schultes. dichanthelium villosissimum (nash) freckmann var. praecocius (a.s. hitchc. & chase) freckmann. syn. = panicum praecocius a.s. hitchc. & chase. digitaria cognata (j.a. schultes) pilger. syn. = leptoloma cognatum (schultes) chase. #digitaria ciliaris (retz.) koel. digitaria filiformis (l.) koel. *digitaria ischaemum (schreb.) schreb. ex muhl. syn. = digitaria ischaemum (schreb.) muhl. digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop. #digitaria villosa (walt.) pers. *echinochloa colona (l.) link. wallis listed forma zonalis (guss.) wieg. *echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv. *eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. elymus canadensis l. elymus hystrix l. syn. = hystrix patula moench. elymus villosus muhl. ex willd. elymus virginicus l. var. virginicus. syns. = elymus virginicus l. var. glabriflorus (vasey) bush (wallis listed formas australis (scribn. & ball) fern., hirsutiglumis (scribn.) fern., and virginicus) and elymus virginicus l. var. jejunus (ramaley) rydb. *#eragrostis barrelieri daveau eragrostis capillaris (l.) nees *eragrostis cilianensis (all.) vign. ex janchen. syn. = eragrostis megastachya (koel.) link. eragrostis curtipedicellata buckl. *eragrostis curvula (schrad.) nees eragrostis frankii c.a. mey. ex steud. eragrostis hirsuta (michx.) nees eragrostis hypnoides (lam.) b.s.p. eragrostis intermedia a.s. hitchc. eragrostis pectinacea (michx.) nees ex steud. eragrostis pilosa (l.) beauv. eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. #eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) wood festuca paradoxa desv. festuca subverticillata (pers.) alexeev. syn. = festuca obtusa biehler. #glyceria acutiflora torr. glyceria striata (lam.) a.s. hitchc. gymnopogon ambiguus (michx.) b.s.p. *#holcus lanatus l. hordeum pusillum nutt. koeleria macrantha (ledeb.) j.a. schultes. syn. = koeleria cristata (l.) pers. leersia oryzoides (l) sw. wallis listed formas glabra a.a. eat. and oryzoides. leersia virginica willd. leptochloa fusca (l.) kunth ssp. fascicularis 52 oklahomanative plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. (lam.) n. snow. syn. = diplachne fascicularis (lam.) beauv. leptochloa panicea (retz.) ohwi ssp. brachiata (steudl.) n. snow. syn. = leptochloa filiformis (lam.) beauv. *lolium perenne l. ssp. multiflorum (lam.) husnot. syn. = lolium multiflorum lam. #melica mutica walt. melica nitens (scribn.) nutt. ex piper *#microstegium vimineum (trin.) a. camus #muhlenbergia bushii pohl muhlenbergia capillaris (lam.) trin. #muhlenbergia frondosa (poir.) fern. muhlenbergia schreberi j.f. gmel. muhlenbergia sobolifera (muhl. ex willd.) trin. muhlenbergia sylvatica torr. ex gray #muhlenbergia tenuiflora (willd.) b.s.p. nassella leucotricha (trin. & rupr.) pohl. syn. = stipa leucotricha trin. & rupr. neeragrostis reptans (michx.) nicora panicum anceps michx. panicum brachyanthum steud. panicum capillare l. var. capillare panicum dichotomiflorum michx. var. dichotomiflorum panicum flexile (gattinger) scribn. #panicum obtusum kunth #panicum philadelphicum bernh. ex trin. panicum rigidulum bosc ex nees var. rigidulum. syn. = panicum agrostoides spreng. var. agrostoides. panicum virgatum l. pascopyrum smithii (rydb.) a. löve. syn. = agropyron smithii rydb. var. smithii. #paspalidium geminatum (forsk.) stapf *paspalum dilatatum poir. paspalum floridanum michx. syn. = paspalum floridanum michx var. glabratum engelm. paspalum fluitans (ell.) kunth paspalum laeve michx. syn. = paspalum laeve michx var. pilosum scribn. paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex fourn. syn. = paspalum pubiflora rupr. var. glabrum vasey ex scribn. paspalum setaceum michx. syn. = paspalum ciliatifolium michx. var. ciliatifolium and paspalum ciliatifolium michx. var. muehlenbergii (nash) fern. phalaris caroliniana walt. *#phleum pretense l. *poa annua l. #poa champaniana scribn. poa pratensis l. poa sylvestris gray polypogon interruptus kunth schedonnardus paniculatus (nutt.) trel. *#schedonorus phoenix (scop.) holub *#schedonorus pratensis (huds.) beauv. schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash. syn. = andropogon scoparius michx. #setaria leucopila (scribn. & merr.) k. schum. setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen. syn. = setaria geniculata auct. non (wild.) beauv. *setaria pumila (poir.) roemer & j.a. schultes ssp. pumila. syn. = setaria glauca (l.) beauv. *setaria viridis (l.) beauv. sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash *sorghum halepense (l.) pers. spartina pectinata bosc ex link. syn. = spartina pectinata bosc ex link var. suttiei (farw.) fern. sphenopholis filiformis (chapman) scribn. sphenopholis intermedia (rydb.) rydb. sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. syn. = sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. var. lobata (trin.) scribn. wallis listed forma lobata. sporobolus clandestinus (biehler) a.s. hitchc. syn. = sporobolus canovirens nash. sporobolus compositus (poir.) merr. var. compositus. syn. = sporobolus asper (beauv.) kunth var. hookeri (trin.) vasey. #sporobolus compositus (poir.) merr. var. drummondii (trin.) kartesz & gandhi sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) gray sporobolus heterolepis (gray) gray sporobolus vaginiflorus (torr. ex gray) wood var. vaginiflorus #sporobolus vaginiflorus (torr. ex gray) wood var. ozarkanus (fern.) shinners steinchisma hians (ell.) nash. syn. = panicum hians ell. tridens muticus (torr.) nash var. elongatus 53 oklahoma native plantrecord volume 7,number 1,december 2007 hoagland, b.w. (buckl.) shinners. syn. = triodia elongata (buckl.) scribn. tridens flavus (l.) a.s. hitchc. syn. = triodia flava (l.) smyth. tridens strictus (nutt.) nash. syn. = triodia stricta (nutt.) benth. ex vasey. triplasis purpurea (walt.) chapman tripsacum dactyloides (l.) l. *triticum aestivum l. #urochloa platyphylla (munro ex wright) r. webster *vulpia myuros (l.) k.c. gmel. vulpia octoflora (walt.) rydb. #zizaniopsis miliacea (michx.) doell & aschers. pontederiaceae #heteranthera dubia (jacq.) macm. heteranthera limosa (sw.) wild. potamogetonaceae (= zosteraceae) *potamogeton crispus l. potamogeton diversifolius raf. potamogeton foliosus raf. ssp. foliosus potamogeton nodosus poir. smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. syn. = smilax bona-nox l. var. hastata (willd.) a. dc. and smilax bona-nox l. var. hederifolia (bey.) fern. #smilax ecirrata (engelm. ex kunth) s. wats. smilax glauca walt. syn. = smilax glauca walt. var. leucophylla blake. #smilax herbacea l. smilax lasioneura hook. smilax pulverulenta michx. #smilax rotundifolia l. smilax tamnoides l. syn. = smilax tamnoides l. var. hispida (muhl. ex torr.) fern. sparganiaceae #sparganium americanum nutt. sparganium androcladum (engelm.) morong typhaceae *typha angustifolia l. typha domingensis pers. typha latifolia l. wallis listed formas ambigua (sonder) kronf. and latifolia. zannichelliaceae zannichellia palustris l. formerly a member of the zosteraceae. 2020 oklahoma native plant record 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 clark l. ovrebo and jay justice 10.22488/okstate.21.100004 some common am an ita species of oklahoma clark l. ovrebo department of biology university of central oklahoma edmond, ok 73034 covrebo@uco.edu jay justice 16055 michelle drive alexander, ar 72002 abstract brief descriptions and photos are presented for twenty species of the mushroom genus amanita that are common to oklahoma. the descriptions and illustrations introduce mushroom morphology and terminology for amanitas that are important for their identification. short diagnoses are also presented for each of the seven sections of amanita. the species are arranged according to their placement in each section. one species, a. persicina, has not yet been reported for oklahoma but we include it with the speculation that it is present in the pine forests of eastern oklahoma. key words: ag aricomycetes, amanitaceae, mushrooms, biodiversity introduction amanita is a charismatic genus because of its reputation for having some of the deadliest poisonous species, because of the lore associated with several species, and because of their artistic beauty. amanitas rank among the most photographed or painted of all wild mushrooms. illustrations of amanitas are frequently featured on tea towels, coffee cups and many other kitchen items. amanita is a fairly large genus of gilled mushrooms, estimated to contain about 1,100 species worldwide. nearly all species form ectomycorrhizae with forest trees such as oaks, hickories, beeches, and many genera of conifers. this association is beneficial to both the host trees and the fungus—the plant trades photosynthates in exchange for fungus-acquired nutrients from the soil. amanitas will therefore most often be encountered in forested areas as long as the mycorrhizal tree species are present. the geographical “hot spot” that has the greatest diversity of amanitas in north america, and perhaps the entire world, is the southeastern/gulf coast regions of the united states. we cannot estimate for sure how many species occur in oklahoma but it could be as many as one hundred. in this article, we report on and illustrate some of the frequently encountered amanitas in oklahoma. by way of brief descriptions and photos, we also introduce the morphological characters that are important in their classification and identification. brief summaries of the sections of amanita are provided in order to aid the collector in providing placement of a species within the genus if it cannot be identified to species. we are slightly biased in featuring species that occur in hardwood forests of central oklahoma because that is where the first author has done most of his collecting. further exploration of the pine and mixed hardwood-pine forests of mailto:covrebo@uco.edu oklahoma native plant record 59 volume 20, december 2020 clark l. ovrebo and jay justice oklahoma should yield additional diversity of amanitas. we do indicate which species are poisonous, but refrain from indicating which species are edible. it is incumbent upon the collector to thoroughly learn the morphological characters of fungi in general in order to correctly identify edible species and eliminate the risk of confusing edible with poisonous ones. scale line in the photos = 2.5 cm. description of the genus am anita spore print is white, and spores are amyloid or inamyloid; lamellae are free, that is, the lamellae are not attached to the stipe; universal veil is present; presence of a partial veil that leaves a persistent or fugacious annulus, with the exception of section vaginatae that lacks a partial veil. the universal veil is a membranous tissue that encloses the entire mushroom in the button stage (figure 7). the universal veil can take on two different forms: in one form a membranous volva (sac) remains at the base of the stipe (figure 7), in the other form, the universal veil leaves fragments in the form of patches, warts or powdery material on the pileus surface, and there may or may not be a few velar patches, warts or ridges on the stipe base (figure 5). an important microscopic feature for amanita is the reaction of basidiospores to melzer’s reagent, an iodine solution (for recipe see bunyard 2019). this is a test used on many other genera of mushrooms as well. spores are said to be amyloid if they turn blue-black in the reagent and inamyloid if there is no color reaction. to conduct this test, lamellar sections or spores taken from a spore print are viewed under a microscope to see if there is the color reaction. determining the amyloid reaction is important for assigning a fungus to a section of amanita and may be necessary for confirming a species identification. sections of am anita with examples of species the genus amanita is typically divided into seven sections based on the macroscopic and microscopic features that the species possess. section amanita. species of this section share the following characteristics: stipe that terminates with a bulbous base; small universal velar patches or warts on the pileus and basal bulb and absence of a saccate volva; presence or absence of an annulus that often flares out from the stipe; striations (narrow grooves) at the pileus edge. the pilei often have bright colors such as red, yellow or orange. microscopically, the spores are inamyloid. amanita farinosa schwein (figure 1) is one of the smaller amanita species. the pileus has a grayish coloration and a powdery dust-like covering over the entire surface. it lacks a partial veil and a membranous volva. the universal veil material at the stipe base is a grayish, powdery-granular covering. this amanita has only been recorded from southeast oklahoma in mixed pine-hardwoods. figure 1 amanita farinosa 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 clark l. ovrebo and jay justice amanita multisquamosa peck (figures 2 and 3) is characterized by the tan to yellowish tan pileus that has numerous whitish velar patches on the surface, and the pileus edge is striate. it lacks a membranous volva; instead, the upper portion of the basal bulb of the stipe has a collar-like rim encircling it. the stipe has a membranous annulus that soon clings to the stipe or disappears. amanita multisquamosa belongs to the “pantheroid” complex of species and all are to be considered poisonous (bunyard and justice, 2020). amanita pubescens schwein. sensu coker (figure 4) is characterized by the pale yellow pileus covered with warty velar patches, the lack of an annulus, and the stipe base which is bulbous to turnip-shaped and which generally lacks any volval material except when young. the stipe is rather short compared to the width of the pileus. it is often found in grassy areas near oak trees in city parks. am anita persicina (d.t. jenkins) tulloss & geml (figure 5) is one of the most colorful and recognizable amanita species and has the common name of “fly agaric.” most older field guides list the species as a. muscaria (l.:fr.) lam. and the type variety, var. muscaria, is endemic to europe and asia. it is also found in alaska, but not in the continental united states with the possible exception of several occurrences with figure 2 amanita multisquamosa figure 3 amanita multisquamosa figure 4 amanita pubescens figure 5 amanita persicina oklahoma native plant record 61 volume 20, december 2020 clark l. ovrebo and jay justice introduced tree species. there are, however, at least two variants of amanita muscaria that have been described from north america: a. muscaria subsp. flavivolvata singer, a redcapped subspecies from the western states, and a. muscaria var. guessowii veselý, which has yellow to yellow-orange pilei and occurs in the eastern u.s. amanita persicina is the accepted name for the fungus in the complex that is common along east coast and gulf coast regions. the pileus is orange-red to light orange at the center and light orange to yellow on the margin, and has light-colored universal veil patches or warts scattered over the surface. the stipe base is bulbous and lacks a membranous volva but has low rings or ridges of tissue. an annulus is present and is easily torn or collapsed. we include a. persicina because we anticipate that it or another variant in the complex does occur in oklahoma under pines in the eastern part of the state, even though we have yet to confirm its presence. species in the “muscaria” complex are poisonous. section caesareae. fungi of this section lack velar warts on the pileus so the surface is smooth. the universal veil leaves a persistent membranous, saccate (cup-like) volva at the stipe base. other features of section caesareae include the lack of a bulbous base, striations at the edge of the pileus, and hollow stipes in mature specimens. typically, the pilei exhibit bright colors such as red, yellow, orange, or sometimes combinations of those colors. while the lamellae of many species in other sections are typically a white or pallid color, the lamellae in this section are often yellow, or sometimes yellow-orange. microscopically, the spores are inamyloid. many species in this section are sold as edible mushrooms at the open markets in mexico, europe, africa, and asia. amanita arkansana rosen (figure 6) has a yellow to yellowish orange, smooth pileus that lacks velar patches and is striate at the edge. the lamellae are whitish to pale yellow. the stipe is light yellow and the annulus is flared but soon clings to the stipe. a white saccate volva is present at the stipe base. amanita cahokiana tulloss & sanchezramirez nom. prov. is a cryptic species that has a yellower pileus than arkansana. further collecting should reveal if only one or both species occur in oklahoma. amanita jacksonii pomerleau (figure 7) is one of the more colorful and striking species of amanita. the pileus is bright red to orange-red, lacks velar patches on the surface, and is striate at the edge. the lamellae are light yellow and the stipe is yellow to yellow-orange. the annulus is persistent but often collapses, and a white saccate volva is present at the stipe base. in many of the older field guides this fungus is identified as a. caesarea, but that is a european species and does not occur in north america. figure 6 amanita arkansana 62 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 clark l. ovrebo and jay justice amanita spreta peck (figure 8) is a rather large mushroom with a light brown to grayish brown, smooth pileus that is striate at the edge. the lamellae and stipe are white. the partial veil is flaring and the stipe base has a white volva that can vary from saccate to smaller cupulate. section vag inatae. this is the largest section of amanita and contains about 400 species worldwide. the universal veil either leaves a saccate volva at the stipe base or the volva is absent and the veil remnants are patches on the pileus surface. a partial veil is lacking. the spores are inamyloid. features that vaginatae share with section caesareae include the lack of a bulbous base, striations at the edge of the pileus, and hollow stalks in mature specimens. species in sect. vaginatae are distinguished from those of sect. caesareae by the lack of bright pileal colors and by the lack of a partial veil. amanita fulva (schaeff.) fr. (figure 9 and 10) has a fulvous-colored pileus, often with a low raised umbo, and the pileus edge is striate. the stipe base has a saccate volva but it lacks a partial veil. this is the only confirmed volvate species in sect. vaginatae from oklahoma although we have encountered considerable undocumented diversity of fungi with a volva in this section. figure 7 amanita jacksonii figure 8 amanita spreta figure 9 amanita fulva figure 10 amanita fulva oklahoma native plant record 63 volume 20, december 2020 clark l. ovrebo and jay justice amanita cf. ceciliae (berk. & broome) bas (figure 11) is a species in section vaginatae that lacks a membranous volva; rather, the universal veil leaves most of the remnants as grayish patches on the pileus surface. the stipe base at most may have a few scattered velar patches and, typical for the section, a partial veil is lacking. the pileus is brownish gray to gray and is distinctly striate to sulcate at the edge. amanita ceciliae is a european name so it is very probable that the fungus illustrated here will eventually be newly described along with several other north american taxa in the complex (tulloss and yang, 2020). section amidella. this section is characterized by two features: pileus surface possessing universal veil patches or floccose remnants, and a well-formed saccate volva, which can vary in shape from nearly globose to elongate and is often large and baggy. the pileus and stipes of species of this section often stain pinkish upon bruising, at least when young and fresh. during maturation, the discoloration becomes brownish red. microscopically, the spores are amyloid. amanita peckiana kauffman (figure 12) is distinguished by its rather short stature, whitish basidiomes that discolor pinkish to brownish, thin partial veil that soon disappears, and by the welldeveloped saccate volva. it is a rarely encountered species but we have several records of it from oklahoma. section validae. this section shares the following set of features: bulbous stipe base, persistent partial veil, and universal veil remnants in the form of warts on the pileus surface. the color of the pilei ranges from white to bright yellow to drab grays and reddish-brown. some have the odor of cut raw potatoes and a few have fruity odors. some species develop pinkish or reddish-brown stains when handled or bruised. the spores are amyloid. amanita amerirubescens tulloss nom. prov. (figure 13) is easily recognized because all parts of the mushrooms stain wine-red to reddish brown. the pileus varies from brown to yellowish brown and is covered with cream to pale yellow velar patches or warts. the lamellae and stipe are white to begin with but quickly discolor wine-red. the stipe base is slightly swollen, often with no trace of the universal veil; an annulus is present but soon clings to the stipe. this species is listed as a. rubescens in most field guides, but that is a european species that does not occur in north america. amanita amerirubescens is currently treated as a species complex, meaning that more than one species with similar features are found in this complex. currently, at least nine taxa are known to occur in this complex based on molecular analyses, but figure 11 amanita cf. ceciliae figure 12 amanita peckiana 64 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 clark l. ovrebo and jay justice differentiation based on morphology is often very difficult (tullos and yang, 2020). amanita brunnescens g. f. atkinson (figure 14) has a brown pileus but sometimes the pigmentation is mainly at the center as is shown in the photo. velar patches are usually present on the pileus and a partial veil is present on the stipe. the stipe base is bulbous and generally lacks volval remains, but the presence of vertical clefts in the base is a good distinguishing feature of this species. all parts of the basidiome may stain brown to orange-brown. the odor of raw potatoes is detected when the lamellae are crushed. amanita canescens d. t. jenkins (figure 15) has a gray to brownish gray pileus surface that is covered with velar warts over much of the surface. the stipe is white but the surface fibrils often discolor dull orange. a membranous annulus is present, whose underside also has an orangish color. a membranous volva is absent, but remnants of the universal veil as irregular patches can be present on top of the swollen base. amanita flavoconia g. f. atkinson (figure 16) is a distinctive species and is easily recognized by its yellow to yelloworange pileus with scattered yellowish universal veil remnants on the surface. the annulus is flared at first but then may collapse to the stipe. a saccate volva is not present, rather there are scattered yellow universal veil remnants atop the swollen base and sometimes on the lower portion of the stipe. the yellow remnants can also remain in the soil as the fungus is dug up. figure 14 amanita brunnescens figure 13 amanita amerirubescens figure 16 amanita flavoconia figure 15 amanita canescens oklahoma native plant record 65 volume 20, december 2020 clark l. ovrebo and jay justice amanita flavorubens (berk & mont.) sacc. (figure 17) has a similar appearance to a. amerirubescens but it has more pronounced yellow coloration to the pileus, velar patches, and stipe. the stipe has a membranous annulus and the base has no or only slight remnants of the universal veil. the exterior of the stipe and to some extent the gills of this amanita also become reddish-brown when bruised or in old age, but their degree of staining is not as dramatic as that observed in specimens of a. amerirubescens. section lepidella. section lepidella is characterized by the following set of features: stipe bases that have a pronounced bulb that often tapers downward (radicating), universal veil remnants as warts on the pileus surface and often on the stipe base, and lack of a membranous volva. the pileus and stipe surfaces of some species have a powdery coating that easily comes off upon touching. pilei also frequently have an appendiculate margin where small pieces of partial veil material hang down from the pileus edge. microscopically, the spores are amyloid. some species have interesting odors which have been described as being reminiscent of “old ham” or “old tennis shoes” or chlorine-like. many species in this section are very large with the pilei often attaining a diameter of 12 inches or larger. amanita abrupta peck (figure 18) is an all-white mushroom with a pileus that has subconical velar warts covering most of the surface. also distinctive is the turnip-shaped stipe base that is flattened on top and which lacks a membranous volva. at most, the universal veil leaves a few scattered floccose warts on top of the swollen base. amanita long ipes bas ex tulloss & d.t. jenkins (figure 19) is another all-white fungus that has a pulverulent-floccose coating on the surfaces of the pileus and stipe, and lacks the pointed warts on the pileus. the carrotor turnip-shaped stipe base is also characteristic. the partial veil is figure 19 amanita longipes figure 17 amanita flavorubens figure 18 amanita abrupta 66 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 clark l. ovrebo and jay justice very fleeting and is only seen on young expanding mushrooms, leaving almost no trace on the stipe. a membranous volva is lacking. this fungus is found in hardwood forests and is associated with oaks, compared to the much larger a. polypyramis which is a pine associate. amanita polypyram is (berk. & curt.) sacc. (figure 20) is one of the largest amanita species that will be encountered. it is so large that it can be spotted in the forest while driving on a highway! it occurs under pines so it is only found in eastern oklahoma. in addition to its large size and bulbous base, it is entirely white and the pileus and stipe are covered with a white pulverulent-floccose surface layer that is the remains of the universal veil. this coating easily comes off when touched. the partial veil mostly remains attached to the pileus edge as the pileus expands and then easily falls off as can be seen in the photo. amanita polypyramis has a chlorine-like odor when fresh. amanita thiersii bas (figure 21) is one of only a few amanitas that occur independently of forest trees and is often described as being a “free-living” amanita. it is a fairly large mushroom and is common on lawns in oklahoma in the late summer and early fall. the pileus and stipe are white and have a floccose-pulverulent coating on their surfaces. this coating is very delicate and will easily sluff off and coat a person’s fingers when the stipe is touched or handled. the partial veil may remain attached to the stipe. the lamellae are initially a light cream color, but often become creamy yellow as they mature. another large lawn mushroom is chlorophyllum molybdites, but it has green lamellae and brownish scales on the pileus. section phalloidae. species in this section typically have the following features: pilei that are white or if pigmented, have subdued tones of brown or greenish-yellow and lack any striations or radial lines on the pileus edge; stipes with partial veils that are attached near the apex; and bulbous bases that are encased in a membranous volva. microscopically the spores are amyloid. all members of this section are likely to be deadly poisonous and should not be eaten. amanita bisporig era g. f. atkinson (figure 22) is known as the “destroying angel” because of its toxicity. it is easily recognized by its all-white coloration, smooth pileus that is typically not striate at the edge, bulbous base encased by a saccate volva, and flaring annulus near the stipe apex. all parts of the mushroom turn yellow where a solution of koh (3%-10%) is applied. it is somewhat common during the summer months and found associated with oaks and other hardwood trees. the figure 20 amanita polypyramis figure 21 amanita thiersii oklahoma native plant record 67 volume 20, december 2020 clark l. ovrebo and jay justice combination of these features should be a warning sign that it is potentially deadly poisonous if eaten. according to bunyard and justice (2020) there is a complex of five or six species that share similar morphology to a. bisporigera. older field guides will have this species listed as a. virosa which is a european taxon that does not occur in north america. further reading a field guide on amanita was recently published by bunyard and justice (2020) that is an excellent source of information on amanitas for north america. dr. rodham tulloss, who is perhaps the preeminent scholar on amanitas in the united states, maintains an excellent website that includes much technical information on the genus (tulloss and yang 2020). michael kuo also has an excellent website for mushrooms in general including amanitas (http://www.mushroomexpert.com). to learn more about mushroom morphology and taxonomy in general, most all mushroom field guides provide excellent information for the beginner. literature cited bunyard, b.a. 2019. simple chemistry for better mushroom id. fungi 12(2):6-9. bunyard, b.a. and j. justice. 2020. amanitas of north america. batavia (il): the fungi press. tulloss, r.e. and yang, z.l., eds. 2020. amanitaceae studies. http://www.amanitaceae.org (3 november 2020). figure 22 amanita bisporigera http://www.mushroomexpert.com/ http://www.amanitaceae.org/ journal of the oklahoma native plant society volume 12, december 2012 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 43 vascular flora of alabaster caverns state park, cimarron gypsum hills, woodward county, oklahoma gloria m. caddell kristi d. rice department of biology department of biology university of central oklahoma university of central oklahoma edmond, ok 73034 edmond, ok 73034 gcaddell@uco.edu current address: college of pharmacy university of oklahoma oklahoma city, ok 73117 keywords: flora, vascular plants, g ypsum, pla nt distribution abstract alabaster caverns state park is located in the cimarron gypsum hills of northwestern oklahoma, a semi-arid region of the state. the majority of the park is dominated by mixed-grass prairie and gypsum outcrops, with some riparian habitat and wooded north-facing slopes. a vascular plant inventory conducted from 2004 through 2007 yielded 274 species in 199 genera and 66 families. the largest families were the poaceae (52 species), asteraceae (47), and fabaceae (23). there were 100 annuals, 6 biennials, and 163 perennials, as well as 5 species that have more than one life history form. forty-two species (15.3%) were not native to north america. three taxa currently being tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2012) were present: echinocereus reichenbachii (s3g5), haploesthes greggii (s1g4?), and marsilea vestita (s1g5). compared to floristic inventories of sites in the cimarron gypsum hills that are less impacted by public visitation, but more intensively grazed, alabaster caverns state park has a higher number of species as well as a higher proportion of introduced species. introduction palmer et al. (1995) summarized the importance of floristic inventories in providing data for research on biodiversity, environmental impact assessment, and management decisions. the need for further studies of the vascular flora of the gypsum hills physiographic province was noted by hoagland (2000). since that time, two publications have provided floristic inventories of areas within the cimarron gypsum hills of northwestern oklahoma. buckallew and caddell (2003, 2004) summarized the vascular flora of the selman living laboratory, located approximately 6 miles west of alabaster caverns state park in woodward county. it supports primarily mixed-grass prairie and gypsum outcrop communities and was part of the selman ranch until 1998. hoagland and buthod (2005) surveyed a gypsum-dominated, currently-grazed ranch located approximately 24 miles southeast of alabaster caverns in major county. alabaster caverns was established as a state park in the 1950s and therefore has a different land-use history. it is heavily visited by the public and is a site on the western oklahoma wildlife trail. the objectives of this inventory were to contribute to our knowledge of plant distributions in oklahoma and in the cimarron gypsum hills; to compare the vascular flora of alabaster caverns state park to that of previously-described, more intensivelygrazed but less heavily-visited sites in the cimarron gypsum hills; and to provide a resource that oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 44 can be used by state park personnel for education and conservation purposes. study area alabaster caverns state park is located in woodward county, oklahoma (36°42’00”n, -99°08’47”w; t26n r18w sw1/4 of sec. 28 and nw1/4 of nw1/4 of sec. 33). the land for the park was purchased by the state of oklahoma in 1953. it became a state park in 1956 (allen 2007) and is managed by the oklahoma tourism and recreation department. the park consists of approximately 81 hectares (=200 acres). cedar creek, a tributary of long creek, flows west to east through cedar canyon and roughly bisects the park. elevation ranges from about 488 m to 532 m. the climate is semi-arid. according to climate data for woodward county (oklahoma climatological survey 2012), average annual precipitation is about 61 cm. the growing season lasts approximately 186 days, from mid-april to mid-october. the mean annual temperature is 15.6º c, with daily average temperatures ranging from 2.0º c in january to 27.8º c in july. temperatures range from an average low of -5.6º c in january to an average daytime high of 35º c in july. winds average 11 miles per hour and most often are from the south or southwest. alabaster caverns lies in the cimarron gypsum hills province of oklahoma (curtis et al. 1979). most of the park is underlain by the blaine formation, consisting of alternating layers of gypsum and shale formed during the permian period. the gypsum outcrops on the site belong to this formation. the flowerpot shale, which underlies the blaine formation, is exposed in cedar canyon (meyers et al. 1969). soils belong to the vernoncottonwood association and are excessivelydrained loams and clay loams that have formed from gypsum and gypsiferous shales (nance et al. 1963). the potential vegetation type is mixed grass (duck and fletcher 1943). methods we intensively surveyed the site throughout the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005. during those years, we visited the site 19 times, from may through october of 2004, and from april to october of 2005. we also surveyed the site in march and may of 2006. during most visits, we walked the areas both north and south of the canyon, and attempted to visit all major habitats within the park. we recorded all vascular plant species we encountered, noted whether they were in flower or fruit, and collected voucher specimens. we collected exotic species only from naturalized populations, excluding cultivated species from around the visitor center and campgrounds. a few species were identified by sight and documented only by photographs, generally because of their rarity at the site or their rarity status in oklahoma. we added a few species to our vascular plant species list during plot sampling in 2006 and 2007 for a study of the vascular plant communities across the cimarron gypsum hills (rice 2008). references used for specimen identification included hitchcock (1971), great plains flora association (1986), diggs et al. (1999), tyrl et al. (2005, 2010), and barkworth et al. (2007). the organization of taxa in our species list is based on angiosperm phylogeny group (apg iii) recommendations (stevens 2012), and nomenclature follows the plants database compiled by the united states department of agriculture, natural resources conservation service (usda, nrcs 2012). the plants database was also used to determine whether each species was native to north america or introduced, and whether it was an annual, biennial, or perennial. in cases where species have more than one life form across their range, we noted the life form(s) encountered at alabaster caverns state park. voucher specimens were deposited in the university of central oklahoma (csu) herbarium. oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 45 results and discussion we identified 274 species in 199 genera and 66 families (table 1, appendix). these included 4 monilophyes (1 species of horsetail and 3 ferns), 1 gymnosperm, 210 eudicots, and 59 monocots. there was one additional subspecific taxon. species in the poaceae (52), asteraceae (47), and fabaceae (23) far outnumbered those in other families. only 7 other families were represented by more than 5 species: euphorbiaceae (11), brassicaceae (8), caryophyllaceae (7), plantaginaceae (7), solanaceae (7), apocynaceae (6), and onagraceae (6). the largest genera were astragalus (6 species), oenothera (6), chamaesyce (5), and asclepias (5). one hundred species were annuals, 6 were biennials, and 163 were perennials. five species had more than one life form. thirty-six species were trees (18 species), shrubs (12), or woody vines (6). cylindropuntia imbricata is included on the species list because it apparently has escaped from cultivation within the park. three taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2012) were present: marsilea vestita (s1g5), haploesthes greggii (s1g4?), and echinocereus reichenbachii (s3g5). rarity ranks, in parentheses, range from 1 (critically imperiled) to 5 (demonstrably secure) at the state (s) and global (g) levels. the park includes primarily mixed-grass prairie and gypsum outcrop plant communities. the major plant association (hoagland 2000) is the schizachyrium scopariumcastilleja purpurea var. citrina-lesquerella gordonii herbaceous association. the north-facing slopes are wooded, and the ravines of cedar canyon are dominated by juniperus virginiana. the areas adjacent to the visitor center and within and adjacent to the park’s two campgrounds are disturbed. although the area south of the canyon has not been grazed since the 1950s, the area north of cedar canyon was leased for grazing until 1997 (caywood 2006), and contains some old-field vegetation. wetland and riparian vegetation is found along cedar creek and on the edges of a pond near the western boundary of the park. forty-two species (15.3 %) in 16 families were not native to north america. four of these species (bothriochloa ischaemum, bromus tectorum, sorghum halepense, and tamarix ramosissima) are listed as oklahoma problem species, 4 (ailanthus altissima, erodium cicutarium, melilotus officinalis, and ulmus pumila) are on the oklahoma watch list, and 14 are problems in border states (oklahoma invasive plants council 2012). seventeen species of poaceae were introduced. compared with the recently-grazed selman living lab (buckallew and caddell 2003, 2004) and the currently-grazed major county ranch (hoagland and buthod 2005), alabaster caverns state park had a higher number of plant species, although it is smaller (81 ha) than the selman living lab (129.5 ha) and approximately the same size as the major county ranch (80+ ha). the higher number of species is in part due to the higher number and proportion of introduced species at alabaster caverns. of the 229 species at the selman living lab, 21 (9%) were introduced. of the 233 species at the major county ranch, 22 (10.6%) were introduced. the higher number of introduced species at alabaster caverns can be attributed to disturbance associated with the high number of visitors to the park, especially around the visitor center and campgrounds. of the 274 species at alabaster caverns state park, 175 also occur at the selman living lab. of the 99 species that occur at alabaster caverns but not at the selman living lab, 33 are introduced species. other differences in species composition are due to differences in land-use history and habitats between the two sites; the selman living lab had been recently grazed when it was inventoried, and it includes sandsage grassland as well as a much larger floodplain than alabaster caverns state park. although the northern part of alabaster caverns state park was grazed recently, the southern part has not been grazed since the 1950s. because the selman living lab is located only 6 miles oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 46 to the west of alabaster caverns state park, annual temperature and precipitation are the same, and therefore do not contribute to differences in species composition. alabaster caverns state park shares 163 species with the major county ranch. differences in species composition between those 2 sites can be attributed in part to their different grazing histories as well as to some differences in habitats. the major county ranch is grazed currently, and contains a large pond, disturbed areas associated with oil well pads, and more roads than alabaster caverns state park. environmental factors also differ between the sites. although average temperature differs by only 1° c, average annual precipitation is approximately 61 cm for alabaster caverns state park and approximately 70 cm for the major county ranch. the major vegetation associations at alabaster caverns and brief descriptions of common species are as follows: 1. schizachyrium scoparium-castilleja purpurea var. citrina-lesquerella g ordonii herbaceous association this was the predominant vegetation association in the park, on the gypsum outcrops and shallow soils on gypsum (figures 1-3). common associated species included aristida purpurea, bouteloua curtipendula, bouteloua gracilis, chamaesyce glyptosperma, croton monanthogynous, dalea enneandra, echinocereus reichenbachii, heterotheca stenophylla, lithospermum incisum, mentzelia nuda, mentzelia oligosperma, nama stevensii, oenothera hartwegii, oenothera serrulata, opuntia phaeacantha, paronychia jamesii, phacelia integrifolia, polanisia dodecandra, polygala alba, portulaca pilosa, psilostrophe tagetina, sporobolus cryptandrus, thelesperma magapotamicum, tridens muticus var. elongatus, and yucca glauca. two of these species, phacelia integrifolia (figure 4) and nama stevensii (figure 5), as well as the less-commonly encountered haploesthes greggii (figure 6), are found only on gypsum substrates in oklahoma and are considered obligate gypsophiles. two of the species in this habitat, echinocereus reichenbachii (figure 7) and haploesthes greggii, are being tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory. woody species occurred mainly on the steep north-facing slopes and ravines of cedar canyon, and included celtis laevigata var. reticulata, cornus drummondii, gleditsia triacanthos, juniperus virginiana, morus rubra, rhus glabra, rhus aromatica, ribes aureum, sapindus saponaria, sideroxylon lanuginosum, symphoricarpos orbiculatus, ulmus americana, ulmus rubra, and vitis acerifolia. 2. wetland and riparian vegetation this vegetation was found along the banks of cedar creek as well as the margins of the pond. associated species included amorpha fruticosa, baccharis salicina, carex gravida, eleocharis montevidensis, equisetum spp., nasturtium officinale, pluchea odorata, populus deltoides, ranunculus sceleratus, salix nigra, and vitis riparia. a wet depression in the grassland on the north side of the canyon supported marsilea vestita, a species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 3. disturbed areas and old-field vegetation this type of vegetation was found in disturbed areas along roadsides and trails near the visitor center, in campgrounds, and in areas with deeper soils north of the canyon that were grazed until 1997. common species in disturbed areas along roadsides, trails, and campgrounds were arenaria serpyllifolia, bothriochloa ischaemum, bromus spp., chamaesaracha coniodes, digitaria ciliaris, erodium cicutarium, glandularia pumila, holosteum umbellatum, lamium amplexicaule, melilotus officinalis, quincula lobata, veronica spp., and tribulus terrestris. common species in old fields included ambrosia psilostachya, amphiachyris dracunculoides, aristida oligantha, artemisia ludoviciana, bothriochloa laguroides, bromus spp., chamaesyce spp., and gutierrezia sarothrae. many of these species increase with grazing. thickets of prunus angustifolia were also present. oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 47 acknowledgments we thank tom creider of the oklahoma department of tourism and recreation, as well as dean taylor and mike caywood of alabaster caverns state park, for permission to conduct this study. funding for the 2005 season was provided by a mini-grant from the university of central oklahoma joe jackson college of graduate studies and research. we also thank william caire for his assistance with collections, and anonymous reviewers for constructive suggestions. table 1 summary of floristic collections from alabaster caverns state park in the cimarron gypsum hills, woodward county, oklahoma* ________________________________________________________________________ taxonomic group families genera species native exotic spp. spp. ________________________________________________________________________ monilophyta 3 4 4 4 0 pinophyta 1 1 1 1 0 magnoliophyta eudicots 57 151 210 185 25 monocots 5 43 59 42 17 _______________________________________________________________________ total 66 199 274 232 42 ______________________________________________________________________ *table format follows palmer et al. (1995) oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 48 literature cited allen, l. 2007. alabaster caverns state park. in oklahoma historical society. encyclopedia of oklahoma history and culture. [cited 2012 jul 27]. available from: http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclop edia/entries/a/al002.html barkworth, m. e., l. k. anderton, k. m. capels, s. long, and m. b. piep, eds. 2007. manual of grasses for north america. logan (ut): intermountain herbarium and utah state university press. buckallew, r. r. and g. m. caddell. 2003. vascular flora of the university of central oklahoma selman living laboratory, woodward county, oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science. 83:31-45. buckallew, r. r. and g. m. caddell. 2004. erratum: appendix 1: taxa present at the sll. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science. 84:95-103. caywood, m. 2006. park manager, alabaster caverns state park, freedom, oklahoma. personal communication. curtis, n. m., w. e. ham, and k. s. johnson. 2008. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in johnson k.s. and k. v. luza, eds. earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. educational publication 9, oklahoma geological survey, the university of oklahoma. available from: http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/ep 9_all.pdf diggs, g. m., b. l. lipscomb, and r. j. o’kennon. shinners and mahler’s illustrated flora of north central texas. fort worth: botanical research institute of texas. duck, l. g. and j. d. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. in a survey of the game and furbearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma department of wildlife conservation, oklahoma city. available from: http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duckf lt/dfmap.gif great plains flora association. 1986. flora of the great plains. lawrence: university of kansas. hitchcock, a. s. 1971. manual of the grasses of the united states. toronto, ontario: general publishing co. hoagland, b. w. 2000. the vegetation of oklahoma: a classification for landscape mapping and conservation planning. southwestern naturalist 45:385-420. hoagland, b. w. and a. k. buthod. 2005. vascular flora of a gypsum dominated site in major county, oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science. 85:1-8. nance, e. c., c. a. steers, e. l. cole, m. l. miller, and c. fanning. 1963. soil survey of woodward county. united states department of agriculture, soil conservation service. meyers, a. j., a. m. gibson, b. p. glass, and c. r. patrick. 1969. guide to alabaster cavern, woodward county, oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey guidebook no. 15, the university of oklahoma, norman. oklahoma climatological survey http://climate.ok.gov/ [cited 2012 sep 2012]. available from: http://climate.ok.gov/county_climate/pr oducts/county_climatologies/county_cli mate_woodward.pdf oklahoma invasive plant council. 2012. oklahoma non-native invasive plant species. [cited 2012 sep 9]. available from: http:/ok-invasive-plantcouncil.org/images/okinvasivespp.pdf oklahoma natural heritage inventory (onhi). 2012. oklahoma natural heritage inventory plant tracking list. available from: http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/ publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012. pdf palmer, m. w., g. l. wade, and p. r. neal. 1995. standards for the writing of floras. bioscience 45:339-345. stevens, p. f. 2012. angiosperm phylogeny website. version 12 [cited 2012 jul]. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/a/al002.html http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/a/al002.html http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/ep9_all.pdf http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/ep9_all.pdf http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duckflt/dfmap.gif http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duckflt/dfmap.gif http://climate.ok.gov/ http://climate.ok.gov/county_climate/products/county_climatologies/county_climate_woodward.pdf http://climate.ok.gov/county_climate/products/county_climatologies/county_climate_woodward.pdf http://climate.ok.gov/county_climate/products/county_climatologies/county_climate_woodward.pdf http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012.pdf http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012.pdf http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012.pdf oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 49 available from: http://www.mobot.org/mobot/researc h/apweb/ rice, k. 2008. effects of abiotic factors and cattle grazing on gypsum outcrop plant communities in the cimarron gypsum hills, northwestern oklahoma. unpublished m.s. thesis, department of biology, university of central oklahoma. tyrl, r. j., s. c. barber, p. buck, w. j. elisens, j. r. estes, p. folley, l. k. magrath, c. l. murray, a. k. ryburn, b. a. smith, c. e. s. taylor, r. a. thompson, j. b. walker, and l. e. watson. 2005, 2010. keys and descriptions for the vascular plants of oklahoma. noble (ok): flora oklahoma inc. usda, nrcs. 2012. the plants database national plant data team, greensboro, nc 27401-4901 usa. [cited 2012 sep] http://plants.usda.gov. . http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ http://plants.usda.gov/ oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 50 appendix annotated species list for alabaster caverns state park, woodward county, oklahoma. nomenclature and common names are based on usda, nrcs (2012). organization of taxa is based on angiosperm phylogeny group (apg iii) recommendations (stevens 2012). life history (a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial) and collection numbers follow the species names. taxa introduced to north america are indicated with an asterisk (*) and those on the oklahoma natural heritage inventory plant tracking list are indicated with a symbol (+). voucher specimens were deposited in the university of central oklahoma herbarium (csu). monilophyta equisetaceae equisetum l sp. (horsetail) – p; gmc1215 marsileaceae +marsilea vestita hook & grev. (hairy waterclover) – p; gmc1145 pteridaceae cheilanthes feei t. moore (slender lipfern) – p; gmc800 pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link (purple cliffbreak) – p; gmc815 gymnosperms/pinophyta cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. var. virginiana (eastern redcedar) – p; gmc816 angiosperms/magnoliophyta eudicots amaranthaceae amaranthus tuberculatus (moq.) sauer (roughfruit amaranth) – a; gmc1245 *chenopodium album l. var. album (lambsquarters) – a; kr930 chenopodium berlandieri moq. (pitseed goosefoot) – a; gmc1217 anacardiaceae rhus aromatica aiton – p; gmc811 rhus copallinum l. (winged sumac) – p; gmc1177 rhus glabra l. (smooth sumac) – p; gmc849 toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze (eastern poison ivy) – p; gmc1267 apiaceae ammoselinum popei torr. & a. gray (plains sandparsley) – a; kr753 sanicula canadensis l. (canadian blacksnakeroot) – b; gmc1170 spermolepis inermis (nutt. ex dc.) mathias & constance (red river scaleseed) – a; gmc1165 apocynaceae apocynum cannabinum l. (indianhemp) – p; gmc 1137 asclepias asperula (decne.) woodson ssp. capricornu (woodson) woodson (antelopehorns) – p; gmc1096 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 51 asclepias engelmanniana woodson (engelmann’s milkweed) – p; gmc1186 asclepias latifolia (torr.) raf. (broadleaf milkweed) – p; gmc1189 asclepias viridiflora raf. (green comet milkweed) – p; gmc870 asclepias viridis walter (green antelopehorn) – p; gmc1136 asteraceae achillea millefolium l. (common yarrow) – p; gmc1107 ambrosia psilostachya dc. (cuman ragweed) – p; gmc897 ambrosia trifida l. (great ragweed) – a; gmc914 amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. (prairie broomweed) – a; gmc922 artemisia dracunculus l. (tarragon) – p; gmc921 artemisia filifolia torr. (sand sagebrush) – p; gmc895 artemisia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. ludoviciana (white sagebrush) – p; gmc941 baccharis salicina torrey & a. gray (willow baccharis) – p; gmc901 brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners var. corymbulosa (torr. & a. gray) shinners (false boneset) – p; gmc1242 chaetopappa ericoides (torr.) g. l. nesom (rose heath) – p; gmc1063 cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. (wavy leaf thistle) – p; gmc1161 conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist (canadian horseweed) – a; kr929 conyza ramosissima cronquist (dwarf horseweed) – a; gmc1256 echinacea angustifolia dc. (blacksamson echinacea) – p; gmc1136 erigeron cf. divergens torr. & a. gray (spreading fleabane) – b; gmc973 erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. (prairie fleabane) – a; gmc1097 evax prolifera nutt. ex dc. (bighead pygmycudweed) – a; gmc1030 gaillardia pulchella foug. (indian blanket) – a; gmc828 gaillardia suavis (a. gray & engelm.) britton & rusby (perfumeballs) – p; gmc1133 grindelia papposa g. l. nesom and suh (spanish gold) – a; gmc1203 grindelia squarrosa (pursh) dunal (curlycup gumweed) – b; gmc935 gutierrezia sarothrae (pursh) britton & rusby (broom snakeroot) – p; gmc907 +haploesthes greggii a. gray (false broomweed) – p; gmc1147 helianthus annuus l. (common sunflower) – a; gmc854 helianthus petiolaris nutt. (prairie sunflower) – a; gmc1244 heterotheca stenophylla (a. gray) shinners (stiffleaf false goldenaster) – p; gmc891 hymenopappus tenuifolius pursh (chalk hill hymenopappus) – b; gmc1128 iva annua l. (annual marshelder) – a; gmc1257 lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) riddell (biannual lettuce) – b; gmc814 liatris punctata hook. (dotted blazing star) – p; gmc926 machaeranthera pinnatifida (hook.) shinners (tansyaster) – p; gmc1160 packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & á. löve (prairie groundsel) – b, p; gmc1104 pluchea odorata (l.) cass. (sweetscent) – a; gmc1251 psilostrophe tagetina (nutt.) greene var. cerifera (a. nelson) b. l. turner (woolly paperflower) – p; gmc843 pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. (tuberous desert-chicory) – p; gmc1005 ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. (upright prairie coneflower) – p; gmc1113 senecio riddellii torr. & a. gray (riddell’s ragweed) – p solidago missouriensis nutt. var. fasciculata holz (missouri goldenrod) – p; gmc1220 solidago petiolaris aiton (downy ragged goldenrod) – p; gmc908 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 52 *sonchus asper (l.) hill (spiny sowthistle) – a; gmc1142 symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) g. l. nesom (white heath aster) – p; gmc944 *taraxacum officinale f. h. wigg (common dandelion) – p; gmc822 tetraneuris scaposa (dc.) greene (stemmy four-nerve daisy) – p; gmc1053 thelesperma megapotamicum (spreng.) kuntze (hopi tea greenthread) – p; gmc803 *tragopogon dubius scop. (yellow salsify) – b; gmc1143 vernonia baldwinii torr. (baldwin’s ironweed) – p; gmc900, gmc864 xanthium strumarium l. var. canadense (mill.) torr. & gray (canada cocklebur) – a; gmc1253 boraginaceae lappula occidentalis (s. watson) greene (flatspine stickseed) – a; kr752 lithospermum incisum lehm. (narrowleaf stoneseed) – p; gmc968 brassicaceae *camelina rumelica velen. (graceful false flax) – a; gmc1089 *capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. (shepherd’s purse) – a; gmc979 descurainia pinnata (walter) britton (western tansymustard) – a; gmc1031 draba reptans (lam.) fernald (carolina draba) – a; gmc965 lepidium densiflorum schrad. (common pepperweed) – a; gmc1086 lepidium oblongum small (veiny pepperweed) – a, b; gmc1081, gmc963 lesquerella gordonii (a. gray) s. watson (gordon’s bladderpod) – a; gmc966, gmc1057 *nasturtium officinale w.t. aiton (watercress) – p; gmc1179 cactaceae cylindropuntia imbricata (haw.) f.m.knuth (tree cholla) – p echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) hort ex haage (lace hedgehog cactus) – p escobaria missouriensis (sweet) d.r. hunt (missouri foxtail cactus) – p; gmc1195 escobaria vivipara (nutt.) buxbaum var. vivipara (spinystar) – p; gmc1164 opuntia phaeacantha engelm. (tulip pricklypear) – p; gmc1144 campanulaceae triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. (clasping venus’ looking-glass) – a; gmc1122 cannabaceae celtis laevigata willd. var. laevigata (sugarberry) – p; gmc1071 celtis laevigata willd. var. reticulata (torr.) l.d. benson (netleaf hackberry) – p; gmc917 celtis occidentalis l. (common hackberry) – p; gmc804 caprifoliaceae symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench (coralberry) – p; gmc915 caryophyllaceae *arenaria serpyllifolia l. (thymeleaf sandwort) – a; gmc821 cerastium nutans raf. (nodding chickweed) – a; gmc1064 *cerastium pumilum w. curtis (european chickweed) – a; gmc1039 *holosteum umbellatum l. (jagged chickweed) – a; gmc976 paronychia jamesii torr. & a. gray (james’ nailwort) – p; gmc883 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 53 silene antirrhina l. (sleepy silene) – a; gmc1123 *stellaria media (l.) vill. ssp. pallida (dumort) asch. & graebon. (common chickweed) – a; gmc1014 celastraceae celastrus scandens l. (american bittersweet) – p; gmc1002 cleomaceae polanisia dodecandra (l.) dc. (redwhisker clammyweed) – a; gmc868 clusiaceae *hypericum perforatum l. (common st. johnswort) – p; gmc1166 convolvulaceae evolvulus nuttallianus schult. (shaggy dwarf morning-glory) – p; gmc1088 ipomoea leptophylla torr (bush morning-glory) – p; gmc1146 cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. (roughleaf dogwood) – p; gmc799 cucurbitaceae cucurbita foetidissima kunth (missouri gourd) – p; gmc1172 euphorbiaceae acalypha ostryifolia riddell (pineland threeseed mercury) – a; gmc927 chamaesyce stictospora (engelm.) small (slimseed sandmat) – a; gmc892 chamaesyce glyptosperma (engelm.) small (ribseed sandmat) – a; gmc1219 chamaesyce maculata (l.) small (spotted sandmat) – a; gmc1241 chamaesyce missurica (raf.) shinners (prairie sandmat) – a; gmc869 chamaesyce serpens (kunth) small (matted sandmat) – a; gmc1259 croton monanthogynus michx. (prairie tea) – a; gmc930 croton texensis (klotzsch) mull. arg. (texas croton) – a; gmc886, gmc862, gmc902 euphorbia dentata michx. (toothed spurge) – a; gmc953 euphorbia marginata pursh (snow on the mountain) – a; gmc937 euphorbia spathulata lam. (warty spurge) – a; gmc1060 fabaceae amorpha canescens pursh (leadplant) – p; gmc825 amorpha fruticosa l. (false indigo bush) – p; gmc840 astragalus gracilis nutt. (slender milkvetch) – p; gmc993 astragalus lotiflorus hook. (lotus milkvetch) – p; gmc967, gmc992 astragalus missouriensis nutt. (missouri milkvetch) – p; gmc1092, gmc1269, gmc969 astragalus mollissimus torr. (woolly locoweed) – p; gmc1093 astragalus nuttallianus dc. var. austrinus (small) barneby (smallflowered milkvetch) – a; gmc1049 astragalus plattensis nutt. (platte river milkvetch) – p; gmc1046, gmc1047, gmc1099 dalea aurea nutt. ex pursh (golden prairie clover) – p; gmc863 dalea candida michx. ex willd. var. candida (white prairie clover) – p; gmc866 dalea enneandra nutt. (nineanther prairie clover) – p; gmc1154 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 54 dalea purpurea vent. (purple prairie clover) – p; gmc1153 desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macmill. ex b.l rob. & fernald (illinois bundleflower) – p; gmc924 gleditsia triacanthos l (honeylocust) – p; gmc986 *medicago minima (l.) l. (little bur-clover) – a; gmc1043 *melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. (sweetclover) – a,b; gmc827, gmc850 mimosa quadrivalvis l. (fourvalve mimosa) – p; gmc1090 pediomelum cuspidatum (pursh) rydb. (largebract indian breadroot) – p; gmc1091, gmc 1135 prosopis glandulosa torr. (honey mesquite) – p; gmc932 psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. (slimflower scurfpea) – p; gmc1169 robinia pseudoacacia l. (black locust) – p; gmc1070 vicia americana muhl. ex willd. (american vetch) – p; gmc1000 vicia ludoviciana nutt. (louisiana vetch) – a; gmc1094 fagaceae quercus muehlenbergii engelm. (chinkapin oak) – p geraniaceae *erodium cicutarium (l.) l’her. ex aiton (redstem stork's bill) – a; gmc 836 *geranium pusillum l. (small geranium) – a; 1020 grossulariaceae ribes aureum pursh var. villosum dc. (golden currant) – p; gmc971 hydrophyllaceae nama stevensii c.l. hitchc. (steven’s fiddleleaf) – a; gmc1041 phacelia integrifolia torr. (gyp phacelia) – a,b; gmc1187 lamiaceae hedeoma hispida pursh (rough false pennyroyal) – a; gmc795 *lamium amplexicaule l. (henbit deadnettle) – a; gmc981 monarda clinopodioides a. gray (basil beebalm) – a; gmc1159 teucrium laciniatum torr. (lacy germander) – p; gmc1134 linaceae linum pratense (norton) small (meadow flax) – a; gmc1066 linum rigidum pursh (stiffstem flax) – a; gmc1067 loasaceae mentzelia nuda (pursh) torr. & a. gray var. stricta (osterh.) harrington (bractless blazingstar) – b,p; gmc1188 mentzelia oligosperma nutt. ex sims (chickenthief) – p; gmc802 malvaceae callirhoe involucrata (torr. & a. gray) a. gray (purple poppymallow) – p; gmc1006 sphaeralcea coccinea (nutt.) rydb. (scarlet globemallow) – p; gmc1051 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 55 molluginaceae mollugo verticillata l. (green carpetweed) – a; gmc1229 moraceae morus rubra l (red mulberry) – p: gmc1138 nyctaginaceae mirabilis linearis (pursh) heimerl (narrowleaf four o'clock) – p; gmc1180 mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macmill. (heartleaf four o'clock) – p; gmc1139 oleaceae forestiera pubescens nutt. (stretchberry) – p; gmc1249 onagraceae oenothera cinerea (wooton & standl.) w.l. wagner & hoch (woolly beeblossom) – p; gmc809 oenothera curtiflora w.l. wagner & hoch (velvetweed) – a; gmc1148 oenothera glaucifolia w.l. wagner & hoch (false gaura) – p; gmc807 oenothera hartwegii benth. (hartweg’s sundrops) – p; gmc1127 oenothera serrulata nuttall (yellow sundrops) – p; gmc1110 oenothera suffrutescens (ser.) w.l. wagner & hoch (scarlet beeblossom) – p; gmc1052, gmc1126 orobanchaceae agalinis aspera (douglas ex benth.) britton (tall false foxglove) – a; gmc1228 castilleja purpurea (nutt.) g. don var. citrina (pennell) shinners (prairie indian paintbrush) – p; gmc991 orobanche ludoviciana nutt. ssp. multiflora (nutt.) t.s. collins ex h.l. white & w.c. holmes (manyflower broomrape) – a; gmc1196 oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata l. (creeping woodsorrel) – a; gmc983 oxalis dillenii jacq. (slender yellow woodsorrel) – p; gmc1019 papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey (crested pricklypoppy) – a corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex a. gray) a. gray (smallflower fumewort) – a; gmc1271 plantaginaceae nuttallanthus canadensis (l.) d.a. sutton (canada toadflax) – a; kr441 penstemon cobaea nutt. (cobaea beardtongue) – p; gmc1056 plantago patagonica jacq. (woolly plantain) – a; gmc1087 plantago rhodosperma decne. (redseed plantain) – a; gmc1062 *veronica arvensis l. (corn speedwell) – a; gmc1045 veronica peregrina l. ssp. xalapensis (kunth) pennell (hairy purslane speedwell) – a; gmc964 *veronica polita fr. (gray field speedwell) – a; gmc 984 polygalaceae polygala alba nutt. (white milkwort) – p; gmc865 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 56 polygonaceae *polygonum persicaria l. (spotted ladysthumb) – a; gmc1190 polygonum ramosissimum michx. (bushy knotweed) – a; gmc1191 rumex altissimus alph. wood (pale dock) – p; gmc1209 portulacaceae *portulaca oleracea l. (little hogweed) – a; gmc1232 portulaca pilosa l. (kiss me quick) – a; gmc925 primulaceae androsace occidentalis pursh (western rockjasmine) – a; gmc1272 ranunculaceae delphinium carolinianum walter ssp. virescens (nutt.) r.e. brooks (carolina larkspur) – p ranunculus sceleratus l. (cursed buttercup) – a rhamnaceae ceanothus herbaceus raf. (jersey tea) – p; gmc1106 rosaceae prunus angustifolia marsh. (chickasaw plum) – p; gmc844, gmc972 rubiaceae galium aparine l. (stickywilly) – a; gmc1003 galium circaezans michx. (licorice bedstraw) – p; gmc1193 stenaria nigricans (lam.) terrell var. nigricans (prairie bluet) – p; gmc1167 salicaceae populus deltoides bartram ex marsh. (eastern cottonwood) – p salix nigra marsh. (black willow) – p; gmc997 sapindaceae sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. and arn.) l.d. benson (western soapberry) – p; gmc1206 sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. (gum bully) – p; gmc835, gmc1207 simaroubaceae *ailanthus altissima (mill.) swingle (tree of heaven) – p solanaceae chamaesaracha coniodes (moric. ex dunal) britton (gray five eyes) – p; gmc1044 physalis cf. hederifolia a. gray (ivyleaf groundcherry) – p; gmc857 physalis longifolia nutt. (longleaf groundcherry) – p; gmc1205 physalis mollis nutt. (field groundcherry) – p; gmc1216 quincula lobata (torr.) raf. (chinese lantern) – p; gmc1085 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 57 solanum elaeagnifolium cav. (silverleaf nightshade) – p; gmc896 solanum rostratum dunal (buffalobur nightshade) – a; gmc936 tamaricaceae *tamarix ramosissima ledeb. (saltcedar) – p; gmc1192 ulmaceae ulmus americana l. (american elm) – p; gmc970 *ulmus pumila l. (siberian elm) – p; gmc978 ulmus rubra muhl. (slippery elm) – p urticaceae parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. (pennsylvania pellitory) – a verbenaceae glandularia bipinnatifida (nutt.) nutt. (dakota mock vervain) – p; gmc1050 glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber (pink mock vervain) – a; gmc830 violaceae viola bicolor pursh (field pansy) – a; gmc962 vitaceae cissus trifoliata (l.) l. (sorrelvine) – p; gmc845 parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. (virginia creeper) – p; gmc823 vitis acerifolia raf. (mapleleaf grape) – p; gmc1175 vitis riparia michx. (riverbank grape) – p; gmc826, gmc1208 zygophyllaceae *tribulus terrestris l. (puncturevine) – a; gmc1198 monocots amaryllidaceae allium drummondii regel (drummond's onion) – p; gmc987 asparagaceae androstephium coeruleum (scheele) greene (blue funnel lily) – p; gmc974 yucca glauca nutt. var. glauca (soapweed yucca) – p; gmc1061 commelinaceae tradescantia occidentalis (britton) smyth (prairie spiderwort) – p; gmc1095 cyperaceae carex gravida l.h. bailey (heavy sedge) – p; gmc838 cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks (great plains flatsedge) – p; gmc929 eleocharis montevidensis kunth (sand spikerush) – p; gmc1273 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 58 poaceae *aegilops cylindrica host (jointed goatgrass) – a; gmc1108 andropogon hallii hack. (sand bluestem) – p; gmc950 aristida oligantha michx. (prairie threeawn) – a; gmc1221, gmc1262 aristida purpurea nutt. (purple threeawn) – p; gmc861 *bothriochloa ischaemum (l.) keng (yellow bluestem) – p; gmc955 bothriochloa laguroides (dc.) herter ssp. torreyana (steud.) allred & gould (silver beardgrass) – p; gmc1162 bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. (sideoats grama) – p; gmc846 bouteloua gracilis (willd. ex kunth) lag. ex griffiths (blue grama) – p; gmc872 bouteloua hirsuta lag. (hairy grama) – p; gmc884 *bromus catharticus vahl (rescuegrass) – a; gmc989 *bromus arvensis l. (field brome) – a; gmc1119 *bromus tectorum l. (cheatgrass) – a; gmc1124, gmc988 buchloe dactyloides (nutt.) j.t. columbus (buffalograss) – p; gmc1116, gmc1027, gmc960 cenchrus spinifex cav. (coastal sandbur) – a; gmc834 chloris verticillata nutt. (tumble windmill grass) – p; gmc1231 *dactylis glomerata l. (orchardgrass) – p; gmc1140 dichanthelium oligosanthes (schult.) gould var. scribnerianum (nash) gould (scribner’s rosette grass) – p; gmc1101, gmc1152 digitaria ciliaris (retz.) koeler (southern crabgrass) – a; gmc1230, gmc1255 echinochloa muricata (p. beauv.) fernald (rough barnyardgrass) – a; gmc1264 *eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. (indian goosegrass) – a; gmc1254 elymus canadensis l. (canada wildrye) – p; gmc1155 elymus virginicus l. (virginia wildrye) – p; gmc1210 *eragrostis cilianensis (all.) vign. ex janchen (stinkgrass) – a; gmc1222 eragrostis secundiflora j. presl ssp. oxylepis (torr.) s.d. koch (red lovegrass) – p; gmc920 eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. (purple lovegrass) – p; gmc943 erioneuron pilosum (buckley) nash (hairy woollygrass) – p; kr404 hordeum pusillum nutt. (little barley) – a; gmc1102, gmc791 *lolium perenne l. (perennial ryegrass) – p; gmc788 muhlenbergia racemosa (michx.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (marsh muhly) – p; gmc904 panicum capillare l. (witchgrass) – a; gmc1218, gmc856 panicum obtusum kunth (vine mesquite) – p; gmc1248, gmc946 panicum virgatum l. (switchgrass) – p; gmc874 pascopyrum smithii (rydb.) á. löve (western wheatgrass) – p; gmc1129 phalaris caroliniana walter (carolina canarygrass) – a; gmc1083 *poa annua l. (annual bluegrass) – a; gmc980 poa arida vasey (plains bluegrass) – p; gmc1018 *poa pratensis l. (kentucky bluegrass) – p; gmc990, gmc1007, gmc790, gmc1022 *schedonorus phoenix (scop.) holub (tall fescue) – p; gmc1021 sclerochloa dura (l.) p. baeuv. (common hardgrass) – a; gmc977 schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash (little bluestem) – p; gmc940 *secale cereale l. (cereal rye) – a; gmc1011 *setaria pumila (poir.) roem. & schult. (yellow foxtail) – a; gmc1240 *setaria viridis (l.) p. beauv. (green bristlegrass) – a; gmc911, gmc1199 sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash (indiangrass) – p; gmc898 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 59 *sorghum halepense (l.) pers. (johnsongrass) – p; gmc824, gmc912 sporobolus compositus (poir.) merr. var. compositus (composite dropseed) – p; gmc931, gmc1223 sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) a. gray (sand dropseed) – p; gmc876, gmc1225, gmc1234 *thinopyrum ponticum (podp.) z.-w. liu & r.-c. wang (tall wheatgrass) – p; gmc1265 tridens flavus (l.) hitchc. (purpletop tridens) – p; gmc1213 tridens muticus (torr.) nash var. elongatus (buckley) shinners (slim tridens) – p; gmc 1224, gmc1233 tripsacum dactyloides (l.) l. (eastern gamagrass) – p; gmc847, gmc1184 vulpia octoflora (walter) rydb. (sixweeks fescue) – a; gmc1033, gmc994 figure 1 schizachyrium scoparium-castilleja purpurea var. citrina-lesquerella gordonii herbaceous association on gypsum at alabaster caverns state park. photo courtesy of william caire. oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 60 figure 2 castilleja purpurea var. citrina on gypsum outcrop at alabaster caverns state park. photo by g. caddell. figure 3 lesquerella gordonii with basal rosette of phacelia integrifolia on gypsum outcrop at alabaster caverns state park. photo by g. caddell. oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 61 figure 4 phacelia integrifolia, an obligate gypsophile, at alabaster caverns state park. photo by g. caddell. figure 5 nama stevensii, an obligate gypsophile, at alabaster caverns state park. photo by g. caddell. oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 © gloria m. caddell, kristi d. rice journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society 62 figure 6 haploesthes greggii, an obligate gypsophile, at alabaster caverns state park. photo by g. caddell. figure 7 echinocereus reichenbachii at alabaster caverns state park. photo by g. caddell. oklahoma native plant record, volume 12, number 1, december 2012 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100089 4 possible mechanisms of the exclusion of johnson grass by tall grass prairies submitted to the faculty of the graduate college of oklahoma state university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science may 1972 marilyn a. semtner e-mail: msemtner@aol.com keywords: johnsong rass, exclusion, control, prairies, allelopathy abstract historically, plant distribution typically has been studied with the purpose of learning why a species grows and survives where it does; but why a species does not survive in a particular habitat has rarely been studied, although it may be just as important. according to the us department of agriculture, johnsongrass [sorghum halepense (l.) pers.; formerly johnson grass] is listed as an agricultural pest in most states south of the 42nd parallel. control of johnsongrass in agricultural fields involves various labor intensive cultural, mechanical, and chemical means. release of a bio-control agent has not been suitable for intensively cropped areas. an agriculturally important weed and prominent member of early stage secondary succession, johnsongrass is not present in later stages of prairie succession. various environmental factors (biotic and abiotic) that might be involved in restricting johnsongrass survival were examined in this research. in two sites in oklahoma, soil conditions were found to be more favorable for survival and growth of johnsongrass in undisturbed prairie than in the disturbed areas in which johnsongrass was found vigorously growing. however, even when its rhizomes were introduced into mature prairie, johnsongrass did not thrive. in laboratory and field trials, presence of the living dominant prairie grasses or leachate from living or dead leaf blades seemed to influence growth and survival of johnsongrass rhizomes. the prairie grasses, little bluestem [schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash] and indian grass [sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash], seem to play a similar allelopathic role in restricting the growth of johnsongrass to outside of the prairies. looking at this past study might lead to new methods for the future. (semtner 2012) introduction plant distribution has typically been studied with the intent of discovering why a species grows where it does. early studies of johnson grass [sorghum halepense (l.) pers.; currently johnsongrass] took this approach. introduced about 1830 from turkey, johnson grass has vigorously and rapidly spread from the atlantic coast to central texas and has been recently reported in low wet places in california (munz 1963). it is known as a sun-adapted grass that grows well at high temperatures (ahlgren 1956). although it has some value as forage, it has been and is regarded as a serious weed. adapted to a variety of habitats, johnson grass was reported to be an aggressive invader of such disturbed habitats as abandoned and cultivated fields and roadsides, as well as rich alluvial river bottoms. producing large tenacious rhizomes, it is extremely difficult to eradicate. due to its invasion of cultivated fields, many attempts have been made to control it, especially by chemical means. control methods were directed mostly oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner toward destruction of the rhizomes. workers in chemical control have included leonard and harris (1952), mcwhorter (1961), nester (1967), hicks and fletchell (1967), wiese (1968), millhollon (1970), and kleifeld (1970). secondary succession occurs in abandoned fields and other places where the vegetation is damaged or destroyed. those plants appearing first give way and are replaced by other species. ultimately the climax or stable vegetation consists of species that replace themselves when their life span ends. booth (1941) divided secondary succession in old fields in central oklahoma into 4 stages, based on species present: (1) weeds, (2) annual grasses, (3) perennial bunch grasses, and (4) climax prairie. he surveyed the vegetation present in the annual grass and bunch grass stages. no mention was made of finding johnson grass in either of those stages. abdul-wahab and rice (1967) considered johnson grass a prominent member of the weedy stage and definitely absent from the later stages. their observations, however, were probably made under quite different circumstances than booth’s (1941). observations made during the current study indicate that johnson grass flourishes in disturbed roadsides. in continually disturbed roadsides, succession seemed to be arrested in the weedy stage. betz and cole (1969) noted that undisturbed native prairie resisted invasion of both weeds and woody plants. weaver (1968) indicated that prairies were virtually closed communities with neither a great wave of immigration nor emigration. invaders were excluded. invasion by weeds and/or woody plants has been considered a sign of disturbance by clements and shelford (1939), petty and jackson (1966), weaver (1968), and black, chen, and brown (1969). the lack of weed and tree invasion of undisturbed prairies generally has been credited to interactions of environmental factors, abiotic and biotic, that maintain the prairie community. the more common reasons given were climate, moisture, soil, temperature, life form and competition [fire – vogl (1964), water – hylander (1966), soil and water – weaver (1968), climate and water – grossman, louise and hamelot (1969), moisture and fire – sears (1969), no one main factor by multi-influences – costello (1969), fire and climate – delaubenfels (1970), and climate and drainage – vesey-fitz gerald (1970)]. despite widespread observation of and comment upon the failure-of-invasion phenomenon, it has been studied very little in its own right. my observations indicated that johnson grass was neither an invader nor a component of undisturbed prairies, yet it might be abundant a few centimeters away in a disturbed roadside. causes of this apparent exclusion of johnson grass by the undisturbed prairie were unknown and unstudied. the aim of my research was to explore various possible mechanisms of the exclusion of johnson grass by tall grass prairies. many factors might be involved in the exclusion of johnson grass from undisturbed prairies. the latitude probably was influential in limiting the original spread of johnson grass across the countryside. wheeler and hill (1957) reported that johnson grass grew abundantly in the vicinity of prairies in north america, south of latitude 40º, under a wide range of climatic conditions. ahlgren (1956) reported that johnson grass grew vigorously as a perennial, south of the 35th parallel, from the atlantic coast to central texas. further northward, winter killing occurred. at the latitude of central oklahoma, 36º, johnson grass behaves as a perennial grass. hull (1970) found that the rhizomes exhibited little or no cold hardiness at any time of the life cycle. the rhizomes were intolerant of freezing temperatures and were killed. johnson grass, therefore, presumably was restricted from northern prairies due to the severity of the winters. oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 6 southern prairies are subject to high summer temperatures with periods of low rainfall. beal (1887) reported johnson grass as an aggressive perennial grass able to withstand great heat and severe drought. standing water was found to kill it. ahlgren (1956) felt that abundant moisture, supplied by rainfall, stream overflow, or irrigation was beneficial but not essential for growth of johnson grass. the climate of southern prairies generally would not be restrictive to growth of johnson grass. grasses and grass communities tend to monopolize the ground against intruders. hylander (1966) felt that grasses pre-empted living space by producing rhizomes and stolons. tiller production dominated the surrounding area and discouraged intrusion of weeds. weaver (1968) felt that any reproduction, spread, or establishment of weeds in prairies would need to be vegetative through rhizomes or tillers. the network of prairie plants’ roots and rhizomes in the soil was so dense that “foreign” seedlings could not become established. the spread of johnson grass by rhizome initiation has been well documented by many researchers. hitchcock (1922) reported that johnson grass propagated readily by seed and strong rhizomes. anderson, appleby, and wescloh (1960) showed that rhizome initiation occurred 4 to 5 weeks following seedling emergence and was well developed after 6 to 7 weeks. mcwhorter (1961) found that plants grown from seed produced 212 feet of rhizomes in 152 days of growth. evans (1964) reported that rhizome growth in many grasses occurred only under long day conditions. with johnson grass, both flowering and rhizome growth can occur together. johnson grass flowering was accelerated by short days. competition for some necessary resource such as light, water, or nutrients has been commonly supposed to help the prairie resist invaders. clements and shelford (1939) reported that, in enclosures, annual grasses steadily disappeared under competition by perennial grasses. black et al. (1969) measured the efficiency of carbon assimilation in many species and concluded that more efficient species were better competitors than less efficient ones. he proposed that permanent pastures lacked weed problems because the efficient perennial grasses did not allow less efficient weeds to establish. he found johnson grass to be an efficient species. abdul-wahab and rice (1967) said that johnson grass had excellent abilities to compete for light, minerals, and water. the concept that one plant can influence the growth of another is well known. competition for some necessary resource is but one such influence. another type of influence is allelopathy, which involves chemical substances released from one plant that harms another. substances potentially involved in allelopathy may be liberated from plants by (a) leaching of foliage by rain, (b) volatilization from foliage, (c) leaching from fallen material, and (d) root exudation (tukey 1969). risser (1969), in a review of competitive relationships among plants, concluded that plant interactions due to allelopathy should be separated from competition. pickering (1917) stated that the formation of toxins by one plant that have harmful effects on other plants or on itself was a common phenomenon. benedict (1941) showed that dried roots of bromegrass (bromus inermis leyss.) were inhibitory to the growth of bromegrass seedlings. a sod-bound condition resulted, due to the inhibition, with vigorous growth on the edges and stunted growth in the center of a stand of bromegrass. bonner (1950) felt that numerous species, as yet unstudied, may produce substances toxic to one or more species, and that associations or non-associations of species due to production of chemical compounds might not be uncommon occurrences. cooper and stoesz (1931) found that helianthus oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner pauciflorus nutt. (=h. rigidus) had an autotoxic action which inhibited or retarded growth of its own seedlings within the center of a stand. vigorous individuals were confined to the periphery. curtis and cottam (1950) reported that the antibiotic and autotoxic effects of h. pauciflorus were due to a substance derived from decomposition of old rhizomes. they felt that, based on preliminary observations, antennaria parlinii fernald (=a. fallax), eurybia macrophylla (l.) cass. (=aster macrophyllus), and erigeron pulchellus michx. might produce similar acting substances. muller (1966) suggested that allelopathy could be a significant factor in plant succession of many kinds of vegetation. muller et al. (1964) showed that the distribution pattern of annual grassland species in santa barbara county, california, was influenced by volatile growth inhibitors produced by salvia leucophylla greene. in 1966, he reported that several aromatic shrubs of southern california produced phytotoxic terpenes which inhibited establishment of seedlings of a wide variety of species some distance from the shrubs. further evidence of the toxic suppression of herb understory growth by shrubs was given by muller et al. (1968). booth (1941), in his work on secondary succession in central oklahoma, reported that the weed stage lasted only 2-3 years and that the climax grasses required 30 years or more to reinvade. both the shortness of the weedy stage and the slow invasion by climax grasses are puzzling. rice, penfound, and rohrbaugh (1960) tried to account for the slow return of climax grasses in abandoned fields by rate of seed dispersal and mineral nutrition. the rate of succession could not fully be explained by seed dispersal and mineral nutrition. rice (1964) found widespread occurrence of inhibition of nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria by many weedy species including johnson grass. as a result of this inhibition, a lower nitrogen level was maintained in the soil. parenti and rice (1969) concluded that the first (weedy) stage was rapidly replaced by aristida oligantha michx. because several of the important pioneer species such as helianthus annuus l., sorghum halepense, and chamaesyce maculata (l.) small (=euphorbia supina) produced toxins inhibitory to seedlings of many species of the first stage but not to a. oligantha. several species of stage one eliminated species of that stage by chemical inhibition. a. oligantha invaded next because it was not inhibited by the substances toxic to pioneer species and was able to grow in soil too low in minerals to support species later in succession. a. oligantha was found to produce substances inhibitory to nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria (rice 1964). this inhibition probably caused the longer persistence of the annual grass stage. the species of the perennial bunch grasses have higher nitrogen requirements (rice et al. 1960). the influence of prairie mulch or litter has not been extensively investigated. weaver and fitzpatrick (1934) reported that accumulations of mulch retarded growth in the spring. the soil warmed more slowly with the mulch due to reduced insolation. weaver and rowland (1952) experimented with growth of tall grass prairie species with and without the presence of prairie mulch. they found that the prairie with heavy litter cover had little to no understory growth. the prairie grasses that produced the litter grew better themselves with removal of the thick build-up of litter. the grasses involved included little bluestem and indian grass. they felt the mulch was suffocating the plants. the lack of understory was attributed to the weight of the litter and decreased light being detrimental to seedling development. the seedlings would lack enough food reserve, unless they had large seeds, to grow through and above the litter. no reason was given for the limited growth of rhizomes or tillers by dominant grasses. friend (1966) and mitchell (1953a, b) showed that low light intensity decreased oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 8 tiller numbers in ryegrass (lolium l. spp). vogl and bjusted (1968) and ehrenreich and aikman (1963) concluded that litter build-up in undisturbed prairies caused lower soil temperatures, delayed growth in the spring, and reduced yields of little bluestem, big bluestem, and indian grass. muenscher (1939) reported a number of species of wild and cultivated plants to be capable of producing hydrocyanic acid, also called prussic acid, a highly poisonous substance. johnson grass was one of many cyanogenic plants. huffman, cathy, and humphrey (1963) and kingsburg (1965) reported johnson grass to be a pest of cultivated fields with an undesirable characteristic of forming cyanide in certain stages of development. abdul-wahab and rice (1967) showed that johnson grass produced several chemicals inhibitory to other plants that resulted in pure stands of johnson grass by the inhibition of other early invaders of abandoned fields. the chemicals were isolated and identified. the chemicals were found to have no or little affect on plant species that occur later in succession. substances inhibitory to nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria were also produced (rice 1964). some plants have been reported that influence the presence and/or growth of johnson grass. penfound, jennison, and shed (1965) reported the replacement of a johnson grass population by a vine-forb community. an increase of climbing bean [strophostyles helvola (l.) elliott], an herbaceous, leguminous vine, occurred at the expense of johnson grass. they concluded that climbing bean destroyed johnson grass by climbing up the flowering culms, weighing them down, and preventing growth by shading. bennett and merwine (1964) found that planting legumes with johnson grass would enhance growth of the latter for the first 2 years due to increased fertility and nitrogen in the soil. white clover (trifolium repens l.), however, offered more “competition” to johnson grass establishment and no gain resulted. wheeler and hill (1957) recommended sowing legumes with johnson grass, if desired, for pasture. the legumes checked the tendency of johnson grass to become sod-bound. hitchcock (1922) reported that to utilize a johnson grass-infested field, alfalfa should be sown. he felt that alfalfa would smother out most of the johnson grass. recently, a few cases have been reported where the presence or absence of prairie grasses determined the presence of other species. odum (1971) and harper (1964a) concluded that the distribution and abundance of a species can be modified by the presence of associated species. sagar and harper (1961) showed that the presence and nature of grass communities played an important role in determining the presence or absence of weedy plantago l. spp. and in limiting the size of the plantago population. the plantago spp. did not occur naturally within the grass community but would grow if the grasses were removed through some disturbance. putwain and harper (1970) concluded from their work that the grasses were mainly responsible for limiting the population size of the sorrels (rumex acetosa l. and r. acetosella l.). in my search for possible mechanisms of the exclusion of johnson grass by an undisturbed prairie, various possibilities were suggested. the determining influence might be abiotic or biotic. therefore, physical factors which might differ between the undisturbed prairie and a johnson grass stand were explored. many aspects of the soil were tested, including organic matter, texture, water content, and water retention ability. the effect of shading on johnson grass growth was studied. the possibility that the prairie grasses were influencing the growth of johnson grass was also examined. both field and laboratory studies were utilized in an effort to determine the source of the exclusion of johnson grass by an undisturbed, tall grass prairie. oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner figure 1 blackwell field site near lake carl blackwell, payne county, oklahoma description of field sites two field sites were chosen in western payne county, oklahoma. each consisted of a stand of johnson grass adjacent to a prairie in good condition. blackwell site the first site was ½ mile south of lake carl blackwell. from here on, this site will be referred to as the blackwell site. solid stands of johnson grass grew abundantly in the shallow ditches along both sides of a dirt road. the ditches were made some years ago and recently had been only slightly disturbed. the road was frequently graded, so johnson grass was continually found reinvading the road from the edge (figure 1). although johnson grass was continually spreading into the roadway, no spread was evident into the prairie on the opposite side. due to a curvature of the dirt road away from a fence, a small stand of prairie was protected from grazing. this protected area had been grazed previously, but was recovering well at the time of the study. the most prominent grasses were little bluestem [schizachyrium scoparium (michx) (=andropogon scoparius)], indian grass [sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash], silver bluestem [bothriochloa saccharoides (sw.)(=a. saccharoides)], and brome (bromus l. spp.). also present were small numbers of forbs, especially ones belonging to the leguminosae and compositae. preserve site a second site on the oklahoma state university ecology preserve was selected. from here on, this site will be referred to as the preserve site. the preserve is located 9 miles west of stillwater, oklahoma, on the south side of state highway 51 and is about 2 miles southwest of the blackwell site. the relative placement of johnson grass and prairie and causes were similar to those of the blackwell site. this site was later partially destroyed by road maintenance work. the prairie within the preserve, which remained undamaged, was used in field experiments described later. methods and materials soil analysis soils may be responsible for vegetative distribution patterns. the exclusion of johnson grass from undisturbed prairies could be influenced by soil characteristics. various physical properties of the soil were explored to try to detect differences between the prairie soil and the johnson grass soil. organic matter organic matter (om) was measured as an indicator of disturbance. the assumption was that the lower the om, the more oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 10 disturbance the soil had experienced. om was used to determine whether the soils in which johnson grass and the prairie plants grew could be classified as disturbed. johnson grass is usually associated with disturbed habitats. soil samples were taken from both the blackwell and preserve sites. samples from the blackwell site consisted of one from within a stand of johnson grass and one from within the prairie. samples from the preserve were from 2 different areas within the prairie, differing in the amount of plant litter present. similar procedures were used to collect all the soil samples. a shovel was used to remove living plants off the surface and scrape off the top 2 cm of litter and soil. samples were collected from the approximately 2-22 cm soil depth and consisted of pooled soil from 3 such pits. the soil was placed in appropriately labeled cardboard boxes and removed to the laboratory. after the soil was air dried in the agronomy department soil drying room for 24 hours, it was sieved through a #10 sieve. the om analysis was done by the soil and water service laboratory of the agronomy department at oklahoma state university. ph determination of soil ph was made using a corning research ph meter (model 12) with equal parts by weight of air dry soil and distilled water. soil samples were collected as previously described. three replications were run with each soil type. particle density the particle densities were found using a pycnometer, following procedures described by black (1965). soil samples were collected as previously described and three replications were run. soil texture a mechanical analysis of soil was conducted to determine the percentage of sand, silt, and clay particles. the hydrometer method as described by american society for testing and materials (1964) was followed. soil from a depth of 2-22 cm, collected as previously described, was used, as that was the region that most new roots and rhizomes occurred. three replications of both soil types were analyzed. soil moisture plant growth is influenced greatly by the amount of soil moisture present. during june and july 1970, soil moisture was determined regularly to detect any differences in soil moisture between the prairie and the johnson grass stand. soil moisture was measured by the gravimetric method (american society for testing and material 1958). soil core samples were taken during june and july 1970 from the 2-22 cm soil depth. three transects of samples were made at the preserve site and 5 at the blackwell site. the transects ran from the johnson grass stand into the prairie. three cores were taken in the johnson grass stand and 2 in the prairie per transect. the top 2 cm of the soil core were discarded. the remainder of the core was divided into 2 parts, 2-12 cm and 12-22 cm depth. these segments were immediately placed in aluminum cans, sealed, and returned to the laboratory. soil-water content under different tensions the amount of water retained by soils at a specific pressure was measured using a porous membrane, as described by black (1965). soil-water contents at pressures of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, and 15 bars were measured. disturbed, air-dry soil was used with 2 replications per tension, per soil type. johnson grass and prairie soils were collected as previously described from the blackwell site. oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner plant material whenever living plants were needed for experiments, johnson grass rhizomes were collected along the dirt road adjacent to the blackwell site. mcwhorter (1961) found that plants from rhizomes grew more rapidly than plants from seeds. hull (1970) did not detect any natural dormancy in single node rhizome pieces harvested at any time of the year. hence, rhizomes were collected fresh as needed. due to poor germination of local johnson grass seeds, only rhizomes were used in the experiments. rhizomes were dug and placed in plastic bags. field collected rhizomes were cut with clippers into segments containing one node. the soil in which the johnson grass rhizomes were growing was very sandy and was easily brushed off the rhizome pieces. rhizomes were used as soon after collection as possible. experiments seed germination tests were run to determine the germination percentage of local johnson grass seeds to decide the feasibility of using seeds as well as rhizomes in future experiments. seeds were collected several times from the areas of both field sites in 1970 and 1971. germination tests were conducted with fresh and after-ripened (6-month and 1-year) seeds. several tests were conducted according to procedures given by tester and mccormick (1969) with 5 replications of 10 seeds per treatment. johnson grass seeds, fresh and 6 months after-ripened, were (a) pre-chilled for 5 days at 10º c, (b) prechilled for 7 days at 10º c, or (c) left at room temperature. incubation was in the dark at room temperature. the experiment was subsequently repeated with 3 variations: (a) treated with 5 percent clorox and rinsed thoroughly with several rinses of distilled water, (b) soaked in tap water for 5 days before pre-chilling, and (c) not treated. germination was checked daily. a total of 450 seeds were used. taylorson and mcwhorter’s (1969) prechilling experiment was also tried. the procedure was to expose the seeds to 2 weeks at 10º c followed by 2 hours of 35º c and germination at 20º c in darkness. fresh, 6-month, and 1-year-old after-ripened seeds were used with 5 replications of 10 seeds pre-treatment, for a total of 150 seeds. germination was recorded daily. germination tests were also run with fresh and 6-month-old after-ripened seeds in soil from within a prairie and a johnson grass stand. the soil was collected and prepared as previously described. commercial river sand was used as a control. each soil type was placed in separate petri plates. twenty seeds were used per replication and there were 3 replications per soil type. tap water was used to keep the soil moist. germination was at 20º c in the dark. the objective of the experiment was to determine whether soil type influenced germination of johnson grass seeds. soil preference in a laboratory situation soils were collected from within a prairie and a johnson grass stand near the blackwell site, and johnson grass planted in them to determine whether the growth of its rhizomes might be influenced by soil type. the vegetation, litter, and top 2 cm of soil were removed with a shovel. soil was dug up from the 2-22 cm depth and placed in standard nursery flats lined with newspaper. the soil was sieved to remove any plant parts, rhizomes, roots, etc. flats of commercial river sand were used as controls. three replications of each substrate with 50 rhizome pieces per flat were made on february 19, 1971. all flats were regularly tap watered, and the number of new plants emerging and total emergence per flat were recorded every other day for 41 days. no dry weights were oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 12 taken because the plants in the soil from the johnson grass stand were damaged by disease near the end of the experiment. a statistical analysis was made of the emergence data to determine whether johnson grass emerged differently in any soil type relative to the others. growth in disturbed and undisturbed field plots field growth of johnson grass from rhizomes was studied to determine if it would grow and survive in the prairie if manually planted. rhizomes were planted under 2 conditions: disturbed (modified) and undisturbed (natural). in the disturbed plots, a 23 cm cube of soil was dug up, turned, mixed, and sieved to remove any plants and litter present. any neighboring prairie plants that might lean over the plot were trimmed back. five rhizome segments were planted per plot. rhizome segments were placed approximately 4-6 cm deep. in the non-disturbed plots, simple slits, 6 cm deep, were made in the ground with a shovel. one rhizome segment was planted in each of 5 slits per plot. no plants or litter were removed. care was taken to avoid disturbance as much as possible. in each of the plots, the 5 rhizome pieces came from 2 or 3 different rhizomes. the procedure was repeated in a johnson grass stand and prairie at the blackwell site and in the prairie at the preserve. due to the smaller size of the blackwell site, only 4 replications of each treatment were made in the prairie and 2 in the johnson grass stand. plot locations were randomized. eight replications were made of each treatment with 2 replications per treatment on each of the 4 transects in the prairie at the preserve. alternating the treatments among the subplots, each transect contained 4 subplots, 150 cm apart. transect #1 was made in a section of the preserve prairie that was similar to that of the prairie in the blackwell site. in both, grass litter was light. open spaces existed between plants where bare soil could occasionally be seen. along transects #2-4, deeper within the preserve prairie, tall grass prairie was in good condition. tall, thick stands of indian grass and little bluestem were growing. plants were close together with a thick layer of litter on the ground. no bare ground could be seen. a total of 140 rhizome segments were planted. soil at planting was moist. soil temperatures were within a range of 13-26º c at the 7.5 cm depth and 14-22º c at 15 cm depth. this was slightly below the optimal 30º c for the maximum growth of the dominant prairie grasses and johnson grass but well within the range for good growth. all planting was done on may 10, 1971. observations were made weekly to determine emergence and survival of johnson grass. all surviving plants were harvested on september 20, 1971, and dry weights determined. due to the extremely low numbers of plants recovered in september, no statistical analysis was conducted. interference experiment many ecology textbooks and papers contain statements to the effect that weeds cannot compete with prairie plants. this has generally been accepted as the reason many possible invaders were excluded from the prairies. the assumption was that weeds were not efficient or successful in competing for some resource (light, water, or minerals) against the prairie plants. this statement is questionable in the case of johnson grass. johnson grass reportedly had excellent ability to compete for light, water, and minerals (abdul-wahab and rice 1967). black et al. (1969) showed both the dominant prairie grasses and johnson grass to be efficient co2 fixing species and concluded that both were good competitors. one resource that plants generally compete for is light. a box experiment was conducted to determine the effect of 6 oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner different conditions. these were (1) control – full sunlight, (2) light shading – 70 percent of full sunlight obtained by 2 layers of white cheese cloth, (3) medium shading – 60 percent of full sunlight obtained by 6 figure 2 box designs for the interference experiments layers, (4) heavy shading – 18 percent of full sunlight by a tightly woven cotton cloth, (5) litter mulching – 18 percent of full sunlight with prairie litter, and (6) aerial influence with prairie grasses. a light meter was used to measure the light intensity in the field at ground level to determine the amount of shading used in the boxes. in field measurements, prairies with heavy build-ups of litter had light values down to 2 percent of full sunlight, though amounts this low were not used in any experiment. wood boxes were built, each 30 x 60 cm x 30 cm deep, in which the experimental plants were grown. drainage slits were left in the bottom. the soil used was a ratio of 2 parts nursery soil and 1 part commercial sand. the cloth covers were stretched across ¾ of the boxes, approximately 6 cm above the soil level (figure 2). five johnson grass rhizome segments, from 2 or more different rhizomes, were planted per box, under the shaded areas. prairie litter from the ecology preserve was collected in january, 1971 and stored in large paper bags in the laboratory until used. the litter was laid on top of the soil in the experimental boxes in amounts similar to those found in a healthy tall grass prairie with a normal build-up of litter. the litter was leached with tap water on the boxes twice weekly for a month before the rhizomes were planted. prairie plants were collected from the blackwell area by randomly digging up intact clumps of prairie vegetation. mainly, little bluestem and indian grass were collected while dormant in early march, 1971. the clumps of prairie plants were planted in the large ends of 3 boxes and allowed to become established (see figure 2). the previously described dirt-sand mixture was used to fill in around the prairie plants and the empty small ends. a partition was placed in the soil to divide the roots and prevent prairie plant roots from becoming established in the smaller section. after the johnson grass plants in the smaller section had emerged, the partition was removed to alow the roots to intermingle. the boxes were kept outdoors and were positioned in a completely randomized block design. all plants were subject to the same temperature and wind. the boxes were regularly watered. three replications per treatment were made. the rhizome segments were planted august 25, 1971 and allowed to grow until september 30, 1971. dry weight per plant was determined. a statistical analysis, using a hierarchial design oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 14 to compare average dry weight per plant per treatment was performed. effect of plant leachate on growth the hypothesis was proposed that the prairie grasses might be producing some substance inhibiting the growth of johnson grass. it was possible that the green leaves were producing and releasing the substance, or that release was upon the death of the leaf blade. hence, 2 separate leachates were made: (1) fresh green leaves and inflorescences of little bluestem and indian grass, and (2) old prairie litter. in nature, any leaching would be passive due to falling rain, dew, etc., so the leaves were leached in distilled water without any grinding. plant material was leached by soaking with distilled water for 1 hour at a ratio of 10 g of plant material per 100 ml of distilled water. the leachate was made fresh as needed, every 6 to 8 days. leachate was stored in the dark at room temperature for periods not longer than 3 days. commercial river sand was used to fill standard nursery flats. four replications per treatment with 50 johnson grass rhizome segments per flat were planted on september 20, 1971. the flats were arranged in a partial random block design in the greenhouse. each flat was watered with approximately 800 ml of leachate per week until october 19, 1971. for the remainder of the experiment until november 10, 1971, the plants were watered with tap water. the experiment was continued with tap water to determine if any effect on growth due to the leachate was permanent or temporary. the height of the individual plants after 29 days was recorded. the emergence per flat was recorded for 51 days. results and discussion soil analysis several factors of the soil were examined to determine if these might be responsible for the exclusion of johnson grass by the prairie. organic matter organic matter (om) was tested as an indicator of disturbance. soils sampled from the prairie had consistently and considerably higher levels of om than the johnson grass soil (table i). the higher om levels in the prairies would make the prairie soil more favorable to plant growth and root development. there is no reason to doubt that the organic matter level present in prairies would encourage johnson grass growth rather than restrict it. ph some plants are known to grow better in acidic or alkaline soils. distribution of these species is influenced by soil ph. johnson grass, with its wide distribution, would not seem to be greatly influenced by the soil ph. to determine if prairie soil ph was different from and thus possibly detrimental to johnson grass growth, the soil ph of the prairie and johnson grass sites was tested (see table i). no significant ph differences were found. soil ph would not be considered a factor restricting the growth of johnson grass. particle density the particle density was determined mainly as a reference due to its influence on soil mass (see table i). the difference between the 2 soil types was not enough to affect the soil texture greatly. the small differences in particle density would not be influential in determining the distribution of johnson grass. soil texture johnson grass has been reported to thrive in fine sandy loam and not grow well in deep sandy soils (archer and bunch 1953). the prairie soil did not appear to be a deep sandy soil, but texture analysis was performed (table ii). the prairie soil had oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner more silt and slightly more clay, but less sand than the disturbed johnson grass soil. physically, the prairie soil would appear to favor the growth of johnson grass more than the disturbed soil it occupies. table i characteristics of 2 different soils at the 2-22 cm depth location soil area om a % ph b particle c density litter covering blackwell johnson grass stand 0.5 6.2 2.54 very little prairie 2.8 6.0 2.45 light to medium preserve prairie transect #1 2.5 6.2 light to medium prairie transect #2-4 3.1 6.1 thick aorganic matter, no replications b3 replications c3 replications table ii soil particle size analysis for 2-22 cm depth at the blackwell site soil source percentage soil type rep. sand silt clay johnson grass stand 1 75 9 16 sandy loam 2 81 6 13 3 79 6 15 prairie 1 69 14 17 sandy loam to sandy clay loam 2 60 21 19 3 63 19 18 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 16 soil moisture although the precipitation received by the prairie and the roadside, separated only by a few centimeters, was similar, differences in soil moisture might occur. considerable variation existed between samples within each soil type, separated by a few centimeters. the variation among samples was great enough so that no large differences could be detected between soil types (table iii, figure 3). the small differences in the soil moisture in june and july between the prairie soil and disturbed soil would not be enough to account for the presence or absence of johnson grass. table iii average soil moisture in prairie and johnson grass soils at 2 depths in 1970 location date level percent moisture johnson grass prairie blackwell june 9 t 13.0 16.5 l 14.7 13.2 june 16 t 10.3 9.6 l 12.1 11.5 june 23 t 13.7 13.2 l 10.4 9.7 june 30 t 6.2 7.4 l 8.3 7.3 july 7 t 3.6 5.0 l 6.4 5.3 july 21 t 13.1 14.4 l 13.5 12.2 july 28 t 9.0 9.1 l 9.4 8.9 preserve june 11 t 12.8 15.1 l 13.0 12.6 june 25 t 12.0 12.6 l 12.0 11.3 july 9 t 6.4 4.1 l 7.5 4.8 july 21 t 12.3 13.0 l 12.5 11.6 t = top soil, 2-12 cm l = lower soil, 12-22 cm oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner figure 3 average soil moisture by weight of 2 different soils at the 2-12 cm and 12-22 cm levels in june and july, 1970 at the blackwell site. oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 18 soil-water content under different tensions the prairie soil held more water at any given tension than the johnson grass soil (figure 4). this would be expected because it has more clay, silt, and organic matter than the disturbed johnson grass soil. plants would have to exert more energy at any given soil-water content to obtain water from the prairie soil compared to the johnson grass soil. conversely, at any given soil tension, the prairie soil would have more water available for use. since air-dried, disturbed soils were used, the actual values found for the soil moisture per soil pressure are not the same as would occur in the undisturbed soil profile. figure 4 soil-water content retained by air-dried soils, under different tensions (two replications per soil type). oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner other factors both field sites were subjected to the same climate, wind, temperatures, and rainfall. factors were not tested if they were believed to either favor the growth of johnson grass over the prairie grasses or to exhibit no difference between the two habitats. rice, penfound, and rohrbaugh (1960) reported that the nitrogen level of the soil influenced the rate of succession. species later in succession (andropogon and sorghastrum) have a higher nitrogen requirement than plants earlier in succession. as both schizachyrium scoparium and sorghastrum nutans were present in the prairie studied, the nitrogen probably would be higher than in the disturbed habitat. johnson grass was known to grow better in fertile soils with high nitrogen levels (archer and bunch 1953, bennett and merwine 1964). huffman et al. (1963) stated that johnson grass grew on roadsides, but more abundantly where soils were of better than average fertility. the higher nitrogen levels in the tall grass prairies, compared with soils earlier in succession, would actually be beneficial to growth of johnson grass. logically, nitrogen levels of the prairie soil would not restrict but encourage johnson grass growth. experiments seed germination despite many different methods to try to induce germination, no locally collected johnson grass seeds germinated in any test. other workers have found the seeds of johnson grass to be highly dormant (weir 1950, anderson 1968, taylorson and mcwhorter 1969). no seeds were used in any later trials. seeds from local johnson grass populations probably require a long after-ripening period. soil preference in a laboratory situation initially, fewer plants emerged in the prairie soil than in the other soils, sand and disturbed johnson grass soil (figure 5). this trend was not statistically significant, but was present in all replications. after the initial 2 weeks, the number of plants per flat was consistently higher in the prairie soil than in the others. the difference in the average total plant emergence after 41 days between the prairie and disturbed soil was significant only at the 20 percent level with a t-test. no significant difference was found between sand (control) and the disturbed habitat soil. visibly, plants grown in the prairie soil were greener and taller than in the other two treatments. the increased vigor was likely due to the higher fertility of the prairie soil. growth in disturbed and undisturbed field plots study of johnson grass planted in the field under 2 types of conditions revealed a difference in emergence and growth. in the undisturbed or natural plots, 70 rhizomes were planted, with 60 in the prairie and 10 in the johnson grass stand. no plants emerged (table iv). of the 70 rhizome segments planted in the disturbed or modified plots, in the same proportions given above, 5 were alive at the end of the summer: 3 in the johnson grass stand and 2 in the prairie. the 3 plants in the johnson grass stand were divided between the two replications. one plant emerged shortly after planting, while emergence was delayed almost a month in the case of the other two. the cause of the difference in emergence time was unknown, but noticeable differences were seen in the dry weight and number of new rhizome segments. in the prairie, 4 plants actually emerged, in the same replication, but only 2 survived the summer. in the disturbed sites, with all plants and litter removed, the soil was exposed to increased radiation. this produced greater heating and drying than in a comparable soil oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 20 figure 5 effect of soil type on emergence of johnson grass from rhizomes in flats in the greenhouse (three replications per soil type). oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner table iv comparison of field grown johnson grass plants in 2 areas after one summer of growth from rhizome segments (may-september 1971) soil treatment rep. survival/ planted percent survived plot # dry wt. (g) new rhizome nodes blackwell johnson natural 2 0/10 0 grass modified* 2 3/10 30 1 1.12 7 1.30 6 2 7.10 29 prairie natural 4 0/20 0 modified* 4 0/20 0 preserve prairie natural 8 0/40 0 modified* 8 2/40 6.7 1 0.04 0 0.35 0 *vegetation removed, soil sieved surface protected by layers of litter and plants. a crust formed over the surface in both the blackwell prairie plots and on the plots in transect #1 in the preserve. these two areas were the harshest places in the experiment for johnson grass to grow. yet it was only in the preserve prairie, transect #1 that johnson grass even emerged in a prairie. in the other 3 transects, disturbed plots were soon shaded by nearby rapidly growing prairie grasses. the soil was shaded, cooler, and retained more moisture. the number of plants emerging within a prairie and a johnson grass stand were similar, but differences in size, dry weight, and number of new rhizome nodes were striking (see table iv). those in the johnson grass stand were visibly taller, greener, and seemed healthier than those in the prairie. those in the prairie were stunted and had yellowish foliage. in the prairie, the plants had no new rhizome initiation, while those in the johnson grass stand were actively producing new rhizome nodal segments. johnson grass growth was greatly enhanced by disturbance of the prairie soil and removal of the vegetation. the johnson grass plants in the prairie were so stunted that survival for much longer was doubtful. few roots were found on observation and those were very small. the reduced food storage would reduce the chances of establishment. a limited growth of johnson grass in the prairie was obtained with removal of grasses in the immediate area. this experiment was handicapped by not being initiated until may. during may, the soil temperatures were approaching 30º c, improving the soil temperature for growth compared with cooler soil temperatures earlier in the year. however, oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 22 the plants had very little time to develop a root system before the hot summer conditions arrived, which probably resulted in the low survival observed. interference experiment a box experiment was conducted to compare growth and emergence of johnson grass under different conditions. in the control boxes, conditions for growth would not seem optimal. soil was directly exposed to the sun. heating and drying of the soil surface formed a hard crust over the soil surface. the crust served to conserve soil moisture, but also made it harder for the plants to penetrate. growth did not seem to be restricted, as the average dry weight was higher than most of the other treatments (table v, figure 6). emergence was higher than in any other treatment. the light shade provided better conditions for johnson grass growth. the soil retained more moisture, and less hardening of the surface occurred than in the control. overall, those plants were the tallest and most vigorous. the thin cloth was not a barrier restricting growth. most plants grew up through the cloth. the cloth in the medium shade treatment was a minor barrier restricting growth in height. in two replications, the tips of a few blades reached the cover and were bent. in replication #2, the plants pushed off the cover and grew vigorously in the increased sunlight. if the average dry weight was found for the medium shading without the one strikingly different replication, the average dry weight would only be 0.3 g per plant. this would make it similar to the average values in the dark and litter treatments (see figure 6). emergence was low under the deep shade, perhaps due to decreased light or temperature. the few plants that appeared were small. the growth rate was slow. none grew tall enough for the solid cloth to act as a physical barrier during the short period of the experiment. the greatly decreased light intensity seemed to have a definite slowing effect on growth. ryle (1967) found that ryegrass responded to shading with slower growth. some growth of johnson grass was obtained in all three shading treatments. fewer plants grew with greatly decreased light, as would be found at the soil surface of prairies with heavy build-up of litter. light was important, but would not prevent growth of johnson grass within a prairie. the leached litter produced shade as well as mulching and possible chemical effects. the soil remained more moist than in any but the deep shade treatment. the plants appeared above the soil surface in the boxes with the leached litter cover over a week later than in the other treatments. variation in appearance was evident. of the 15 rhizomes planted, 11 plants grew. a few plants appeared green and healthy, although they seemed to be growing more slowly than those in the control or with light shading. the majority of the plants were yellow-green in color and appeared stunted or at least growth was retarded. the plants emerged above the soil surface but little additional growth occurred. two plants were thin or etiolated. simple reduction in light intensity may explain the etiolated condition, but would not satisfactorily explain the stunting and discoloration of the johnson grass plants under the litter. the “weight” of the litter did not prevent the plants from growing, as suggested by weaver and rowland (1952). tips of a few plants were appearing above the litter. the old litter seemed to retard growth, but not prevent it. johnson grass plants in aerial contact with the prairie grasses were smaller with slower growth than the control or light shade treatment. the plants seemed stunted. digging up the soil after the experiment showed no root invasion by one into the area of the other. the johnson grass plants that did grow were greenish-yellow. oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner table v dry weight in grams and emergence of johnson grass plants grown for 35 days from rhizomes control light shade medium shade deep shade litter mulch competition 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1.9 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.05 0.1 0.7 individual 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.5 1.0 weights 0.2 0.9 0.5 2.3 0.6 2.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.45 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.2 means 0.8 0.5 0.5 1.4 0.7 0.5 0.4 1.3 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.7 grand means 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 emergence percentage means 80 53 53 20 73 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 24 figure 6 dry weights of johnson grass plants grown from rhizomes (three replications per condition). oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner one rhizome produced several new segments laterally in the direction away from the prairie grasses before emergence at the edge of the box. why the rhizome grew away from the prairie grass side was unknown. after appearance above ground, little increase in height was recorded. most of the dry weight was due to the formation of new rhizome segments rather than leaves. no new rhizome segments were produced laterally in any other replication or treatment. without the additional weight due to the new rhizome segments on that one plant, the average dry weight in the competition boxes would be lower and closer to the average dry weight in the litter treatment. the presence of the prairie grasses within a few centimeters seemed to have as much affect as did medium and deep shading, though the johnson grass plants were still fully exposed to the sun. the difference in average dry weight per treatment proved significant at an 0.01 level with an f-test. variation within treatments was evident, with the few replications used. fluctuation in percent of emergence between treatments was not statistically significant in any reasonable confidence range due to the variation within treatments. more replications would be necessary to establish any differences in emergence between treatments. effect of plant leachate on growth in the two treatments watered with a leachate, fewer plants emerged, the size of the plants was smaller, and increase in height was slower than in the controls watered with distilled water (figures 7, 8). no difference was detected between the effects of the two types of litter leachates. those plants watered with distilled water grew more vigorously than in the other treatments. the experiment was continued after the watering with leachate was stopped to determine if the rhizomes were killed or inhibited. when the leachate was no longer applied, many new plants appeared. an increased growth rate was evident. summary and conclusion johnson grass (sorghum halepense) grows abundantly in disturbed areas south of latitude 40º. in this area, it grows in disturbed roadsides and disturbed fields: beside, but not in, tall grass prairies. johnson grass was usually growing in areas where prairie plants had been disturbed or destroyed, as along roadsides. many stands of johnson grass along roadsides were areas of frequent disturbances. soil differences between the prairie and the johnson grass stands seemed to be the result of disturbances, not natural differences. the prairie soils had a slightly different ratio of particle size and texture. the soil ph and particle densities were similar. however, the prairie soils had considerably more organic matter and were able to retain more soil moisture at any one soil tension than in the other soil. rice, penfound, and rohrbaugh (1960) found that prairies with species later in succession had higher nitrogen levels than soils with vegetation of the weed stage. archer and bunch (1953) reported that johnson grass grew well on fine sandy loams, but did not thrive on poor depleted or deep sandy soils. huffman et al. (1963) reported johnson grass abundant on roadsides and open areas where soils were of better than average fertility. based on physical characteristics of the two soils, the prairie would seem more favorable to johnson grass growth than the disturbed habitat in which it grows. in laboratory tests, johnson grass grew better in the prairie soil than in its own soil. the prairie soil did not inhibit or limit johnson grass growth. in the field, other factors influenced johnson grass growth. in nature, johnson grass grew in disturbed sites and not in the prairies. growth was obtained in a prairie only with disturbance and removal of prairie oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 26 figure 7 emergence of johnson grass plants from rhizomes under treatment with prairie grass leaf leachate (four replications per treatment). oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner figure 8 height distribution of johnson grass plants grown from rhizomes under treatments with prairie grass leaf leachate. oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 28 plants and litter. johnson grass grew in a small, disturbed plot in a prairie but was stunted. continued survival and establishment of the few johnson grass plants that did grow were very doubtful. no johnson grass growth was detected in the undisturbed or natural prairie plots. similar results were obtained with johnson grass growth in johnson grass stands. the only plants that emerged were in the disturbed or modified sites. the fact that none emerged in the plots in undisturbed johnson grass stands might be expected. abdul-wahab and rice (1967) reported that johnson grass produced several inhibitory chemicals. some of these inhibited its own seedling and rhizome bud growth. upon observation, no young johnson grass shoots were found within the stand. numerous young plants were found along the edge of the stand spreading into the dirt road, but none were spreading out into the prairie side. the question remained of why no johnson grass plants emerged in the undisturbed prairie. light intensity influenced johnson grass growth. in the field, the only emergence was in the plots with either full sunlight or light shading. the most vigorous growth in the box experiment was obtained with light shading. with shading approximating that found at ground level in a prairie with heavy litter build-up, reduced growth of johnson grass was noticed. yet the dry weight of the johnson grass plants after a whole season of growth in the disturbed prairie plots was considerably less than the dry weight of those under light shade after only 1 month of growth. the reduced emergence under the deep shading would not constitute exclusion. the leached litter produced average dry weights similar to those with deep shade but without the lower emergence. aerial interference with prairie plants lowered both the average dry weight and emergence number of johnson grass. the few johnson grass plants that grew when introduced in the small disturbed prairie plots were small, weak, and stunted. in a box experiment, the johnson grass plants growing near the prairie grasses were smaller and slightly discolored. evidence suggests that the hypothesis that prairie grasses were producing some chemical inhibiting the growth of johnson grass might be valid. the production of growth inhibiting substances by higher plants is not unknown. the production of these substances, termed allelopathic substances, appears to be widespread. risser (1969) felt that allelopathic substances might play a part in formation and maintenance of vegetative patterns. some plants produce allelopathic substances that are known to be inhibitory to their own growth, as in the cases of bromus inermis, helianthus pauciflorus, h. annuus, and sorghum halepense (benedict 1941, cooper and stoesz 1931, curtis and cottam 1950, wilson and rice 1968, abdul-wahab and rice 1967). weaver and rowland (1952) noted that the prairie grasses grew better with the removal of a heavy build-up of prairie mulch. they also remarked on the lack of understory herbs in a prairie with a heavy build-up of litter. an allelopathic substance in the grass litter would help explain the lack of understory vegetation. if the substance was short-lived once released or easily leached from shallow nursery flats, this would help explain the lag in emergence of johnson grass in prairie soil or under prairie litter in previous experiments. since the inhibitory effect on johnson grass was seen in the absence of root contact and in the presence of aerial parts, the leaves seemed a likely source. something was present in the mixed leaves of little bluestem and indian grass which inhibited bud growth of a johnson grass rhizomal segment and the rate of plant growth. the inhibitory substance was present in both green leaves and dead litter. this indicated that sufficient quantity was present in the leaves to allow storage and slow release. oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner the implication existed that the inhibitory substance leached from the prairie grass might be influential in formation or maintaining of vegetative patterns in the prairie. sagar and harper (1961) showed that the presence and vigor of grasses in a community played a role in determining presence or absence of plantago spp. putwain and harper (1970) concluded that the grasses were responsible for limiting population size of rumex l. spp. the prairie grasses, little bluestem and indian grass, seemed to play a role in restricting the growth of johnson grass to along roadsides and out of the prairies. acknowledgments the author wishes to express appreciation to her major adviser, dr. j. k. mcpherson, for his guidance, helpful suggestions, and assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. gratitude is expressed to her committee members, drs. george l. barnes and paul e. richardson, for their advice, aid, and constructive criticism. the author wishes to thank dr. james m. davidson, associate professor of agronomy, for his invaluable assistance with the soil analysis portion of this paper. sincere thanks are expressed to dr. r. g. price for his assistance in obtaining space for conducting the interference experiments. special thanks are expressed to mr. frank hulnik, mr. eugene burris, mr. richard semtner, and mr. richard vernon, students at oklahoma state university, for their assistance in this investigation. appreciation for personal financial support is expressed to the national science foundation for a graduate traineeship award. very special appreciation is extended to the author’s husband, paul, for his understanding, patience, encouragement, and assistance in the course of this study. literature cited abdul-wahab, ahmad and elroy l. rice. 1967. plant inhibition by johnson grass and its possible significance in old-field succession. bulletin of torrey 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spray technique. weed science 1:256-273. mcwhorter, c. g. 1961. morphology and development of johnson grass plants from seeds and rhizomes. weeds 9:558562. millhollon, rex w. 1970. msma for johnson grass control in sugarcane. weed science 18:333-337. mitchell, k. j. 1953a. influence of light and temperature on the growth of ryegrass (lolium spp.). i. pattern and vegetative development. physiologia plantarum 6:2146. mitchell, k. j. 1953b. influence of light and temperature on the growth of ryegrass (lolium spp.). ii. the control of lateral bud development. physiologia plantarum 6:425-443. muenscher, walter conrad. 1939. poisonous plants of the united states. new york: macmillan. muller, cornelius h. 1966. the role of chemical inhibition (allelopathy) in vegetational composition. bulletin of torrey botanical club 93:332-351. oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 12, december 2012 © 1972 marilyn semtner journal compilation © 2012 oklahoma native plant society muller, cornelius h., w. h. muller, and b. l. haines. 1964. volatile growth inhibitors produced by aromatic shrubs. science 143:471-473. muller, cornelius h., ronald b. hanawalt, and james k. mcpherson. 1968. allelopathic control of herb growth in the fire cycle of california chaparral. bulletin of torrey botanical club 95:225231. munz, philip a. 1963. a california flora. 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[upper saddle river (nj)]: prenticehall. taylorson, r. b. and c. g. mcwhorter. 1969. seed dormancy and germination in ecotypes of johnson grass. weed science 17:359-361. tester, wiley c. and grover mccormick. 1954. germination of johnson grass, results of tests made by the arkansas state plant board. proceedings of the association of official seed analysts 44:9699. tukey, h. b. 1969. implications of allelopathy in agricultural plant sciences. botanical review 35:1-16. vesey-fitzgerald, desmond foster. 1970. the origin and distribution of valley grasslands in east africa. ecology 58:5175. vogl, richard j. 1964. the effects of the vegetational composition of brackengrasslands. transactions of wisconsin academy of science, arts, and letters 53:6782. vogl, w. e. and a. t. bjugsted. 1968. effects of clipping on yields and tillering of little bluestem, big bluestem, indian grass. journal of range management 21:136140. weaver, j. e. 1968. prairie plants and their environment, a fifty-year study in the midwest. lincoln: university of nebraska press. weaver, j. e. and t. f. fitzpatrick. 1934. the prairie. ecological monographs 4:109295. oklahoma native plant record volume 12, december 2012 marilyn semtner 32 weaver, j. e. and n. w. rowland. 1952. effects of excessive natural mulch on development, yield, and structure of native grassland. botanical gazette 114:119. weir, h. l. 1959. germination of johnson grass. proceedings of the association of official seed analysis 49:82-83. wheeler, w. a. and d. p. hill. 1957. grassland seeds: a handbook of information about the grass and legume seed used for forage, pasture, soil conservation, and other turf planting in the united states. princeton: d. van nostrand. wiese, a. f. 1968. johnson grass: control with dalapon and nethanearsonate herbicides. texas agricultural experiment station mp-883. wilson, r. e. and elroy l. rice. 1968. allelopathy as expressed by helianthus annuus and its role in old-field succession. bulletin of torrey botanical club 95:432-448. possible mechanisms of the exclusion of johnson grass by tall grass prairies, m. s. thesis by dr. marilyn a. semtner 2021 oklahoma native plant record 62 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 paul buck 10.22488/okstate.22.100005 critic's choice essay musings at dusk reprinted from gaillardia, fall 1998 paul buck† professor emeritus department of biological science university of tulsa tulsa, ok 74104 when i get into the field, i find myself overwhelmed by the profound spirit of nature and am driven to locate a secluded space from which to observe the world around me and contemplate questions of life. it is comforting to settle at the base of a rock or tree or simply recline on the open ground and mull over questions of 'what' and 'why' and at the same time experience visions, sounds, scents, and the physical contacts of nature. chief standing bear, a sioux, said "...to sit or lie upon the ground is to be able to think more deeply and feel more keenly...see more clearly into the mysteries of life and come closer to kinship to other lives...." how does one translate these personal experiences into words? most of us lack that talent and it is at this time the ability to communicate via the written word that is so important. when beautiful passages such as standing bear's come to mind i, once again, offer a sincere prayer of thanks to mother for the hours spent at her side as she read to her children, cultivating our love of reading. while surrounded by the tranquility of nature i have watched the world about me and searched through the reaches of my mind for those special words appropriate for the experiences of the moment. once a careless vole, caught momentarily away from the security of its burrow, had its life quickly snuffed out. the approach of the hawk was silent, and it appeared the vole's first awareness may have been talons piecing its flesh. i had just witnessed the end of a life. but what is life? yes, we biologists have a detailed definition steeped in technical terminology but at that moment i found the final words [attributed to] crowfoot, a blackfoot spokesman, more meaningful. "what is life? it is the flash of a firefly in the night. it is the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. it is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset." it has become impossible to walk across a hot, dry, oklahoma prairie in august without reflecting on a passage from the way to rainy mountain by n. scott mornady as he described part of a journey to the grave of his grandmother: “a single knoll rises out of the plain in oklahoma, north and west of the wichita range. for my people, the kiowas, it is an old landmark, and they gave it the name rainy mountain. the hardest weather in the world is there. winter brings blizzards, hot tornadic winds arise in the spring, and in summer the prairie is an anvil's edge. the grass turns brittle and brown, and it cracks beneath your feet. there are green belts along the rivers and creeks, linear groves of hickory and pecan, willow and witch hazel. at a distance in july or august the steaming foliage seems almost to writhe in fire. great green and yellow grasshoppers are everywhere in the tall grass, popping up like corn to sting the flesh, and tortoises crawl about on the red earth, going nowhere in the plenty of time. loneliness is oklahoma native plant record 63 volume 21, december 2021 paul buck an aspect of the land. all things in the plain are isolate; there is no confusion of objects in the eye, but one hill or one tree or one man. to look upon that landscape in the early morning, with the sun at your back, is to lose the sense of proportion. your imagination comes to life, and this, you think, is where creation was begun." some of my more gratifying experiences have involved finding an isolated spot on a ridge shortly before sunset and sitting quietly until the sun has disappeared below the horizon. often it is difficult to willfully break the spell as nature swiftly changes her face. with darkness the creatures of the day settle down, replaced by those of the night. during that magic transition, as the shadows creep toward me, i think of a small book of nature essays, from the stump, by bob jennings of the tulsa oxley nature center and his interpretation of that moment: "from the scrubby trees along the dry ridge, the first tentative notes of a whip-poorwill's song emerge. the bird will make a false start or two, checking to make sure the tone is just right, that the acoustics are perfect. soon it will start the evening concert, unbroken strings of notes calling the shadows out of the woods and across the grassland, weaving night out of the remnants of shady places." you know, we of the native plant society may be approaching our field activities wrong by scheduling the mid-day. that time has probably been selected for convenience, the dew is gone, insect activity low, the sun is high, and flowers open. but perhaps we should get out in the early evening, botanize until near dusk and then close the day, as a group, with a silent sunset vigil: an approach which might place each of us in closer harmony with nature. onps journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 6, number 1, december 2006 1 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 issn 1536-7738 managing editor: sheila strawn technical editor: patricia folley technical advisor: bruce hoagland cd-rom producer: chadwick cox website: http://www.usao.edu/~onps/ the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps shall be open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2006 officers and board members president: constance murray vice-president: kim shannon secretary: lou duke treasurer: mary korthase membership database: tina julich past president: jim elder board members: paul buck kay gafford melynda hickman monica macklin elfriede miller stanley rice central chapter chair: marilyn stewart cross-timbers chapter chair: paul richardson mycology chapter chair: clark ovrebo northeast chapter chair: sue amstutz gaillardia editor: chadwick cox harriet barclay award chair: constance taylor ann long award chair: patricia folley onps service award chair: sue amstutz historian: sharon mccain librarian: bonnie winchester website manager: chadwick cox photo poster curators: sue amstutz & marilyn stewart color oklahoma chair: kim shannon conservation chair: chadwick cox field trip chair: patricia folley mailings chair: karen haworth merchandise chair: susan chambers nominating chair: paula shryok photography contest chair: tina julich publications chairs: paul buck & constance taylor publicity chairs: kim shannon & marilyn stewart wildflower workshop chair: larry magrath & joanne orr cover photo: gymnosporagnium juniperivirginianae (cedar-apple rust) on juniperus virginiana (eastern red cedar) by l.b. stabler articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercialsharealike4.0international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100042 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1 table of contents forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 the lichens of north central oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ph.d. dissertation dr. darvin w. keck annotated nomenclatural update to lichens of north central oklahoma. . . 51 mr. douglas m. ladd vascular flora of a red sandstone hills site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 canadian county, oklahoma dr. bruce w. hoagland and ms. amy k. buthod vascular flora of a riparian site on the canadian river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 cleveland county, oklahoma ms. lacy burgess and dr bruce w. hoagland critic’s choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 cedar-apple rust dr. l. clark ovrebo five-year index to oklahoma native plant record. . . . . . . . . inside back cover journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 6, number 1, december 2006 80 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 critic’s choice essay cedar-apple rust clark l. ovrebo department of biology, university of central oklahoma, edmond, ok 73034 the photograph on the cover illustrates a phenomenon of nature that can be seen in the oklahoma springtime at about the same time that the redbuds are in flower and the morels are fruiting. the orange-colored masses represent a stage in the life cycle of cedar-apple rust, gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae, and this stage is occurring on the eastern red cedar (juniperus virginiana). rust fungi are obligate plant parasites; that is, they require a living host in order to obtain nutrition and survive. rust fungi have among the most complicated of all fungal life cycles with most rusts requiring two hosts to complete their life cycles. you may have heard of the wheat rust (puccinia graminis) that, throughout the history of cultivated crops, has been a devastating plant pathogen. its second host is the barberry (berberis spp.). as the common name suggests, the cedar-apple rust divides its time between juniperus species and apple or flowering crab trees. since we have the photo of the stage on the juniperus, that is where we will begin our examination of the life cycle (fig. 1). at first, brown gall-like structures that are rather hard and less than 2 inches in diameter form (fig. 2). they can be seen developing on cedar trees in the wintertime and have been referred to as “cedar apples.” then, in response to spring rains, the galls expand considerably and send out the telial horns (fig. 3). these orange, finger-like gelatinous structures, which are masses of teliospores, grow from the galls. the teliospores are two-celled and later a basidium grows from each and releases four basidiospores. the basidiospores are carried by the wind to distances of up to three miles, where they land and infect the leaves of an apple tree. in late spring or early summer light yellowish orange spots form on the upper surface of the leaves (fig. 4). small flask-shaped structures called spermagonia appear on the leaf surface. the spermagonia are sticky and produce spermatia (spores) that insects carry to another spermagonium where fertilization takes place. the hyphae (fungal filaments) that result from fertilization grow toward the lower surface of the leaf where small pustules called aecia are formed. the aecia release aeciospores during mid-summer that are wind-dispersed to juniperus trees and the infection process starts over. the entire life cycle takes about two years to complete, with the longest developmental stage on the juniperus. the most damage is done to the apple trees, so the rust is of concern to apple growers because of their commercial importance. trees may lose the infected leaves and apple production and quality will be diminished. fungicidal sprays are available to treat both tree species. for more information and additional photos on the cedar-apple rust, visit http://www.ento.okstate.edu. onps ovrebo, c.l. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100048 figure 1 life cycle of gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae figure 2 gymnosporangium juniperifigure 3 telial horns. figure 4 rust spots on apple. virginianae “cedar-apple gall”. photo by l.b. stabler photo courtesy of photo by author. oklahoma state university department of entomology and plant pathology. spermagonium aecium aeciospores basidiospores teliospore basidium m telial horns developing “cedar-apple gall” apple leaf x.s. ovrebo, c.l. oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 81 2021 oklahoma native plant record five year index to oklahoma native plant record volume 16 4 pollination ecology of sabatia campestris nutt. (gentianaceae), constance e. taylor 10 the structure of the gynostegium, breeding system, and pollination ecology of spider milkweed, asclepias viridis walt. (apocynaceae), m. s. thesis, shang-wen liaw 45 a floristic inventory of the university of oklahoma’s kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county, oklahoma, amy k. buthod and bruce w. hoagland 64 effects of fire severity on habitat recovery in a mixed grass prairie ecosystem, laura e. jardine, adam k. ryburn, and anthony j. stancampiano 78 critic’s choice essay: a conversation with a small beetle, paul buck† volume 17 4 a study of the flowering plants of tulsa county, oklahoma, exclusive of the grasses, sedges, and rushes, m.s. thesis, maxine b. clark† 37 laboratory studies of allelopathic effects of juniperus virginiana l. on five species of native plants, erica a. corbett and andrea lashley 53 vascular flora of e. c. hafer park, edmond, oklahoma, gloria m. caddell, katie christoffel, carmen esqueda, and alonna smith 69 first record of chorioactis geaster from oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo and sheila brandon 72 critic’s choice essay: allelopathy, paul buck† volume 18 4 characteristics of a bottomland hardwood forest at arcadia lake, edmond, oklahoma, with special emphasis of green ash (fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall), chad b. king and joseph a. buck 19 presence of pueraria montana (lour.) merr. var. lobata (willd.) maesen & s.m. almeida ex sanjappa & predeep (kudzu vine) in tulsa county, oklahoma, isaac walker and paulina harron 24 comparative transpiration studies on the invasive eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana l.) and adjacent woody trees, adjoa r. ahedor, bethany spitz, michael cowan, j’nae miller, and margaret kamara 38 new record of myriopteris lindheimeri (hook.) j. sm. in kiowa county, oklahoma, bruce a. smith 45 anther number, anther apical appendages, and pollination biology of calyptocarpus vialis (heliantheae: asteraceae), james r. estes 52 critic’s choice essay: myrmecochory, paul buck† volume 19 4 historical land cover along the deep fork river: an analysis of vegetation composition and distribution of the deep fork national wildlife refuge, okmulgee county, oklahoma, circa 1897 bruce hoagland, rick thomas, and daryn hardwick 17 a floristic inventory of the john w. nichols scout ranch, canadian county, oklahoma, abby crosswhite and adam k. ryburn 30 a walk through the mcloud high school oak-hickory forest with a checklist of the woody plants, bruce a. smith 52 sexual reproduction of kudzu (pueraria montana [lour.] merr.) in oklahoma, eric b. duell and karen r. hickman 58 critic’s choice essay: seeking a special plant, paul buck† volume 20 4 a floristic inventory of the nature conservancy’s hottonia bottoms preserve, atoka, bryan, and choctaw counties, oklahoma, amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland 24 a floristic inventory of the nature conservancy’s oka’ yanahli preserve, johnston county, oklahoma, amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland 53 first observations of palafoxia callosa in washita county, oklahoma, audrey whaley, monika kelley, and allison holdorf 58 some common amanita species of oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo and jay justice 68 fall available tropical milkweed (asclepias curassavica l.) may be a population sink for the monarch butterfly, kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h. c. crawford oklahoma native plant society p.o. box 14274 tulsa, oklahoma 74159-1274 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 growth patterns and ages of trees from martin park nature center, oklahoma county, oklahoma chad b. king 12 measuring changes in phenology of oklahoma asteraceae using herbarium specimens john a. unterschuetz, jennifer a. messick, and abigail j. moore 34 literature review of dendrochronology research in oklahoma, u.s.a. carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king 53 cold stratification of salvia azurea var. grandiflora benth. (lamiaceae) seeds to break dormancy samantha coplen 62 critic’s choice essay: musings at dusk paul buck† five year index to oklahoma native plant record – inside back cover journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 9, december 2009 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 38 composition and structure of bottomland forest vegetation at the tiak research natural area, mccurtain county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland * newell alan mccarty oklahoma biological survey and oklahoma biological survey department of geography university of oklahoma university of oklahoma norman, oklahoma 73072 norman, oklahoma 73072 * corresponding author abstract although southeastern oklahoma has substantial areas of bottomland forest, few studies exist of this vegetation type. we analyzed forest community structure at the tiak research natural area of the ouachita national forest on the upper gulf coastal plain. vegetation data were collected from 24 12m x 8m macroplots. percent cover data were recorded for ferns, fern-allies, and herbaceous angiosperms. tree sapling and shrub species were recorded in diameter classes, and numbers of stems in estimated height classes were recorded for midlevel and canopy trees. one hundred fifty-two taxa of woody and herbaceous plants were encountered. toxicodendron radicans and arundinaria gigantea were the common understory species. acer rubrum, a. saccharum, carpinus caroliniana, carya alba, c. texana, cornus florida, fraxinus americana, liquidambar styraciflua, and nyssa sylvatica were common as mid-level species. quercus lyrata and q. phellos were the most common canopy layer trees. introduction the constituent tree species of bottomland forests in oklahoma varies from east to west, as does the upland vegetation. some tree species can be found in bottomland forests at most localities throughout the state, such as acer negundo, a. saccharum, celtis laevigata, fraxinus pennsylvanica, and ulmus americana (bruner 1931, blair and hubbell 1938, collins et al. 1981). but the most diverse assemblages of bottomland forest tree species occur in eastern oklahoma, which is fostered by numerous oak species (i.e., quercus lyrata, q. nigra, q. michauxii, q. pagoda, q. palustris, q. phellos, and q. texana). quercus lyrata, q. michauxii, and q. texana are restricted to the upper gulf coastal plain (ugcp) extension of southeastern oklahoma (blair and hubbell 1938). other bottomland tree hoagland & mccarty https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100068 species limited to this area are pinus taeda and taxodium distichum (bruner 1931). despite the diversity of woody and understory species in the bottomland forests of the ugcp in southeastern oklahoma, few vegetation studies have focused on this area. the dominant species in this forest type are water tolerant carya and quercus species, as well as acer rubrum, liquidambar styraciflua, and nyssa sylvatica (bruner 1931; brabander, et al. 1985 ). a quantitative analysis of woody vegetation at the little river national wildlife refuge (lrnwr), located in mccurtain county, identified three major forest types: quercus phellos, carpinus caroliniana, and taxodium distichum. co-dominant trees at the lrnwr included a. rubrum, liquidambar styraciflua, and quercus alba (hoagland et al. 1996). the objective of this study was to quantify species composition and aspects of forest community structure at the trna of oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 hoagland & mccarty 39 the ouachita national forest. the data collected are intended to serve as a baseline for analysis of temporal change in bottomland hardwood forests. this research area occupies 80.9 ha in north caney creek, mccurtain county, oklahoma (fig. 1). it was established in june of 1990 to protect the bottomland hardwood forest community and was the first research natural area representing the society of american foresters (saf) type 88 willow oak water oak diamondleaf oak cover type (devall 1989). the trna is located within the ugcp physiographic province of southeastern oklahoma (hunt 1974, curtis et al. 2008). the region is composed of deep alluvial deposits underlain by limestones and shales of the washita and kiamichi formations (davis 1960). relief ranges from 100.9 to 102.1 m above sea-level. soils are composed of deep alluvial deposits of guyton silt loam group, a poorly drained soil type found on floodplains throughout southeastern mccurtain county (reasoner 1974). the climate is subtropical humid (trewartha 1968) with warm humid summers and a mean july temperature of 26.9 °c (80 o f) and short, mild winters with a mean january temperature of 4.0 °c (39 o f). mean annual precipitation is 136 cm (53.5 in.; oklahoma climatological survey 2009). methods in order to evaluate habitat structure and establish baseline stand conditions, it is necessary to collect data listing the species present, the number of individuals, and area occupied. these types of data are of use to ecologists, foresters, and zoologists, as well as botanists. prior to field data collection, the locations of macroplots were equidistantly spaced and established on a 1:24,000 scale topographic map. macroplots were then located and established in the field. plots were established in april of 1993 and data collected in late april, mid july, and early october of the 1993 field season. understory vegetation data were collected from units referred to as macroplots, each of which measured 12 m x 8 m with long axis oriented north to south. microplots, measuring 1.0 m x 1.0 m, were placed in each corner of each macroplot. all species present in the microplot were recorded and percent cover visually estimated in 5% increments. the percent cover of bryophytes, forest litter, open water, and exposed soil was recorded. cover data for ferns, fern-allies, and herbaceous angiosperms were also recorded. data for tree saplings and shrub species were collected from a subplot within the macroplot measuring 8.0 m x 6.0 m.(26.25 ft. x 19.69 ft). woody species were assigned to the following classes based on diameter-at-breast-height (dbh): cl1 = 0 2.0 cm, cl2 = 2.16.0 cm, and cl3 = 6.1 10.0 cm. these data were collected to characterize shrub composition and regeneration potential of canopy tree species. data for mid-level and canopy species were collected from the entire macroplot. the species names of all trees in the macroplot were recorded and the height of each estimated and assigned to the midlevel category, defined as trees and shrubs 3.0 15.0m in height; or “canopy”, defined as trees in excess of 15.1 m in height. taxonomy follows that of the usda plants database (usda-nrcs 2009). no voucher specimens were prepared. results and discussion one hundred fifty-two taxa of woody and herbaceous plants were encountered at the trna in the 1993 field season. thirtyfour were trees or shrubs (22.4%), 12 woody vines (7.9%), and 106 were herbaceous plants (69.7%). there were 134 (89.3%) perennials, 11 (7.3%) annuals, and 6 (4.0%) biennials. carex and quercus were the oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 hoagland & mccarty 40 largest genera with 10 and 7 species, respectively. galium aparine, lonicera japonica, morus alba, vicia villosa, and trifolium dubium were non-native species present at the tnra. the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2009) tracks nine species at the trna as state rare, though globally secure: aralia spinosa (g5s1s2), aristolochia reticulata (g4s2), bignonia capreolata (g5s1), carex debilis (g5s1), desmodium pauciflorum (g5s1), justicia ovata (g5s?), quercus texana (g4g5s1), triadenum tubulosum (g4s1s2), and uvularia sessilifolia (g5s1). no federally listed threatened or endangered species were present. understory vegetation of the 152 species encountered in the microplots, 44 (28.9%) were recorded from all three sample dates, 50 (32.9%) in two seasons, and 58 (38.2%) in one season only (table 1). of the taxa recorded in one season, 23 (39.7%) were in spring only, 21(36.2%) in summer, and 14 (24.3%) only in fall. the highest mean covers were “litter” (49.2%) and “exposed soil” (16.20%). seven plant taxa scored annual mean cover values greater than 1.0%: toxicodendron radicans (5.33%), arundinaria gigantea (2.23%), vitis vulpina (1.94%), parthenocissus quinquefolia (1.75%), quercus phellos seedlings (1.63%), carex sp. (1.20%), and acer rubrum (1.15%). a total of 11 carex species were identified, with mean cover values ranging from 0.55% (c. gravida) to 0.01% (c. laxiflora). mean cover values for each sample period were comparable; spring, 41%; summer, 38%; fall, 33%. there was greater variance in the number of species encountered between sampling periods. the most species were recorded for the summer (108), followed closely by the spring (101), and fall (83). toxicodendron radicans had the highest mean cover for all three sampling periods. in the spring, t. radicans (6.94%), parthenocissus quinquefolia (3.5%), and vitis vulpina (3.46%) had the largest average cover. likewise in the summer, toxicodendron radicans (7.58%) had a substantially larger cover average value than arundinaria gigantea (3.82%) and quercus phellos seedlings (2.43%). fewer species were recorded in the fall. only in the fall data did other species outscore t. radicans in average cover: a. gigantea (2.01%), carex sp. (1.74%), q. phellos (1.65%) and q. nigra (1.50%) seedling t. radicans (1.47%), and chasmanthium latifolium (1.46%). nevertheless, litter and bare ground had the highest percent cover in all seasons. tree sapling and shrub nineteen woody species and 281 stems were recorded in the shrub/sapling plots (table 2). all 19 species were represented in cl1, but only 13 in cl2 and 10 in cl3. nine species occurred in all three dbh classes; acer rubrum, a. saccharum, carpinus caroliniana, carya alba, c. texana, cornus florida, fraxinus americana, liquidambar styraciflua, and nyssa sylvatica. with the exception of c. texana, these species are typical of bottomland forest habitats on the ugcp. each of the three species with 20 or more stems represents one level in the forest: rhododendron canescens, shrub; ostrya virginiana, mid-level; and nyssa sylvatica, canopy. no tree species exceeded 20 stems in the remaining dbh classes. liquidambar styraciflua, a species of second growth bottomland forests, had the greatest number of stems in cl2 and carpinus caroliniana, a common understory tree of bottomland forests, in cl3. mid-level and canopy twenty-three species and 3,797 stems were included in the two height categories (table 3). twelve species occurred in both the mid-level and canopy categories. twenty-two species and the majority of stems (2,087; 55%) were in the mid-level category. liquidambar styraciflua had the most oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 hoagland & mccarty 41 stems (385; 18.4%). the stem counts for acer rubrum (275, 13.2%), c. texana (245, 11.7%), q. alba (220, 10.5%), and n. sylvatica (210, 10.1%) were also high, but substantially less than l. styraciflua. the canopy category consisted of 12 species and 1,710 (45%) stems. quercus texana was the only species in the canopy category that was not in the mid-level category. quercus lyrata (330 stems, 19.3%) and q. phellos (315 stems, 18.4%) were the most abundant species in the canopy layer. quercus rubra (265 stems, 15.5%) and liquidambar styraciflua (260 stems, 15.2%) were also common in the canopy of trna. acer rubrum, represented by 275 stems in the mid-level, had only 30 stems (1.8%) in the canopy. of the most prominent trees in the mid-level, only quercus alba had similar numbers of stems in the canopy (220 vs. 195). conclusions fewer woody plant species were found at the trna (27) than the little river national wildlife refuge (lrnwr; 47; hoagland et al. 1996). furthermore, with the exception of asimina triloba and rhododendron canescens, all woody species reported from trna were present at the lrwnr. the disparity in species numbers is intriguing. although the lrnwr is larger than the trna, it was sampled with fewer plots. the greater number of species at lrnwr might reflect a higher degree of habitat variability. the trna is predominately inundated to seasonally inundated habitat, but also includes upland vegetation, though limited to the southeast (plots 4, 5, 8, and 9) and northeast corners of the site (plots 19, 20, 21, and 22; see fig. 1). the macroplot approach adopted for this study was successful for assessing the predominant plant species present at the trna, and data collected from microplots for herbaceous species were informative. however there are shortcomings in the types of data collected for woody plant species. rather than assigning species to pre-established classes, actual measurement of tree and shrub dbh and height would allow for thorough analysis of woody species composition and forest structure. likewise, a detailed inventory of vascular plants in the trna would benefit future monitoring projects. literature cited blair wf and hubbell th. 1938. the biotic districts of oklahoma. american midland naturalist 20:425-454. brabander jj, masters re, and short rm. 1985. bottomland hardwoods of eastern oklahoma. u. s. fish wildlife service, tulsa, ok. 145 pp. bruner we. 1931. the vegetation of oklahoma. ecological monographs 1:99188. collins sl, risser pg, and rice el. 1981. ordination and classification of mature bottomland forests in north central oklahoma. bulletin of the torrey botanical club 108:152-165. curtis nm, ham, we, and johnson ks. 2008. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza (eds.). earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey, norman, oklahoma. davis, l. 1960. geology and groundwater resources of southern mccurtain county, oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey. bulletin 86. devall, ms 1989. establishment record for the tiak research natural area within the ouachita national forest, mccurtain county, oklahoma. southern forest experiment station, u. s. forest service, new orleans. hoagland bw, sorrels lr, and glenn sm. 1996. woody species composition of floodplain forests of the little river, mccurtain and leflore counties, oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 hoagland & mccarty 42 oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 76:23-26. hoagland bw, buthod a, callahancrawford p, elisens e, and tyrl r. 2009. oklahoma vascular plants database. (www.biosurvey.ou.edu) university of oklahoma, norman. (accessed 1 january 2009). hunt, cb. 1974. natural regions of the united states and canada. w.h. freeman, san francisco. 725 p. oklahoma climatological survey. 2009. oklahoma climatological data. (www.ocs.ou.edu) university of oklahoma, norman. (accessed 1 november 2009). oklahoma natural heritage inventory (onhi). 2009. oklahoma natural heritage inventory working list of rare oklahoma plants. (www.biosurvey.ou.edu/publicat.html) university of oklahoma, norman. (accessed 1 november 2009). reasoner, rc 1974. soil survey of mccurtain county, oklahoma. united states department of agriculture, washington, d.c. usda-nrcs. 2008. the plants database. (www.plants.usda.gov) national plant data center, baton rouge, la. trewartha, gt 1968. an introduction to climate. mcgraw-hill, new york. figure location of the tiak research natural area, ouachita national forest, mccurtain county, oklahoma. numbers indicate locations of macroplots. www.biosurvey.ou.edu www.ocs.ou.edu http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/publicat.html http://www.plants.usda.gov/ 43 table 1 species composition of microplots at the tiak research natural area, ouachita national forest, mccurtain county, oklahoma. columns denoted represent average cover value for all seasons (mean), number of macroplots (n=24) in which a species was encountered (freq), and percentage or relative frequency (rf) of macroplots in which a species occurred. the remaining columns provided the same data for the spring (april), summer (july), and fall (october) sampling periods. mean annual freq rf mean spring freq rf mean summer freq rf mean fall freq rf acalypha rhomboidea 0.04 2 8.3 0.02 1 4 0.01 1 4 0.10 1 4 acer rubrum 1.15 19 79.2 1.42 14 58 1.29 12 50 0.74 14 58 acer saccharum 0.24 7 29.2 0.04 1 4 0.38 5 21 0.30 6 25 agrimonia parviflora 0.09 2 8.3 0.23 2 8 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 agrostis hyemalis 0.08 3 12.5 0.00 0 0 0.13 2 8 0.10 3 13 allium canadense 0.14 5 20.8 0.41 6 25 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 aralia spinosa 0.01 1 0.0 0.00 0 0 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 arisaema dracontium 0.01 2 8.3 0.04 2 8 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 aristida sp. 0.23 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.68 2 8 0.00 0 0 aristolochia reticulata 0.04 2 8.3 0.00 0 0 0.05 1 4 0.06 2 8 arundinaria gigiantea 2.23 11 45.8 0.84 9 38 3.82 8 33 2.01 10 42 asimina triloba 0.20 4 16.7 0.17 3 13 0.13 3 13 0.30 4 17 athyrium filix-femina 0.01 1 4.2 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 44 mean annual freq rf mean spring freq rf mean summer freq rf mean fall freq rf berchemia scandens 0.56 11 45.8 0.56 8 33 0.54 7 29 0.58 10 42 betula nigra 0.03 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.10 1 4 bignonia capreolata 0.28 5 20.8 0.00 0 0 0.26 3 13 0.59 5 21 boehmeria cylindrica 0.30 4 16.7 0.00 0 0 0.78 5 21 0.12 4 17 botrychium virginianum 0.11 5 20.8 0.05 1 4 0.00 0 0 0.27 7 29 callicarpa americana 0.19 6 25.0 0.04 1 4 0.25 6 25 0.27 7 29 campsis radicans 0.39 8 33.3 0.00 0 0 0.61 5 21 0.56 8 33 carex complanata 0.55 15 62.5 1.54 14 58 0.00 0 0 0.10 1 4 carex debilis 0.36 6 25.0 1.07 1 4 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 carex gravida 0.65 18 75.0 0.81 11 46 0.51 10 42 0.63 12 50 carex grayi 0.07 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.22 1 4 0.00 0 0 carex intumescens 0.38 11 45.8 0.74 8 33 0.00 0 0 0.40 7 29 carex laxiflora 0.01 0 0.0 0.00 0 0 0.02 1 4 0.00 0 0 carex lupulina 0.54 15 62.5 0.10 2 8 1.35 13 54 0.18 2 8 carex oligocarpa 0.18 9 37.5 0.00 0 0 0.43 8 33 0.10 1 4 45 mean annual freq rf mean spring freq rf mean summer freq rf mean fall freq rf carex sp. 1.20 21 87.5 1.67 1 4 0.19 2 8 1.74 14 58 carex squarrosa 0.03 3 12.5 0.04 1 4 0.06 2 8 0.00 0 0 carex tribuloides 0.28 5 20.8 0.00 0 0 0.83 1 4 0.00 0 0 carpinus caroliniana 0.39 10 41.7 0.42 5 21 0.38 6 25 0.39 4 17 carya alba 0.05 4 16.7 0.02 1 4 0.13 3 13 0.00 0 0 carya aquatica 0.05 3 12.5 0.11 2 8 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 carya sp. 0.19 9 37.5 0.15 5 21 0.00 0 0 0.42 10 42 carya texana 0.26 12 50.0 0.23 3 13 0.45 12 50 0.10 1 4 cercis canadensis 0.05 1 4.2 0.06 1 4 0.00 0 0 0.10 1 4 chasmanthium latifolium 0.05 2 8.3 0.00 1 4 0.15 2 8 0.00 0 0 chasmanthium laxum 0.40 8 33.3 0.05 1 4 1.14 9 38 0.00 0 0 chasmanthium sessiliflorum 0.53 10 41.7 0.00 0 0 0.12 2 8 1.46 11 46 clitoria mariana 0.04 2 8.3 0.00 0 0 0.05 2 8 0.08 2 8 convolvulus sp. 0.02 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.06 2 8 0.00 0 0 cornus florida 0.15 7 29.2 0.24 6 25 0.21 3 13 0.00 0 0 46 mean annual freq rf mean spring freq rf mean summer freq rf mean fall freq rf crataegus marshallii 0.17 2 8.3 0.26 3 13 0.12 3 13 0.14 3 13 desmodium nudiflorum 0.07 2 8.3 0.00 0 0 0.10 2 8 0.10 1 4 desmodium pauciflorum 0.03 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.10 2 8 desmodium sp. 0.08 4 16.7 0.00 0 0 0.13 4 17 0.10 1 4 dichanthelium acuminatum var. fasciculatum 0.01 2 8.3 0.00 0 0 0.03 2 8 0.00 0 0 dichanthelium boscii 0.18 12 50.0 0.03 1 4 0.52 12 50 0.00 0 0 dioscorea quaternata 0.68 16 66.7 0.95 10 42 0.98 14 58 0.10 1 4 diospyros virginiana 0.07 3 12.5 0.11 2 8 0.00 0 0 0.08 2 8 elephantopus carolinianus 0.12 6 25.0 0.00 0 0 0.23 5 21 0.13 5 21 elephantopus tomentosus 0.01 2 8.3 0.00 0 0 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 elymus virginicus 0.02 0 0.0 0.05 1 4 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 euonymus americana 0.16 7 29.2 0.07 2 8 0.27 6 25 0.13 4 17 fraxinus americana 0.07 3 12.5 0.13 1 4 0.04 1 4 0.05 1 4 galium aparine 0.07 5 20.8 0.13 2 8 0.08 3 13 0.00 0 0 47 mean annual freq rf mean spring freq rf mean summer freq rf mean fall freq rf galium circaezans 0.08 3 12.5 0.24 4 17 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 galium concinnum 0.14 6 25.0 0.42 6 25 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 geum canadense 0.15 6 25.0 0.26 3 13 0.10 3 13 0.10 2 8 gillenia stipulata 0.01 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.02 1 4 0.00 0 0 gratiola neglecta 0.03 2 8.3 0.08 2 8 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 hypericum hypericoides 0.17 6 25.0 0.05 1 4 0.15 5 21 0.29 7 29 hypericum mutilum 0.03 0 0.0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.10 0 0 hypericum punctatum 0.03 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.10 1 4 ilex opaca 0.14 4 16.7 0.11 3 13 0.17 3 13 0.14 4 17 impatiens capensis 0.50 13 54.2 1.49 13 54 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 juncus coriaceus 0.01 1 4.2 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 justicia ovata 0.64 5 20.8 1.62 1 4 0.20 4 17 0.09 2 8 lactuca canadensis 0.02 2 8.3 0.03 2 8 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 lactuca floridana 0.03 3 12.5 0.06 2 8 0.02 1 4 0.00 0 0 lactuca sp. 0.01 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 48 mean annual freq rf mean spring freq rf mean summer freq rf mean fall freq rf liquidambar styraciflua 0.43 15 62.5 0.30 9 38 0.42 11 46 0.56 13 54 lonicera japonica 0.03 2 8.3 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.08 3 13 maianthemum racemosum 0.03 1 4.2 0.06 1 4 0.02 1 4 0.00 0 0 matelea biflora 0.08 3 12.5 0.23 3 13 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 mitchella repens 0.23 7 29.2 0.11 3 13 0.15 2 8 0.44 6 25 monarda punctata 0.02 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.05 1 4 monarda sp. 0.03 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.10 1 4 monarda russeliana 0.01 0 0.0 0.00 0 0 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 morus alba 0.05 2 8.3 0.04 1 4 0.02 1 4 0.10 1 4 morus rubra 0.03 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.10 1 4 muhlenbergia sp. 0.03 2 8.3 0.00 0 0 0.08 2 8 0.00 0 0 nyssa sylvatica 0.12 6 25.0 0.00 0 0 0.31 5 21 0.05 2 8 oligoneuron nitidum 0.19 0 0.0 0.09 2 8 0.26 1 4 0.20 2 8 onoclea sensibilis 0.02 2 8.3 0.04 1 4 0.01 1 4 0.00 0 0 ostrya virginiana 0.42 8 33.3 0.50 7 29 0.66 5 21 0.10 1 4 49 mean annual freq rf mean spring freq rf mean summer freq rf mean fall freq rf oxalis stricta 0.13 9 37.5 0.40 10 42 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 packera obovata 0.02 2 8.3 0.02 1 4 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 panium anceps 0.25 12 50.0 0.56 10 42 0.00 0 0 0.19 5 21 parthenocissus quinquefolia 1.75 16 66.7 3.50 15 63 1.64 12 50 0.10 1 4 passiflora lutea 0.09 7 29.2 0.00 0 0 0.18 6 25 0.10 2 8 penstemon digitalis 0.09 1 4.2 0.24 3 13 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 penthorum sedoides 0.02 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.05 1 4 0.00 0 0 poa autumnalis 0.14 9 37.5 0.31 7 29 0.11 2 8 0.00 0 0 podophyllum peltatum 0.01 1 4.2 0.02 1 4 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 polygonatum biflorum 0.01 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.01 1 4 0.00 0 0 polygonum hydropiperoides 0.01 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.02 1 4 0.00 0 0 polygonum virginianum 0.17 5 20.8 0.11 2 8 0.18 5 21 0.21 6 25 prunella vulgaris 0.01 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.03 1 4 0.00 0 0 prunus serotina 0.05 2 8.3 0.06 2 8 0.04 1 4 0.05 2 8 pycnanthemum tenufolium 0.04 1 4.2 0.08 2 8 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 50 mean annual freq rf mean spring freq rf mean summer freq rf mean fall freq rf quercus alba 0.23 10 41.7 0.20 6 25 0.40 9 38 0.10 2 8 quercus lyrata 0.05 4 16.7 0.00 0 0 0.10 5 21 0.06 1 4 quercus nigra 0.92 17 70.8 0.32 7 29 0.95 13 54 1.50 13 54 quercus phellos 1.63 20 83.3 0.83 18 75 2.43 13 54 1.65 10 42 quercus rubra 0.02 3 12.5 0.05 3 13 0.01 1 4 0.00 0 0 quercus sp. 0.33 16 66.7 0.36 11 4 0.00 0 0 0.62 11 46 quercus velutina 0.11 1 4.2 0.33 1 4 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 ranunculus abortivus 0.03 3 12.5 0.10 3 13 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 rhododendron canescens 0.24 6 25.0 0.40 6 25 0.20 3 13 0.14 2 8 rosa sp. 0.05 3 12.5 0.03 1 4 0.05 2 8 0.06 3 13 rubus trivalis 0.29 9 37.5 0.38 6 25 0.20 2 8 0.30 6 25 salvia lyrata 0.03 3 12.5 0.06 3 13 0.03 2 8 0.00 0 0 sanicula canadensis 0.04 4 16.7 0.00 0 0 0.13 5 21 0.00 0 0 sassifras albidum 0.03 1 4.2 0.07 1 4 0.02 1 4 0.00 0 0 saururus cernuus 0.33 3 12.5 0.25 2 8 0.47 3 13 0.26 1 4 51 mean annual freq rf mean spring freq rf mean summer freq rf mean fall freq rf scleria oligantha 0.18 8 33.3 0.00 0 0 0.55 9 38 0.00 0 0 sisyrinchium angustifolium 0.01 1 4.2 0.03 1 4 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 smilax bona-nox 0.24 14 58.3 0.34 10 42 0.37 9 38 0.00 0 0 smilax glauca 0.32 16 66.7 0.05 1 4 0.15 3 13 0.76 17 71 smilax rotundifolia 0.48 18 75.0 0.35 11 46 0.70 15 63 0.39 9 38 smilax sp. 0.05 4 16.7 0.00 0 0 0.06 3 13 0.10 1 4 solidago sp. 0.09 2 8.3 0.00 0 0 0.00 5 21 0.28 3 13 symphyotrichum cordifolium 0.02 1 4.2 0.00 0 0 0.05 1 4 0.00 0 0 symphyotrichum praealtum 0.08 3 12.5 0.05 1 4 0.18 4 17 0.02 1 4 symphyotrichum pratens 0.01 0 0.0 0.00 0 0 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 symphyotrichum sp. 0.18 4 16.7 0.10 1 4 0.02 1 4 0.41 4 17 thalictrum thalictroides 0.02 1 4.2 0.03 1 4 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 tilia americana 0.17 4 16.7 0.31 1 4 0.10 3 13 0.50 1 4 toxicodendron radicans 5.33 21 87.5 6.94 19 79 7.58 18 75 1.47 16 67 tradescantia ohiensis 0.10 2 8.3 0.23 3 13 0.06 2 8 0.00 0 0 52 mean annual freq rf mean spring freq rf mean summer freq rf mean fall freq rf triadenum tubulosum 0.19 2 8.3 0.00 0 0 0.35 3 13 0.22 2 8 trifolium dubium 0.03 0 0.0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.10 1 4 ulmus alata 0.03 2 8.3 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.08 2 8 ulmus rubra 0.18 10 41.7 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.54 12 50 ulmus serotina 0.11 5 20.8 0.10 1 4 0.21 6 25 0.00 0 0 uvularia sessiliflora 0.01 1 4.2 0.04 1 4 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 vaccinium corymbosum 0.05 2 8.3 0.04 1 4 0.10 1 4 0.00 0 0 vaccinium stamineum 0.60 3 12.5 0.21 3 13 0.94 3 13 0.65 4 17 viburnum rufidulum 0.02 1 4.2 0.06 1 4 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 vicia villosa 0.02 2 8.3 0.05 2 8 0.00 1 4 0.00 1 4 viola bicolor 0.33 13 54.2 0.99 13 54 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 viola pubescens 0.01 1 4.2 0.02 1 4 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 viola sp. 0.05 3 12.5 0.05 1 4 0.11 4 17 0.00 0 0 vitis aestivalis 0.12 2 8.3 0.03 1 4 0.25 2 8 0.08 1 4 vitis vulpina 1.94 19 79.2 3.46 13 54 1.02 13 54 1.34 18 75 53 mean annual freq rf mean spring freq rf mean summer freq rf mean fall freq rf woodwardia areolata 0.13 2 8.3 0.00 0 0 0.33 2 8 0.05 1 4 zizea aurea 0.08 4 16.7 0.23 4 17 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 bryophytes 4.61 8 33.3 3.87 5 21 5.95 8 33 4.01 7 29 exposed soil 16.29 20 83.3 18.19 18 75 20.02 20 83 10.65 20 83 organic litter 49.24 19 79.2 18.19 19 79 57.57 22 92 71.98 19 79 pooled water 1.90 4 16.7 2.53 3 13 0.04 1 4 3.13 1 4 54 table 2 tree sapling and shrub species composition at the tiak research natural area, ouachita national forest, mccurtain county, oklahoma. columns denoted number of stems within each dbh class (cl1 = 0-2.0 cm, cl2 = 2.1-6.0 cm, and cl3 = 6.1-10.0 cm), number of macroplots (n=24) in which a species was encountered (freq), and percentage or relative frequency (rf)of macroplots in which a species occurred. #stems cl1 freq rf #stems cl2 freq rf #stems cl3 freq rf acer rubrum 15 11 45.8 3 2 8.3 5 4 16.7 acer saccharum 16 5 20.8 3 1 4.2 2 2 8.3 asimina triloba 4 1 4.2 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 carpinus caroliniana 19 8 33.3 7 7 29.2 8 7 29.2 carya alba 11 6 25.0 7 6 25.0 6 5 20.8 carya aquatica 1 1 4.2 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 carya texana 12 9 37.5 9 6 25.0 2 2 8.3 cersis canadensis 3 1 4.2 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 cornus florida 6 3 12.5 1 1 4.2 1 1 4.2 euonymus americana 1 1 4.2 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 55 #stems cl1 freq rf #stems cl2 freq rf #stems cl3 freq rf fraxinus americana 2 2 8.3 2 2 8.3 1 1 4.2 ilex opaca 8 5 20.8 1 1 4.2 0 0 0.0 liquidambar styraciflua 7 6 25.0 10 5 20.8 6 5 20.8 nyssa sylvatica 25 12 50.0 8 5 20.8 5 4 16.7 ostrya virginiana 21 9 37.5 1 1 4.2 0 0 0.0 quercus alba 3 3 12.5 0 0 0.0 1 1 4.2 quercus nigra 1 1 4.2 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 rhododendron canescens 21 4 16.7 1 1 4.2 0 0 0.0 ulmus alata 7 4 16.7 7 4 16.7 0 0 0.0 total stems 184 60 37 56 table 3 woody species composition within mid-level and canopy height classes at the tiak research natural area, ouachita national forest, mccurtain county, oklahoma. mid-level woody plants are defined as trees and shrubs 3-15 m in height and canopy as trees in excess of 16 m. the first column in each category represents the number of macroplots (n=24) in which a species was encountered (freq), followed by the percentage or relative frequency (rf) of macroplots in which a species occurred, the total number of stems (#stems) and mean number of stems (mstems) for a species. mid-level freq rf #stems mstems canopy freq rf #stems mstems acer rubrum 10 42 275 11.4 0 0 30 1.2 acer saccharum 3 13 55 2.3 0 0 0 0.0 carpinus caroliniana 4 17 100 4.2 0 0 0 0.0 carya alba 4 17 105 4.4 0 0 0 0.0 carya aquatica 1 4 35 1.5 1 4 40 1.7 carya texana 11 46 245 10.2 1 4 25 1.0 cornus florida 3 13 15 0.6 0 0 0 0.0 euonymus americana 1 4 20 0.8 0 0 0 0.0 fraxinus americana 4 25 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 ilex opaca 2 8 45 1.9 0 0 0 0.0 mid-level freq rf #stems mstems canopy freq rf #stems mstems liquidambar styraciflua 13 54 385 16.0 9 38 260 10.8 nyssa sylvatica 10 42 210 8.8 2 8 45 1.9 ostrya virginiana 2 8 65 2.7 0 0 0 0.0 quercus alba 8 33 220 9.2 6 25 195 8.1 quercus lyrata 3 13 65 2.7 7 29 330 13.8 quercus nigra 1 4 15 0.6 2 8 60 2.5 quercus texana 0 0 0 0.0 2 8 70 2.9 quercus phellos 3 13 25 1.0 6 25 315 13.1 quercus rubra 3 13 70 2.9 8 33 265 11.0 quercus sp. 1 4 15 0.6 3 13 45 1.9 rhododendron canescens 2 8 35 1.5 0 0 0 0.0 58 mid-level freq rf #stems mstems canopy freq rf #stems mstems tilia americana 2 8 17 0.7 0 0 0 0.0 ulmus serotina 2 8 45 2.7 1 4 30 13.8 total stems 2,087 1,710 journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 6, number 1, december 2006 oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 ladd, d.m. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100045 annotated nomenclatural update to keck (1961) douglas m. ladd the nature conservancy missouri field office 2800 s. brentwood blvd. st. louis, mo 63144 darwin keck’s pioneering work was one of the first detailed accounts of the lichen biota of a region in the great plains. this area of oklahoma is especially interesting, since it includes several important ecoregions, including both cross timbers and osage plains/flint hills tallgrass prairie. the eastern portions of the study area have strong ozarkian biogeographic influence. keck’s work is important from a biogeographic perspective, since it elucidates details regarding the western ranges of several species traditionally thought to be associated with eastern woodlands, while simultaneously documenting the presence of several lichen taxa more commonly associated with western and southwestern north america. purpose for the update a major problem facing contemporary users of this work is the massive transition in lichen taxonomic concepts and nomenclature that have occurred since keck’s work. additionally, extensive additional survey and research have provided a better understanding of patterns of lichen occurrence in midcontintal north america. to make keck’s work more useable to contemporary readers, i have added annotations to appropriate portions of keck’s species accounts. these annotations update the nomenclature and add comments to the extent possible without study of the actual specimens, largely following the latest north american lichen list (esslinger 2006). comments appear within relevant species accounts in the main checklist, directly after the name used by keck. my comments are within brackets, rendered in a different font. these comments fall roughly into one of four categories: 1. nomenclatural updates for names that have been changed. in some instances names used by keck are now interpreted to include multiple taxa. in these cases, all such taxa potentially occurring in the region are included, sometimes with relative abundance information based on my field experience (see below). 2. probable identification for cited taxa that are obviously erroneous — typically in these cases the name cited by keck is a valid name, but more recent research has revealed that the species is restricted to regions remote from the great plains. where possible, the probable actual identification is provided, based on a decade of sporadic lichen field work in the eastern portion of keck’s study area (e.g. ladd 1997) and extensive field experience with lichens in the ozark region just east of the study area (e.g. ladd 1996, 2002). a good source for general north american 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 ladd, d.m. range information is brodo et al. (2001). 3. revised author citations where more recent taxonomic work has resulted in different accepted authorities for names used by keck. these are provided not to be niggling, but because correct authorities are essential for accessing the taxonomic literature and to aid in tracking future changes in nomenclature and species concepts. 4. in a few cases, species names reported by keck are almost certainly erroneous in modern concepts, but without examination of the specimens it is not possible to determine what the actual identification might be — these are pointed out to prevent perpetuation of errors and inaccurate range data. looking back 45 years, darwin keck’s work was a rather astounding undertaking – working in a region where almost nothing was known of the lichen biota, in an era with few north american lichenologists and the concept of lichen floristic studies in its infancy, he was able to effectively produce an initial delineation of the region’s lichens. this will serve as a sound foundation for continuing efforts to better understand ecological and distributional patterns of lichens and their interrelationships with other components of oklahoma’s natural heritage. references brodo, i.m., s.d. sharnoff and s. sharnoff. 2001. lichens of north america. new haven, ct: yale university press. xxiv + 795 pp. esslinger, t.l. 2006. a cumulative checklist for the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental united states and canada. north dakota state university: http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/esslin ge/chcklst7.htm (first posted 1 december 1997, most recent update 10 april 2006), fargo, nd. ladd, d. 1996. checklist and bibliography of missouri lichens. missouri department of conservation natural history series no. 6. 92 pp. ladd, d. 1997. preliminary list of the lichen of tallgrass prairie preserve, osage county, oklahoma. unpublished nature conservancy report, 3 pp. ladd, d. 2002. lichens of the lower ozark region of missouri and arkansas. nature conservancy/missouri botanical garden report to missouri department of conservation missouri ozark forest ecosystem project. 108 pp. 2020 oklahoma native plant record 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h.c. crawford 10.22488/okstate.21.100005 fall available tropical milkweed (asclepias cur assavica l.) may be a population sink for the monarch butterfly kayleigh a. clement priscilla h. c. crawford oklahoma biological survey and environmental studies program university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 prill@ou.edu keywords: pollinator conservation, danaus plexippus, non-native species, asclepias viridis, asclepias speciosa, butterfly host pla nt abstract native plants provide the best habitat for pollinators, but non-native plants can supply resources to native pollinators. the non-native tropical milkweed (bloodflower or scarlet milkweed), asclepias curassavica l., is a larval food source for the native monarch butterfly (danaus plexippus). asclepias curassavica has been widely planted in the southern u.s. where it blooms until late fall, retains healthy vegetation until frost, and does not die back until a hard freeze. in contrast, native asclepias species senesce and are usually not suitable for monarch larvae consumption in the fall. the late availability of the non-native milkweed may trigger monarchs, normally migrating to mexico, to break reproductive diapause and lay eggs on their host plant. to determine if non-native a. curassavica was more likely than native asclepias species to attract egg-laying monarchs, we grew native asclepias viridis walter and asclepias speciosa torr. along with a. curassavica in oklahoma and recorded the number of monarch eggs and caterpillars on each plant. from august 2019 until the first freeze, we observed 145 eggs and 39 caterpillars on 40 of 48 a. curassavica plants and one egg on one of 19 native asclepias plants. first freeze occurred on 12 october. a majority of eggs were laid after 12 september resulting in most eggs having insufficient time to mature. this freeze date was nearly 3 weeks earlier than the average for this area. our evidence suggests that the monarchs are differentially reacting to the availability of non-native and native asclepias during late summer and fall. introduction pollinator gardens have become a popular landscaping trend in recent years (majewska and altizer 2018). with the continued loss and fragmentation of native habitats, millions of private citizens have decided to take conservation action at their own home, school, and businesses (phillips 2019). using native plants in a garden or planned landscape provides the best habitat for native pollinators (burghardt et al. 2009). however, the availability of native species for landscaping lags behind nonnative cultivars. yet, there are a variety of non-native species that can provide food, both for adults and larvae, for our native pollinators. the advantage of using some non-natives in a pollinator garden is that they are easy to grow and widely available. one of the most popular species to attract to pollinator gardens in north mailto:prill@ou.edu oklahoma native plant record 69 volume 20, december 2020 kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h.c. crawford america is the monarch butterfly (danaus plexippus). the most common conservation action associated with the monarch butterfly is to plant the larval host plant – milkweed (asclepias). the easily cultivated and widely available tropical milkweed (also known as bloodflower and scarlet milkweed), asclepias curassavica l., is a popular species grown in oklahoma and other southern states (figure 1). this species is also the most popular species for rearing monarchs indoors, although this practice has been called into question because of potentially negative effects captive rearing has on the migratory behavior of the species (tengertrolander et al. 2019). asclepias curassavica is a non-native species that, when grown in oklahoma, blooms late into the fall, retains healthy vegetation until frost, and does not fully die back until the first hard freeze. in contrast, by late summer, vegetation of native asclepias species is often old, tough, or senesced and generally not suitable as a food source for monarch larvae (zalucki and kitching 1982, baum and sharber 2012). figure 1 tropical milkweed, asclepias curassavica, a non-native species, is a popular plant to grow in oklahoma and other southern states because it is easily cultivated, with a long blooming season of strikingly bold flowers. not only is it a showy addition to gardens, it also is a host plant for the monarch butterfly caterpillar. however, our research suggests that late summer and fall availability of a. curassavica may be detrimental to migrating monarch butterflies. 70 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h.c. crawford the charismatic monarch butterfly has caught the attention of the public and conservationists, who have made it a symbol of nature, environmental health, spiritual renewal, and safe passage across borders (gustafsson et al. 2015). in 2014, the u. s. fish and wildlife service was petitioned by the center for biological diversity to list the monarch butterfly as an endangered species (u. s. fish and wildlife service 2020). with the potential for required conservation activities if listed as endangered, many entities are interested in proactive conservation that will bolster the population without the need for federal regulation. this situation has inspired conservation actions by citizen groups, tribal collaborations, state agencies, and agricultural organizations within oklahoma (oklahoma monarch and pollinator collaborative 2016). oklahoma lies directly in the path of monarch butterfly migration from mexico to the upper midwest, making our location critical for monarch conservation both during the spring and fall migrations. the annual monarch migration takes four to five generations to complete the entire migratory cycle. monarchs that populate central and eastern north america in the summer will overwinter as adults in mountainous habitat in mexico. in the early spring, the overwintering adults become reproductively active and begin to migrate north. depending on the weather conditions, adults usually lay eggs on host plants in texas and oklahoma during the spring to produce the first generation of the year. after those eggs hatch, develop through the caterpillar instars, pupate in chrysalises, and eclose as adults, the first-generation butterflies will continue to travel north and have two to three more generations, a majority of them in the upper midwest. in the late summer, adult butterflies will begin the return journey south. some will be reproductively active and will lay eggs on available host plants in oklahoma during august through october for the 4th or 5th generation of monarchs for the year (baum and sharber 2012, flockhart et al. 2013, 2017). monarchs have been shown to enter reproductive diapause during the fall migration based on three environmental cues: photoperiod, temperature, and availability of milkweed host plants (zalucki and kitching 1982, goehring and oberhauser 2002, baum and sharber 2012). if one of these cues changes, such as warm fall temperatures or available milkweed, monarchs will break diapause and reproduce during the typical fall migratory time (goehring and oberhauser 2002, malcolm 2018). this has implications for the persistence of the migratory behavior under climate change scenarios (tenger-trolander et al. 2019). while much of the native milkweed has senesced in the late summer and early fall, a. curassavica is available with attractive vegetation well into fall until the first hard freeze. majewska and altizer (2019) demonstrated that captive-reared monarch larvae fed a diet of a. curassavica under fall-like conditions are more likely to be reproductively active than those reared on native species. additionally they demonstrated that female monarchs caught during fall migration showed greater egg development when exposed to a. curassavica (majewska and altizer 2019). depending on the timing, additional reproduction during what is typically considered the fall migration period could positively or negatively affect the monarch population. reproduction in late summer may add a generation to the annual cycle, allowing younger individuals to complete the nowshorter migration to mexico. however, laying eggs in late fall may be a reproductive sink if larvae do not have time to mature to the adult butterfly stage before freezing oklahoma native plant record 71 volume 20, december 2020 kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h.c. crawford temperatures and continue the migration south. we were interested in investigating what effect the availability of asclepias, both native and non-native species, had on the reproductive behavior of monarchs moving across oklahoma in late summer. to determine if the non-native a. curassavica was more likely than native asclepias species to attract egg-laying monarch butterflies late into the growing season and during the migratory period, we grew two native asclepias species and a. curassavica outdoors in central oklahoma and made observations of monarch eggs and caterpillars during the late summer and early fall of 2019. methods we cultivated two milkweed species native to oklahoma, asclepias viridis walter and a. speciosa torr. and the non-native a. curassavica in outdoor raised beds at the aquatic research facility on the campus of the university of oklahoma, norman, ok (35.1833 n, -97.4485 w). this research site, on the edge of an urban area, has natural habitat within 0.25 km of our raised beds. the environment surrounding the beds is mowed lawn and artificial ponds used for aquatic research. within a circular fabric raised bed (1.25 m diameter x 0.3 m tall, smart pot® www.smartpots.com), we planted eight greenhouse-raised plants of a single species of milkweed surrounding native nectar plants, including symphyotrichum novae-angliae (l.) g. l. nesom and vernonia fasciculata michx. with verbesina encelioides (car.) benth. & hook. f. ex a. gray dominating. we planted six beds of each milkweed species, totaling 48 individuals of each species (figure 2). beds were arranged in a 3 x 6 grid and asclepias species were randomly assigned beds. beds were watered equally as needed during the growing season. walkways between beds were covered with landscape weed barrier fabric. non-target species were removed by hand from within the beds and cut using a string trimmer outside of the beds. nectar plants were pruned regularly to ensure the asclepias had ample room to grow (figure 3). following the methods of zalucki and kitching (1982) we inspected all milkweed foliage, including the underside of the leaves, for monarch egg and caterpillar presence twice a week (figures 4 and 5). based on monarch sightings in oklahoma reported to journey north’s migratory database (https://maps.journeynorth.org/maps), our observations began 12 august when monarchs were beginning to be reported in northern oklahoma. we recorded the number of eggs and caterpillars found on each plant and noted caterpillar instar, 1-5 (oberhauser and kuda 1997). results many plants of the two native asclepias species failed to thrive, with only two out 48 a. viridis plants and 17 out of 48 a. speciosa plants having live aboveground vegetation in the late summer. however, all native plants that survived the summer had senesced by late august. all 48 a. curassavica survived through the summer and fall until our first freeze. from 12 august to 15 october, we observed 145 eggs and 39 caterpillars on 40 of the 48 a. curassavica plants and 1 egg on an a. viridis plant. because of the loss of 77 of the 96 native asclepias plants, we were not able to conduct a statistical analysis to compare the native versus non-native milkweed usage by monarchs. yet, despite the unequal and small sample size, our data indicate that monarchs were highly attracted to the a. curassavica vegetation for egg laying during fall migration. the majority of the eggs were laid between 10 september and 26 september (figure 6). during this interval, 101 eggs and 39 caterpillars were recorded. the final eggs we found were on 1 october. the total https://maps.journeynorth.org/maps 72 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h.c. crawford number of eggs observed during the duration of the study was 145. additionally, during the entire duration of the study, we found no caterpillars older than 3rd instar and no chrysalises. on 12 october, nighttime temperature dropped below freezing, killing all aboveground vegetation of a. curassavica. we continued to inspect the area for caterpillars and eggs until 15 october. in ideal temperature conditions monarchs need 24 days to mature from egg to adult (zalucki 1982). development of larvae is generally slower during the cooler fall conditions. in 2019, our first freeze occurred on 12 october and more than half of the eggs were laid after 12 september. consequently, the majority of monarch eggs had insufficient time to mature before the first freeze. figure 2 circular fabric raised beds (1.25 m diameter x 0.3 m tall, smart pot® www.smartpots.com) were filled with commercial topsoil and arranged in a 3 x 6 grid with landscape weed barrier fabric between beds. the research site, on the edge of an urban area, has natural habitat within 0.25 km of our raised beds. figure 3 raised bed of a. curassavica and nectar plants in bloom on 27 september 2019 figure 4 monarch butterfly egg, circled in red, on the underside of an a. curassavica leaf (yellow aphids can also be seen to the upper left) http://www.smartpots.com/ oklahoma native plant record 73 volume 20, december 2020 kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h.c. crawford discussion as an easy-to-cultivate plant with a long blooming season of strikingly bold flowers, gardeners have embraced a. curassavica as a beautiful addition to their garden that also has conservation value. yet, the use of a. curassavica as a species for monarch conservation has been under scrutiny for the past several years by conservationists (monarch joint venture n.d., wheeler 2018). monarch researchers have shown a. curassavica to be a problematic species for monarchs because of the increased likelihood of this species to harbor the deadly protozoan ophryocystis elektroscirrha (oe) from season to season (satterfield et al. 2015). this organism is a natural parasite of the monarch butterfly, but where asclepias does not die back at the end of the growing season oe can reach high levels and wipe out local monarch populations. when asclepias is available all year, overwintering and winter reproduction has been documented in florida, texas, south carolina, louisiana, georgia, alabama, mississippi, and north carolina (howard et al. 2010). there is a concern that increased oe will eliminate these populations. in oklahoma, our winter conditions do not currently allow year-round growth of a. curassavica, but that is likely to change with global climate change. areas in texas, florida, and along the gulf coast are already seeing signs of a. curassavica becoming invasive (eddmaps 2020). additionally, captive-bred monarchs are more susceptible to diseases, and in particular oe can easily spread to natural populations when captives are released for education or entertainment, such as at festivals, weddings, or other celebrations (journey north 2015). figure 5 third instar monarch caterpillar on the lowest leaf of one of 48 a. curassavica plants in the research beds 74 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h.c. crawford the results of our study indicate that the availability of a. curassavica in the fall could be detrimental to migrating monarchs. instead of fueling their flight to mexico, monarchs exposed to a. curassavica may break reproductive diapause to lay eggs late in the season and not complete the fall migration. these late-laid eggs may not have sufficient developmental time to reach the adult butterfly stage and continue the migration south to overwintering sites. the presence of a. curassavica has been shown to trigger reproductive physiology and behavior in monarchs. majewska and altizer (2019) exposed migrating females to a. curassavica and found they showed greater egg development when compared to exposure to native milkweeds. while the native asclepias in our research beds did not thrive in the summer, the 19 native plants with foliage during this period only attracted a single female to lay a solo egg on a 5.1 cm tall a. viridis plant. the presence of 48 a. curassavica plants in our study, however, enticed reproductive females to lay over 100 eggs throughout the late summer and fall. research by baum in oklahoma (baum and sharber 2012, dee and baum 2019) show that mowing and fire can stimulate new growth in native asclepias, making fresh foliage available and attractive to monarchs during the late summer and early fall. unfortunately, since the native species did not grow well during our study, the data we collected in 2019 are insufficient to demonstrate that a. curassavica is more likely to attract reproductive females than native species. growth of the native species in the raised research beds during the 2020 growing season indicate that we will be able to make better comparisons during a second year of observation. our observations from the fall of 2019 do indicate that none of the eggs laid during figure 6 egg and caterpillar abundance over the course of the study. oklahoma native plant record 75 volume 20, december 2020 kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h.c. crawford the late summer and early fall reached adulthood. the first eggs were laid at our research site on 12 august, which would have been plenty of time to reach maturity. however, no caterpillars beyond the 3rd instar or chrysalises were found during the entirety of the study. this is not unexpected given that fewer than 10% of monarch eggs will become adults due to basic mortality causes (zalucki and kitching 1982, goehring and oberhauser 2002). however, the larval host plant might have contributed to greater mortality. compared to asclepias species native to northern north america, a. curassavica has higher levels of cardenolides, a secondary compound that asclepias plants generate to deter herbivory (rasmann and agrawal 2011). instead of being repelled by them, the monarch caterpillar exploits the cardenolides by sequestering the toxin as a predator and parasite defense. the production of cardenolides in a. curassavica is increased with increasing temperature with the potential of high enough concentrations to negatively impact caterpillar fitness. faldyn et al. (2018) found that monarch fitness was lowered when feeding on a. curassavica that was exposed to daytime temperatures of 35°c, which stimulated increased concentration of cardenolides. the average high temperature during august 2019 in central oklahoma was 34.4°c with 15 days exceeding 35°c (brock et al. 1994, mcpherson et al. 2007, oklahoma climatological survey 2020). these temperatures could have activated the increased production of cardenolides in the a. curassavica in our research beds, contributing to caterpillar mortality. future research into the cardenolide concentrations in fall-growing a. curassavica could help to elucidate this confounding factor. in our study, a majority of the eggs were laid less than one month before the first freeze of the year. while adult monarchs have been known to survive freezing temperatures during their fall migration (troyer et al. 1996), caterpillars are less tolerant of freezing temperatures and development significantly slows at temperatures below 16°c (rawlins and lederhouse 1981). a. curassavica is relatively tender and cannot tolerate temperatures below freezing (floridata n.d.). in 2019, the first hard freeze in central oklahoma occurred on 12 october (brock et al. 1994, mcpherson et al. 2007, oklahoma climatological survey 2020), causing all a. curassavica foliage to die and leaving any remaining eggs or caterpillars without a host plant. this was one of the earliest fall freeze dates on record for this area. the average date of the first freeze in central oklahoma occurs between 28 october and 2 november. over the past decade, the first freeze date ranged from 12 october to 19 november (table 1; brock et al. 1994, mcpherson et al. 2007, oklahoma climatological survey 2020). therefore, in eight years of the last decade, eggs laid as late as 1 october would have had ample time to reach maturity. as first freeze date shifts later in the year due to climate change, we can expect that eggs as late as 15 october might reach maturity. in an average year, most of the eggs laid in our research beds would have reached maturity. it is uncertain, however, how many more eggs would have been laid by adults if we did not have the early cold snap. 76 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h.c. crawford table 1 date of first freeze in central oklahoma as recorded by norman mesonet weather station (brock et al. 1994, mcpherson et al. 2007, oklahoma climatological survey 2020) *complete metamorphosis is estimated to be 24 days from egg to adult under ideal temperature conditions (zalucki 1982). during late summer and early fall, the temperature will drop below this ideal range and cause larval development to slow. consequently, this date is likely to be significantly earlier. year date of first freeze last date of egg laid that could possibly reach maturity* 2009 18 nov 26 oct 2010 5 nov 12 oct 2011 3 nov 10 oct 2012 27 oct 3 oct 2013 12 nov 18 oct 2014 1 nov 8 oct 2015 13 nov 19 oct 2016 19 nov 27 oct 2017 27 oct 3 oct 2018 9 nov 15 oct 2019 12 oct 17 sept as ecologists, we cannot make firm conclusions on ecological phenomena from one year of data, especially a year with weather data well outside the average. the planting of milkweed for monarchs seems to be a straightforward conservation strategy, but our evidence and that from many other researchers supports the use of native asclepias species rather than nonnative species for pollinator conservation gardens and landscaping. with the increased demand of native plants to be commercially available to the public, we anticipate the availability of native asclepias will increase and provide a supply to gardeners and conservationists who want to improve their habitat for monarchs. we will continue to observe the use of the native and non-native asclepias in central oklahoma with the hope that our work can help direct conservation strategies to best protect this iconic migratory invertebrate. acknowledgments we thank undergraduate research assistants josh hughes and christian newkirk for their help setting up the raised beds. we are thankful for jayce moore’s assistance in trimming around the research site and maintaining weed-free beds and kylie beasley’s assistance with data collection. literature cited baum, k. a., and w. v. sharber. 2012. fire creates host plant patches for monarch butterflies. biology letters 8:968–971. oklahoma native plant record 77 volume 20, december 2020 kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h.c. crawford brock, f. v., k. c. crawford, r. l. elliott, g. w. cuperus, s. j. stadler, h. l. johnson, and m. d. eilts. 1994. the oklahoma mesonet: a technical overview. journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology 12:5–19. https://www.mesonet.org (1 june 2020). burghardt, k. t., d. w. tallamy, and w. g. shriver. 2009. impact of native plants on bird and butterfly biodiversity in suburban landscapes. conservation biology 23:219-224. dee, j. r., and k. a. baum. 2019. mowing frequency influences number of flowering stems but not population age structure of asclepias viridis, an important monarch host plant. the american midland naturalist 182:27–35. eddmaps. 2020. early detection & distribution mapping system. the university of georgia center for invasive species and ecosystem health. http://www.eddmaps.org (1 june 2020). faldyn, m. j., m. d. hunter, and b. d. elderd. 2018. climate change and an invasive, tropical milkweed: an ecological trap for monarch butterflies. ecology 99:1031-1038. flockhart, d. t. t., l. p. brower, m. i. ramirez, k. a. hobson, l. i. wassenaar, s. altizer, and d. r. norris. 2017. regional climate on the breeding grounds predicts variation in the natal origin of monarch butterflies overwintering in mexico over 38 years. global change biology 23:2565–2576. flockhart, d. t. t., l. i. wassenaar, t. g. martin, k. a. hobson, m. b. wunder, and d. r. norris. 2013. tracking multigenerational colonization of the breeding grounds by monarch butterflies in eastern north america. proceedings of the royal society b: biological sciences 280:20131087. floridata. n.d. floridata plant encyclopedia. https://floridata.com/plants (1 june 2020). goehring, l., and k. s. oberhauser. 2002. effects of photoperiod, temperature, and host plant age on induction of reproductive diapause and development time in danaus plexippus. ecological entomology 27:674–685. gustafsson, k. m., a. a. agrawal, b. v. lewenstein, and s. a. wolf. 2015. the monarch butterfly through time and space: the social construction of an icon. bioscience 65:612–622. howard, e., h. aschen, and a. k. davis. 2010. citizen science observations of monarch butterfly overwintering in the southern united states. psyche: a journal of entomology 2010:689301. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/689301 journey north. 2015. captive breeding and releasing monarchs: statement paper. https://journeynorth.org/tm/monarch /conservation_action_release.pdf (1 june 2020). majewska, a. a., and s. altizer. 2018. planting gardens to support insect pollinators. conservation biology 34:15-25. majewska, a. a., and s. altizer. 2019. exposure to non-native tropical milkweed promotes reproductive development in migratory monarch butterflies. insects 10:253. malcolm, s. b. 2018. anthropogenic impacts on mortality and population viability of the monarch butterfly. annual review of entomology 63:277–302. mcpherson, r. a., c. a. fiebrich, k. c. crawford, j. r. kilby, d. l. grimsley, j. e. martinez, j. b. basara, b. g. illston, d. a. morris, k. a. kloesel, a. d. melvin, h. shrivastava, j. m. wolfinbarger, j. p. bostic, d. b. demko, r. l. elliott, s. j. stadler, j. d. carlson, and a. j. sutherland. 2007. statewide monitoring of the mesoscale environment: a technical update on the oklahoma mesonet. journal of https://floridata.com/plants 78 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 kayleigh a. clement and priscilla h.c. crawford atmospheric and oceanic technology 24:301– 321. monarch joint venture. n.d. potential risks of growing exotic (non-native) milkweeds for monarchs: statement paper. https://monarchjointventure.org/image s/uploads/documents/oe_fact_sheet.p df; (1 june 2020). oberhauser, k. s., and k. kuda. 1997. a field guide to monarch caterpillars (danaus plexippus). st. paul (mn): university of minnesota, department of ecology, evolution and behavior. oklahoma climatological survey. 2020. the oklahoma mesonet. https://www.mesonet.org (1 june 2020). oklahoma monarch and pollinator collaborative. 2016. statewide monarch conservation plan. http://www.okiesformonarchs.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/10/ompcmonarch-conservation-plan.pdf. phillips, m. 2019. the million pollinator garden challenge™ meets its mark, 2015-2018. the national pollinator garden network report. http://millionpollinatorgardens.org/wp -content/uploads/2019/10/millionpollinator-garden-challenge-reportfor-web-102319.pdf rasmann, s., and a. a. agrawal. 2011. latitudinal patterns in plant defense: evolution of cardenolides, their toxicity and induction following herbivory. ecology letters 14:476–483. rawlins, j. e., and r. c. lederhouse. 1981. developmental influences of thermal behavior on monarch caterpillars (danaus plexippus): an adaptation for migration (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: danainae). journal of the kansas entomological society 54:387–408. satterfield, d. a., j. c. maerz, and s. altizer. 2015. loss of migratory behaviour increases infection risk for a butterfly host. proceedings of the royal society b: biological sciences 282:20141734. tenger-trolander, a., w. lu, m. noyes, and m. r. kronforst. 2019. contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies. proceedings of the national academy of sciences 116:1467114676. troyer, h. l., c. s. burks, and r. e. lee. 1996. phenology of cold hardiness in reproductive and migrant monarch butterflies (danaus plexippus) in southwest ohio. journal of insect physiology 42:633–642. u. s. fish and wildlife service. 2020. monarch butterfly status asssessment. www.fws.gov/savethemonarch/ssa.ht ml (1 june 2020). wheeler, j. 2018, april 19. tropical milkweed—a no-grow. xerces society blog. https://xerces.org/blog/tropicalmilkweed-a-no-grow (1 june 2020). zalucki, m. p. 1982. temperature and rate of development in danaus plexippus l. and d. chrysippus l. (lepidoptera:nyphalidae). australian journal of entomology 21:241–246. zalucki, m. p., and r. l. kitching. 1982. dynamics of oviposition in danaus plexippus (insecta: lepidoptera) on milkweed, asclepias spp. journal of zoology 198:103–116. 2021 oklahoma native plant record 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 chad b. king 10.22488/okstate.22.100001 growth patterns and ages of trees from martin park nature center, oklahoma county, oklahoma chad b. king department of biology university of central oklahoma edmond, ok 73034 cking24@uco.edu keywords: dendrochronolog y, quercus, celtis, ulmus abstract this paper provides insight into ages and patterns of radial growth from mature trees at martin park nature center, oklahoma county, oklahoma. a total of 80 trees were sampled and crossdated using dendrochronology from the three most common genera at martin park nature center: quercus, celtis, and ulmus. the oldest trees at the park were q. macrocarpa and c. laevigata with individuals dating back to the 1920s and 1930s. a pulse of c. laevigata recruitment occurred in the 1960s that likely reflected changes in land-use as the property transitioned from private ownership to the city of oklahoma city. a sequence of growth suppressions and releases was identified in c. laevigata that is related to park maintenance and forest development at the park. introduction and study area martin park nature center (mpnc) is an approximately 54.8 ha area owned and managed by the city of oklahoma city. the property was purchased by the city in 1962, converted to a park in 1963, and named after dr. j.t. martin (n. garrison, former naturalist mpnc, personal communication 2022). prior to 1963, the property was privately owned and was originally homesteaded in 1895 (general land office records 2022). martin park nature center is within the cross timbers transition (level iv) ecoregion (woods et al. 2005) in central oklahoma (figure 1). this ecoregion is known as an ecotone between the grasslands of the central great plains ecoregion to the west and cross timbers ecoregion to the east. common trees within the cross timbers transition ecoregion include juniperus virginiana l. (eastern redcedar), species of quercus including q. marilandica muenchh. (blackjack oak), q. stellata wangenh. (post oak), and q. macrocarpa michx. (bur oak), and species of ulmus including u. americana l. (american elm) and u. rubra muhl. (red elm). soils at mpnc reflect the presence of streams and periodic flooding. a pair of creeks, spring creek and bluff creek, dissect mpnc. soil classifications include ashport silt loam, pulaski fine sandy loam, and lawrie silt loam that are alluvium derived from sedimentary rock associated with floodplains (web soil survey 2022). elevations at mpnc range from 331.3 m at the north side of the park to 334.9 m at the south side of the park. mean annual temperature for oklahoma county is 60.3of and mean annual precipitation is 84.8 cm (national centers for environmental information 2022). in collaboration with william hagenbuck, martin park nature center naturalist, i identified trees at mpnc as part of a plan to create educational materials for park guests about the ages of trees along the mailto:cking24@uco.edu oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 21, december 2021 chad b. king trails at mpnc. the focus of tree aging was on the common tree species at mpnc, including q. macrocarpa, u. americana, u. rubra, and celtis laevigata willd. (sugarberry). this manuscript reports tree ages, estimates of tree establishment dates, and patterns of radial growth that provide insight into landuse patterns at mpnc. methods to build an educational portfolio about tree ages at mpnc for the general public, common native tree species were selected for sampling during fall 2018 and spring 2019 to estimate age and establishment dates. specifically, q. macrocarpa, u. americana, u. rubra, and c. laevigata trees that were > 8 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) were identified for sampling, with the assumption that the oldest members of each species would be > 8 cm dbh. increment cores were collected as close to the base of each tree as possible using a 5.15 mm (diameter) haglof increment borer. increment core samples were collected low on the tree bole in order to estimate a more accurate establishment date for each tree. trees were selected along figure 1 the forested landscape at martin park nature center, oklahoma county, oklahoma. photo is from the central portion of mpnc. photo by c. king. 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 chad b. king trails at mpnc and within the southern third of the park because of the presence of large diameter q. macrocarpa within the floodplain. these larger diameter trees were selected at the request of mpnc. increment cores were stored in plastic drinking straws for return to the treelab at the university of central oklahoma (uco) for processing and crossdating. additional data collected for each increment core included species and diameter at breast height (dbh). each individual increment core was glued on wooden mounts at the treelab. increment cores were sanded with progressively finer sandpaper (80-grit to 1200-grit) in order to identify individual cells under a binocular microscope (stokes and smiley 1996). to determine age at coring height for each increment core, treering widths were measured to the nearest 0.001 mm using a velmex ta measuring system (velmex, inc., bloomsfield, ny), a binocular boom microscope, and recorded using measure j2x software (voortech consulting, holderness, nh). tree-ring series of each increment core were crossdated to assign calendar years to each tree-ring using cofecha (holmes 1983) and graphical visualization. in the event that the increment core missed the pith, the number of tree-rings missing to the pith were estimated using speer (2010). this method uses the 10-year pattern of growth closest to the pith to estimate the number of tree-rings missing to estimate pith date. results and discussion a total of 80 increment cores were collected from q. macrocarpa (n = 23), u. americana (n = 6), u. rubra (n = 4), and c. laevigata (n = 47). the largest diameter tree that was sampled was a q. macrocarpa (dbh = 96.3 cm). the oldest trees sampled for each species include 93 years (q. macrocarpa), 87 years (c. laevigata), 53 years (u. americana), and 43 years (u. rubra) (figure 2). several large diameter q. macrocarpa exist within the floodplain of mpnc along the south side of the park. a few of these were selected for sampling that resulted in the oldest trees found at mpnc. approximately 40% (n = 32) of trees sampled began growing in the 1960s (figure 3). the species that established during the 1960s were c. laevigata and u. americana. a possible explanation for the establishment of the 1960s tree cohort was likely the transition from private ownership to the city of oklahoma city. this may have resulted in changes in land-use patterns that promoted the natural establishment of trees. trees of several species were planted at mpnc after the city of oklahoma city developed the park but did not include c. laevigata and u. americana (n. garrison, former naturalist mpnc, personal communication january 2022). i was unable to find information pertaining to previous land-use before the development of mpnc. previous research at e.c. hafer park in edmond, oklahoma county, oklahoma (king and cheek 2015) documented farming land-use prior to the city of edmond purchasing the property. following the purchase of the future e.c. hafer park property, king and cheek (2015) identified a pulse of tree recruitment in the 1950s that corresponded to a change in land-use from farming practices to minimal use. a similar pattern may have occurred at mpnc following the purchase of the property by the city of oklahoma city. patterns of annual growth in tree-rings can provide important insight into events that may have been occurring around the tree at the time of tree-ring formation (fritts 1976; orwig and abrams 1997; speer 2010; cowdon et al. 2014) or provide information about tree senescence (cailleret et al. 2016). an interesting set of radial growth patterns emerged in several c. laevigata that were not observed in the other species at mpnc (figure 4). i noted that approximately 49% (n = 23) of c. laevigata demonstrated a rapid oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 21, december 2021 chad b. king growth suppression (figure 5). the initiation of growth suppression varied from the mid-1970s (n = 9; figure 4d), mid1980s (n = 5; figures 4a and 4b), and mid1990s (n = 9; figure 4c). for eight trees, the growth suppression was sustained through 2018. the other c. laevigata (n = 15) exhibited increased annual growth following growth suppression. all but two trees were part of the 1960s cohort. figure 2 diameter at breast height (dbh) and tree age for trees cored in fall 2018 and spring 2019. figure 3 number of trees that established by decade. approximately 38% of the trees sampled established during the 1960s. the oldest tree sampled was a bur oak that dated to 1925 (93 years old at time of sampling). a sugarberry also dated to 1931 (87 years old at time of sampling). a large cohort of sugarberry established during the 1960s (29 trees). 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 chad b. king figure 4 examples of radial growth patterns in c. laevigata at martin park nature center, oklahoma county, oklahoma. samples a and b represent examples of trees that exhibited declining radial growth with a subsequent growth release in 2002 (a) and 2003 (b). samples c and d demonstrate sustained growth suppression beginning in 1993 (c) and 1975 (d). please note different y-axis range in c. 0 1 2 3 4 r in gw id th (m m ) year 0 1 2 3 4 r in gw id th (m m ) year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 r in gw id th (m m ) year 0 1 2 3 4 r in gw id th (m m ) year a b c d oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 21, december 2021 chad b. king figure 5 example of growth suppression in c. laevigata at martin park nature center. annual growth is from left to right. this sample corresponds to the suppressed growth seen in figure 3a. note prior to 1979, ring-widths were wider than the period 1979 through 1998. subsequent to 1998, ring-widths returned to similar widths when compared to pre-1979. 1 mm growth 2000 1990 1980 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 chad b. king several factors likely contributed to this variability in c. laevigata growth not seen in the other species that were sampled at mpnc. one explanation is that rapid growth changes are due to regular trail maintenance that resulted in periodic removal of trees near the trails. damage due to falling stems and/or trees removed leaf area that reduced growth rates of retained c. laevigata (figures 4c and 4d). maintenance could have also opened the canopy that facilitated some c. laevigata to be released from competition that resulted in sustained increases in annual growth until the tree reached an overstory position in the canopy (figures 4a and 4b). previous research at e.c. hafer park, that is approximately 14 km from mpnc, noted growth releases of trees that was attributed to the development of trails (king and cheek 2015). growth releases and suppressions of surviving trees are a common response to canopy disturbances (wind, human activities), particularly in the eastern deciduous forest (abrams and orwig 1996; stan and daniels 2014; king and muzika 2014). suppressions in growth (figure 4c and 4d) can also be attributed to canopy closure that resulted in reduced light availability to understory c. laevigata. this species is considered shade tolerant but responds favorably to being released from a suppressed position in the understory (kennedy, jr. 1990). it is not surprising, therefore, that c. laevigata is exhibiting suppressed growth but also can rapidly increase growth rates when released. the other species that were sampled are shade tolerant (u. americana, u. rubra) or intermediately shade tolerant (q. macrocarpa) and may have had responses similar to c. laevigata. the numbers of each of the other species sampled was limited relative to c. laevigata, so it’s possible that, by chance, i did not capture growth responses similar to those seen in c. laevigata. i document ages of trees found at martin park nature center in oklahoma city, oklahoma county. quercus macrocarpa are the oldest trees with the oldest individual dating back to 1925. additionally, a c. laevigata individual dates to 1931, which is currently the oldest representative that i have found in oklahoma. celtis laevigata is a largely unstudied tree species in dendrochronology and older individuals are likely present in oklahoma due to their ability to survive in shaded environments while still developing annual growth rings. acknowledgments i would like to thank christian hart for assistance at martin park nature center in collecting increment cores. i graciously thank william hagenbuck for permission to collect increment cores from trees at martin park nature center. thanks to reviewers of this manuscript for their constructive comments and suggestions. literature cited abrams, m.d. and d.a. orwig. 1996. a 300-year history of disturbance and canopy recruitment for co-occurring white pine and hemlock on the allegheny plateau, usa. journal of ecology 84:353-363. cailleret, m., s. jansen, e.m.r. robert, l. desoto, t. aakala, j.a. antos, b. beikircher, c. bigler, h. bugmann, m. caccianiga, v. cada, j.j. camarero, p. cherubini, h. cochard, m.r. coyea, k. cufar, a.j. das, h. davi, s. delzon, m. dorman, g. gea-izquierdo, s. gillner, l.j. haavik, h. hartmann, a. heres, k.r. hultine, p. janda, j.m. kane, v.i. kharuk, t. kitzberger, t. klein, k. kramer, f. lens, t. levanic, j.c. linares calderon, f. lloret, r. lobo-do-vale, f. lombardi, r.l. rodriguez, h. makinen, s. mayr, i. meszaros, j.m. metsaranta, f. minunno, w. oberhuber, a. papadopoulos, oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 21, december 2021 chad b. king m. peltoniemi, a.m. petritan, b. rohner, g. sanguesa-barreda, d. sarris, j.m. smith, a.b. stan, f. sterck, d.b. stojanovic, m.l. suarez, m. svoboda, r. tognetti, j.m. torres-ruiz, v. trotsiuk, r. villalba, f. vodde, a.r. westwood, p.h. wyckoff, n. zafirov, and j. martinez-vil. 2016. a synthesis of radial growth patterns preceding tree mortality. global change biology 23:1675-1690. cowdon, m.m., j.l. hart, and m.l. buchanan. 2014. canopy accession strategies and climate responses for three carya species common in the eastern deciduous forest. trees 28:223-235. fritts, h.c. 1976. tree rings and climate. caldwell (nj): the blackburn press. general land office records. 2022. u.s. department of interior, bureau of land management. https://glorecords.blm.gov/ (23 january 2022). holmes, r.l. 1983. computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement. tree-ring bulletin 43:69-78. kennedy, jr. h.e. 1990. sugarberry, celtis laevigata willd. in: burns, r.m. and b.h. honkala, technical coordinators. silvics of north america. agricultural handbook 654. washington (dc): u.s. department of agriculture, forest service. king, c.b. and j. cheek. 2015. dendroecology, forest composition, and land-use history of a suburban cross timbers forest in central oklahoma. urban naturalist 6:1-20. king, c.b. and r.m. muzika. 2014. historic fire and canopy disturbance dynamics in an oak-pine (quercus-pinus) forest of the missouri ozarks (1624-2010). castanea 79:78-87. national centers for environmental information. 2022. national oceanic and atmospheric administration. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/ (23 january 2022). orwig, d.a. and m.d. abrams. 1997. variation in radial growth responses to drought among species, site, and canopy strata. trees 11:474-484. speer, j.h. 2010. fundamentals of tree-ring research. tucson (az): university of arizona press. stan, a.b. and l.d. daniels. 2014. growth releases across a natural canopy gapforest gradient in old-growth forests. forest ecology and management 313:98-103. stokes, m.a. and t.l. smiley. 1996. an introduction to tree-ring dating. tucson (az): the university of arizona press. web soil survey. soil survey staff, natural resources conservation service, united states department of agriculture. http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/ (23 january 2022). woods, a.j., j.m. omernik, d.r. butler, j.g. ford, j.e. henley, b.w. hoagland, d.s. arndt, and b.c. moran. 2005. ecoregions of oklahoma (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs). reston (va): u.s. geological survey (map scale 1:1,250,000). https://glorecords.blm.gov/ https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/ http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/ oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 54 the toxicity of extracts of tephrosia virginiana (fabaceae) in oklahoma mary gard oklahoma state university department of botany stillwater, ok 74078-3013 email: gmary@okstate.edu keywords: fishkill, rotenone, piscicide, ethnobotany abstract historical usage of the roots of the legume tephrosia virginiana as a piscicide by native americans has been documented. due to questions about geographic variation in toxicity, an examination of the toxicity of six oklahoma populations of the species was conducted. rootstock extracts of plants in all populations exhibited acute toxicity in a standard laboratory bioassay using larval fathead minnows (pimephales promelas). isolation and identification of the compound or compounds responsible were not undertaken, however, toxicity is generally thought to be due to the presence of rotenone and related compounds. although considerable variation in lc50 values exists among the six populations, this study produced few statistically significant differences. correlations between plant toxicity and edaphic factors were not seen. introduction commonly known as hoary pea (ibrahim 2000), goat‟s rue, catgut (tyrl et al. 2008), and devil‟s shoestring (swanton 1928), tephrosia virginiana (figure 1) is a member of the fabaceae, or pea family. a native, perennial herb from woody rootstocks, it is distributed throughout the eastern half of the united states and extends westward to iowa, and eastern kansas, oklahoma, and texas (usdanrcs 2009). in oklahoma it is most common in the eastern third, but can be found throughout the state. populations are found in a variety of habitats in the cross timbers and prairies, with plants typically growing in sandy, well-drained soils (tyrl et al. 2008). in addition, it is often associated with acidic soils (steyermark 1963). flowering time is from may to august, when the racemes of bicolored, papilionaceous flowers (figure 2) produce legumes that are relished by wildlife (tyrl et al. 2008). gard, m. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100076 throughout most of its natural range, toxic compounds are absent in t. virginiana (sievers et al. 1938), but in some populations, the roots contain the isoflavenoids rotenone, tephrosin, toxicarol, and other chemically similar compounds (little et al. 1931). rotenone is a wellknown piscicide, exerting its toxic effects by blocking the oxidation of nadh and preventing atp from being converted into usable cellular energy (lindahl & oberg 1961). toxic populations occur in the southeastern states, and populations with the highest toxicity found thus far occur in the carrizo sands area of northeast texas, an approximately 300-mile stretch from caldwell county to harrison county, where it widens out into nacogdoches county to the east (sievers et al. 1938). previous tests on the plants of the species have revealed that the toxins are primarily sequestered in the underground portions. the seeds, however, have been found to contain rotenone, even in plants that were not otherwise toxic (sievers et al. 1938). oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 gard, m. 55 figure 1 tephrosia virginiana plant growing in oklahoma. photo courtesy of ron tyrl. figure 2 individual flower of tephrosia virginiana displaying a papilionaceous corolla. photo courtesy of ron tyrl. historically, native americans in the southeast (florida, tennessee, mississippi, alabama, and georgia) used the roots of t. virginiana to stun fish to facilitate capture (hudson 1976). the cherokee, creek, seminole, chickasaw, and choctaw are documented as having used the plant. among the first observers to report fishing with t. virginiana was james adair, a charleston trader, agent, and diplomat among the southeastern indians of mississippi from 1735 to 1768 (hudson 1976). he observed that his indian neighbors used plants to harvest fish in a process that was as much entertainment as labor. in a dry summer season, they gather horse chestnuts and different kinds of roots, which having been thoroughly pounded pretty fine, and steeped a while in a trough, they scatter this mixture over the surface of a middle-sized pond, and stir it about with poles till the water is sufficiently oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 gard, m. 56 impregnated with the intoxicating bittern (williams 1930). in 1906, chitto harjo, a creek statesman, cited this activity in his famous plea that creeks be allowed to “gather the wary fish” (meserve 1933). jennie elrod (1924) of oklahoma recorded in her diary that bound and dried t. viginiana roots were macerated and soaked in tubs of water overnight, and then scattered into a creek prior to a picnic (figures 3 and 4). numerous accounts of the plants being used in this manner include the writings of john swanton, an ethnologist who studied the creeks in the early 1900s. he wrote that among other plants used to stun fish, the devil‟s shoestring was used in pools isolated during the dry summer season. the roots were pounded directly on a hard surface, such as a fallen log, over the water surface to allow the juices to fall into the still pools or slow-flowing waterways (swanton 1928). following the relocation of the indian tribes to oklahoma in the 1830s, use of t. virginiana in fishing continued (elrod 1924). as illustrated in a photographic atlas compiled in oklahoma at the turn of the twentieth century, fishkills were a muchenjoyed sporting occasion until the practice was banned in 1915 (gettys and watkins 1984). despite these historical accounts of the apparent toxicity of t. virginiana, there are questions as to the toxicity of plants found in oklahoma. in interviews recorded in the indian-pioneer papers (works progress administration 1937), jefferson berryhill, a member of the muscogee (creek) tribe, stated that roots from sandy areas (vs. rocky areas) were preferred and seemed to be “more virulent” in their poisoning abilities (foreman 1938). prior to this investigation, the most recent toxicity study involving oklahoma populations of t. virginiana was conducted in the 1930s. sievers and russell (1938) investigated populations throughout the eastern united states and as far west as oklahoma and texas. they classified oklahoma populations as “secondary” in nature, indicating that toxic plants were found infrequently in these populations and only under special circumstances. specifically, they found that toxic plants occurred either in „bald spots‟ where some factor, e.g., road construction or water erosion, had interfered with the normal development of the soil profile or sites where the roots of t. virginiana were in close proximity to those of other plants, especially oak roots. they considered these populations to be of little value for the commercial production of insecticide, an objective of their survey. their observations thus contradict the historical accounts of fishkills by native americans in oklahoma using t. virginiana. because of this apparent contradiction, this study was undertaken to investigate the toxicity of t. virginiana in oklahoma. the work involved: (1) reviewing the literature of its historical use in oklahoma; (2) locating oklahoma populations; (3) collecting plants; (4) extracting from the rootstocks the compound or compounds responsible for toxicity; and (5) conducting bioassays for toxicity. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 gard, m. 57 figure 3 bundled root of tephrosia virginiana next to an arrow used in a fishkill in okmulgee, oklahoma, 1924. photo by jennie elrod and courtesy of the archives and manuscripts division of the oklahoma historical society. figure 4 creek tribesmen “going into the water with tubs of ground devil‟s shoestring, aug 24, 1924”, okmulgee, oklahoma. photo by jennie elrod and courtesy of the archives and manuscripts division of the oklahoma historical society. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 gard, m. 58 methodology plant collection in order to examine the toxicity of t. virginiana, populations were located throughout the state using label information from herbarium specimens deposited in the osu herbarium (okla). during the 2007 growing season, the rootstocks (woody, underground stem base and/or root apex giving rise to aerial growth each season) of 3 or 4 plants were collected from each of six locations in five counties: adair, atoka, cherokee, okmulgee, and osage (figure 5; table 1). as the plants were collected, surface soil samples also were collected. they were placed in paper bags and allowed to air dry for several weeks, after which they underwent routine tests for ph, organic matter (om%), k index, p index, and soil texture at the oklahoma state university soil water and forage analytical laboratory (stillwater, ok.). compound extraction specimens were dried by placing them in paper bags at room temperature for two weeks. when completely dry, they were processed via a soxhlet system using the protocol of sievers and russell (1938), which has long been used to extract toxic compounds from tephrosia. this protocol was modified by the use of a spex® sampleprep freezer/mill (spex® certiprep, metuchen, nj) to grind the dried roots cryogenically in order to prepare them for the extraction procedure. the freezer/mill was used due to the difficulty encountered during initial attempts to pulverize the long, tough lateral roots and woody rootstock. all plant samples were ground to a fineness of #100 mesh using tyler mesh sieves (tyler screening company, canada). additional particle sizes used in the extraction were #20 and #200 mesh from the beggs population in order to determine if root particle size would affect toxicity. following the protocol of sievers (1938), extracts were standardized to be equivalent to 1.5 g of ground sample per 100-ml of acetone solution in all samples. rotenone is known to break down quite readily in water upon exposure to air and sunlight (barnes and freyre 1967). therefore, using an acetone solution allowed for the quantification of sample as well as an extension of the natural shelf-life of the compounds. an acetone blank – a solution of acetone without any plant material included – was also used in the extraction as a control to rule out the toxic effects acetone may have had in the bioassay. all extracts were stored in a 25° c +/1° c (77° f +/1.8° f) room in foil-covered amber glass bottles between assays to reduce exposure to light. 6 3 &4 1 5 2 figure 5 county sites in oklahoma where populations of tephrosia virginiana were sampled to test for piscicidal effects of root extracts. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 gard, m. 59 table 1 locality information for sampling sites where tephrosia virginiana specimens were collected in oklahoma. site name county gps coordinates mileage habitat date collected ecological notes 1 osage tallgrass prairie preserve (tgpp) osage 36°50’34.26”n 96°24’25.37”w 1km se of tgpp hq on side of a large hill in a tallgrass prairie 05/22/07 evidence of burn earlier in the year (some stems were blackened); soils extremely rocky 2 beggs okmulgee 35°44’24.59”n 96°01’08.81”w near road cut off hwy 75; 2.5 km e of beggs, ok edge of fallow field under fence row 06/16/07 soil shallow and disturbed from erosion 3 adair gittin’down mtn. (gdm) adair 35°45’57.31”n 94°43’50.68”w approx. 1 km w of bunch rd. s of hwy 100; 9.5 km sw of stillwell, ok understory of oakhickory forest on bluff above charley owl cave 06/23/07 dense litter in area; limestone parent material; soil rocky; gently sloping topographic situation 4 adaireagle pass (ep) adair 35°42’48.00”n 94°32’05.96”w eagle pass hollow area near ‘jesus saves’ rock; n of county road e 0900; 4.5 km se of stillwell, ok understory of oakhickory forest on slope leading to eagle pass creek 06/22/07 area burned in spring of collection year; steeply sloping topographic situation 5 cherokee sparrowhawk primive area (spa) cherokee 35°57’33.34”n 94°54’09.63”w spa about 1 km e of of hwy 10 near tahlequah, ok near the illinois river understory of pine oak hickory forest near mouth of spa trail 09/15/07 limestone parent material; soil rocky; steeply sloping topographic situation 6 atoka -little bugaboo creek overlook (lbco) atoka 34°24’00.18”n 95°50’02.59”w near little bugaboo canyon recreational overlook in mcgee creek state park; 10 km se of atoka, ok understory of mixed hardwood & pine forest 10/25/07 dense litter in area; limestone parent material; soil rocky; nearly level topography oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 gard, m. 60 laboratory bioassays acute laboratory toxicity tests followed methods outlined in usepa (2002) using the fathead minnow (pimephales promelas) and were conducted under oklahoma state university animal care and use protocol as50110. larval fish (<24 hours old) were exposed to dilutions (.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/l) of plant extract in moderately hard (mh) formulated water (usepa 2002). additionally, two control test concentrations were used, the first consisting of an acetone blank solution (concentration of 10 mg/l in moderately hard formulated water), and the second of pure, moderately hard formulated water. all exposures were conducted in 250-ml glass bowls containing 200-ml of test solution, 10 fathead minnows per bowl, and two replicate bowls per test concentration. test chambers were inspected every 24 h to determine the numbers of live and dead fish, with dead fish identified by discoloration and lack of response to gentle prodding. test solutions were renewed every 24 h by replacing 80% of the water volume with freshly prepared extract solutions. test temperature was maintained in a temperature controlled room at 25° c +/1° c (77° f +/1.8° f) with a 16/8 h light/dark cycle. effects of median lethal concentrations (48-hr lc50 values) were calculated using comprehensive environmental toxicity information system software (cetis version 1.1.1, tidepool scientific software, mckinleyville, ca). tests were conducted as larval fish became available over a several month period beginning in july of 2007 and concluding in july of 2008. all samples were tested at least 4 times. osage, adair gdm, beggs #20, and beggs # 200 were tested 5 times each (table 2). laboratory water chemistry temperature, dissolved oxygen (do), ph, total ammonia, conductivity, alkalinity, and hardness were measured in each test solution at the start of each bioassay and at the beginning and end of each solution renewal cycle; ph was measured every 6 h throughout the tests. ammonia was measured using an accument® ar25 ammonia meter (fisher scientific, new jersey, usa), with unionized ammonia concentrations estimated from the measured total values based on temperature and ph. dissolved oxygen was measured using a ysi® model 550a dissolved oxygen meter (ysi incorporated, ohio, usa), and ph was measured using a accument® portable ap62 ph/mv meter (fisher scientific, pittsburg, pennsylvania). conductivity was measured with a hach® conductivity/tds meter (hach, loveland, colorado), and alkalinity and hardness were measured by titration (apha 1998). prior to use, all water quality meters were calibrated according to the manufacturer instructions. statistics statistical tests for normality or heterogeneity of variance – kruskal-wallis one-way anova on ranks followed by dunn's post-hoc method – were performed to determine if any significant differences in 48-hr lc50 values existed between sample sites. differences between the sites were regarded to be significant if p< 0.05. in addition, to determine the strength of the relationship between 48-hr lc50 values and various soil parameters, a simple linear regression was calculated and subsequently, a multiple linear regression. the regression equations were considered to be significant if the output p< 0.05. results acute toxicity was observed in all samples tested, with the exception of the acetone blank and the pure mh water, where no mortality occurred. because of the variability among the values generated from the replicate bioassays within sites (see oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 gard, m. 61 table 2), there were few statistically significant differences in toxicity. of these differences detected, the extracts from adair eagle pass site and atoka were significantly more toxic than the extract from cherokee county (p< 0.05). the extract from atoka was also significantly more toxic than the extract from beggs. some extracts varied in toxicity over time, with 48-hr lc50 values showing increases and decreases, whereas other extracts were more consistent (see table 2). on average, the cherokee sample was the least toxic, and adair eagle pass and atoka were found to have equivalent 48-hr lc50 values, as well as having the most consistent 48-hr lc50 values throughout the testing. extracts from plant material that was ground finer (beggs #200 mesh) exhibited the same toxicity as the standard particle size from the same collection site; plant material ground coarser (beggs #20 mesh) exhibited higher average 48-hr lc50 values. these data are displayed in figure 6, along with the standard deviation. no relationships between toxicity and the five soil parameters examined – soil texture, ph, om%, k index, or p index – were detected. the regression equations calculated were not significant. table 2 48-hr lc50 (mg/l) values for fathead minnows (pimephales promelas) exposed to root extracts of tephrosia virginiana from different six sites in oklahoma. an acetone blank and a pure water solution used as controls exhibited no toxicity. 48-hr lc50 values (mg/l) (concentration lethal to 50% of fish within 48 hours) location test 1 test 2 test 3 test 4 test 5 beggs #20 mesh 0.32 (0.17-0.59) 0.79 (0.39-1.62) 1.58 (0.99-2.54) 1.00 (0.48-2.07) 1.00 (0.48-2.07) beggs #100 mesh 2.51 (c.i. nr) 2.51 (1.62-3.89) 2.51 (1.62-3.89) 2.51 (1.62-3.89) beggs #200 mesh 0.32 (c.i. nr) 3.16 (c.i. nr) 0.71 (0.43-1.16) 0.79 (0.39-1.62) 1.00 (0.48-2.07) adair eagle pass 0.32 (c.i. nr) 0.32 (c.i. nr) 0.32 (c.i. nr) 0.28 (c.i. nr) adair gittin’ down mtn. 2.80 (2.21-3.56) 1.0 (0.48-2.07) 1.12 (0.67-0.87) 1.26 (0.62-2.57) 2.51 (1.62-3.89) atoka 0.46 (0.31-0.7) 0.40 (0.26-0.62) 0.40 (0.26-0.62) 0.32 (c.i. nr) cherokee 4.62 (2.54-8.38) 3.16 (c.i. nr) 3.16 (c.i. nr) 2.51 (1.62-3.89) osage 0.30 (c.i. nr) 2.51 (1.62-3.89) 1.12 (0.67-0.87) 2.00 (1.11-3.57) 2.00 (1.11-3.57) c.i. nr = unable to calculate reliable 95% confidence intervals oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 gard, m. 62 figure 6 mean 48-hr lc50 values and standard deviation bars for root extracts of tephrosia virginiana from six sites in oklahoma. discussion the six oklahoma populations of t. virginiana tested in this study appear to contain a toxin (or toxins) that results in the mortality of fish in laboratory experiments. all extracts containing plant material produced mortality of larval fathead minnows in a standard laboratory bioassay (see table 2; figure 6). because the objective of this preliminary study was to determine only if a toxin or toxins were present in oklahoma populations, an attempt to isolate and identify the compound or compounds responsible was not undertaken. the variability among the replicates within sites produced few statistically significant differences among the six populations (see table 2). degradation of the toxin or toxins with time is certainly a possibility (barnes and freyre 1967); however, there must be some persistance of the toxic compounds because native americans collected, dried, and stored the roots for varying lengths of time (foreman 1938). a possible source of error is in the grinding process. various portions of the rootstock might have been indiscriminately distributed in the particle size samples from beggs collection site. it is not known if toxins are more prominent in the dermis or pith, for example, and this could have been a reason that particle size toxicity seemed to be uneven in relation to size . jefferson berryhill‟s memory that roots from sandy area were preferred and seemed “more virulent” in their poisoning abilities (works progress administration 1937; foreman 1938) suggests that edaphic factors may play a role in toxicity of t. virginiana. sievers and his coworkers (1938) likewise suggested that differences in toxicity might be related to soil and/or influences by other 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 beggs #100 cherokee atoka adair gdm adair ep beggs #200 beggs #20 osage 4 8 h r lc 5 0 m g /l sample sites 48 hr lc50 values oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 gard, m. 63 plants. in this investigation, no relationships between toxicity and the five soil parameters examined were detected. however, because of the limited sample size and the variability in toxicity among the five populations, an understanding of the possible influence of edaphic influences requires that the preliminary work outlined here be repeated and extended. acknowledgments this study represents one part of a master‟s thesis submitted to the graduate faculty of oklahoma state university. partial support for field work was provided by the j. k. mcpherson memorial fund. i thank the oklahoma state historical society for permission to use the photos of native americans fishing with tephrosia. i would also like to thank dr. ron tyrl, dr. becky johnson, dr. joseph bidwell, dr. byron sudbury, and naomi cooper for assistance on this project. literature cited apha. 1998. standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20 th edition. united book press inc. baltimore, md. barnes, d. and r. h. freyre. 1967. recovery of natural insecticides from tephosia vogelii. iii. an improved procedure for sampling and assaying rotenoid content in leaves. economic botany. vol. 21: 93-98. elrod, j. 1924. diary of jennie elrod. archives and manuscripts division of the oklahoma historical society, oklahoma city, ok. foreman, g. 1938. indian pioneer history. oklahoma historical society, oklahoma city, ok. gettys, m. and j. watkins. 1984. a photographic study of creek floodways in the 1920‟s. papers in anthropology 24(12):113-129. university of oklahoma, norman, ok. hoagland b. w., a. k. buthod, i. h. butler, p. h. c. crawford, a. h. udasi, w. j. elisens, and r. j. tyrl. 2004. oklahoma vascular plants database (http://geo.ou.edu/botanical, april 2009).) oklahoma biological survey, university of oklahoma, norman, ok. hudson, c. 1976. the southeastern indians. the university of tennesee press, knoxville, tn. ibrahim, b., b. m‟batchi, h. mounzeo, h. p. bourobou bourobou, and p. posso. 2000. effect of tephrosia vogelii and justicia extensa on tilapia nilotica in vivo. journal of ethnopharmacology 69(2):99-104. lindahl, p. e. and k. e. öberg. 1961. the effect of rotenone on respiration and its point of attack. experimental cell research 23:228–237. little, v. a. 1931. devil‟s shoestring as an insecticide. science. 73:315-316. meserve, j.b. 1933. the plea of crazy snake (chitto harjo). chronicles of oklahoma, volume xi, no. 33. sievers, a. f., g. a. russell, m. s. lowman, e. d. fowler, c. o. erlanson, and v. a. little. 1938. studies on the possibilities of devil‟s shoestring (tephrosia virginiana) and other native species of tephrosia as commercial sources of insecticides. technical bulletin no. 595. united states department of agriculture, washington, d.c. steyermark, j. a. 1963. flora of missouri. the iowa state university press, ames, ia. swanton, j. n. 1928. social organization and social usage of the indians of the creek confederacy. forty-second annual report of the bureau of american ethnology to the secretary of the smithsonian institution, 19241925. government printing office, washington d.c. tyrl, r. j., t. g. bidwell, r. e. masters, and r. d. elmore. 2008. field guide to oklahoma plants. 2nd edition. oklahoma state university, stillwater, ok. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 gard, m. 64 us environmental protection agency. 2002. methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents to freshwater and marine organisms. 5th edition. united states environmental protection agency, office of water. washington d.c. epa 821-r02-012. usda, nrcs. 2009. the plants database (http://plants.usda.gov, 10 september 2009). national plant data center, baton rouge, la. williams, s. c., ed. 1930. adair’s history of the american indians. promontory press, new york. (adair‟s original work was published in london in 1775.) works progress administration. 1937. the indian pioneer papers. university of oklahoma western history collection, norman, ok. 1 2 5 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 tyrl, r. j. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100078 77 “being a method proposed for the ready finding…to what sort any plant belongeth” ronald j. tyrl emeritus professor of botany department of botany oklahoma state university as any onps member will attest, it doesn‟t take many field trips into the prairies and forests of oklahoma to encounter an unknown plant and have to ask, “what is it?” the easiest way to identify it is disarmingly simple; ask someone who knows! this approach works well when an expert is near at hand, ready to name plants. a second approach is to compare the unknown plant with photographs or illustrations in field guides specific for oklahoma. unfortunately, the major drawbacks in using such guides are that they typically illustrate only showyflowered species and may not include all species present in the area. the ideal way to identify an unknown plant is to use a taxonomic key – an artificial analytical device for identification which offers a progressive series of choices between pairs of alternative features (lawrence 1951). taxonomists have been writing and using them for centuries as they have inventoried the world's flora (voss 1952). go anywhere in the world and if a taxonomic key is available, unknown plants can be identified. even after more than 45 years of working as a plant taxonomist, i still take pleasure in the challenge of identifying a totally unknown plant, i.e., one that i have no inkling of what it is. it is a delight to sit down at a dissecting microscope with dissecting needles in hand, to examine the plant‟s many features, to revel in its beauty and complexity, and to work my way through the key to arrive, eventually, at a species name. sometimes my first try is successful, but more often i have to make several or even numerous attempts. however, nothing is more satisfying than to be able to say “gotcha! i know who you are!” in the following essay, i offer an overview of the origins and evolution of taxonomic keys, aspects of their nature, and suggestions on how to use them successfully. origins and evolution of the key— taxonomic keys have been the mainstays of plant identification for more than 250 years. their origins, however, are considerably older and can be traced to the classifications of aristotle and theophrastus, based on fundamentum divisionis or the “principle of division” and those of 17th century naturalists (voss 1952; stuessy 1990). edward g. voss, a plant taxonomist and former curator of the herbarium at the university of michigan, published an excellent, comprehensive history of taxonomic keys in 1952. it was a delight to have discovered this paper many years ago, and i have excerpted aspects of it in the following very abbreviated summary. voss describes how taxonomists such as robert morison, john ray, augustus rivinus, and the anatomist nehemiah grew presented their classifications (1672, 1686, 1699, and 1682, respectively) in a tabular outline form and used brackets to relate and contrast their groups (essentially diagrams of relationships; figure). oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 tyrl, r. j. 78 flowers perfect; styles and stamens both present flowers solitary petals fused petals alike; as in campanula and convolvulus flowers petals different; as in aristolochia and viola petals free; as in brassica and alsine flowers in heads; as in calendula flowers imperfect; styles or stamens lacking figure a portion of the classification of john ray appearing on page 20 of volume 1 of his historia plantarum (1686), showing his groups and the brackets used to relate them. latin text of ray‟s groups translated and abbreviated. i must stress that these bracketed tables were not keys and their purpose was not identification, but rather classification. as voss notes, grew, however, did articulate the idea of using a dichotomous key to identify plants. an appendix to the second part of book four of his anatomy of plants (1682) is titled “being a method proposed, for the ready finding, by the leaf and flower, to what sort any plant belongeth.” in it, he describes how one might go about identifying an unknown plant and lists characteristics of the leaves and flowers that should be used in its identification. it was suggested that his title would be a catchy opening for this essay, and thus i have unabashedly used it. although carolus linnaeus, typically known as the father of taxonomy, apparently used clavis, the latin word meaning “key,” to describe these bracketed diagrams in his 1736 edition of bibliotheca botanica, the famous french naturalist and early proponent of the theory of evolution, jean baptiste de lamarck, is generally credited with the development and first publication of the strictly dichotomous keys specifically for identification purposes. he used them throughout his flore francoise published in 1778. francis arthur bather (1927; cited in voss 1952), in an address to the geological society of london, described the significance of lamarck‟s keys in biology by stating: a key is not a classification, but a method of analysis. the idea was first explicitly brought forward by lamarck at the very beginning of his career. having asserted that every species of french plant could be more readily determined by a purely arbitrary analytic key than by the linnean system with its mixture of supposed reality and ordered arbitrariness he was challenged to produce such a key, and this he did within twelve months… since the time of lamarck, keys have been an essential part of biological endeavor and used for the identification of all living systems. they are now an integral part of the literature of taxonomy, ecology, and indeed any discipline dependent upon plant identification, e.g., range management, wildlife biology, and conservation. keys for the identification of plant families, genera, and species typically are incorporated in floristic treatments known as floras or manuals. these oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 tyrl, r. j. 79 works are designed to facilitate identification of the plants in an area and generally comprise the keys, descriptions of the morphology of each taxonomic group, and abbreviated comments about each group‟s distribution, ecology, flowering time, and taxonomic relationships. please remember that the word “flora” also is used as a collective noun for all of the plants in an area, i.e., the botanical equivalent of fauna. nature of a key—but what is a key? it is simply a device that presents its user (you) with a progressive series of choices between pairs of alternative, generally mutually exclusive features. for example, you might be asked to examine your unknown plant and to decide whether it is a tree or an herb. selection of the applicable alternative character state leads you to other pairs of alternative character states, e.g., petals yellow or petals white or leaves simple or leaves compound, and ultimately to the unknown plant‟s scientific name. using a key is thus analogous to following a forking path with each fork forming a “y”. to reach the proper destination, i.e., identification of the unknown plant, you must take the correct path (choose the applicable character state) at each fork. i liken a key to a victorian maze with its numerous forking paths among screens of boxwood or hazel. correct choices made at each fork lead one to the center or exit. for example, a key to five oklahoma species might read as follows: 1. plants trees. 2. leaves opposite; venation palmate. fruits double samaras. ..................................... acer rubrum (red maple) 2. leaves alternate; venation pinnate. fruits nuts partially enclosed in involucral caps (acorn). ............................................................................................ quercus stellata (post oak) 1. plants herbs. 3. inflorescences umbels. leaves alternate. corollas rotate. ovaries inferior. ................................................................... polytaenia nuttallii (prairie parsley) 3. inflorescences panicles or racemes or spikes. leaves opposite. corollas bilabiate. ovaries superior. 4. stems square. inflorescences spikes. fruits nutlets. .......................................... prunella vulgaris (heal-all) 4. stems terete. inflorescences panicles or racemes. fruits capsules. .............................................................. penstemon oklahomensis (oklahoma beardstongue) the pair of alternative features at each fork is termed a couplet, and the alternatives of a single couplet are called leads or legs. to facilitate use of the key, the couplets typically are successively indented to the right, with both leads of a single couplet equally indented and generally numbered. after observing the unknown plant‟s features, you commence keying at couplet 1 by reading both leads and making a decision as to which lead applies. after one of the two leads has been selected, you proceed to the first indented couplet immediately under it. the couplets under the non-selected lead are disregarded because the features listed aren‟t those of your unknown plant. you continue reading the leads of successive couplets, observing the plant‟s features, and making choices until a scientific name is reached. thus, using the key above, if you observe that your unknown plant is an herb with terete stems, opposite leaves, panicles, bilabiate corollas, superior ovaries, and capsules, you identify it as _?_ (see the last paragraph of this essay to check your identification). i have to admit that a glossary of taxonomic terms is indeed handy to have available when you first begin keying. technical descriptive terms–the bane of beginners–are essential to ensure accuracy and brevity. however, the more you use a key, the more familiar the terms will become, and your reliance on the glossary will quickly decline. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 tyrl, r. j. 80 types of keys—the key presented above is an indented key, so named because each successive couplet is indented to the right. in contrast, a bracketed key has couplets that are not indented but rather you are directed to the appropriate succeeding couplet via a number at the right-hand margin. the leads of each couplet are always together. use of a bracketed key is the same as for an indented key and involves observing the plant‟s features, reading both leads, and making a choice. a bracketed key to the same five species appears below. 1. plants trees. .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 1. plants herbs. .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 2. leaves opposite; venation palmate. fruits double samaras. ........................................... acer rubrum (red maple) 2. leaves alternate; venation pinnate. fruits nuts partially enclosed in involucral caps (acorn). ................................................................................. quercus stellata (post oak) 3. inflorescences umbels. leaves alternate. corollas rotate. ovaries inferior. .................................................................................................... polytaenia nuttallii (prairie parsley) 3. inflorescences panicles or racemes or spikes. leaves opposite. corollas bilabiate. ovaries superior. ......................................................................................................................... 4 4. stems square. inflorescences spikes. fruits nutlets. ........................................................ prunella vulgaris (heal-all) 4. stems terete. inflorescences panicles or racemes. fruits capsules. .......................................................................... penstemon oklahomensis (oklahoma beardstongue) thus if you observe that your unknown plant is an herb with alternate leaves, umbels, rotate corollas, and inferior ovaries, you will identify it as _?_ (see the last paragraph of this essay to check your identification). as is obvious, the bracketed key saves considerable space because the couplets are not indented to the right with the lines of text getting shorter. however, using it is timeconsuming. every couplet must be read in order, it is harder to locate succeeding couplets, and it is harder to retrace one‟s previous decisions. in an indented key, you quickly skip the couplets that are not applicable and have a better overview of what decisions you have made previously. as you become familiar with more plants and see their names in the couplets, you develop a sense of whether you are on the “right” path in identifying your unknown plant. branching by repeatedly forking into pairs of mutually exclusive leads (choices), indented and bracketed keys are termed dichotomous keys (from the greek dicho meaning “in two” or “split”). choosing between only two character states is perhaps an innate part of the human intellect. we tend to like true and false questions, we cheer the teams of the superbowl, and we label movies good or bad. we therefore feel comfortable using dichotomous keys. however, taxonomic keys written in the 1800s and early 1900s were not always strictly dichotomous. some authors occasionally included trichotomous, tetrachotomous, and even pentachotomous couplets. as you might expect, the third, fourth, and fifth alternatives might easily be overlooked thus leading to errors in identification of the unknown plant. fortunately, the dichotomous key has become the standard. indented and bracketed keys are also known as single-entry or single-access keys in that they have a single starting point – the character or characters of couplet 1. there is just one route or sequence of characters leading to the identification of an unknown plant. if one or more characters appearing in the couplets of the key are not available to the user, identification of an unknown plant becomes more difficult and sometimes impossible. an alternative to the dichotomous key is the multiple-entry or multiple-access key. also known as a polyclave or polyclave key, the multiple-entry key, as its name suggests, allows the user to select the oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 tyrl, r. j. 81 characters used to identify an unknown plant from a character set that describes the plants of an area or taxonomic group such as family or genus. initially, these character sets were tables or charts with plant names forming a matrix with a list of many different character states. the names of species not possessing the features of the unknown plant at hand were crossed out until only one name remained. a polyclave key to the five species previously appearing in the indented and bracketed keys is given below. penstemon oklahomensis prunella vulgaris acer rubrum polytaenia nuttallii quercus stellata plants trees + + plants herbs + + + stems terete + + + + stems square + leaves opposite + + + leaves alternate + + venation palmate + venation pinnate + + + + inflorescences umbels + inflorescences panicles + inflorescences racemes + + inflorescences spikes + corollas rotate + corollas bilabiate + + ovaries superior + + + ovaries inferior + + fruits double samaras + fruits nuts + fruits nutlets + fruits capsules + if you observe that your unknown plant is an herb with square stems, opposite leaves, spikes, bilabiate corollas, superior ovaries, and nutlets; you will identify it as _?_ (again, see the last sentence of this essay to check your identification). as you will note, your unknown plant can be identified by a single character. as you oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 tyrl, r. j. 82 might expect, however, identification by inspection in a polyclave key becomes harder as the number of species and the number of characters increase. in reality, seldom will a single character state be sufficient to identify an unknown. thus, the process of progressive elimination was subsequently simplified by the use of cards with “windows” inserted at various points or their edges punched or notched to reflect different characters and character states. each card represented a single species. the cards were stacked (in any order) and then retained or eliminated depending upon the character state appearing in the “window” or punched/notched edge until a single card remained and identification was thus accomplished (hansen and rahn 1969; jones and luchsinger 1986). although polyclave keys appeared as early as the 1930s, it was not until the 1960s that they became widely used (morse 1971). in the late 1960s and early 1970s, taxonomists began to use computer-punched cards in place of the window or notched-edge cards (pankhurst 1974). the advent of computers and the ability to incorporate and manipulate a plethora of characters, character states, and species greatly expanded the use of polyclave keys and today all use computer algorithms (simpson 2006). two approaches are employed in these computer-assisted keys. one is essentially a computerized version of the punch card system with species being eliminated by their incorrect character states when compared to the unknown plant. the second is slightly different in that it employs probabilities or likelihood ratios to indicate the species that have been eliminated and those likely to match the unknown (jones and luchsinger 1986). successful use of a key—although a taxonomic key looks intimidating at first, its use is quite easy. for individuals who have not used one before, the following suggestions are offered. when attempting to identify an unknown plant, you should use, whenever possible, the keys appearing in a flora written specifically for your area or state. examples of such books are george goodman‟s (1958) spring flora of central oklahoma and keys and descriptions for the vascular plants of oklahoma (tyrl et al. 2010). the latter is a precursor to the flora of oklahoma which is being written by a consortium of state botanists. if a local flora is not available, a regional (flora of the great plains 1986) or continental (flora of north america north of mexico 1993+) treatment can be used. remember my earlier statement about being able to go anywhere in the world and if a key is available, unknown plants can be identified? keys are available for just about everywhere! before beginning to key, spend a few moments becoming familiar with your unknown plant. look at characters such as those cited in the keys given above. dissect a flower or two. you will find that keying is typically faster and easier if you have many of the plant‟s features already in mind. always read both leads of a couplet and, if necessary, again observe the plant carefully before making a decision as to which lead best describes your unknown plant. although the first lead of a couplet may be applicable, the second may be better. sometimes the leads of a single couplet will be separated by numerous other couplets. use the numbers at the beginning of the leads to locate them. be sure that you read each lead carefully and fully understand it. in the indented and bracketed keys given above, note that the different characters in the leads are separated by periods; whereas, semicolons are used to separate different states of one character, and commas are used for clarity. in other keys, semicolons are used to separate characters, and commas are used to separate character states. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 tyrl, r. j. 83 be sure that you understand the meanings of the terms used in each couplet. use a glossary; most manuals have one. be as careful and accurate as possible in making your observations. use a magnifying lens to observe (and discover the beauty of) smaller features of the plant‟s surfaces, flowers, and fruits. use a ruler to measure widths and lengths accurately; don‟t estimate. sometimes the difference between two species is just a few millimeters. whenever possible, do not base your selection of a lead on a single observation. always try to examine more than one leaf or flower or fruit or surface. remember that plants are living systems and as such sometimes vary in their features. for example, one flower may have four petals whereas all the others have five, or a normally alternate-leaved plant may have an occasional node with opposite leaves. when the name of a family, genus, or species is reached in the key, you should compare the features of the unknown plant with the group‟s morphological description in a manual and, if available, a botanical illustration. if they match, identification is accomplished. if they don‟t match, you should reexamine the features of the unknown plant and begin keying again. be sure to, again, carefully read both leads of each couplet before selecting one. you undoubtedly will, at some point, encounter a couplet for which the selection of a lead is tenuous. when this happens, you should follow both leads and their following couplets. when you arrive at your two “answers,” read the descriptions of both groups in order to determine which best describes your unknown plant. often, the key will “tell you” whether you have selected the appropriate lead. if the subsequent couplets pose leads that are totally inapplicable to your unknown, it is likely that you have chosen the wrong lead and you need to return to the original couplet and take the other lead. you also will likely encounter a couplet that cites a character that your unknown plant does not have, e.g., fruits or roots. just ignore it and rely on the other characters listed in the couplet, or again follow both leads as described above. satisfaction—as i stated at the beginning of this essay, i find it most satisfying to be able to say to an unknown plant, “i now know who you are!” i hope that someday you will have that same feeling of satisfaction. with respect to possibly your first keying experiences, were you successful in identifying the three unknown plants? based on the characters listed (your observations), the first unknown plant you keyed was penstemon oklahomensis, a species endemic to the state that flowers from april to june and is characteristic of the mid to late stages of plant succession in prairies. the second unknown plant was polytaenia nuttallii, a member of the apiaceae or carrot family, and typically is encountered as scattered plants or small populations in dark loamy or clay soils of oklahoma‟s prairies. the third unknown plant was prunella vulgaris, a member of the lamiaceae or mint family, and generally encountered as individual plants or small populations in the moist soils of partially shaded forests or woods throughout the eastern half of the state. best wishes for your future keying experiences! acknowledgements—i thank sheila strawn, paula shryock, and an anonymous reviewer for their assistance in the preparation of this essay. literature cited bather, f. a. 1927. biological classification: past and future. quarterly journal of the geological society of london 83:lxii–civ. (in “the anniversary address of the oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 tyrl, r. j. 84 president,” proceedings of the geological society). flora of north america editorial committee, eds. 1993+. flora of north america north of mexico. 16+ volumes. oxford university press, new york. goodman, g. j. 1958. spring flora of central oklahoma. university of oklahoma duplicating service, norman, ok. great plains flora association. 1986. flora of the great plains. university press of kansas, lawrence, ks. grew, n. 1682. the anatomy of plants with an idea of a philosophical history of plants, and several other lectures, read before the royal society. printed by w. rawlins for the author, london (electronic resource– early english books online; accessed 1 july 2010). hansen, b. and k. rahn. 1969. determination of angiosperm families by means of a punched-card system. dansk botanisk arkiv 26:1-46. jones, s. b. jr. and a. e. luchsinger. 1986. plant systematics. 2nd edition. mcgrawhill, new york. lamarck, j. b. de. 1778. flore francoise; ou, description succinte de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en france disposée selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse, &, à laquelle on a joint la citation de leurs vertus les moins équivoques en médecine, & de leur utilité dans les arts. 3 volumes. de l’imprimerie royale, paris. lawrence, g. h. m. 1951. taxonomy of vascular plants. macmillan, new york. linnaeus, c. 1736. bibliotheca botanica recensens libros plus mille de plantis huc usque editos, secundum systema auctorum naturale in classes, ordines, genera & species dispositos, additis editionis loco, tempore, forma, lingua & c. cum explicatione fundamentorum botanicorum pars prima. salomonem schouten, amsterdam, the netherlands. morison, r. 1672. plantarum umbelliferarum dfistributio nova, per tabulas cognationis et affinitatis ex libro naturae observata & detecta. e. sheldonian theater, oxford, england (electronic resource–early english books online; accessed 1 july 2010). morse, l. e. 1971. specimen identification and key construction with time-sharing computers. taxon 20:269-282. pankhurst, r. j. 1974. automated identification in systematics. taxon 23:4551. ray, j. 1686. historia plantarum species hactenus editas aliasque insuper multas noviter inventas & descriptas complectens : in qua agitur primò de plantis in genere, earumque partibus, accidentibus & differentiis : deinde genera omnia tum summa tum subalterna ad species usque infimas, notis suis certis & characteristicis definita, methodo naturæ vestigiis insistente disponuntur : species singulæ accurate describuntur, obscura illustrantur, omissa supplentur, superflua resecantur, synonyma necessaria adjiciuntur : vires denique & usus recepti compendiò traduntur. volume. 1. h. faithorne & j. kersey, london. rivinus, a. q. 1699. introductio generalis in rem herbariam: ordo plantarum quæ sunt flore irregulari pentapetalo. printed by c. günther, leipzig, germany. simpson, m. g. 2006. plant systematics. elsevier academic press, amsterdam, the netherlands. stuessy, t. 1990. plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data. columbia university press, new york. tyrl, r. j., s. c. barber, p. buck, w. j. elisens, j. r. estes, p. folley, l. k. magrath, c. l. murray, a. k. ryburn, b. a. smith, c. e. s. taylor, r. a. thompson, j. b. walker, and l. e. watson. 2010. keys and description for the vascular plants of oklahoma. flora oklahoma inc., noble, ok. voss, e. g. 1952. the history of keys and phylogenetic trees in systematic biology. journal of the scientific laboratories, denison university 43:1-25. 2021 oklahoma native plant record oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 21, december 2021 samantha coplen 10.22488/okstate.22.100004 cold stratification of salvia azur ea var. gr an diflor a benth. (lamiaceae) seeds to break dormancy samantha coplen department of biology university of central oklahoma edmond, ok 73032 scoplen@uco.edu keywords: g ermination, pitcher sag e abstract seed dormancy and its maintenance rely on a range of environmental signals and cues such as light, temperature, soil ph, and moisture. a significant contributor to the cycle of dormancy and germination is temperature. salvia azurea var. grandiflora benth. is an oklahoma native perennial that produces blue flowers with one seed per flower. seeds were collected from four sites in oklahoma and cleveland counties, ok, and randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: no cold stratification, 3-week cold stratification, and 6-week cold stratification. seeds were monitored daily, and seed germination date was recorded for analysis. survival analysis indicated there was a significant correlation between the amount of time in a cold stratification environment and number of seeds that germinated. seeds in the 6-week cold stratification treatment group exhibited increased germination compared to the other two treatment groups. introduction environmental temperature and climate variability are dominant influences for many species’ life-history traits (bernareggi et al. 2016; fernandez-pascual 2019). plant reproductive phases, such as seed germination and seedling establishment and survival, are more sensitive to variation in climatic conditions (bernareggi et al. 2016; nonogaki 2017) than other phases of the plant life cycle. seed dormancy is an adaptation that allows for persistence of a population during seed dispersal or impact by climatic conditions, including temperature extremes and drought (baskin and baskin 2001; messick and hoagland 2018). this mechanism is dominated by an intricate balance between the phytohormones gibberellins and abscisic acid (footitt et al. 2014; nonogaki 2014; hradilova et al. 2019). balance continues to be maintained through cohorts of genes that regulate the hormones’ perception, sensitivity and metabolism through the use of complex signaling pathways necessary for seed dormancy and the control of germination (footitt et al. 2014; nonogaki 2017; tudela-isanta et al. 2017; fernandezpascual 2019). cold affects dormancy levels and cycling by affecting levels of abscisic acid and making environmental temperature an important signal for numerous plant species (footit et al. 2014; nonogaki 2014), and has been studied in molecular detail in relation to dormancy induction and cycling control by hormones. warmer temperatures (above 15°c) are generally related to lower levels of dormancy (footit et al. 2014), whereas cooler temperatures (10-15°c) induce higher dormancy levels in seeds and are correlated with strongly enhanced abscisic acid levels. mailto:scoplen@uco.edu 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 samantha coplen seeds may exhibit physiological dormancy, physical dormancy, or a combination of both (baskin and baskin 2001). the most observed type of dormancy, physiological dormancy, is regulated mainly by the relative levels of hormones that either inhibit or promote germination. it produces seeds with distinct and valuable advantages. physiological dormancy ensures germination will not occur in an adverse climatic environment, although short periods of favorable conditions may present themselves (carreracastano et al. 2020). it also provides for maximum dispersal of seeds, which decreases competition between the parent plant and offspring (baskin and baskin 2001; carrera-castano et al. 2020). physiologically dormant seeds also exhibit dormancy cycling, which is the alleviation and re-induction of dormancy (baskin and baskin 2001; long et al. 2015) in response to changing environmental signals and cues. physical dormancy is when a seed coat is impermeable to water and gases needed for germination. physically dormant seeds are unable to exhibit dormancy cycling because the change in seed coat permeability cannot be reversed (baskin and baskin 2001; long et al. 2015). salvia azurea var. grandiflora benth. (pitcher sage), a member of the lamiaceae (mint family), is a native perennial with a distribution range from the eastern u.s. to new mexico and colorado (figure 1). figure 1 salvia azurea var. grandiflora distribution range in the united states. oklahoma native plant record 55 volume 21, december 2021 samantha coplen it reaches 50-150 cm in height with leaves averaging 3-7 cm long and 1-2.5 cm wide (mcgregor et al. 1986). salvia azurea var. grandiflora produces blue flowers (occasionally white), from july through october (mcgregor et al. 1986), with one seed per flower. it is an important resource for generalist pollinators, including monarch butterflies (figure 2), which use s. azurea var grandiflora as a nectar source during their fall migration (xerces society for invertebrate conservation 2021). one specialist bee, tetraloniella cressoniana (blue sage bee), has coevolved with s. azurea var. grandiflora and depends on the nectar of s. azurea var. grandiflora as its sole source of nutrition (laberge 2001; schuette 2016). understanding the seed germination requirements of s. azurea var. grandiflora is important to study because the data have the potential to contribute to our knowledge of climate change and its effect on environmental temperature and the cycle of dormancy. the goal of this study was to determine the relative length of cold stratification required to produce an increased rate of germination for s. azurea var. grandiflora. my null hypothesis was that cold stratification would have no effect on germination probability. figure 2 salvia azurea var. grandiflora in northwestern oklahoma with monarchs nectar feeding. photo credit: amy buthod 2018, oklahoma biological survey, norman, ok. 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 samantha coplen methods salvia azurea var. grandiflora seeds were collected from four sites (figure 3; table 1) located using the oklahoma vascular plant database (ovpd; hoagland et al. 2021). a total of 270 seeds were obtained from among these sites, with the number of plants from each site varying dependent upon availability. then seeds were pooled and randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: no cold stratification (no cold), three weeks of cold stratification at 4°c (3-week cold), and six weeks of cold stratification at 4°c (6-week cold). each treatment consisted of three replicates each having 30 seeds per petri dish for a total of 90 seeds per treatment. the seeds were placed in standard (90 mm x 15 mm) petri dishes containing a thin layer of vermiculite and moistened with deionized water. this helped to maintain consistent moisture levels and aided in controlling potential mold growth. the no cold treatment group was placed on a lab bench at room temperature under lights set for 12 hours on and 12 hours off. the 6-week cold treatment group was placed in a standard refrigerator for the stratification period. three weeks into this stratification period, the 3-week treatment group was placed in the same cold stratification environment. table 1. latitude and longitude of sample sites. collection site latitude longitude mitch park 35.65085 -97.47227 myriad gardens 35.46651 -97.5145 john saxon park 35.18675 -97.39542 sutton wilderness 35.20141 -97.43688 figure 3 collection sites in oklahoma and cleveland counties, ok. oklahoma native plant record 57 volume 21, december 2021 samantha coplen prior to cold stratification, only the no cold treatment group was exposed to light, but because the seeds were covered with vermiculite, there might have been little exposure. upon removal from cold stratification, all three treatment groups received 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark. moisture levels of all the treatment groups were monitored every day to ensure continued proper moisture maintenance and seeds were lightly misted as needed. observations of each treatment group were made at that time and any germination was recorded. seeds were considered to have germinated upon emergence of the radicle from the seed. all three treatment groups were observed every day for six weeks to allow for latent germination of seeds that still appeared to be dormant. germinated seeds were carefully removed, transplanted, and allowed to grow. data analysis consisted of survival analysis, as this test is a powerful methodology for analyzing seed germination (mcnair et al. 2012; manso et al. 2013; messick and hoagland 2018; sancheztoledano et al. 2018). although initially intended to estimate the survival of patients in medical studies, survival analysis can be applied to seed germination studies, as it effectively estimates the failure rate of the seed to survive as a seed (mcnair et al. 2012; manso et al. 2013; messick and hoagland 2018; sanchez-toledano et al. 2018). in other words, it estimates the probability that a seed will not germinate. the probability of not germinating can then be converted to the probability of germinating by simply subtracting the probability estimate of not germinating from one (messick and hoagland 2018; romano and stevanato 2020). survival analysis consists of kaplanmeier survival curve estimation which is then compared using the semiparametric cox proportional hazards (ph) model. the cox ph model estimates the proportional hazard for germination to not occur. as most, if not all, seed germination data involving cold stratification treatments violate the proportional hazard ratio assumption, a stratified cox ph model is run instead (mcnair et al. 2012; messick and hoagland 2018; romano and stevanato 2020), where the data are then split into their respective cold stratification treatments and the stratified model is run to compare treatments and a hazard ratio is obtained (mcnair et al. 2012). a hazard ratio of 1.00 indicates there is an equal probability of germination between treatments, while a hazard ratio greater than 1.00 indicates the first treatment in the comparison has that many times greater probability of germinating (mcnair et al. 2012; messick and hoagland 2018). survival analysis was run using the survival package (v. 2.44-1.1; therneau 2019) in r version 3.6.1 (r core team 2019). kaplan-meier survival estimates were calculated and converted into germination curves. a stratified cox ph model was then run to obtain the hazard ratios between treatments. additionally, we tested for potential “tray effects” between each petri dish within a treatment by adding frailty to the stratified cox ph models (mcnair et al. 2012; messick and hoagland 2018). results in the no cold treatment, no seeds germinated, and all 90 seeds exhibited continued dormancy for the duration of the study. relative to the other two treatment groups, the additional light to which this group was exposed did not promote germination as all seeds in the no cold stratification group-maintained dormancy. the 3-week cold treatment had a total of 14 seeds (15.5%) that germinated, while the 6-week cold treatment had a total of 54 (60%) germination events. the kaplanmeier survival estimates (figure 4) showed increased germination probability for the 3-week and 6-week cold, with the 6-week 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 samantha coplen cold having the highest probability of germination. the converted kaplan-meier estimates are presented as germination curves in figure 5. the stratified cox ph model results, comparing the 3-week cold to the no cold were not significant, indicating there was no difference in the likelihood of germination within the allotted time interval between these two treatments, even though germination events did not occur in the no cold treatment. the stratified cox ph models indicated that 6-week cold was 3.4 times more likely (as indicated by the hazard ratio of 3.4; p-value < 0.001) than the 3 week cold to germinate within that given time interval. this indicated that there was a significant correlation between length of time exposed to a cold stratification treatment and the probability of germination to occur. frailty analysis results also showed a significant difference between cold stratification treatments (p-value < 0.001) but no significant effect (p-value = 1.00) on germination with regards to petri dish designation. figure 4 kaplan-meier survival time (as a seed) estimates by stratification treatment with 95% confidence intervals. oklahoma native plant record 59 volume 21, december 2021 samantha coplen discussion and conclusions salvia azurea var. grandiflora seeds germinated in larger numbers after a 6-week cold stratification period compared to the other treatments indicating that a period of cold stratification is necessary to obtain higher germination. the 6-week cold stratification treatment group responded to induced environmental cues in accordance with natural environmental cues it would receive outdoors in oklahoma, its native cold-stratification environment. from approximately december to february (6-10 weeks), the average temperature in central oklahoma ranges from 4.2°c to 5.1°c (oklahoma climatological survey 2021), which correlates to the length of time and temperature stratification implemented in this study. i reject my null hypothesis that cold stratification would have no effect on germination. seed dormancy is a remarkable evolutionary adaptation to help promote species continuation and survival. the ability of a species to persist temporally and spatially, particularly throughout unfavorable climatic conditions, helps to ensure their continuation. climate change figure 5 germination curves by stratification treatment, calculated as one minus the kaplanmeier estimate. no cold treatment not shown, as zero seeds germinated. 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 samantha coplen can have an immense influence on plant regeneration, seed dormancy and cycling, survival, and diversity, changing natural biological ecosystems throughout our planet (chhettri and rawal 2017). germination defines the intricate, high-risk transition phase between seed, radicle emergence and seedling establishment, during which environmental temperatures strongly influence germination success (chhetri and rawal 2017; hradilova et al. 2019). climate change can alter environmental signals including temperature, soil moisture and composition, radiation and humidity that may prevent, hinder or enhance the release of dormancy and implementation of the germination process (bernareggie et al. 2016; chhettri and rawal 2017). this could in turn present a risk to species fecundity (reproductive success). specialist pollinators such as tetraloniella cressoniana (blue sage bee), that have evolved to inhabit a single niche in the local ecosystem and rely on one species of flora for survival could be adversely affected by an alteration in the natural seed dormancy and release cycle. this could result in a seed germination phenological shift which would ultimately affect species continuation, composition and diversity (footitt et al. 2014; bernareggi et al. 2016; chhetri and rawal 2017). a phenological shift in seed germination could alter flowering time (mo et al. 2017) which could adversely affect monarch butterflies in their annual migration, as they rely on numerous flower sources for nectar feeding during that time. as climate change reshapes our global environment, the ability of plant species to persist will depend on their seeds' ability to adapt to continuing environmental fluctuation in local and global temperature. literature cited baskin, c.c. and j.m. baskin. 2001. seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. san diego (ca): academic press. bernareggi, g., m. carbognani, a. mondoni, and a. petraglia. 2016. seed dormancy and germination changes of snowbed species under climate warming: the role of preand postdispersal temperatures. annals of botany 118:529-539. carrera-castaño g., j. calleja-cabrera, m. pernas, l. gómez, 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https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103543 schuette, b. 2016. the conservation significance of prairie remnants in missouri. north american prairie conference proceedings 4. https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/napc/4 therneau, t.m. 2019. r package survival v. 2.44-1.1. https://cran.rproject.org/package=survival tudela-isanta, m., e. fernández-pascual, m. wijayasinghe, s. orsenigo, g. rossi, h.w. pritchard, and a. mondoni. 2017. habitat-related seed germination traits in alpine habitats. ecology and evolution 8:150-161. xerces society for invertebrate conservation. 2021. http://xerces.org (5 january 2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00233 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00524 https://climate.ok.gov/ https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050617 https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103543 https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/napc/4 http://xerces.org/ journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 6, number 1, december 2006 oklahoma native plant record 69 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 vascular flora of a riparian site on the canadian river, cleveland county, oklahoma lacy burgess bruce w. hoagland department of geography oklahoma biological survey university of oklahoma and department of geography norman, ok 73019 university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 e-mail: bhoagland@ou.edu this article reports the results of an inventory of the vascular plants from a riparian site in central oklahoma. one hundred and sixty-three species of vascular plants in 131 genera and 45 families were collected. the most species were collected from the families asteraceae (32) and poaceae (26). fifty-eight species were annuals, 97 perennials, and 8 biennials. eight species of woody plants were present. twenty-nine species, or 18% of the flora, were exotic to oklahoma. no species listed as threatened or endangered by the u.s. fish and wildlife service nor those tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were encountered. introduction although north america has a long history of botanical inventory, exotic species are often under-represented in herbarium collections. herbarium collections typically document the native flora of an area. many botanists have historically shown little interest in collecting “weeds” or non-native species. thus it is difficult to determine the arrival and establishment of exotic and invasive species (cronk and fuller, 2001). the same is true of highly disturbed areas which have historically been under-collected by botanists due to higher concentrations of non-native species (planty-tabacchi et al., 1996). in recent years such habitats have become of interest, particularly in europe, because they harbor a greater occurrence and abundance of exotic species (ferreira and moreira, 1995; kowarik, 1995). the objective of this study is to inventory the flora of a riparian area that has been heavily impacted by natural and anthropogenic disturbances on the canadian river. natural disturbances consist of flooding and channel migration, which often destroy extant vegetation. anthropogenic disturbances at the site include the abandoned city of norman municipal landfill (nml) and sand and gravel removal for an adjacent asphalt plant. the nml now serves as a national test site for united states geological survey (usgs) studies of water pollution associated with landfills. the plant species list resulting from this project will serve as a baseline for usgs researchers and their cooperators working at the nml. study area the study area occupies 254 hectares on the canadian river in cleveland county, oklahoma (35° 16’n, 95° 44’w). the site has been heavily disturbed by a variety of land uses (figure), including the nml, which was burgess & hoagland https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100047 70 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 active from 1922 until 1985 (curtis and whitney, 2003). active sand excavation occurs in the southern portion of the study area. in addition, the canadian river is used for recreational purposes by the citizens of norman. past agricultural uses include hay fields and livestock grazing. the dynamics of the canadian river has also affected plant species composition. the canadian river is a braided stream that often ceases to flow during summer months. discharge on the canadian river averages 310.16 m³/second (tortorelli, 1999). a significant flood event in 1987 pushed the river channel approximately 500m south to the present location. other major floods were recorded in 1941, 1948, and 1986 (curtis and whitney, 2003). climate of the study area is semi-arid continental. the hottest month is july, with an average temperature of 27.8oc, and the coldest is january, with an average temperature 2.4oc (oklahoma climate survey 2006). the growing season is six months long (bourlier et al., 1987). topography at the site consists of gently rolling, southwest sloping plains. the soils are quaternary alluvium on terrace deposits. two soil types are present, the gracemore silty clay loam and the gracemore loamy fine sand and/or clay loams, both of the gracemore-gracemont association (bourlier et al., 1987). both soils are frequently flooded, moderately alkaline, and calcareous. underlying the alluvium is a low permeability unit of shale and mudstone (eganhouse, et al., 1999). materials and methods voucher specimens were collected from 1m2 plots placed at 23m intervals along a transect and from random sites throughout the study area. collections were made at twoweek intervals from april through november 2005. vouchers for species exotic to north america were made from naturalized populations only, thus excluding cultivated and ornamental plants. specimens were processed at the robert bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma (okl) following standard procedures. manuals used for specimen identification included waterfall (1969) and diggs et al. (1999). origin, either native or introduced, was determined by using usda-nrcs (2006). nomenclature follows the us department of agriculture-natural resources conservation service (usdanrcs, 2006). voucher specimens were deposited at okl. result and discussion one hundred sixty-three species of vascular plants in 45 families, and 131 genera were collected (appendix, table). the asteraceae (32), poaceae (26), fabaceae (11), and cyperaceae (10), had the greatest number of species. fifty-eight species of annuals, eight biennials, and 97 perennials were collected. eight species of woody plants were collected, five of which were primarily represented by young saplings. no federally listed threatened or endangered species, or species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory, were encountered during this study. carduus nutans (asteraceae) and rhynchospora nivea (cyperaceae) were records for cleveland county (hoagland et al., 2006). twenty-nine species (18%) from 14 families were introduced. the family with the greatest number of introduced species was poaceae (11). sixteen of the introduced species were annuals or biennial and 13 were perennials. the percentage of exotic species at this site exceeds those reported in recent floristic studies in oklahoma, which range from 9-13 percent of the flora (hoagland and johnson, 2001, 2004a, 2004b; hoagland and buthod, 2003, 2004; hoagland and wallick, 2003; hoagland, et al., 2004; hoagland, et al., burgess & hoagland 71 burgess & hoagland 2004). given the small size of the flora, exotic species richness would be expected to have a disproportional effect. this is likely augmented by the disturbance history of the site. two habitat types predominated at the study site. wetland and aquatic vegetation included the canadian river channel and small ephemeral wetlands. common species included amorpha fruticosa, andropogon glomeratus, eleocharis obtusa, juncus torreyi, salix exigua, s. nigra, schoenoplectus americanus, tamarix gallica, and typha latifolia. disturbed areas and old-fields were sites heavily impacted by the human activities described above. these areas were generally represented by fewer species, many of which were introduced. common species in this habitat included ambrosia trifida, amphiachyris dracunculoides, convolvulus arvensis, cyperus esculentus, bromus tectorum, helianthus maximiliani, torilis arvensis, and verbesina encelioides. acknowledgments we thank jennifer larsen and christy batterson for field assistance. references bourlier, b.g, g.a. sample, b.g. swafford, and g. douthit. 1987. soil survey of cleveland county, oklahoma. united states department of agriculture, soil conservation service. cronk, q.c.b., and j.l.fuller. 2001. plant invaders: the threat to natural ecosystems. earthscan publications ltd. sterling, virginia, usa. curtis j.a. and j.w. whitney. 2003. geomorphic and hydrologic assessment of erosion hazards at the norman municipal landfill, canadian river floodplain, central oklahoma. environment and engineering geoscience. 9:241-257 diggs, g.m, bl.lipscomb, and r.j. o’kennon. 1999. shinners and mahler’s illustrated flora of north central texas. botanical research institute of texas, fort worth, texas. eganhouse, r.p., i.m. cozzarelli, m.a. scholl, and l.l. matthews. 1999. evidence for natural attenuation of volatile compounds in the leachate plume of a municipal landfill near norman, oklahoma. in us geological survey toxic substances hydrology programproceedings of the technical meeting charleston, south carolina march 812, 1999. water–resources investigations report 99-4018c. ferreira , m.t. and i.s. moreira. 1995. the invasive component of a river flora under the influence of mediterranean agricultural systems. in plant invasions-general aspects and special problems. editors p. pysek,k. prach, m. rejmanek, and m. wade. spb academic publishing, amsterdam, the netherlands. p. 85103. hoagland, b.w. and a.k. buthod. 2003. vascular flora of the keystone wildlife management area, creek, pawnee, and osage counties, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record. 3:23-37. hoagland, b.w. and a.k. buthod. 2004. vascular flora of hugo lake wildlife management area, choctaw county, oklahoma. southeast naturalist. 3:701-714. hoagland, b.w. and f.l. johnson. 2001. vascular flora of the chickasaw national recreation area, murray county, oklahoma. castanea 66:383400. oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 72 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 burgess & hoagland hoagland, b.w. and f.l. johnson. 2004a. vascular flora of chouteau wildlife management area, wagoner county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record. 4:30-39. hoagland, b.w. and f.l. johnson. 2004b. vascular flora of love valley wildlife management area, love county, oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science. 83:47-62. hoagland, b.w. and f.l. johnson. 2004c. vascular flora of red slough and grassy slough wildlife management areas, gulf coastal plain, mccurtain county, oklahoma. castanea. 69:284-296. hoagland, b.w. and k. wallick. 2003. vascular flora of oologah wildlife management area in nowata county, oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science. 83:47-62. hoagland, b.w., a.k. buthod, and w. elisens. 2004. vascular flora of washita battlefield national historic site, roger mills county, oklahoma. sida. 21:1187-1197. hoagland, b.w., p. crawford-callahan, p. crawford, and f.l. johnson. 2004. vascular flora of hackberry flat, frederick lake, and suttle creek, tillman county, oklahoma. sida. 21:429-445. hoagland, b.w., a.k. buthod, i. butler, p. callahan-crawford, w. elisens, a. udasi and r. tyrl. 2006. oklahoma vascular plants database. [online]. available: http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu. (accessed on 1 march 2006). kowarik, i. 1995. on the role of alien species in urban flora and vegetation. in plant invasions-general aspects and specia problems. editors p. pysek, k. prach, m. rejmanek, and m. wade. spb academic publishing, amsterdam, the netherlands. p. 85103. oklahoma climatological survey. 2006. oklahoma climatological data [online]. available from http://www.ocs.ou.edu/. (accessed on 1 february 2006). palmer, m.w., g.l. wade, and p. neal. 1995. standards for the writing of floras. bioscience 45:339-345. planty-tabacchi, a.m., e. tabacchi, r.j. naiman, c. deferrari, and h. decamps. 1996. invasibility of species rich communities in riparian zones. conservation biology 10: 598-607. pysek, p. and k. prach. 1993. plant invasions and the role of riparian habitats: a comparison of four species alien to central europe. journal of biogeography 20: 413-420. pysek, p. 1995. on the terminology used in plant invasion studies. in plant invasions-general aspects and special problems. editors p. pysek, k. prach, m. rejmanek, and m. wade. spb academic publishing, amsterdam, the netherlands. p. 7181. tortorelli, r. l. 1999. statistical summaries of streamflow in oklahoma through 1999. http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024025/ (accessed 5-27-2006) usda, nrcs. 2006. the plants database (http://plants.usda.gov, 28 june 2006). national plant data center, baton rouge, la 70874-4490 usa. waterfall, u.t. 1969. keys to the flora of oklahoma. published by the author. 73oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 burgess & hoagland table summary of floristic collections made in cleveland county, oklahoma.* taxonomic group species native spp. exotic spp. equisetophyta 2 2 0 coniferophyta 1 1 0 magnoliophyta 160 131 29 magnoliopsida 116 100 16 liliopsida 44 31 13 total 163 134 29 * table format follows palmer et al. (1995). 74 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 burgess & hoagland figure location of norman landfill site, cleveland county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 75 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 burgess & hoagland appendix annotated species list for a riparian site on the canadian river in cleveland county, oklahoma. the first entry indicates life history (a = annual, b = biennial, p = perennial), followed by habitat (wetl = wetland and aquatic vegetation, daof = disturbed areas and old-field vegetation), and collection number. exotic species are denoted with an asterisk. voucher specimens were deposited at the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma (okl). coniferophyta cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. (eastern red cedar): p, daof, #152 equisetophyta equisetaceae equisetum hyemale l. var. affine (engelm) a.a. eat. (scouringrush horsetail): p, wetl, #15 equisetum laevigatum a. braun (smooth horsetail): p, wetl, #16 magnoliophyta magnoliopsida anacardiaceae rhus glabra l. (smooth sumac): p, daof, #149 toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze (poison ivy): p, daof, not collected# apiaceae cicuta maculata l. (spotted water hemlock): b, wetl, #150 torilis arvensis (huds.) link* (hedge parsley): a, daof, #85 asteraceae achillea millefolium l.* (common yarrow): p, daof, #50 ambrosia psilostachya d.c. (western ragweed): p, daof, #86 ambrosia trifida l. (giant ragweed): a, daof, lost# amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. (prairie broomweed): a, daof, #131 aphanostephus skirrhobasis dc. (lazy daisy): a, daof, #51 carduus nutans l.* (nodding plumeless thistle): b, daof, #154 chrysopsis pilosa nutt. (soft goldenaster): a, daof, #1 conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. (horseweed): a, daof, #132 coreopsis tinctoria nutt. (plains coreopsis): p, daof, #133 croptilon divaricatum (nutt.) raf. (slender scratchdaisy): a, daof, #134 dracopis amplexicaulis (vahl) cass. (clasping coneflower): a, daof, #158 eclipta prostrata (l.) l. (false daisy): p, wetl, #53 erigeron annuus (l.) pers. (daisy fleabane): a, daof, #90 erigeron philadelphicus l. (philadelphia fleabane): p, daof, #2 eupatorium serotinum michx. (lateflowering thoroughwort): p, daof, #135 euthamia gymnospermoides greene (texas goldentop): p, wetl, #195 helianthus hirsutus raf. (hairy sunflower): p, daof, #138 helianthus maximiliani schrad. (maximilian sunflower): p, daof, #139 helianthus petiolaris nutt. (prairie sunflower): a, daof, #4 heterotheca canescens (dc.) shinners. (hoary false goldenaster): p, daof, #116 heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britt. & rusby (camphorweed): a, daof, #56 iva annua l. (annual marshelder): a, daof, #141 lactuca canadensis l. (canada lettuce): b, daof, #5 76 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 pluchea odorata l. cass (purple camphorweed): p, daof, #91 rudbeckia hirta l. (blackeyed susan): p, daof, #57 rudbeckia grandiflora (d. don) j.f. gmel. ex d.c. (blackeyed susan): p, daof, #142 solidago gigantea ait. (giant goldenrod): p, daof, #143 sonchus asper (l.) hill *(spiny sowthistle): a, daof, #158 symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) nesom var. ericoides (white heath aster): p, daof, #196 thelesperma filifolium (hook.) gray var. filifolium (stiff greenthread): p, daof, #145 verbesina encelioides (cav.) benth. & hook. f. ex gray (golden crownbeard): a, daof, #199 xanthium strumarium l. (rough cocklebur): a, daof, #146 amaranthaceae amaranthus cruentuss l. (slim amaranth): a, daof, #44 apiaceae cicuta maculata l. (spotted water hemlock): b, wetl, #117 conium maculatum l.* (poison hemlock): b, wetl, #45 torilis nodosa (l.) gaetrn.* (knotted hedgeparsley): a, daof, #148 apocynaceae apocynum cannabinum l. (indianhemp): p, wetl, #47 asclepiadaceae asclepias viridis walt. (green antelopehorn): p, daof, #49 asclepias arenaria torr. (sand milkweed): p, daof, #118 bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex. bureau (trumpet creeper): p, daof, #52 catalpa bignonioides walt. (southern catalpa): p, wetl/daof, #6 boraginaceae heliotropium convolvulaceum (nutt.) gray (phlox heliotrope): a, daof, #119 brassicaceae lepidium virginicum l. (virginia pepperweed): a, wetl, #60 rorippa sessiliflora (nutt.) a.s. hitchc. (stalkless yellowcress): a, daof/wetl, #7 rorippa palustris (l.) bess. (bog yellowcress): a, wetl, #120 campanulaceae triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. (clasping venus’ looking-glass): a, daof, #8 caryophyllaceae arenaria serpyllifolia l.* (thymeleaf sandwort): a, daof, #10 chenopodiaceae chenopodium ambrosioides l.* (mexican tea): a, wetl, #9 convolvulaceae convolvulus arvensis l.* (field bindweed): p, daof, #11 euphorbiaceae chamaesyce missurica (raf.) shinners (prairie sandmat): a, daof, #156 cnidoscolus texanus (muell.-arg) small (bull nettle): p, daof, #157 euphorbia marginata pursh (snow on the mountain): a, daof, #159 fabaceae amorpha fruticosa l. (false indigo): p, wetl, # 95 chamaecrista fasciculata (michx) greene var. fasciculata, (partridge pea): p, daof, #96 desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macm. ex. b.l. robins & fern. (illinois bundleflower): p, daof, #97 desmodium ciliare (muhl ex willd.) dc. (hairy small-leaf ticktrefoil): p, daof, #191 burgess & hoagland burgess & hoagland indigofera miniata ortega (coastal indigo): p, daof/wetl, #123 lathyrus hirsutus l.* (caley pea): a, daof, # 66 lespedeza stuevei nutt.(tall lespedeza): p, daof, #192 medicago lupulina l. (black medick): p, daof, #193 melilotus officialis (l.) lam. (yellow sweet clover): b, daof, #99 strophostyles helvola (l.) elliott (trailing fuzzybean): a, wetl./daof, #160 vicia villosa roth* (winter vetch): b, daof, #162 gentianaceae eustoma exaltatum (l.) salisb. ex g. don ssp. russellianum (hook.) kartesz (showy prairie gentian): p, daof, #144 sabatia campestris nutt. (prairie rose): a, daof/wetl, #100 lamiaceae lamium amplexicaule l.* (henbit deadnettle): a, daof, #20 lycopus americanus muhl. ex w. bart. (american water horehound): p, wetl, #163 teucrium canadense l. (american germander): p, daof, #165 lythraceae ammannia coccinea rottb. (valley redstem): a, wetl, #87 lythrum alatum pursh (winged lythrum): p, daof/wetl, #126 rotala ramosior (l.) koehne (lowland rotala): a, wetl, #70 malvaceae callirhoe involucrata (torr. & gray) gray (purple poppymallow): p, daof, #22 mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macm. (heartleaf four o'clock): p, daof, #101 onagraceae gaura coccinea nutt. ex pursh (scarlet beeblossom): p, daof, #23 gaura mollis james (velvetweed): p, daof, #24 gaura villosa torr. (woolly beeblossom): p, daof/wetl, #127 ludwigia peploides (kunth) raven (floating primrose-willow): p, wetl, #193 oenothera laciniata hill (cutleaf eveningprimrose): a, daof, #37 oenothera biennis l. (common eveningprimrose): b, daof/wetl, #84 oxalidaceae oxalis stricta l. (common yellow oxalis): p, daof, # 72 papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey (crested pricklypoppy): a, daof, #161 plantaginaceae plantago patagonica jacq. (woolly plantain): a, daof, #25 polygonaceae polygonum hydropiperoides michx. (swamp smartweed): p, wetl, #75 polygonum lapathifolium l. (curlytop knotweed): a, wetl, #194 polygonum ramosissimum michx. (bushy knotweed): a, wetl, #102 rumex crispus l.* (curly dock): p, wetl, #76 primulaceae samolus valerandi l. ssp. parviflorus (raf.) hulten (seaside brookweed): p, wetl, #78 ranunculaceae clematis terniflora dc.* (sweet autumn virginsbower): p, daof, #79 ranunculus sceleratus l. var. sceleratus (cursed buttercup): p, wetl, #80 rubiaceae galium aparine l. (stickywilly): a, daof, #129 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 77 78 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 burgess & hoagland sherardia arvensis l.* (blue fieldmadder): a, daof, #39 salicaceae populus deltoides bart. ex marsh. (eastern cottonwood): p, wetl, #175 salix exigua nutt. (sandbar willow): p, wetl, #176 salix nigra marsh (black willow): p, wetl, #177 scrophulariaceae agalinis heterophylla (nutt.) small ex. britt. (prairie false foxglove): a, daof/wetl, #178 agalinis aspera (dougl. ex. benth.) britt. (tall false foxglove): a, daof/wetl, #179 castilleja indivisa engelm.(indian paintbrush): a, daof, #111 leucospora multifida (michx.) nutt. (narrowleaf paleseed): a, daof, #88 veronica anagallis-aquatica l. (water speedwell): p, wetl, #40 veronica peregrina l. (neckweed): a, wetl, #180 solananceae datura wrightii regel (sacred thorn-apple): p, daof, #182 physalis angulata l. (cutleaf ground cherry): a, wetl/daof, #183 physalis heterophylla nees (clammy groundcherry): p, daof, #184 solanum elaeagnifolium cav. (silverleaf nightshade): p, wetl, #185 solanum physalifolium rusby (hoe nightshade): a, daof, #186 solanum rostratum dunal (buffalobur nightshade): a, daof, #187 tamariaceae tamarix gallica l.* (salt cedar): p, wetl/daof, #114 valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. (beaked cornsalad): a, daof, #42 verbenaceae phyla lanceolata (michx.)greene (lanceleaf frogfruit): p, wetl, #83 phyla nodiflora (l.) greene (turkey tangle frogfruit): p, wetl, #82 verbena stricta vent. (hoary verbena): p, daof, #189 vitaceae vitis cinerea (engelm.).engelm ex. millard (sweet grape): p, daof, #190 liliopsida commelinaceae commelina virginica l. (virginia dayflower): p, daof, #151 cyperaceae carex festucacea schkuhr ex willd. (fescue sedge): p, wetl, #62 cyperus esculentus l.* (yellownutsedge): p, wetl, #12 cyperus odoratus l. (fragrant flatsedge): a, wetl, #153 cyperus squarrosus l. (bearded flatsedge): a, wetl, #54 cyperus strigosus l. (strawcolored flatsedge): p, wetl, #174 eleocharis obtusa (willd.) j.a. schultes (blunt spikerush): p, wetl, #13 fuirena simplex vahl (western umbrella-sedge): p, wetl, #14 schoenoplectus americanus (pers.) volk. ex. schinz & keller (chairmaker’s bulrush): p, wetl, #155 schoenoplectus maritimus (l.) lye (cosmopolitan bulrush): p, wetl, #122 rhynchospora nivea boeckl. (showy whitetop): p, wetl, #112 burgess & hoagland iridaceae sisyrinchium angustifolium p. mill. (narrowleaf blue-eyed grass): p, daof, #18 juncaceae juncus acuminatus michx. (tapertip rush): p, wetl, #67 juncus biflorus ell. (bog rush): p, wetl, #195 juncus marginatus rostk. (grassleaf rush): p, wetl, #124 juncus torreyi coville (torrey’s rush): p, wetl, #19 lilaceae ornithogalum umbellatum l.* (star of bethleham): p, daof, #21 poaceae andropogon ternarius michx. (splitbeard bluestem): p, daof, #170 andropogon glomeratus (walt.) b.s.p. (bushy bluestem): p, wetl, #164 aristida oligantha michx. (prairie threeawn) : a, daof, # 174 bromus catharticus vahl* (rescuegrass) : a, daof, # 89 bromus japonicus thunb. ex murr.* (japanese brome): a, daof, #26 bromus tectorum l.* (cheatgrass): a, daof, #27 cenchrus spinifex cav. (coastal sandbur): a, daof/wetl, #166 cynodon dactylon (l.) pers.* (bermuda grass): p, daof, #105 dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. fasciculatum (torr.) freckmann (western panicgrass): p, daof, #174 digitaria cognata (j.a. schultes) pilger (fall witchgrass): p, daof, #125 echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv.* (barnyardgrass): a, daof/wetl, #28 elymus canadensis l. (canada wildrye): p, daof, #168 elymus virginicus l. (virginia wildrye): p, daof, #29 festuca brevipila tracey* (hard fescue): p, daof, #169 hordeum pusillum nutt. (little barley): a, wetl/daof, #30 koeleria macrantha (ledeb.) j.a. schultes (prairie junegrass): p, daof/ wetl, #31 leptochloa fusca (l.) kunth ssp. fascicularis (lam. ) snow (bearded sprangletop): p, daof/wetl, #32 lolium perenne l. ssp. multiflorum (lam.) husnot* (italian ryegrass): p, daof, #33 panicum virgatum l. (switchgrass): p, wetl/daof, #35 phragmites australis (cav.) trin. ex. steudel* (common reed): p, wetl, #171 polypogon monspeliensis (l.) desf.* (rabbitsfoot grass): a, wetl, #36 saccharum ravennae (l.) l.* (ravenna grass): p, wetl, #172 schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash var. scoparium (little bluestem): p, daof, #173 setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguèlen (marsh bristlegrass): p, wetl, #109 sorghum halepense (l.) pers.* (johnson grass): p, daof, #110 sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) gray (sand dropseed): p, daof, #128 typhaceae typha domingensis pers. (southern cattail)): p, wetl, #188 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 79 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 34 the vascular flora of hale scout reservation leflore county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland amy k. buthod oklahoma biological survey oklahoma biological survey and department of geography university of oklahoma university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 norman, ok 73019 e-mail: bhoagland@ou.edu keywords: diversity, endemic, inventory, ouachita mountains abstract the hale scout reservation is located in the ouachita mountains of southeastern oklahoma, a region of high plant diversity in the state. a vascular plant inventory yielded 463 species of vascular plants in 288 genera and 99 families. the largest families were the asteraceae (with 65 species) and poaceae (56). the flora consisted of 120 annuals, 1 biennial, and 342 perennials. forty-two non-native species were collected, representing 8.8% of the flora. sixteen species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were present: amorpha ouachitensis (s1), aristolochia serpentaria (s1), baptisia nuttalliana (s2), brachyelytrum erectum (s1), brasenia schreberi (s1), carex ouachitana (s1), chionanthus virginicus (s2), clematis crispa (s1), didiplis diandra (s1s2), galium arkansanum (s2), houstonia ouachitana (s1), juncus repens (s1), modiola caroliniana (s2), monotropa hypopithys (s1), muhlenbergia bushii (s1), and ribes cynosbati (s2) (oklahoma natural heritage inventory, 2010). introduction the ouachita mountains are a region of high species richness and habitat diversity within the interior highlands of the united states (zollner et al. 2005). the first botanist to visit the oklahoma ouachita mountains was thomas nuttall during his expedition from fort smith to the kiamichi river in 1819. since then, the unique nature of the ouachita mountain flora has continued to attract botanists. in april 1913, almost a century after nuttall, g. w. stevens visited the ouachitas and collected 350 plant specimens (hoagland et al. 2010). drawing upon botanical records from the region, zollner et al. (2005) compiled a list of 31 vascular plant species endemic to the ouachita mountains. nineteen of these occur in oklahoma. in addition, several state rare plant species tracked by the hoagland, b. & buthod, a. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100075 oklahoma natural heritage inventory (onhi; 2010) occur in the ouachitas. despite a long history of botanical collecting in the ouachita uplift, only three floristic lists from the oklahoma ouachitas have been published: smith et al. (1997), crandall and tyrl (2006), and hoagland and buthod (2009). smith et al. (1997) inventoried the vascular flora of the mccurtain county wilderness area located 66 km southeast of our study site in the beavers bend hills sub-region of the ouachitas. fifty-one km west of our study area in pushmataha county, crandall and tyrl (2006) inventoried the vascular plants of oklahoma department of wildlife conservation‟s pushmataha wildlife management area. hoagland and buthod (2009) inventoried the nature conservancy‟s cucumber creek nature preserve 31 km east in leflore county. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 35 the objective of this study was to inventory the vascular plants of the hale scout reservation. the resulting list will be used as an educational tool at the camp and will enhance the knowledge of plant distributions in the ouachita mountains. study area the hale scout reservation (hsr) is located in the ouachita mountains of leflore county, oklahoma (34.736 o latitude, 94.888 o longitude). it is a 192.4 hectare (= 475.4 acre) inholding within the ouachita national forest and has been operated by the boy scouts of america since 1961 (boy scouts of america 2010). elevation at the site ranges from 251 m to 457 m. the site is drained by bohannon creek, which bisects hsr from north to south, and is impounded by 7.7 hectare bohannon lake. the climate is subtropical humid (cf) (trewartha 1968). summers are warm and humid (mean july temperature = 26.9 o c; 80 o f) and winters are relatively short and mild (mean january temperature = 2.7 o c; 37 o f). mean annual precipitation is 122 cm; 48 in., with the highest monthly precipitation occurring in april (13 cm; 5.1 in.) and may (15 cm; 5.9 in., oklahoma climatological survey 2010). the hsr is located in the ridge and valley belt of the ouachita mountain physiographic province of southeastern oklahoma (curtis and ham 1979). the region is characterized by broadly folded mississippian and pennsylvanian sandstones (branson and johnson 1979). soils on the floodplain of bohannon creek belong to kenn-ceda complex, which occurs on slopes of 0-2% and are occasionally flooded (abernathy et al. 1983). the surface layer is dark brown in color and ranges from 18 – 20 cm (7.1-7.9 in.) in depth. the upland soils belong to the carnasaw-caston complex and the carnasaw-octavia complex. the carnasaw-caston complex consists of two units, one on slopes of 4%15%, the other on slopes of 15%-35%. these soils are well-drained, with a surface layer of brown stony loam approximately 7.6 cm (3 in.). the carnasaw-octavia complex occupies slopes of 35% 50% and is well-drained, dark grayish brown, and varies from sandy loam to stony loam. methods plant collections were made opportunistically throughout the study area from june 2006 through october 2007. the predominant vegetation associations of hsr were classified according to hoagland (2000). vouchers for exotic species were made from naturalized populations only, thus excluding cultivated and ornamental plants. specimens were processed at the robert bebb herbarium (okl) at the university of oklahoma following standard procedures. manuals used for specimen identification included waterfall (1973), smith (1994), and yatskievych (1999). origin, either native or introduced to north america, was determined using the united states department of agriculture-natural resources conservation service (2010). nomenclature and systematics also follow the usda-nrcs (2010). voucher specimens were deposited at the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma. results and discussion a total of 463 vascular plant species in 288 genera and 99 families were collected at hsr, including seven species of ferns (1.5% of the flora), one gymnosperm (0.22%), 333 dicots (72%), and 123 monocots (26.5%) (table, appendix). the asteraceae and poaceae had the greatest numbers of species, with 65 and 56, respectively. the largest genus was carex with 14 species (3%). there were 120 annuals (25.9%), 1 biennial, and 343 perennials (73.9%). oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 36 ninety-four species (27.6%) were trees (49 species), shrubs (31), or woody vines (14). forty-two species (8.8%) were non-native to north america. sixteen species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2007) were encountered: amorpha ouachitensis (g3qs1), aristolochia serpentaria (g4s1), baptisia nuttalliana (g5s2), brachyelytrum erectum (g5s1), brasenia schreberi (g5s1), carex ouachitana (g4s1), chionanthus virginicus (g5s2), clematis crispa (g5s1), didiplis diandra (g5s1), galium arkansanum (g5s2), houstonia ouachitana (g3s1), juncus repens (g5s1), modiola caroliniana (g5s2), monotropa hypopithys (g5s1), muhlenbergia bushii (g5s1), and ribes cynosbati (g5s2). species are ranked according to level of imperilment at the state (s) and global (g) levels on a scale of 1 through 5, where 1 represents a species that is critically imperiled and 5 one that is secure (groves et al. 1995). galium arkansanum and houstonia ouachitana are endemic species of the ouachita mountains (zollner et al. 2005). the hsr flora consists of more species than the cucumber creek nature preserve (with 341 species), mccurtain county wilderness area (359), and pushmataha wildlife management area (447), which is interesting since these sites are larger than the hsr; cucumber creek nature preserve = 1,333 ha, mccurtain county wilderness area = 5,701 ha, and pushmataha wildlife management area = 7,690 ha. as expected, there are numerous species that occur in both the hsr flora and the other sites; hsr shares 236 shared species with the pushmataha wildlife management area and 178 with cucumber creek nature preserve. smith et al (1997) did not include a species list, so comparison with hsr flora was not possible. land use and the number of non-native species might account for the greater number of species at hsr. in the case of cucumber creek, the site has very little development and consists primarily of second growth, closed canopy forests. of the three sites, the pushmataha wma has the most development for hunting and recreation. the mccurtain county wilderness area could be characterized as intermediate. the hsr, however, is heavily developed to maximize potential as a scouting venue. this is reflected in its number of non-native species (42 species), which is greater than that from the cucumber creek nature preserve (16), the mccurtain county wilderness (21), and the pushmataha wildlife management area (31). four vegetation associations were identified at hsr. dry upland forests were the most prevalent natural vegetation type, followed by the extensive area that suffers from anthropogenic disturbance. although bohannon lake occupies a small percentage of the total area at hsr, it supported numerous wetland and aquatic plant species. descriptions of all vegetation categories follow. 1. pinus echinata – quercus rubra – quercus falcata forest association (peqrf) this was the predominant upland forest type, but in some locales, p. echinata was absent. in these situations, q. velutina was the co-dominant. canopy cover was closed for the most part, but small patches of open woodland did exist. associated species included antennaria plantaginifolia, carya texana, clitoria mariana, helianthus hirsutus, hypericum hypericoides, scutellaria ovata, tephrosia virginiana, vaccinium arboreum, and v. pallidum. aristolochia serpentaria and baptisia nuttalliana are species tracked by onhi that were found in this habitat type. 2. acer saccharum – quercus alba – carya alba forest association (asqa) this forest association occurred on low and north-facing slopes. pinus echinata and other xeric tree species were often canopy components, but not dominants. quercus rubra and nyssa sylvatica were locally oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 37 abundant. associated species included agrimonia rostellata, asclepias quadrifolia, frangula caroliniana, fraxinus americana, geum canadense, morus rubra, nyssa sylvatica, ostrya virginiana, phlox pilosa ssp. ozarkana, podophyllum peltatum, polystichum acrostichoides, and zizia aurea. brachyelytrum erectum, carex ouachitana, chionanthus virginicus, clematis crispa, galium arkansanum, houstonia ouachitana, modiola caroliniana, monotropa hypopithys, muhlenbergia bushii, and ribes cynosbati are species tracked by onhi found in this habitat. 3. wetland (wetl) wetland vegetation was restricted to bohannon lake and consisted of emergent and floating leaf vegetation. emergent vegetation occurred along the banks of the lake and consisted of species such as amorpha fruticosa, carex crinita, cornus obliqua, eleocharis quadrangulata, hydrolea ovata, juncus effusus, polygonum lapathifolium, sagittaria platyphylla, and steinchisma hians. the predominant species of floating leaf vegetation were brasenia schreberi and nuphar lutea. associated species included elodea canadensis, nymphaea odorata, myriophyllum heterophyllum, polygonum hydropiperoides, potamogeton nodosus, and spirodela polyrrhiza. species tracked by onhi in this habitat were brasenia schreberi, didiplis diandra, and juncus repens. 4. disturbed areas and old fields (daof) locations, including mown lawns, campsites, roadsides, or sites exhibiting signs of physical disruption, were designated as disturbed areas. common plants in disturbed areas included ambrosia bidentata, andropogon virginicus, conyza canadensis, cynodon dactylon, digitaria sanguinalis, lespedeza cuneata, kummerowia stipulacea, rhus glabra, sorghum halepense, and trifolium dubium. modiola caroliniana is a species tracked by onhi found in this habitat. acknowledgments we thank priscilla crawford for field assistance. literature cited abernathy, e. j., k. m. olszewski, and r. peters. 1983. soil survey of leflore county. united states department of agriculture, washington, dc. branson, c. c. and k. s. johnson. 1979. generalized geologic map of oklahoma. in: johnson k. s., et al., editors. geology and earth resources of oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey, norman, ok. boy scouts of america. 2010. camp tom hale scout reservation. (halescoutreservation.org). crandall, r. m. and r. j. tyrl. 2006. vascular flora of the pushmataha wildlife management area, pushmataha county, oklahoma. castanea 71:65-79. curtis, n. m. and w. e. ham. 1979. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: johnson, k. s., et al., eds. geology and earth resources of oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey, norman, ok. groves, c. r., m. l. klein, and t. f. breden. 1995. natural heritage programs: public-private partnerships for biodiversity conservation. wildlife society bulletin 23:784-790. hoagland, b. w. 2000. the vegetation of oklahoma: a classification of landscape mapping and conservation planning. southwestern naturalist 45:385-420. hoagland, b. w. and a. k. buthod. 2009. the vascular flora of the cucumber creek nature preserve, leflore county, oklahoma. castanea 74:78-87. hoagland b. w., a. k. buthod, p. callahancrawford, w. elisens, and r. tyrl. 2010. oklahoma vascular plants database. (www.biosurvey.ou.edu). university of oklahoma, norman, ok. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 38 oklahoma climatological survey. 2010. oklahoma climatological data. (www.ocs.ou.edu/). university of oklahoma, norman, ok. oklahoma natural heritage inventory (onhi). 2010. oklahoma natural heritage inventory working list of rare oklahoma plants. (www.biosurvey.ou.edu/publicat.html). university of oklahoma, norman, ok. palmer, m. w., g. l. wade, and p. neal. 1995. standards for the writing of floras. bioscience 45:339-345. smith, b. a., r. j. tyrl, and r. e. masters. 1997. floristic inventory of the mccurtain county wilderness area, oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 77:99-102. smith, e. b. 1994. keys to the flora of arkansas. university of arkansas press, fayetteville, ar. trewartha, g. t. 1968. an introduction to climate. mcgraw-hill, new york. usda-nrcs. 2010. the plants database. (plants.usda.gov/plants). national plant data center, baton rouge, la. waterfall, u. t. 1973. keys to the flora of oklahoma. published by the author, stillwater, ok. yatsievych, g. 1999. steyermark’s flora of missouri, vol. 1, rev. ed. missouri department of conservation in cooperation with the missouri botanical garden press. st. louis, mo. zollner, d., m. h. macroberts, b. r. macroberts, and d. ladd. 2005. endemic vascular plants of the interior highlands, u.s.a. sida 21:1781-1791. table summary of floristic collections from hsr in the ouachita mountains, leflore county, oklahoma * taxonomic group species native exotic pteridophyta 7 7 0 coniferophyta 1 1 0 magnoliophyta magnoliopsida 332 304 28 liliopsida 123 109 14 total 463 421 42 * table format follows palmer et al. (1995). oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 39 appendix annotated species list for the hale scout reservation, leflore county, oklahoma. nomenclature and systematics also follows the usda-nrcs (2010). the first entry indicates habitat (asqa=acer saccharum – quercus alba – carya alba forest association, daof = disturbed areas and old fields, peqr = pinus echinata – quercus rubra – quercus falcata forest association, wetl = wetland and riparian). habitat designation is followed by life history (a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial), and collection number. species not native to north america are noted with an asterisk (*) and species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory with a symbol (+). voucher specimens were deposited at the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma (okl). pteridophyta aspleniaceae asplenium platyneuron (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. – peqr; p; cth464 dennstaedtiaceae pteridium aquilinum (l.) kuhn – daof, peqrf; p; cth511 dryopteridaceae onoclea sensibilis l. – wetl; p; cth027 polystichum acrostichoides (michx.) schott – asqa, peqr; cth321 woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. – asqa; p; cth475 polypodiaceae pleopeltis polypodioides (l.) andrews & windham – peqr; p; cth109 pteridaceae pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link – peqr; p; cth071 coniferophyta pinaceae pinus echinata p. mill. – asqa, peqr; p; cth520 magnoliophyta magnoliopsida acanthaceae justicia americana (l.) vahl – wetl; p; cth062 ruellia humilis nutt. – daof; p; cth022 aceraceae acer rubrum l. – asqa, peqr; p; cth441 acer saccharum marsh. – asqa, peqrf; p; cth337 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 40 anacardiaceae rhus aromatica aiton – daof, peqr; p; cth070 rhus copallinum l. – daof; p; cth223 rhus glabra l. – daof; p; cth060 toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze – asqa, daof, peqrf, wetl; p; cth543 apiaceae ammoselinum butleri (engelm. ex s. wats.) coult. & rose – daof; a; cth409 chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. – daof; a; cth478 cicuta maculata l. – wetl; p; cth028 eryngium prostratum nutt. ex dc. – wetl; p; cth163 eryngium yuccifolium michx. – peqr ;p; cth078 ptilimnium capillaceum (michx.) raf. – daof; a; cth370 sanicula canadensis l. – asqa; p; cth054 spermolepis inermis (nutt. ex dc.) mathias & constance – daof; a; cth085 taenidia integerrima (l.) drude – peqr; p; cth535 *torilis arvensis (huds.) link – daof; a; cth091 zizia aurea (l.) w.d.j. koch – asqa; p; cth434 apocynaceae amsonia tabernaemontana walter – asqa; p; cth445 trachelospermum difforme (walter) a. gray – wetl; p; cth136 aquifoliaceae ilex decidua walter – asqa, wetl; p; cth224 aristolochiaceae +aristolochia serpentaria l. – peqr; p; cth466 asclepiadaceae asclepias quadrifolia jacq. – asqa; p; cth487 asclepias tuberosa l. – daof; p; cth053 asclepias variegata l. – asqa, peqr; p; cth512 asclepias verticillata l. – daof; p; cth440 asteraceae achillea millefolium l. – daof; p; cth067 ambrosia bidentata michx. – daof; a; cth263 ambrosia psilostachya dc. – daof, peqr; p; cth318 antennaria plantaginifolia (l.) richardson – asqa, peqr; p; cth411 arnoglossum plantagineum raf. – peqr; p; cth079 astranthium integrifolium (michx.) nutt. – daofa; a; cth465 baccharis halimifolia l. – wetl; p; cth348 bidens aristosa (michx.) britt. – wetl; a; cth335 bidens discoidea (torr. & a. gray) britt. – wetl; a; cth272 boltonia diffusa ell. – wetl; p; cth186 brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners – daof; p; cth336 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 41 chrysopsis pilosa nutt. – daof; a; cth153 cirsium carolinianum (walter) fern. & schub. – daof, peqr; p; cth019 *cirsium vulgare (savi) ten. – daof; a; cth246 conoclinium coelestinum (l.) dc. – wetl; p; cth226 conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. – daof; a; cth214 coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet – daof, peqr; p; cth527 coreopsis palmata nutt. – peqr; p; cth016 coreopsis tinctoria nutt. – daof, wetl; a; cth069 echinacea pallida (nutt.) nutt. – peqr; p; cth304 eclipta prostrata (l.) l. – wetl; a; cth309 elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. – asqa; p; cth236 elephantopus tomentosus l. – asqa; p; cth252 erechtites hieraciifolia (l.) raf. ex dc. – asqa, peqr; a; cth284 erigeron pulchellus michx. – daof; p; cth450 erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. – asqa; a; cth017 erigeron tenuis torr. & a. gray – daof; p; cth432 eupatorium capillifolium (lam.) small – daof; p; cth317 eupatorium serotinum michx. – daof, wetl; p; cth267 eurybia hemispherica (alexander) nesom – asqa: p; cth280 *facelis retusa (lam.) schultz-bip. – daof; a; cth493 gamochaeta falcata (lam.) cabrera – daof; p; cth048 gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera – daof; a; cth442 helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock – daof; a; cth004 helianthus hirsutus raf. – peqr; p; cth105 helianthus tuberosus l. – daof; p; cth380 hieracium gronovii l. – peqr; p; cth437 krigia dandelion (l.) nutt. – asqa; p; cth486 krigia caespitosa (raf.) chambers – daof; a; cth303 lactuca canadensis l. – daof; a; cth198 liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. – daof, peqr; p; cth245 mikania scandens (l.) willd. – wetl; p; cth142 packera obovata (muhl. ex willd.) w. a. weber & a. love – aqsa; p; cth pityopsis graminifolia (michx.) nutt. – peqr; p; cth258 pluchea camphorata (l.) dc. – wetl;p; cth256 pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & burtt – daof; a; cth326 pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walter) dc. – daof; a; cth545 rudbeckia grandiflora (d. don) j.f. gmel. ex dc. – daof, peqr; p; cth322 rudbeckia hirta l. – daof; p; cth094 rudbeckia subtomentosa pursh – asqa: p; cth277 solidago hispida muhl. ex willd. – daof; p; cth530 solidago mollis bartlett – daof; p; cth529 solidago nemoralis aiton – peqr; p; cth531 solidago petiolaris aiton – asqa; p; cth333 solidago rugosa p. mill – daof; p; cth323 solidago ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. var. microphylla a. gray – asqa, peqr; p; cth160 *sonchus asper (l.) hill – daof; a; cth510 symphyotrichum anomalum (engelm.) nesom – asqa; p; cth025 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 42 symphyotrichum dumosum (l.) nesom var. dumosum – daof; p; cth360 symphyotrichum patens (aiton) nesom var. patens – asqa, peqr; p; cth285 *taraxacum officinale g. h. weber ex wiggers – daof; p; cth416 verbesina helianthoides michx. – asqa; p; cth039 vernonia baldwinii torr. – daof; p; cth266 vernonia fasciculata michx. – daof; p; cth195 vernonia lettermannii engelm. ex a. gray – wetl; p; cth148 balsaminaceae impatiens capensis meerb. – wetl; p; cth312 berberidaceae podophyllum peltatum l. – asqa; p; cth477 betulaceae carpinus caroliniana walter – asqa; p; cth445 corylus americana walter – asqa; p; cth056 ostrya virginiana (mill.) k. koch – asqa, peqr; p; cth077 bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau – daof, wetl; p; cth076 boraginaceae myosotis verna nutt. – asqa; a; cth459 brassicaceae arabis canadensis l. – peqr; b; cth046 *capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. – daof; a; cth397 *cardamine hirsuta l. – daof; a; cth415 cardamine parviflora l. var. arenicola (britton) o.e. schulz – asqa; a; cth410 draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & a. gray – daof; a; cth418 lepidium densiflorum schrad. – daof; a; cth434 lepidium virginicum l. – daof; a; cth170 *sisymbrium officinale (l.) scop. – daof; a; cth436 *thlaspi arvense l. – daof; a; cth479 buddlejaceae polypremum procumbens l. – daof; a; cth259 cabombaceae +brasenia schreberi j. f. gmel. – wetl; p; cth564 callitrichaceae callitriche heterophylla pursh – wetl; a; cth472 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 43 campanulaceae lobelia appendiculata a. dc. – daof; p; cth365 lobelia cardinalis l. – wetl; p; cth227 lobelia siphilitica l. – wetl: p; cth242 triodanis biflora (ruiz & pav.) greene – daof; a; cth305 caprifoliaceae viburnum rufidulum raf. – asqa, peqr; p; cth554 caryophyllaceae *cerastium glomeratum thuill. – daof; a; cth412 *cerastium pumilum w. curtis – daof; a; cth461 sagina decumbens (ell.) torr. & a. gray – daof; a; cth467 *scleranthus annuus l. – daof; a; cth458 silene virginica l. – asqa; p; cth481 *stellaria media (l.) vill. – daof; a; cth395 chenopodiaceae *chenopodium pumilio r. br. – daof; a; cth238 cistaceae lechea tenuifolia michx. – daof; p; cth001 clusiaceae hypericum drummondii (grev. & hook.) torr. & a. gray – daof; a; cth276 hypericum hypericoides (l.) crantz – asqa, peqr; p; cth216 hypericum mutilum l. – wetl; p; cth247 hypericum prolificum l. – asqa; p; cth253 hypericum punctatum lam. – daof; p; cth167 convolvulaceae dichondra carolinensis michx. – daof; p; cth093 ipomoea pandurata (l.) g. mey. – daof; p; cth089 cornaceae cornus florida l. – asqa; p; cth288 cornus obliqua raf. – wetl; p; cth037 nyssa sylvatica marsh. – asqa; p; cth201 cucurbitaceae melothria pendula l. – daof; p; cth313 cuscutaceae cuscuta cuspidata englem. – daof; a; cth319 cuscuta indecora choisy – daof; a; cth369 cuscuta pentagona engelm. – daof; a; cth183 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 44 ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. – daof, asqa, peqr; p; cth129 ericaceae vaccinium arboreum marsh. – peqr; p; cth110 vaccinium pallidum aiton – peqr; p; cth033 vaccinium stamineum l. – asqa; p; cth523 euphorbiaceae acalypha monococca (engelm. ex a. gray) lill. w. mill. & gandhi – daof; a; cth257 acalypha rhomboidea raf. – daof; a; cth050 chamaesyce nutans (lag.) small – daof; a; cth145 croton capitatus michx. – daof; a; cth173 croton glandulosus l. – daof; a; cth212 croton monanthogynus michx. – daof; a; cth158 croton willdenowii g. l. webster – daof; a; cth199 euphorbia corollata l. – daof; p; cth233 euphorbia longicruris scheele – daof; a; cth455 euphorbia spathulata lam. – daof; a; cth456 phyllanthus caroliniensis walter – daof; a; cth240 fabaceae amorpha canescens pursh – daof; p; cth561 +amorpha ouachitensis wilbur – wetl; p; cth522 apios americana medik. – wetl; p; cth562 baptisia bracteata muhl. ex ell. var. leucophaea (nutt.) kartesz & gandhi – daof, peqr; p; cth426 +baptisia nuttalliana small – peqr; p; cth528 cercis canadensis l. – asqa, peqr; p; cth442 chamaecrista nictitans (l.) moench – daof; a; cth133 clitoria mariana l. – peqr; p; cth152 crotalaria sagittalis l. – daof; p; cth302 dalea candida michx. ex willd. – daof; p; cth088 desmodium nuttallii (schindl.) schub. – asqa; p; cth354 galactia volubilis (l.) britt. – asqa: p; cth228 *kummerowia stipulacea (maxim.) makino – daof; a; cth064 *kummerowia striata (thunb.) schindl. – daof; a; cth208 lathyrus venosus muhl. ex willd. – daof; p; h; cth425 lespedeza capitata michx. – daof; p; cth283 *lespedeza cuneata (dum.-cours.) g. don – daof; p; cth220 lespedeza repens (l.) w. bart. – peqr; p; cth306 lespedeza violacea (l.) pers. – daof; p; cth265 lespedeza virginica (l.) britt. – daof, peqr; p; cth264 *medicago lupulina l. – daof; a; cth308 mimosa nuttallii (dc.) b. l. turner – daof; p; cth112 orbexilum pendunculatum (p. mill.) rydb. – daof; p; cth548 rhynchosia latifolia nutt. ex torr. & a. gray – daof, peqr; p; cth429 robinia pseudoacacia l. – daof; p; cth551 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 45 sesbania herbacea (p. mill.) mcvaugh – wetl; a; cth262 strophostyles leiosperma (torr. & a. gray) piper – daof; p; cth111 stylosanthes biflora (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. – daof; p; cth207 tephrosia virginiana (l.) pers. – peqr; p; cth035 *trifolium reflexum l. – daof; p; cth549 *trifolium repens l. – daof; p; cth029 vicia minutiflora f. g. dietr. – asqa; a; cth422 *vicia sativa l. – daof; a; cth430 fagaceae quercus alba l. – asqa, peqr; p; cth191 quercus falcata michx. – asqa, peqr; p; cth204 quercus marilandica münchh. – peqr; p; cth126 quercus nigra l. – asqa; p; cth490 quercus phellos l. – asqa; p; cth131 quercus rubra l. – asqa, peqr; p; cth331 quercus shumardii buckl. – asqa; p; cth332 quercus stellata wangenh. – asqa, peqr; p; cth292 quercus velutina lam. – asqa, peqr; p; cth451 geraniaceae geranium carolinianum l. – daof; a; cth435 grossulariaceae +ribes cynosbati l. – asqa; p; cth102 haloragaceae myriophyllum heterophyllum michx. – wetl; p; cth500 proserpinaca palustris l. – wetl; p; cth482 hamamelidaceae hamamelis vernalis sarg. – asqa; p; cth421 hamamelis virginiana l. – asqa; p; cth211 liquidambar styraciflua l. – asqa, wetl; p; cth128 hydrophyllaceae hydrolea ovata nutt. ex choisy – wetl; p; cth194 phacelia hirsuta nutt. – daof; a; cth454 juglandaceae carya alba (l.) nutt. ex ell. – asqa, peqr; p; cth443 carya cordiformis (wangenh.) k. koch – asqa; p; cth544 carya texana buckl. – asqa, peqr; p; cth351 lamiaceae hedeoma hispida pursh – daof; a; cth300 *lamium amplexicaule l. – daof; a; cth407 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 46 lycopus virginicus l. – wetl; p; cth018 monarda fistulosa l. – asqa, peqr; p; cth058 monarda russeliana nutt. ex sims – asqa; p; cth516 prunella vulgaris l. – asqa, daof; p; cth101 pycnanthemum albescens torr. & a. gray – peqr; p; cth196 pycnanthemum tenuifolium schrad. – daof, wetl; p; cth103 salvia azurea michx. ex lam. – daof; p; cth315 salvia lyrata l. – asqa, daof; p; cth106 scutellaria ovata hill – asqa; p; cth082 linaceae linum medium (planch.) britt. var. texanum (planch.) fernald – asqa; p; cth007 linum striatum walter – daof; a; cth552 lythraceae +didiplis diandra (nutt. ex dc.) wood – wetl; a; cth499 rotala ramosior (l.) koehne – wetl; a; cth175 malvaceae callirhoe pedata (nutt. ex hook.) a. gray – daof; p; cth298 +modiola caroliniana (l.) g. don – daof; a; cth462 sida spinosa l. – daof; a; cth161 menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. – daof; p; cth149 molluginaceae mollugo verticillata l. – daof; a; cth231 monotropaceae +monotropa hypopithys l. – asqa; p; cth084 moraceae morus rubra l. – asqa; p; cth169 nymphaeaceae nuphar lutea (l.) sm. – wetl; p; cth080 nymphaea odorata aiton – wetl; p; cth188 oleaceae +chionanthus virginicus l. – asqa; p; cth488 fraxinus americana l. – asqa; p; cth521 onagraceae ludwigia decurrens walter – wetl; p; cth139 ludwigia glandulosa walter – wetl; p; cth241 ludwigia palustris (l.) ell. – wetl; p; cth182 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 47 ludwigia peploides (kunth) p.h. raven – wetl; p; cth250 oenothera fruticosa l. – daof; a; cth372 oenothera laciniata hill – daof; a; cth492 oenothera linifolia nutt. – daof; a; cth073 oxalidaceae oxalis stricta l. – daof: p; cth104 oxalis violacea l. – peqr; p; cth314 passifloraceae passiflora lutea l. – asqa; p; cth065 phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. – daof; p; cth143 plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. – daof; a; cth068 plantago elongata pursh – daof; a; cth534 plantago pusilla nutt. – daof; a; cth457 plantago rhodosperma dcne. – daof; a; cth439 plantago virginica l. – daof; a; cth460 platanaceae platanus occidentalis l. – wetl; p; cth121 polemoniaceae phlox pilosa l. ssp. ozarkana (wherry) wherry – asqa; p; cth429 polygalaceae polygala alba nutt. – daof, peqr; p; cth098 polygonaceae polygonum hydropiperoides michx. – wetl; p; cth159 polygonum lapathifolium l. – wetl; a; cth138 polygonum punctatum ell. – wetl; a; cth340 polygonum scandens l. – wetl; p; cth268 *rumex crispus l. – daof, wetl; p; cth040 rumex hastatulus baldw. – daof; p; cth423 portulacaceae claytonia virginica l. – asqa, daof; p; cth400 portulaca oleracea l. – daof; a; cth180 ranunculaceae anemone caroliniana walter – asqa; p; cth413 +clematis crispa l. – asqa; p; cth447 clematis versicolor small ex rydb. – daof; p; cth023 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 48 ranunculus fascicularis muhl. ex bigelow – wetl; p; cth441 ranunculus hispidus michx. – wetl; p; cth408 ranunculus micranthus nutt. – wetl; p; cth451 *ranunculus parviflorus l. – wetl; a; cth020 ranunculus pusillus poir. – wetl; a; cth362 ranunculus recurvatus poir. – wetl; p; cth468 rhamnaceae berchemia scandens (hill) k. koch – asqa, daof; p; cth057 ceanothus americanus l. – peqr; p; cth044 ceanothus herbaceus raf. – daof, peqr; p; cth428 frangula caroliniana (walter) a. gray – asqa; p; cth118 rosaceae agrimonia rostellata wallr. – asqa; p; cth237 amelanchier arborea (michx. f.) fern. – peqr; p; cth123 crataegus crus-galli l. – peqr; p; cth538 crataegus marshallii egglest. – asqa: p; cth484 crataegus spathulata michx. – asqa, peqr; p; cth515 crataegus viridis l. – wetl; p; cth024 geum canadense jacq. – asqa, daof; p; cth563 gillenia stipulata (muhl. ex willd.) nutt. – asqa; p; cth514 potentilla simplex michx. – asqa, daof; p; cth452 prunus mexicana s. watson – asqa, peqr; p; cth444 prunus serotina ehrh. – asqa; p; cth287 rosa carolina l. – asqa, daof; p; cth524 rubus allegheniensis porter – daof; p; cth553 rubus ostryafolius rydb. – daof; p; cth032 rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. – wetl; p; cth150 *cruciata pedemontana (bellardi) ehrend. – daof; a; cth496 diodia teres walter – daof: a; cth219 diodia virginiana l. – wetl; p; cth433 galium aparine l. – asqa; a; cth470 +galium arkansanum a. gray – asqa; p; cth045 galium obtusum bigelow – asqa; p; cth038 +houstonia ouachitana (e.b. sm.) terrell – asqa, peqr; cth566 houstonia pusilla schoepf – daof; a; cth401 *sherardia arvensis l. – daof; a; cth480 rutaceae zanthoxylum clava-herculis l. – wetl; p; cth450 salicaceae salix caroliniana michx. – wetl; p; cth251 salix nigra marsh. – wetl; p; cth125 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 49 sapindaceae sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l.d. benson – daof; p; cth125 sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. – peqr; p; cth232 saxifragaceae heuchera americana l. – asqa; p; cth435 scrophulariaceae gratiola brevifolia raf. – wetl; p; cth382 lindernia dubia (l.) pennell – wetl; a; cth066 nuttallanthus canadensis (l.) d.a. sutton – daof: a; cth437 pedicularis canadensis l. – asqa; p; cth393 penstemon arkansanus pennell – peqr; p; cth433 penstemon digitalis nutt. ex sims – daof; p; cth525 *verbascum thapsus l. – daof; a; cth072 veronica peregrina l. – daof; a; cth533 solanaceae physalis pubescens l. – daof; a; cth172 solanum americanum p. mill. – daof; p; cth041 solanum rostratum dunal – daof; a; cth134 tiliaceae tilia americana l. – asqa; p; cth114 ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. var. reticulata (torr.) l.d. benson – asqa; p; cth423 ulmus alata michx. – asqa, peqr; p; cth127 ulmus americana l. – asqa; p; cth356 ulmus rubra muhl. – asqa; p; cth130 urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. – wetl: p; cth135 valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. – daof; a; cth010 verbenaceae callicarpa americana l. – asqa, peqr; p; cth137 glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. – daof; p; cth271 verbena urticifolia l. – daof; a; cth141 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 50 violaceae viola bicolor pursh – daof; a; cth396 viola pedata l. – asqa, daof; p; cth414 viola sagittata aiton – asqa; p; cth443 viola sororia willd. – asqa, daof; p; cth420 vitaceae parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. – daof; p; cth144 vitis aestivalis michx. – daof; p; cth185 vitis cinerea (engelm.) engelm. ex millard – daof; p; cth539 vitis rotundifolia michx. – asqa, peqr; p; cth210 liliopsida agavaceae manfreda virginica (l.) salisb. ex rose – peqr; p; cth327 yucca glauca nutt. – peqr; p; cth550 alismataceae sagittaria platyphylla (engelm.) j. g. sm. – wetl; p; cth026 commelinaceae commelina virginica l. – asqa; p; cth361 tradescantia ohiensis raf. – asqa; p; cth012 cyperaceae carex albicans willd. ex spreng. – asqa, peqr; p; cth507 carex arkansana (bailey) bailey – asqa; p; cth387 carex bushii mackenzie – asqa; p; cth505 carex crinita lam. – wetl; p; cth385 carex decomposita muhl. – wetl; p; cth386 carex gravida bailey – asqa; p; cth391 carex hirsutella mackenzie – wetl: p; cth503 carex hystericina muhl. ex willd. – wetl; p; cth388 carex lupulina muhl. ex willd. – wetl; p; cth157 carex lurida wahlenb. – wetl; p; cth383 +carex ouachitana kral, manhart & bryson – asqa; p; cth504 carex texensis (torr.) bailey – asqa, peqr; p; cth502 carex tribuloides wahlenb. – wetl: p; cth384 carex vulpinoidea michx. – wetl; p; cth506 cyperus echinatus (l.) wood – daof, peqr; p; cth230 cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks – daof; p; cth428 cyperus odoratus l. – daof; a; cth274 cyperus pseudovegetus steud. – wetl; p; cth051 cyperus retrorsus chapman – daof; p; cth346 cyperus strigosus l. – wetl; p; cth560 eleocharis lanceolata fernald. – wetl; a; cth295 eleocharis montevidensis kunth – wetl; p; cth381 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 51 eleocharis obtusa (willd.) j. a. schultes – wetl; a; cth275 eleocharis quadrangulata (michx.) roemer & j. a. schultes – wetl; p; cth146 eleocharis tenuis (willd.) j. a. schultes var. verrucosa – wetl; a; cth168 fimbristylis autumnalis (l.) roemer & j. a. schultes – wetl; a; cth347 fimbristylis vahlii (lam.) link – wetl; a; cth217 isolepis carinata hook. & arn. ex torr. – daof; a; cth536 rhynchospora globularis (chapman) small – daof; p; cth363 rhynchospora glomerata (l.) vahl – daof; p; cth260 scirpus cyperinus (l.) kunth – wetl; p; cth165 scirpus atrovirens willd. – wetl; p; cth432 scleria oligantha michx. – daof; p; cth373 dioscoreaceae dioscorea quaternata j. f. gmel. – asqa; p; cth523 hydrocharitaceae elodea canadensis michx. – wetl: p; cth509 iridaceae sisyrinchium angustifolium p. mill. – daof; p; cth424 juncaceae juncus acuminatus michx. – wetl; p; cth278 juncus coriaceus mackenzie – wetl; p; cth184 juncus diffusissimus buckl. – wetl; p; cth162 juncus effusus l. – wetl; p; cth154 juncus interior wieg. – daof; p; cth427 juncus marginatus rostk. – wetl; p; cth431 juncus nodatus coville – wetl; p; cth425 +juncus repens michx. – wetl; p; cth164 juncus tenuis willd. – asqa, daof; p; cth368 luzula bulbosa (wood) smyth & smyth – asqa, daof; p; cth471 lemnaceae spirodela polyrrhiza (l.) schleid. – wetl; p; cth569 liliaceae allium canadense l. – daof; p; cth367 allium stellatum nutt. ex ker-gawl. – daof; p; cth269 camassia scilloides (raf.) cory – daof, peqr; p; cth473 erythronium rostratum w. wolf – asqa; p; cth419 hypoxis hirsuta (l.) coville – daof, asqa, peqr; p; cth474 nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britt. – daof; p; cth405 najadaceae najas guadalupensis (spreng.) magnus – wetl; p; cth497 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 52 orchidaceae spiranthes tuberosa raf. – wetl: p; cth329 poaceae agrostis hyemalis (walter) britton, sterns & poggenb. – wetl; p; cth338 agrostis perennans (walter) tuckerman – asqa; p; cth555 *aira caryophyllea l. – daof; a; cth095 andropogon gerardii vitman – daof, peqr; p; cth222 andropogon virginicus l. – daof; p; cth345 aristida oligantha michx. – daof; a; cth239 +brachyelytrum erectum (schreb. ex spreng.) beauv. – asqa; p; cth279 *bromus arvensis l. – daof; a; cth436 *bromus catharticus vahl – daof; a; cth440 bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. – asqa; p; cth177 chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates – asqa, wetl; p; cth147 chasmanthium laxum (l.) yates – asqa, peqr; p; cth124 cinna arundinacea l. – asqa; p; cth255 *cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. – daof; p; cth—061 *dactylis glomerata l. – daof; p; cth374 danthonia spicata (l.) beauv. ex roemer & j. a. schultes – peqr; p; cth092 dichanthelium aciculare (desv. ex poir.) gould & c. a. clark – daof; p; cth371 dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c. a. clark var. fasiculatum (torr.) freckmann – asqa; p; cth042 dichanthelium boscii (poir.) gould & c. a. clark – asqa; p; cth081 dichanthelium dichotomum (l.) gould var. dichotomum – asqa, daof, peqr; a; cth176 dichanthelium laxiflorum (lam.) gould – asqa; p; cth541 dichanthelium linearifolium (scribn. ex nash) gould – asqa, peqr; p; cth074 dichanthelium scoparium (lam.) gould – daof; p; cth171 dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (ell.) gould var. isophyllum (scribn.) gould & c.a. clark – daof; p; cth034 dichanthelium villosissimum (nash) freckmann var. praecocius (hitchc. & chase) freckmann – asqa; p; cth375 *digitaria ischaemum (schreb.) schreb. ex muhl. – daof; a; cth197 digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop. – daof; a; cth364 *echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv. – wetl; a; cth174 elymus canadensis l. – daof, asqa; p; cth055 eragrostis hirsuta (michx.) nees – daof; p; cth031 eragrostis intermedia a. s. hitchc. – daof; p; cth003 eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. – daof; p; cth359 festuca paradoxa desv. – asqa; p; cth556 gymnopogon ambiguus (walter) britton, sterns & poggenb. – daof; p; cth281 hordeum pusillum nutt. – daof; a; cth494 leersia oryzoides (l.) sw. – wetl; p; cth341 *lolium perenne l. – daof; p; cth519 +muhlenbergia bushii pohl – asqa; p; cth328 panicum anceps michx. – wetl; p; cth202 panicum dichotomiflorum michx. – daof; p; cth005 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 hoagland, b. & buthod, a. 53 panicum rigidulum bosc ex nees – daof, wetl; p; cth379 panicum virgatum l. – daof, wetl; p; cth289 *paspalum dilatatum poir. – daof; p; cth011 *paspalum notatum flueggé – daof; cth261 paspalum setaceum – wetl; p; cth087 *poa annua l. – daof; a; cth406 schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash – peqr; p; cth221 setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen – daof; p; cth342 *setaria viridis (l.) beauv. – daof; a; cth209 sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash – daof, peqr; p; cth286 *sorghum halepense (l.) pers. – daof; p; cth052 sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) a. gray – daof; p; cth557 steinchisma hians (ell.) nash – wetl; p; cth310 tridens flavus (l.) a. s. hitchc. – asqa, daof, peqr; p; cth215 tridens strictus (nutt.) nash – daof, peqr; p; cth320 vulpia octoflora (walter) rydb. – daof; a; cth008 potamogetonaceae potamogeton diversifolium raf. – wetl; p; cth325 potamogeton illinoensis morong – wetl; p; cth537 potamogeton nodosus poir. – wetl; p; cth189 smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. – daof, asqa, peqr; p; cth282 smilax rotundifolia l. – daof, asqa, peqr; p; cth099 smilax tamnoides l. – asqa, peqr; p; cth119 typhaceae typha domingensis pers. – wetl; p; cth254 journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 5, number 1, december 2005 oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100038 a vegetation analysis of a pimpled prairie in northeastern oklahoma a thesis for the department of life sciences the university of tulsa 1974 constance lucile murray current address tulsa community college the effect of pimple mound microrelief on the vegetation of a tall grass prairie was considered. taxonomic analysis of the vegetation affirmed the observation that mound and intermounds support communities with differing species composition. the difference in the percent cover by living vegetation on mounds and intermounds was determined not to be statistically significant. the physical composition of the soil in the two regions was found to be similar. two factors are suggested as influencing the differences in mound and intermound vegetation: that mound soils can provide more available water to plants than can intermound soils, and that mounds, but not intermounds, contain the burrows of small mammals and are modified by their presence. introduction pimple mounds are low, regular domes of soil that establish a microrelief pattern common on prairies in eastern oklahoma (figs. 1, 2). similar mounds occur throughout the united states (fig. 3), on both level and gently sloping terrain (knechtel 1952). mounds have also been described from south america (scheffer 1958) and australia (prescott, 1931). they are variously called natural mounds and hog wallow relief in california (branner, 1905), mima mounds in washington (dalquest and scheffer, 1942), and pimpled prairies in the south including oklahoma (knechtel, 1952; barclay, 1938). the pimpled prairies of oklahoma are no older than late pleistocene (knechtel, 1952). mounds have been examined with basal diameters ranging from 10 feet (3.05 m) to 130 feet (39.6 m) (ross et al., 1968) and heights ranging from two feet (0.61 m) to seven feet (2.13 m) (dalquest and scheffer, 1942). the dimensions of eastern oklahoma mounds correspond to the lower figures of these ranges (knechtel, 1952). 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. figure 1 study site showing pimpled microrelief, april 1972 figure 2 pimple mound, demonstrating greener vegetation than the surrounding prairie, late june 1972 oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. pimple mounds typically consist of unstratified soil, variously characterized as “loesslike” (knechtel, 1952) or extremely loose and friable (ross et al., 1968); this dark material is responsible for most of the height of the mound and often rests on a clay pan which is lighter in color (fig. 4). between the mounds is an intermound furrow system. the interface between the soil and the subsoil does not demonstrate the pimpled microrelief; thus the mounds are features of the soil and not of the underlying strata; the soil of mound and intermound areas is similar in texture and composition (melton, 1954). reference in scientific literature to natural mounds figure 3 shaded areas indicate the major regions in which pimple mounds occur in the united states (after fenneman, 1931) 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. figure 4 stylized profile of a mound showing general shape and distribution of soil types. note depression in mound center, probably due to disturbance by small mammals. composite sketch from various authors (scale 1:90) oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. first appeared in 1865 in the california journal of geology (melton, 1954). since that time controversies concerning the origin of these mounds have erupted several times, as evidenced by the popularity of the topic in the literature. the contenders in the controversies were usually geologists, variously fueled by anthropologists, botanists and zoologists. over the years the origins proposed for mounds have ranged widely, each proposal with its staunch defenders. that fact that similar mounds occur in regions which vary greatly in geologic history, present geologic forces, climate, and flora and fauna has made it difficult to ascribe one origin to all mounds, as most authors have attempted to do. a discussion of the more prominent scientific hypotheses advanced for the origin of pimpled mounds is in order. campbell (1906)reviewed the suggestion that the pimple mounds were indian burial mounds; the artifacts which usually characterize such sites have been found in a few mounds excavated in the south. however, artifacts are absent in most of the mounds throughout the country (melton, 1954). veatch (1906) proposed that ants or termites construct pimple mounds. the town ant, atta texana, may create soil mounds in the south (cain, 1974). these mounds are smaller in height and larger in diameter than typical pimple mounds; ants do not inhabit mounds in other regions of the country and evidence of previous occupations has not been found (melton, 1954). some authors have suggested that mounds result from animal disturbance of an area. dalquest and scheffer (1942) and scheffer (1958) asserted that, over long periods of time, pocket gophers; both recent and historic, form pimple hills. ross et al. (1968) extended this view to include toads, ground squirrels and badgers as mound constructors. the primary basis for this proposed origin was, in each instance, the modified soil characters, i.e., lower bulk density, lack of soil structure, increased water permeability and particle size in mounds, when compared to the surrounding prairie. these authors maintain that these changes are possible with the normal activities of the suggested animals. grant (1948) systematically discredits this proposal; his rejection of the hypothesis is based on the subjective interpretation of the pocket gopher behavior and the inconsistencies in 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. scheffer’s assertions. it seems reasonable that, rather than constructing a mound to avoid a high water table, as ross et al. (1968) suggest, rodents utilized an existing mound structure, formed by some other means. a series of physical explanations for the creation of pimple mounds has been advanced, including suggestions that the mounds: are coppices or sand dunes; result from fossil mud lumps; are protected from erosion by cap rock; are the work of glaciers; are concretionary depositions of minerals from ground water; results from spring and gas vents. melton (1954) discussed these and other at length, discrediting each as an origin which is generally applicable, though each may have influenced mound formation in a specialized locale. two physical hypotheses of pimple mound origin are noted as widely acceptable; both are based on the observation that pimple mounds are found in regions with at least a moderate rainfall. krinitsky (1949) proposed that mounds are deposited by river currents during periods of high water, forming ridges; vegetation invades when the water recedes, establishes a soil and maintains the mound. this proposed origin is supported by observations that mounds lack the well defined soil profile common in prairies, and that mounds are often found along ridges; however, cain (1974) asserted that mounds do not occur along creeks or rivers or in alluvium. erosion is one of the simpler and more popular explanations for soil mounds (leconde, 1974); melton, 1929); knechtel, 1952, cain, 1974). knechtel (1952) proposed that erosion is preceded and enhanced by the division of soil into prismatic blocks, due to seasonal desiccation and freezing. the blocks would then be worn down and rounded by erosion to produce pimple mounds. melton (1954) suggested that weak, sandy soil erodes readily to produce gullies with walls which collapse easily and are rounded by rain and slumping to produce mounds. aronow (1972) favored a two-phased formative process; firstly, a pluvial period marked by high run-off to initiate mounds; secondly, a period of low rainfall and high local winds, so that vegetation on the mounds traps the blowing soil, thus creating the thick a-horizon which is characteristic of pimple hills. cain (1974) postulated that erosion around tree cover produces pedestal trees; with demise of the trees, the eroded tree pedestals remain, forming small pimple mounds. oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. melton (1954) concluded that one is brought by default to erosion as the creative force behind pimple hills, since none of the other proposed phenomena is sufficiently widespread or continuous to account for the number of pimple mounds. the vegetation of pimpled prairies has been examined and analyzed by several workers who provide varying descriptions. melton (1954) discussed and concurred with campbell’s (1906) observations; both ascribed to intermounds a greater fertility, evidence by a darker color, higher water content, and higher stands of vegetation when compared to mounds. mcginnies (1960) took the opposing view that mounds are more fertile. he documented this assertion with experimental results of the herbage production of five species of grasses on mounds and intermounds in colorado. mcginnies found that mounds yielded twice the dry weight herbage of the intermounds. ross et al. (1968)) observed that prairie mounds were dominated by either shrubs, forbs, or grasses, depending on the size of the mound and the amount of soil disturbance by animal burrowing. barclay (1938) reported some difference in the species of plants which occur on the mounds and intermounds in southeastern oklahoma; notably, the genus drosera occurs only between the mounds. the purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of pimple mound microrelief on vegetation, particularly on species composition and on percentage cover. the study site selected is a tall grass prairie in the cherokee prairie biotic district of blair and hubbell (1938). the prairie is approximately two miles west of inola and four miles east of the verdigris river on oklahoma highway 33, nw 1/4, s6, t 19n, r17e, rogers county, oklahoma (fig. 5). at the time of the study the prairie was owned by k. v. spainhower, who assured the author that for more than sixty years the prairie had been mowed but neither grazed nor plowed. this prairie was thus deemed to be in an undisturbed state, when compared to other sites available for study, and particularly amenable to a vegetation study. 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. f i g u r e 5 l o c a t i o n o f s t u d y s i t e w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e t o w n o f i n o l a a n d t h e v e r d i g r i s r i v e r . u n i t e d s t a t e s g e o l o g i c a l s u r v e y t o p o g r a p h i c m a p . oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. methods and materials the vegetation of mounds and intermounds was analyzed by the inclined point quadrat method (tinney et al., 1937) using the basal contact modification (whitman and siggeirsson, 1954). the method was applied to each pimple mound in the following manner. the point frame was placed halfway up the eastern slope of a mound and readings taken from the ten pins; then the frame was moved five paces in a clockwise direction, again placed on the mound slope and read. this procedure was repeated ten times for a total of one-hundred points per mound. the different positionings of the frame formed a pattern which resembled the spokes on a wheel. similarly, data were gathered from the intermound region, which concentrically surrounded each mound considered. the frame was again positioned ten times, at ten pace intervals, providing one-hundred points per intermound region sampled. data were collected from eighteen mounds and intermound areas using the point frame, in april, june and july, 1972. the mounds considered were selected randomly. these data were tabulated and used to determine percentage cover by vegetation. vascular plants of the study site were collected weekly, from mid-march to mid-july, 1972; when possible, plants were collected while blooming. nomenclature follows waterfall (1969). upon collection, it was noted whether each species occurred on mounds, intermounds, or both. all plant specimens are contained in the university of tulsa herbarium. the spatial relationship between the mounds on the prairie was mapped. the fence marking the southern boundary of the study site was designated as the primary reference line; mounds were mapped in relationship to this fence. the information for the map was obtained using a brunton compass, corrected to true north. the heights of the mounds were measured in relation to each other and to the intermound surface. the slope of the intermound surface was also measured with the compass, and distances between the mounds with a metal tape. soil samples were collected from the surface to bedrock, from three mounds and corresponding intermound areas, using a hydraulic soil auger two inches in diameter. the auger was provided and 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. operated by doc polone of the rogers county soil conservation service, claremore, oklahoma. soil cores collected in this manner were placed intact in troughs made of plastic pipe; the pipes, 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) in diameter, had been split lengthwise to accommodate the samples. soil horizons were identified as definitively as possible, considering the color and macroscopic character of the soil. fifty grams of soil from each horizon was characterized as to its physical composition, percentages of sand, silt and clay, by the hydrometer method (bouyoucos, 1936). the climatological data presented were provided by the united states weather bureau office at tulsa international airport. precipitation is based on records dating back to 1950 (curry, 1970). the statistical tests used were the point biserial correlation to analyze the percent cover data (downie and heath, 1974); and the two-factor mixed design analysis of variance to analyze the data relating to the physical composition of the soils (winer, 1962). results seventy-six species of vascular plants were collected from the study site. this collection represents a total of twenty-eight families and sixty-three genera; species are listed phylogenetically in table i. from this collection, twenty-five species (33%) were found only in mound habitats, twenty-nine species (38%) were collected only from intermound habitats, and twenty-two species (29%) occurred in both habitats. this relationship between species and habitat is presented in table ii. of the species common to both habitats in the prairie, seven species (33%) were grasses; one-half the grasses were restricted to one habitat or the other. percent cover of the prairie by living vegetation in the two habitats is compared in fig. 6. the percent cover value presented for each date is the mean value for the data collected on that date. by inspection, the data reveal that higher values of percent cover were obtained for mounds than for intermounds. this information was submitted to the point biserial statistic. the t statistic indicated that the relationship between the type of terrain, i.e., mound or intermound, and the percent cover values was not statistically significant t = 1.64, df = 32, p < .10). the low precipitation for the period preceding and oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. during this study in 1972 is presented and compared with that of the previous twenty years in fig. 7. the spatial relationship between the pimple mounds on the prairie considered in this study is shown in fig. 8. the mounds were found primarily along a ridge, from which the prairie sloped westwardly with approximately 10% slope. in this prairie the mounds ranged from 16 feet (4.876 m) to 50 feet (15.24 m) in diameter and from 1.5 feet (0.457 m) to 3.0 feet (0.914 m) in height. mounds varied in shape from irregularly eggshaped [40 feet(12.19 m) by 50 feet 15.24 m)] to nearly circular [26 feet (7.924 m) by 27 feet (8.229 m)]. there was generally noted a slight alignment down slope. soil depth and the approximate thickness of each horizon from three mounds and corresponding intermound areas are compared in fig. 9. the physical composition of the soil from each horizon is summarized in table iii. the difference in the amount of sand in the three horizons was statistically significant (f = 6.999; df = 2.8; p <.02). horizon c had less sand than either a or b. the difference in the amount of silt at the three horizons was statistically significant (f = 47.794; df = 2.8; p < .001). horizon a had more silt than either b or c. the difference in the amount of clay in the three horizons was statistically significant (f = 7.335; df = 2.8; p < .02). horizon c had more clay than either a or b. when comparing soil from mounds with that of intermound areas, the difference in the percentages of sand, silt and clay was not statistically significant (sand: f = 1.813; df = 1.4; p < .25), (silt: f = 3.460; df = 1.4; p < .15), (clay: f = 1.041; df = 1.4; p < .4). figure 6 the percentage of cover by living vegetation of mounds (o), and intermounds (<>), determined with a point frame, basal contact modification. 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. figure 7 monthly precipitation figures for 1972 (x), compared with monthly means calculated from 19511970 (o) for tulsa county. from u.s. weather bureau. figure 9 comparison of soil depths and soil horizons for three mounds and corresponding intermound regions. figure 8 distribution of mounds in the prairie studied. note that the distribution pattern generally follows the higher contour lines. (scale 1:17,352) discussion one factor to be considered to interpreting the data presented is the distribution of the rainfall for the duration of the experiment; for this period, the precipitation was lower than average which produced a marked effect on the vegetation. many plants appeared vegetatively but growing tip shriveled and turned brown before flowers bloomed; therefore, many of these plants were not identified. it is possible that the low rainfall for this early summer period reduced the number of species recorded for the prairie. oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. in both mound and intermound habitats the small forbs dried in may and june, leaving a vegetation consisting mainly of grasses. although this phenomenon is common in prairies, it usually occurs later in the growing season and after plant reproductive cycles have been completed. this early desiccation of the prairie and its vegetation is reflected in the percent cover figures, which steadily decreased through june until cover was recorded as one percent in mid-june (fig. 6). generally, the intermound vegetation evidenced desiccation before that on the mounds. the low rainfall may have accentuated the difference recorded in mound and intermound vegetation cover, which will be discussed later. the rainfall is probably partially responsible for the low range of percent cover when these figures are compared to those of other studies (drew, 1944); whitman and siggeirsson, 1954). the method of plant collection rendered the information unsuitable for statistical analysis of the interaction between species occurrence and habitat (table ii). upon inspection, there is no obvious distribution of certain families to either mounds or intermound regions. it is noted that some genera within a family and some members of a genus were distributed, one in mound habitats, another in intermound habitats. the distribution, as recorded, reflects the interaction of the microhabitat conditions most favorable to each species. determination of these conditions would require extensive research on the physiological growth requirements for each species. as mentioned above, some species never bloomed, due to drought; perhaps in a more pluvial year, when a greater number of representatives from each family bloomed, more conclusive remarks could be made about the distribution of plant families in the mound and intermound habitats. analysis of the difference in the percent cover data of mounds and intermounds revealed this difference to be statistically insignificant (fig.6). thus it is concluded that the variation of the percent cover was possible due to chance alone, and that the vegetation on mounds and intermounds is one plant population, not two. the inclined point quadrat method was used in this study with the basal contact modification, attempting to reduce the quantity of data and yet provide an accurate 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. assessment of the percent cove in the two habitats. perhaps it would be possible to arrive at the conclusion that the two habitats support different populations, if the inclined point quadrat method were used without the basal modification. this would provide indirect information on the herbage production of the two habitats, in addition to the information collected with the basal contact modification. it was observed that the vegetation on the mounds was more luxuriant than in intermound areas (fig. 2); perhaps this modification of the experiment as performed would accentuate the difference recorded into one significant both statistically and biologically. summarizing the soil analysis data, mounds and intermounds did not vary significantly in physical composition. alternatively, it is possible that the soils varied chemically, but such determinations were not made. the soils of mounds and intermounds did vary in depth (figs. 9 and 10). the difference noted in the percent cover on mounds and intermounds may possibly be attributed to the available water held in each soil. perhaps the deeper mound soil provided for more extensive root growth, a cooler soil, and greater soil area for storage of available water; in response, mound vegetation exhibited a somewhat higher percent cover and particular species composition. conversely, the soil depth of intermounds allowed less root growth; provided a warmer soil and less soil space for water storage; thus intermound vegetation was lower in percent cover and contained species adapted to these conditions. if soil depth and its corresponding available water are influential in determining vegetation, it is possible that the difference noted in mound and intermound vegetation was greater this dry year than might normally be the case. one difference between mounds and intermounds which may be significant is that most mounds were observed to contain the burrows of numerous animals; skunks, field mice and snakes were observed to inhabit mounds. the presence of these animals could influence the vegetation in numerous ways, by providing organic fertilizer to the mounds, changing the carbon dioxide levels of the mound soil, varying the compaction of the soil and displacing the root systems, especially tap roots. depending on the extent of animal disturbance, the mounds could provide a habitat oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. which varied greatly from intermound habitats, a difference which could easily be mirrored by vegetation. the observations and data support some of the general ideas offered in the introduction concerning pimple hills and refute others. the mound soil considered here was definitely not loess-like, but a sandy loam. the soil of mounds and intermounds was physically similar, and revealed similar horizons. there was no evidence to suggest that mounds were formed by animal activity, though animals were present on the study site. that the mounds studied occurred on upland ridges, were composed of sandy soil, and were aligned downslope, support the hypothesis that erosion creates and maintains mounds. whether this erosion was enhanced by frost or desiccation fissures or tree pedestals were not determined. trees do not now occur along the ridges considered; whether they once initiated mound formation might be elucidated by sectioning the mound to determine residual evidence of roots. such sections, which would also have aided in estimating the extent of animal activity, were not made on the insistence of the property owner. thus it may be said that the prairie considered exhibited a microrelief feature of pimple mounds and intermound regions, but the two soils did not vary in physical composition. these mounds were found to lie in an irregular pattern along an upland ridge with a slight alignment downslope. mounds supported vegetation which differed in species composition from the vegetation of intermound regions; there was no significant difference in the percent cover by vegetation of these two prairie habitats, though the unassessed data suggested that the mounds were more productive than the intermound prairie. the abnormally low rainfall through the experimental period doubtlessly influenced the results of the vegetation study. perhaps repetition of the vegetation study, with the modifications proposed herein, during a growing season with more normally distributed precipitation, would produce more reliable results, providing for more conclusive remarks about the vegetation of mounds and intermounds than can be extended here. 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. table 1 list of the vascular plants collected from march through july, 1972, at the study site listed by families (nomenclature according to u.t. waterfall (1969); common names according to gleason (1963) and rechethin (1954) scientific name common name graminae andropogon gerardi big blue stem andropogon scoparius little blue stem andropogon ternaries splitbeard blue stem bouteloua curtipendula side-oats grama bromus japonicus japanese brome grass cynodon dactylon bermuda grass festuca octoflora sixweeks fescue hordeum pusillum little barley lolium multiflorum italian rye grass manisuris cylindrica carolina jointtail panicum oligosanthes var. scribnerianum scribners panicum panicum ravenelii - panicum sphaerocarpon roundseed panicum panicum virgatum switchgrass sorghastrum nutans indian grass sporobolus cryptandrus sand dropseed cyperaceae carex caroliniana carolina sedge cyperus filiculmis slenderleaf sedge liliaceae camassia scilloides wild hyacinth, atlantic camas erythronium albidum dogtooth violet, white fawn lily nothoscordum bivalve yellow false-garlic amaryllidaceae hypoxis hirsute stargrass, common goldstar orchidaceae spiranthes vernalis upland ladies tresses santalaceae commandra richardsoniana bastard toad-flax polygonaceae eriogonum longifolium longleaf wild-buckwheat portulacaceae claytonia virginica spring beauty caryophyllaceae arenaria patula pitchers sand wort cerastium vulgatum var. mouse-ear chickweed, vulgatum big chickweed oklahoma native plant record 55 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. ranunculaceae anemone virginiana virginia anemone, wind flower delphinium tricornis forma albiflora rock larkspur ranunculus hispidus bristly buttercup cruciferae selenia aurea yellow selenia saxifragaceae saxifraga texana texas saxifrage leguminoseae dalea purpurea - lotus americanus deervetch schrankia uncinata catclaw sensitive briar tephrosia virginiana var. goats rue, virginia holosericea tephrosia oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata wood sorrel, creeping oxalis oxalis dillenii sheep sorrel, wood sorrel polygalaceae polygala incarnate pink milkwort polygala sanguinea blood milkwort umbelliferae eryngium yuccafolium var. synchaetum yucca-leafed eryngo polytaenia nuttallii var. nuttallii prairie parsley gentianaceae sabatia campestris forma campestris prairie rosegentian asclepiadaceae asclepias stenophylla slimleaf milkweed asclepias veridis milkweed hydrophyllaceae phacelia strictiflora prairie phacelia labiatae scutellaria parvula var. leonardi small skullcap solanaceae solanum carolinense forma carolinense carolina horse nettle scrophulariaceae buchnera americana american blueheart castelleja coccinea var. painted cup, indian coccinea paintbrush linaria canadensis var. texana old-field toadflax penstemon tubaeflorus beard tongue, tube penstemon 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. acanthaceae ruellia humilis low ruellia plantaginaceae plantago aristata bottlebrush plantain plantago elongate - plantago media - plantago purshii var. purshii wooly plantain plantago virginica paleseed plantain rubiaceae hedyotis crassifolia tiny bluet valerianaceae valerianella nuttallii nuttall cornsalad campanulaceae lobelia spicata var. leptostachys palespike lobelia specularia perfoliata clasping venus’ lookingglass compositae achillea lanulosa western yarrow antennaria neglecta everlasting, pussytoes aster ericoides wild aster, heath aster coreopsis grandiflora tickseed, big-flower coreopsis echinacea pallida coneflower, pale echinaceae erigeron strigosus daisy fleabane, prairie fleabane erigeron tenuis slender fleabane gnaphalium purpureum cudweed, everlasting, purple cudweed hieracium longipilum longbeard hawkweed krigia dandelion tuber dwarf dandelion liatris pychnostachya blazing star, kansas gayfeather rudbeckia hirta coneflower, blackeyed susan solidago mollis ashy goldenrod oklahoma native plant record 57 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. table ii plants collected, noting whether the species occurred on mounds, in intermound regions, or both (asterisk designates in which habitat a species first bloomed) mound species achillea lanulosa forma lanulosa panicum ravenelii bromus japonicus panicum virgatum cerastium vulgatum var. vulgatum phacelia strictiflora claytonia virginica plantago aristata delphinium tricorne forma plantago elongate albivlora plantago purshii var. echinacea pallida purshii erigeron strigosus rudbeckia hirta eriogonum longifolium solanum carolinense forma hieracium longipilum carolinense lolium multiflorum solidago mollis manisuris cylindrical specularia perfoliata oxalis dillenii tephrosia virginiana var. panicum oligosanthes var. holosericea scribnerianum valerianella nuttallii intermound species antennaria neglecta lotus americanus arenaria patula nothoscortum bivalve asclepias stenophylla oxalis corniculata bouteloua curtipendula panicum sphaerocarpon bucchnera americana penstemon tubaeflorus camassia scilloides plantago media castilleja coccinea forma coccinia plantago virginica dalea purpura polygala incarnate erigeron tenuis polygala sanguinea eryngium yuccafolium var. polytaenia nuttallii var. synchaetum nuttallii erythronium albidum var. albidum saxifraga texana hordeum pusillum scutellaria parvula var. hypoxis hirsute leonardi krigia dandelion selenia aurea liatris pychnostachya spiranthes vernalis mound and intermound species andropogon gerardi gnaphalium purpureum andropogon scoparius hedyotis crassifolia andropogon ternaries linaria canadensis var. anemone virginiana *m texana *im asclepias viridis lobelia spicata var. aster ericoides *im leptostachys carex caroliniana ranunculus hispidus comandra richardsoniana ruellia humilis coreopsis grandiflora sabatia campestris forma cynodon dactylon campestris cyperus filiculmis schrankia uncinata festuca octoflora *im sorghastrum nutans sporobollus cryptandrus 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. table iii comparison of the physical composition of the soil from mound and intermound regions, determined by the bouyoucos method (mounds and intermounds are designated by numbers 1,2,3. soil horizons are noted as a, b, c) mound average average average % sand % sand % silt % silt % clay % clay 1a 85.2 10.7 4.1 2a 78.4 80.5 14.8 13.7 6.8 5.8 3a 77.9 15.6 6.5 1b 85.7 9.4 4.9 2b 79.4 83.4 9.7 8.9 10.9 7.7 3b 85.2 7.6 7.2 1c 79.0 11.3 9.7 2c 71.4 71.5 11.6 11.4 17.0 17.1 3c 64.2 11.3 24.5 intermound average average average % sand % sand % silt % silt % clay % clay 1a 79.6 11.5 8.9 2a 78.4 77.9 15.3 14.9 6.3 7.2 3a 75.7 17.9 6.4 1b 82.0 12.5 5.5 2b 71.6 75.3 15.4 15.9 13.0 8.8 3b 72.2 19.7 8.1 1c 81.8 11.3 6.9 2c 50.8 58.5 13.9 14.3 35.5 27.2 3c 42.8 17.8 39.4 oklahoma native plant record 59 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. literature cited aronow, s. 1972. personal communication. barclay, h.g. 1938. a preliminary report of the ecology of a drosera meadow. proc. okla. acad. sci. 18:22-25. blair, w.f. and t.h. hubbell. 1938. the biotic districts of oklahoma. am. midland naturalist. 20:425454. bouyoucos, g.j. 1936. directions for making mechanical analyses of soils by the hydrometer method. soil sci. 42:225-229. branner, j.c. 1905. natural mounds or “hog wallows”. science, n. ser. 21:514-516. cain, r.h. 1974. pimple mounds: a new viewpoint. ecology 55(1):178-182. campbell, m.r. 1906. natural mounds. j. geol. 14:707-714 curry, b.r. 1970. climate of oklahoma. u.s. dept of commerce climatography of the united states nol. 60-34. rev. ed. u.s. govt. printing office, washington, d.c. dalquest, w.w., and v.b. scheffer. 1942. origin of the mima mounds of western washington. j. geol. 50:68-84. drew, w.b. 1944. studies on the use of the point quadrat method of botanical analysis of mixed pasture vegetation. j. agr. res. 69:289-297. downie, n.m., and r.w. heath. 1974. basic statisticsl methods. 4 th ed. harper and row, publishers, new york, evanston, san francisco and london. 335 p. fenneman, n.m. 1931. physiography of eastern united states. mcgraw-hill book company, new york. 714 p. gleason, h.a. 1963. the new britton and brown illustrated flora of the northeastern united states and adjacent canada. 3 rd print., slightly rev. hafner publishing company, inc., new york and london. 3 v. grant, c. 1948. mima mounds. j. geol. 56:229-231. knechtel, m.m. 1952. pimpled plains of eastern oklahoma. geol. soc. amer. bull. 63:689700. krinitsky, e.l. 1949. origin of pimple mounds. am. j. sci. 247: 706-714. leconde, j. 1874. on the great lava flood of the northwest and on the structure and age of the cascade mts. 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 murray, c.l. am. j. sci. ser. 3,7:259-367. mcginnies, w. 1960. effect of mima-type microrelief on herbage production of five seeded grasses in western colorado. j. range management. 13(5):213-234. melton, f.a. 1929. natural mounds of northeastern texas, southern arkansas, and northern louisiana. proc. okla. acad. sci. 9:119-130. ___________. 1954. natural mounds of northeastern texas southern arkansas and northern louisiana. the hopper, oklahoma geol. surv. 14:88-121. privately published. prescott, j.a. 1931. the soils of australia in relation to vegetation and climate. commonwealth of australia, council for scientific and industrial research bull. 52. 71 p. rechethin, c.a. 1954. a guide to plant names in texas, oklahoma, louisiana and arkansas. rev. ed. u.s. dept. agr., soil conservation service, fort worth. 91 p. ross, b.a., j.r. tester, and w.j. breckenridge. 1968. ecology of mimitype mounds in northwestern minnesota. ecology 49(1):172-177. scheffer, v.b. 1958. do fossorial rodents originate mima-type microrelief. am. midland naturalist. 59:505-510. tinney, f.w., o.s. aamodt, and h.l. ahlgren. 1937. preliminary report of a study on methods used in botanical analysis of pasture swards. j. am. soc. agr. 29:835-840. veatch, a.c. 1906. on thehuman origin of small mounds of the lower mississippi valley and texas. science. 23(575):3436. waterfall, u.t. 1969. keys to the flora of oklahoma 4 th ed. stillwater. privately published. whitman, w.c., and e.i. siggeirsson. 1954. comparison of line intercept and point contact methods in the analysis of mixed grass range vegetation. ecology 35:431-436. winer, b.j. 1962. statistical principles in experimental design. mcgraw-hill book company, new york. chapter 7. p 302-313. 2020 oklahoma native plant record 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland 10.22488/okstate.21.100001 a floristic inventory of the nature conservancy’s hottonia bottoms preserve, atoka, bryan, and choctaw counties, oklahoma amy k. buthod oklahoma biological survey university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 amybuthod@ou.edu bruce w. hoagland oklahoma biological survey department of geography and environmental sustainability university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 abstract this paper reports the results of a vascular plant inventory at the nature conservancy's hottonia bottoms preserve in atoka, bryan, and choctaw counties, oklahoma. a total of 386 taxa in 96 families were collected. two-hundred and fifty-six genera, 369 species, and 17 infraspecific taxa were identified. the largest families found were the poaceae with 53 taxa and the asteraceae with 44 taxa. twenty-four non-native or naturalized taxa, or 6.22% of the preserve's flora, were collected. twenty taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were found. keywords: vascular, exotic, tracked introduction and study area purchased in 2016, the nature conservancy’s (tnc) hottonia bottoms preserve was acquired with the goal of conserving a high-quality example of oklahoma bottomland forest. bottomland forests provide many ecosystem services, including the protection of water quality, flood control, and erosion control, but less than 15% of these habitats remain intact (anderson and masters 1992). tnc intends to manage the preserve for biodiversity and habitat through surveys, monitoring, invasive species management, and prescribed fire. rare animals, including the western chicken turtle, the goldstripe darter, and the federally-listed american burying beetle are found at the preserve. the preserve also provides habitat for migratory birds in the central flyway. hottonia bottoms is named for the unique aquatic plant american featherfoil (hottonia inflata). the hottonia bottoms preserve occupies 397 ha in atoka, bryan, and choctaw counties in south-central oklahoma approximately 16 km south of the town of lane (figure 1). the southern boundary of some parts of the preserve is the clear boggy creek, a 212 km tributary of muddy boggy creek. crooked creek runs through the western part of the preserve. latitudinal extent ranges from 34.1222912 to 34.160174 and longitudinal extent from -95.929407 to -96.038570. the mailto:amybuthod@ou.edu oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland site is located within the dissected coastal plain geomorphic province, consisting of unlithified sands, gravels, and clays from the early cretaceous period (curtis et al. 2008; johnson 2008). soils are primarily of the guyton-kaufman type and clayey, silty, and very deep (carter and gregory 2008). chigley-durant-clarita-helden-ferrisburleson type soils are also present; these are humus-rich, clayey and deep (carter and gregory 2008). climate is classified as humid subtropical (cfa) – temperate with no discernible dry season, and with hot summers (köppen 1884). choctaw county, the county with the majority of the preserve’s land, has a mean annual temperature of 16.9°c (oklahoma climatological survey 2020). the lowest average temperature is in january (5.2°c) and the highest average temperature is in august (27.8°c) (oklahoma climatological survey 2020). may is the wettest month, with average precipitation of 15.1 cm, and august is the driest, with 6.4 cm; mean annual precipitation is 123.1 cm (oklahoma climatological survey 2020). the growing season averages 225 days (oklahoma climatological survey 2020). the potential vegetation types are bottomland and crosstimbers forests (duck and fletcher 1943). the antlers sandstone aquifer underlies the preserve. figure 1 the nature conservancy’s hottonia bottoms preserve 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland methods vouchers of vascular plant taxa encountered at the hottonia bottoms preserve were made throughout the growing seasons (march through october) of 2016 and 2017. specimens with flowers or fruit were preferred, but when they could not be found, sterile specimens were taken. vouchers of planted taxa and taxa not native to the united states were collected only from naturalized populations. all specimens were pressed in a plant press, dried in a drying cabinet, and frozen at -20° before taken into the herbarium for identification and label generation. manuals used for identification included smith (1994) and tyrl et al. (2015). identifications were verified by comparison with specimens from the robert bebb herbarium (okl) at the university of oklahoma. duration, growth habit, wetland status, and nativity were determined using the plants database (usda-nrsc 2020) and taylor and taylor (1991). vegetation classifications were based on hoagland (2000). classification and nomenclature follow the angiosperm phylogeny group iv (stevens 2001 onwards) and the integrated taxonomic information system (2020). all specimens were deposited at okl. results and discussion a total of 386 taxa in 96 families were collected (appendix). eight of these families were ferns and allies, two were conifers, two were magnoliids/primitive angiosperms, 10 were monocots, and 74 were eudicots (table 1). two hundred and fifty-six genera, 369 species, and 17 infraspecific taxa were identified. two hundred and eighty taxa were perennials; there were 102 annuals and four biennials. two hundred and twentyseven of these taxa were forbs, 92 were graminoids, 39 were trees, 15 were shrubs, and 13 were woody vines. the largest families were the poaceae and the asteraceae, with 53 and 44 taxa respectively, and the genus with the most taxa was carex in the cyperaceae family (20 taxa). only 24 taxa, or 6.22% of the flora, were planted and naturalized or non-native to the united states. this is a relatively small percentage; a survey of the less extensive (235 ha) boehler seeps and sandhills preserve found 37 exotic taxa, or 8.17% of its flora (hoagland and buthod, in preparation). grassland sites in oklahoma have been found to have 8.8015.00% (buthod and hoagland, 2020) of their floras composed of exotic species. the families with the most exotic taxa were the fabaceae with five and the poaceae with four. twenty species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2020) occurred at the preserve (table 2). obligate and facultative wetland taxa comprised 28.76% of the flora, with 40 obligate wetland and 71 facultative wetland taxa present. ninety-two taxa were classified as facultative, 87 were facultative upland taxa, and nine were upland taxa. eighty-seven taxa had no wetland status. oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland table 1 summary of the floristic survey performed at the hottonia bottoms nature preserve by divisions/groups and resulting number of taxa groups families genera total taxa total taxa composition % native taxa nonnative taxa nonnative taxa composition % ferns and allies 8 8 8 2.07 8 0 0.0 gymnosperms 2 2 2 0.52 2 0 0.0 magnoliids/primitive angiosperms 2 2 2 0.52 2 0 0.0 monocots 10 45 104 26.94 99 5 1.30 eudicots 74 199 260 67.36 253 19 4.92 total 96 256 386 100 352 24 6.22 table 2 taxa located during this study that are tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (natureserve explorer 2020; oklahoma natural heritage inventory 2020). status ranks are on a 1-5 scale, with a 1 indicating the taxon is critically imperiled. g ranks are at the global level, and s ranks are at the subnational or state level. a question mark (?) denotes an inexact numeric rank. family taxon rank apiaceae ptilimnium costatum raf. s1g4 aristolochiaceae aristolochia reticulata nutt. s2g4 cyperaceae carex gigantea rudge s1g4 cyperaceae carex hyalina boott s2g4 cyperaceae carex oxylepis torr. & hook. s2g5? cyperaceae carex typhina michx. s1g5 cyperaceae cyperus plukenetii fernald s2g5 fabaceae phaseolus polystachios (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. s1g5 fagaceae quercus incana w. bartram s2g5 lamiaceae physostegia intermedia (nutt.) engelm. & a. gray s1g5 oleaceae forestiera acuminata (michx.) poir. s2g5 orchidaceae hexalectris spicata (walter) barnhart s1g5 plantaginaceae penstemon murrayanus hook s1g4 poaceae aristida lanosa muhl. ex elliott s1g5 poaceae paspalum bifidum (bertol.) nash s1g5 poaceae sacciolepis striata (l.) nash s2g5 poaceae sorghastrum elliottii (c. mohr) nash s1g5 primulaceae hottonia inflata elliott s2g4 ulmaceae planera aquatica j.f. gmel. s2g5 urticaceae urtica chamaedryoides pursh s3g4g5 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland six vegetation types were found at hottonia bottoms. three forest associations, two herbaceous vegetation types, and a "disturbed area" type occur at the preserve. the types are not discrete, however; they intergrade, with many taxa found in multiple types. forest vegetation includes a dry hardwood upland forest (uf) type that is dominated by quercus stellata, q. velutina, q. falcata, and carya texana. this type is found in the northernmost parts of the preserve. trees such as pinus echinata, ulmus alata, and juniperus virginiana are associated with this type, as are understory shrubs such as viburnum rufidulum, vaccinium arboreum, and symphoricarpos orbiculatus. extensive stands of callicarpa americana are also found in the upland forests of hottonia bottoms. forbs and graminoids in this type include many taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory, including aristolochia reticulata, hexalectris spicata, and sorghastrum elliottii, as well as more common taxa such as tridens flavus, elymus virginicus, and coleataenia anceps. within the upland forest are small areas with little canopy cover where taxa such as penstemon murrayanus, asclepias amplexicaulis, lithospermum caroliniense, and aristida lanosa are found. a quercus phellos-q. nig ra forest (qpqnf) is found in a transitional zone between the drier upland forest and bottomland vegetation. in this forest type soils are moist to wet, the canopy is dense, and the diversity of the understory is low. other tree species in this type include quercus lyrata, nyssa sylvatica, and acer negundo. shrubs such as sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis and ilex decidua are found in the understory. the forest floor is dominated by chasmanthium latifolium, c. laxum ssp. laxum, c. laxum ssp. sessiliflorum, and many species of carex. the fraxinus pennsylvanica forest association (fpfa) is found in the bottomlands of the preserve that are temporarily or seasonally flooded. associated woody species include celtis laevigata, platanus occidentalis, salix nigra, and cephalanthus occidentalis. large stands of forestiera acuminata are found throughout this forest type, as are three tracked carex species (c. gigantea, c. hyalina, and c. typhina), and the preserve’s namesake hottonia inflata. herbaceous vegetation types at hottonia bottoms are limited in extent because of the dense forest canopy. one of these--the dichanthelium scoparium herbaceous association (dsha )--is a type associated with the sandy acidic seeps found at the preserve. taxa associated with this vegetation type include andropogon glomeratus, boehmeria cylindrica, cirsium horridulum, eupatorium perfoliatum, and juncus effusus. these small areas are often densely vegetated and overgrown with smilax and rubus. with the reintroduction of fire they could harbor populations of the globally and state rare eriocaulon kornickianum, a species once found less than five kilometers away at the nature conservancy’s boehler seeps and sandhills preserve (watson et al. 1994; macroberts and macroberts 2002; clark 2011). the type given the general classification “herbaceous wetland vegetation” (hwv) is highly restricted in extent as well; it is found in a small, low, open spot on an old dirt road and areas in and around crooked creek. taxa associated with this type include echinochloa muricata, iva annua, lobelia cardinalis, mimulus alatus, and paspalum repens. only small areas of hottonia bottoms are disturbed areas (da); they are limited to a small parking area in the upland forest and an old road which runs from it to the south. taxa associated with disturbed areas include bradburia pilosa, digitaria ciliaris, sida spinosa, and galium aparine. the majority (13 of 24) of the non-native taxa found at hottonia bottoms are found in these areas, including cerastium spp., trifolium spp., capsella bursa-pastoris, and verbascum thapsus. oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland acknowledgments the authors wish to thank jeanine lackey, abby moore, and jona tucker for field assistance and the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments. literature cited anderson, s.a. and r.e. masters. 1992. riparian forest buffers. fact sheet no. 5034. stillwater (ok): oklahoma state university cooperative extension service. buthod, a.k. and b.w. hoagland. 2020. a floristic inventory of the nature conservancy’s oka’ yanahli preserve, johnston county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 20:24-52. carter, b.j. and m.s. gregory. 2008. soil map of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza, eds. earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. clark, l.g. 2011. survey of the vascular flora of the boehler seeps and sandhills preserve. oklahoma native plant record 11:4-21. curtis, n.m. w.e. ham, and k.s. johnson. 2008. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza, eds. earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. duck, l.g. and j.b. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. in: a survey of the game and furbearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma city (ok): oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. hoagland, b.w. 2000. the vegetation of oklahoma: a classification for landscape mapping and conservation planning. the southwestern naturalist 43:285–420. integrated taxonomic information system. 2020. http://www.itis.gov (1 may 2020). johnson, k.s. 2008. generalized geologic map of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza, eds. earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. köppen, w. 1884. die wärmezonen der erde, nach der dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten zeit undnach der wirkung der wärme auf die organische welt betrachtet. [the thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate, and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world]. meteorologische zeitschrift 1:215-226. (translated and edited and published 2011) meteorologische zeitschrift 20:351-360. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/conte nt/schweiz/mz/2011/00000020/000000 03/art00009 macroberts, m.h. and b.r. macroberts. 2002. status report on eriocaulon koernickianum (dwarf pipewort) in texas. austin (tx): texas parks and wildlife wildlife diversity program. natureserve. 2020. natureserve explorer. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer (1 may 2020). oklahoma climatological survey. 2020. the climate of johnston county. http://www.ocs.ou.edu (13 may 2020). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2020. vascular plant tracking list. http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/c ontent/biodiversity-info/trackinglist/index.php (1 may 2020). smith, e.b. 1994. keys to the flora of arkansas. fayetteville (ar): university of arkansas press. stevens, p.f. 2001+. angiosperm phylogeny website. version 14, july 2017. http://www.mobot.org/mobot/resea rch/apweb/ (1 may 2020). taylor, r.j. and c.e. taylor. 1991. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms, and flowering plants of http://www.itis.gov/ http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2011/00000020/00000003/art00009 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2011/00000020/00000003/art00009 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2011/00000020/00000003/art00009 http://www.natureserve.org/explorer http://www.ocs.ou.edu/ http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/content/biodiversity-info/tracking-list/index.php http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/content/biodiversity-info/tracking-list/index.php http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/content/biodiversity-info/tracking-list/index.php http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland oklahoma. durant (ok): selfpublished. tyrl, r.j., s.c. barber, p. buck, w.j. elisens, j.r. estes, p. folley, l.k. magrath, c.l. murray, a.k. ryburn, b.a. smith, c.e.s. taylor, r.a. thompson, j.b. walker, and l.e. watson. 2015. flora of oklahoma: keys and descriptions. oklahoma city (ok): flora oklahoma incorporated. usda, nrcs. 2020. the plants database. http://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov (1 may 2020). watson, l.e., g.e. uno, n.a. mccarty and a.b. kornkven. 1994. conservation biology of a rare plant species eriocaulon kornickianum (eriocaulaceae). american journal of botany 81(8): 980-986. http://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/ oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland appendix list of vascular plant taxa from the hottonia bottoms nature preserve, atoka, bryan and choctaw counties, oklahoma. taxa list with duration, growth habit, wetland status, vegetation type, collection number, nativity, and heritage status. a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial; t=tree, s=shrub, v=woody vine, f=forb, g=graminoid; obl=obligate wetland, facw= facultative wetland, fac=facultative, facu=facultative upland, upl=upland, none=no wetland status; da=disturbed area, dsha=dichanthelium scoparium herbaceous association, fpfa=fraxinus pennsylvanica forest association, hwv=herbaceous wetland vegetation, qpqnf=quercus phellos/quercus nigra forest, uf=upland forest. exotic taxa are denoted with an asterisk (*). taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory are denoted with a dagger (†). duration, growth habit, and nativity were determined using the plants database (usda-nrcs 2020); if the information from plants was ambiguous, taylor and taylor (1991) was consulted. wetland status and common names were taken from plants (usda-nrcs 2020), and vegetation classifications were based on hoagland (2000). specimens were assigned collection numbers with the prefix hb. voucher specimens were deposited at the robert bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma (okl). acanthaceae dicliptera brachiata (pursh) spreng. (branched foldwing); a; f; facw; hwv; hb-164 ruellia humilis nutt. (fringeleaf wild petunia); p; f; facu; uf; hb-172 ruellia strepens l. (limestone wild petunia); p; f; fac; uf; hb-324 adoxaceae sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli (american elder); p; s; none; qpqnf; hb-014 viburnum rufidulum raf. (rusty blackhaw); p; s; upl; uf; hb-304 alismataceae echinodorus cordifolius (l.) griseb. (burhead); p; f; obl; fpfa; hb-422 amaryllidaceae *allium vineale l. (wild garlic); p; f; facu; da; hb-096 nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britton (crowpoison); p; f; facu; da; hb-103 anacardiaceae rhus aromatica aiton (fragrant sumac); p; s; upl; uf; hb-275 toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze (poison ivy); p; v; fac; uf, qpqnf; hb-382 apiaceae chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. (chervil); a; f; fac; uf; qpqnf; hb-007 cryptotaenia canadensis (l.) dc. (honewort); p; f; fac; uf; qpqnf; hb-075 cynosciadium digitatum dc. (fringed dogshade); a; f; facw; fpfa; hb-036 eryngium prostratum nutt. ex dc. (creeping eryngo); p; f; facw; dsha; hb-193 †ptilimnium costatum raf. (threadleaf mockbishopweed); a; f; facw; dsha; hb-043; s1g4 sanicula canadensis l. (canadian blacksnakeroot); b; f; facu; uf; hb-118 12 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland spermolepis divaricata (benth. & hook. f. ex s. watson) raf. ex ser. (forked scaleseed); a; f; fac; fpfa; hb-114 trepocarpus aethusae nutt. ex dc. (whitenymph); a; f; facw; qpqnf; hb-029 apocynaceae asclepias amplexicaulis sm. (clasping milkweed); p; f; none; uf; hb-298 gonolobus suberosus (l.) br. var. suberosus (angularfruit milkvine); p; f; facw; uf; hb-083 aquifoliaceae ilex decidua walter (possomhaw); p; s; facw; qpqnf; hb-171 araceae arisaema dracontium (l.) schott (green dragon); p; f; facw; qpqnf; hb-341 araliaceae hydrocotyle ranunculoides l.f. (floating pennyroyal); p; f; obl; dsha, hwv; hb-373 aristolochiaceae †aristolochia reticulata nutt. (texas dutchman's pipe); p; f; none; uf; hb-016; s2g4 aspleniaceae asplenium platyneuron (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (ebony spleenwort); p; f; facu; uf; hb-065 asteraceae achillea millefolium l. (common yarrow); p; f; facu; da; hb-269 ageratina altissima (l.) king & h. rob. var. altissima (white snakeroot); p; f; facu; qpqnf; hb-236 ambrosia artemisiifolia l. (annual ragweed); a; f; facu; da; hb-144 ambrosia bidentata michx. (lanceleaf ragweed); a; f; none; da, uf; hb-245 antennaria parlinii fernald (parlin’s pussytoes); p; f; none; uf; hb-368 bidens bipinnata l. (spanish needles); a; f; fac; hwv; hb-025 bidens frondosa l. (devil's beggartick); a; f; facw; hwv; hb-244 bradburia pilosa (nutt.) semple (soft goldenaster); a; f; none; da; hb-142 brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners (false boneset); p; f; none; uf; hb-163 cirsium altissimum (l.) hill (tall thistle); b; f; none; da; hb-202 cirsium horridulum michx. (yellow thistle); b; f; fac; dsha; hb-291 conoclinium coelestinum (l.) dc (blue mistflower); p; f; fac; hwv, qpqnf; hb-188 conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist (canadian horseweed); a; f; none; da; hb-139 coreopsis tinctoria nutt. (golden tickseed); a; f; fac; da, hwv; hb-388 croptilon divaricatum (nutt.) raf. (slender scratchdaisy); a; f; upl; uf; hb-243 eclipta prostrata (l.) l. (false daisy); a; f; facw; hwv; hb-206 elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. (carolina elephantsfoot); p; f; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-184 erechtites hieraciifolius (l.) raf. ex dc. (american burnweed); a; f; none; da, uf; hb-133 erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. (prairie fleabane); a; f ; fac; da; hb-319 eupatorium perfoliatum l. (common boneset); p; f ; facw; dsha ; hb-186 eupatorium serotinum michx. (lateflowering thoroughwort); p; f; fac; hb-404 fleischmannia incarnata (walter) king & h. rob. (pink thoroughroot); p; f; facu; da; hb-237 gamochaeta pensylvanica (willd.) cabrera (pennsylvania everlasting); p; f; facu; uf; hb-364 oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock (yellowdicks); a; f; facu; da; hb-192 heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britton & rusby (camphorweed); a; f; none; da; hb-173 hieracium gronovii l. (queendevil); p; f; upl; uf; hb-423 iva annua l. (annual marsh elder); a; f; fac; hwv; hb-138 lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) riddell (wild lettuce); a; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-037 mikania scandens (l.) willd. (climbing hempvine); p; f; facw; dsha; hb-203 packera glabella (poir.) c. jeffrey (butterweed); a; f; facw; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-286 packera obovata (muhl. ex willd.) w.a. weber & a. löve (roundleaf ragwort); p; f; facu; qpqnf; hb-088 pluchea odorata (l.) cass. (sweetscent); a; f; facw; dsha, hwv; hb-242 pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & b.l. burtt (rabbit-tobacco); a; f; none; uf; hb-125 pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walter) dc. (carolina desert-chicory); a; f; none; da; hb-378 rudbeckia hirta l. (blackeyed susan); p; f; facu; da, uf; hb-066 smallanthus uvedalia (l.) mack. ex small (hairy leafcup); p; f; none; uf; hb-227 solidago nemoralis aiton (gray goldenrod); p; f; none; uf; hb-432 solidago ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. var. palmeri cronquist (palmer's goldenrod); p; f; none; uf; hb-195 symphyotrichum lanceolatum (willd.) g.l. nesom (white panicle aster); p; f; none; uf; hb-436 symphyotrichum lateriflorum (l.) á. löve & d. löve (calico aster); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-215 symphyotrichum oolentangiense (riddell) g.l. nesom (skyblue aster); p; f; none; uf; hb-434 symphyotrichum patens (aiton) g.l. nesom var. patens (late purple aster); p; f; none; uf; hb-143 verbesina virginica l. (white crownbeard); p; f; facu; qpqnf; hb-140 xanthium strumarium l. (spiny cocklebur); a; f; fac; hwv; hb-134 balsaminaceae impatiens capensis meerb. (jewelweed); a; f; facw; fpfa; hb-025 berberidaceae podophyllum peltatum l. (may apple); p; f; facu; uf, qpqnf; hb-284 betulaceae betula nigra l. (river birch); p; t; facw; hwv; hb-395 bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau (trumpet creeper); p; v; fac; fpfa; hb-391 blechnaceae woodwardia areolata (l.) t. moore (netted chainfern); p; f; obl; dsha; hb-210 boraginaceae hackelia virginiana (l.) i.m. johnst. (virginia stickseed); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-336 myosotis macrosperma engelm. (southern forget-me-knot); a; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-089 lithospermum caroliniense (walter ex j.f. gmel.) macmill. (carolina puccoon); p; f; none; uf; hb-316 brassicaceae *capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. (shepherdspurse); a; f; facu; da; hb-278 14 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland *cardamine hirsuta l. (hairy bittercress); a; f; facu; da; hb-099 cardamine pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. (pennsylvania bittercress); p; f; facw; fpfa; hb-305 rorippa palustris (l.) besser (bog marshcress); a; f; obl; fpfa; hb-296 cactaceae opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. (devil's tongue); p; s; none; uf; hb-107 campanulaceae lobelia cardinalis l. (cardinalflower); p; f; facw; hwv; hb-161 triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. ssp. perfoliata (clasping venus' looking-glass); a; f; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-322 cannabaceae celtis laevigata willd. (sugarberry); p; t; facw; fpfa; hb-343 caprifoliaceae *lonicera japonica thunb. (japanese honeysuckle); p; v; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-266 symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench (coralberry); p; s; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-148 caryophyllaceae *cerastium glomeratum thuill. (sticky chickweed); a; f; facu; da; hb-090 *cerastium pumilum w. curtis (european chickweed); a; f; none; da; hb-254 *stellaria media (l.) vill. (chickweed); a; f; facu; da; hb-098 cistaceae lechea mucronata raf. (hairy pinweed); p; f; none; uf; hb-371 commelinaceae commelina erecta l. (erect dayflower); p; f; facu; uf; hb-117 commelina virginica l. (virginia dayflower); p; f; facw; qpqnf; hb-077 tradescantia ohiensis raf. (ohio spiderwort); p; f; fac; uf; hb-325 convolvulaceae cuscuta obtusiflora kunth (peruvian dodder); p; f; none; uf; hb-235 dichondra carolinensis michx. (carolina ponysfoot); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-257 ipomoea lacunosa l. (white morningglory); a; f; fac; hwv; hb-127 cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. (roughleaf dogwood); p; t; fac; qpqnf; hb-272 cornus florida l. (flowering dogwood); p; t; facu; uf; hb-282 cucurbitaceae melothria pendula l. (guadeloupe cucumber); p; f; fac; da; hb-031 cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. (eastern red cedar); p; t; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-225 oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland cyperaceae carex albicans willd. ex spreng. (whitetinge sedge); p; g; fac; qpqnf, uf; hb-095 carex aureolensis steud. (goldenfruit sedge); p; g; none; fpfa; hb-063 carex blanda dewey (bland sedge); p; g; fac; qpqnf; hb-357 carex cephalophora muhl. ex willd. (ovalleaf sedge); p; g; fac; qpqnf; hb-365 carex cherokeensis schwein. (cherokee sedge); p; g; facw; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-091 carex crus-corvi shuttlew. ex kunze (ravenfoot sedge); p; g; obl; fpfa; hb-051 carex flaccosperma dewey (thinfruit sedge); p; g; facw; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-329 †carex gigantea rudge (giant sedge); p; g; obl; fpfa; hb-385; s1g4 †carex hyalina boott (tissue sedge); p; g; facw; fpfa; hb-334; s2g4 carex leavenworthii dewey (leavenworth's sedge); p; g; none; qpqnf; hb-332 carex louisianica l.h. bailey (louisiana sedge); p; g; obl; fpfa; hb-338 carex lupuliformis sartwell ex dewey (false hop sedge); p; g; obl; fpfa; hb-123 carex lurida wahlenb. (shallow sedge); p; g; obl; fpfa; hb-340 carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. (muhlenberg's sedge); p; g; none; qpqnf; hb-121 †carex oxylepis torr. & hook. (sharpscale sedge); p; g; facw; qpqnf; hb-328; s2g5? carex planispicata naczi (flat-spiked sedge); p; g; none; qpqnf; hb-366 carex retroflexa muhl. ex willd. (reflexed sedge); p; g; facu; uf; hb-360 carex texensis (torr.) l.h. bailey (texas sedge); p; g; none; uf; hb-333 carex tribuloides wahlenb. (blunt broom sedge); p; g; facw; fpfa; hb-331 †carex typhina michx. (cattail sedge); p; g; obl; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-280; s1g5 cyperus croceus vahl (baldwin's flatsedge); p; g; fac; qpqnf; hb-004 cyperus echinatus (l.) alph. wood (globe flatsedge); p; g; fac; qpqnf, uf; hb-026 cyperus erythrorhizos muhl. (red-root flatsedge); a; g; obl; fpfa, hwv; hb-219 †cyperus plukenetii fernald (plukenet's flatsedge); p; g; none; uf; hb-240; s2g5 cyperus pseudovegetus steud. (marsh flatsedge); p; g; facw; fpfa, hwv; hb-064 cyperus retroflexus buckley (oneflower flatsedge); p; g; none; uf; hb-369 eleocharis lanceolata fernald (daggerleaf spikerush); a; g; facw; hwv; b-040 eleocharis obtusa (willd.) schult. (blunt spikesedge); a; g; obl; dsha, hwv; hb-372 isolepis carinata hook. & arn. ex torr. (keeled bulrush); a; g; facw; da; hb-264 rhynchospora corniculata (lam.) a. gray (shortbristle horned beaksedge); p; g; obl; hwv; hb-011 rhynchospora glomerata (l.) vahl (clustered beaksedge); p; g; obl; hwv; hb-379 dryopteridaceae polystichum acrostichoides (michx.) schott (christmas fern); p; f; facu; uf; hb-093 ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. (eastern persimmon); p; t; fac; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-182 ericaceae vaccinium arboreum marsh (farkleberry); p; s; facu; uf; hb-018 euphorbiaceae acalypha gracilens a. gray (slender copperleaf); a; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-416 acalypha virginica l. (virginia copperleaf); a; f; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-007 cnidoscolus texanus (müll. arg.) small (bullnettle); p; f; none; uf; hb-273 croton capitatus michx. (wooly croton); a; f; none; da; hb-212 16 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland croton glandulosus l. (vente conmigo); a; f; none; da; hb-211 croton monanthogynus michx. (prairie-tea); a; f; none; da, uf; hb-181 euphorbia cyathophora murray (fire on the mountain); a; f; facu; uf; hb-136 euphorbia dentata michx. (toothed spurge); a; f; none; da, uf; hb-246 fabaceae *albizia julibrissin durazz. (silktree); p; t; none; qpqnf; hb-158 amphicarpaea bracteata (l.) fernald (american hogpeanut); a; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-150 apios americana medik. (groundnut); p; f; facw; hwv; hb-409 baptisia bracteata muhl. ex elliott (longbract wild indigo); p; f; none; uf; hb-285 centrosema virginianum (l.) benth. (spurred butterfly pea); p; f; none; uf; hb-410 cercis canadensis l. (eastern redbud); p; t; upl; uf; hb-200 chamaecrista nictitans (l.) moench (sensitive partridge pea); a; f; facu; da; hb-189 clitoria mariana l. (atlantic pigeonwings); p; f; facu; uf; hb-019 crotalaria sagittalis l. (arrowhead rattlebox); p; f; none; uf; hb-177 desmodium ciliare (muhl. ex willd.) dc. (littleleaf tickclover); p; f; none; uf; hb-124 desmodium glabellum (michx.) dc. (dillenius' ticktrefoil); p; f; none; uf; hb-429 desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. var. paniculatum (narrowleaf ticktrefoil); p; f; facu; uf; hb-166 desmodium perplexum b.g. schub. (perplexed ticktrefoil); p; f; none; uf; hb-167 desmodium viridiflorum (l.) (velvetleaf ticktrefoil); p; f; none; uf; hb-424 galactia regularis (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (eastern milkpea); p; f; none; uf; hb-337 gleditsia triacanthos l. (honeylocust); p; t; fac; qpqnf; hb-288 *kummerowia striata (thunb.) schindl (japanese clover); a; f; facu; da, uf; hb-249 *lespedeza cuneata (dum. cours.) g. don (sericea lespedeza); p; f; facu; da, uf; hb-414 lespedeza hirta (l.) hornem. ssp. hirta (hairy lespedeza); p; f; none; uf; hb-439 lespedeza repens (l.) w.p.c. barton (creeping lespedeza); p; f; none; uf; hb-313 lespedeza stuevei nutt. (tall lespedeza); p; f; none; uf; hb-162 lespedeza virginica (l.) britton (slender lespedeza); p; f; none; uf; hb-223 †phaseolus polystachios (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (thicket bean); p; f; none; qpqnf; hb-437; s1g5 rhynchosia latifolia nutt. ex torr. & a. gray (prairie snoutbean); p; f; none; uf; hb-013 strophostyles helvola (l.) elliott (amberique-bean); a; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-152 strophostyles umbellata (muhl. ex willd.) britton (pink fuzzybean); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-169 stylosanthes biflora (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (sidebeak pencilflower); p; f; none; uf; hb-082 tephrosia virginiana (l.) pers. (virginia tephrosia); p; f; none; uf; hb-396 *trifolium campestre schreb. (field clover); a; f; none; da; hb-311 *trifolium repens l. (white clover); p; f; facu; da; hb-290 vicia minutiflora d. dietr. (smallflower vetch); a; f; fac; da; hb-306 fagaceae quercus falcata michx. (southern red oak); p; t; facu; uf; hb-201 †quercus incana w. bartram (bluejack oak); p; t; none; uf; hb-xxx; s2g5 quercus lyrata walter (overcup oak); p; t; obl; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-229 quercus macrocarpa michx. (bur oak); p; t; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-053 quercus nigra l. (water oak); p; t; fac; qpqnf; hb-149 quercus phellos l. (willow oak); p; t; facw; qpqnf; hb-028 quercus stellata wangenh (post oak); p; t; upl; uf; hb-196 oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland quercus velutina lam. (black oak); p; t; none; uf; hb-370 gentianaceae sabatia angularis (l.) pursh (squarestem rosegentian); a; f; facw; da; hb-389 geraniaceae geranium carolinianum l. (carolina geranium); a; f; none; da; hb-320 geranium texanum (trel.) a. heller (texas geranium); a; f; none; da; hb-253 heliotropiaceae *heliotropium indicum l. (india heliotrope); a; f; fac; hwv, fpfa; hb-204 hypericaceae hypericum gymnanthum engelm. & a. gray (claspingleaf st. johnswort); p; f; facw; hwv, fpfa; hb-208 hypericum hypericoides (l.) crantz (st. andrew's cross); p; f; fac; qpqnf, uf; hb-073 hypericum punctatum lam. (spotted st. johnswort); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-346 iridaceae sisyrinchium angustifolium mill. (blue-eyed grass); p; f; facw; fpfa; hb-321 juglandaceae carya cordiformis (wangenh.) k. koch (bitternut hickory); p; t; fac; qpqnf, uf; hb-339 carya ovata (mill.) k. koch (shagbark hickory); p; t; facu; uf; hb-010 carya texana buckle (black hickory); p; t; none; uf; hb-381 juglans nigra l. (black walnut); p; t; upl; uf; hb-154 juncaceae juncus bufonius l. (toad rush); a; g; facw; da; hb-260 juncus coriaceus mack. (leathery rush); p; g; facw; fpfa; hb-015 juncus diffusissimus buckley (slimpod rush); p; g; facw; fpfa; hb-045 juncus effusus l. (common rush); p; g; obl; dsha, fpfa; hb-050 juncus marginatus rostk. (grassleaf rush); p; g; facw; dsha, fpfa; hb-033 juncus scirpoides lam. (needlepod rush); p; g; facw; fpfa; hb-041 juncus tenuis willd. (field rush); p; g; fac; qnqpf, uf; hb-006 juncus validus coville (roundhead rush); p; g; facw; fpfa; hb-380 lamiaceae callicarpa americana l. (american beautyberry); p; s; facu; uf; hb-060 lycopus virginicus l. (virginia bugleweed); p; f; obl; fpfa; hb-130 monarda punctata l. (spotted beebalm); a; f; facu; uf; hb-070 monarda russeliana nutt. ex sims (redpurple beebalm); p; f; none; uf; hb-292 *perilla frutescens (l.) britton (beefsteak plant); a; f; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-205 †physostegia intermedia (nutt.) engelm. & a. gray (slender false dragonhead); p; f; facw; fpfa; hb-295; s1g5 prunella vulgaris l. (heal all); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-393 pycnanthemum albescens torr. & a. gray (whiteleaf mountainmint); p; f; fac; uf; hb-080 18 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland pycnanthemum tenuifolium schrad. (narrowleaf mountainmint); p; f; facw; uf; hb-438 salvia lyrata l. (lyreleaf sage); p; f; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-283 †scutellaria cardiophylla engelm. & a. gray (gulf skullcap); a; f; fac; uf; hb-017; s1g4? scutellaria lateriflora l. (mad dog skullcap); p; f; obl; fpfa; hb-411 stachys hispida pursh (smooth hedgenettle); p; f; facw; fpfa; hb-383 teucrium canadense l. (canada germander); p; f; facw; dsha, hwv; hb-024 trichostema dichotomum l. (forked bluecurls); a; f; upl; uf; hb-137 lauraceae sassafras albidum (nutt.) nees (sassafras); p; t; facu; uf; hb-344 linderniaceae lindernia dubia (l.) pennell (yellowseed false pimpernel); a; f; obl; fpfa, hwv; hb-032 lythraceae rotala ramosior (l.) koehne (lowland toothcup); a; f; obl; hwv; hb-047 malvaceae sida spinosa l. (prickly sida); a; f; facu; da; hb-417 melastomataceae rhexia mariana l. var. interior (pennell) kral & bostick (maryland meadowbeauty); p; f; none; da; hb-129 menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. (redberry moonseed); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-390 molluginaceae *glinus lotoides l. (damascisa); a; f; facw; hwv; hb-441 mollugo verticillata l. (green carpetweed); a; f; fac; da, hwv; hb-207 montiaceae claytonia virginica l. (springbeauty); p; f; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-101 moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) c.k. schneid. (osage orange); p; t; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-046 morus rubra l. (red mulberry); p; t; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-374 nyssaceae nyssa sylvatica marshall (black gum); p; t; fac; qpqnf; hb-058 oleaceae †forestiera acuminata (michx.) poir. (swamp privet); p; s; obl; fpfa; hb-256; s2g5 fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. (green ash); p; t; fac; fpfa; hb-054 onagraceae ludwigia alternifolia l. (bushy seedbox); p; f; obl; hwv; hb-180 ludwigia decurrens (dc.) walter (wingleaf waterprimrose); p; f; obl; dsha, hwv; hb-213 oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland ludwigia palustris (l.) elliott (marsh seedbox); p; f; obl; hwv; hb-128 oenothera laciniata hill (cut-leaved evening primrose); p; f; facu; da; hb-271 onocleaceae onoclea sensibilis l. (sensitive fern); p; f; facw; hwv; hb-131 ophioglossaceae botrychium dissectum spreng (cutleaf grapefern); p; f; fac; qpqnf, uf; hb-234 orchidaceae †hexalectris spicata (walter) barnhart (crested coralroot); p; f; facu; uf; hb-398; s1g5 orobanchaceae pedicularis canadensis l. (canadian lousewort); p; f; facu; uf; hb-397 osmundaceae osmunda regalis l. (royal fern); p; f; none; dsha; hb-061 oxalidaceae oxalis dillenii jacq. (dillen's oxalis); p; f; facu; da, uf; hb-002 oxalis violacea l. (violet woodsorrel); p; f; none; uf; hb-094 papaveraceae corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex a. gray) a. gray ssp. australis (chapm.) g.b. ownbey (smallflower fumewort); a; f; none; qpqnf; hb-087 corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex a. gray) a. gray ssp. micrantha (smallflower fumewort); a; f; none; qpqnf; hb-251 passifloraceae passiflora incarnata l. (purple passionflower); p; f; none; qpqnf; hb-226 penthoraceae penthorum sedoides l. (ditch stonecrop); p; f; obl; fpfa, hwv; hb-072 phrymaceae mimulus alatus aiton (sharpwing monkeyflower); p; f; obl; hwv; hb-214 phryma leptostachya l. (american lopseed); p; f; facu; uf; hb-062 phyllanthaceae phyllanthus caroliniensis walter (carolina leafflower); a; f; fac; hwv; hb-176 pinaceae pinus echinata mill. (shortleaf pine); p; t; none; uf; hb-387 plantaginaceae gratiola virginiana l. (roundfruit hedgehyssop); a; f; obl; hwv; hb-160 penstemon arkansanus pennell (arkansas beardtongue); p; f; none; uf; hb-267 †penstemon murrayanus hook (scarlet beardtongue); p; f; none; uf; hb-274; s1g4 20 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland plantago aristata michx. (largebracted plantain); a; f; none; da; hb-354 plantago pusilla nutt. (wooly indian wheat); a; f; facu; da; hb-265 plantago rugelii decne. (blackseed plantain); p; f; facu; qpqnf; hb-113 veronica peregrina l. (purslane speedwell); a; f; fac; da; hb-261 platanaceae platanus occidentalis l. (american sycamore); p; t; facw; fpfa; hb-147 poaceae agrostis perennans (walter) tuck (upland bentgrass); p; g; facu; qpqnf; hb-440 *aira caryophyllea l. (silvery hairgrass); a; g; fac; da, qpqnf; hb-309 alopecurus carolinianus walter (carolina foxtail); a; g; facw; fpfa; hb-281 andropogon gerardii vitman (big bluestem); p; g; fac; uf; hb-427 andropogon glomeratus (walter) britton, sterns & poggemb. (bushy bluestem); p; g; facw; dsha, hwv; hb-425 andropogon ternarius michx. (splitbeard bluestem); p; g; facu; uf; hb-232 andropogon virginicus l. (broomsedge bluestem); p; g; fac; fpfa; hb-224 †aristida lanosa muhl. ex elliott (woolysheath threeawn); p; g; none; uf; hb-421; s1g5 arundinaria gigantea (walter) muhl. (giant cane); p; g; facw; fpfa; hb-228 *bromus catharticus vahl (rescuegrass); p; g; none; da; hb-279 bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. (hairy woodland brome); p; g; facu; uf; hb-307 chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) h.o. yates (indian woodoats); p; g; fac; qpqnf; hb-027 chasmanthium laxum (l.) h.o. yates ssp. laxum (slender woodoats); p; g; facw; qpqnf; hb-399 chasmanthium laxum (l.) h.o. yates ssp. sessiliflorum (poir.) l.g. clark (slender woodoats); p; g; facw; qpqnf; hb-119 cinna arundinacea l. (sweet woodreed); p; g; facw; qpqnf; hb-230 coleataenia anceps (michx.) soreng (beaked panicgrass); p; g; fac; qpqnf, uf; hb-146 coleataenia longifolia (torr.) soreng ssp. rigidula (bosc ex nees) soreng (redtop panicgrass); p; g; facu; qpqnf; hb-199 dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark (tapered rosette grass); p; g; fac; uf; hb-318 dichanthelium dichotomum (l.) gould (cypress panicgrass); p; g; fac; qpqnf; hb-034 dichanthelium laxiflorum (lam.) gould (openflower rosette grass); p; g; fac; qpqnf; hb-402 dichanthelium ovale (elliott) gould & c.a. clark (eggleaf rosette grass); p; g; facu; uf; hb-068 dichanthelium polyanthes (schult.) mohlenbr. (roundseed panicgrass); p; g; none; fpfa; hb-009 dichanthelium ravenelii (scribn. & merr.) gould (ravenel's rosette grass); p; g; facu; uf; hb-317 dichanthelium scoparium (lam.) gould (velvet panicum); p; g; facw; dsha, hwv; hb-111 digitaria ciliaris (retz.) koeler (southern crabgrass); a; g; facu; da; hb-039 echinochloa muricata (p. beauv.) fernald var. microstachya wiegand (rough barnyard grass); a; g; facw; hwv; hb-001 echinochloa muricata (p. beauv.) fernald var. muricata (rough barnyard grass); a; g; facw; hwv; hb-238 elymus virginicus l. (virginia wildrye); p; g; fac; qpqnf; uf; hb-069 eragrostis hirsuta (michx.) nees (bigtop lovegrass); p; g; fac; uf; hb-405 eragrostis intermedia hitchc. (plains lovegrass); p; g; none; uf; hb-247 eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. (purple lovegrass); p; g; facu; uf; hb-241 eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) alph. wood (sand lovegrass); p; g; none; uf; hb-170 festuca paradoxa desv. (clustered fescue); p; g; fac; qpqnf; hb-308 oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland glyceria striata (lam.) hitchc. (fowl mannagrass); p; g; obl; fpfa, hwv; hb-057 gymnopogon ambiguus (michx.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (bearded skeletongrass); p; g; none; uf; hb-178 hordeum pusillum nutt.(little barley); a; g; facu; da; hb-297 leersia oryzoides (l.) sw. (rice cutgrass); p; g; obl; fpfa, hwv; hb-250 leersia virginica willd. (white grass); p; g; facw; fpfa; hb-023 *lolium perenne l. (perennial ryegrass); p; g; facu; uf; hb-268 muhlenbergia sobolifera (muhl. ex willd.) trin. (rocky muhly); p; g; none; uf; hb-408 panicum dichotomiflorum michx (western witchgrass); a; g; facw; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-216 †paspalum bifidum (bertol.) nash (pitchfork crowngrass); p; g; facw; fpfa; hb-400; s1g5 paspalum notatum alain ex flüggé (bahia grass); p; g; facu; da; hb-248 paspalum repens p.j. bergius (horsetail paspalum); a; g; obl; hwv; hb-418 paspalum setaceum michx. var. setaceum (thin paspalum); p; g; fac; uf; hb-003 *poa annua l. (annual bluegrass); a; g; facu; da, uf; hb-106 poa sylvestris a. gray (woodland bluegrass); p; g; facw; fpfa; hb-335 †sacciolepis striata (l.) nash (american cupscale); p; g; obl; fpfa, hwv; hb-056; s2g5 †sorghastrum elliottii (c. mohr) nash (slender indiangrass); p; g; none; uf; hb-426; s1g5 sphenopholis intermedia (rydb.) rydb. (slender wedgescale); p; g; fac; qpqnf; hb-362 sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. (prairie wedgescale); p; g; fac; qpqnf; hb-312 tridens flavus (l.) hitchc. (purpletop); p; g; facu; uf; hb-081 vulpia octoflora (walter) rydb. (pullout grass); a; g; facu; da, uf; hb-299 polygalaceae polygala verticillata l. (whorled milkwort); a; f; upl; uf; hb-021 polygonaceae fallopia scandens (l.) holub (climbing false buckwheat); p; f; none; qpqnf; hb-419 persicaria hydropiperoides (michx.) small (swamp smartweed); p; f; obl; dsha, fpfa; hb-220 persicaria lapathifolia (l.) gray (curlytop knotweed); a; f; facw; fpfa; hb-428 persicaria pensylvanica (l.) m. gómez (pennsylvania smartweed); a; f; facw; fpfa; hb-403 persicaria punctata (elliott) small (dotted smartwed); a; f; obl; fpfa, hwv; hb-042 persicaria sagittata (l.) h. gross (arrowleaf tearthumb); a; f; obl; dsha; hb-345 persicaria virginiana (l.) gaertn. (jumpseed); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-078 polygonum ramosissimum michx. (bushy knotweed); a; f; facu; da; hb-126 *rumex conglomeratus murray (sharpwing dock); p; f; facw; qpqnf; hb-110 *rumex crispus l. (curly dock); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-323 rumex hastatulus baldwin (heartwing dock); p; f; facu; da; hb-263 polypodiaceae pleopeltis polypodioides (l.) e.g. andrews & windham (resurrection fern); p; f; fac; uf; hb-433 primulaceae †hottonia inflata elliott (american featherfoil); a; f; obl; fpfa; hb-342; s2g4 samolus valerandi l. (seaside brookweed); p; f; obl; fpfa, hwv; hb-294 ranunculaceae myosurus minimus l. (tiny mousetail); a; f; facw; qpqnf; hb-289 ranunculus abortivus l. (littleleaf buttercup); p; f; facw; hwv, qpqnf; hb-038 22 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland rhamnaceae berchemia scandens (hill) k. koch (alabama supplejack); p; v; fac; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-165 rhamnus caroliniana walter (carolina buckthorn); p; t; facu; uf; hb-155 roaceae geum canadense jacq. (white avens); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-112 agrimonia rostellata wallr. (woodland groovebur); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-420 crataegus spathulata michx (littlehip hawthorn); p; s; fac; qpqnf; hb-356 crataegus viridis l. (green hawthorn); p; s; facw; uf; hb-326 *duchesnea indica (andrews) focke (indian strawberry); p; f; facu; qpqnf; hb-156 prunus mexicana s. watson (mexican plum); p; t; none; uf; hb-104 rosa setigera michx. (climbing rose); p; s; facu; uf; hb-435 rubus argutus link (prickly florida blackberry); p; s; fac; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-293 rubus trivialis michx. (southern dewberry); p; s; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-363 rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. (common buttonbush); p; s; obl; fpfa, hwv; hb-413 diodella teres (walter) small (poor joe); a; f; none; da, uf; hb-141 diodia virginiana l. (virginia buttonweed); p; f; facw; hwv; hb-071 galium aparine l. (bedstraw); a; f; facu; da; hb-287 galium circaezans michx. (licorice bedstraw); p; f; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-116 galium pilosum aiton (hairy bedstraw); p; f; none; uf; hb-115 houstonia pusilla schoepf (tiny bluet); a; f; facu; da; hb-097 rutaceae zanthoxylum clava-herculis l. (hercules-club); p; t; fac; uf, qpqnf; hb-067 salicaceae salix nigra marshall (black willow); p; t; obl; fpfa; hb-239 sapindaceae acer negundo l. (boxelder); p; t; fac; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-351 acer saccharinum l. (silver maple); p; t; fac; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-349 *cardiospermum halicacabum l. (balloonvine); a; f; fac; hwv; hb-132 sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. (gum bully); p; t; facu; uf; hb-187 scrophulariaceae scrophularia marilandica l. (carpenter's square); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-401 *verbascum thapsus l. (wooly mullein); b; f; facu; da; hb-012 smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. (saw greenbrier); p; v; fac; da, qpqnf; hb-386 smilax glauca walter (sawbrier); p; v; fac; qpqnf; hb-048 smilax rotundifolia l. (roundleaf greenbrier); p; v; fac; qpqnf; hb-151 oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland solanaceae physalis heterophylla nees (clammy groundcherry); p; f; none; uf; hb-384 physalis virginiana mill. (virginia groundcherry); p; f; none; uf; hb-005 solanum carolinense l. (carolina horsenettle); p; f; facu; uf; hb-314 solanum ptychanthum dunal (west indian nightshade); a; f; facu; qpqnf; hb-055 tetrachondraceae polypremum procumbens l. (juniper-leaf); a; f; facu; da; hb-030 ulmaceae †planera aquatica j.f. gmel. (waterelm); p; t; obl; fpfa; hb-350; s2g5 ulmus alata michx. (winged elm); p; t; facu; uf; hb-175 ulmus crassifolia nutt. (cedar elm); p; t; fac; qpqnf; hb-222 ulmus rubra muhl (slippery elm); p; t; fac; qpqnf; hb-185 urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. (small-spike false nettle); p; f; facw; dsha, fpfa; hb-190 parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. (pennsylvania pellitory); a; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-022 pilea pumila (l.) a. gray (canada clearweed); a; f; facw; fpfa; hb-412 †urtica chamaedryoides pursh (heartleaf nettle); a; f; fac; fpfa; hb-085; s3g4g5 valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. (beaked cornsalad); a; f; fac; da; hb-277 verbenaceae glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. (rose mock vervain); p; f; none; uf; hb-105 phyla lanceolata (michx.) greene (lanceleaf frogfruit); p; f; obl; hwv; hb-035 verbena halei small (slender verbena); p; f; none; da; hb-310 verbena urticifolia l. (white verbena); p; f; fac; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-044 violaceae viola bicolor pursh (field pansy); a; f; fac; da; hb-100 viola pubescens aiton (downy yellow violet); p; f; facu; qpqnf; hb-086 viola sagittata aiton (arrow-leaved violet) p; f; facw; fpfa, qpqnf; hb-258 viola sororia willd. (common blue violet); p; f; fac; qpqnf; hb-092 vitaceae ampelopsis arborea (l.) koehne (peppervine); p; v; fac; qpqnf, uf; hb-074 ampelopsis cordata michx. (heartleaf peppervine); p; v; fac; qpqnf; hb-197 parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. (virginia creeper); p; v; facu; qpqnf, uf; hb-347 vitis palmata vahl (catbird grape); p; v; facw; fpfa; hb-376 vitis riparia michx. (riverbank grape); p; v; facw; fpfa; hb-194 vitis rotundifolia michx. (muscadine); p; v; fac; qpqnf; hb-348 woodsiaceae woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. (bluntlobe cliff fern); p; f; none; uf; hb-059 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 4 the identification of some of the more common native oklahoma grasses by vegetative characters submitted to the department of botany and plant pathology of oklahoma agricultural and mechanical college [now oklahoma state university] in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science 1950 william franklin harris introduction the increasing interest in grassland management in oklahoma reveals the need for some means of identifying grasses by their vegetative characters. native grasses comprise a major component of the state‟s grazing resources; hence, this work concerns itself only with those species. several keys of local scope have been prepared for various localities, but thus far none has been made specifically for oklahoma. it is hoped that this work will prove helpful in identifying grasses when only the vegetative part is present. most of the economically important native grasses of oklahoma were collected during the season of 1949. mature plants were collected so that each specimen could be positively identified before descriptions of the vegetative characteristics of each species were prepared. the most valuable characteristics from which to identify grasses vegetatively are found near the junction of the sheath and blade. drawings illustrating this region have been made for each species. these, with the artificial key and brief descriptions, should enable one to determine any of the species included without too much difficulty. review of literature the first published attempt at a system of identifying grasses by their vegetative characters was that by jessen, in germany, in 1863. other works, some of which are harris, w. f. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100074 listed below, have appeared at intervals up to the present, but none have applied specifically to oklahoma. carrier, in 1917, published a key to forty-eight important species of eastern united states. norton, in 1930, prepared keys to maryland grasses in both vegetative and flowering stages. in 1932, keim, beadle, and frolik published a key to the important prairie hay grasses of nebraska. a wellprepared key to vegetative characteristics of some kansas grasses by copple and aldous appeared the same year. burr and turner, in 1933, presented separate keys based on gross morphological and microscopic leaf characteristics of some british grasses. hitchcock‟s key to the grasses of montana, published in 1936, is excellent for its illustrations and completeness; over 200 species were included. the same year, nowosad and co-workers published an excellent series of drawings, descriptions, and a key to the pasture grasses of eastern canada. pechanec, in 1936, studied the grasses of the upper snake river plains of idaho and published descriptions and a key to eighteen grasses of this area. harrington and durrell, in 1944, included most of the important colorado grasses in a key and descriptions based on vegetative characters. blomquist, in 1948, appended a short key to immature grasses in his manual of the grasses of north carolina. oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. [ed. notes: nomenclature has been updated by ronald j. tyrl, emeritus professor of botany at oklahoma state university, according to the national plant data center, baton rouge, la (http://plants.usda.gov) and the flora of north america north of mexico. magnoliophyta: commelinidae (in part): poaceae, part 1 & part 2. volumes 24 & 25. oxford university press, new york. the original thesis used the bracketed style of listing a key. it appears here in the indented style, which is now the standard practice. species names have been updated. descriptions were originally in list form, but are presented here in paragraph form.] key for identification 1. vernation conduplicate. 2. plants annual. 3. ligule 0.1-0.2 mm long, membranous basally with ciliate margin; plants dichotomously branched; blades tapering to needle-like point. ......................................................... aristida oligantha 3. ligule a fringe of hairs 0.5-0.8 mm long; plants prostrate to decumbent, often mat-forming; blades flaccid. ................................................................................................ cenchrus spinifex 2. plants perennial. 4. ligule with hairy margin at least half its length. (distinguish a hairy margin from a lacerate or toothed one.) 5. plants stoloniferous and creeping. ..................................................... buchloe dactyloides 5. plants not bearing long stolons. 6. blades mostly more than 5 mm wide. ................................................ tridens flavus 6. blades less than 5 mm wide. 7. plants with scaly, creeping rhizomes, sheaths crowded, overlapping, usually found in alkaline soil. ................................................................. distichlis spicata 7. short rhizomes sometimes present, sheaths shorter than internodes. 8. plants erect, unbranched; blades long, attenuate; ligule membranous basally, with ciliate margin. ...................................................... sporobolus compositus 8. plants erect to decumbent; blades short (less than 15 cm long), soft, flexuous; ligule a fringe of hairs. 9. blade margins conspicuously papillose-hispid; ligule a fringe of hairs less than 0.5 mm long. ................................... bouteloua hirsuta 9. blade margins sometimes sparsely papillose-hispid; ligule often membranous basally, with ciliate margin, less than 0.3 mm long. ................................... bouteloua gracilis 4. ligules membranous more than the basal half. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 6 10. plants decumbent, branching from base, seldom erect; blades obtuse, less than 12 cm long; rhizomes absent. 11. ligule less than 1 mm long; blades conduplicate. ................. chloris verticillata 11. ligule 1.5-3.0 mm long; blades flat, becoming conduplicate toward apex. .......................................... schedonnardus paniculatus 10. plants erect; blades longer; rhizomes often present. 12. plants glabrous throughout, except sparsely scattered long hairs at base of blade; blades very rigid, convolute; definite rhizomes present. ............. coelorachis cylindrica 12. plants hairy, especially the blades; rhizomes usually absent. 13. sheaths, especially the lower, inflated and imbricated, compressed, sharply keeled, yellowish in color; ligule less than 0.5 mm long. ................................................ andropogon virginicus 13. plants with sheaths not as above; ligule at least 1.0 mm long. 14. ligule membranous with lacerate margins; midrib very broad and prominent on both surfaces of blade; rhizomes absent. .................................................. andropogon ternarius 14. ligule membranous with ciliate margins; rhizomes sometimes present. ........ schizachyrium scoparium 1. vernation convolute. 15. plants annual. 16. ligule membranous basally, less than 0.6 mm long. 17. plants with disagreeable odor; blade margins glandular; ligule with ciliate margins. ..................................... eragrostis cilianensis 17. plants often hoary; blades short (3-8 cm long); ligule membranous, slightly toothed on margin. ..................... hordeum pusillum 16. ligule at least 0.8 mm long. 18. plants densely hispid throughout; nodes hispid; blades 8-20 mm wide. ............................................ panicum capillare 18. plants not as above. 19. ligule made up entirely of hairs, or composed of hairs for more than the terminal half. 20. blades less than 3 mm wide; veins and midrib inconspicuous. .......................... sporobolus vaginiflorus 20. blades 4-6 mm wide; midrib prominent. ........................................................ eriochloa contracta 19. ligule membranous, at least the basal half. 21. sheaths longer than internodes; blades sometimes sparsely pilose on upper surface; collar prominent, wedge-shaped. ..................................................... panicum dichotomiflorum oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. 21. sheaths shorter than internodes; blades papillose-pilose on upper surface toward base; collar very narrow. ........................................................................... leptochloa panicea 15. plants perennial. 22. ligule a fringe of hairs. 23. ligule less than 0.5 mm long. 24. rhizomes short, stout, scaly. .................................... eragrostis curtipedicellata 24. rhizomes absent. 25. blades 15-90 cm long, attenuate; midrib broad and white; nodes crowded toward base of culm, pubescent. .................................................................. eragrostis trichodes 25. blades much shorter; midribs not prominent; nodes glabrous. 26. sheaths pubescent on margins. ................ sporobolus cryptandrus 26. sheaths glabrous on margins. 27. blades sparsely pilose on upper surface; sheaths shorter than internodes, with conspicuous midveins. ...................... eragrostis lugens 27. blades usually glabrous; sheaths longer or shorter than internodes. ................................. eragrostis secundiflora 23. ligule at least 1 mm long. 28. rhizomes present. 29. ligules less than 2 mm long; plants tall and reed-like. 30. blade margins very scabrous; midrib broad. ...................................................... spartina pectinata 30. blade margins glabrous; midrib inconspicuous. ................................................ calamovilfa gigantea 29. ligules usually more than 2 mm long. 31. blades 10-60 cm long, often glaucous or purplish; midrib broad and white. ................................................. panicum virgatum 31. blades 15-35 cm long; midrib inconspicuous; sheaths papillose-hirsute toward summit. ................. eragrostis spectabilis 28. rhizomes absent. 32. ligule 3 mm long; blades less than 2 mm wide. .................................................... eragrostis sessilispica 32. ligule less than 2 mm long; blades more than 2 mm wide. 33. ligule a dense fringe of hairs; collar thickened, 1.5 mm wide. ........................... tridens albescens 33. ligule a fringe of loose hairs; collar very narrow and indistinct. ......................... tridens strictus oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 8 22. ligule membranous, at least the basal half. 34. auricles rounded to clawlike, sometimes clasping; ligules thick, often greenish. 35. blades often pubescent on upper surface, 2-6 mm wide; wiry, creeping rhizomes present. ............. pascopyrum smithii 35. blades glaucous or glabrous, usually more than 6 mm wide; rhizomes very short, if present. 36. blades often 20 mm wide, slightly scabrous on upper surface and margins; ligule usually at least 1 mm long. ................................ elymus canadensis 36. blades seldom over 12 mm wide, very scabrous on margins and upper surface; ligule less than 1 mm long. ............................................ elymus virginicus 34. auricles rudimentary or absent; ligules usually thin and hyaline. ............................................................. couplet 37 37. ligules with paired lateral spurs, with vein in each spur. ............................... sorghastrum nutans 37. ligules not veined nor with lateral spurs. 38. tall, reed-like plants, often growing in shallow water; sheaths thick and pithy; ligules often 15 mm long. ................................ zizaniopsis miliacea 38. plants not as above. 39. ligules not exceeding 0.5 mm in length 40. blades usually less than 5 mm wide; margins papillose. ................................................................... bouteloua curtipendula 40. plants robust; blades usually at least 10 mm wide; margins glabrous, often scabrous. 41. blades dark green, narrowed toward base, soft, flaccid, and lanceolate; rhizomes short and stout. ......................................................... chasmanthium latifolium 41. blades rigid, usually scabrous on margin and both surfaces, tapering to long point; midrib broad and white; rhizomes thick, knotty, and often woody. .................................... tripsacum dactyloides 39. ligules usually at least 1 mm long. 42. blades less than 10 cm long. 43. ligule bearing long, pointed teeth; rhizomes tough and scaly. ......................................................... hilaria jamesii 43. ligule often oblique, margins entire; rhizomes absent. ..................................................................... digitaria cognata 42. blades more than 10 cm long. .............................................................. couplet 44 44. plants stoloniferous. ................................................................................................. panicum obtusum 44. plants without long, creeping stolons. 45. plants of moist habitats, decumbent to semi-erect; nodes and collars often purplish; blades spreading, often drooping. oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. 46. rhizomes short, stout, and scaly; sheaths papillose at summit. ............................................................ paspalum floridanum 46. rhizomes absent; sheaths glabrous to pilose, but not papillose. 47. plants rooting from lower nodes; sheaths no longer than internodes. ........................................ paspalum pubiflorum var. glabrum 47. plants purplish green in color; sheaths longer than internodes; short, white hairs immediately behind the ligule. ......................................................................... paspalum setaceum var. stramineum 45. plants of drier habitats, erect (bothriochloa laguroides subsp. torreyana is sometimes decumbent basally), blades ascending to erect. 48. plants erect or ascending from decumbent base; blades and sheaths glabrous throughout; rhizomes absent. ............................................................................. bothriochloa laguroides subsp. torreyana 48. plants erect, often purplish or glaucous; blades often pubescent to pilose; rhizomes usually present. 49. plants with long, stout rhizomes; blades flat to u-shaped in cross-section; ligule 3-5 mm long. ...................................................................... andropogon hallii 49. plants sometimes having short rhizomes; blades flat to v-shaped in section; ligule 1-2 mm long. .................................................................. andropogon gerardii descriptions of species andropogon gerardii vitman (=a. furcatus muhl.) big bluestem perennial 1-2 m tall, robust, tufted, erect, sparingly branched above, often glaucous to purplish. culms solid, terete, striate; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 10-45 cm long, 5-10 mm wide, basal leaves pointed, flat to v-shaped in section, firm; upper surface scabrous, papillose at base; veins distinct, raised above surface; midrib broad and prominent; margins scabrous. ligule membranous, 1-2 mm long, truncate, ciliate to lacerate on margin. collar divided by midrib, hirsute on margins. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than internodes, glaucous, glabrous, the lower sometimes villous toward base, striate, rounded in section, split, with a hyaline margin continuous with the ligule. rhizomes short and thick, usually present. distribution: this species occurs abundantly on prairies, especially in more fertile soil, throughout the state. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 10 andropogon hallii hack. sand bluestem perennial 100-200 cm tall, erect, robust, glaucous, simple at the base, branched above, often tufted. culms glabrous, solid, glaucous, round in section; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 5-45 cm long, 5-12 mm wide, glaucous, somewhat rigid, erect, flat to u-shaped in crosssection, glabrous to scaberulous on upper surface; lower surface keeled, glaucous; margins scabrous; veins raised above the surface; midrib broad and white. ligule membranous, continuous with hyaline margins of the sheaths, often reddish, lacerate-toothed on margin, rounded, 3-5 mm long. collar conspicuous and glabrous. auricles absent. sheaths glaucous, shorter than internodes, glabrous, rigid, split, round in cross-section, striate. rhizomes long, stout and creeping. distribution: occurs in sandy soils from the central to the western part of the state. andropogon ternarius michx. splitbeard bluestem, split bluestem perennial 80-100 cm tall, tufted, erect, simple below, branched above, the branches long, slender, and erect. culms smooth and glabrous toward base; the upper nodes sometimes pubescent. vernation conduplicate. blades 10-60 cm long, 2-3 mm wide, those below the racemes very short, the basal blades often purplish-glaucous, glabrous except sometimes sparsely papillose at base, the basal blades long, attenuate, conduplicate, becoming revolute toward the apex, sometimes slightly scabrous above, flat in section, becoming revolute; margin minutely scabrous, sometimes sparsely hirsute at base; veins distinct; midrib very wide and prominent above and below. ligule membranous, opaque, truncate, lacerate on margins, sometimes apparently divided by midrib, 1-2 mm long. collar obscure. auricles absent. sheaths mostly shorter than internodes, usually somewhat scabrous, sometimes sparsely hirsute or papillose, flattened in cross-section, keeled toward the apex, split to near base. rhizomes absent. distribution: this species appears on dry, sandy soil throughout most of the state; it seldom forms pure stands. andropogon virginicus l. broomsedge perennial 50-100 cm tall, tufted, erect, much branched above. culms usually flattened, solid, sometimes glaucous; nodes sometimes villous. vernation conduplicate. blades 15-35 cm long, 2-5 mm wide, flat, becoming conduplicate toward the long, tapering apex, hirsute toward base on upper surface; margins slightly scabrous, hirsute toward base of blade; veins indistinct; midrib prominent on lower surface. ligule 0.5 mm long, membranous, rounded and ciliate. auricles absent. collar obscure. sheaths shorter than internodes, loose; lower inflated and imbricated, compressed, keeled, greenish-yellow, glabrous, except often pilose to papillose on margins, split. rhizomes absent. distribution: this species is often abundant on open, thin soils of the eastern half of the state. oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. aristida oligantha michx. oldfield threeawn, prairie threeawn annual 20-60 cm tall, erect, slender, dichotomously branched. culms erect, slender, tufted, branching from the nodes, scabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation conduplicate. blades 10-20 cm long, 1-2 mm wide, rigid, margin sparsely ciliate, flat to convolute at apex, tapering to a needlelike point, scabrous on upper surface, often pilose near base; veins indistinct, more prominent adjacent to midrib; margin sparsely ciliate; midrib not prominent. ligule membranous, ciliate on margins, approximating a fringe of hairs, 0.1-0.2 mm long. collar yellowish-green, glabrous, indistinct. auricle absent. sheaths longer or shorter than the internodes, slightly scabrous, with membranous margins, rounded in cross-section, split to near base with margins twisted and overlapping, sometimes ciliate at the throat. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs throughout the state, found in old fields, sometimes forming pure stands on thin, clay soils. bothriochloa laguroides (dc.) herter subsp. torreyana (steud.) allred & gould (=andropogon saccharoides sw.) silver beardgrass, silver bluestem perennial 40-120 cm tall, tufted, slender, simple to branched, erect or ascending from decumbent base, often genuculate at the base. culms glabrous; nodes glabrous to appressedpubescent. vernation convolute. blades 8-20 cm long, 3-9 mm wide, glabrous throughout, tapered on both ends, sometimes slightly scabrous on upper surface and margins; veins inconspicuous; midrib broad, keeled below. ligule membranous, hyaline, the margin finely notched, 1.5-3.0 mm long. collar inconspicuous, glabrous to sparsely pilose on margin. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than the internodes, rounded in cross-section, but keeled toward the summit, glabrous, split; margins hyaline. rhizomes absent. distribution: this species is abundant on upland soils throughout the state. bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. sideoats grama perennial 30-100 cm tall, slender, erect, and tufted. culms glabrous; internodes much shorter toward base; nodes glabrous. blades 5-25 cm long, 4-5 mm wide in middle, flat, drooping, tapering to narrow point, scabrous on upper surface, pubescent on upper and lower surfaces; margin scabrous with glandular hairs, especially toward base; veins indistinct; midrib evident on upper surface. ligule collarlike, membranous, 0.5 mm long, ciliate on the margin. collar usually divided, yellowish-green, long-ciliate on margin. auricles absent. sheaths usually shorter than internodes, loose, papery on the margin, striate, round in cross-section, glabrous to sparingly pilose, throat often pilose, split to near base. rhizomes short and scaly. distribution: this species is found in pure stands on dry hills and plains of the western part of the state. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 12 bouteloua gracilis (kunth) lag. ex griffiths blue grama perennial 15-50 cm tall, tufted, erect, usually branching at the base, often sod-forming. culms glabrous, seldom branching from upper nodes; nodes glabrous. vernation conduplicate clasping. blades 5-12 cm long, 1-2 mm wide, soft; margin slightly scabrous, sparsely papillosehirsute basally; blade flat, slightly scabrous on upper surface, narrow, drooping, tapering to long point; veins indistinct; midrib indistinct. ligule 0.2-0.3 mm long, collar-shaped, mostly a fringe of hairs. collar yellowish-green, divided by midrib, margin ciliate. auricles absent. sheaths oval to round, paler than blade, glabrous, long-ciliate at the throat, split to near base, shorter than the internodes, striate; margin membranous. rhizomes absent. distribution: this species is one of the dominant grasses of the plains and occurs throughout the state. bouteloua hirsuta lag. hairy grama perennial 15-50 cm tall, rigid, erect to decumbent, tufted, usually sod-forming, simple, variable in habit. culms striate, glabrous to pubescent below; nodes glabrous. vernation conduplicate clasping. blades 2-13 cm long, 1-2 mm wide, longer basally, numerous, flexuous, narrowpointed, puberulent above, soft; midrib not prominent; margins sparsely papillose-hispid. ligule a fringe of hairs 0.5 mm long. collar papillose on margin, usually divided by midrib. auricles absent. sheaths usually shorter than internodes, loose and crowded, the upper glabrous, the lower sometimes pubescent, oval to round in cross-section, split, striate; margin hyaline. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs on rocky hills and plains throughout the state. buchloe dactyloides (nutt.) engelm. buffalograss perennial sod-forming, creeping, and stoloniferous, the female plants shorter than the male, which are 10-30 cm tall, erect, and slender; the stolons from 10-30 cm long, with internodes 4-7 cm long, the nodes often rooting and bearing tufts of short leaves. culms glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation conduplicate clasping. blades 4-10 cm long, 1-3 mm wide, flexuous, soft, grayish-green, flat, somewhat scabrous and sparsely pubescent on upper surface; margin scaberulous, glandular; veins and midrib indistinct. ligule a fringe of hairs less than 1.0 mm long. collar indistinct, pilose at base and on margins. auricles absent. sheaths loose, round in cross-section, striate, and glabrous. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs on open plains throughout the state, except the southeast part. oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. calamovilfa gigantea (nutt.) scribn. & merr. giant sandreed perennial 150-300 cm tall, robust, usually solitary, rigid, unbranched. culms glabrous, often glaucous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades as much as 70 cm long, 5-8 mm wide, rigid, flat, becoming involute toward a long attenuate apex, glabrous throughout; veins inconspicuous; lower surface somewhat keeled basally. ligule a fringe of hairs 1-2 mm long. collar often reddish, glabrous, sometimes ciliate on the margins. auricles absent. sheaths often glaucous, usually reddish, longer than the internodes, rigid, striate, often short-ciliate at the throat, split, round in cross-section, glabrous; margins overlapping. rhizomes long, woody, and creeping. distribution: this species is a sandbinder, occurring along sandy stream banks and on sand dunes in the western part of the state. cenchrus spinifex cav. (=c. pauciflorus benth.) coastal sandbur, common sandbur annual 15-80 cm tall, prostrate to decumbent, much branched, tufted, often forming mats, somewhat stout. culms flattened, sometimes scabrous, often pubescent toward summit; nodes sometimes pubescent. vernation conduplicate. blades 6-15 cm long, 2-9 mm wide, somewhat flaccid, flat to conduplicate, often narrowed at the base, spreading, tapering to apex, scabrous on upper surface and margins, sometimes sparingly pilose near base on upper surface; veins raised above surface; midrib prominent, keeled toward base. ligule a fringe of hairs 0.5-0.8 mm long. collar usually divided by midrib, wedge-shaped, sparsely ciliate on the margins. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than the internodes, often loose and inflated, split, flattened in cross-section and keeled toward summit, thin, striate, glabrous except occasionally pilose at the throat, often scabrous on back of midrib; margins hyaline, occasionally ciliate. rhizomes absent. distribution: this species occurs in waste places, usually on sandy soils, throughout the state. chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) h.o. yates (=uniola latifolia michx.) broadleaf chasmanthium, indian woodoats perennial 60-120 cm tall, dark green, unbranched, erect, with broad, flat blades. culms glabrous; nodes glabrous, often purplish. venation convolute. blades 10-20 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, dark green, soft, flaccid, narrowed toward the base, flat, lanceolate, short-pointed, glabrous except occasionally sparsely pubescent on upper surface at base; margins scaberulous; veins 5 on each side of semi-prominent midrib. ligule membranous with short-ciliate margin, truncate, mostly less than 0.5 mm long. collar glabrous, wedge-shaped, often purplish. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than internodes, dark green in color, round in cross-section, split, striate, much narrower than blade, glabrous throughout. rhizomes short and stout. distribution: this species occurs in colonies in moist, wooded habitats throughout most of the state. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 14 chloris verticillata nutt. tumble windmill-grass perennial 10-40 cm tall, tufted, decumbent to erect, often rooting at lower nodes, branching from the base; leaves crowded to the base. culms flattened; the branches flattened, glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation conduplicate. blades 2-12 cm long, 1-3 mm wide, obtuse, soft, often pubescent on lower surface, scaberulous on upper surface, conduplicate, drooping; margin hyaline and minutely scabrous; veins distinct; midrib prominent on lower surface. ligule membranous, fringed on margin, almost divided into halves, less than 1 mm long. collar divided by the midrib, indistinct, glabrous. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than the internodes, loose, compressed, glabrous; midvein prominent; margins hyaline. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs on open prairies throughout the state. coelorachis cylindrica (michx.) nash (=rottboellia cylindrica torr.) carolina jointgrass, jointtail grass perennial 30-90 cm tall, erect, tufted, slender, branching toward the summit. culms round, glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation conduplicate. blades 15-40 cm long, 2-3 mm wide, longer basally, flat, becoming involute, stiff, tapering to a long point, scabrous on upper surface, scaberulous on lower surface, occasional long hairs on upper surface basally; margin slightly scabrous; veins distinct; midrib prominent. ligule membranous, truncate, lacerate on margins, 0.5 mm long. collar indistinct, narrow, divided by the midrib. auricles absent. sheaths longer than internodes, striate, rounded in cross-section, glabrous to scaberulous, rather loose and split. rhizomes short. distribution: this species occurs in sandy soil in the eastern half of the state. digitaria cognata (schult.) pilg. (=leptoloma cognatum (schult.) chase) fall witchgrass perennial 20-70 cm tall, slender, branched below, tufted, erect, becoming geniculate. culms glabrous or pubescent toward base; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades mostly less than 10 cm long, 2-5 mm wide, flat, rigid, tapering to narrow point; upper surface scaberulous, sometimes sparsely pubescent; the lower surface sparsely pubescent; veins indistinct; midrib semi-prominent, more evident below; margins wavy, hyaline, scaberulous. ligule often oblique, membranous, hyaline, truncate, 1 mm long. collar often paralleling an oblique blade base, glabrous, usually divided by midrib. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than internodes, the upper glabrous, the lower somewhat pubescent, loose, round in cross-section and split. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs on dry soils throughout the state. oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. distichlis spicata (l.) greene (=d. stricta (torr.) rydb.) saltgrass perennial 10-60 cm tall, rigid; leaves conspicuously distichous; plant freely branching, often glaucous. culms glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation conduplicate clasping. blades 5-10 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, flat or u-shaped toward the acuminate tip, crowded, rigid, ascending, glabrous to pubescent on both surfaces; margin scabrous; veins raised; midrib inconspicuous. ligule collar-shaped, mostly a fringe of hairs less than 0.5 mm long. collar wedge-shaped, conspicuous, pubescent on margins. auricles absent. sheaths crowded, overlapping, glabrous, except pubescent at throat, rounded in cross-section, split, striate, almost white in color. rhizomes scaly, creeping. distribution: occurs on saline and alkaline soils throughout the state. elymus canadensis l. canada wildrye, great plains wildrye perennial 60-150 cm tall, dark green or glaucous, simple, erect, tufted, or forming a loose sod. culms glabrous, often glaucous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 10-30 cm long, 4-20 mm wide, dark green, often glaucous, erect, rigid, flat, sharp-pointed, narrowed toward base, slightly scabrous on upper surface and margins, glabrous on lower surface; veins raised above surface, numerous; midrib keeled toward base on lower surface. ligule membranous, thick, finely toothed to ciliate, truncate, 0.5-1.5 mm long. collar distinct, oblique, wedge-shaped, sometimes divided by midrib, glabrous. auricles rounded to clawlike, narrow, sometimes clasping. sheaths longer than internodes, glabrous, split, round in cross-section, green or glaucous, striate; margins overlapping and hyaline, the outer margin sometimes ciliate. rhizomes short, if present. distribution: occurs in moist habitats throughout the state. elymus virginicus l. virginia wildrye perennial 60-90 cm tall, smooth, tufted, erect, simple, rigid, and robust. culms glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 10-30 cm long, 4-12 mm wide, flat, constricted basally, tapering to a short point, scabrous on upper surface, often glaucous, glabrous and green on lower surface; margins scabrous; veins distinct, ridged; midrib prominent; blade keeled on lower surface toward base. ligule membranous, thick, greenish, truncate, minutely ciliate on margin, 0.5-1.0 mm long. collar prominent, often diagonal, glabrous, greenish-yellow. auricles 0.5-1.5 mm long, sharp and clawlike to round-pointed. sheaths shorter or longer than the internodes, loose, glabrous to pubescent, striate, scaberulous, split, rounded; margins overlapping, the outer margin ciliate, the inner margin glabrous and hyaline. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs in colonies along stream banks and in wooded sections throughout the state. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 16 eragrostis cilianensis (all.) vignola ex janch. stinkgrass annual varying from 15-50 cm tall, with glandular depressions on the branches, densely tufted, decumbent or geniculate to erect, soft. culms branched, glabrous; nodes glabrous, encircled below by a ring of glands. vernation convolute. blades 6-25 cm long, 2-7 mm wide, flat, lower surface smooth; upper surface scabrous; veins inconspicuous; midrib prominent, especially below; margin scabrous, glandular toward base. ligule membranous basally; margin ciliatelacerate; approximately 0.5 mm long. collar indistinct, pilose at margins. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than internodes, loose, round in cross-section, keeled toward summit, split, striate, glabrous, sometimes pilose at throat; margin hyaline. rhizomes absent. distribution: a weed in fields and waste places; it occurs throughout the state. eragrostis curtipedicellata buckley gummy lovegrass perennial 30-90 cm tall, erect or decumbent from a bulbous base, tufted, sparsely branched. culms rigid and smooth; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 6-15 cm long, 1-5 mm wide, flat, usually involute toward apex, tapering to fine point, thin, narrowed and boat-shaped basally, upper surface and margins scaberulous, somewhat keeled below, often glandular-viscid below; veins raised above the surface. ligule a fringe of very short hairs, 0.2 mm long. collar divided by midrib, distinct, 1-2 mm wide, pilose on the margins. auricles absent. sheaths longer than internodes, somewhat loose, usually glandular-viscid, villous at the throat, rigid, round in cross-section, striate and split. rhizomes very short, stout, and scaly. distribution: occurs in colonies in open habitats throughout the state. eragrostis lugens nees mourning lovegrass perennial 20-60 cm tall, slender, tufted, geniculate at base, erect, simple or sparingly branched. culms wiry and glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 10-25 cm long, 1-3 mm wide, flat to involute at the apex, often sparsely pilose on upper surface, glabrous on lower surface, scaberulous on margins and upper surface, narrowed toward base; veins 2-3 on each side of semi-prominent midrib. ligule a dense uneven fringe of hairs less than 0.5 mm long. collar thickened, indistinct, divided by midrib, sparsely pilose on margins. auricles absent. sheaths loose, shorter than internodes, rigid, compressed at base of plant, greenish-yellow, split, oval in cross-section, glabrous, pilose at throat; midvein prominent. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs in colonies in dry soils in eastern and central oklahoma. eragrostis secundiflora j. presl red lovegrass perennial 20-40 cm tall, tufted, erect, and simple. culms glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 5-30 cm long, 1-4 mm wide, flat, boat-shaped at base, involute toward long, oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. attenuate apex; lower surface glabrous; scaberulous on upper surface and margins; veins and midrib indistinct. ligule a fringe of short hairs, 0.2-0.4 mm long. collar divided by midrib, wedge-shaped, distinct, pilose on margins. auricles absent. sheaths longer or shorter than internodes, split, rounded in cross-section, glabrous, pilose at throat. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs in sandy soils throughout the state. eragrostis sessilispica buckley tumble lovegrass perennial 20-40 cm tall, tufted, ascending to erect, slender, rigid, with one node above the basal cluster of leaves, branching from the base. culms glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 3-15 cm long, less than 2 mm wide, rigid, flat to somewhat involute, acuminate, glabrous to somewhat scabrous on upper surface, occasionally sparsely pilose basally; margins scaberulous; veins distinct, raised above the upper surface; midrib inconspicuous. ligule a white, uneven fringe of hairs 3 mm long. collar inconspicuous, pubescent to pilose basally and on margins. auricles absent. sheaths longer than the internodes, rigid, glabrous, pilose at the throat, split, round in cross-section. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs on dry sandy soil throughout the state. eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. purple lovegrass perennial 30-60 cm tall, simple, tufted, erect or ascending, rigid. culms rigid, glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 15-35 cm long, 3-8 mm wide, rigid, flat, becoming involute, tapering to fine point, smooth on lower surface, scabrous on upper surface, hirsute at base, pubescent at apex on upper surface; margin scaberulous; veins distinct; midrib indistinct, more prominent on lower surface. ligule a fringe of hairs, 2-4 mm long. collar divided by midrib, pilose at base. auricles absent. sheaths longer than internodes, constricted at throat, papillose-hirsute toward summit, throat pilose, round in cross-section, split, striate, yellowishgreen; margins hyaline. rhizomes short, stout, and scaly. distribution: occurs in dry soils throughout the state. eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) alph. wood sand lovegrass perennial 60-120 cm tall, tufted, erect, simple and smooth, and slender. culms glabrous; nodes crowded toward base, pubescent. vernation convolute. blades 15-90 cm long, 2-10 mm wide, smooth on lower surface, narrowed toward the base, flat to somewhat involute, tapering to a very slender point; upper surface often pilose near base, somewhat scabrous toward apex; margins smooth to scaberulous; veins raised above surface, midrib prominent and white. ligule a fringe of hairs less than 0.5 mm long. collar wedge-shaped, prominent, divided by midrib, pilose basally and on margins. auricles absent. sheaths crowded toward base of plant, longer than internodes, greenish-yellow, glabrous except pilose at throat, keeled toward summit, split, striate, and rigid. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs in sandy soils throughout the state. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 18 eriochloa contracta hitchc. prairie cupgrass annual 30-70 cm tall, densely tufted, decumbent at base, otherwise erect, freely branching above. culms pubescent above; pubescent to puberulent at the nodes. vernation convolute. blades 12-20 cm long, 4-6 mm wide, flat, boat-shaped near base, becoming convolute on drying, flaccid, tapering to long point, pubescent to puberulent on upper and lower surfaces; veins indistinct; midrib prominent; margins smooth. ligule mostly a fringe of soft white hairs 0.8-1.0 mm long, base membranous. collar divided by midrib, indistinct and pubescent. auricles absent. sheaths longer or shorter than internodes, thin, loose, glabrous to shortpubescent, rounded in cross-sections, striate, split; margin not hyaline. rhizomes absent. distribution: this species is found in moist cultivated and waste places throughout the state. hilaria jamesii (torr.) benth. galleta perennial 30-100 cm tall, tufted, stiff, erect or ascending from decumbent base; roots strong. culms glabrous; nodes villous. vernation convolute. blades 2-8 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, rolled to u-shaped in cross-section, rigid, becoming involute toward apex; upper surface scabrous; veins conspicuous above; antrorsely scabrous above, retrorsely scabrous below; midrib conspicuous above; margins scabrous. ligule 2.5-3.5 mm long, membranous, truncate, bearing long, pointed teeth. collar of the upper leaves pilose to papillose-pilose on margins, otherwise glabrous to pubescent. auricles absent. sheaths overlapping below, retrorsely scabrous from sides of veins, shorter than internodes, somewhat loose, sometimes sparingly villous at throat, oval in cross-section; margin thick, papery; veins distinct. rhizomes tough, scaly, creeping, and coarse. distribution: occurs in dry, thin soil in the panhandle. hordeum pusillum nutt. little barley annual 10-35 cm tall, decumbent to erect, hoary, and tufted. culms glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 3-8 cm long, 1-4 mm wide, flat to involute when dry, erect, often flexuous, soft, often sparsely pubescent on margins and surfaces; upper surface and margin scaberulous; margin sometimes short-ciliate; veins conspicuous above; midrib prominent on lower surface. ligule membranous, slightly toothed on margin, truncate, 0.3-0.6 mm long. collar wedge-shaped, yellowish-green, divided by midrib, occasionally pubescent, especially on the margins. auricles absent. sheaths rigid, shorter than internodes, usually pubescent, sometimes pilose at the throat, split, round in section, pinkish-green when young; margins membranous. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs as a weed in overgrazed pastures and fields throughout the state. oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. leptochloa panicea (retz.) ohwi (=leptochloa filiformis (lam.) p. beauv.) red sprangletop annual 30-90 cm tall, erect, geniculate below, branched. culms sometimes reddish to purplish, smooth and glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 10-20 cm long, 5-10 mm wide, thin, flat, soft, narrowed and boat-shaped toward base, scaberulous on margins and both surfaces, sparsely papillose on upper surface toward base; veins distinct; midrib prominent below. ligule hyaline basally, rounded with a broad, lacerate-toothed margin, 1-2 mm long. collar very narrow, indistinct, divided by midrib, pubescent basally and on margins. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than internodes, papillose-hirsute, the lower usually smooth and glabrous, somewhat loose, split, margins overlapping, round in cross-section; margin hyaline. rhizomes absent. distribution: a weed in moist cultivated fields and waste places throughout most of the state. panicum capillare l. witchgrass annual 20-80 cm tall, hairy, erect to spreading at base, tufted, simple to sparingly branched basally. culms papillose-hispid to almost glabrous; densely hispid at the nodes. vernation convolute. blades 10-25 cm long, 8-20 mm wide, the larger ones slightly constricted at the base, somewhat short-pointed, hispid on both surfaces; veins indistinct; midrib broad, white, prominent; margins papillose-hispid. ligule a fringe of hairs 0.8-1.5 mm long, with membranous base. collar narrow, indistinct and hispid. auricles absent. sheaths longer that internodes, densely papillose-hispid, loose, round in cross-section, split. rhizomes absent. distribution: this species occurs in fields and waste places throughout the state. panicum dichotomiflorum michx. fall panicum annual 50-200 cm tall, tufted, robust, purplish, ascending from geniculate to prostrate base, branched. culms succulent, flattened, thick, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent; nodes swollen. vernation convolute. blades 10-50 cm long, 3-20 mm wide, thin, boat-shaped toward base, flat to conduplicate, tapering to narrow apex, upper surface and margin scaberulous, sometimes sparsely pilose on upper surface; veins distinct; midrib broad and white. ligule membranous basally, the upper half a ciliate fringe 1-2 mm long. collar prominent, wedge-shaped, swollen, divided by midrib, occasionally pilose on margins, bisected by distinct veins continuous from blade to sheath. auricles absent. sheaths longer than internodes, compressed toward the summit, loose, glabrous, sparsely pilose at the throat, striate, split; margins hyaline. rhizomes absent. distribution: this species occurs as a weed in moist cultivated fields and waste places throughout the state. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 20 panicum obtusum kunth vine mesquite perennial 20-80 cm tall, stoloniferous with stolons sometimes 15-18 feet long, stiff, erect to decumbent at base, tufted from a knotted crown, simple or branching at the base. culms compressed, glabrous; nodes glabrous. nodes of stolons swollen and lanate, the internodes long. vernation convolute. blades 5-20 cm long, 2-7 mm wide, flat to keeled or involute toward long narrow apex, firm, erect; upper surface glabrous to scabrous, with sparse hairs toward base; veins raised; midrib prominent above; margins scabrous. ligule membranous, hyaline, lacerate; margin rounded; 1-1.5 mm long. collar indistinct, pilose on margins. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than internodes, loose, the lower sometimes pubescent, otherwise glabrous, round in cross-section, split; midvein prominent on inner surfaces. rhizomes short and knotty. distribution: occurs along sandy or gravelly stream banks and ditches throughout the state. panicum virgatum l. switchgrass perennial 75-200 cm tall, robust, tufted to sod-forming, often glaucous, unbranched, erect. culms glabrous, often glaucous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 10-60 cm long, 3-15 mm wide, often glaucous or purplish, flat, erect, tapering to a long point, upper surface usually pilose near base, becoming pubescent to glabrous toward apex; lower surface smooth; margins scabrous; veins indistinct; midrib broad and white. ligule a fringe of hairs 3-5 mm long, sometimes membranous basally. collar glabrous to pubescent, indistinct. auricles absent. sheaths longer than internodes, pubescent on margins, round in cross-section, split, striate, firm, often purplish. rhizomes numerous, stout, scaly, and creeping. distribution: occurs abundantly in open habitats throughout the state. pascopyrum smithii (rydb.) barkworth & d.r. dewey (=agropyron smithii rydb.) western wheatgrass perennial 30-60 cm tall, sod-forming, rigid, often glaucous, smooth and glabrous, mostly solitary with sterile shoots from base. culms rigid, glaucous, pale toward the base; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 10-25 cm long, 2-6 mm wide, conspicuously ribbed, stiff, flat, often keeled toward apex, narrow pointed, scabrous or pubescent on upper surface; margin toothed; veins prominent. ligule 0.5-0.8 mm long, collar-shaped, thick, pale green, margin very finely fringed. collar smooth, divided by midrib. auricles large, 1-2 mm long. sheaths shorter than internodes, glaucous, glabrous to scaberulous, strongly striated, split, oval in cross-section; margin hyaline, slightly scabrous. rhizomes wiry, creeping, relatively smooth. distribution: occurs throughout the state except in the southeastern part. often sown as a pasture crop. oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. paspalum floridanum michx. florida paspalum perennial 1-2 m tall, robust, simple, solitary to small-tufted. culms compressed, glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 15-35 cm long, 4-15 mm wide, the upper narrowed and boat-shaped basally, stiff, mostly spreading and ascending at the summit, flat to folded, papillose-pilose on the upper surface, occasionally so on the lower surface, scaberulous on upper surface and margins; margins hyaline; veins distinct, raised on upper surface; midrib broad, white and prominent below. ligule membranous, truncate, lacerate-toothed on margin, 2-3 mm long. collar divided by midrib, indistinct, narrow, pubescent, pilose on margins. auricles absent. sheaths longer than internodes, overlapping toward base of culm, the upper sometimes shorter than internodes, keeled, striate, glabrous to papillose-hirsute, throat papillose, split, flattened in cross-section; margin papery. rhizomes short, stout, and scaly. distribution: occurs throughout the state in low, moist places. paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex e. fourn. var. glabrum vasey ex scribn. hairyseed paspalum perennial 50-100 cm tall, decumbent to ascending. culms geniculate to decumbent at base, glabrous; nodes dark purple; lower nodes pubescent. vernation convolute. blades 10-30 cm long, 6-12 mm wide at base, flat, thin, tapering to long point, somewhat scabrous on upper surface, often papillose basally, otherwise glabrous; margin sparsely ciliate and minutely scabrous; veins numerous, indistinct; midrib prominent on lower surface. ligule membranous, glabrous, thin, transparent, rounded with lacerate margins, 1.0-2.0 mm long. collar sometimes greenish-purple, glabrous; ciliate on margin, not divided by midrib. auricles absent. sheaths longer than internodes, loose, slightly paler than blade, rounded in cross-section, split to near base with margins overlapping; margin long-ciliate toward apex. rhizomes absent. distribution: this species is found in moist soils throughout the state, except the extreme western part. paspalum setaceum michx. var. stramineum (nash) d.j. banks (=p. stramineum nash) yellow sand paspalum perennial 40-100 cm tall, yellowish-green, small-tufted, basally branched, erect or ascending to spreading, slender, often purplish toward the base. culms glabrous, compressed; nodes pubescent. vernation convolute. blades 6-20 cm long, 6-15 mm wide, shorter toward upper part of the plant, drooping, narrowed and boat-shaped basally, glabrous to puberulent on both surfaces, often pilose toward base; margins scaberulous, often papillose basally. ligule membranous, hyaline, irregularly toothed on the margin, about 1 mm long; short, white hairs occur immediately behind the ligule. collar puberulent, wedge-shaped, usually purplish. auricles absent. sheaths no longer than internodes, loose, ciliate on margins, often pilose at the throat, striate, split, somewhat flattened in cross-section, keeled toward summit, often purplish toward base of plant. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs on moist, sandy soils throughout the state. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 22 schedonnardus paniculatus (nutt.) trel. tumblegrass perennial 20-50 cm tall, leaves crowded at base, spreading to erect, tufted, branching from base. culms slender, green to purplish, hollow, rigid, smooth, and glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation conduplicate or conduplicate clasping. blades 2-6 cm long, 1-3 mm wide, flexuous, flat, becoming conduplicate toward tips, blunt pointed; upper surface scabrous, glabrous on lower surface; margins scabrous; midrib prominent below. ligule acute, membranous, hyaline, 1.5-3.0 mm long; margin lacerate. collar indistinct. auricles absent. sheaths loose, compressed, crowded toward the base of the plant, glabrous, scabrous on back of midvein, split, greenish-yellow in color; margins hyaline, continuous with ligule. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs in dry grassland throughout the state. schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash (=andropogon scoparius michx.) little bluestem perennial 40-150 cm tall, tufted, erect, slender, much branched, often glaucous, green to reddish-purple in color. culms glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation conduplicate. blades 5-25 cm long, 3-7 mm wide, flat to conduplicate in cross-section, tapering to a narrow point, occasionally glabrous, but usually scabrous and pubescent on upper surface, hirsute toward the base; lower surface glabrous to sparingly pubescent; margins scabrous; veins raised above surface; midrib conspicuous, especially on lower surface. ligule membranous with ciliate margins, truncate, 1.0-1.5 mm long. collar somewhat thickened, rarely pubescent. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than internodes, flattened, pubescent at the throat, glabrous to pubescent, split; margins papery, often ciliate. rhizomes short, if present. distribution: this species is the dominant grass over large areas of oklahoma. sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash indiangrass perennial 50-250 cm tall, tufted to sod-forming, unbranched, erect, and robust. culms glabrous; nodes pubescent. vernation convolute. blades 10-30 cm long, 5-10 mm wide, often glaucous, thickened and narrowed toward base, u-shaped toward base, becoming flat toward long tapering apex, very scabrous on both surfaces and margin, rigid, somewhat keeled on lower surface toward base; margins often hispid; veins conspicuous; midrib broad and white. ligule continuous with margins of sheath, bearing on each side a one-nerved spur, rounded in center, margin notched to entire, 2-4 mm long, pinkish-brown when young. collar broad, pinkish, glabrous with occasional hairs on margins. auricles absent. sheaths longer than internodes below, shorter above, glabrous to pubescent, broader than the blades, often brownish-purple, split, rounded, striate, rigid, often keeled toward summit; margins membranous. rhizomes creeping, scaly. distribution: this species is found in open woods and prairies, especially in moist habitats throughout the state. oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. spartina pectinata bosc ex link prairie cordgrass perennial 100-200 cm tall, erect, and unbranched. culms robust, glabrous; nodes lanatepubescent. vernation convolute. blades 60-100 cm long, 5-15 mm wide, thick, rigid, flat, becoming involute toward apex, attenuate, tapering to a long, slender point, glabrous except occasionally scaberulous on the upper surface; margins very scabrous; veins indistinct; midrib broad, keeled on lower surface. ligule a fringe of hairs 1-2 mm long. collar wedge-shaped, glabrous, and thickened. auricles absent. sheaths glabrous, overlapping and crowded below, firmly supporting the stem, round in cross-section, split, and firm. rhizomes stout, creeping, and pointed. distribution: occurs in colonies in swamps and low moist areas throughout most of the state. sporobolus compositus (poir.) merr. (=sporobolus asper (p. beauv.) kunth) rough dropseed, composite dropseed perennial 50-120 cm tall, erect, tufted, simple, often stout. culms often purplish, glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation conduplicate clasping. blades 10-60 cm long, 1-4 mm wide, the upper short, the basal long, attenuate, flat, drooping, becoming involute toward the apex; upper surface occasionally pubescent; margin scabrous; veins prominent on upper and lower surface; midrib prominent. ligule very short, less than 0.5 mm long, membranous with long-ciliate margin, the hairs equaling in length the membranous base. collar wedge-shaped, long-ciliate on the margins. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than the internodes, glabrous, pilose at the throat, often inflated, contracted toward the summit, round in cross-section, split; margin papery. rhizomes short, if present. distribution: this species occurs throughout the state; it is found on dry prairie soils and is abundant in some localities. sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) a. gray sand dropseed perennial 40-100 cm tall, semi-erect, branching from the base, and tufted. culms glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 5-15 cm long, 3-6 mm wide, longer toward base, flat, tapering to a long involute point, soft in texture; the lower surface glabrous; the upper surface scaberulous; margins somewhat scabrous, hyaline; veins 4 each side of indistinct midrib. ligule a fringe of very short hairs less than 0.5 mm long. collar wedge-shaped, distinct, longpilose basally and at margins. auricles absent. sheaths longer than internodes above, the lower shorter, striate, split, rounded in cross-section, pubescent on margin, conspicuously pilose at throat. rhizomes absent. distribution: this species occurs in sandy soils throughout the state. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 24 sporobolus vaginiflorus (torr. ex a. gray) alph. wood poverty dropseed, poverty grass annual 15-50 cm tall, slender, erect or spreading from a geniculate base, tufted, and branching. culms somewhat rough; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades much longer basally, the lower 3-15 cm long, the upper often less than 1 cm long, less than 3 mm wide, involute toward the tip, ascending, the upper surface scabrous, often sparsely pilose near base and on margins; margins scabrous; veins and midrib inconspicuous. ligule a fringe of hairs, 1.0-1.5 mm long. collar distinct, wedge-shaped, divided by midrib, sometimes sparsely pilose on margins. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than the internodes, somewhat scabrous, often pilose at the throat, wider than the blades, round in section, split, loose, swollen and enclosing cleistogamous spikelets late in the season; margins hyaline. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs on dry soils throughout the state. tridens albescens (vasey) wooten & standl. (=triodia albescens vasey) white tridens perennial 40-70 cm tall, erect, loosely tufted. culms usually simple, glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 15-30 cm long, 2-7 mm wide, basal longer than upper, slender, flat, soon becoming involute, tapering to narrow point; glabrous on upper surface, except pilose at base; margin slightly scabrous; veins indistinct; midrib prominent on upper and lower surface. ligule a dense fringe of hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long. collar thickened below, 1.5 mm wide, pilose on margins. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than internodes, round in cross-section, flexible, pilose at throat, otherwise glabrous, split. rhizomes absent. distribution: this species occurs in moist habitats in the eastern half of the state; it is common, but not abundant. tridens flavus (l.) hitch. (=triodia flava (l.) hitch. purpletop tridens perennial 60-150 cm tall, semi-erect, and tufted. culms simple, elliptical in cross-section toward base of plant; nodes glabrous, often purple. vernation conduplicate. blades 10-30 cm long, upper shorter, 3-12 mm wide, flat, boat-shaped near base, pointed toward apex, drooping; upper surface scabrous, pubescent toward base; margin scaberulous; midrib prominent below. ligule a fringe of short hairs 0.5 mm long. collar divided by midrib, pubescent on lower surface and on ends. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than internodes, overlapping at base, loose, glabrous, except occasionally pubescent on lower sheaths, pubescent at throat, oval in cross-section, split; ribs inconspicuous; margin hyaline. rhizomes short, stout. distribution: occurs in dry meadows throughout the state. oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. tridens strictus (nutt.) nash (=triodia stricta (nutt.) benth.) longspike tridens perennial 50-150 cm tall, tufted, erect, usually stout, sometimes branched. culms glabrous, striate, sometimes purplish-green. vernation convolute. blades 10-60 cm long, 3-7 mm wide, elongate, flat to loosely involute, smooth, glabrous except pubescent on upper surface at base; margin glabrous; veins indistinct; midrib a broad band 1 mm wide, not distinct. ligule a fringe of loose hairs 1-2 mm long. collar indistinct, narrow, pubescent. auricles absent. sheaths longer or shorter than internodes, loose, somewhat striate, oval in cross-section, glabrous, sometimes pubescent at throat, split. rhizomes absent. distribution: occurs in moist soil in the eastern half of the state. tripsacum dactyloides (l.) l. eastern gamagrass perennial 100-200 cm tall, robust, occurring in large tufts, branched, with many sterile shoots arising from the base. culms flattened, glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 30-60 cm long, 10-30 mm wide, variable, those of the basal sterile shoots much longer than those of the flowering culms, flat, tapering to a fine point, truncate at the base, usually scabrous on the margin and on both surfaces, glabrous except sometimes sparsely hispid on the upper surface; veins raised above the surface; midrib broad and white. ligule collar-like, bearing a fringe of minute hairs less than 0.4 mm long. collar narrow, distinct, glabrous. auricles absent. sheaths shorter than internodes, those of the sterile shoots much shorter than the blades, often wider than the blades, glabrous, yellowish-green, strongly flattened, with a prominent midrib, striate, constricted at the collar. rhizomes thick, knotty, and often woody. distribution: occurs in wet habitats throughout the state. zizaniopsis miliacea (michx.) döll & asch. water millet, giant cutgrass perennial 1-4 m tall, robust, marsh-inhabiting. culms flattened, glabrous; nodes glabrous. vernation convolute. blades 30-150 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, narrowed and thickened toward base, yellowish-green basally, keeled and pithy toward base, otherwise flat, glabrous throughout except the scabrous margins; midrib stout, white, and pithy, especially toward base; veins not conspicuous. ligule membranous, hyaline, thin, rounded, 6-15 mm long; margin entire in younger leaves. collar prominent, glabrous, relatively narrow, wedge-shaped, not divided. auricles absent. sheaths compressed toward summit, greenish-yellow, thick and pithy, usually longer than internodes, split; margins hyaline and continuous with ligule. rhizomes stout and creeping. distribution: occurs in colonies along stream banks and in swamps primarily in the southeastern part of the state. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 26 literature cited armstrong, s. f. british grasses and their employment in agriculture. cambridge university press. london. 1937. blomquist, h. l. the grasses of north carolina. duke university press. durham, n. c. 1948. burr, s. f. and d. m. turner. british economic grasses, their employment by the leaf anatomy. edward arnold and co. london. 1933. carrier, lyman. the identification of grasses by their vegetative characters. u.s.d.a. bull. 461. 1917. copple, r. f. and a. e. aldous. the identification of certain native and naturalized grasses by their vegetative characters. kans. agri. exp. sta. tech. bull. 32. 1932. featherly, h. i. manual of the grasses of oklahoma. okla. a. & m. college research foundation. vol. 43, no. 21. 1946. harrington, h. d. and l. w. durrell. key to some colorado grasses in vegetative condition. colo. agri. exp. sta. tech. bull. 33. 1944. hormay, a. l. a key for identifying some important annual range grasses in immature stage. calif. forest and range exp. sta. res. note 26. 1942. hitchcock, c. l. a key to the grasses of montana. publ. by the author. missoula, montana. 1936. keim, f. d., g. w. beadle, and a. l. frolik. the identification of the more important prairie hay grasses of nebraska by the vegetative characters. nebr. agri. exp. sta. res. bull. 65. 1932. mcalpine, a. n. how to know grasses by their leaves. the darien press. edinburgh. 1890. norton, j. b. s. maryland grasses. md. agr. exp. sta. bull. 323. 1930. nowosad, f. s., d. e. newton-swales, and w. g. dore. the identification of certain native and naturalized hay and pasture plants by their vegetative characters. macdonald college tech. bull. 16. 1936. pechanec, j. f. the identification of grasses on the upper snake river plains by their vegetative characters. ecol. 17: 479490. 1936. oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. plates [ed. note: these plates are presented as they were in the original thesis.] oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 28 oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f 30 oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. 32 appendix alphabetical list of the species described in the report current species name plate number andropogon gerardii 45 andropogon hallii 46 andropogon ternaries 48 andropogon virginicus 47 aristida oligantha 15 bothriochloa laguroides 49 bouteloua curtipendula 14 bouteloua gracilis 12 bouteloua hirsute 13 buchloe dactyloides 7 calamovilfa gigantean 16 cenchrus spinifex 32 chasmanthium latifolium 31 chloris verticillata 11 coelorachis cylindrical 43 digitaria cognate 33 distichlis spicata 20 elymus canadensis 6 elymus virginicus 5 eragrostis cilianensis 24 eragrostis curtipedicellata 26 eragrostis lugens 28 eragrostis secundiflora 27 eragrostis sessilispica 25 eragrostis spectabilis 29 eragrostis trichodes 30 eriochloa contracta 34 hilaria jamesii 2 hordeum pusillum 4 leptochloa panicea 8 panicum capillare 39 panicum dichotomiflorum 38 panicum obtusum 40 panicum virgatum 41 pascopyrum smithii 3 paspalum floridanum 36 paspalum pubiflorum var. glabrum 37 paspalum setaceum var. stramineum 35 schedonnardus paniculatus 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 10, december 2010 harris, w. f. 33 schizachyrium scoparium 44 sorghastrum nutans 50 spartina pectinata 9 sporobolus compositus 18 sporobolus cryptandrus 19 sporobolus vaginiflorus 17 tridens albescens 23 tridens flavus 21 tridens strictus 22 tripsacum dactyloides 42 zizaniopsis miliacea 1 journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 2, number 1, december 2002 issn 1536-7738 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society volume 2, number 1, december 2002 oklahom a n ative plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society vol. 2 no. 1 december 2002 issn 1536-7738 managing editor, sheila a. strawn technical editor, patricia folley technical advisor, bruce hoagland cd-rom producer, chadwick cox website: http://www.usao.edu/~onps/ the purpose of the onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps shall be open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life membership. officers and board members president: patricia folley vice-president: chadwick cox conservation chair: open secretary: maurita nations publicity co-chairs: treasurer: mary korthase ruth boyd & betty culpepper board members: marketing chair: lawrence magrath berlin heck photo contest: paul reimer iris mcpherson ann long award chair: paul reimer sue amstutz harriet barclay award chair: james elder constance taylor paul reimer onps service award chair: sue amstutz lawrence magrath newsletter editor: chadwick cox librarian: bonnie winchester northeast chapter chair: james elder website manager: chadwick cox central chapter chair: judy jordan cross-timbers chapter chair: ronald tyrl cover: gaillardia pulchella (indian blanket) historian: lynn allen photo by paul buck, april 25, 1981. winner of the first onps photo contest in 1988. articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercial-sharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100009 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1 table of contents forward ...................................................................................................... 3 ms. patricia folley, onps president vascular plants of the wichita mountains ............................................ 4 dr. paul buck floristic list for comanche county, oklahoma ................................ 22 dr. bruce w. hoagland schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus ................................................... 54 wichita mountains wildlife refuge survey 2000 dr. lawrence k. magrath pontotoc ridge floristic survey: 1999 ................................................. 64 dr. forrest l. johnson ms. patricia folley (ed.) onps editorial ......................................................................................... 82 water, soil, and plant diversity in oklahoma dr. sheila a. strawn oklahoma native plant record 3 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 foreword continuing our goal of publishing historical and current floristic surveys of the different areas of oklahoma, this 2002 edition features comanche county and the wichita mountains of southwestern oklahoma. these beautiful pink granite remains of ancient high mountains are completely contained within our state and have an interesting history from the viewpoints of native americans and the later european settlers. several decades ago a young botanist named paul buck spent summers sleeping on concrete picnic tables at the wichita wildlife refuge while making the best-known specific survey of the flora of that site. the resulting list of plants is still in use by visitors to the refuge and others interested in the plants of that region. we have published that survey for you here, for use whenever you visit the refuge. more recently, the u.s. army at ft. sill, which adjoins the refuge, contracted with the oklahoma biological survey to make a similar study of the flora of the military reservation. from voucher specimens taken during those surveys and from many other botanists who visited the area for the love of its wild beauty, the oklahoma natural heritage inventory has compiled a floristic list for the whole of comanche county. dr. bruce hoagland, at the oklahoma biological survey, has provided that list. we hope it will inspire today’s botanists to continue to monitor extant species on the refuge and surrounding areas. the wichita wildlife refuge was established by president william mckinley in 1901, with 57,120 acres of land. currently, about 22,500 acres are open to the public. the refuge is a part of the national wildlife refuge system, and maintained by the federal government. a visitors’ center provides assistance, educational material, and a library and gift shop. but a remarkable organization of volunteers manages the prodigious task of everyday contact with the many visitors who enter the refuge every day of the year. by planned tours, educational programs, and hours of labor maintaining trails, the friends of the wichitas have made the refuge a comfortable place for people without reducing the quality of the environment for wildlife. a sister organization of onps, the friends and we share many members. through the years oklahoma native plant society volunteers, especially dr. buck, have helped staff the field trips. in the process, some of us who might not have made the trip to comanche county quite so often before, have come to love it as part of our ‘home state’. next year, we hope to feature another, and very different section of this varied state: the ozarks. all who have, or know about, material on that area that might be suitable for this publication, should contact our editor, sheila strawn. also planned for future issues are lists of the plants reported at specific sites by our intrepid teams of field-trippers. help us make this publication grow! patricia folley president, onps august, 2002 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 vascular plants of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge (1977) paul buck department of life sciences the university of tulsa tulsa, oklahoma introduction this list is an effort to update a popular list of the vascular plants of the wichitamountains wildlife refuge prepared by the author approximately ten years ago. the earlier work was compiled from lists published by eskew (1938), osborn and allen(1949) and from studies of several regional herbaria. the changes over the previous list reflect new species found during field activities in the refuge through the years,additions reported in the literature and modifications of scientific names as published in floras, keys, and manuals. common names are always a problem,frequently changing several times within relatively small geographic areas. in an effort to avoid this difficulty the common names have been taken from a guide to plant names, (rechenthin, 1954) which was prepared for use by the regional soil conservation service. the very few not listed in this publication were obtained from fernald (1950)and the updated version of britton and brown (gleason 1952). the asterisks (*) indicate species that are questionable as present inhabitants of the refuge for a couple of reasons: (1) many were reported in the area by earlier workers but recent literature indicates their ranges do not extend into the wichita mountains system. it might be inferred these were misidentified,and in several cases where the specimens were located, this proved to be the case. buck, p. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100011 (2) during the 1930’s thousands of seedlings of non-native woody species were introduced and planted (example: mahonia aquifolium, barberry; spiraea arguta, spirea; hibiscus syriacus, rose of sharon; lagerstroemia indica, crape myrtle, etc.). most of these were subsequently moved to other locations within the southwest. probably none of those left in the refuge survived the competition of the native flora. the identity of the maple within the refuge has been a subject of debate for many years. opinions have been divided between the bigtooth maple (acer grandidentatum) and sugar maple (a. saccharum). the writer felt, when the earlier list was prepared, the wichita maple was the latter and deleted the bigtooth maple from the list. dent(1969) made a study of the sugar maples of oklahoma and concluded the caddo canyon and wichita mountains groups are both acer saccharum. references cited dent, thomas curtis 1969 relationships of two isolated groups of sugar maple in central oklahoma to eastern and western species. unpublished phd dissertation, university ofoklahoma, norman. eskew, cletis t. 1938 the flowering plants of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge, oklahoma. amer. mid. nat. 20:695-703. fernald, m.l. 1950 gray’s manual of botany. american book company, new york. oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. gleason, henry a. 1952 the new britton and brown illustrated flora of the northeastern united states and adjacent canada. the new york botanical garden, new york. osborn, b. and p. f. allan 1949 vegetation of an abandoned prairie-dog town in tall-grass prairie. ecology 30:322-332. rechenthin, c.a. 1954 a guide to plant names in texas, oklahoma, louisiana, arkansas. united states department of agriculture, soil conservation service. species list equisetum laevigatum equisetaceae kansas horsetail selaginella peruviana selaginellaceae sheldon selaginella selaginella rupestris rock selaginella isoetes butleri isoetaceae butler quillwort isoetes melanopoda blackfoot quillwort asplenium trichomanes polypodiaceae spleenwort cheilanthes eatoni eaton lipfern cheilanthes fendleri* fendler lipfern cheilanthes lanosa hairy lipfern cheilanthes lindheimeri lindheimer lipfern cheilanthes vestita lipfern cheilanthes wootoni* wooton lipfern dryopteris marginalis standley’s lipfern notholaena standleyi standley’s lipfern pellaea atropurpurea purple cliffbrake pellaea ternifolia wright’s cliffbrake woodsia obtuse woodsia pilularia americana marsileaceae american pillwort marsilea mucronata pepper wort juniperus virginiana pinaceae eastern red cedar pinus echinata* shortleaf pine pinus edulis* nut pine pinus ponderosa* western yellow pine pinus taeda* loblolly pine thuja orientalis* cupressaceae oriental arbor-vitae typha angustifolia typhaceae narrow leaf cattail typha domingensis cattail typha latifolia cattail zosteraceae potamogeton amplifolius largeleaf pondweed potamogeton diversifolius waterthread pondweed potamogeton nodosus longleaf pondweed potamogeton pusillus baby pondweed najadaceae najas guadalupensis southern naiad alismataceae echinodorus cordifolius erect burhead sagittaria calycina longlobe arrowhead sagittarria latifolia arrowhead agropyron repens* poaceae couch grass agrostis ellottiana 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. elliott bentgrass agrostis hymenalis winter bentgrass alopecurus caroliniana carolina foxtail andropogon barbinodis cane bluestem andropogon gerardi big bluestam andropogon saccharoides silver bluestem andropogon scoparius little bluestem aristida dichotoma var. dichotoma churchmouse threeawn aristida dichotoma var. curtissii curtis threeawn aristida longiseta red threeawn aristida longespica slimspike threeawn aristida oligantha oldfield threeawn aristida purpurea purple threeawn aristida wrightii wright threeawn bouteloua curtipendula sideoats grama bouteloua gracilis blue grama bouteloua hirsute hairy grama bouteloua rigidiseta texas grama bromus japonicus japanese brome bromus arvensis* field brome bromus purgans canada brome bromus tectorum cheatgrass bromus uniloides rescuegraas buchloe dactyloides buffalo grass cenchrus pauciflorus mat sandbur chloris verticillata tumble windmillgrass chloris virgata showy chloris cynodon dactylon bermuda grass dactylis glomerata orchard grass digitaria sanguinalis hairy crabgrass diplachne fascicularis bearded spranglegrass echinochloa crusgalli barnyard grass elusine indica goosegrass elymus canadensis canada wildrye elymus virginicus virginia wildrye eragrostis capillaris lacegrass eragrostis curtipedicellata gummy lovegrass eragrostis hypnoides teal lovegrass eragrostis intermedia plains lovegrass eragrostis cilianensis stinkgrass eragrostis oxylepsis var. oxylepis red lovegrass eragrostis oxylepsis var. beyrichii wichita lovegrass eragrostis pectinacea carolina lovegrass eragrostis pilosa india lovegrass eragrostis reptans creeping lovegrass eragrostis sessilispica tumble lovegrass eragrostis spectabilis purple lovegrass eragrostis trichodes sand lovegrass eriochloa contracta prairie cutgrass festuca octoflora sixweeks fescue festuca pratensis suiter fescue festuca versuta texas fescue hordeum pusillum little barley leersia oryzoides rice grass leptochloa dubia oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. green sprangletop leptoloma cognatum fall witchgrass limnodea arkansana ozark grass manisuris cylindrica carolina jointtail melica nitens threeflower melic muhlenbergia capillaris hairawn muhly muhlenbergia frondosa wirestem muhly muhlenbergia racemosa green muhly panicum agrostoides redtop panicum panicum anceps beaked panicum panicum capillare witchgrass panicum depauperatum poor panic grass panicum dichotomiflorum fall panicum panicum lanuginosum wooly panicum panicum linearifolium slimleaf panicum panicum malacophyllum shortleaf panicum panicum obtusum vine-mesquite panicum obligosanthes var. scribnerianum scribner panicum panicum perlongum elongate panic grass panicum philadelphicum philadelphia witchgrass panicum virgatum switchgrass paspalum pubiflorum var. publiflorum hairyseed paspalum paspalum publiflorum var. glabrum smoothseed paspalum paspalum setaceum fringeleaf paspalum phalaris caroliniana carolina canary grass poa annua annual bluegrass poa arachnifera texas bluegrass poa compressa canada bluegrass schedonnardus paniculatus tumblegrass setaria geniculata knotroot bristlegrass setaria viridis green bristlegrass sorgastrum nutans indiangrass sorghum halapense johnson grass spartina pectinata var. suttiei prairie cordgrass sphenopholis obtusata prairie wedgescale sporobolus airoides alkali sacaton sporobolus asper tall dropseed sporobolus cryptandrus sand dropseed sporobolus pyramidatus whorled dropseed sporobolus vaginiflorus var. vaginiflorus poverty dropseed sporobolus vaginiflorus var. neglectus puffsheath dropseed trichachne californica arizona cottontop tridens albescens white tridens tridens flavus purpletop tridens muticus var. muticus slim tridens tridens muticus var. elongatus rough tridens tridens pilosus hairy tridens tridens strictus longspike tridens tripsacum dactyloides eastern gamagrass uniola latifolia broadleaf uniola bulbostylis capillaris cyperaceae hairsedge carex amphibola narrowleaf sedge carex annectens yellowfruit sedge 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. carex austrina southern sedge carex blanda woodland sedge carex festucacea fescue sedge carex frankii frank sedge carex gravida var. lunellina lunnell sedge carex joori hummock sedge carex microrhyncha littlesnout sedge carex praegracilis slender sedge carex stricta var. elongata emory sedge carex vulpinoidea fox sedge cyperus acuminatus taperleaf flatsedge cyperus aristatus bearded flatsedge cyperus erythrorhizos redroot flatsedge cyperus esculentus chufa cyperus filiculmis slender flatsedge cyperus odoratus fragrant flatsedge cyperus ovularis globe flatsedge cyperus schweinitzii schweinitz flatsedge cyperus setigerus bristled spike flatsedge cyperus strigosus false nut sedge cyperus virens green flatsedge eleocharis compressa flatstem spikesedge eleocharis engelmanii englemann spikesedge eleocharis macrostachya longspike spikesedge eleocharis montevidensis sand spikesedge eleocharis obtusa blunt spikesedge eleocharis parvula dwarf spikesedge eleocharis quadrangulata squarestem spikesedge eleocharis tenuis slender spikesedge fimbristylis spadicea plains fimbry fimbristylis vahlii vahl fimbry fuirena simplex western umbrella sedge hemicarpha micrantha hemicarpha scirpus acutus hardstem bulrush scirpus americanus american bulrush scirpus atrovirens green bulrush scirpus lacustris softstem bulrush scirpus lineatus rusty bulrush scirpus paludosis alkali bulrush scirpus pauciflora fewflower nutrush arisaema dracontium araceae dragonroot or jack-in-the-pulpit lemna minor lemnaceae duckweed commelina erecta commelinaceae var. angustifolia narrowleaf dayflower commelina virginica virginia dayflower tradescantia hirsutiflora hairyflower spiderwort tradescantia occidentalis prairie spiderwort tradescantia ohiensis smoothstalk spiderwort tradescantia tharpii tharp spiderwort heteranthera limosa pontederiaceae blue mudplantain juncos acuminatus juncaceae knotleaf rush oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. juncus balticus baltic rush juncus interior inland rush juncus marginatus grassleaf rush juncus tenuis var. tenuis poverty rush juncus tenuis var. dudleyi dudley rush juncus torreyitorrey rush allium canadense liliaceae canada garlic allium drummondii drummond onion allium stellatum prairie onion androstephium coeruleum blue funnellily camassia scilloides atlantic camass erythronium americanum fawn lily nothoscordum bivalve yellow false garlic smilax bona-nox saw greenbrier smilax herbacea carrionflower smilax rotundifolia greenbrier smilax tamnoides bristly greenbrier yucca glauca small soapweed agave lata amaryllidaceae agave zephyranthes brazosensis evening start or rain lily nemastylis geminiflora iridaceae prairie iris sisyrinchium angustifolium blueeye grass spiranthes cernua orchidaceae nodding ladiestresses populus deltoids salicaceae cottonwood salix amygdaloides peachleaf willow salix caroliniana ward's willow salix interior sandbar willow salix matsudana* willow salix nigra black willow carya cordiformis juglandaceae bitternut hickory carya illinoensis pecan juglans nigra black walnut juglans rupestris little walnut quercus falcate fagaceae southern red oak quercus macrocarpa bur oak quercus marilandica blackjack oak quercus mohriana mohrs oak quercus muhlenbergii chinquapin oak quercus rubus var. borealis red oak quercus shumardii var. shumardii shumard’s oak quercus shumardii var. schneckii schneck's oak quercus stellata post oak quercus velutina black oak quercus virginiana live oak celtis laevigata ulmaceae sugar hackberry celtis occidentalis hackberry celtis reticulata netleaf hackberry 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. ulmus americanus american elm ulmus pumila* chinese elm ulmus rubra slippery elm maclura pomifera moraceae osage orange morus microphylla texas mulberry morus rubra red mulberry morus tatarica* russian mulberry boehmeria cylindrica urticaceae smallspike falsenettle parietaria pensylvanica pennsylvania pellitory comandra pallida santalaceae western comandra loranthaceae phoradendron serotinum mistletoe aristolochiaceae aristolochia tomentosa wooly dutchmanpipe eriogonum annum polygonaceae annual wild buckwheat eriogonum longifolium longleaf wild buckwheat polygonum aviculare prostrate knotweed polygonum bicorne longstype smartweed polygonum coccinium bigroot smartweed polygonum convolvulus dullseed cornbind polygonum hydropiper marshpepper smartweed polygonum hydropiperoides var. hydropiperoides swamp smartweed polygonum hydropiperoides var. opelousanum opelousas swamp smartweed polygonum lapathifolium curlytop smartweed polygonum pensylvanicum pennsylvania smartweed polygonum punctatum dotted smartweed polygonum ramosissimum bushy knotweed polygonum scandens hedge cornbind polygonum tenue pleatleaf knotweed rumex altissimus pale dock rumex crispus curly dock chenopodium album chenopodiaceae lambsquarters chenopodium hybridum var. gigantospermum bigseed goosefoot chenopodium leptophyllum slimleaf goosefoot chenopodium standleyanum standley goosefoot salsola kali var. tenuifolia russian thistle monolepis nutalliana nuttall monolepis alternanthera repens amaranthaeceae mat chaff flower amaranthus graecizans tumbleweed amaranthus hybridus slim amaranth amaranthus palmeri palmer amaranth amaranthus retroflexus redroot amaranth amaranthus tamarascinus waterhemp brayulinea densa* cottonflower froelichia floridana florida snakecotton floelichia gracilis slender snakecotton gossypianthus lanuginosus woolly cottonflower gossypianthus tenuiflorus lanceleaf cottonflower oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. mirabilis albida nyctaginaceae pale umbrella-wort mirabilis inearis narrowleaf umbrella-wort mirabilis nyctaginea heartleaf umbrella-wort phytolacca americana phytolaccaceae pokeberry mollugo verticillata aizoaceae green carpetweed claytonia virginica portulacaceae virginia spring beauty portulaca oleracea purslane portulaca parvla shaggy purslane portulaca umbraticola wingpod purslane talinum calycinum rockpink talinum parvifolorum prairie fameflower talinum rugospermum* roughseed fameflower arenaria patula caryophyllaceae pitcher’s sandwort arenaria stricta var. texana texas sandwort cerastium brachypodum shortstalk chickweed sagina decumbens trailing pearlwort silene antirrhina sleepy catchfly paronychia jamesii illecebraceae james nailwort paronychia virginica virginia nailwort ceratophyllum demersum ceratophyllaceae coontail ranunculaceae anemone caroliniana carolina anemone anemone decapetala tenpetal anemone clematis pitcheri pitcher clematis delphinium virescens plains larkspur berberidaceae mahonia aquifolium* barberry cocculus carolinus menispermaceae carolina snailseed menispermum canadense moonseed argemone polyanthemos papaveraceae prickle poppy corydalis aurea fumariaceae var. occidentalis goldon corydalis cleome serrulata capparidaceae bee spider flower cleomella angustifolia narrowleaf rhombopod polanisia dodecandra roughseed clammywort cruciferae arabis missouriensis green rockcress capsella bursa–pastoris shepherdspurse descurainia pinnata pinnate tansymustard dithyrea wislizenii wislizen's spectacle pod draba brachycarpa shortpod draba draba cuneifolia wedgeleaf draba draba reptans carolina draba erysimum capitatum plains erysimum lepidium oblongum veiny pepperwort lepidium virginicum virginia pepperwort lesquerella auriculata earleaf bladderpod 12 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. lesquerella gordonii gordon bladderpod lesquerella gracilis lax bladderpod lesquerella ovalifolia var. alba roundleaf bladderpod nasturtium officinale watercress rorippa islandica bog marshcress rorippa sessilifolia stalkless yellowcress sibara virginica virginia rockcress sedum nuttallianum crassulaceae yellow stonecrop sedum pulchellum texas stonecrop ribes odoratum saxifragaceae clove current argimonia parviflora rosaceae mayflower grovebur amelanchier arborea service berry crataegus crus-galli cockspur hawthorn crataegus engelmannii engelmann hawthorn crataegus reverchonii reverchon hawthorn geum canadense white avens geum virginiana* bristly avens potentilla arguta cinquefoil prunus americana american plum prunus angustifolia chickasaw plum prunus armeniaca* apricot prunus persica peach prunus gracilis oklahoma plum prunus mexicana mexican plum prunus virginiana chokecherry rosa foliolosa* leafy rose rosa multiflora* multiflora rose rubus aboriginum northern dewberry rubus idaeus red raspberry rubus louisanus louisiana blackberry rubus occidentalis blackcap raspberry rubus trivialis lowbush blackberry spiraea arguta* spirea spirea cantoniensis* spirea spirea vanhouttei* spirea acacia angustissima leguminosae prairie acacia amorpha canescens leadplant amorpha fruticosa indigobush amorpha amorpha microphylla* smallleaf amorpha amorpha nana* fragrant false indigo apios americana groundnut astragalus crassicarpus groundplum milkvetch astragalus lindheimeri lindheimer milkvetch astragalus plattensis platte milkvetch baptisia australis var. minor blue wild indigo baptisia leucophaea plains wild indigo baptisia sphaerocarpa golden wild indigo cassia fasciculate showy partridgepea cassia marilandica wild senna cercis canadensis redbud clitoria mariana atlantic pigeonwings oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. colutea arborescens* bladder senna crotalaria sagittalis arrow crotalaria dalea aurea siltop aurea dalea enneandra bigtop dalea dalea purpurea purple prairie-clover desmanthus illinoensis illinois bundleflower desmodium ciliare littleleaf tickclover desmodium glutinosum sticky tickclover desmodium nudiflorum barestem tickclover desmodium paniculatum panicled tickclover desmodium sessilisovium sessile tickclover galactia volubilis downy milkpea gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust glycyrrhiza lepidota american licorice gymnocladus dioica kentucky coffee tree hoffmanseggia densiflora indian rushpea indigofera miniata var. leptosepala coast indigo krameria secundiflora trailing ratany lespedeza capitata roundhead lespedeza lespedeza intermedia intermediate lespedeza lespedeza procumbens trailing lespedeza lespedeza virginica slender lespedeza lotus americanus deervetch melilotus alba white sweet clover melilotus officianalis yellow sweet clover neptunea lutea yellow neptunea oxytropis lamberti stemless loco petalostemum candidum white prairie clover petalostemum multiflorum roundtop prairie clover petalostemum purpureum purple prairie clover petalostemum tenuifolium slimleaf prairie clover prosopis juliflora mesquite psoralea cuspidata tallbread scurfpea psoralea esculenta indian breadroot psoralea lineariflolia slimleaf scurfpea psoralea tenuiflora wild alfalfa robinia pseudoacacia black locust shrankia uncinata catclaw sensitive brier strophostyles helvola trailing wildbean strophostyles leiosperma slickseed wildbean stylosanthes riparia endbeak pencilflower trifolium reflexum buffalo clover vicia ludoviciana louisiana vetch vicia sparsifolia stiffleaf vetch geraniaceae geranium carolinianum carolina geranium erodium cicutarium storksbill oxalidaceae oxalis stricta oxalis oxalis violacea violet woodsorrel linaceae linum hudsonioides tufted flax linum rigidum stiffstem flax linum sulcatum grooved flax zygophyllaceae tribulus terrestris 14 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. puncturevine rutaceae ptelea trifoliate wafer ash simaroubaceae ailanthus altissima* tree-of-heaven polygalaceae polygala alba white milkwort polygala verticillata whorled milkwort euphorbiaceae acalypha gracilens slender copperleaf acalypha ostryaefolia hophornbeam copperleaf croton capitatus woolly croton croton glandulosus tropic croton croton lindheimerianus threeseed croton croton monanthogynus oneseed croton croton texensis texas croton euphorbia commutata tinted euphorbia euphorbia corollata flowering spurge euphorbia dentata toothed euphorbia euphorbia glyptosperma ridgeseed euphorbia euphorbia hexagona six-angle euphorbia euphorbia marginata snow-on-the-mountain euphorbia missourica missouri euphorbia euphorbia nutans spotted euphorbia euphorbia obtusata roughpor euphorbia euphorbia prostrata prostrate euphorbia euphorbia spathulata warty euphorbia euphorbia supina milk purslane phyllanthus caroliniensis carolina leafflower phyllanthus polygonoides knotweed leafflower stillingia sylvatica queen's delight tragia ramose branching noseburn callitriche heterophylla callitrichaceae larger waterstar wort anacardiaceae rhus aromatica skunkbush rhus copallina flameleaf sumac rhus glabra smooth sumac rhus toxicodendron poison ivy celastraceae celastrus scandens american bittersweet euonymus atropurpureus eastern wahoo euonymus europaeus* european spindle-tree acer saccharinum* aceraceae silver maple acer saccharum sugar maple hipposcastanaceae aesculus glabra ohio buckeye sapindaceae sapindus drummondii* western soapberry rhamnaceae ceanothus herbaceus var. pubescens fuzzy ceanothus rhamnus frangula* alder buckthorn ampelopsis cordata vitaceae heartleaf ampelopsis cissus incisa ivy treebine parthenocissus quinquefolia virginia creeper oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. vitis aestivalis summer grape vitis cinerea sweet grape vitis palmata cat grape vitis rotundifolia muscadine grape vitis rupestris sand grape vitis vulpine riverbank grape malvaceae callirhoe involucrata low poppymallow callirhoe leiocarpa tall poppymallow hibiscus syriacus* rose of sharon sphaeralcea coccinea scarlet mallow guttiferae hypericum drummondii nits and lice hypericum mutilum dwarf st. john's wort tamaricaceae tamarix hispida* kashgar tamarisk tamarix odessana* tamarisk tamarix pentandra* tamarisk lechea tenuifolia cistaceae narrowleaf pinwheel violaceae hybanthus verticillatus whorled nodviolet viola missouriensis missouri violet viola papilionacea butterfly violet viola rafinesquii johnny-jump-up loasaceae mentzelia oligosperma chickthief mentzelia stricta sandlily cactaceae echinocereus baileyi wichita pin cushion echinocereus reichenbachii lace echinocereus opuntia compressa prickly pear lythraceae ammannia auriculata earleaf ammannia ammannia coccinea purple ammannia lagerstroemia indica* crape myrtle lythrum alatum winged lythrum gaura biennis var. pitcheri onagraceae pitcher gaura gaura coccinea scarlet gaura gaura parviflora smallflower gaura gaura sinuata wavyleaf gaura guara suffulta roadside gaura gaura tripetala var. triangulata three petal gaura jussiaea decurrens wingleaf water primrose jussiaea peploides var. glabrescens smooth water primrose ludwigia alternifolia bushy boxseed ludwigia palustris marsh boxseed oenothera biennis evening primrose oenothera heterophylla varileaf evening primrose oenothera jamesii trumpet evening primrose oenothera laciniata var. laciniata cutleaf evening primrose oenothera laciniata var. grandiflora largeflowered cutleaf evening primrose oenothera linifolia threadleaf sundrops 16 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. oenothera macrocarpa var.macrocarpa ozark sundrops oenothera macrocarpa var. incana gray sundrops oenothera missouriensis missouri evening primrose oenothera serrulata halfshrub sundrops oenothera speciosa showy sundrops oenothera triloba stemless evening primrose stenosiphon virgatus false gaura haloragaceae myriophyllum brasiliensis parrot feather myriophyllum exalbescens parrot feather umbelliferae ammoselinum butleri butler sandparsley ammoselinum popei plains sandparlsey chaerophyllum tainturieri var. dasycarpum hairyfruit chervil cicuta maculata spotted water hemlock daucus carota* wild carrot daucus pusillus southwestern carrot eryngium diffusum bushy eryngo eryngium leavenworthii leavenworth eryngo limnosciadum pinnatum arkansas dogshade lomatium daucifolium carrotleaf lomatium polytaenia nuttallii prairie parsley ptilimnium nuttallii nuttall mockbishop sanicula canadensis canada sanic1e spermolepis divaricata forked scaleseed spermolepis echinata bristly scaleseed cornaceae cornus drummondii roughleaf dogwood cornus florida* flowering dogwood primulaceae androsace occidentalis western rockjasmine dodecatheon meadia shooting star samolus parviflorus thinleaf brookweed sapotaceae bumelia lanuginosa woollybucket bumelia ebenaceae diospyros virginiana persimmon oleaceae forsythia suspensa var. fortunei* golden bells fraxinus americana white ash fraxinus pennsylvanica var. pennsylvanica red ash fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima green ash fraxinus velutina* arizona ash jasminum nudiflorum* jasmine ligustrum amurense* privet ligustrum vulgare* privet sabatia angularis gentianaceae squarestem rosegentium sabatia campestris prairie rosegentian amsonia ciliata var. texana apocynaceae texas slimpod amsonia tabernaemontana willow slimpod apocynum cannabinium var. glaberrimum hemp dogbane oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. asclepias asperula asclepiadaceae var. decumbens trailing milkweed asclepias latifolia broadleaf milkweed asclepias pumila plains milkweed asclepias stenophylla slimleaf milkweed asclepias sullivantii sullivant milkweed asclepias tuberosa butterfly milkweed asclepias verticillata whorled milkweed asclepias viridiflora green acerates asclepias viridis green antelope horn convolvulus arvensis convolvulaceae small bindweed convolvulus incanus gray bindweed cuscuta coryli hazel dodder cuscuta gronovii gronovius dodder cuscuta indecora showy dodder cuscuta cuspidata cusp dodder evolvulus nuttallianus silver evolvulus ipomoea shumardiana narrowleaf morning glory gilia rubra polemoniaceae texasplume phlox pilosa downy phlox hydrophyllaceae nama hispidum rough nama phacelia congesta spike phacelia phacelia hirsuta hairy phacelia boraginaceae lithospermum arvense corn gromwell lithospermum incisum narrowleaf gromwell myosotis macrosperma southern forget-me-not myosotis verna forget-me-not onosmodium molle marbleseed verbenaceae phyla cuneifolia wedgeleaf fogfruit phyla incisa sawtooth fogfruit verbena bipinnatifida dakota verbena verbena bracteata bigbract verbena verbena canadensis rose verbena verbena pumila pink verbena verbena stricta woolly verbena verbena urticifolia white verbena vitex agnus-castus* chaste tree labiatae hedeoma drummondii drummond hedeoma hedeoma hispida rough hedeoma lamium amplexicaule henbit lycopus americanus american bugleweed monarda citriodora lemon beebalm monarda clinopodioides basil beebalm monarda fistulosa shrubby beebalm monarda punctata spotted beebalm nepeta cataria catnip salvia azurea var. grandiflora azure sage salvia reflexa lanceleaf sage scutellaria drummondii 18 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. drummond skullcap scutellaria resinosa resindot skullcap scutellaria wrightii wright skullcap teucrium canadense american germander teucrium laciniatum cutleaf germander trichostema brachiatum fluxweed solanaceae physalis lobata purple groundcherry physalis virginiana var. sonorae virginia groundcherry physalis viscosa var. cinerascens beach groundcherry physalis viscosa var. mollis field groundcherry solanum carolinense carolina horsenettle solanum citrullifolium* watermelon leaved solanum solanum elaegnifolium silverleaf nightshade solanum rostratum buffalobur solanum torreyi torrey horsenettle scrophulariaceae bacopa rotundifolia disc waterhyssop castilleja citrina citron paintbrush castilleja sessiliflora downy paintbrush collinsia violacea violet collinsia gratiola virginiana virginia hedgehyssop leucospora multifida narrowleaf conobea linaria canadensis var. texana oldfield toadflax lindernia anagallidea c1asping false-pimpernel lindernia dubia yellowseed false-pimpernel penstemon albidus white penstemon penstemon cobea cobaea penstemon penstemon oklahomensis oklahoma penstemon penstemon tubaeflorus tube panstemon scrophularia lanceolata narrowleaf figwort veronica arvensis speedwell veronica peregrina purslane speedwell verbascum thapsus flannel mullein catalpa speciosa bignoniaceae catalpa chilopsis linearis* desert willow martyniaceae proboscidea louisianica unicorn plant lentibulariaceae utricularia biflora bladderwort utricularia vulgaris bladderwort acanthaceae justicia americana justicia ruellia humilis low ruellia ruellia pedunculata stalked ruellia phrymaceae phryma leptostachya lopseed plantaginaceae plantago aristata bottlebrush plantain plantago elongata elongate plantain plantago purshii var. purshii slender plantain plantago purshii var. spinulosa bristlebract plantain plantago rhodosperma redseed plantain plantago virginica paleseed plantain plantago wrightiana wright plantain oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis buttonbush diodia teres var. setifera rough buttonweed galium aparine catchweed bedstraw galium pilosum hairy bedstraw galium texense texas bedstraw galium triflorum fragrant bedstraw galium virgatum southwest bedstraw hedyotis crassifolia tiny bluet hedyotis nigricans narrowleaf bluet hedyotis purpurea var. longifolia purple bluet lonicera japonica* caprifoliaceae honeysuckle lonicera tatarica* tatarian honeysuckle symphoricarpos orbiculatus coralberry viburnum prunifolium var. ferrugineum rusty blackhaw valerianella radiata valerianaceae var. radiata beaked cornsalad valerianella radiata var. parviflora narrowcell cornsalad cucurbita foetidissima cucurbitaceae buffalo gourd cyclanthera dissectra cutleaf cyclanthera ibervillea lindheimeri lindheimer globeberry melothria pendula drooping me1onette campanulaceae specularia biflora small venus-looking glass specularia leptocarpa slimpod venus-looking glass specularia perfoliata clasping venus-looking glass lobeliaceae lobelia appendiculata earflower lobelia lobelia cardinalis cardinal flower lobelia spicata palespike lobelia compositae achillea lanulosa western yarrow achillea millefolium yarrow agoseris cuspidate wavyleaf agoseris ambrosia artemisiifolia ragweed ambrosia psilostachys western ragweed ambrosia trifida giant ragweed antennaria plantaginifolia plantain-leaf pussy toes aphanostephus pilosus hairy dozedaisy aphanostephus ramosissimus plains dozedaisy aphanostephus skirrhobasis arkansas dozedaisy artemisia carruthii carruth sagewort artemisia filifolia figleaf sagewort artemisia glauca false terragon sagewort artemisia ludoviciana var. ludoviciana louisiana sagewort artemisia ludoviciana var. mexicana american sagewort artemisia serrata* sawtooth sagewort aster communtatus* cluster aster aster ericoides heath aster aster fendleri fendler aster aster oblongifolius aromatic aster 20 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. aster patens skydrop aster aster subulatus awl shaped aster baccharis salicina willow groundsel-tree berlandiera texana texas greeneyes bidens cernua nodding beggarticks bidens frondosa devil’s beggarticks centaurea americana basketflower chaetopappa asteroides least daisy chrysopsis pilosa soft goldaster chrysopsis villosa var. villosa hairy goldaster chrysopsis villosa var. canescens hairy goldaster chrysopsis villosa var. stenophylla narrowleaf goldaster cirsium ochrocentrum yellowspine thistle cirsium undulatum wavyleaf thistle conyza canadensis horseweed fleabane conyza ramoisissima conyza coreopsis grandiflora var. longipes bigflower coreopsis coreopsis lanceolata var. villosa lanceleaf coreopsis coreopsis tinctoria plains coreopsis dyssodia tagetioides marigold dogweed echinacea angustifolia black sampson echinacea pallida pale purple coneflower eclipta alba yerba de tajo englemannia pinnatifida engelmann daisy erigeron bellidiastrum western fleabane erigeron divergens spreading fleabane erigeron strigosus prairie fleabane eupatorium serotinum late eupatorium evax multicaulis manystem evax evax prolifera bighead evax gaillardia pulchella rosering gaillardia gaillardia suavis sweet gaillardia gnaphalium chilense cottonbatting cudweed gnaphalium purpureum purple cudweed gnaphalium wrightii wright cudweed grindelia squarrosa var. squarrosa curlycup gumweed grindelia squarrosa var. nuda rayless gumweed gutierrezia dracunculoides broom weed gutierrezia sarothrae* broom snakeweed haplopappus ciliatus wax goldenweed haplopappus spinulosis cutleaf goldonweed helenium amarum var. amarum bitter sneezeweed helenium amarum var. badium basin sneezeweed helenium autumnale sneezeweed helenium flexuosum flexuous sneezeweed helenium microcephalum smallhead sneezeweed helianthus annuus annual sunflower helianthus hirsutus hairy sunflower helianthus laetiflorus stiff sunflower helianthus maximilani maximilian sunflower helianthus petiolaris prairie sunflower hieracium longipilum longbeard hawkseed hymenopappus scabiosaeus flattop woollywhite oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 buck, p. hymenopappus tenuifolius chalkhill woollywhite hymenoxys linearifolia fineleaf actinea hymenoxys scaposa var. linearis plains actinea iva ciliata seacoast sumpweed krigia dandelion tuber dwarf dandelion krigia oppositifolia weedy dwarf dandelion kuhnia eupatorioides var. corymbulosa plains kuhnia lactuca canadensis canada lettuce lactuca pulchella* chickory lettuce lactuca scariola prickly lettuce liatris aspera rough gayfeather liatris punctata dotted gayfeather liatris scariosa tall gayfeathcr palafoxia texana texas palafoxia pluchea camphorata camphor pluchea pyrrhopappus carolinianus carolina false-dandelion pyrrhopappus scaposus tuber false-dandelion ratisida columnifera upright prairie coneflower rudbeckia hirta blackeyed susan santolina chamaecyparissus* lavender cotton senecio plattensis prairie groundsel senecio riddellii riddell groundsel silphium asteriscus sand rosinweed silphium laciniatum compass plant solidago bootii* boot goldenrod solidago gigantea var. leiophylla november goldenrod solidago missouriensis var. fasciculate missouri goldenrod solidago mollis ashy goldenrod solidago petiolaris downy goldenrod solidago radula rough goldenrod taraxacum officinale dandelion thelesperma ambiguum colorado greenthread thelesperma filifolium plains greenthread thelesperma megapotamicum rayless greenthread townsendia excapa stemless townsendia tragopogon major yellow goat's beard verbescina virginica white crownbeard vernonia baldwinii baldwin ironweed vernonia missurica missouri ironweed xanthisma texanum texas sleepydaisyxanthium strumarium cocklebur editor’s note: this paper, written in 1977, was originally distributed by the wichita mountains wildlife refuge as an informational handout but never published. scientific names that were originally underlined have been italicized and species epithets derived from a person’s name are not capitalized as they were in the original work to abide with current taxonomic practice. the author emphasizess that there is a great need to update this twenty-five year old floristic list and, together with wmwr, encourages new research on this site. 22 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 floristic list for comanche county, oklahoma bruce hoagland oklahoma biological survey/department of geography university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 floristic lists are vital tools for conservation planning, research, and wildflower appreciation. the diverse physical geography of comanche county contributes to the high degree of plant diversity and habitats. the county is probably best known for the wichita mountains, which are composed of cambrian gabbro and granites. to the north of the wichita mountains is the slick hill, an extensive outcropping of limestone. the surface geology of most of the county is composed of permian sandstones. land use in the county includes row crop agriculture and pastureland. introduction the floristic list presented here was generated form the atlas of the flora of oklahoma database. the database contains records for specimens deposited in oklahoma herbaria. voucher specimens for plants on the list can be found at one of the following herbaria: oklahoma state university, cameron university, university of science and arts of oklahoma, southeastern oklahoma state university, and the bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma. taxonomy and common names follow the united states department of agricultures plants database (www.plants.gov.us). there are 1,137 species and subspecific taxa, from the 116 families listed. there is a total of 3,560 specimens current recorded in the database. of those records, hoagland, b.w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100012 2,009 list the wichita mountains as the place of collection and 1,661 list the wichita mountains wildlife refuge specifically. other locations in the wichitas include medicine park and meers. there are 836 records listed for fort sill, which includes the wichita mountains and a portion of permian sandstone. the earliest collections in the database are dated 2 july 1903 and were collected by a. van vleet in the wichita mountains. these specimens are deposited at the bebb herbarium. botanists with large numbers of collections in the database include f. l. johnson and r. thompson (790 records for specimens collected as part of florisitic inventory of fort sill), f. b. mcmurry (498 records, all from the wichita mountains national wildlife refuge), b. osborn (262 records), and u.t. waterfall (121 records). oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. floristic list for comanche county, oklahoma ferns and allies aspleniaceae asplenium platyneuron (l.) b.s.p. ebony spleenwort asplenium resiliens kunze blackstem spleenwort asplenium trichomanes l. maidenhair spleenwort dryopteridaceae dryopteris marginalis (l.) gray marginal woodfern woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. bluntlobe cliff fern equisetaceae equisetum hyemale l. scouringrush horsetail equisetum hyemale l. var. affine (engelm.) a.a. eat. scouringrush horsetail equisetum laevigatum a. braun smooth horsetail equisetum x ferrissii clute (pro sp.) marsileaceae marsilea vestita hook. & grev. hairy waterclover pilularia americana a. braun american pillwort ophioglossaceae ophioglossum engelmannii prantl limestone adderstongue ophioglossum vulgatum l. southern adderstongue pteridaceae cheilanthes eatonii baker eaton's lipfern cheilanthes lanosa (michx.) d.c. eat. hairy lipfern cheilanthes lindheimeri hook. fairyswords cheilanthes tomentosa link woolly lipfern cheilanthes wootonii maxon beaded lipfern notholaena sinuata (lag. ex sw.) kaulfuss notholaena standleyi maxon star cloak fern pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link purple cliffbrake pellaea wrightiana hook. wright's cliffbrake selaginellaceae selaginella peruviana (milde) hieron. peruvian spikemoss selaginella rupestris (l.) spring northern selaginella gymnosperms cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. eastern redcedar thuja orientalis l. oriental arborvitae angiosperms monocotyledonae agavaceae manfreda virginica (l.) salisb. ex rose false aloe yucca glauca nutt. soapweed yucca alismataceae echinodorus berteroi (spreng.) fassett upright burrhead sagittaria brevirostra mackenzie & bush shortbeak arrowhead sagittaria calycina engelm. hooded arrowhead sagittaria calycina engelm. var. calycina hooded arrowhead 24 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. sagittaria latifolia willd. broadleaf arrowhead araceae arisaema dracontium (l.) schott green dragon callitrichaceae callitriche heterophylla pursh twoheaded water-starwort ceratophyllaceae ceratophyllum demersum l. coon's tail commelinaceae commelina erecta l. whitemouth dayflower commelina erecta l. var. angustifolia (michx.) fern. whitemouth dayflower commelina erecta l. var. deamiana fern. whitemouth dayflower commelina virginica l. virginia dayflower tradescantia ernestiana e.s. anderson & woods. ernest's spiderwort tradescantia occidentalis (britt.) smyth prairie spiderwort tradescantia occidentalis (britt.) smyth var. occidentalis prairie spiderwort tradescantia ohiensis raf. bluejacket tradescantia tharpii e.s. anderson & woods. tharp's spiderwort hydrocharitaceae egeria densa planch. brazilian waterweed liliaceae allium canadense l. meadow garlic allium canadense l. var. fraseri ownbey fraser meadow garlic allium canadense l. var. hyacinthoides (bush) ownbey & aase hyacinth meadow garlic allium canadense l. var. mobilense (regel) ownbey meadow garlic allium drummondii regel drummond's onion allium stellatum nutt. ex ker-gawl. autumn onion androstephium coeruleum (scheele) greene [orthographic variant] camassia angusta (engelm. & gray) blank. prairie camas camassia scilloides (raf.) cory atlantic camas cooperia drummondii herbert evening rainlily erythronium albidum nutt. white fawnlily erythronium mesochoreum knerr midland fawnlily oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. erythronium rostratum w. wolf yellow troutlily nolina texana s. wats. texas sacahuista nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britt. crowpoison polygonatum biflorum (walt.) ell. smooth solomon's seal polygonatum biflorum (walt.) ell. var. commutatum (j.a. & j.h. schultes) morong smooth solomon's seal zigadenus nuttallii (gray) s. wats. nuttall's deathcamas najadaceae najas guadalupensis (spreng.) magnus southern waternymph orchidaceae spiranthes cernua (l.) l.c. rich. nodding ladies'-tresses spiranthes magnicamporum sheviak great plains ladies'-tresses spiranthes vernalis engelm. & gray spring ladies'-tresses poaceae aegilops cylindrica host jointed goatgrass agropyron smithii rydb. agrostis hyemalis (walt.) b.s.p. winter bentgrass alopecurus carolinianus walt. carolina foxtail andropogon gerardii vitman big bluestem aristida curtissii (gray ex s. wats. & coult.) nash aristida dichotoma michx. churchmouse threeawn aristida dichotoma michx. var. curtissii gray ex s. wats. & coult. curtis' threeawn aristida longispica poir. var. longispica slimspike threeawn aristida oligantha michx. prairie threeawn aristida purpurascens poir. arrowfeather threeawn aristida purpurea nutt. var. fendleriana (steud.) vasey fendler's threeawn aristida purpurea nutt. var. longiseta (steud.) vasey fendler threeawn bothriochloa barbinodis (lag.) herter cane bluestem bothriochloa ischaemum (l.) keng yellow bluestem bothriochloa saccharoides (sw.) rydb. silver bluestem bouteloua gracilis (willd. ex kunth) lag. 26 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. ex griffiths blue grama bouteloua hirsuta lag. hairy grama bouteloua pectinata featherly bouteloua rigidiseta (steud.) a.s. hitchc. texas grama bromus catharticus vahl rescuegrass bromus commutatus schrad. meadow brome bromus japonicus thunb. ex murr. japanese brome bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. hairy woodland brome bromus tectorum l. cheatgrass buchloe dactyloides (nutt.) engelm. buffalograss cenchrus incertus m.a. curtis cenchrus longispinus (hack.) fern. mat sandbur chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates indian woodoats chloris verticillata nutt. tumble windmill grass chloris virgata sw. feather fingergrass cinna arundinacea l. sweet woodreed cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. bermudagrass dactylis glomerata l. orchardgrass dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark tapered rosette grass dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. fasciculatum (torr.) freckmann western panicgrass dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. lindheimeri (nash) gould & c.a. clark lindheimer panicgrass dichanthelium linearifolium (scribn. ex nash) gould slimleaf panicgrass dichanthelium malacophyllum (nash) gould softleaf rosette grass dichanthelium oligosanthes (j.a. schultes) gould heller's rosette grass dichanthelium oligosanthes (j.a. schultes) gould var. scribnerianum (nash) gould scribner's rosette grass digitaria californica (benth.) henr. arizona cottontop digitaria cognata (j.a. schultes) pilger carolina crabgrass digitaria ischaemum (schreb.) schreb. ex muhl. smooth crabgrass digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop. hairy crabgrass echinochloa colona (l.) link jungle rice echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv. barnyardgrass echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv. barnyardgrass eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. indian goosegrass eragrostis barrelieri daveau mediterranean lovegrass oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. eragrostis capillaris (l.) nees lace grass eragrostis cilianensis (all.) vign. ex janchen stinkgrass eragrostis curtipedicellata buckl. gummy lovegrass eragrostis curvula (schrad.) nees weeping lovegrass eragrostis hypnoides (lam.) b.s.p. teal lovegrass eragrostis intermedia a.s. hitchc. plains lovegrass eragrostis pectinacea (michx.) nees ex steud. tufted lovegrass eragrostis pectinacea (michx.) nees ex steud. var. pectinacea tufted lovegrass eragrostis pilosa (l.) beauv. indian lovegrass eragrostis reptans (michx.) nees eragrostis secundiflora j. presl red lovegrass eragrostis sessilispica buckl. tumble lovegrass eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. purple lovegrass eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) wood sand lovegrass eriochloa contracta a.s. hitchc. prairie cupgrass eriochloa sericea (scheele) munro ex vasey texas cupgrass erioneuron pilosum (buckl.) nash hairy woollygrass festuca octoflora walt. festuca subverticillata (pers.) alexeev nodding fescue leersia oryzoides (l.) sw. rice cutgrass leersia virginica willd. whitegrass leptochloa fascicularis (lam.) gray leptochloa mucronata (michx.) kunth melica nitens (scribn.) nutt. ex piper threeflower melicgrass muhlenbergia racemosa (michx.) b.s.p. marsh muhly muhlenbergia sobolifera (muhl. ex willd.) trin. rock muhly panicum anceps michx beaked panicgrass panicum capillare l. witchgrass panicum dichotomiflorum michx. fall panicgrass panicum hallii vasey hall's panicgrass panicum hillmanii chase hillman's panicgrass panicum obtusum kunth vine mesquite panicum virgatum l. switchgrass pascopyrum smithii (rydb.) a. löve western wheatgrass paspalidium geminatum (forsk.) stapf egyptian panicgrass paspalum distichum l. knotgrass paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex fourn. hairyseed paspalum paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex fourn. var. glabrum vasey ex scribn. paspalum setaceum michx. thin paspalum paspalum setaceum michx. var. stramineum (nash) d. banks phalaris caroliniana walt. carolina canarygrass poa annua l. annual bluegrass 28 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. poa arachnifera torr. texas bluegrass poa compressa l. canada bluegrass schedonnardus paniculatus (nutt.) trel. tumblegrass schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash little bluestem setaria glauca (l.) beauv. sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. prairie wedgescale sporobolus airoides (torr.) torr. alkali sacaton sporobolus asper (michx.) kunth sporobolus asper (michx.) kunth var. drummondii (trin.) vasey sporobolus clandestinus (biehler) a.s. hitchc. rough dropseed sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) gray sand dropseed sporobolus neglectus nash puffsheath dropseed sporobolus ozarkanus fern. sporobolus pyramidatus (lam.) a.s. hitchc. sporobolus vaginiflorus (torr. ex gray) wood poverty dropseed tripsacum dactyloides (l.) l. eastern gamagrass vulpia octoflora (walt.) rydb. sixweeks fescue potamogetonaceae potamogeton amplifolius tuckerman largeleaf pondweed potamogeton crispus l. curly pondweed potamogeton diversifolius raf. waterthread pondweed potamogeton illinoensis morong illinois pondweed potamogeton nodosus poir. longleaf pondweed potamogeton pusillus l. small pondweed potamogeton pusillus l. ssp. pusillus small pondweed potamogeton pusillus l. var. tenuissimus mert. & koch typhaceae typha angustifolia l. narrowleaf cattail typha domingensis pers. southern cattail typha latifolia l. broadleaf cattail zannichelliaceae zannichellia palustris l. horned pondweed dicotyledonae acanthaceae dicliptera brachiata (pursh) spreng. branched foldwing justicia americana (l.) vahl american water-willow ruellia ciliosa pursh. ruellia humilis nutt. fringeleaf wild petunia ruellia humilis nutt. var. expansa fern. ruellia humilis nutt. var. longiflora (gray) fern. aceraceae acer negundo l. boxelder acer negundo l. var. interius (britt.) sarg. boxelder acer negundo l. var. texanum pax boxelder acer saccharinum l. silver maple oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. acer saccharum marsh. sugar maple amaranthaceae amaranthus albus l. prostrate pigweed amaranthus arenicola i.m. johnston sandhill amaranth amaranthus graecizans l. amaranthus hybridus l. slim amaranth amaranthus retroflexus l. redroot amaranth amaranthus rudis sauer tall amaranth froelichia floridana (nutt.) moq. plains snakecotton froelichia gracilis (hook.) moq. slender snakecotton gossypianthus lanuginosus (poir.) moq. woolly cottonflower gossypianthus lanuginosus (poir.) moq. var. lanuginosus woolly cottonflower iresine rhizomatosa standl. juda's bush anacardiaceae rhus aromatica ait. fragrant sumac rhus aromatica ait. var. serotina (greene) rehd. fragrant sumac rhus glabra l. smooth sumac rhus trilobata nutt. var. trilobata skunkbush sumac toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze eastern poison ivy apiaceae ammoselinum popei torr. & gray plains sandparsley chaerophyllum procumbens (l.) crantz spreading chervil chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. hairyfruit chervil chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. dasycarpum hook. ex s. wats. chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. tainturieri chaerophyllum texanum coult. & rose cicuta maculata l. spotted water hemlock conium maculatum l. poison hemlock daucus carota l. queen anne's lace daucus pusillus michx. american wild carrot eryngium hookerii walp. hooker's eryngo eryngium leavenworthii torr. & gray leavenworth's eryngo limnosciadium pinnatum (dc.) mathias & constance tansy dogshade lomatium daucifolium (torr. & gray) coult. & rose lomatium foeniculaceum (nutt.) coult. & rose ssp. daucifolium (torr. & gray) theobald desert biscuitroot polytaenia nuttallii dc. nutall’s prairie parsley sanicula canadensis l. canadian blacksnakeroot spermolepis divaricata (walt.) raf. ex ser. roughfruit scaleseed spermolepis echinata (nutt. ex dc.) heller bristly scaleseed spermolepis inermis (nutt. ex dc.) mathias & constance red river scaleseed spermolepis patens (nutt. ex dc.) b.l. robins. 30 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. torilis nodosa (l.) gaertn. knotted hedgeparsley apocynaceae amsonia ciliata walt. fringed bluestar amsonia ciliata walt. var. texana (gray) coult. texas bluestar amsonia illustris woods. ozark bluestar apocynum cannabinum l. indianhemp apocynum cannabinum l. var. glaberrimum a. dc. asclepiadaceae asclepias asperula (dcne.) woods. spider milkweed asclepias asperula (dcne.) woods. ssp. capricornu (woods.) woods. antelopehorns asclepias asperula (dcne.) woods. var. decumbens (nutt.) shinners asclepias engelmanniana woods. engelmann's milkweed asclepias pumila (gray) vail plains milkweed asclepias stenophylla gray slimleaf milkweed asclepias sullivantii engelm. ex gray prairie milkweed asclepias tuberosa l. butterfly milkweed asclepias tuberosa l. ssp. interior woods. butterfly milkweed asclepias verticillata l. whorled milkweed asclepias viridiflora raf. green comet milkweed ascleias viridis walt. green antelopehorn asclepiodora decumbens (nutt.) gray matelea biflora (raf.) woods. star milkvine asteraceae achillea millefolium l. common yarrow achillea millefolium l. var. occidentalis dc. western yarrow ambrosia artemisiifolia l. annual ragweed ambrosia artemisiifolia l. var. elatior (l.) descourtils annual ragweed ambrosia psilostachya dc. cuman ragweed ambrosia trifida l. great ragweed ambrosia trifida l. var. texana scheele texan great ragweed amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. prairie broomweed antennaria parlinii fern. ssp. fallax (greene) bayer & stebbins parlin's pussytoes antennaria plantaginifolia (l.) richards. woman's tobacco aphanostephus pilosus buckl. hairy dozedaisy aphanostephus skirrhobasis (dc.) trel. arkansas dozedaisy artemisia carruthii wood ex carruth. carruth's sagewort artemisia dracunculus l. tarragon artemisia filifolia torr. sand sagebrush artemisia ludoviciana nutt. white sagebrush oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. artemisia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. ludoviciana white sagebrush artemisia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. mexicana (willd. ex spreng.) keck white sagebrush artemisia neomexicana greene ex rydb. aster ericoides l. aster oblongifolius nutt. aster oblongifolius nutt. var. rigidulus gray aster ontarionis wieg. aster patens ait. aster patens ait. var. patentissimus (lindl. ex dc.) torr. & gray aster subulatus michx. aster subulatus michx. var. ligulatus shinners astranthium integrifolium (michx.) nutt. ssp. ciliatum (raf.) dejong entireleaf western daisy baccharis salicina torr. & gray great plains false willow bidens bipinnata l. spanish needles bidens frondosa l. devil's beggartick brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners var. chlorolepis (woot. & standl.) b.l. turner false boneset brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners var. corymbulosa (torr. & gray) shinners false boneset centaurea americana nutt. american star-thistle chaetopappa asteroides nutt. ex dc. arkansas leastdaisy chrysopsis berlandieri greene chrysopsis pilosa nutt. soft goldenaster chrysopsis stenophylla (gray) greene chrysopsis villosa (pursh) nutt. ex dc. chrysopsis villosa (pursh) nutt. ex dc. var. stenophylla (gray) gray cirsium altissimum (l.) hill tall thistle cirsium ochrocentrum gray yellowspine thistle cirsium texanum buckl. texas thistle cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. wavyleaf thistle cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. var. megacephalum (gray) fern. conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. canadian horseweed conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. var. canadensis canadian horseweed conyza ramosissima cronq. dwarf horseweed coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet largeflower tickseed coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet var. harveyana (gray) sherff largeflower tickseed coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet var. longipes (hook.) torr. & gray largeflower tickseed coreopsis tinctoria nutt. golden tickseed coreopsis tinctoria nutt. var. tinctoria golden tickseed dracopis amplexicaulis (vahl) cass. clasping coneflower dysodiopsis tagetoides (torr. & gray) rydb. false dogfennel 32 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. dyssodia tagetoides torr. & gray echinacea angustifolia dc. blacksamson echinacea echinacea purpurea (l.) moench eastern purple coneflower eclipta prostrata (l.) l. false daisy elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. carolina elephantsfoot engelmannia pinnatifida gray ex nutt. erigeron canadensis l. erigeron philadelphicus l. philadelphia fleabane erigeron ramosus (walt.) b.s.p. erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. prairie fleabane erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. var. strigosus prairie fleabane erigeron tenuis torr. & gray slenderleaf fleabane evax prolifera nutt. ex dc. bighead pygmycudweed filago prolifera (nutt. ex dc.) britt., non pomel gaillardia lanceolata michx. gaillardia lutea greene gaillardia pulchella foug. firewheel gaillardia suavis (gray & engelm.) britt. & rusby perfumeballs gnaphalium obtusifolium l. gnaphalium wrightii gray grindelia nuda wood var. nuda curlytop gumweed grindelia squarrosa (pursh) dunal curlycup gumweed grindelia squarrosa (pursh) dunal var. nuda (wood) gray gutierrezia dracunculoides (dc.) blake gutierrezia sarothrae (pursh) britt. & rusby broom snakeweed gutierrezia texana (dc.) torr. & gray var. texana texas snakeweed haplopappus ciliatus (nutt.) dc. haplopappus divaricatus (nutt.) gray haplopappus spinulosus (pursh) dc. haplopappus spinulosus (pursh) dc. ssp. australis (greene) hall haplopappus spinulosus (pursh) dc. ssp. cotulus (small) hall haplopappus spinulosus (pursh) dc. ssp. glaberrimus (rydb.) hall haplopappus spinulosus (pursh) dc. var. turbinellus (rydb.) blake helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock yellowdicks helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock var. badium (gray ex s. wats.) waterfall yellowdicks helenium badium (gray ex s. wats.) greene helenium microcephalum dc. smallhead sneezeweed helianthus annuus l. common sunflower helianthus hirsutus raf. hairy sunflower helianthus maximiliani schrad. maximilian sunflower helianthus orgyalis dc. helianthus petiolaris nutt. prairie sunflower helianthus salicifolius a. dietr. willowleaf sunflower heterotheca canescens (dc.) shinners hoary false goldenaster heterotheca latifolia buckl. oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. heterotheca latifolia buckl. var. macgregoris wagenkn. heterotheca stenophylla (gray) shinners stiffleaf false goldenaster heterotheca villosa (pursh) shinners hairy false goldenaster heterotheca villosa var. villosa (pursh) shinners hairy goldenaster hieracium longipilum torr. hairy hawkweed hymenopappus corymbosus torr. & gray hymenopappus scabiosaeus l'hér. carolina woollywhite hymenopappus scabiosaeus l'hér. var. corymbosus (torr. & gray) b.l. turner carolina woollywhite hymenopappus tenuifolius pursh chalk hill hymenopappus hymenoxys linearifolia hook. iva annua l. annual marshelder iva annua l. var. annua annual marshelder krigia biflora (walt.) blake twoflower dwarfdandelion krigia caespitosa (raf.) chambers weedy dwarfdandelion krigia cespitosa (raf.) chambers [orthographic variant] krigia dandelion (l.) nutt. potato dwarfdandelion krigia occidentalis nutt. western dwarfdandelion kuhnia eupatorioides l. false boneset kuhnia eupatorioides l. var. corymbulosa torr. & gray kuhnia glutosina ell. false boneset lactuca canadensis l. canada lettuce lactuca canadensis l. var. latifolia kuntze lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) riddell biannual lettuce lactuca scariola l. var. integrata gren. & godr. lactuca serriola l. prickly lettuce liatris aspera michx. tall blazing star liatris punctata hook. dotted blazing star liatris punctata hook. var. nebraskana gaiser nebraska blazing star liatris scabra (greene) k. schum. liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. scaly blazing star lindheimera texana gray & engelm. texas yellowstar machaeranthera annua (rydb.) shinners machaeranthera spinulosa (greene) cory hoary tansyaster packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & a. löve prairie groundsel packera tampicana (dc.) c. jeffrey great plains ragwort palafoxia rosea (bush) cory rosy palafox palafoxia rosea (bush) cory var. rosea rosy palafox pluchea camphorata (l.) dc. camphor pluchea pluchea odorata (l.) cass. var. odorata sweetscent prenanthes altissima l. tall rattlesnakeroot prionopsis ciliata (nutt.) nutt. pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. tuberous desert-chicory 34 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. rudbeckia hirta l. blackeyed susan rudbeckia hirta l. var. pulcherrima farw. blackeyed susan rudbeckia hirta l. var. serotina (nutt.) core rudbeckia serotina nutt. senecio plattensis nutt. silphium asperrimum hook. silphium asteriscus l. starry rosinweed silphium laciniatum l. compassplant solidago arguta ait. atlantic goldenrod solidago canadensis l. var. gilvocanescens rydb. shorthair goldenrod solidago delicatula small solidago gigantea ait. giant goldenrod solidago missouriensis nutt. missouri goldenrod solidago missouriensis nutt. var. fasciculata holz. missouri goldenrod solidago mollis bartl. velvety goldenrod solidago nemoralis ait. gray goldenrod solidago nemoralis ait. ssp. longipetiolata (mackenzie & bush) g.w. douglas solidago petiolaris ait. downy ragged goldenrod solidago petiolaris ait. var. petiolaris downy ragged goldenrod solidago rigida l. solidago speciosa nutt. var. rigidiuscula torr. & gray showy goldenrod solidago ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. var. microphylla gray elmleaf goldenrod sonchus asper (l.) hill spiny sowthistle taraxacum officinale g.h. weber ex wiggers common dandelion tetraneuris acaulis (pursh) greene stemless four-nerve daisy tetraneuris linearifolia (hook.) greene fineleaf fournerved daisy thelesperma filifolium (hook.) gray stiff greenthread thelesperma filifolium (hook.) gray var. filifolium stiff greenthread thelesperma intermedium rydb. thelesperma trifidum (poir.) britt. townsendia exscapa (richards.) porter stemless townsend daisy tragopogon dubius scop. yellow salsify verbesina alternifolia (l.) britt. ex kearney wingstem verbesina encelioides (cav.) benth. & hook. f. ex gray ssp. encelioides golden crownbeard verbesina virginica l. white crownbeard vernonia baldwinii torr. baldwin's ironweed vernonia baldwinii torr. ssp. interior (small) faust interior ironweed vernonia interior small vernonia missurica raf. missouri ironweed xanthisma texanum dc. texas sleepydaisy xanthisma texanum dc. ssp. drummondii oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. (torr. & gray) semple drummond's sleepydaisy xanthisma texanum dc. var. drummondii (torr. & gray) gray xanthium strumarium l. rough cockleburr xanthium strumarium l. var. canadense (p. mill.) torr. & gray canada cocklebur bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau trumpet creeper catalpa bignonioides walt. southern catalpa catalpa speciosa (warder) warder ex engelm. northern catalpa boraginaceae heliotropium tenellum (nutt.) torr. pasture heliotrope lithospermum incisum lehm. narrowleaf stoneseed myosotis verna nutt. spring forget-me-not onosmodium molle michx. ssp. occidentale (mackenzie) cochrane western marbleseed brassicaceae arabis fendleri (s. wats.) greene fendler's rockcress arabis laevigata (muhl. ex willd.) poir. smooth rockcress arabis missouriensis greene green rockcress camelina microcarpa dc. littlepod false flax capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. shepherd's purse chorispora tenella (pallas) dc. crossflower descurainia pinnata (walt.) britt. ssp. brachycarpa (richards.) detling western tansymustard draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & gray shortpod draba draba cuneifolia nutt. ex torr. & gray wedgeleaf draba draba cuneifolia nutt. ex torr. & gray var. cuneifolia wedgeleaf draba draba cuneifolia nutt. ex torr. & gray var. helleri (small) o.e. schulz draba platycarpa torr. & gray broadpod draba draba reptans (lam.) fern. carolina draba erysimum asperum (nutt.) dc. erysimum asperum (nutt.) dc. var. arkansanum (nutt.) gray erysimum capitatum (dougl. ex hook.) greene sanddune wallflower erysimum capitatum (dougl. ex hook.) greene var. capitatum sanddune wallflower erysimum repandum l. spreading wallflower lepidium austrinum small southern pepperwort lepidium densiflorum schrad. common pepperweed lepidium densiflorum schrad. var. densiflorum common pepperweed lepidium oblongum small veiny pepperweed lepidium virginicum l. virginia pepperweed 36 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. lepidium virginicum l. var. medium (greene) c.l. hitchc. medium pepperweed lesquerella auriculata (engelm. & gray) s. wats. earleaf bladderpod lesquerella gordonii (gray) s. wats. gordon's bladderpod lesquerella gracilis (hook.) s. wats. spreading bladderpod lesquerella gracilis (hook.) s. wats. ssp. nuttallii (torr. & gray) rollins & shaw nuttall's bladderpod lesquerella ovalifolia rydb. ex britt. roundleaf bladderpod lesquerella ovalifolia rydb. ex britt. ssp. alba (goodman) rollins & shaw roundleaf bladderpod nasturtium officinale ait. f. rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (l.) hayek watercress rorippa palustris (l.) bess. bog yellowcress rorippa sessiliflora (nutt.) a.s.hitchc. stalkless yellowcress sibara virginica (l.) rollinsvirginia winged rockcress cactaceae echinocereus baileyi rose echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) haage f. lace hedgehog cactus echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) haage f. var. albispinus (lahman) l. benson echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) haage f. var. baileyi (rose) n.p. taylor bailey's hedgehog cactus opuntia engelmannii salm-dyck cactus apple opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. devil's-tongue campanulaceae lobelia appendiculata a. dc. pale lobelia lobelia cardinalis l. cardinalflower lobelia cardinalis l. ssp. graminea (lam.) mcvaugh triodanis leptocarpa (nutt.) nieuwl. slimpod venus' looking-glass triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. var. biflora (ruiz & pavón) bradley clasping venus' looking-glass capparaceae cleome serrulata pursh rocky mountain beeplant cleomella angustifolia torr. narrowleaf rhombopod polanisia dodecandra (l.) dc. redwhisker clammyweed polanisia dodecandra (l.) dc. ssp.trachysperma (torr. & gray) iltis sandyseed clammyweed caprifoliaceae lonicera albiflora torr. & gray western white honeysuckle lonicera japonica thunb. japanese honeysuckle sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli common elderberry symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench coralberry viburnum rufidulum raf. rusty blackhaw oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. caryophyllaceae cerastium brachypodum (engelm. ex gray) b.l. robins. shortstalk chickweed cerastium glomeratum thuill. sticky chickweed minuartia michauxii (fenzl) farw. michaux's stitchwort minuartia michauxii (fenzl) farw. var. texana (b.l. robins.) mattf. texas stitchwort minuartia patula (michx.) mattf. pitcher's stitchwort minuartia patula var. patula (michx.) mattf. paronychia jamesii torr. & gray james' nailwort paronychia virginica spreng. yellow nailwort sagina decumbens (ell.) torr. & gray trailing pearlwort silene antirrhina l. sleepy silene celastraceae celastrus scandens l. american bittersweet euonymus atropurpurea jacq. eastern wahoo chenopodiaceae chenopodium album l. lambsquarters chenopodium ambrosioides l. mexican tea chenopodium leptophyllum (moq.) nutt. ex s. wats. narrowleaf goosefoot chenopodium pratericola rydb. desert goosefoot chenopodium simplex (torr.) raf. mapleleaf goosefoot chenopodium standleyanum aellen standley's goosefoot kochia scoparia (l.) schrad. mexican-fireweed salsola kali l. prickly russian thistle salsola kali l. ssp. tragus (l.) celak. cistaceae lechea tenuifolia michx. narrowleaf pinweed clusiaceae hypericum drummondii (grev. & hook.) torr. & gray nits and lice hypericum mutilum l. dwarf st. johnswort convolvulaceae convolvulus arvensis l. field bindweed convolvulus equitans benth. texas bindweed convolvulus incanus auct. non vahl evolvulus nuttallianus j.a. schultes shaggy dwarf morning-glory evolvulus pilosus nutt. ipomoea pandurata (l.) g.f.w. mey. man of the earth ipomoea shumardiana (torr.) shinners narrowleaf morning-glory cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. roughleaf dogwood crassulaceae sedum nuttallianum raf. yellow stonecrop cucurbitaceae cucurbita foetidissima kunth missouri gourd cyclanthera dissecta (torr. & gray) arn. cutleaf cyclanthera 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. ibervillea lindheimeri (gray) greene lindheimer's globeberry melothria pendula l. guadeloupe cucumber cuscutaceae cuscuta glabrior (engelm.) yuncker var. pubescens (engelm.) yuncker cuscuta gronovii willd. ex j.a. schultes scaldweed cuscuta indecora choisy bigseed alfalfa dodder cuscuta indecora choisy var. indecora bigseed alfalfa dodder cuscuta pentagona engelm. fiveangled dodder cuscuta pentagona engelm. var. pentagona fiveangled dodder cyperaceae bolboschoenus maritimus (l.) palla bulbostylis capillaris (l.) kunth ex c.b. clarke densetuft hairsedge bulbostylis capillaris (l.) kunth ex c.b. clarke ssp. capillaries densetuft hairsedge carex albicans willd. ex spreng. var. albicans whitetinge sedge carex austrina mackenzie southern sedge carex blanda dewey eastern woodland sedge carex brevior (dewey) mackenzie shortbeak sedge carex emoryi dewey emory's sedge carex fissa mackenzie hammock sedge carex frankii kunth frank's sedge carex granularis muhl. ex willd. limestone meadow sedge carex gravida bailey heavy sedge carex gravida bailey var. lunelliana (mackenzie) f.j. herm. heavy sedge carex grisea wahlenb. carex joorii bailey cypress swamp sedge carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. var. enervis boott muhlenberg's sedge carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. var. muehlenbergii muhlenberg's sedge carex tetrastachya scheele britton's sedge carex umbellata schkukr ex willd. parasol sedge carex vulpinoidea michx. fox sedge cyperus acuminatus torr. & hook. ex torr. tapertip flatsedge cyperus echinatus (l.) wood globe flatsedge cyperus erythrorhizos muhl. redroot flatsedge cyperus esculentus l. chufa flatsedge cyperus ferax l.c. rich. cyperus filiculmis auct. non vahl cyperus hallii britt. cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks ssp. lupulinus great plains flatsedge cyperus odoratus l. fragrant flatsedge cyperus ovularis (michx.) torr. cyperus pseudovegetus steud. marsh flatsedge cyperus schweinitzii torr. schweinitz's flatsedge cyperus setigerus torr. & hook. lean flatsedge cyperus squarrosus l. bearded flatsedge oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. cyperus strigosus l. strawcolored flatsedge eleocharis acutisquamata buckl. sharpscale spikerush eleocharis atropurpurea (retz.) j. &. k. presl. purple spikerush eleocharis compressa sullivant flatstem spikerush eleocharis engelmannii steud. engelmann's spikerush eleocharis erythropoda steud. bald spikerush eleocharis montevidensis kunth sand spikerush eleocharis obtusa (willd.) j.a. schultes blunt spikerush eleocharis palustris (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes common spikerush eleocharis parvula (roemer & j.a. schultes) link ex bluff, nees & schauer dwarf spikerush eleocharis quadrangulata (michx.) roemer & j.a. schultes squarestem spikerush fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl hairy fimbry fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl var. puberula hairy fimbry fimbristylis spadicea auct. non (l.) vahl. fimbristylis vahlii (lam.) link vahl's fimbry fuirena simplex vahl western umbrella-sedge hemicarpha aristulata (coville) smyth hemicarpha drummondii nees hemicarpha micrantha (vahl) pax lipocarpha aristulata (coville) g. tucker awned halfchaff sedge lipocarpha drummondii (nees) g. tucker drummond's halfchaff sedge lipocarpha micrantha (vahl) g. tucker smallflower halfchaff sedge schoenoplectus acutus (muhl. ex bigelow) a.& d. löve var. acutus hardstem bulrush schoenoplectus americanus (pers.) volk. ex schinz & r. keller chairmaker's bulrush schoenoplectus hallii (gray) s.g. sm. hall's bulrush schoenoplectus pungens (vahl) palla common threesquare schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (k.c. gmel.) palla softstem bulrush scirpus americanus pers. scirpus atrovirens willd. green bulrush scirpus lineatus michx. rusty bulrush, drooping bulrush scirpus pallidus (britt.) fern. cloaked bulrush scirpus pendulus muhl. rufous bulrush scleria ciliata michx. fringed nutrush scleria pauciflora muhl. ex willd. fewflower nutrush ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. common persimmon elatinaceae bergia texana (hook.) seub. ex walp. texas bergia 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. euphorbiaceae acalypha gracilens gray var. monococca engelm. ex gray acalypha monococca (engelm. ex gray) l. mill. &gandhi slender threeseed mercury acalypha ostryifolia riddell pineland threeseed mercury acalypha virginica l. virginia threeseed mercury argythamnia mercurialina (nutt.) muell.-arg. tall silverbush argythamnia mercurialina (nutt.) muell.-arg. var. mercurialina tall silverbush chamaesyce maculata (l.) small spotted sandmat chamaesyce missurica (raf.) shinners prairie sandmat chamaesyce nutans (lag.) small eyebane chamaesyce prostrata (ait.) small prostrate sandmat chamaesyce serpens (kunth) small matted sandmat cnidoscolus texanus (muell.-arg.) small texas bullnettle croton capitatus michx. hogwort croton capitatus michx. var. capitatus hogwort croton capitatus michx. var. lindheimeri (engelm. & gray) muell.-arg. lindheimer's hogwort croton glandulosus l. vente conmigo croton glandulosus l. var. septentrionalis muell.-arg. vente conmigo croton lindheimerianus scheele threeseed croton croton monanthogynus michx. prairie tea croton texensis (klotzsch) muell.-arg. texas croton euphorbia chamaesyce auct. non l. euphorbia corollata l. flowering spurge euphorbia cyathophora murr. fire on the mountain euphorbia dentata michx. toothed spurge euphorbia lata engelm. euphorbia longicruris scheele wedgeleaf spurge euphorbia maculata l. euphorbia marginata pursh snow on the mountain euphorbia missurica raf. euphorbia nutans lag. euphorbia serpens kunth euphorbia spathulata lam. warty spurge euphorbia supina raf. phyllanthus abnormis baill. drummond's leaf-flower phyllanthus abnormis baill. var. abnormis drummond's leaf-flower phyllanthus caroliniensis walt. carolina leaf-flower phyllanthus polygonoides nutt. ex spreng. smartweed leaf-flower stillingia sylvatica garden ex l. queen's-delight tragia ramosa torr. branched noseburn fabaceae acacia angustissima (p. mill.) kuntze var. hirta (nutt.) b.l. robins. prairie acacia oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. amorpha canescens pursh leadplant amorpha fruticosa l. desert false indigo apios americana medik. groundnut astragalus caryocarpus ker-gawl. astragalus crassicarpus nutt. var. crassicarpus groundplum milkvetch astragalus crassicarpus nutt. var. trichocalyx (nutt.) barneby groundplum milkvetch astragalus distortus torr. & gray ozark milkvetch astragalus lindheimeri engelm. ex gray lindheimer's milkvetch astragalus nuttallianus dc. var. nuttallianus smallflowered milkvetch astragalus plattensis nutt. platte river milkvetch baptisia australis (l.) r. br. ex ait. f. blue wild indigo baptisia australis (l.) r. br. ex ait. f. var. minor (lehm.) fern. blue wild indigo baptisia bracteata muhl. ex ell. longbract wild indigo baptisia bracteata muhl. ex ell. var. glabrescens (larisey) isely baptisia bracteata muhl. ex ell. var. leucophaea (nutt.) kartesz & gandhi longbract wild indigo baptisia leucophaea nutt. baptisia sphaerocarpa nutt. yellow wild indigo baptisia vent. wild indigo cassia fasciculata michx. cassia marilandica l. cercis canadensis l. eastern redbud chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene sleepingplant clitoria mariana l. atlantic pigeonwings crotalaria sagittalis l. arrowhead rattlebox dalea aurea nutt. ex pursh golden prairie clover dalea candida michx. ex willd. white prairie clover dalea candida michx. ex willd. var. candida white prairie clover dalea candida michx. ex willd. var. oligophylla (torr.) shinners white prairie clover dalea enneandra nutt. nineanther prairie clover dalea frutescens gray black prairie clover dalea multiflora (nutt.) shinners roundhead prairie clover dalea purpurea vent. violet prairie clover dalea purpurea vent. var. purpurea violet prairie clover dalea tenuifolia (gray) shinners slimleaf prairie clover dalea villosa (nutt.) spreng. var. villosa silky prairie clover desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macm. ex b.l. robins. & fern. prairie bundleflower desmanthus leptolobus torr. & gray slenderlobe bundleflower desmodium canescens (l.) dc. hoary ticktrefoil desmodium ciliare (muhl. ex willd.) dc. hairy small-leaf ticktrefoil desmodium dillenii darl. p.p. desmodium glutinosum (muhl. ex willd.) wood pointedleaf ticktrefoil 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. desmodium illinoense gray illinois ticktrefoil desmodium nudiflorum (l.) dc. nakedflower ticktrefoil desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. panicledleaf ticktrefoil desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. var. paniculatum panicledleaf ticktrefoil desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & gray sessileleaf ticktrefoil desmodium tweedyi britt. tweedy's ticktrefoil desmodium viridiflorum (l.) dc. velvetleaf ticktrefoil galactia volubilis (l.) britt. downy milkpea gleditsia triacanthos l. honeylocust gymnocladus dioicus (l.) k. koch kentucky coffeetree hoffmannseggia glauca (ortega) eifert indian rushpea hosackia americana (nutt.) piper indigofera miniata ortega coastal indigo indigofera miniata ortega var. leptosepala (nutt. ex torr. & gray) b.l. turner western indigo lespedeza capitata michx. roundhead lespedeza lespedeza intermedia sensu clewell, 1966 lespedeza procumbens michx. trailing lespedeza lespedeza repens (l.) w. bart. creeping lespedeza lespedeza virginica (l.) britt. slender lespedeza lotus purshianus f. e. & e. s. clements lotus unifoliolatus (hook.) benth. var. unifoliolatus american bird's-foot trefoil lupinus texensis hook. texas lupine medicago minima (l.) l. bur medick medicago sativa l. alfalfa melilotus albus melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. yellow sweetclover mimosa nuttallii (dc.) b.l. turner nuttall's sensitive-briar neptunia lutea (leavenworth) benth. yellow puff oxytropis lambertii pursh purple locoweed oxytropis lambertii pursh var. articulata (greene) barneby purple locoweed oxytropis lambertii pursh var. lambertii purple locoweed pediomelum cuspidatum (pursh) rydb. largebract indian breadroot pediomelum esculentum (pursh) rydb. large indian breadroot pediomelum linearifolium (torr. & gray) j. grimes narrowleaf indian breadroot petalostemon occidentalis (heller) fern. petalostemon purpureus (vent.) rydb. prosopis glandulosa torr. honey mesquite prosopis glandulosa torr. var. glandulosa honey mesquite prosopis juliflora (sw.) dc. var. glandulosa (torr.) cockerell psoralea argophylla pursh oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. psoralea cuspidata pursh psoralea esculenta pursh psoralea linearifolia torr. & gray psoralea tenuiflora pursh psoralidium lanceolatum (pursh) rydb. lemon scurfpea psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. slimflower scurfpea robinia pseudoacacia l. black locust schrankia uncinata willd. senna marilandica (l.) link maryland senna sophora affinis torr. & gray eve's necklacepod strophostyles helvula (l.) ell. trailing fuzzybean strophostyles leiosperma (torr. & gray) piper slickseed fuzzybean tephrosia onobrychoides nutt. multibloom hoarypea tephrosia virginiana (l.) pers. virginia tephrosia trifolium dubium sibthorp suckling clover trifolium reflexum l. buffalo clover trifolium repens l. white clover vicia americana muhl. ex willd. ssp. minor (hook.) c.r. gunn mat vetch vicia caroliniana walt. carolina vetch vicia ludoviciana nutt. louisiana vetch vicia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. ludoviciana louisiana vetch vicia ludoviciana nutt. var. texana (torr. & gray) shinners vicia texana (torr. & gray) small fagaceae quercus buckleyi nixon & dorr buckley oak quercus fusiformis small plateau oak quercus macrocarpa michx. bur oak quercus marilandica muench. blackjack oak quercus mohriana buckl. ex rydb. mohr oak quercus muehlenbergii engelm. chinkapin oak quercus shumardii buckl. shumard's oak quercus stellata wangenh. post oak quercus velutina lam. black oak fumariaceae corydalis aurea willd. scrambled eggs corydalis aurea willd. ssp. occidentalis (engelm. ex gray) g.b. ownbey corydalis curvisiliqua engelm. curvepod fumewort corydalis curvisiliqua engelm. ssp. grandibracteata (fedde) g.b. ownbey curvepod fumewort corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex gray) gray smallflower fumewort corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex gray) gray ssp. micrantha smallflower fumewort gentianaceae centaurium texense (griseb.) fern. lady bird's centaury eustoma russellianum (hook.) g. don 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. sabatia campestris nutt. texas star geraniaceae erodium cicutarium (l.) l'hér. ex ait. redstem stork's bill geranium carolinianum l. carolina geranium grossulariaceae ribes aureum pursh var. villosum dc. golden currant haloragaceae myriophyllum aquaticum (vell.) verdc. parrot feather watermilfoil myriophyllum heterophyllum michx. twoleaf watermilfoil myriophyllum pinnatum (walt.) b.s.p. cutleaf watermilfoil myriophyllum sibiricum komarov shortspike watermilfoil myriophyllum spicatum l. spike watermilfoil myriophyllum spicatum l. var. exalbescens (fern.) jepson hippocastanaceae aesculus glabra willd. ohio buckeye aesculus glabra willd. var. arguta (buckl.) b.l. robins. ohio buckeye hydrophyllaceae ellisia nyctelea (l.) l. aunt lucy nama hispidum gray bristly nama nemophila phacelioides nutt. largeflower baby blue eyes phacelia congesta hook. caterpillars phacelia strictiflora (engelm. & gray) gray prairie phacelia phacelia strictiflora (engelm. & gray) gray var. lundelliana constance lundell's phacelia iridaceae nemastylis geminiflora nutt. prairie pleatleaf sisyrinchium angustifolium p. mill. narrowleaf blue-eyed grass sisyrinchium campestre bickn. prairie blue-eyed grass isoetaceae isoetes melanopoda gay & durieu ex durieu blackfoot quillwort juglandaceae carya cordiformis (wangenh.) k. koch bitternut hickory carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch pecan juglans microcarpa berl. little walnut juglans nigra l. black walnut juncaceae juncus acuminatus michx. tapertip rush juncus aristulatus michx. juncus brachycarpus engelm. whiteroot rush juncus diffusissimus buckl. slimpod rush juncus dudleyi wieg. dudley's rush juncus interior wieg. inland rush juncus marginatus rostk. grassleaf rush oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. juncus marginatus rostk. var. setosus coville juncus nodatus coville stout rush juncus scirpoides lam. needlepod rush juncus secundus beauv. ex poir. lopsided rush juncus tenuis willd. poverty rush juncus torreyi coville torrey's rush krameriaceae krameria lanceolata torr. trailing krameria lamiaceae hedeoma hispida pursh rough false pennyroyal hedeoma reverchonii (gray) gray reverchon's false pennyroyal lamium amplexicaule l. henbit deadnettle lycopus americanus muhl. ex w. bart. american water horehound lycopus americanus muhl. ex w. bart. var. scabrifolius fern. mentha spicata l. spearmint monarda citriodora cerv. ex lag. lemon beebalm monarda clinopodioides gray basil beebalm monarda dispersa small monarda fistulosa l. wild bergamot monarda mollis l. monarda pectinata nutt. pony beebalm monarda punctata l. spotted beebalm nepeta cataria l. catnip prunella vulgaris l. common selfheal salvia azurea michx. ex lam. azure blue sage scutellaria drummondii benth. drummond's skullcap scutellaria ovata hill heartleaf skullcap scutellaria wrightii gray wright's skullcap teucrium canadense l. canada germander teucrium canadense l. var. occidentale (gray) mcclintock & epling western germander teucrium canadense l. var. virginicum (l.) eat. teucrium laciniatum torr. lacy germander lentibulariaceae utricularia gibba l. humped bladderwort linaceae linum berlandieri hook. var. berlandieri berlandier's yellow flax linum hudsonioides planch. texas flax linum imbricatum (raf.) shinners tufted flax linum lewisii pursh prairie flax linum pratense (j.b.s. norton) small meadow flax linum rigidum pursh stiffstem flax linum rigidum pursh var. berlandieri (hook.) torr. & gray linum rigidum pursh var. rigidum stiffstem flax 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. linum sulcatum riddell grooved flax linum sulcatum riddell var. sulcatum grooved flax loasaceae mentzelia albescens (gillies & arn.) griseb. wavyleaf blazingstar mentzelia decapetala (pursh ex sims) urban & gilg ex gilg tenpetal blazingstar mentzelia oligosperma nutt. ex sims chickenthief mentzelia reverchonii (urban & gilg) h.j. thompson & zavortink reverchon's blazingstar lythraceae ammannia auriculata willd. eared redstem ammannia coccinea rottb. valley redstem ammannia robusta heer & regel grand redstem lythrum alatum pursh winged lythrum lythrum alatum pursh var. lanceolatum (ell.) torr. & gray ex rothrock rotala ramosior (l.) koehne lowland rotala malvaceae abutilon incanum (link) sweet pelotazo callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.) gray light poppymallow callirhoe digitata nutt. winecup callirhoe involucrata (torr. & gray) gray purple poppymallow callirhoe involucrata (torr. & gray) gray var. involucrata purple poppymallow callirhoe leiocarpa r.f. martin tall poppymallow callirhoe pedata (nutt. ex hook.) gray palmleaf poppymallow hibiscus trionum l. flower of an hour sida spinosa l. prickly fanpetals sphaeralcea coccinea (nutt.) rydb. scarlet globemallow sphaeralcea coccinea (nutt.)rydb. ssp. coccinea scarlet globemallow menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. carolina coralbead menispermum canadense l. common moonseed molluginaceae mollugo verticillata l. green carpetweed moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) schneid. osage orange morus alba l. white mulberry morus rubra l. red mulberry nelumbonaceae nelumbo lutea willd. american lotus nyctaginaceae mirabilis albida (walt.) heimerl white four o'clock mirabilis glabra (s. wats.) standl. smooth four o'clock mirabilis hirsuta (pursh) macm. hairy four o'clock oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. mirabilis linearis (pursh) heimerl narrowleaf four o'clock mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macm. heartleaf four o'clock nymphaeaceae nymphaea odorata ait. american white waterlily oleaceae fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. green ash onagraceae calylophus berlandieri spach berlandier's sundrops calylophus berlandieri spach ssp. pinifolius (engelm. ex gray) towner berlandier's sundrops calylophus hartwegii (benth.) raven ssp. pubescens (gray) towner & raven hartweg's sundrops calylophus serrulatus (nutt.) raven yellow sundrops gaura coccinea nutt. ex pursh scarlet beeblossom gaura longiflora spach longflower beeblossom gaura parviflora dougl. ex lehm. gaura sinuata nutt. ex ser. wavyleaf beeblossom gaura suffulta engelm. ex gray kisses gaura suffulta engelm. ex gray ssp. suffulta kisses gaura triangulata buckl. prairie beeblossom jussiaea diffusa auct. non forsk. jussiaea repens l. var. glabrescens kuntze ludwigia alternifolia l. seedbox ludwigia decurrens walt. wingleaf primrose-willow ludwigia palustris (l.) ell. marsh seedbox ludwigia peploides (kunth) raven ssp. glabrescens (kunze) raven floating primrose-willow ludwigia repens j.r. forst. creeping primrose-willow oenothera biennis l. common evening-primrose oenothera grandis (britt.) smyth showy evening-primrose oenothera laciniata hill cutleaf evening-primrose oenothera linifolia nutt. threadleaf evening-primrose oenothera macrocarpa nutt. ssp. incana (gray) wagner bigfruit evening-primrose oenothera macrocarpa nutt. ssp. macrocarpa bigfruit evening-primrose oenothera speciosa nutt. pinkladies oenothera triloba nutt. stemless evening-primrose stenosiphon linifolius (nutt. ex james) heynh. false gaura oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata l. creeping woodsorrel oxalis dillenii jacq. oxalis stricta l. common yellow oxalis oxalis violacea l. violet woodsorrel papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey crested prickly poppy papaver dubium l. blindeyes 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. passifloraceae passiflora lutea l. yellow passionflower pedaliaceae proboscidea louisianica (p. mill.) thellung ram's horn phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. american pokeweed rivina humilis l. rougeplant plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. largebracted plantain plantago elongata pursh prairie plantain plantago major l. common plantain plantago patagonica jacq. woolly plantain plantago pusilla nutt. dwarf plantain plantago rhodosperma dcne. redseed plantain plantago rugelii dcne. blackseed plantain plantago virginica l. virginia plantain plantago wrightiana dcne. wright's plantain platanaceae platanus occidentalis l. american sycamore polemoniaceae gilia aggregata (pursh) spreng. ssp. formosissima (greene) wherry gilia rubra (l.) heller ipomopsis rubra (l.) wherry standing-cypress phlox longipilosa waterfall longhair phlox polygalaceae polygala alba nutt. white milkwort polygala verticillata l. whorled milkwort polygala verticillata l. var. isocycla fern. whorled milkwort polygonaceae eriogonum annuum nutt. annual buckwheat eriogonum longifolium nutt. longleaf buckwheat eriogonum longifolium nutt. var. longifolium longleaf buckwheat persicaria punctata (ell.) small polygonum amphibium l. var. emersum michx. longroot smartweed polygonum aviculare l. prostrate knotweed polygonum bicorne raf. polygonum convolvulus l. black bindweed polygonum hydropiper l. marshpepper knotweed polygonum hydropiperoides michx. swamp smartweed polygonum lapathifolium l. curlytop knotweed polygonum pensylvanicum l. pennsylvania smartweed polygonum persicaria l. spotted ladysthumb polygonum punctatum ell. dotted smartweed polygonum ramosissimum michx. bushy knotweed polygonum ramosissimum michx. var. prolificum small bushy knotweed oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. polygonum scandens l. climbing false buckwheat polygonum striatulum b.l. robins. striped knotweed polygonum tenue michx. pleatleaf knotweed polygonum virginianum l. jumpseed rumex altissimus wood pale dock rumex crispus l. curly dock pontederiaceae heteranthera limosa (sw.) willd. blue mudplantain pontederia cordata l. pickerelweed portulacaceae claytonia virginica l. virginia springbeauty portulaca pilosa l. kiss me quick portulaca umbraticola kunth ssp. lanceolata (engelm.) matthews & ketron talinum calycinum engelm. largeflower fameflower talinum parviflorum nutt. sunbright primulaceae androsace occidentalis pursh western rockjasmine dodecatheon meadia l. pride of ohio dodecatheon meadia l. ssp. meadia pride of ohio samolus floribundus kunth samolus parviflorus raf. samolus valerandi l. ssp. parviflorus (raf.) hultén seaside brookweed ranunculaceae anemone berlandieri pritz. tenpetal thimbleweed anemone caroliniana walt. carolina anemone anemone decapetala auct. non ard. clematis pitcheri torr. & gray bluebill clematis versicolor small ex rydb. pale leather flower consolida ajacis (l.) schur doubtful knight's-spur delphinium carolinianum walt. carolina larkspur delphinium carolinianum walt. ssp. virescens (nutt.) brooks carolina larkspur myosurus minimus l. tiny mousetail ranunculus abortivus l. littleleaf buttercup ranunculus longirostris godr. longbeak buttercup ranunculus sceleratus l. cursed buttercup rhamnaceae ceanothus herbaceus raf. jersey tea rosaceae agrimonia parviflora ait. harvestlice crataegus crus-galli l. cockspur hawthorn crataegus engelmannii sarg. engelmann's hawthorn crataegus mollis scheele arnold hawthorn crataegus reverchonii sarg. reverchon's hawthorn crataegus viridis l. green hawthorn crataegus viridis l. var. viridis green hawthorn 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. fragaria virginiana duchesne virginia strawberry geum canadense jacq. white avens geum canadense jacq. var. camporum (rydb.) fern. & weatherby white avens potentilla arguta pursh tall cinquefoil potentilla arguta pursh ssp. arguta tall cinquefoil prunus angustifolia marsh. chickasaw plum prunus gracilis engelm. & gray oklahoma plum prunus hortulana bailey hortulan plum prunus mexicana s. wats. mexican plum prunus persica (l.) batsch peach prunus rivularis scheele creek plum prunus virginiana l. chokecherry rosa foliolosa nutt. ex torr. & gray white prairie rose rosa multiflora thunb. ex murr. multiflora rose rubus aboriginum rydb. garden dewberry rubus allegheniensis porter allegheny blackberry rubus frondosus bigelow yankee blackberry rubus idaeus l. ssp. strigosus (michx.) focke grayleaf red raspberry rubus ostryafolius rydb. highbush blackberry rubus trivialis michx. southern dewberry sanguisorba annua (nutt. ex hook.) torr. & gray prairie burnet rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. common buttonbush diodia teres walt. poorjoe galium aparine l. stickywilly galium circaezans michx. var. hypomalacum fern. licorice bedstraw galium obtusum bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw galium pilosum ait. hairy bedstraw galium pilosum ait. var. pilosum hairy bedstraw galium texense gray texas bedstraw galium virgatum nutt. southwestern bedstraw hedyotis nigricans (lam.) fosberg diamondflowers hedyotis nigricans (lam.) fosberg var. nigricans diamondflowers houstonia longifolia var. longifolia gaertn. houstonia purpurea l. var. purpurea venus' pride houstonia pusilla schoepf tiny bluet sherardia arvensis l. blue fieldmadder rutaceae ptelea trifoliata l. common hoptree ptelea trifoliata l. ssp. polyadenia (greene) v. bailey pallid hoptree ptelea trifoliata l. ssp. trifoliata var. trifoliate common hoptree oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. ptelea trifoliata ssp. trifoliata l. var. mollis torr. & gray common hoptree salicaceae populus deltoides bartr. ex marsh. eastern cottonwood salix caroliniana michx. coastal plain willow salix nigra marsh. black willow santalaceae comandra umbellata (l.) nutt. ssp. pallida (a. dc.) piehl pale bastard toadflax sapindaceae cardiospermum halicacabum l. love in a puff sapindus drummondii hook. & arn. sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l.benson western soapberry sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. gum bully sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. ssp. rigidum (gray) t.d. pennington scrophulariaceae agalinis heterophylla (nutt.) small ex britt. prairie false foxglove bacopa rotundifolia (michx.) wettst. disk waterhyssop castilleja coccinea (l.) spreng. scarlet indian paintbrush castilleja purpurea (nutt.) g. don downy indian paintbrush castilleja purpurea (nutt.) g. don var. citrina (pennell) shinners prairie indian paintbrush collinsia verna nutt. spring blue eyed mary collinsia violacea nutt. violet blue eyed mary gratiola sphaerocarpa ell. gratiola virginiana l. roundfruit hedgehyssop leucospora multifida (michx.) nutt. narrowleaf paleseed lindernia anagallidea (michx.) pennell lindernia dubia (l.) pennell yellowseed false pimpernel macuillamia rotundifolia (michx.) raf. mimulus glabratus kunth roundleaf monkeyflower mimulus glabratus kunth var. jamesii (torr. & gray ex benth.) gray james' monkeyflower nuttallanthus canadensis (l.) d.a. sutton canada toadflax nuttallanthus texanus (scheele) d.a. sutton texas toadflax penstemon albidus nutt. white penstemon penstemon australis small ssp. laxiflorus (pennell) bennett penstemon cobaea nutt. cobaea beardtongue penstemon fendleri torr. & gray fendler's penstemon penstemon oklahomensis pennell oklahoma beardtongue scrophularia lanceolata pursh lanceleaf figwort veronica arvensis l. corn speedwell veronica peregrina l. neckweed veronica peregrina l. ssp. xalapensis (kunth) pennell hairy purslane speedwell 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. simaroubaceae ailanthus altissima (p. mill.) swingle tree of heaven smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. saw greenbrier smilax rotundifolia l. roundleaf greenbrier smilax tamnoides l. bristly greenbrier solanaceae datura meteloides auct. p.p. non dunal physalis angulata l. cutleaf groundcherry physalis cinerascens (dunal) a.s. hitchc. var. cinerascens smallflower groundcherry physalis heterophylla nees clammy groundcherry physalis lobata torr. physalis longifolia nutt. longleaf groundcherry physalis mollis nutt. field groundcherry physalis mollis nutt. var. mollis field groundcherry physalis pubescens l. var. integrifolia (dunal) waterfall husk tomato physalis pumila nutt. dwarf groundcherry physalis viscosa l. ssp. mollis (nutt.) waterfall quincula lobata (torr.) raf. chinese lantern solanum citrullifolium a. braun watermelon nightshade solanum dimidiatum raf. western horsenettle solanum elaeagnifolium cav. silverleaf nightshade solanum nigrum auct. non l. solanum ptychanthum dunal west indian nightshade solanum rostratum dunal buffalobur nightshade tamaricaceae tamarix gallica l. salt cedar ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. sugarberry celtis laevigata willd. var. reticulata (torr.) l. benson netleaf hackberry celtis laevigata willd. var. texana sarg. texan sugarberry ulmus americana l. american elm ulmus rubra muhl. slippery elm urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. smallspike false nettle boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. var. drummondiana (weddell) weddell parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. pennsylvania pellitory parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. var. obtusa (rydb. ex small) shinners valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. beaked cornsalad verbenaceae glandularia bipinnatifida (nutt.) nutt. var. bipinnatifida dakota mock vervain glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. rose mock vervain oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 hoagland, b.w. glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber pink mock vervain lippia lanceolata michx. phryma leptostachya l. american lopseed phyla incisa small phyla lanceolata (michx.) greene lanceleaf fogfruit verbena bipinnatifida nutt. verbena bracteata lag. & rodr. bigbract verbena verbena canadensis (l.) britt. verbena pumila rydb. verbena stricta vent. hoary verbena verbena urticifolia l. white vervain violaceae hybanthus verticillatus (ortega) baill. babyslippers viola bicolor pursh field pansy viola missouriensis greene viola retusa greene viola sororia willd. common blue violet viscaceae phoradendron flavescens nutt. ex engelm. phoradendron leucarpum (raf.) reveal & m.c. johnston oak mistletoe vitaceae ampelopsis cordata michx. heartleaf peppervine cissus incisa auct. non des moulins cissus trifoliata (l.) l. sorrelvine parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. virginia creeper parthenocissus vitacea (knerr) a.s. hitchc. woodbine vitis cinerea (engelm.) millard graybark grape vitis cinerea (engelm.) millard var. cinerea graybark grape vitis riparia michx. riverbank grape vitis rupestris scheele sand grape vitis vulpina l. frost grape zygophyllaceae tribulus terrestris l. puncturevine 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus 2000 wichita mountain wildlife refuge survey dr. lawrence k. magrath curator-usao (ocla) herbarium chickasha, ok 73018-5358 a survey to determine locations of populations of schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus was conducted at wichita mountains wildlife refuge in august and september 2000. one or both species were found at 20 of the 134 locations surveyed. a distinctive terminal achene character was found specifically that the transverse ridges of s. hallii appeared to be rounded and s. saximontanus appeared to be rounded with a projecting narrow wing. basal macroachenes have not yet been properly described but are borne singly at the base of each culm and are about 3-4 times larger than the terminal achenes. it is speculated that amphicarpy may be related to grazing pressure, the basal macroachene being produced even if the upper portion is consumed, as a response to grazing. both species are grazed/disturbed by bison, elk, and longhorns on the refuge. introduction a survey to determine locations of populations of schoenoplectus hallii (a. gray) s.g. smith (hall’s bulrush) and s. saximontanus (fernald) j. raynal (rocky mountain bulrush) was conducted on the wichita mountains wildlife refuge during late august through september 2000. the survey team members were myself, sam waldstein, refuge manager; chip kimball, range biologist; and bob timberman, biology technician. sites selected for observation were areas similar to the jed johnson dam habitat, which is the site of the original collection of s. hallii made in 1987. selection of sites to be surveyed was done by wmwr team members. the three sundays spent in the field were some of the hottest of the season with temperatures ranging from 100o to 110of. general observations the presence of schoenoplectus halllii and s. saximontanus at the various sites sampled. represent, for the most part, a response to the drawdown of water levels in the various lakes and ponds. the plants seem to occur mainly on magrath, l.k. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100013 the drawdown mud, sand, or gravel flats. however in some places they occur in shallow water up to a depth of about a foot [30.5cm]. they seem to compete with perennial emergent plants and with most emergent annuals. in addition to the 36 sites that i personally examined, wmwr staff examined an additional 98 sites with similar habitat and found no schoenoplectus present. schoenoplectus occurred in only 20 of the 134 sites (14.93%). of those 134 sites, 4 had both species present (3%), 14 had s. halllii present (10.45%) and 10 had s. saximontanus present (7.46%) (see table). based on the wmwr observations, it is strongly advised that the adjacent area of fort sill should be inventoried since these two species are, most likely, present there. however, rahmona thompson who has conducted plant surveys at fort sill has not found either species at this time (pers. comm. 2002). at several of the sites plants had been uprooted as a result of trampling by bison and other animals in the mud flat areas. the number of uprooted plants ranged between 0.0% and 1.0% at those oklahoma native plant record 55 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. locations, but in general was less than .05%. while this obviously does cause some damage to populations in localized areas the damage appears to be negligible and it is even possible that it may be an important transport method of matured achenes to previously uncolonized areas. this could readily be accomplished by mud containing seeds or inflorescences with seeds adhering to the hooves, hair, or skin of the lower part of the animals’ legs. there appear to be three useful characters associated with the achenes that can be used to separate the two species: style branching, achene cross section, and transverse ridges. s. hallii s. saximontanus style branches mostly bifid trifid achene cross section unequally biconvex (1 of 2 sides may be flat) trigonus (3-sided) transverse ridges rounded mostly rounded with narrow wing to my knowledge, “transverse ridges” has not been mentioned in the literature on these two taxa. mckenzie (1988) does not mention this character in his status assessment report on s. hallii, nor does yatskievych (1999) in steyermark’s flora of missouri. dr. marian smith at southern illinois university is working on both terminal achenes and basal macroachenes using scanning electron microscopy and more precise measuring techniques (pers. comm. 2001). so this may be a new useful character to separate these two taxa. (see figures). mckenzie (1998) reports that “heavy grazing has been noted at sites in kansas, missouri, and wisconsin but it is not known whether this disturbance negatively impacts the species…” it is my hypothesis that amphicarpy may well be a response to heavy grazing pressure disturbance by native grazing animals such as bison, elk, and deer prior to the introduction of exotic grazers such as cattle, horses and sheep by european settlers. it would be a way that the plant could insure seed production even if it is heavily grazed and the terminal achenes damaged or destroyed. the observation that the plant produces only a very limited number of basal macroachenes (one per culm) with significantly more food reserves per achene would seem to support this interpretation. the smaller, more numerous terminal achenes would offer a relatively easy method for seeds to be transported farther distances and to new sites while the macroachenes would provide an excellent way to persist in presently occupied sites. the number and identification of the two species at sites where both occur could be somewhat problematic. s.g. smith and a. e. schuyler independently identified a hybrid from wmwr that was collected by m. smith and mckenzie july 28, 2002 as the first documented, putative hybrid of the two species ever recorded. [usa oklahoma: comanche co., wmwr, 28 july 02, p. mckenzie 2028 pers., wis, mo] (pers. comm. mckenzie 2002; smith 2002). there obviously needs to be further research done to confirm or deny this hypothesis as well as possible hybridization between the two species at the refuge. voucher specimens of schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus resulting from this study are kept in the usao herbarium (ocla) at the university of science and arts of oklahoma in chickasha, oklahoma. 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. fig. (a) and (b) fruit and inflorescence of schoenoplectus saximontanus (steyermark’s flora of missouri, 1999. used by permission). fig. (e), (f), and (g) fruit, inflorescence, and habit of schoenoplectus hallii (steyermark’s flora of missouri, 1999. used by permission). oklahoma native plant record 57 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. table schoenoplectus occurrence in thirty-six survey sites august and september 2000 (based on achene characteristics of the two species) site # description & date abundance/# collected/voucher# s. hallii s. saximontanu 1-pond 27-aug draw-down mudflat around pond some plants grazed, some uprooted some dried out on shore few floating in water still alive 0 scat/8/21254 2-pond 27-aug draw-down mudflat 0 0 3-pond 27 aug draw-down mudflat 0 0 4-corral area 27 aug stream with draw-down mudflat utricularia observered 0 0 5-kiowa lake 27 aug draw-down mud flat around pond some plants grazed, some uprooted some dried out on shore few floating in water still alive 0 scattered/4/21259 6-wing pasture west of creek 27 aug draw-down mud flat around pond some plants grazed 0 rare/12/21261 7-buford lake 27 aug draw-down mud flats utricularia and nelumbo abundant 0 0 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. 8-quanah parker lake 27 aug near nature center draw-down mud flat around pond scat/6/21263 0 9-new pond by crater lake 27 aug south of visitor center draw-down mud flat 0 0 10-pond at sulphur trap corrals 27 aug east of visitor center draw-down mud flat 0 0 11-pond in sulphur trap 27 aug north of visitor center draw-down mud flat around pond 0 0 12-jed johnson lake 18 aug 8 identifiable plants. not collected plants just coming into bloom original site for the original collections for wmwr rare/0/0 27 aug 8 identifiable plants no collections made rare/0/0 13-crater lake 27 aug draw-down mud flat apparently too much perennial vegetation present 0 0 14-west gate pond 3 sep draw-down mud flat apparently too much perennial vegetation present 0 0 15-comanche lake 18 aug draw-down mud flat scat/2/21237 0 oklahoma native plant record 59 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. 3 sep draw-down mud flat mixed populations scat-loc com/24/21272 scat-locom/83/27271 16-grama lake near dam & gram flat 18 aug draw-down mud flat several hundred plants numerous basal rosettes in shallow water (20-30 cm) 0 scat/3/21236 3 sep mixed populations on draw-down several hundred plants numerous submerged basal rosettes in shallow water (20-30 cm) scat-loc com/48/21274 scat-loc com/15/21273 10 sep revisit & complete walk-around both present on draw-down mud flat several thousand plants dominant plant in a few places numerous basal rosettes present in shallows in several areas scat-loc abd/211/21216 scat/99/21322 17-hollis lake 3 sep apparently too much perennial vegetation in draw-down zone 0 0 18-pond 0.5 mile west of hollis 3 sep com-loc abd/300+/21278 0 19-pond 3 sep draw-down mudflat 0 0 20-pond 3 sep draw-down mudflat 0 0 21-boggy flats 18 august 2000 draw-down mudflat around pond some plants grazed or uprooted some dried out on shore few floating in water still alive first located by sam waldenstein on aug 17, 2000. 0 loc abd/x/21231 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. sun 3 september 2000 draw-down mud flats on ponds 0 loc abd/5/21280 22-pond southwest of grace mountain 3 sep draw-down mud flat water-clover fern present 0 0 23-cut throat lake 3 sep draw-down mud flat water-clover fern present beautiful clear water and bass 0 0 24-northwest corner of pinchot loop 3 sep draw-down mud flat around pond 0 0 25-barow pit east side of pinchot loop 3 sep draw-down mud flat around pond 0 0 26-straight east of site 25 3 sep draw-down mud flat around pond bacopa present scat/8/21287 0 27-medicine tank 3 sep draw-down mud flat around pond colonial bryozoan pectinatella magnifica leidy in shallow water by dam identification by dr. mike mather, usao common/12/21290 scat/3/21289 28-west gate road, buffalo gap 10 sep draw-down mud flat around pond bacopa present 0 scat/11/21303 29-winter valley at end of wing fence at hot trap 10 sep draw-down mud flat around pond mixed collection not discovered until laboratory observations were made. rare/3/21304 in part* rare/6/21304 in part* oklahoma native plant record 61 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. 30-winter valley southeast fo road 10 sep draw-down mudflat around pond bacopa present scat/2/21305 0 31-north end of research 10 sep draw-down mud flat around pond bacopa present 0 scat/14/21306 32-pond in exhibition pasture 10 sep pond in exhibition pasture draw-down mud flat one plant/0/0 0 33 ingram house pond 10 sep draw-down mud flat several hundred plants bacopa present scat-loc com/19/21309 0 34-quanah parker 10 sep near dam draw-down mud flat several thousand? plants scat-loc com/54/21210 0 35-quanah parker 10 sep se of environmental center draw-down mud flat several hundred plants scat-loc com/7/21313 scat-loc com/25/21311 36-elmer thomas lake 10 sep draw-down mud flat along north shore scat-loc abd/46/21314 0 key to abundance descriptors rare = fewer than 10 plants at site scat = scattered, a few plants occurring over several square meters common = many plants occurring over several square meters abundant = large numbers of plants (often the local dominant plant) loc com = many plants in a small area, but may be scattered over a large area loc abd = large numbers of plants in small area, but may be scattered over a large area 62 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. references mckenzie, paul m. 1998. hall’s bulrush (schoenoplectus hallii) status assessment. u.s. fish and wildlife service. columbia, mo. yatskievych, george. 1999. steyermark’s flora of missouri, vol 1, rev. ed. missouri dept. of conservation in cooperation with the missouri botanical garden press. st. louis, mo. editor’s note: exact locations of individual sites were determined by gps and are recorded in the wmwr database. however, that information and access to the sites is strictly limited and permission must be requested from the refuge manager. oklahoma native plant record 63 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 magrath, l.k. wichita mountains wildlife refuge, comanche county echinocerus baileyi on elk mountain trail (photos by sheila strawn) 64 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 the nature conservency’s pontatoc ridge preserve, johnston county entrance to pontotoc ridge preserve (photo by patricia folley) wildflower community on exposed limestone formation at pontotoc ridge preserve (photo by patricia folley) johnson, f.l. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100014 oklahoma native plant record 65 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100014 pontotoc ridge floristic survey: 1999 transcribed with later additions forrest l. johnson oklahoma biological survey patricia folley (ed.) president, oklahoma native plant society in 1997, the oklahoma biological survey and the oklahoma native plant society undertook an unusual joint project: the surveying of the plant resources of a preserve recently acquired by the nature conservancy. in part this was because of the deep attachment of some of the participants for this nearby and very interesting place. during the early exploration of the “smith ranch site”, as it was called, amateurs and interns were brought in to call out the names of plants as they walked, or in some cases, rode past in trucks. as a rapid assessment, that was probably a good thing, but it certainly wasn’t scientific, and none of those names called could be verified for publication. the biological survey allotted the necessary manpower and equipment to conduct a survey structured after the ones being done for several military bases in the area. frequent, disciplined visits were made to view the diverse habitats as the plants thereon developed over the course of the growing year. one or two specimens of each species was taken, processed, identified and preserved in a public herbarium for the use of future researchers. the herbarium chosen was the robert bebb herbarium (okl) at the university of oklahoma, host institution for the biological survey. 2002 introduction forrest johnson of the biological survey, patricia folley of the oklahoma native plant society and a co-editor of the flora of oklahoma project, and two fieldassistants, newell mccarty and deborah benesh from the university of oklahoma’s bebb herbarium carried out the fieldwork for the survey. almost all processing of specimens, including identification, was done by the late dr. johnson. folley made the identifications of the specimens of sedges, and benesh and johnson maintained the databaseand prepared labels. eventually, over 500 specimens were mounted and placed in the herbarium. also included in the survey is plantago rugelii, which was collected by patricia folley in 1993 when the site was still known as “smith ranch”. since the survey folley and others have added a few species, similarlydocumented, to those surveyed in 1997. they are identified by a later collection date in the inventory. no natural living place can ever be fully documented and there are still species known to exist in that preserve that have not yet been found in flowering or fruiting condition. it will no doubt provide interesting work for our successors. after the original introduction was written, an infestation of lespedeza cuneata (serecia lespedeza) proliferated in the old pastures and a program of removal was begun. the research team is indebted to the kindness and assistance so generously contributed by tnc’s on-site managers, jim and hollie erwin. 66 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 introduction in the growing season (march october) of 1997, the nature conservancy’s pontotoc ridge preserve was visited approximately every two weeks by a team of botanists from the oklahoma native plant society and the oklahoma biological survey for the purpose of preparing an inventory of the plant species on the preserve. two to four persons on each visit examined several sites on the preserve. the number and location of sites varied with the condition of the primitive roads on the property. when roads were muddy, we collected plants at three or four sites along the west side of the preserve. when the roads were dry enough, we visited several widely separated sites spread over the whole property. at each collecting site members of the team walked separate paths through the area. any plant in flower or fruit that was not on a list of the plants previously collected or which could not be positively identified was collected. some trees and shrubs that are usually identified by their leaves, buds, etc., were collected without flowers or fruits. each specimen was pressed, dried, and fumigated to eliminate insects. then they were stored in the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma. the specimens were identified with the keys and descriptions in flora of the great plains (great plains flora association, 1986, university press of kansas, lawrence) and keys to the flora of oklahoma, (u. t. waterfall, 1973, published by the author, stillwater, ok), then confirmed by comparison with known specimens in the bebb herbarium. the specimens from pontotoc ridge will remain in the bebb herbarium and become part of its permanent collection. several plant names have been changed since the publication of keys to the flora of oklahoma and flora of the great plains. names in our list names comply with the plants online database: plants.usda.gov/ plants/qurymenu.html , maintained by the u.s. department of agriculture, natural resources conservation service. we included johnson, f.l. both the old and new names for a few plants that have had recent name changes. the older name is listed in brackets below the new name. two status and 17 habit categories are defined by the national list of scientific plant names (1982, u.s.d.a. soil conservation service publication scs-tp-159, washington, d.c.) they are applied as appropriate for each species. the categories and representative symbols used to define status categories are: (n) native and (i) introduced. habit is represented by one or more of the following: (a) annual; (b) biennial; (p) perennial; (f) herbaceous; (s) shrub; (t) tree; (g) grasslike; (h) partly woody; (w) woody; ($) succulent; (v) vine; (z) submersed; (e) emergent; (l) floating; (@) tree epiphyte; (+) parasitic; and (_) saprophytic. this information is determined by examining the specimens and consulting the designated floras. these symbols are combined into a convenient status/habit code for each species. for example, npg = native perennial grasslike; nt = native tree, etc. in the 1997 growing season, we collected 399 species in 261 genera and 79 families. about a third of the species found were in the three common great plains families: asteraceae (composites); poaceae (grasses) and fabaceae (legumes). only about 6 percent of the species are exotic and none of the exotic species is conspicuous or seems to present a threat to the native vegetation. no truly rare plants were found, although penstemon oklahomensis (s3) and echinocereus riechenbachii (s2) are present. based on previous experience, we are likely to have found about 80% of the total plant species present at pontotoc ridge. there are probably about 500 plant species in the area. some perennial plant species do not flower every year, and some annuals vary greatly in abundance from year to year. continued investigation will result in more species being found. several field trips to pontotoc ridge are planned in 1998. oklahoma native plant record 67 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. pontotoc ridge floristic survey acanthaceae (acanthus) ruellia humilis nutt. npf 29 may, 10 sep 1997 low ruellia infrequent, prairie ruellia strepens l. npf 29 may 1997 limestone ruellia aceraceae (maple) acer negundo l. nt 18 jul 1997 box elder infrequent, floodplain forest agavaceae (yucca, agave family) yucca glauca nuttall ns (not yet collected) common yucca infrequent, uplands anacardiaceae (sumac, poison ivy) rhus aromatica ait. ns 28 mar, 18 jul 1997 aromatic sumac common, rocky upland rhus copallinum l. ns 18 jul 1997 winged sumac infrequent, rockly upland rhus glabra l. ns 18 jun 1997 smooth sumac common, rocky upland apiaceae (carrot, celery, etc.) *ammoselinum popei, see chaerophyllum bifora americana (dc.) watson naf 14 may 1997 prairie bishop’s weed infrequent, rocky upland chaerophyllum procumbens (l.) crantz naf 15 apr 1997 wild chervil common, disturbed area chaerophyllum taintureiri hook. naf 15 apr, 14 may 1997 wild chervil common, disturbed area, mowed meadow cryptotaenia canadensis (l.) dc. npf 29 may 1997 honewort common, floodplain forest daucus pusillus michaux naf 18 jun 1997 rattlesnake weed common, disturbed area eryngium leavenworthii t. & g. naf 10 sep 1997 rattlesnake master common, rocky upland eryngium yuccifolium michaux var. synchaetum gray ex c & rose npf 31 july 1997 button snakeroot common, prairie lomatium foeniculaceum (nutt.) c.&r. var. foeniculaceum npf 28 march 1997 wild parsley common, rocky upland osmorhiza longistylis (torr.) dc. npf 30 april 1997 anise root common, floodplain forest polytaenia nuttallii (nutt.) dc. npf 14 may 1997 prairie parsley common, prairie sanicula canadensis l npf 30 april, 29 may 1997 snakeroot common, floodplain forest torilis arvensis (huds.) link iaf 18 june 1997 hedge parsley common, disturbed area trepocarpus aethusae nuttall naf 18 june 1997 white nymph infrequent, rocky upland zizia aurea (l.) koch npf 14 may 1997 golden alexanders infrequent, floodplain forest apocynaceae (dogbane) amsonia ciliata walt. npf 10 april 1996 fringed bluestars infrequent, rocky upland apocynum cannabinum l. var. cannabinum npf 29 may 1997 indian hemp infrequent, prairie araceae (arum) arisaema dracontium (l.) schott npf (not yet colleted) green dragon infrequent, floodplain forest asclepiadaceae (milkweed) asclepias asperula (dcne.) woodson var. decumbens (nutt.) shinners npf 30 apr, 14 may 1997 spider antelopehorn common, rocky upland asclepias stenophylla (gray) npf 18 june 1997 narrowleaf milkweed infrequent, prairie 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. asclepias tuberosa l. npf 18 june 1997 butterfly milkweed common, prairie asclepias viridis walt. npf 29 may 1997 green milkweed common, prairie matelia biflora (raf.) woodson npv 14 may 1997 twoflower milkvine infrequent, rocky upland matelia gonocarpa (walt.) shinners npv 18 july 1997 climbing milkweed infrequent, disturbed area aspleniaceae (cliff ferns) woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. npf 29 may 1997 blunt-lobed cliff fern infrequent, cross timbers asteraceae (asters, daisies, sunflowers) achillea millefolium l. npf 14 may 1997 yarrow common, prairie ambrosia artemisiifolia l. naf 10 sept 1997 common ragweed common, disturbed areas ambrosia bidentata michaux naf 10 sept 1997 southern ragweed common disturbed area ambrosia psilostachya dc. npf 8 october 1997 western ragweed infrequent, disturbed areas ambrosia trifida l. naf 20 august 1997 giant ragweed common, disturbed areas amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) shinners naf 10 sept. 1997 broomweed infrequent, disturbed area artemisia ludoviciana nuttall var. mexicana (willd.) fernald npf 10 sept, 8 october 1997 white sage, watersage infrequent, disturbed area, prairie aster drummondii lindl var. parviceps (shinners) a.g. jones npf 8 october 1997 blue wood aster infrequent, disturbed areas aster ericoides l. npf 8 october 1997 heath aster common, disturbed area aster oolentangensis riddell npf 8 october 1997 blue aster infrequent, disturbed area aster patens ait. npf 8 october 1997 spreading aster infrequent, disturbed area, rocky upland aster prealtus poir. npf 8 october 1997 willowleaf aster infrequent, disturbed area astranthium integrifolium(michx.)nutt. naf 15 april, 30 april 1997 western daisy common, disturbed area brickellia eupatorioides (l.) raf. npf false snakeweed uncommon, disturbed area centaurea americana nuttall naf 18 june 1997 basketflower common, rocky upland chaetopappa asteroides nutt. ex dc. naf 30 april 1997 least daisy infrequent, disturbed area chrysopsis pilosa nuttall naf 31 july, 8 oct. 1997 golden aster infrequent, disturbed area, prairie cirsium altissimum (l.) spreng. npf 31 july, 10 sept 1997 tall thistle infrequent, prairie cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. npf 18 june 1997 wavy-leaf thistle common, disturbed area conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. naf 20 august 1997 horseweed common, disturbed area echinacea atrorubens nuttall npf rose coneflower common, rocky upland eclipta prostrata (l.) l. naf 10 sept 1997 yerba de tajo infrequent, pond margin elephantopus carolinianus willd. npf 10 sept 1997 elephant’s foot common, floodplain forest engelmannia pinnatifida gray ex nutt. npf 14 may 1997 engelmann’s daisy common, rocky upland, prairie erigeron annuus (l.) pers. naf 14 may 1997 oklahoma native plant record 69 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. daisy fleabane common, prairie erigeron philadelphicus l. naf 15 april 1997 philadelphia fleabane common, riparian eupatorium serotinum michaux npf 20 august 1997 late boneset infrequent, disturbed areas gaillardia aestivalis (walt.) rock naf 10 sept 1997 summer gaillardia infrequent, prairie gaillardia pulchella fouq. naf 9 may, 18 june 1997 indian blankets, firewheels common, prairie, rocky upland gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera npf 30 april 1997 purple cudweed infrequent, disturbed area gnaphalium obtusifolium l. npf 10 sept 1997 sweet everlasting infrequent, prairie helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock naf 18 jun 1997 bitterweed common, disturbed area helianthus annuus l. naf 18 july 1997 common sunflower infrequent, disturbed area helianthus hirsutus raf. npf 18 july 1997 hairy or rough sunflower infrequent, disturbed area helianthus mollis lam. npf 31 july 1997 ashy or soft sunflower common, prairie heliopsis helianthoides (l.) sweet npf 31 july 1997 false sunflower common, floodplain forest heterotheca latifolia buckl. npf 10 sept 1997 golden aster common, prairie hieracium longipilum torrey npf 19 sept 1997 longbeard hawkweed infrequent, prairie hymenopappus scabieoseus l’her. npf 14 may 1997 old plainsmen common, rocky upland hymenoxys linearifolia hook. naf 15 april – 15 may 1997 narrowleaf hymenoxys common, rocky upland, disturbed area iva annua l. naf 10 sept 1997 annual false ragweed, sumpweed common, disturbed area krigia caespitosa (raf.) chambers naf 14 may 1997 common dwarf dandelion infrequent, prairie krigia dandelion (l.) nuttall npf 14 may 1997 potato dandelion common, prairie lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) dc. naf 18 jun 1997 western wild lettuce infrequent, disturbed area liatris punctata hook., var. nebraskana geiser npf 10 sept 1997 dotted gayfeather abundant, prairie liatris pycnostachya michaux npf 31 july 1997 button snakeroot common, prairie liatris squarrosa (l.) michaux npf 31 july 1997 gayfeather common, prairie lindheimera texana gray & engelm naf 30 april, 11 june 1997 texas yellow star infrequent, rocky upland, prairie marshallia caespitosa nutt. ex dc. npf 14 may, 18 june 1997 barbara’s buttons infrequent, prairie, rocky upland pluchea odorata (l.) cass. naf 8 october 1997 purple camphorweed common, pond margin prionopsis ciliata nuttall naf 10 sep 1997 wax goldenweed infrequent, disturbed area pyrrhopappus grandiflorus nuttall npf 30 april 1997 false dandelion common, disturbed area pyrrhopappus pauciflorus dc. naf 14 may 1997 geiser’s false dandelion common, prairie ratibida columnifera woot. & standl. npf 18 june 1997 yellow coneflower common, disturbed area rudbeckia hirta l. nabpf 18 june 1997 blackeyed susan common, disturbed area 70 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. rudbeckia missouriensis engelm. npf 31 july 1997 missouri coneflower common, prairie rudbeckia triloba l. npf 31 july 1997 browneyed susan infrequent, floodplain forest senecio plattensis nuttall npf 28 march 1997 prairie groundsel common, cross timbers, floodplain silphium laciniatum l. npf 31 july 1997 compass plant common, prairie solidago arguta ait. npf 31 july 1997 boott’s woodland goldenrod infrequent, floodplain forest solidago canadensis l. var. gilvocanescens rydb. npf 8 october 1997 prairie goldenrod common, rocky upland solidago nemoralis ait. npf 10 sept. 1997 oldfield goldenrod infrequent, prairie solidago rigida l. npf 19 sept. 1997 stiff prairie goldenrod infrequent, prairie thelesperma filifolia (hook.) gray npf 29 may 1997 greenthread common, prairie verbesina virginica l. npf 28 sept 1999 virginia crownbeard uncommon, floodplain forest vernonia baldwinii torrey npf 31 july 1997 western ironweed common, prairie xanthium strumarium l. naf 10 sept. 1997 cocklebur common, pond margin berberidaceae (barberry family) podophyllum peltatum l. npf 10 apr 1996, 15 april 1997 mayapple abundant, cross timbers boraginaceae (borage, heliotrope family) heliotropium tenellum (nutt.) torrey naf 18 june, 31 july 1997 pasture heliotrope infrequent, prairie, rocky upland lithospermum incisum lehm. npf 28 march, 18 june 1997 narrowleaf puccoon infrequent, rocky upland myosotis macrosperma engelmann npf 30 april 1997 spring forget-me-not common, disturbed area myositis verna nuttall naf 15 april 1997 early scorpiongrass common, disturbed area brassicaceae (mustard family) capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik iaf 30 april 1997 shepherd’s purse infrequent, distubed area draba brachycarpa nutt. ex t.&g. naf 28 feb. 1997 whitlow infrequent, mowed meadow draba cuneifolia nutt. ex t. & g. whitlow naf 28 march 1997 infrequent, disturbed area lepidium densiflorum schrad. iaf 30 april 1997 peppergrass common, disturbed area lepidium virginicum l. naf 30 april 1997 virginia peppergrass infrequent, disturbed area lesquerella gracilis (hook.) wats. var. repandum (nutt.) payson naf 15 april 1997 spreading bladderpod common, disturbed area lesquerella ovalifolia rydb. var. alba goodman npf 15 april 1997 oval-leaf or white bladderpod abundant, rocky upland rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (l.) hayek iae 15 april 1997 water cress common, aquatic cactaceae (cactus family) echinocereus riechenbachii (tersch.) hogue np$ 12 may 2001 lace or pincushion cactus infrequent, rocky upland opuntia engelmannii salm-dyck var. lindheimeri (engl.) parfit. & pink. np$ 11 june 1997 texas or limestone prickly-pear infrequent, rocky upland callitrichaceae (waterweed family) callitriche heterophylla pursh nzf 14 may 1997 oklahoma native plant record 71 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. water starwort common, aquatic campanulaceae (bellflower family) lobelia appendiculata dc. npf 29 may 1997 earflower lobelia common, prairie lobelia siphilitica l. var. ludoviciana dc. npf 10 sept. 1997 blue cardinal flower uncommon, seeps triodanis leptocarpa (nutt.) niew. naf 29 may 1997 western venus’ looking-glass common, prairie triodanis perfoliata (l.) niew. naf 14 may 1997 venus’ looking glass infrequent, prairie caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family) symphoricarpos orbiculatus moensch ns (in fruit) 10 sept. 1997 coralberry, buckbrush common, cross timbers viburnum rufidulum raf. nst 15 april 1997 rusty blackhaw infrequent, cross timbers caryophyllaceae (pink, carnation family) arenaria patula michaux naf 28 march, 30 april 1997 sandwort infrequent, rocky upland arenaria stricta michx, var. texana rydberg naf 30 april, 29 may 1997 rock sandwort common, rocky upland paronychia jamesii t. & g. npf 20 august 1997 james’ nailwort common, rocky upland celastraceae (bittersweet family) celastrus scandens l. nwv (in fruit) 8 october 1997 climbing bittersweet infrequent, disturbed area cistaceae (pinweed family) lechea villosa raf. npf 20 august 1997 pinweed infrequent, disturbed area clusiaceae (st. john’s wort family) hypericum drummondii t. & g. naf 20 august 1997 nits-and-lice infrequent, rocky upland hypericum sphaerocarpon michx. npf 18 june 1997 roundfruit st. john’s wort infrequent, rocky upland commelinaceae (spiderwort & dayflower family) tradescantia ohiensis raf. npf 14 may 1997 ohio spiderwort infrequent, prairie tradescantia tharpii anders & woods npf 30 april 1997 tharp’s spiderwort common, rocky upland convolvulaceae (morning glory family) convolvulus equitans benth. navf 29 may, 18 june 1997 texas bindweed common, disturbed area evolvulus nuttallianus r. & s. npf 30 april 1997 hairy evolvulus infrequent, rocky upland cornaceae (dogwood family) cornus drummondii meyer ns 14 may 1997 rough-leaf dogwood common, rocky upland cornus florida l. nt 15 april 1997 flowering dogwood infrequent, cross-timbers crassulaceae (stonecrop family) sedum nuttallianum rf. naf 29 may 1997 yellow stonecrop infrequent, seep sedum pulchellum michaux naf 14 may 1997 pink stonecrop, widow’s cross infrequent, wet meadow cyperaceae (sedge family) carex festucacea schkuhr npg 30 april 1997 none infrequent, disturbed area carex flaccosperma dewey npg none infrequent, floodplain forest carex frankii kunth npg 29 may to 31 july 1997 none common, floodplain forest carex gravida bailey npg 15 april 1997 72 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. heavy sedge common, rocky upland carex hirsutella mackenzie npg hairy sedge common, disturbed area carex leavenworthii dewey npg 30 april 1997 none infrequent, disturbed area carex retroflexa muhlenberg npg none common, rocky ground carex vulpinoidea michaux npg 30 april 1997 none infrequent, aquatic cyperus filiculmis vahl npg 18 june 1997 slender flatsedge common, prairie cyperus odoratus l. nag 10 sept. 1997 fragrant flatsedge infrequent, pond margin cyperus ovularis (michaux) torrey npg 18 june 1997 globe flatsedge common, disturbed area eleocharis compressa sulliv. npg 14 may 1997 weakstem spikerush common, riparian eleocharis engelmannii steudel npg 10 sept 1997 engelmann’s spikerush common, pond margin eleocharis parvula (r.&s.) link nag 10 sept. 1997 dwarf spikesedge common, pond margin fimbristylis puberula (michx) vahl npg 30 april 1997 none infrequent, rocky upland fuirena simplex vahl npg 31 july 1997 umbrella sedge common, seep rhynchospora nivea boeckl. npg 8 oct 1998 white-top sedge infrequent, seep scirpus koilolepis (steud.) gleason nag none common, pond margin scirpus pendulus muhelenberg npg 31 july 1997 none common, floodplain forest scleria pauciflora michx. ex willd. npg 31 july 1997 few-flower nutrush infrequent, prairie ebenaceae (ebony family) diospyros virginiana l. nt 29 may 1997 persimmon infrequent, crosstimbers euphorbiaceae (spurge family) acalypha gracilens gray naf 18 july 1997 three-seeded mercury infrequent, rocky upland argythamnia mercurialina muell. npf 11 june 1997 wild mercury infrequent, forest margin chamaesyce missurica (raf.) shinners naf 20 august 1997 [euphorbia missurica lag.] missouri spurge common, disturbed areas chamaesyce nutans lag.) small naf 20 aug. – 10 sept. 1997 [euphorbia nutans lag.] eyebane common, disturbed areas croton capitatus michaux naf 10 sept. 1997 wooly croton common, disturbed area croton monanthogynus michaux naf 18 july – 20 aug. 1997 one-seed croton common, disturbed area euphorbia corollata l. naf 10 sept. 1997 flowering spurge infrequent, prairie euphorbia dentata michaux naf 18 july 1997 toothed spurge infrequent, rocky upland euphorbia hexagona nuttall naf 8 october 1996 6-angle spurge infrequent, rocky upland euphorbia spathulata lam. naf 30 april 1997 warty spurge infrequent, rocky upland phyllanthus polygonoides nuttall npf 29 may 1997 knotweed leaf-flower common, prairie stillingia sylvatica graden ex l. npf 29 may 1997 queen’s delight infrequent, prairie oklahoma native plant record 73 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. tragia ramosa torrey npf 29 may 1997 nettle-leaf, noseburn common, prairie fabaceae (legume, bean and pea family) [includes caesalpinaceae and mimosaceae] albizia julibrissin durazz. it 18 july 1997 mimosa infrequent, disturbed area amorpha canescens pursh ns 31 july 1997 leadplant infrequent, prairie amorpha fruticosa l. ns 10 sept. 1997 false indigo common, pond margin astragalus nuttallianus dc. naf 30 april 1997 nuttall’s milkvetch infrequent, rocky upland baptisia australis (l.) r. br. npf 30 april 1997 blue wild indigo common, rocky upland cercis canadensis l. nt 13-28 march, 1997 redbud common, crosstimbers, rocky upland chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) naf 18 july 1997 greene partridge pea frequent, disturbed area, prairie dalea aurea nuttall ex pursh npf 18 july 1997 golden prairie clover infrequent, rocky upland dalea candida willdenow npf 18 june 1997 white prairie clover common, rocky upland dalea enneandra nuttall npf 31 july 1997 nine-anther prairieclover infrequent, prairie dalea purpurea vent. npf 18 june 1997 purple prairieclover common, rocky upland desmanthus illinoinsis (michx.) npf 18 july 1997 macm. bundleflower common, disturbed area desmodium glutinosum (muhl.) wood npf 18 june 1997 large-flowered tickclover common, floodplain forest desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. npf 10 sept. 1997 panicled tickclover common, floodplain forest gleditsia triacanthos l. nt 31 july 1997 honey locust common, mowed meadow lespedeza cuneata g. don ipf 20 august 1997 sericea lespedeza common, disturbed area lespedeza stipulacea maxim. iaf 20 august, 1997 korean clover common, disturbed area lespedeza stuevei nuttall npf 10 sept 1997 stueve’s lespedeza common, prairie mimosa nuttallii (dc.) b.l. turner nwv 14 may 1997 [schrankia nuttalii dc.] sensitive brier common, rocky upland pediomelum cuspidatum (pursh) npf 14 may 1997 rydb. [psoralea cuspidata pursh] tallbread scurfpea infrequent, rocky upland pediomelum esculentum (pursh) npf 14 may 1997 rydb. [psoralea esculenta pursh] prairie turnip common, rocky upland psoralidum tenuifolium (pursh) rydb. npf 14 – 29 may 1997 [psoralea tenuifolia pursh] wild alfalfa common, prairie, rocky upland stylosanthes biflora (l.) b.s.p. npf 31 july 1997 pencil flower infrequent, prairie tephrosia virginica (l.) pers. npf 31 july 1997 goat’s rue infrequent, prairie trifolium dubium sibth. iaf 15 – 30 april 1997 small hop-clover common, mowed meadow trifolim repens l. ipf 30 april 1997 white clover common, disturbed area vicia sativa l. iaf 15 april 1997 common vetch common, disturbed area 74 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. fagaceae (oak, beech, chestnut family) quercus macrocarpa michaux nt 18 july 1997 burr oak infrequent, floodplain forest quercus marilandica muench. nt 18 july 1997 blackjack common, crosstimbers quercus muehlenbergii engelm. nt 14 may 1997 chinquapin oak common, floodplain forest quercus stellata wang. nt 18 july 1997 post oak dominant, crosstimbers quercus velutina lam. nt 8 october 1997 black oak infrequent, crosstimbers gentianaceae (gentian family) sabatia campestris nuttall naf 11 june 1997 prairie rose, pink gentian infrequent, prairie geraniaceae (geranium family) geranium carolinianum l. naf 30 april 1997 carolina crane’sbill infrequent, disturbed area grossulariaceae (gooseberry family) ribes aureum pursh ns 30 april 1997 golden or buffalo current infrequent, rocky upland iridaceae (iris family) nemastylis geminiflora nuttall npf 30 april 1997 prairie iris sisyrinchium angustifolium miller npf 30 april 1997 blue-eyed grass infrequent, mowed meadow sisyrinchium campestre bicknell npf 15 april 1997 prairie blue-eyed grass infrequent, rocky upland juglandaceae (walnuts, hickory family) carya cordiformis (wang.) koch nt 18 july 1997 bitternut hickory infrequent, floodplain forest carya illinoensis (wang.) koch nt 31 july 1997 pecan common, ravine carya texana buckley nt 18 july 1997 black hickory infrequent, crosstimbers juglans nigra l. nt 31 july 1997 black walnut common, floodplain forest juncaceae (rush family) juncus brachycarpus engelmann npg 18 june 1997 whiteroot rush common, disturbed area juncus marginatus rostk. npg 18 june 1997 grassleaf rush infrequent, prairie juncus tenuis willdenow npg 18 june 1997 slender rush common, disturbed area juncus validus coville npg 31 july 1997 bulrush common, seep krameriaceae (ratany family) krameria lanceolata torrey npf 29 may 1997 trailing ratany infrequent, prairie lamiaceae (mint family) hedeoma drummondii benth. npf 20 august 1997 false pennyroyal common, disturbed area, rocky upland mondarda citriodora cerv. ex lagasca naf 29 may 1997 lemon beebalm infrequent, prairie monarda fistulosa l. npf 22 june 1997 wild bergamot infrequent, mowed meadow prunella vulgaris l. npf 29 may – 31 july 1997 heal-all common, floodplain forest pycnanthemum tenuifolium schrad. npf 10 sept. 1997 narrowleaf mountain mint common, prairie salvia azurea lam. npf 10 sept. 1997 blue sage common, prairie satureja calamintha (l.) scheele npf 14-29 may 1997 ozark savory abundant, prairie, rocky upland oklahoma native plant record 75 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. scutellaria parvula michaux npf 30 april – 29 may 1997 small skullcap infrequent, prairie, rocky upland teucrium canadense l. npf 31 july 1997 american germander common, seep trichostema brachiatum l. naf 20 august 1997 blue curls infrequent, rocky upland lemnaceae (duckweed family) wolffia columbiana karst npl 8 october 1997 watermeal common, aquatic liliaceae (lily family) allium canadense l. npf 30 april 1997 wild onion/garlic common, rocky upland allium drummondii regel npf 15 april 1997 drummond’s wild onion common, rocky upland allium stellatum nuttal npf 8 october 1997 autumn wild onion common, rocky upland androstephium coerulium (scheele) torr. npf 28 march 1997 blue funnel lily common, rocky upland camassia scilloides (raf.) cory npf 14 may 1997 eastern camass infrequent, rocky upland cooperia drummondii herb. npf 10 sept 1997 rain lily infrequent, disturbed area erythronium albidum nuttall npf 13 march 1997 white dogtooth violet, fawn lily common, rocky upland lythraceae (loosestrife family) lythrum alatum pursh var. lanceolatum (ell.) t. & g npf 31 july – 10 sept. 1997 tall loosestrife infrequent, wet prairie rotala ramosior (l.) koehne var. interior fern. & grisc. naf 10 sept. 1997 toothcup common, pond margin malvaceae (mallow, hibiscus, cotton family) callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.) gray npf 30 april 1997 pink poppy mallow infrequent, disturbed area callirhoe digitata nuttall var. stipulata waterfall ssp glabrescens (kuntze) raven npf 29 may 1997 fringed poppy mallow infrequent, prairie callirhoe involucrata (nutt.) gray npf 29 may 1997 winecup, cowboy rose common, prairie sida procumbens sw. npf 31 july – 10 sept. 1997 spreading sida common, rocky upland menispermaceae (moonseed family) cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. nwv 29 may 1997 carolina snailseed infrequent, floodplain forest moraceae (mulberry, fig family) maclura pomifera (raf.) schneider nt 14 may 1997 bois d’arc, osage orange common, rocky upland morus rubra l. nt 31 july 1997 red mulberry common, floodplain forest oleaceae (olive, privet, ash family) forestiera pubescens nuttall ns 28 feb – 13 mar 1997 elbowbush abundant, rocky upland fraxinus americana l., var. americana nt 30 april 1997 white ash infrequent, rocky upland fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. nt 31 july 1997 green ash common, floodplain forest ligustrum sinense lour. is 29 may 1997 privet infrequent, disturbed area onagraceae (evening primrose family) calylophus serrulatus (nutt.) raven npf 14, 29 may 1997 sundrops, plains yellow primrose common, prairie, rocky upland gaura longiflora spach. naf 20 aug, 10 sept. 1997 common, prairie gaura parviflora dougl. ex lehm 76 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. naf 31 july 1997 velvety gaura common, disturbed area gaura suffulta engelm. ex gray naf 14 may – 18 jun 1997 beeblossom common, rocky upland, prairie ludwigia peploides (h.b.k.) raven nae 31 july – 10 sept. 1997 water primrose, water pennies common pond margin oenothera linifolia nuttall naf 14 may 1997 flax-leaf evening primrose common, rocky upland, prairie oenothera macrocarpa nuttall npf 14 may 1997 large-fruited evening primrose infrequent, rocky upland oenothera speciosa nuttall npf 29 may 1997 showy evening primrose common, prairie stenosiphon linifolius (nutt.) heynh. npf 10 sept. 1997 stenosiphon common, prairie ophioglossaceae (grape fern, adder’s-tongue family) botrychium virginicum (l.) sw. npf 15 april – 29 may 1997 virginia grape-fern common, crosstimbers ophioglossum engelmannii prandtl npf 30 april 1997 limestone adder’s tongue common, rocky upland orchidaceae (orchid family) spiranthes cernua (l.) l.c. rich. npf 8 october 1997 nodding ladies’-tresses infrequent, rocky upland spiranthes lacera raffinesque npf 10 sept. 1997 slender ladies’-tresses infrequent, prairie spiranthes magnicamporum sheviak npf great plains ladies’-tresses infrequent, seep spiranthes ovalis lindl. npf october ladies’-tresses infrequent, prairie orobanchaceae (broomrape family) orobanche uniflora l. npf(one, no voucher) 29 april 2000 one-flowered broomrape infrequent, floodplain forest oxalidaceae (oxalis family) oxalis corniculata l. npf 30 april 1997 yellow wood-sorrel common, disturbed area oxalis volacea l. npf 15 april 1997 violet wood-sorrel common, floodplain forest passifloraceae (passionflower family) passiflora incarnata l. npf 2 august 2001 blue passionflower infrequent, prairie passiflora lutea l. npf (not yet found, but predicted) yellow passionvine infrequent, floodplain forest phytolaccaceae (pokeweed family) phytolacca americana l. npf 18 june 1997 pokeweed infrequent, disturbed area plantaginaceae (plantain family) plantago aristata michaux naf 29 may 1997 bottlebrush plantain infrequent, prairie plantago lanceolata l. ipf 29 may 1997 english plantain infrequent, prairie plantago patagonica jacq. naf 29 may 1997 wooly plantain infrequent, prairie plantago pusilla nuttall naf april 1999 dwarf plantain infrequent, disturbed area plantago rugelii dcne. npf 16 july 1993 blackseed plantain infrequent, prairie plantago virginica l. naf 29 may 1997 paleseed plantain common, prairie platanaceae (sycamore family) platanus occidentalis l. nt 31 july 1997 sycamore common, floodplain forest poaceae (grass family) agrostis hyemalis (walt.) b.s.p. npg 29 may 1997 ticklegrass oklahoma native plant record 77 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. common, prairie aira elegantissima schur. iag 14 may 1997 hairgrass infrequent, rocky upland andropogon gerardii vitman npg 20 august 1997 big bluestem infrequent, rocky upland aristida dichotoma michaux nag 8 october 1997 churchmouse threeawn infrequent, disturbed area aristida oligantha michaux nag 10 sept. 1997 oldfield threeawn common, disturbed area aristida purpurea nuttall npg 14 may 1997 purple threeawn common, rocky upland bothriochloa saccharoides (sw) rydb npg 18 june 1997 silvertop bluestem common, disturbed area buteloua curtipendula (michx.) torrey npg 18 july 1997 sideoats grama infrequent, rocky upland bouteloua hirsuta lag. npg 20 august 1997 hairy grama common, rocky upland bouteloua pectinata featherly npg 20 august 1997 tall grama common, rocky upland, prairie bromus catharticus vahl iag 30 april 1997 rescue grass infrequent, rocky upland, disturbed area bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. npg 14 may 1997 canada brome common, floodplain forest buchloe dactyloides (nutt.) engelm npg 14 may 1997 buffalo grass infrequent, prairie chasmanthium latifolium (michx) yates nag 18 july – 10 sept. 1997 inland sea oats common, floodplain forest, crosstimbers coelorachis cylindrica (michx.) nash npg 29 may, 18 june 1997 mousetail common, disturbed area, prairie cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. ipg 29 may 1997 bermuda grass common, disturbed area dactylis glomerata l. ipg 30 april 29 may 1997 orchard grass common, disturbed area dicanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & clark npg 29 may & 10 sept. 1997 early panicum common, disturbed area, prairie dicanthelium boscii (poir.) gould & clark npg 14 may 1997 bosc’s panic common, floodplain forest dicanthelium oligosanthes schult.) gould var. oligosanthes npg 14 – 29 may 1997 small panicgrass infrequent, disturbed area, rocky upland, prairie dicanthelium sphaerocarpon (ell.) gould npg 14 may 1997 leafy panicum common, prairie digitata cognata (schult.) pilger npg 10 sept. 1997 [leptoloma cognatum (schult.) chase] fall witchgrass common, floodplain forest echinochloa crusgalli (l.) beauv. iag 20 aug – 10 sept. 1997 barnyard grass infrequent, pond margin eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. iag 18 july 1997 goosegrass infrequent, disturbed area elymus virginicus l. npg 18 june 1997 virginia wild rye common, disturbed area erioneuron pilosum (buckl.) nash npg 30 april 1997 hairy tridens infrequent, disturbed area festuca arundinacea schreb. ipg 30 april – 14 may 1997 meadow fescue infrequent, disturbed area, floodplain forest hordeum pusillum nuttall nag 29 may 1997 little barley infrequent, disturbed area koelaria macrantha (ledeb.) j.a. schultes npg 14 may 1997 junegrass infrequent, rocky upland leptochloa fusca (l.) kunth npg 10 sept. 1997 bearded sprangletop infrequent, pond margin lolium perenne l. ipg 29 may 1997 perennial ryegrass 78 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. common, prairie muhelbergia reverchonii vasey & scrib. npg 20 aug 1999 seep muhly infrequent, rocky upland muhlenbergia schreberei j.f. gmel. npg nimblewill infrequent, floodplain forest nassella leucotricha (t.& r.) barkw. npg 14 may 1997 [stipa leucotrichatrin & rupr.] texas wintergrass common, prairie panicum anceps michaux npg 31 july 1997 beaked panic common, floodplain forest panicum capillare l. nag 18 july 1997 witchgrass infrequent, rocky upland panicum virgatum l. npg 10 sept. 1997 switchgrass common, prairie paspalum dilatatum poir. ipg 18 june 1997 dallis grass common, disturbed area phalaris caroliniana walt. nag 14 may 1997 maygrass infrequent, prairie poa annua l. iag 15 april 1997 annual bluegrass common, disturbed area poa pratensis l. ipg 30 april 1997 kentucky bluegrass common, disturbed area schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash npg 20 august 1997 little bluestem common, rocky upland setaria geniculata (lam.) beauv. npg 18 june – 30 july 1997 knotroot foxtail common, disturbed area sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash npg 10 sept. 1999 indiangrass infrequent, prairie sorghum halapense (l.) pers. ipg 18 june 1997 johnson grass common, disturbed area sporobolus compositus (poir) merr. [sporobolus asper (michx.) kunth nag 28 sept. 1999 dropseed infrequent, disturbed area sporobolus vaginiflorus (t.ex g.) wood nag 10 sept. 1997 poverty dropseed common, disturbed area tridens flavus (l.) hitchcock npg 31 july 1997 purpletop common, floodplain forest tridens strictus (nutt.) nash npg 10 sept. 1997 longspike tridens infrequent, pond margin tripsacum dactyloides l. npg 18 june 1997 gama grass infrequent, prairie vulpia octoflora (walt.) rydb. iag 8 october 1997 poverty grass common, disturbed area polygalaceae (milkwort family) polygala incarnata l. naf 31 july 1997 pink milkwort infrequent, prairie polygonaceae (buckwheat, knotweed family) eriogonum longifolium nuttall npf 20 august – 8 oct. 1997 longleaf buckwheat common, rocky upland, prairie polygonum hydropiperoides michx. npf 8 october 1997 mild water-pepper infrequent, pond margin polygonum lapathifolium l. naf 10 sept. 1997 pale smartweed infrequent, pond margin polygonum persicaria l. naf 20 august 1997 lady’s thumb common, disturbed area polygonum punctatum l. naf 20 august 1997 water smartweed infrequent, pond margin rumex crispus l. ipf 29 may 1997 curly dock common, riparian rumex hastatulus baldw. naf 18 june 1997 heartwing sorrel common, disturbed area portulacaceae (portulaca family) claytonia virginica l. npf 28 march 1997 spring beauty common, rocky upland oklahoma native plant record 79 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. primulaceae (primrose family) dodecatheon meadia l. var. brachycarpa (small) fassett npf 30 april 1997, 16 july 1993 shooting star common, rocky upland samolus parviflorus raf naef 14 may 1997 smallflower brookweed common, aquatic pteridaceae (bracken fern) pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link. npf 29 may 1997 purple cliff brake ranunculaceae (buttercup, larkspur family) anemone berlandieri pritz npf 28 march, 14 may 1997 ten-petal windflower infrequent, rocky upland, prairie delphinium carolinianum walt npf 14 29 may 1997 ssp. virescens (nutt.) brooks plains larkspur common, prairie ranunculus hispidus michaux npf 30 april 1997 bristly buttercup infrequent, disturbed area rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) berchemia scandens (hill) k. koch nwv 14 may 1997 rattan vine common, disturbed area, forest edges ceanothus herbaceus raffinesque ns 30 april 1997 new jersey tea infrequent, rocky upland frangula caroliniana (walt.) gray nt 29 may 1997 [rhamnus caroliniana walt.] indian cherry common, rocky upland, crosstimbers, forest rosaceae (rose family) agrimonia pubescens wallr. npf 20 august 1997 downy agrimony infrequent, floodplain forest agrimonia rostellata wallr. npf 28 sept. 1999 beaked agrimony infrequent, floodplain forest crataegus crus-gallii l. nst 30 april 1999 cockspur hawthorn infrequent, rocky upland crataetus mollis (t.& g.) scheele nt 10 sept. 1997 downy haw infrequent, rocky upland fragaria virginica p. mill. var. illinoensis (prince) gray npf 15 april 1997 wild strawberry infrequent, crosstimbers geum canadense jacq. npf 29 may 1997 white avens infrequent, crosstimbers prunus angustifolia marsh. ns 13 march 1997 chickasaw plum infrequent, rocky upland prunus mexicana wats. nt 13 march 1997 mexican plum common, crosstimbers prunus serotina ehrh. nt 18 july 1997 wild cherry infrequent, crosstimbers pyrus communis l. it 28 march 1997 common pear infrequent, rocky upland rosa foliolosa nuttall npf 18 june 1997 prairie rose infrequent, rocky upland rosa carolina l. ns 14 may 1997 swamp rose common, pond margins rosa setigera michaux ns 18 june 1997 climbing prairie rose common, rocky upland rubus flagellaris willdenow ns 15 april 1997 northern dewberry common, disturbed area rubiaceae (madder, coffee family) cephalanthus occidentalis l. ns 31 july 1997 buttonbush infrequent, seep diodia teres walt. naf 20 august 1997 poor-joe infrequent, rocky upland galium circaezans michaux npf 14 – 29 may 1997 weedy bedstraw infrequent, floodplain forest galium virgatum nuttall naf 14 may 1997 southwest bedstraw infrequent, rocky upland 80 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. hedyotis crassifolia raffinesque naf 13 march 1997 prairie bluets, quaker ladies common, rocky upland rutaceae (citrus family) ptelea trifoliata l. nst(fruit) 10 sept. 1997 hop tree, wafer ash infrequent, rocky upland zanthoxylum americanum miller ns 30 april 1997 prickly ash common, crosstimbers zanthoxylum clava-herculis l. nt (no flrs) 10 sept. 1997 hercules’ club infrequent, old homesite salicaceae (willow, cottonwood family) populus nigra l. nt not collected: need specimen cottonwood infrequent, floodplain forest salix nigra marsh nt 30 april 1997 black willow infrequent, riparian, pond margin sapotaceae (sapodilla family) sideroxylon lanuginosum michaux nt 18 july 1997 [bumelia lanuginosa (mix.) pers chittamwood common, rocky upland scrophulariaceae (penstemon family) agalinis fasciculata (ell.) raf. naf 10 sept. 1997 beach gerardia abundant, disturbed area castilleja indivisa engelmann naf 15 april 1997 indian paintbrush common, rocky upland nuttallanthus texanus (scheele) d.a.sutton naf 15 april 1997 [linaria texana scheele] texas toadflax common, rocky upland penstemon cobaea nuttall npf 14 may 1997 large beardtongue common, rocky upland penstemon oklahomensis pennell npf 14 may 1997 oklahoma penstemon infrequent, prairie veronica arvensis l. iaf 15 april 1997 common speedwell infrequent, mowed meadow veronica peregrina l. naf 15 april 1997 purslane speedwell common, mowed meadow smilacaceae (greenbrier family) smilax bona-nox l. nwv 14 may 1997 greenbrier, cat’s claw common, rocky upland smilax rotundifolia l. nwv 30 april 1997 greenbrier infrequent, floodplain forest solanaceae (nightshade, potato family) physalis angulata l. naf 18 june 1997 cutleaf ground cherry common, disturbed area solanum carolinense l. npf 18 june 1997 carolina horsenettle infrequent, disturbed area solanum dimidiatum raffinesque naf 18 june 1997 horsenettle common, disturbed area solanum rostratum dunal naf 18 june 1997 buffalo bur infrequent, disturbed area typhaceae (cattail family) typha angustifolia l. npef 18 june 1997 narrowleaf cattail infrequent, aquatic ulmaceae (elm, hackberry family) celtis laevigata willdenow nt 31 july 1997 sugarberry common, floodplain forest celtis reticulata torrey nt 18 july 1997 roughleaf hackberry common, rocky upland ulmus alata michaux nt 28 feb 1997 winged elm common, rocky upland, crosstimbers ulmus americana l. nt 13 march 1997 american elm infrequent, floodplain forest, rocky upland ulmus rubra muhlenberg nt 28 feb 1997 slippery elm common, crosstimbers oklahoma native plant record 81 volume 2, number 1, december 2002 johnson, f.l. urticaceae (nettle family) parietaria pennsylvanica muhl. naf 29 may 1997 pennsylvania pellitory common, floodplain forest valerianaceae (valerian family) valerianella radiata dufr. naf 30 april 1997 beaked cornsalad infrequent, rocky upland verbenaceae (vervain family)\ glandularia bipinnatifida nuttall naf 15 april 1997 [verbena bipinnatifida nuttall] sweet william common, rocky upland verbena stricta ventenat npf 18 june – 31 july 1997 wooly vervain common, disturbed area verbena urticifolia l. naf 18 june 1997 white vervain infrequent, floodplain forest violaceae (violet family) viola bicolor pursh naf 13 march 1997 johnny-jump-up common, mowed meadow viola sororia willdenow npf 28 march 1997 butterfly violet common, floodplain forest viscaceae (mistletoe family) phoradendron leucarpum (raf.) reveal & johnston np%@ vitaceae (grape family) ampelopsis cordata michaux nwv 18 july 1997 raccoon grape infrequent, crosstimbers pond margin, disturbed area cissus incisa (nutt.) des moulins nwv 29 may 1997 possum grape infrequent, rocky upland parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch nwv 31 july 1997 virginia creeper common, ravine, floodplain forest, crosstimbers vitis aestivalis michaux nwv 18 july 1997 pigeon grape infrequent, disturbed s 13 march 1997 mistletoe infrequent, crosstimbers 82 oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002 editorial water, soil, and plant diversity in oklahoma sheila strawn in 1963 john shed and william penfound did a study on legume distribution. they found a general relationship between soils and vegetation types. sand deposits generally became forests while limestone and clay deposits generally became prairie (proc. okla. acad. sci. 44:2-6). but soil-to-plant relationships are not always that simple. tropographic effects such as slope and solar and wind exposure as well as precipitation rates can override the characteristics of the various soils making it difficult to determine specific soil types based on vegetation. in 1964 dr. paul buck wrote "relationships of the woody vegetation of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge to geological formations and soil types (ecology 45:2). he had found that when it rains, soil type and topographic features, together, control the movement of water. granite formations at the refuge erode to make a cobbly soil at the foot of the mountains that drains quickly, making it difficult for some plants to become established. different amounts and patterns of precipitation can also interact with soil type producing gradients of moisture availability for plants with different moisture requirements. some species can live only at certain positions across the moisture gradient. others are more tolerant of variable moisture availability. sugar maple is able to dominate some of the more mesic, cobbly patches near streams, while black-jack oak dominates the less mesic, cobbly upland patches in this newly formed soil. in places like the carolinas bountiful precipitation on limestone soils can actually make soil very poor in nutrients. organic acids from the abundant vegetation react with calcium, sodium, and magnesium ions in the soil the abundant rainfall then leaches them from the soil and washes them into the groundwater below the reach of roots. however, this is not usually the case in oklahoma. oklahoma actually loses more water to evaporation than it gets in precipitation. rivers and groundwater from the rocky mountains make up the difference. here, precipitation is not sufficient to leach all the minerals from our limestone soils. dense stands of forbs and grasses grow in the tallgrass prairie preserve where these mineral-rich formations are not leached by excess precipitation. southwest of the refuge the precipitation rate is so low that much of the water evaporates before it gets very deep into the soil. in those soils, the calcium ions accumulate at the lowest level of water penetration, sometimes, just inches from the surface and form a calcium carbonate. known as "caliche", this layer restricts root growth, so fewer species grow on caliche. gypswn, mostly calcium sulfate, was formed long ago in a similar manner when the seawater evaporated from the plains. in oklahoma mesquite and mixed grass are associated with “gyp soil”. soil and water relations alone do not explain why plants grow where they do in oklahoma. other variables like humus, micro-organisms, nematodes, grazing animals, fire, ice, windstorms, and human influence all work on a smaller scale and are responsible for much of the physical heterogeneity and resultant biodiversity. this small-scale heterogeneity is what actually accounts for our having more species than other continental united states, except california, florida, and texas. ironically, plant diversity in oklahoma has been woefully understudied. with the promise of improved medical treatments based on genetic engineering, we need to know where species are in oklahoma that might be beneficial. we are, therefore, obliged to preserve as much of our diversity as we can. but we will need to save it on the landscape level, because it is our diverse landscape that supports our diverse biota. indeed, researching and preservmg oklahoma's landscape-to-species relationships is worth researching and preserving twice as much elsewhere. onps strawn, s. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100015 editorial policies and practices oklahoma native plant record is published annually by oklahoma native plant society. submission for publication in the journal is open to all. manuscripts will be accepted on topics related to oklahoma's regional botany, including historical research reports, current research articles, site record species lists, and descriptions of new or important species sightings in oklahoma. oklahoma's environmental gradients of human impact, climate, and elevation make us a prime target for research on habitat edges, species ranges, and edge species, but articles of other themes may be included as well. important works overlooked by journals of broader geographic regions will also be considered for publication here. papers must not have been published previously or accepted for submission elsewhere and should represent research conducted in accordance with accepted procedures and scientific ethics. submission of the article implies the granting of copyright permission to oklahoma native plant society. manuscripts will be reviewed for content and appropriateness by at least two reviewers. the title page should state the affiliation and complete addresses of all authors and telephone numbers for the corresponding author. research and technical papers should include a one-paragraph abstract of not more than 250 words. it should concisely state the goals, principal results, and major conclusions of the paper. all references, figures, and tables should be cited in the text. common names should be referenced to a scientific name. abbreviations of authorities for scientific names should follow authors of plant names (brummitt and powell, 1992). titles of periodicals should be abbreviated following botanico-peridoicum-huntianum and its supplement except in historic publications when original format will be used. authors with access to ibm-compatible microcomputers are encouraged to send a copy of the manuscript on diskette in rtf (rich text format). if the manuscript is typed, manuscripts should be double-spaced on 8 1/2 x 11 inch paper with minimum one-inch margins and should be submitted in duplicate. diskette or hardcopy manuscripts should be sent to the managing editor at the onps address on the back cover by june 1. non-profit oklahoma native plant society organization c/o tulsa garden center u.s. postage paid 2435 south peoria tulsa, ok tulsa, oklahoma 74114 permit no. 357 in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 2, number 1, december 2002: 4 vascular plants of thewichita mountains. dr. paulbuck 22 floristic list for comanche county, oklahoma. dr. bruce w. hoagland 54 schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus wichita mountains wildlife refuge survey 2000. dr. lawrence k. magrath 65 pontotoc ridge floristic survey: 1999. dr. forest johnson, ms. patricia folley (ed.) 82 onps editorial: water, soil, and plant diversity in oklahoma oklahoma native plant record, journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 2, number 1, december 2002 title page table of contents foreward vascular plants of the wichita mountains by dr. paul buck floristic list for comanche county, oklahoma by dr. bruce w. hoagland schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus wichita mountains wildlife refuge survey 2000 by dr. lawrence k. magrath pontotoc ridge floristic survey: 1999 by dr. forrest l. johnson and ms. patricia folley (ed.) onps editorial water, soil, and plant diversity in oklahoma by dr. sheila a. strawn editorial policies and practices back page index journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 6, number 1, december 2006 oklahoma native plant record 53 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 hoagland & buthod https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100046 vascular flora of a red sandstone hills site canadian county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland amy buthod oklahoma biological survey oklahoma biological survey and department of geography and department of botany and microbiology university of oklahoma university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 norman, ok 73019 e-mail: bhoagland@ou.edu this article reports the results of an inventory of the vascular plants from a site in central oklahoma. three hundred thirty-four species of vascular plants in 237 genera and 76 families were collected. the most species were collected from the families poaceae (56) and asteraceae (54). the genera with the most species were euphorbia and eragrostis, both with six species. one hundred six species were annuals, 227 perennials, and 1 biennial. forty-nine species of woody plants were present. forty-one species, or 12.3% of the flora, were exotic to oklahoma. no species listed as threatened or endangered by the u.s. fish and wildlife service were encountered, but two species (escobaria vivipara and muhlenbergia bushii) are tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory. introduction canadian county has been the focus of botanical research for several decades. the first plant collections from the county were made by shultz and sawyer on january 10, 1917, when they collected helianthus maximiliani, oenothera rhombipetala, salsola iberica, and senecio riddellii. there was no further collecting until 1926, but in the 1930s botanical studies began in ernst. botanical collections in canadian county have focused on the “caddo canyons” in the western third of the county. of the 1,121 species recorded in the oklahoma vascular plants database (hoagland et al. 2006) for canadian county, 964 are from canyons such as devil’s / methodist, grocket, waters, and widowmaker. on 29 may 1933, j. c. shirley collected 38 specimens from devil’s canyon. elbert little collected 87 species from devil’s canyon in september, 1936. several collectors visited devils canyon in 1937, but the most prolific was milton hopkins, who collected 145 in april and september of 1937 (hoagland et al. 2006). although collecting continued in devil’s canyon, emphasis shifted to nearby water canyon when connie taylor gathered 321 specimens (see taylor [1961] for a complete species list). botanical collections outside the canyons have not focused on a particular locale in the county. although 1,121 taxa of vascular plants have been reported from canadian county, it is fewer than the taxa reported from adjacent oklahoma (1,399 ) and cleveland (1,426) counties. the current project was initiated on the assumption that focused collection effort at a given site would yield additional county records. it will also provide land managers with a working species list to help guide their activities. . study area the study area encompasses 64.7 ha in canadian county (figure) along the canadian river. latitudinal extent ranges from 35.34on to 35.36on and longitudinal extent from 97.67ow to 97.68ow. the study area is located within the subtropical humid (cf) climate zone (trewartha 1968). summers are 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 warm (mean july temperature = 27.8oc) and humid, whereas winters are relatively short and mild (mean january temperature = 1.78oc). mean annual precipitation is 87.6 cm, with periodic severe droughts (oklahoma climatological survey 2006). physiographically, the study area is located within the osage plains section of the central lowlands province (hunt 1974) and the central redbed plains province of oklahoma (curtis and ham 1979). the surface geology is primarily permian red sandstone and shale with quaternary silt, sand, and clay along the canadian river floodplain (branson and johnson 1979). elevation ranges from 411.5 m to 358.7 m. the predominant potential vegetation types are tallgrass prairie and bottomland vegetation (duck and fletcher 1943). methods collections were made monthly from march to june during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons. the predominant vegetation association at the site were ascribed according to hoagland (2000) and attributed to each collection. vouchers for species exotic to north america were made from naturalized populations only, thus excluding cultivated and ornamental plants. specimens were processed at the robert bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma (okl) following standard procedures. manuals used for specimen identification included waterfall (1969), barkley (1986), and diggs et al. (1999). origin, either native or introduced, was determined by using taylor and taylor (1991) and us department of agriculture-natural resources conservation service (usda-nrcs 2006). nomenclature follows the usda-nrcs (2006). voucher specimens were deposited at okl. hoagland & buthod results and discussion three hundred thirty-four species of vascular plants in 237 genera and 76 families were collected (appendix 1). the greatest numbers of species were from the asteraceae (56) and poaceae (54). the largest genera were euphorbia and eragrostis each with 6 species. there were three species of ferns, two gymnosperm, 78 monocots, and 252 dicots (table). one hundred and six species were annuals, 227 perennials, and one biennial. forty-nine species of woody plants were present. the absence of q. stellata at the site is noteworthy. this study contributed an additional 84 species to the flora of canadian county for a total of 1,205 species. forty-one species or 12.3% of the flora was non-native to north america. the poaceae and fabaceae had the greatest number of exotic species, 12 and 7 respectively. there were three exotic species in the genus bromus and two in ulmus. these values are consistent with other floristic studies from oklahoma, in which exotic species constitute 9% 15% of the flora (hoagland and buthod 2003, hoagland and buthod 2004, hoagland and johnson 2001, hoagland and johnson 2004a, hoagland and johnson 2004b, hoagland et al. 2004a, hoagland et al. 2004b, hoagland and wallick 2003,). an exception is red slough and grassy slough, where exotic species constituted 6.6% (hoagland and johnson, 2004b). no species listed as threatened or endangered by the u.s. fish and wildlife service were encountered. however, escobaria vivipara (g5s2s3) and muhlenbergia bushii (g5s1s2), which are tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2006), were present. species are ranked by the onhi according to level of imperilment at the global [g] and state [s] level on a scale of 55 hoagland & buthod pecies that is imperiled and 5 a species that is secure [groves et al. 1995]). four vegetation associations/land cover types occurred at the study area. each is described below with a brief list of associated species. 1. schizachyrium scoparium bouteloua curtipendula herbaceous association occurred on shallow sandstone derived soils and was the predominant grassland vegetation at the site. associated species included argythamnia mercurialiana, baptisia australis, bouteloua hirsuta, dalea aurea, d. enneandra, d. multiflora, d. purpurea, euphorbia corollata, hedeoma drummondii, ipomoea leptophylla, krameria lanceolata, lesquerella ovalifolia, linum rigidum, paronychia jamesii, penstemon cobaea, polygala alba, stillingia sylvatica, and tradescantia occidentalis. 2. quercus muehlenbergii juniperus virginiana forest association is a vegetation type not described in hoagland (2000), but was the predominant forest vegetation at camp kickapoo. two subtypes most likely exist, although further analysis is necessary. the first occupies drier habitats and is characterized by associated species such as carex albicans, cornus drummondii, opuntia macrorhiza, q. marilandica, rhus aromatica, ruellia humilis, sideroxylon lanuginosum, symphoricarpos orbiculatus, tridens flavus, and viburnum rufidulum. the moist or mesic subtypes occurred along streams and deep gullies. associated species include arisaema dracontium, bromus pubescens, chasmanthium latifolium, desmodium glutinosum, elephantopus tomentosus, juglans nigra, phryma leptostachya, polygonatum biflorum, q. macrocarpa, sanicula canadensis, sapindus drummondii, and verbesina alternifolia. 3. wetland and aquatic vegetation was of restricted to a small human-made pond and swales on the canadian river floodplain. associated species included amorpha fruticosa, cephalanthus occidentalis, echinochloa crus-galli, polygonum lapathifolium, symphyotrichum subulatum, and typha domingensis 4. disturbed areas and old-field vegetation included roadsides and areas exhibiting signs of physical disruption. associated species included capsella bursa-pastoris, chamaesyce maculata, c. missurica, erodium cicutarium, geranium carolinianum, lamium amplexicaule, mollugo verticillata, oenothera biennis, o. laciniata, oxalis stricta, phytolacca americana, portulaca pilosa, sherardia arvensis, solanum dimidiatum, s. elaeagnifolium, sorghum halepense and viola bicolor. references barkley, t. m., (ed.) 1986. flora of the great plains. lawrence (ks): university press of kansas. 1,392 p. branson, c. c. and k. s. johnson. 1979. generalized geologic map of oklahoma. in: johnson k. s., c. c. branson, n. m. curtis, w. e. ham, w. e. harrison, m. v. marcher, and j. f. roberts, editors. geology and earth resources of oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey, norman. p 4. curtis, n. m. and w. e. ham. 1979. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: johnson k. s., c. c. branson, n. m. curtis, w. e. ham, w. e. harrison, m. v. marcher, and j. f. roberts, editors. geology and earth resources of oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey, norman. p 5. diggs g. m., b. l. lipscomb, and r. j. o’kennon. 1999. shinners and mahler’s illustrated flora of north oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 hoagland & buthod central texas. botanical research institute of texas and austin college, fort worth. 1626 p. duck, l. g. and j. b. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. a survey of the game and furbearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma department of wildlife conservation, oklahoma city. groves c. r., m. l. klein, and t. f. breden. 1995. natural heritage programs: public-private partnerships for biodiversity conservation. wildlife society bulletin 23:784-790. hoagland, b. w. 2000. the vegetation of oklahoma: a classification of landscape mapping and conservation planning. southwest naturalist 45:385-420. hoagland, b. w. and a. k. buthod. 2003. vascular flora of the keystone wildlife management area, creek, pawnee, and osage counties, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 3:23-37. hoagland, b. w. and a. k. buthod. 2004. vascular flora of hugo lake wildlife management area, choctaw county, oklahoma. southeastern naturalist 30: 701-714. hoagland, b. w. and f. l. johnson. 2001. vascular flora of the chickasaw national recreation area, murray county, oklahoma. castanea 66:383400. hoagland b. w. and f. l. johnson. 2004a. vascular flora of chouteau wildlife management area, wagoner county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 4:30-39. hoagland, b. w. and f. l. johnson. 2004b. vascular flora of red slough and grassy slough wildlife management areas, gulf coastal plain, mccurtain county, oklahoma. castanea 69:284296. hoagland, b. w and k. wallick. 2003. vascular flora of oologah wildlife management area, nowata county, oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 83:4762. hoagland, b. w., a. k. buthod and w. elisens. 2004a. vascular flora of washita battlefield national historic site, roger mills county, oklahoma. sida 21:1187-1197. hoagland, b. w., p. crawford-callahan, p. crawford, and f. l. johnson. 2004b. vascular flora of hackberry flat, fredrick lake, and suttle creek, tillman county, oklahoma. sida 21 429-445. hoagland, b., a. k. buthod, i. butler, p. callahan-crawford, w. elisens, a. udasi, and r. tyrl. 2006. oklahoma vascular plants database. [online]. available: http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu. (accessed on 1 march 2005). hunt, c. b. 1974. natural regions of the united states and canada. w. h. freeman, san francisco. 725 p. oklahoma climatological survey. 2005. oklahoma climatological data [online]. (accessed on 1 march 2005). available from http://www.ocs.ou.edu/. oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2006. onhi working list of rare oklahoma plants [online]. (accessed on 1 march 2005). available from http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/publica t.html. palmer, m. w., g. l. wade, and p. neal. 1995. standards for the writing of floras. bioscience 45:339-345. 57 hoagland & buthod taylor, c. s. 1961. ecology and taxonomy of water canyon, canadian county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. taylor, r. j. and c. s. taylor. 1991. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms, and flowering plants of oklahoma. southeastern oklahoma state university, durant. 133 p. trewartha, g. t. 1968. an introduction to climate. mcgraw-hill, new york. 399 p. usda-nrcs. 2005. the plants database [online]. (accessed on 1 march 2005). available from http://plants.usda.gov/plants. national plant data center, baton rouge, la. waterfall, u. t. 1969. keys to the flora of oklahoma, 4th ed. published by the author, stillwater. 246 p. table summary of floristic collections from a study site in canadian county, oklahoma.* taxonomic group species native spp. introduced spp. pteridophyta 3 3 0 coniferophyta 2 1 1 magnoliophyta 329 289 40 magnoliopsida 250 222 28 liliopsida 79 67 12 total 334 293 41 * table format follows palmer et al. (1995). oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 hoagland & buthod figure location of the canadian county study area. oklahoma native plant record 59 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 hoagland & buthod appendix annotated species list. the first entry is habitat (qmjv-m = quercus muehlenbergii juniperus virginiana forest association, mesic subtype; qmjv-x = q. muehlenbergii j. virginiana forest association, xeric subtype; ssbc = schizachyrium scoparium bouteloua curtipendula herbaceous association, wetl = wetland and aquatic vegetation, daof = disturbed areas and old-field vegetation), followed by life history (a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial), and collection number. exotic species are denoted with an asterisk. voucher specimens were deposited at the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma (okl). pteridophyta dryopteridaceae woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr.(bluntlobe cliff fern) qmsjv-m; p; h; ab-6788 ophioglossaceae botrychium virginianum (l.) sw. (rattlesnake fern) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6766 pteridaceae pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link (purple cliffbreak) qmjv-x; p; h; ab-6261 coniferophyta cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. (eastern redcedar) qmjv-x; p; t; ab-6206 thuja occidentalis l.* (arborvitae) daof; p; t; ab-6630 magnoliophyta magnoliopsdia acanthaceae ruellia humilis nutt. (wild petunia)qmjv-x, ssbc; p; h; ab-6559 aceraceae acer negundo l. (boxelder) qmjv-m, wetl; p; t; ab-6209 amaranthaceae amaranthus palmeri s. wats. (carlessweed) daof; a; h; ab-6608 iresine rhizomatosa standl. (juda’s bush) qsjvm; p; h; ab-6584 anacardiaceae rhus aromatica ait. (fragrant sumac)qmjvx; p; s; ab-6887 r. glabra l. (smooth sumac) daof, qmjvx; p; s; ab-6204 toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze (poison ivy) qmjv-m; p; s; ab-6252 apiaceae chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. (hairyfruit chervil) daof; a; h; ab-6922 sanicula canadensis l. (blacksnakeroot) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6198 spermolepis echinata (nutt. ex dc.) heller (bristly scaleseed) ssbc; a; h; ab-6861 torilis arvensis (huds.) link* (spreading hedgeparsley) daof; a; h; ab-7148 apocynaceae apocynum cannabinum l. (indianhemp) ssbc; p; h; ab-6791 asclepiadaceae asclepias amplexicaulis sm. (clasping milkweed) wetl; p; h; ab-6806 a. stenophylla gray (slimleaf milkweed) ssbc; p; h; ab-6555 a. viridiflora raf. (green comet milkweed) ssbc; p; h; ab-7149 a. viridis walt. (green antelopehorn) daof, ssbc; p; h; ab-6821 asteraceae achillea millefolium l. (common yarrow) daof, ssbc; p; h; ab-6775 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 hoagland & buthod ambrosia psilostachya dc. (plains ragweed) daof, ssbc; p; h; ab-6551 a. trifida l. (giant ragweed) daof; a; h; ab-6233 amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. (prairie broomweed) daof; a; h; ab-6254 aphanostephus skirrhobasis (dc.) trel. (arkansas dozedaisy) ssbc; a; h; ab6800 artemisia ludoviciana nutt. (white sagebrush) ssbc; p; h; ab-6631 baccharis salicina torr. & gray (false willow) wetl; p; s; ab-6548 bidens bipinniata l. (spanish needles) daof, qmjv-m; a; h; ab-6585 carduus nutans l.* (nodding thistle) daof; b; h; ab-6801 chrysopsis pilosa nutt. (goldenaster) ssbc; a; h; ab-6889 cirsium altissimum (l.) hill (tall thistle) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6599 c. undulatum (nutt.) spreng. (wavyleaf thistle) ssbc; p; h; ab-7166 conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. (canadian horseweed) daof; a; h; ab-6894 c. ramosissima cronq. (dwarf horseweed) daof; a; h; ab-6244 echinacea angustifolia dc. (blacksamson) ssbc; p; h; ab-6811 elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. (carolina elephantsfoot) qmjv-m; p; h; ab6629 engelmannia peristenia (raf.) goodman & lawson (engelmann’s daisy) ssbc; p; h; ab-6787 erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. (prairie fleabane) qmjv-m; a; h; ab-6552 eupatorium serotinum michx. (thoughtwort)qmjv-m, wetl; p; h; ab-6632 evax prolifera nutt. ex dc. (bighead pygmycudweed) daof; a; h; ab-6860 e. verna raf. (spring pygmycudweed) daof; a; h; ab-6938 gaillardia aestivalis (walt.) h. rock (lanceleaf blanketflower) ssbc; p; h; ab-6633 g. suavis (gray & engelm.) britt. & rusby (perfumeballs) daof, ssbc; p; h; ab6218 gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera (purple everlasting) daof: p; h; ab-6769 grindelia papposa nesom & sun (spanish gold) ssbc; a; h; ab-6553 gutierrezia sarothrae (pursh) britt. & rusby (broom snakeweed) daof, ssbc; p; h; ab-6588 helianthus annuus l. (common sunflower) daof; a; h; ab-6219 h. petiolaris nutt. (prairie sunflower) ssbc; a; h; ab-6590 heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britt. & rusby (camphorweed) ssbc; a; h; ab-6616 hieracium longipilum torr. (hairy hawkweed) qmjv-x; p; h; ab-6872 hymenopappus tenuifolius pursh (chalk hill hymenopappus) ssbc; p; h; ab-6592 iva annua l. (annual marshelder) wetl; a; h; ab-6202 lactuca canadensis l. (canada lettuce) daof; a; h; ab-6900 liatris mucronata dc. (cusp blazing star) ssbc; p; h; ab-6596 l. squarrosa (l.) michx. (scaly blazing star) ssbc; p; h; ab-6595 machaeranthera pinnatifida (hook.) shinners (lacy tansyaster) ssbc; p; h; ab-6278 oligoneuron rigidum (l.) small var. rigidum (stiff goldenrod) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6598 palafoxia rosea (bush) cory (rosy palafox) ssbc; a; h; ab-6549 pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. (tuberous desert-chicory) daof; p h; ab-6919 ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. (upright prairie coneflower) ssbc; p; h; ab-6269 rudbeckia hirta l. (blackeyed susan) ssbc; p; h; ab-6257 61 hoagland & buthod silphium laciniatum l. (compassplant) ssbc; p; h; ab-6223 solidago missouriensis nutt. (missouri goldenrod) ssbc; p; h; ab-6550 sonchus asper (l.) hill* (spiny sowthistle) daof; a; h; ab-6852 symphyotrichum drummondii (lindl.) nesom var. drummondii (drummond’s aster) qmjvm; p; h; ab-6597 s. subulatum (michx.) nesom (annual saltmarsh aster) wetl; a; h; ab-6273 taraxacum officinale g. h. weber ex wiggers* (common dandelion) daof; p; h; ab7155 thelesperma filifolium (hook.) gray var. filifolium (stiff greenthread) ssbc; p; h; ab-6617 tragopogon dubius scop.* (yellow salsify) daof; a; h; ab-6907 verbesina alternifolia (l.) britt. ex kearney (wingstem) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6601 v. encelioides (cav.) benth. & hook. f. ex gray (golden crownbeard) daof, ssbc; p; h; ab-6222 v. virginica l. (white crownbeard) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6255 vernonia baldwinii torr. (baldwin’s ironweed) ssbc; p; h; ab-6600 xanthium strumarium l. (rough cocklebur) daof, wetl; a; h; ab-6225 bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau (trumpet creeper) daof; p; v; ab-7152 catalpa bignonioides walt. (southern catalpa) daof; p; t; ab-6790 c. speciosa (warder) warder ex engelm. (northern catalpa) daof; p; t; ab6611 boraginaceae hackelia virginiana (l.) i. m. johnston (beggarslice) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6201 lithospermum caroliniense (walt. ex j. f. gmel.) macm. (carolina puccoon) ssbc; p; h; ab-6916 l. incisum lehm. (narrowleaf stoneseed) daof, ssbc; p; h; ab-7168 myosotis macrosperma engelm. (largeseed forgetme-not) qmjv-m; a; h; ab-6842 brassicaceae brassica rapa l.* (field mustard) daof; a; h; ab-6816a camelina microcarpa dc.* (littlepod false flax) daof; a; h; ab-6823 capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik.* (shepherd’s purse) daof; a; h; ab-6924 descurainia pinnata (walt.) britt. (western tansymustard) daof; a; h; ab-6942 draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & gray (shortpod draba) daof; a; h; ab-6943 lepidium virginicum l. (virginia pepperweed) daof; a; h; ab-6935 lesquerella ovalifolia rydb. ex britt. subsp. alba (goodman) rollins & shaw (roundleaf bladderpod) ssbc; p; h; ab-6840 cactaceae escobaria missouriense (sweet) d. r. hunt (spinystar) ssbc; p; h; ab-6960 opuntia macrorhiza engelm. (twistspine pricklypear) – qmjv-x, ssbc; p; s; ab6954 campanulaceae triodanis biflora (ruiz & pavón) greene (clasping venus’ looking-glass) daof, ssbc; a; h; ab-6940 caprifoliaceae symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench (coralberry) qmjv-x; p; s; ab-6236 viburnum rufidulum raf. (rusty blackhaw) qmjv-x; p; s; ab-6226 caryophyllaceae arenaria serpyllifolia l.* (thymeleaf sandwort) daof; a; h; ab-6911 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 62 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 cerastium pumilum w. curtis* (european chickweed) daof; a; h; ab-6948 paronychia jamesii torr. & gray (james’ nailwort) ssbc; p; h; ab-6567 stellaria media (l.) vill.* (common chickweed) daof, qmjv-m;a; h; ab-6918 celastraceae celastrus scandens l. (american bittersweet) qmjv-m; p; s; ab-6634 chenopodiaceae chenopodium murale l.* (nettleleaf goosefoot) daof; a; h; ab-6565 c. pratericola rydb. (desert goosefoot) daof; a; h; ab-6606 c. simplex (torr. ) raf. (mapleleaf goosefoot) daof; a; h; ab-6566 convolvulaceae ipomoea leptophylla torr. (bush morning-glory) ssbc; p; h; ab-6893 cornaceae cornus drummondii c. a. mey. (roughleaf dogwood) daof, qmjv-x; p; t; ab6871 cucurbitaceae cucurbita foetidissima kunth (missouri gourd) daof; p; h; ab-6883 melothria pendula l. (guadeloupe cucumber) daof; p; h; ab-6253 elaeagnaceae elaeagnus angustifolia l.* (russian olive) daof; p; t; ab-6558 euphorbiaceae acalphya virginica l. (virginia threeseed mercury) daof; a; h; ab-6876 argythamnia mercurialiana (nutt.) muell.-arg. var. mercurilaiana (tall silverbush) ssbc; p; h; ab-6815 chamaesyce glyptosperma (englem.) small (ribseed sandmat) ssbc; a; h; ab-6618 c. maculata (l.) small (spotted sandmat) daof; a; h; ab-6576 c. missurica (raf.) shinners (prairie sandmat) daof; a; h; ab-6897 c. nutans (lag.) small (eyebane) daof; a; h; ab-6247 croton glandulosus l. (vente conmigo) ssbc; a; h; ab-6258 c. lindheimerianus scheele (threeseed croton) ssbc; a; h; ab-6615 c. monanthogynus michx. (prairie tea) daof, ssbc; a; h; ab-6614 c. texensis (klotzsch) muell.-arg. (texas croton) ssbc; a; h; ab-6593 euphorbia corollata l. (flowering spurge) ssbc; p; h; ab-6260 e. cyathophora murr. (fire-on-the-mountain) daof; a; h; ab-6604 e. dentata michx. (toothed spurge) daof; a; h; ab-6241 e. hexagona nutt. ex spreng. (sixangle spurge) daof; a; h; ab-6249 e. marginata pursh (snow-on-the-mountain) daof; a; h; ab-6216 e. spathulata lam. (warty spurge) daof; a; h; ab-6844 stillingia sylvatica garden ex l. (queen’s delight) ssbc; p; h; ab-6767 fabaceae amorpha canescens pursh (leadplant) wetl; p; s; ab-6772 a. fruticosa l. (desert false indigo) ssbc; p; s; ab-6272 amphicarpaea bracteata (l.) fern. (american hogpeanut) qmjv-x; a; h; ab-7158 astragalus lotiflorus hook. (lotus milkvetch) qmjv-x; p; h; ab-6945 baptisia australis (l.) r. br. ex ait. f. (blue wild indigo) ssbc; p; h; ab-6773 cercis canadensis l. (eastern redbud) qmjvm, qmjv-x; p; t; ab-6279 dalea aurea nutt. ex pursh (golden prairie clover) ssbc; p; h; ab-6268 d. enneandra nutt. (nineanther prairie clover) ssbc; p; h; ab-6229 hoagland & buthod oklahoma native plant record 63 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 hoagland & buthod d. multiflora (nutt.) shinners (roundhead prairie clover) ssbc; p; h; ab-6577 d. purpurea vent. (purple prairie clover) ssbc; p; h; ab-6881 desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macm. ex b. l. robins. & fern. (prairie bundleflower) daof, wetl; p; h; ab-6230 desmodium canescens (l.) dc. (hoary ticktrefoil) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6568 d. glutinosum (muhl.) ex willd. wood (pointedleaf ticktrefoil) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-7164 d. nudiflorum (l.) dc. (nakedflower ticktrefoil) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6896 d. sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & gray (sessileleaf ticktrefoil) ssbc; p; h; ab-6571 gleditsia triacanthos l. (honeylocust) daof; p; t; ab-7159 gymnocladus dioicus (l.) k. koch (kentucky coffeetree) qmjv-m; p; t; ab-7159 indigofera miniata ortega (coastal indigo) ssbc; p; h; ab-6853 kummerowia stipulacea (maxim.) makino* (korean clover) daof; a; h; ab-3232 lespedeza cuneata (dum.-cours.) g. don* (chinese lespedeza) daof; p; h; ab6265 l. stuevei nutt. (tall lespedeza) qmjv-x; p; h; ab-6562 medicago minima (l.) l.* (burr medick) daof; a; h; ab-6846 melilotus officinalis (l.) lam.* (yellow sweetclover) daof; a; h; ab-6792 mimosa nuttallii (dc.) b. l. turner (nuttall’s sensitive-briar) ssbc; p; h; ab-6774 neptunia lutea (leavenw.) benth. (yellow puff) ssbc; p; h; ab-6959 oxytropis lambertii pursh (purple locoweed) ssbc; p; h; ab-6822 pisum sativum l.* (garden pea) daof; a; h; ab-6816 psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. (slimflower scurfpea) ssbc; p; h; ab6828 robinia pseudoacacia l.* (black locust) daof, qmjv-x; p; t; ab-6899 strophostyles helvula (l.) ell. (trailing fuzzybean) daof; p; h; ab-6573 vicia villosa roth* (winter vetch) daof; a; h; ab-6817 fagaceae quercus macrocarpa michx. (bur oak) qmjvm; p; t; ab-6275 q. marilandica muenchh. (blackjack oak) qmjv-x; p; t; ab-6771 q. muehlenbergii engelm. (chinkapin oak) qmjv-m, qmjv-x; p; t; ab-6207 geraniaceae erodium cicutarium (l.) l’hér. ex ait.* (redstem stork’s beak) daof; a; h; ab-6913 geranium carolinianum l. (carolina geranium) daof; a; h; ab-6786 g. pusillum l.* (small geranium) daof; a; h; ab-6850 juglandaceae juglans nigra l. (black walnut) qmjv-m; p; t; ab-7147 krameriaceae krameria lanceolata torr. (trailing krameria) ssbc; p; h; ab-6803 lamiaceae hedeoma drummondii benth. (drummond’s false pennyroyal) ssbc; p; h; ab-6610 h. hispida pursh (rough false pennyroyal) ssbc; a; h; ab-6858 lamium amplexicaule l.* (henbit) daof; a; h; ab-6926 salvia azurea michx. ex lam. (azure blue sage) ssbc; p; h; ab-6271 s. lyrata l. (lyreleaf sage) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6886 64 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 teucrium canadense l. (canada germander) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6215 linaceae linum rigidum pursh (stiffstem flax) ssbc; a; h; ab-6845 loasaceae mentzelia oligosperma nutt. ex sims (chickenthief) ssbc; p; h; ab-6221 malvaceae callirhoe involucrata (torr. & gray) gray (purple poppymallow) daof; p; h; ab-6799 menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. (carolina coralbead) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6199 menispermum canadense l. (common moonseed) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6797 molluginaceae mollugo verticillata l. (carpetweed) daof; a; h; ab-6888 moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) schneid. (osage orange) daof, qmjv-x; p; t; ab-6195 morus rubra l. (red mulberry) qmjv-m; p; t; ab-6620 nyctaginaceae mirabilis albida (walt.) heimerl (white four o’clock) ssbc; p; h; ab-6578 m. nyctaginea (michx.) macm. (heartleaf four o’clock) daof; p; h; ab-6833 oleaceae fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. (green ash) qmjv-m; p; t; ab-6560 onagraceae calylophus berlandieri spach (berlandier’s sundrops) ssbc; p; h; ab-6825 gaura sinuata nutt. ex ser. (wavyleaf beeblossom) ssbc; p; h; ab-6827 oenothera biennis l. (common eveningprimrose) daof; p; h; ab-6213 o. laciniata hill (cutleaf evening-primrose) daof; p; h; ab-6785 o. macrocarpa nutt. (bigfruit evening-primrose) ssbc; p; h; ab-6781 o. speciosa nutt. (pinkladies) ssbc; p; h; ab-6851 stenosiphon linifolius (nutt. ex james) heynh. (false gaura) ssbc; p; h; ab-6234 oxalidaceae oxalis stricta l. (common yellow oxalis) daof, ssbc; p; h; ab-6923 papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g. b. ownbey (crested pricklypoppy) ssbc; a; h; ab6793 passifloraceae passiflora lutea l. (yellow passionflower) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6264 phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. (american pokeweed) daof; p; h; ab plantaginaceae plantago heterophylla nutt. (slender plantain) ssbc; a; h; ab-6937 p. patagonica jacq. (wooly plantain) ssbc; a; h; ab-6859 p. rhodosperma dcne. (redseed plantain) ssbc; a; h; ab-6837 polygalaceae polygala alba nutt. (white milkwort) ssbc; p; h; ab-6224 polygonaceae eriogonum annuum nutt. (annual buckwheat) ssbc; a; h; ab-6256 e. longifolium nutt. (longleaf buckwheat) ssbc; p; h; ab-6262 polygonum aviculare l. (prostrate knotweed) daof; a; h; ab-6609 p. lapathifolium l. (curlytop knotweed) wetl; a; h; ab-6895 hoagland & buthod oklahoma native plant record 65 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 hoagland & buthod p. punctatum ell. (dotted smartweed) wetl; a; h; ab-6563 p. scandens l. (climbing false buckwheat) – qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6605 p. virginianum l. (jumpseed) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6214 rumex crispus l.* (curly dock) daof, wetl; p; h; ab-6780 portulacaceae portulaca pilosa l. (kiss me quick) daof; a; h; ab-6304 ranunculaceae clematis pitcheri torr. & gray (bluebill) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6819 delphinium carolinianum walt. subsp. virescens (nutt.) brooks (carolina larkspur) ssbc; p; h; ab-6802 rosaceae geum canadense jacq. (white avens) qmjvm; p; h; ab-6809 prunus angustifolia marsh. (chickasaw plum) daof, ssbc; p; s; ab-6277 p. mexicana s. wats. (mexican plum) qmjvx; p; t; ab-6557 rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. (buttonbush) wetl; p; s; ab-6228 galium aparine l. (stickywilly) qmjv-m; a; h; ab-6765 g. circaezans michx. (licorice bedstraw) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6810 g. virgatum nutt. (southwestern bedstraw) daof; a; h; ab-6856 hedyotis nigricans (lam.) fosberg (diamondflowers) ssbc; p; h; ab-6240 houstonia pusilla schoepf (tiny bluet) daof; a; h; ab-6912 sherardia arvensis l.* (blue fieldmadder) daof; a; h; ab-6843 rutaceae ptelea trifoliata l. (common hoptree) ssbc; p; t; ab-6770 zanthoxylum hirsutum buckl. (texas hercules’ club) qmjv-m; p; t; ab-6820 salicaceae populus deltoides bartr. ex marsh. (eastern cottonwood) wetl; p; t; ab-6200 salix exigua nutt. (sandbar willow) wetl; p; t; ab-6561 s. nigra marsh. (black willow) wetl; p; t; ab-6267 santalaceae comandra umbellata (l.) nutt. subsp. pallida (a. dc.) piehl (pale bastard toadflax) ssbc; p; h; ab-6866 sapindaceae sapindus drummondii hook. & arn. (soapberry) qmjv-m; p; t; ab-6280 sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. (gum bully) qmjv-x; p; t; ab-6890 scrophulariaceae agalinis densiflora (benth.) blake (osage false foxglove) ssbc; a; h; ab-6570 a. heterophylla (nutt.) small ex britt. (prairie false foxglove) ssbc; a; h; ab-6569 castilleja indivisa engelm. (indian paintbrush) ssbc; a; h; ab-6259 nuttallanthus texanus (scheele) d. a. sutton (texas toadflax) daof, ssbc; a; h; ab-684 penstemon cobaea nutt. (cobaea beardtongue) ssbc; p; h; ab-6783 veronica arvensis l.* (corn speedwell) daof; a; h; ab-6941 v. peregrina l. (neckweed) daof; a; h; ab6857 66 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 hoagland & buthod solanaceae physalis cinerascens (dunal) a. s. hitchs. (smallflower groundcherry) daof; p; h; ab-6814 p. heterophylla nees (clammy groundcherry) daof; p; h; ab-6835 p. longifolia nutt. (longleaf groundcherry) daof; p; h; ab-6589 solanum dimidiatum raf. (western horsenettle) daof; a; h; ab-6831 s. elaeagnifolium cav. (silverleaf nightshade) daof; p; h; ab-6197 ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. var. reticulata (torr.) l. benson (netleaf hackberry) qmjv-x, ssbc; p; t; ab-6591 c. laevigata willd. var. texana sarg. (texan sugarberry) qmjv-m; p; t; ab-6838 ulmus americana l. (american elm) qmjvm; p; t; ab-6266 u. parvifolia jacq.* (chinese elm) daof; p; t; ab-7153 u. pumila l.* (siberian elm) daof; p; t; ab-6789 u. rubra muhl. (slippery elm) daof; p; t; ab-6208 valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. (beaked cornsalad) wetl; a; h; ab-6863 verbenaceae phryma leptostachya l. (american lopseed) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6898 phyla nodiflora (l.) greene (turkey tangle fogfruit) – qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6812 verbena bracteata lag. & rodr. (bigbract verbena) daof, ssbc; a; h; ab-6865 v. urtricifolia l. (white vervain) wetl; a; h; ab-6217 violaceae viola bicolor pursh (johnny jump-up) daof; a; h; ab-6915 viscaceae phoradendron tomentosum (dc.) engelm. ex gray (christmas mistletoe) qmjv-m, qmjv-x; p; s; ab-6839 vitaceae ampelopsis cordata michx. (heartleaf peppervine) wetl; p; v; ab-6196 parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. (virginia creeper) qmjv-m; p; v; ab-6276 vitis acerifolia raf. (mapleleaf grape) wetl; p; v; ab-6582 v. aestivalis michx. (summer grape) qmjvm; p; v; ab-6817a v. cinerea (engelm.) millard var. cinerea (graybark grape) qmjv-m; p; v; ab6930 v. vulpina l. (frost grape) qmjv-m; p; v; ab-6818 liliopsida agavaceae yucca glauca nutt. (soapweed) ssbc; p; t; ab-6796 araceae arisaema dracontium (l.) schott (green dragon) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6782 commelinaceae commelina erecta l. var. angustifolia (michx.) fern. (whitemouth dayflower) qmjvm; p; h; ab-6575 tradescantia occidentalis (britt.) smyth (prairie spiderwort) ssbc; p; h; ab-6829 cyperaceae carex albicans willd. ex spreng. (whitetinge sedge) qmjv-x; p; g; ab-6952 c. blanda dewey (eastern woodland sedge) qmjv-m; p; g; ab-6950 c. brevior (dewey) mackenzie (shortbeak sedge) qmjv-m; p; g; ab-6951 c. leavenworthii dewey (leavenworth’s sedge) qmjv-m; p; g; ab-6870 67 hoagland & buthod c. oligocarpa schkuhr ex willd. (richwoods sedge) qsjv-m; p; g; ab-6869 cyperus acuminatus torr. & hook. ex torr. (tapertip flatsedge) daof, ssbc; p; g; ab-6868 c. lupulinus (spreng.) marcks (great plains flagsedge) daof, ssbc; p; g; ab-7165 c. schweinitzii torr. (schweinitz’s flatsedge) ssbc; p; g; ab-6579 fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl (hairy fimbry) ssbc; p; g; ab-6949 iridaceae sisyrinchium angustifolium p. mill. (narrowleaf blue-eyed grass) daof; p; h; ab-6864 juncaceae juncus bufonius l. (toad rush) wetl; a; g; ab-6867 j. tenuis willd. (poverty rush) qmjv-m; p; g; ab-7157 liliaceae allium canadense l. var. fraseri ownbey (fraser meadow garlic) ssbc; p; h; ab-6807 polygonatum biflorum (walt.) ell. (smooth solomon’s seal) qmjv-m; p; h; ab6794 orchidaceae spiranthes lacera (raf.) raf. (northern slender ladies’-tresses) ssbc; p; h; ab-6581 poaceae agrostis hyemalis (walt.) b. s. p. (winter bentgrass) wetl; p; g; ab-6936 andropogon gerardii vitman (big bluestem) ssbc; p; g; ab-6892 aristida longespica poir. var. geniculata (raf.) fern. (slimspike threeawn) daof; a; g; ab-6594 a. oligantha michx. (prairie threeawn) daof, ssbc; a; g; ab-6622 bothriochloa laguroides (dc.) herter (silver beardgrass) daof; p; g; ab-7163 bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. (sideoats grama) ssbc; p; g; ab-6884 b. hirsuta lag. (hairy grama) ssbc; p; g; ab6245 bromus catharticus vahl* (rescuegrass) daof; a; g; ab-6910 b. japonicus thumb. ex murr.* (japanese brome) daof; a; g; ab-6826 b. pubescens muhl. ex willd. (hairy woodland brome) qmjv-m; p; g; ab-6778 b. tectorum l.* (cheatgrass) daof; a; g; ab-6920 cenchrus spinifex cav. (coastal sandbur) daof; a; g; ab-6612 chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates (indian woodoats) qmjv-m; p; g; ab-6235 chloris verticillata nutt. (tumble windmill grass) daof; p; g; ab-6231 cynodon dactylon (l.) pers.* (bermudagrass) daof; p; g; ab-6891 dactylis glomerata l.* (orchardgrass) daof; p; g; ab-6798 dichanthelium aciculare (desv. ex poir.) gould & c. a. clark (needleleaf rosette grass) qmjv-m; p; g; ab-6586 d. malacophyllum (nash) gould (softleaf rosette grass) qmjv-m; p; g; ab-6836 d. oligosanthes (j. a. schultes) gould var. scribnerianum (nash) gould (scribner’s rosette grass) ssbc; p; g; ab-6946 digitaria cognata (j. a. schultes) pilger (carolina crabgrass) daof; wetl; p; g; ab-6626 echinochloa muricata (beauv.) fern.* (rough barnyardgrass) wetl; a; g; ab-6587 elymus canadensis l. (canada wildrye) qmjvm; p; g; ab-7162 eragrostis curtipedicellata buckl. (gummy lovegrass) ssbc; p; g; ab-6879 e. intermedia a. s. hitchc. (plains lovegrass) ssbc; p; g; ab-6944 e. secundiflora j. presl. subsp. oxylepis (torr.) s. d. koch (red lovegrass) daof; p; g; ab-6613 e. sessilispica buck. (tumble lovegrass) ssbc; p; g; ab-6878 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 hoagland & buthod e. spectabilis (pursh) steud. (purple lovegrass) ssbc; p; g; ab-6904 e. trichodes (nutt.) wood (sand lovegrass) ssbc; p; g; ab-6602 hordeum pusillum nutt. (little barley) daof; a; g; ab-6779 leersia virginica willd. (whitegrass) qmjv-m; p; g; ab-6628 lolium perenne l.* (perennial ryegrass) daof; p; g; ab-6824 muhlenbergia bushii pohl (nodding muhly) qmjv-m; p; g; ab-6624 m. sylvatica torr. ex gray (woodland muhly) qmjv-m; p; g; ab-6603 panicum anceps michx. (beaked panicgrass) qmjv-m; p; g; ab-6227 p. capillare l. (witchgrass) daof; a; g; ab6903 p. virgatum l. (switchgrass) daof, wetl; p; g; ab-6270 paspalum dilatatum poir.* (dallisgrass) ssbc; p; g; ab-7150 p. setaceum michx. (thin paspalum) wetl; p; g; ab-6621 phalaris caroliniana walt. (carolina canarygrass) wetl; a; g; ab-6925 phragmites australis (cav.) trin. ex steud.* (common reed) wetl; p; g; ab-7160 poa annua l.* (annual bluegrass) daof; a; g; ab-6928 p. arachnifera torr. (texas bluegrass) ssbc; p; g; ab-6909 p. chapmaniana scribn. (chapman’s bluegrass) ssbc; a; g; ab-6808 saccharum giganteum (walt.) pers. (sugarcane plumegrass) wetl; p; g; ab-6953 schedonnardus paniculatus (nutt.) trel. (tumblegrass) daof, ssbc; p; g; ab6882 schedonorus phoenix (scop.) holub.* (tall fescue) daof; p; g; ab-6813 schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash (little bluestem) qmjv-x, ssbc; p; g; ab6251 setaria pumila (poir.) roemer & j.a. schultes (yellow foxtail) daof; a; g; ab-6583) s. viridis (l.) beauv.* (green bristlegrass) daof; a; g; ab-6873 sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash (indiangrass) ssbc; p; g; ab-6248 sorghum halepense (l.) pers.* (johnsongrass) daof; p; g; ab-7151 spartina pectinata bosc ex link (prairie cordgrass) wetl; p; g; ab-6203 sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) gray (sand dropseed) daof, ssbc; p; g; ab-6627 s. vaginiflorus (torr. ex gray) wood var. ozarkanus (fern.) shinners (ozark dropseed) ssbc; p; g; ab-6625 tridens flavus (l.) a. s. hitchc. (purpletop tridens) daof, qmjv-x; p; g; ab6242 vulpia elliotea (raf.) fern. (squirreltail fescue) daof; a; g; ab-6935a smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. (saw greenbriar) qmjvm, qmjv-x; p; h; ab-6211 s. rotundifolia l. (roundleaf greenbriar) qmjv-m, qmjv-x; p; h; ab-7154 s. tamnoides l. (bristly greenbriar) qmjv-m; p; h; ab-6556 typhaceae typha domingensis pers. (southern cattail) wetl; p; h; ab-6875 journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 5, number 1, december 2005 oklahoma native plant record 73 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100040 additions to the flora of garvin county, oklahoma: including a complete vascular plant checklist priscilla h. c. crawford and phillip t. crawford oklahoma biological survey, university of oklahoma, norman, ok 73019 a species list created from the oklahoma vascular plants database (ovpd) indicated that garvin county, oklahoma had been neglected by botanists. our objective was to collect all vascular plant species encountered during three growing seasons to increase our botanical knowledge of the county. a total of 387 species were collected; 174 of these species had not been previously recorded for garvin county in the ovpd. as a result, 14 families and 62 genera were added to the known flora of garvin county. the majority of the species collected during this survey are assigned to five families of flowering plants: poaceae (70 species), asteraceae (63), fabaceae (39), cyperaceae (17), and euphorbiaceae (16). forty eight species (representing 13% of the taxa collected during this study) were not native to the united states; the families poaceae and fabaceae (with 18 and 10 species, respectively) exhibited the greatest number of introduced species collected in this survey. five taxa on the oklahoma natural heritage inventory working list of rare oklahoma plants were encountered. this collection effort increased the total number of vascular plant species recorded in the oklahoma vascular plants database for garvin county to 628 species. introduction during the last few decades there has been a decline in the number of plant specimens deposited in herbaria across the u.s. (prather et al. 2004). this trend in plant collecting has been evident in oklahoma as well (hoagland et al. 2004). certain areas, such as black mesa, wichita mountains, arbuckle mountains, leflore and mccurtain counties, and the counties housing universities are well represented in the floristic collections of the state. inconveniently located and less glamorous regions of oklahoma have been ignored by the majority of botanists depositing plants in the state‟s herbaria, creating gaps in the known geographic distribution of taxa within the state. the objective of our research was to fill an apparent gap in floristic data for southcentral oklahoma. g. w. stevens made the first collections in garvin county in 1913, and episodes of plant collecting in garvin county have occurred in each decade since the 1960s (figure 1). however, no single effort was made to collect all of the species found in a variety of habitats in garvin county. prior to our collection effort only 456 species were documented in the oklahoma vascular plants database (ovpd) for garvin county, oklahoma, compared to over 900 species recorded for neighboring mcclain county (hoagland et al. 2004). we believed that the relatively short ovpd species list for garvin county was most likely due to a deficiency of plant collecting, rather than a lack of floristic diversity in the county. study area the study area consisted of a privately owned farm and cattle ranch which covers 906.5 hectares (2240 acres) in the western portion of garvin county, approximately 14.5 km (9 mi) south of lindsay, oklahoma (fig. 2). latitudinal extent ranges from 34.72°n to oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 74 34.68°n and longitudinal extent from 97.56°w to 97.52°w. the elevation ranges from 295-365 m (975-1195 ft). rush creek, which was straightened in this area in the early 1900s, transects the northernmost portion of the study site, which has been continuously managed for livestock and crop production since 1904. the study site is in the prairie parkland province of the central great plains (bailey 1995), although approximately 150 hectares (371 acres) has been cleared for cropland or “improved” pasture. physiographically, the study site is located in the central redbed plains. the soils that dominate the site are loamy alluvium in the floodplain, loamy in the bottomland forest, and loamy clay soils in the upland (kichler et al. 1982). the parent material is of permian age and is dominated by shallow-marine, deltaic, and alluvial deposits of red sandstone and shale (johnson et al. 1972). the study area is located within the subtropical humid (cf) climatic zone (trewartha 1968). mean annual precipitation is 93.5 cm (36.8 in) with may, june, september, and october being the wettest months (21.6, 10.7, 10.2, and 9.7 cm respectively). the mean annual temperature is 15.8°c (60.4°f); july and august are the hottest months, with average temperatures above 26.7°c (80°f). temperatures exceed 32°c (90° f) approximately 70 days each year (oklahoma climatological survey 2005). methods we conducted our survey during the growing seasons of 2001, 2003, and 2004. although collections were made throughout the study site, areas for collection focus were selected with field reconnaissance and we returned to those specific areas at regular intervals during the growing season. a few collections were also made randomly throughout the county. the habitat type in which each plant was found was recorded, as was its relative abundance within the study site [see palmer et al. (1995) for a detailed description of the abundance scale]. specimens were identified using the following manuals: waterfall (1969), great plains flora association (1986), diggs et al. (1999), and tyrl et al. (2002). specimens from the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma (okl) were consulted to confirm the identification of some collections. nomenclature follows the national plants database (usda, nrcs 2004). voucher specimens for all species and, in certain cases, subspecific specimens were collected and deposited in the robert bebb herbarium. species were identified as native (originating in north america), introduced (originating outside of north america), or cultivated (species generally found only in cultivation; usda, nrcs 2004). all non-native and agricultural species were collected from populations that had naturalized or were escaped from cultivation. rarity status was determined using the oklahoma natural heritage inventory‟s list of rare plants of oklahoma (oklahoma natural heritage inventory 2003). we compared our species list with the plant collection records for garvin county found in the ovpd (hoagland et al. 2004). results and discussion we collected 471 specimens representing 387 species of vascular plants; 174 of these species were not previously recorded in the ovpd for garvin county (appendix i). as a result, 14 families and 62 genera were added to the known flora of garvin county. the greatest number of species collected during this study are assigned to the poaceae (70 species), asteraceae (63), fabaceae (39), cyperaceae (17), and euphorbiaceae (16); these five families represented over 53% of the taxa collected at the study site. the remaining 83 families were each represented by 10 or fewer species. we combined our data with the floristic data found in the ovpd to produce a species list for garvin county. there have been 628 species collected in garvin county crawford & crawford oklahoma native plant record 75 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford since 1913 (table 1). the asteraceae (98), poaceae (89), and fabaceae (63) are the three families with the largest number of species collected. these three families represent 40% of the species known to occur in the county. we encountered no federally listed threatened or endangered species. however, we found several species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory: eriogonum alatum (g5 s2s3); muhlenbergia bushii (g5 s1s2); quercus sinuata var. breviloba (g5gt s?); quercus stellata (g5 s?); and rhynchospora nivea (g4 s2). species are ranked according to their imperilment at both the global (g) and state (s) levels; on the 5-1 scale, 5 indicates a species is secure and 1 indicates it is imperiled (oklahoma natural heritage inventory 2003). because older botanical work generally ignores introduced or “weedy” plants, we expected our collection to have a significantly higher proportion of these species than those of previous collectors. prior to our study, only 46 species of introduced plants were represented in the ovpd for garvin county, comprising 10% of the taxa known to occur there. our collection included 48 introduced species (including 26 species not previously recorded in the ovpd for garvin county), representing 13% of the taxa collected during this study. poaceae (18) and fabaceae (10) were the families with the greatest number of introduced species. we defined eight general habitat types found within the study area. habitat type was recorded for each species (appendix i). a brief description of each habitat type follows. bottomland forest (bf) bottomland forest occurred in the floodplain of rush creek and along its principal tributaries. hardwood trees such as carya illinoinensis, celtis laevigata, fraxinus pennsylvanica, quercus macrocarpa, q. muehlenbergii, q. velutina, and ulmus americana dominated the canopy. the shrub layer consisted of many woody vines, including passiflora spp., parthenocissus quinquefolia, smilax spp. and vitis spp. viola affinis, chasmanthium latifolium, and elymus canadensis were often found in the herbaceous layer of the bottomland forest. upland forest (uf) upland forests differed from the bottomland forest by having a more open canopy and inhabiting coarser soils with less available moisture. tree species dominating this forest were: gleditsia triacanthos, quercus marilandica, q. stellata, and sideroxylon lanuginosum. common small trees and shrubs were: cercis canadensis, cocculus carolinus, maclura pomifera, morus rubra, prunus mexicana, sapindus saponaria var. drummondii, symphoricarpos orbiculatus, and viburnum rufidulum. native pasture (np) native pasture occurred in upland areas that were originally open grasslands or areas of cross timbers that had been cleared of much of the woody vegetation. native grasses dominated this habitat type: andropogon gerardii, bouteloua spp., eragrostis spp., schizachyrium scoparium, and sorghastrum nutans. common forb species of the native pasture were ambrosia psilostachya, amphiachyris dracunculoides, desmanthus illinoensis, and tetraneuris linearifolia. some native prairie plants found were asclepias tuberosa, dalea enneandra, gaillardia aestivalis, liatris squarrosa, ratibida columnifera, and sabatia campestris. small patches of the woody shrubs prunus gracilis and rhus glabra could be found within the native pasture, as well as two species of cacti (escobaria missouriensis and opuntia macrorhiza). outcroppings of native sandstone hosting a different suite of species occurred within this habitat; many of these species (including ceanothus americanus, eriogonum alatum, euphorbia longicruris, oenothera macrocarpa ssp. oklahomensis, and pellaea atropurpurea) were only observed in association with these rock outcrops (ro). cultivated pasture (cp) cultivated pasture was typically found in areas previously inhabited by bottomland forest. these areas were cleared of woody oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 76 vegetation and planted in row crops in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and were planted with a monoculture of cynodon dactylon (bermuda grass) in the mid-1900s. many “weedy” and introduced plants could be found within this habitat type. other grasses encountered included bromus spp., cenchrus spinifex, and setaria viridis. typical forbs found in the cultivated pasture were capsella bursa-pastoris, galium aparine, geranium carolinianum, and lamium amplexicaule. disturbed (d) disturbed areas occurred throughout the study site and included roadsides, edges of cultivated fields, mowed lawns, areas experiencing heavy cattle usage (near feeding areas, stock tanks, or shade trees) and other areas exhibiting signs of physical disturbance. disturbed areas share many species with the cultivated pasture habitat. common forb species encountered were ambrosia trifida, cirsium undulatum, conyza canadensis, cucurbita foetidissima, grindelia papposa, and solanum elaeagnifolium. aegilops cylindrica, eragrostis cilianensis, poa annua, and sorghum halepense were grasses typical of disturbed areas, as were the escaped cultivated plants secale cereale and triticum aestivum. riparian (r) the riparian zone was found along rush creek and its principal tributaries. acer negundo, celtis laevigata, salix nigra, and ulmus americana were the most abundant arborescent species in the riparian zone; tamarix chinensis and salix exigua were common along rush creek. fruticose and herbaceous species abundant in the riparian zone included amorpha fruticosa, cephalanthus occidentalis, erigeron philadelphicus, eupatorium serotinum, symphyotrichum oolentangiense, and teucrium canadense. seeps (s) seeps occur sporadically within the native pasture, in areas where sloping rock strata carrying ground water from higher elevations intersect the soil surface. the flora of these seeps was conspicuously different from that of other wetland areas within the study site and that of the surrounding pastureland. this flora was dominated by graminoids, including several genera of sedges and rushes (cyperus, eleocharis, fuirena, juncus, rhynchospora, schoenoplectus, and scirpus). a few grass species also occurred in this habitat (andropogon glomeratus, panicum anceps, and p. virgatum), as did several dicotyledonous forbs (lobelia siphilitica, marshallia caespitosa, and valerianella amarella). wetland and aquatic (wa) wetland and aquatic habitats were formed in and around farm ponds, beaver ponds on small drainages, springs, and in small depressions in native and cultivated pastures. farm ponds and small depressions in pastures were typically bordered by a narrow fringe of herbaceous species common to frequently-flooded and disturbed habitats, and were subject to frequent trampling by cattle. the flora of these areas included alopecurus carolinianus, ammannia coccinea, echinochloa crus-galli, eclipta prostrata, leucospora multifida, mollugo verticillata, phyla lanceolata, and symphyotrichum subulatum. the few springs within the study site and several small impoundments created by beavers (castor canadensis) on unnamed tributaries of rush creek were relatively undisturbed; these areas were flanked by woody vegetation similar to that of the above-described riparian zone. the beaver ponds were bordered by a narrow fringe of herbaceous vegetation, including bidens frondosa, equisetum hyemale, e. laevigatum, leersia oryzoides, l. virginica, leptochloa fusca, polygonum spp., and ranunculus sceleratus. the springs were vegetated with the aquatic plants potamogeton nodosus, rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, and samolus valerandi. acknowledgments we thank bruce hoagland for verifying the identification of several plant specimens and making comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. crawford & crawford oklahoma native plant record 77 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford table 1 summary of garvin county floristic collections since 1913 taxonomic group families genera native spp. exotic spp. total spp. filicopsida 4 5 6 0 6 equisteopsida 1 1 3 0 3 pinopsida 1 1 1 0 1 magnoliopsida 79 273 413 41 454 liliopsida 16 73 143 21 164 _________________________________________________________ totals 101 353 566 62 628 ___________________________________________________________________________ garvin county records per year 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 19 13 19 16 19 19 19 22 19 25 19 28 19 31 19 34 19 37 19 40 19 43 19 46 19 49 19 52 19 55 19 58 19 61 19 64 19 67 19 70 19 73 19 76 19 79 19 82 19 85 19 88 19 91 19 94 19 97 20 00 20 03 year n u m b e r o f s p e c im e n s figure 1 number of specimens collected per year in garvin county as represented in the oklahoma vascular plants database (hoagland et al. 2004). collectors responsible for the majority of the collections are listed above the bars. { g . w . s te ve ns c .k en ne dy w . r . d uf fe r j. pe tr an ka l .k . m ag ra th { k .m ill er } p. & p . c ra w fo rd oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford 78 figure 2 location of the study site in garvin county, oklahoma oklahoma native plant record 79 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford references bailey rg. 1995. description of the ecoregions of the united states. 2d ed. rev. and expanded (1st ed. 1980). misc. publ. no. 1391 (rev.), washington, dc: usda forest service. 108 p. diggs gm, lipscomb bl, o‟kennon rj. 1999. shinners and mahler‟s illustrated flora of north central texas. fort worth (tx): botanical research institute of texas. 1626 p. great plains flora association. 1986. flora of the great plains. lawrence (ks): university press of kansas. 1402 p. hoagland bw, buthod ak, butler ih, crawford phc, udasi ah, elisens wj, tyrl rj. 2004. oklahoma vascular plants database. [on-line] available from http://geo.ou.edu/botanical. oklahoma biological survey, university of oklahoma, norman, ok, usa. (accessed 1 october 2004). johnson ks, branson cc, curtis nm, ham we, harrison we, marcher mv, roberts jf. 1972. geology and earth resources of oklahoma: an atlas of maps and cross sections. oklahoma geological survey, educational publication i, updated 1979. kichler le, bogard va, white jd, fielder ag, mobley hl. 1982. soil survey of garvin county, oklahoma. washington (dc): united states department of agriculture. 199 p. oklahoma climatological survey. 2005. oklahoma climate data. [on-line]. available from http://climate.ocs.ou.edu. university of oklahoma, norman, ok, usa. (accessed 6 january 2005). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2003. onhi working list of rare oklahoma plants. [on-line]. available from http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/heritage/pu blicat.html. oklahoma biological survey, norman, ok, usa. (accessed 10 january 2005). palmer mw, wade gl, neal p. 1995. standards for the writing of floras. bioscience 45:339345. prather la, alvarez-fuentes o, mayfield mh, ferguson cj. 2004. the decline of plant collecting in the united states: a threat to the infrastructure of biodiversity studies. systematic botany 29:15-28. trewartha gt. 1968. an introduction to climate. new york: mcgraw-hill. 399 p. tyrl rj, barber sc, buck p, estes jr, folley p, magrath lk, taylor cs, thompson ra. 2002. identification of oklahoma plants: a taxonomic treatment comprising keys and descriptions for the vascular plants of oklahoma. stillwater (ok): flora of oklahoma inc. 139 p. usda, nrcs. 2004. the plants database, version 3.5 [on-line] available from http://plants.usda.gov. national plant data center, baton rouge, la 70874-4490 usa. (accessed 20 october 2004). waterfall ut. 1969. keys to the flora of oklahoma. stillwater (ok): oklahoma state university. 246 p . oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 80 appendix 1. annotated species list for garvin county, oklahoma after taxon, the collection number is listed. the herbarium symbol is listed for those species collected in the county by individuals other than crawford and crawford and deposited in those herbaria. * taxon not previously recorded in the ovpd for garvin county 1 brit = herbarium at the botanical research institute of texas; ocla = herbarium at university of science and arts of oklahoma; okl = bebb herbarium, university of oklahoma; okla = herbarium at oklahoma state university. 2 bf = bottomland forest; cp = cultivated pasture; d = disturbed; np = native prairie; r = riparian; ro = rock outcrop [within the native pasture habitat]; s = seep; uf = upland forest; and wa = wetland/aquatic. 3 5 = abundant, 1 = rare, see palmer et al. (1995) for a detailed description of scale; n/a indicates the taxon was collected outside of the study site and abundance could not be determined. 4 n = native; i = introduced, c = cultivated (usda, nrcs 2004). 5 see oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2005) for detailed description of rarity rankings. co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 okl n 1513* wa 2 n 1470* wa 2 n okla n 1102* uf 3 n okla n g5 s1 1552* bf n/a n 1215* bf 1 n 1216* bf 1 n 1087* np (ro) 2 n 1183 uf 3 n okla n 1329 np 4 n 1131 bf 2 n okl n taxon equisetopsida equisetaceae equisetum hyemale l. var. affine (engelm.) a.a. eat. equisetum laevigatum a. braun equisetum x ferrissii clute (pro.sp.) filicopsida dryopteridaceae woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. marsileaceae marsilea vestita hook. & grev. ophioglossaceae botrychium biternatum (sav.) underwood botrychium virginianum (l.) sw. ophioglossum engelmannii prantl pteridaceae pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link pinopsida cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. magnoliopsida acanthaceae justicia americana (l.) vahl ruellia humilis nutt. ruellia strepens l. aceraceae acer negundo l. acer negundo l. var. texanum pax 1335 bf 3 n crawford & crawford oklahoma native plant record 81 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 aizoaceae trianthema portulacastrum l. okla n amaranthaceae amaranthus palmeri s. wats. 1340 d 4 n froelichia floridana (nutt.) moq. ocla n gossypianthus lanuginosus (poir.) moq. okl n iresine rhizomatosa standl. 1577* r 1 n anacardiaceae rhus aromatica ait. 1212 np (ro) 4 n rhus copallinum l. okl n rhus glabra l. 1293 np 4 n rhus lanceolata (gray) britt. okl n g4g5 s1s2 rhus trilobata nutt. okla n toxicodendron pubescens p. mill. 1496* uf 2 n toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze 1547 d, bf, uf 4 n apiaceae ammoselinum butleri (engelm. ex s. wats.) okl n coult.. & rose ammoselinum popei torr. & gray okla n chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. okl n chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. tainturieri 1209 cp, uf 4 n cicuta maculata l. okla n daucus pusillus michx. 1301 np 2 n eryngium leavenworthii torr. & gray okla n eryngium yuccifolium michx. ocla n lomatium foeniculaceum (nutt.) coult. & rose 1084 np (ro) 2 n polytaenia nuttallii dc. 1310 np 2 n ptilimnium nuttallii (dc.) britt. okla n sanicula canadensis l. okla n spermolepis echinata (nutt. ex dc.) heller okla n torilis arvensis (huds.) link 1300* bf, uf 4 i torilis japonica (houtt.) dc. okla i zizia aurea (l.) w.d.j. koch okla n apocynaceae apocynum cannabinum l. 1245 s 2 n aristolochiaceae aristolochia tomentosa sims 1440 bf 2 n asclepiadaceae asclepias amplexicaulis sm. ocla n asclepias asperula (dcne.) woods. 1309 np 3 n asclepias asperula (dcne.) woods. ssp. capricornu (woods.) woods. ocla n asclepias stenophylla gray okl n asclepias tuberosa l. ocla n asclepias tuberosa l. ssp. interior woods. 1259 np 3 n asclepias verticillata l. okl n asclepias viridiflora raf. 1372 np 3 n asclepias viridis walt. 1352 np 3 n oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 82 taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 cynanchum laeve (michx.) pers. 1584* bf 2 n matelea decipiens (alexander) woods. ocla n asteraceae achillea millefolium l. 1236 d, np 4 n/i achillea millefolium l. var. occidentalis dc. ocla n ambrosia artemisiifolia l. 1395 np 4 n ambrosia psilostachya dc. 1522 np 5 n ambrosia trifida l. okl n ambrosia trifida l. var. texana scheele 1435 d 4 n amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. 1405* np 5 n antennaria plantaginifolia (l.) richards. 1214* uf 3 n arnoglossum plantagineum raf. okla n artemisia ludoviciana nutt. okl n artemisia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. mexicana (willd. ex spreng.) keck 1466 np 4 n berlandiera texana dc. ocla n berlandiera x betonicifolia (hook.) small (pro sp.)1163* np 3 n bidens bipinnata l. 1411* bf 3 n bidens frondosa l. 1535* wa 2 n brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners okl n centaurea americana nutt. okla n chrysopsis pilosa nutt. 1531 np 4 n cirsium altissimum (l.) hill 1509* d 3 n cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. 1320 d 3 n conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. okla n conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. var. canadensis 1390 d 4 n conyza ramosissima cronq. 1518* d, cp 3 n coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet okla n coreopsis lanceolata l. 1461 np 2 n coreopsis tinctoria nutt. okla n dracopis amplexicaulis (vahl) cass. okla n echinacea angustifolia dc. 1265 np 4 n echinacea pallida (nutt.) nutt. okl i eclipta prostrata (l.) l. 1420* wa 3 n elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. 1473 bf 3 n erigeron philadelphicus l. 1106 r 3 n erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. 1238 np 4 n eupatorium serotinum michx. 1432* r 3 n evax verna raf. var. verna ocla n gaillardia aestivalis (walt.) h. rock 1294* np 4 n gaillardia pulchella foug. ocla n gaillardia suavis (gray & engelm.) britt. & rusby 1446* np 2 n gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera 1318 uf 3 n grindelia lanceolata nutt. var. texana (scheele) okl n 1475 d 4 n okl n 1428 d 4 n 1543* np 3 n 1558 np 2 n 1491* np 2 n okl n shinners grindelia papposa nesom & suh helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock helianthus annuus l. helianthus hirsutus raf. helianthus maximiliani schrad. helianthus pauciflorus nutt. helianthus petiolaris nutt. heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britt. & rusby 1391* d, np 4 n crawford & crawford oklahoma native plant record 83 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 hieracium longipilum torr. ocla n hymenopappus scabiosaeus l'hér. var. corymbosus (torr. & gray) b.l. turner okla n hymenopappus tenuifolius pursh 1271 np (ro) 3 n iva annua l. okl n iva annua l. var. annua okla n lactuca floridana (l.) gaertn. 1545* r 3 n lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) riddell 1343 d 3 n lactuca serriola l. 1512* r 2 i liatris punctata hook. 1392* np 4 n liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. 1486 np 3 n liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. var. glabrata (rydb.) gaiser ocla n marshallia caespitosa nutt. ex dc. 1154 s 2 n oligoneuron rigidum (l.) small var. rigidum 1430* uf 3 n packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & a. löve okla n packera tampicana (dc.) c. jeffrey okl n palafoxia rosea (bush) cory var. macrolepis (rydb.) b.l. turner & morris ocla n palafoxia rosea (bush) cory var. rosea 1566 np 2 n parthenium hysterophorus l. 1521 d 3 i pluchea odorata (l.) cass. 1482 wa 3 n pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & burtt 1515* np 3 n pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walt.) dc. ocla n pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. 1457 np, cp 3 n ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. 1267 np 3 n rudbeckia hirta l. 1160 np 3 n rudbeckia hirta l. var. pulcherrima farw. okla n rudbeckia missouriensis engelm. ex c.l. boynt. & beadle okl n silphium laciniatum l. 1481* np 2 n solidago canadensis l. var. scabra torr. & gray okla n solidago gigantea ait. okla n solidago ludoviciana (gray) small 1476* uf 3 n solidago nemoralis ait. 1417* uf 3 n solidago ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. 1501* uf 3 n sonchus asper (l.) hill okla i symphyotrichum divaricatum (nutt.) nesom ocla n symphyotrichum drummondii (lindl.) nesom var. texanum (burgess) nesom 1387* uf 3 n symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) nesom var. ericoides 1398 np 4 n symphyotrichum oblongifolium (nutt.) nesom 1400* uf 3 n symphyotrichum oolentangiense (riddell) nesom var. oolentangiense 1575* r 3 n symphyotrichum patens (ait.) nesom var. patens 1503 uf 3 n symphyotrichum subulatum (michx.) nesom 1422* wa 3 n taraxacum officinale g.h. weber ex wiggers okl n/i tetraneuris linearifolia (hook.) greene var. linearifolia 1090 np 4 n thelesperma filifolium (hook.) gray 1171 np 4 n tragopogon dubius scop. 1378* d 2 i oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 84 taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 verbesina encelioides (cav.) benth. & hook. f. ex gray 1277 r 2 n verbesina virginica l. 1536* r 2 n vernonia baldwinii torr. 1162 d, np 4 n xanthium strumarium l. 1326 d, wa 4 n bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau 1167 uf 3 n boraginaceae buglossoides arvensis (l.) i.m. johnston okla i heliotropium tenellum (nutt.) torr. 1280 np 4 n lithospermum incisum lehm. 1200 np 3 n onosmodium molle michx. ssp. bejariense (dc. ex a. dc.) cochrane okla n brassicaceae brassica juncea (l.) czern. okl i camelina microcarpa dc. okl i capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. 1195 cp, d 4 i cardamine hirsuta l. okl i descurainia pinnata (walt.) britt. 1217 cp, d 3 n draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & gray okl n draba cuneifolia nutt. ex torr. & gray 1193 np (ro) 4 n lepidium austrinum small okla n lepidium densiflorum schrad. ocla n lepidium virginicum l. okla n lesquerella gracilis (hook.) s. wats. ssp. nuttallii (torr. & gray) rollins & shaw okla n lesquerella ovalifolia rydb. ex britt. ocla n lesquerella ovalifolia rydb. ex britt. ssp. alba (goodman) rollins & shaw okl n lesquerella ovalifolia rydb. ex britt. ssp. ovalifolia 1189 np (ro) 4 n 1204* wa 2 n/i okl n okl n 1272* np 2 n 1149* np 2 n 1490 np 2 n 1555* r 2 n 1418* s 2 n okla n okla n 1061 uf 3 n okl i rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (l.) hayek sibara virginica (l.) rollins cactaceae echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) haage f. var. reichenbachii escobaria missouriensis (sweet) d.r. hunt escobaria missouriensis (sweet) d.r. hunt var. missouriensis opuntia macrorhiza engelm. campanulaceae lobelia cardinalis l. lobelia siphilitica l. triodanis holzingeri mcvaugh caprifoliaceae lonicera albiflora torr. & gray lonicera flava sims lonicera japonica thunb. sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli 1275 r 3 n crawford & crawford oklahoma native plant record 85 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench 1349 uf 5 n viburnum rufidulum raf. 1099 uf 3 n caryophyllaceae arenaria serpyllifolia l. 1210* cp, d 3 i cerastium glomeratum thuill. ocla i cerastium nutans raf. okl n minuartia michauxii (fenzl) farw. var. michauxii okl n minuartia michauxii (fenzl) farw. var. texana (b.l. robins.) mattf. 1144* np (ro) 3 n paronychia jamesii torr. & gray 1407 np 4 n paronychia virginica spreng. ocla n spergularia salina j.& k. presl brit n stellaria media (l.) vill. okla i celastraceae celastrus scandens l. 1289 bf 2 n chenopodiaceae chenopodium album l. 1464* d 4 n/i chenopodium pratericola rydb. 1276* d 3 n chenopodium simplex (torr.) raf. 1465* d 2 n chenopodium standleyanum aellen 1520* d 3 n cycloloma atriplicifolium (spreng.) coult. okla n salsola tragus l. 1541* d 3 i convolvulaceae convolvulus arvensis l. ocla i evolvulus nuttallianus j.a. schultes 1231 np 3 n ipomoea hederacea jacq. 1548 d 3 i ipomoea pandurata (l.) g.f.w. mey. okla n ipomoea purpurea (l.) roth 1546* d 3 i ipomoea shumardiana (torr.) shinners ocla n cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. 1225 uf 4 n cucurbitaceae cucurbita foetidissima kunth 1353 d 3 n melothria pendula l. 1517* uf 2 n cuscutaceae cuscuta pentagona engelm. 1258* np 3 n ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. 1227 uf, r 3 n euphorbiaceae acalypha ostryifolia riddell 1346* d 3 n acalypha virginica l. 1556* r 2 n argythamnia mercurialina (nutt.) muell.-arg. var. mercurialina 1358* np 2 n chamaesyce maculata (l.) small 1344 d 3 n chamaesyce missurica (raf.) shinners 1463* d 3 n oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 86 taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 chamaesyce nutans (lag.) small 1478* np, d 3 n chamaesyce prostrata (ait.) small 1519* d 3 n cnidoscolus texanus (muell.-arg.) small okla n croton capitatus michx. var. capitatus 1173* np 3 n croton glandulosus l. ocla n croton glandulosus l. var. lindheimeri muell.-arg. 1492 np 3 n croton glandulosus l. var. septentrionalis muell.-arg. okla n croton monanthogynus michx. 1328 d, np 4 n euphorbia bicolor engelm. & gray okl n euphorbia commutata engelm. ocla n g5 s1s2 euphorbia corollata l. 1427 d 3 n euphorbia dentata michx. 1345 d 3 n/i euphorbia longicruris scheele 1207* np (ro) 4 n euphorbia marginata pursh 1469 np, d 3 n euphorbia pubentissima michx. okla n euphorbia spathulata lam. okla n phyllanthus polygonoides nutt. ex spreng. okla n stillingia sylvatica garden ex l. 1229 np 3 n tragia brevispica engelm. & gray 1148* np 4 n tragia ramosa torr. okl n fabaceae acacia angustissima (p. mill.) kuntze okla n acacia angustissima (p. mill.) kuntze var. ocla n 1523 d 2 i 1528 np 3 n 1357 wa 3 n 1537* uf 2 n 1576 r 2 n okl n 1091* np 4 n okla n 1445 np 3 n okla n okl n 1186 uf 4 n okla n 1156 d, np 4 n okl n 1264 np 3 n okla n 1170 np 4 n okl n g5 s1s2 1370 np 3 n 1263 np 3 n 1333* np 4 n hirta (nutt.) b.l. robins. albizia julibrissin durazz. amorpha canescens pursh amorpha fruticosa l. amphicarpaea bracteata (l.) fern. apios americana medik. astragalus crassicarpus nutt. var. crassicarpus astragalus nuttallianus dc. astragalus racemosus pursh baptisia australis (l.) r. br. ex ait. f. var. minor (lehm.) fern. baptisia bracteata muhl. ex ell. var. leucophaea (nutt.) kartesz & gandhi baptisia sphaerocarpa nutt. cercis canadensis l. cercis canadensis l. var. texensis (s. wats.) m. hopkins chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene clitoria mariana l. dalea aurea nutt. ex pursh dalea candida michx. ex willd. dalea candida michx. ex willd. var. oligophylla (torr.) shinners dalea compacta spreng. var. compacta dalea enneandra nutt. dalea purpurea vent. desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macm. ex b.l. robins. & fern. desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & gray 1169 np 3 n crawford & crawford oklahoma native plant record 87 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 desmodium tweedyi britt. 1161* np 3 n gleditsia triacanthos l. 1306 uf 4 n glottidium vesicarium (jacq.) harper 1573 r, wa 3 n indigofera miniata ortega 1281 np 3 n indigofera miniata ortega var. leptosepala (nutt. ex torr. & gray) b.l. turner 1174 np 3 n kummerowia stipulacea (maxim.) makino 1474* cp, d 2 i lathyrus hirsutus l. 1138* cp 3 i lespedeza procumbens michx. 1530* uf 3 n lespedeza stuevei nutt. 1479* np 3 n lespedeza virginica (l.) britt. 1494* np 3 n lotus unifoliolatus (hook.) benth. 1302 np 2 n medicago lupulina l. 1298* np 3 i medicago minima (l.) l. 1456 cp, d 3 i medicago sativa l. 1542* d 3 i melilotus alba medikus okl c melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. 1330 d 3 i mimosa nuttallii (dc.) b.l. turner 1239 np 3 n neptunia lutea (leavenworth) benth. okla n oxytropis lambertii pursh 1143 np 2 n oxytropis lambertii pursh var. articulata (greene) barneby okla n pediomelum cuspidatum (pursh) rydb. okla n pediomelum digitatum (nutt. ex torr. & gray) isely 1359* np 2 n pediomelum linearifolium (torr. & gray) j. grimes okla n pediomelum reverchonii (s. wats.) rydb. okl n g3 s2 prosopis glandulosa torr. okl n psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. 1175 np 4 n pueraria montana (lour.) merr. 1563 d n/a i pueraria montana (lour.) merr. var. lobata (willd.) maesen & s. almeida okla i robinia pseudoacacia l. 1103 uf 3 n sophora affinis torr. & gray okl n strophostyles helvula (l.) ell. 1477* d 4 n strophostyles leiosperma (torr. & gray) piper okla n trifolium vesiculosum savi 1321 cp 3 i vicia americana muhl. ex willd. ssp. minor (hook.) c.r. gunn okla n vicia sativa l. 1196 cp, d 4 i fagaceae quercus macrocarpa michx. 1296 bf 3 n quercus margarettiae ashe ex small 1270* uf 2 n quercus marilandica muenchh. 1202 uf 5 n quercus muehlenbergii engelm. 1286 uf, bf 4 n quercus prinoides willd. okla n quercus rubra l. okl n quercus shumardii buckl. okl n quercus sinuata walt. okl n g5 s1s2 quercus sinuata walt. var. breviloba (torr.) c.h. muller 1269 uf 2 n g5gt s? quercus stellata wangenh. 1213 uf 5 n g5 s? oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 88 taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 quercus velutina lam. 1185* uf 4 n fumariaceae corydalis curvisiliqua engelm. 1182* d 3 n gentianaceae centaurium beyrichii (torr. & gray ex torr.) b.l. robins. 1180 np 2 n eustoma exaltatum (l.) salisb. ex g. don ssp. russellianum (hook) kartesz, comb. nov. ined. okla n sabatia campestris nutt. 1254 np 3 n geraniaceae geranium carolinianum l. 1132* cp, d 4 n geranium molle l. okl i haloragaceae myriophyllum heterophyllum michx. okl n hippocastanaceae aesculus glabra willd. var. arguta (buckl.) b.l. robins. okla n 1101* uf 2 n 1348 bf 4 n 1334 bf 3 n 1150 np 3 n 1172 np 3 n 1242 np 3 n 1085 cp, d 4 i okl n okla n 1248 np 3 n 1256 np 3 n okl n okla n g5 s1s3 okla n okl n 1397 np 4 n 1376* cp 2 n okl n 1159 r 3 n hydrophyllaceae ellisia nyctelea (l.) l. juglandaceae carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch juglans nigra l. krameriaceae krameria lanceolata torr. lamiaceae hedeoma drummondii benth. hedeoma hispida pursh lamium amplexicaule l. lycopus americanus muhl. ex w. bart. monarda citriodora cerv. ex lag. monarda clinopodioides gray monarda fistulosa l. monarda fistulosa l. ssp. fistulosa var. mollis (l.) benth. monarda pectinata nutt. physostegia virginiana (l.) benth. salvia azurea michx. ex lam. salvia azurea michx. ex lam. var. grandiflora benth. salvia reflexa hornem. scutellaria ovata hill ssp. bracteata (benth.) epling teucrium canadense l. var. canadense lauraceae sassafras albidum (nutt.) nees okla n crawford & crawford oklahoma native plant record 89 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 linaceae linum alatum (small) winkl. 1145* np 2 n linum berlandieri hook. var. berlandieri 1240* np 4 n linum pratense (j.b.s. norton) small okla n linum rigidum pursh okla n linum sulcatum riddell okla n loasaceae mentzelia oligosperma nutt. ex sims okl n lythraceae ammannia coccinea rottb. 1421 wa 3 n lythrum alatum pursh okla n lythrum alatum pursh var. alatum okl n lythrum alatum pursh var. lanceolatum (ell.) torr. & gray ex rothrock okla n lythrum californicum torr. & gray 1369* s 2 n malvaceae callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.) gray okla n callirhoe involucrata (torr. & gray) gray 1140 d, cp, np 4 n sida spinosa l. okl n menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. 1368 uf 4 n menispermum canadense l. ocla n molluginaceae mollugo verticillata l. 1425* wa, d 3 n moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) schneid. 1246 uf 4 n morus alba l. 1544* uf 2 i morus rubra l. 1307 uf 3 n nelumbonaceae nelumbo lutea willd. 1550* wa n/a n nyctaginaceae mirabilis albida (walt.) heimerl 1385* d, uf 3 n mirabilis linearis (pursh) heimerl okla n oleaceae forestiera pubescens nutt. var. pubescens ocla n fraxinus americana l. 1292 bf, r 2 n fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. 1221 bf, r 4 n fraxinus texensis (gray) sarg. okl n onagraceae calylophus berlandieri spach 1153* np 4 n calylophus berlandieri spach ssp. berlandieri 1241 np 4 n calylophus serrulatus (nutt.) raven okla n gaura mollis james 1341* d, np 3 n ludwigia peploides (kunth) raven okl n oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 90 taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 ludwigia peploides (kunth) raven ssp. glabrescens (kuntze) raven okla n oenothera laciniata hill 1255 d 3 n oenothera macrocarpa nutt. 1443* d, np 3 n oenothera macrocarpa nutt. ssp. oklahomensis (j.b.s. norton) wagner 1224 d, np (ro) 3 n oenothera speciosa nutt. ocla n stenosiphon linifolius (nutt. ex james) heynh. 1404 d, np 4 n oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata l. 1582 cp, d, np 3 n oxalis stricta l. okla n oxalis violacea l. 1092 np 3 n papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey 1223 d 4 n passifloraceae passiflora incarnata l. 1431* uf, bf 2 n passiflora lutea l. 1565* uf, bf 2 n pedaliaceae proboscidea louisianica (p. mill.) thellung 1436* d 3 n 1342 uf, d 3 n 1233* np 3 n okl n 1208* np 3 n okla n okl n 1139 np 2 n 1093 np (ro) 4 n 1406 np (ro) 3 n g5 s2s3 ocla n 1559* np, d 3 n 1402* np 3 n 1386 d 3 i 1471 wa 3 n 1308 wa 3 n 1412 wa 3 n okla n phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. plantaginaceae plantago patagonica jacq. plantago rhodosperma dcne. plantago virginica l. platanaceae platanus occidentalis l. polemoniaceae ipomopsis rubra (l.) wherry phlox pilosa l. polygalaceae polygala alba nutt. polygonaceae eriogonum alatum torr. eriogonum alatum torr. var. glabriusculum torr. eriogonum annuum nutt. eriogonum longifolium nutt. polygonum aviculare l. polygonum hydropiperoides michx. polygonum lapathifolium l. polygonum pensylvanicum l. polygonum punctatum ell. polygonum ramosissimum michx. 1525* wa 2 n crawford & crawford oklahoma native plant record 91 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 polygonum scandens l. var. cristatum (engelm. & gray) gleason 1557* r 2 n polygonum virginianum l. okla n rumex altissimus wood 1327 d, wa 3 n rumex crispus l. okla i rumex hastatulus baldw. okla n portulacaceae claytonia virginica l. okl n primulaceae dodecatheon meadia l. 1086 np 2 n samolus valerandi l. ssp. parviflorus (raf.) hultén 1506* wa 3 n ranunculaceae anemone berlandieri pritz. 1188 np 3 n clematis pitcheri torr. & gray okla n delphinium carolinianum walt. 1244 np 3 n ranunculus hispidus michx. okl n ranunculus sceleratus l. 1569* wa 2 n thalictrum dasycarpum fisch. & avé-lall. 1578 bf 2 n thalictrum revolutum dc. okla n rhamnaceae ceanothus americanus l. 1444 np (ro) 2 n ceanothus herbaceus raf. okl n rosaceae crataegus crus-galli l. ocla n crataegus mollis scheele okl n crataegus viridis l. okla n geum canadense jacq. 1363 bf 3 n geum canadense jacq. var. texanum fern. & weatherby okla n prunus angustifolia marsh. okl n prunus gracilis engelm. & gray 1203 np 4 n prunus mexicana s. wats. 1371 uf 3 n rosa foliolosa nutt. ex torr. & gray okl n rosa multiflora thunb. ex murr. 1097 uf, np 3 i rubus oklahomus bailey okla n rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. 1303 wa 3 n diodia teres walt. 1493 np 3 n galium aparine l. 1218 cp, uf 4 n galium pilosum ait. 1502* uf 3 n hedyotis nigricans (lam.) fosberg 1279 np 4 n houstonia pusilla schoepf 1199 np 4 n rutaceae ptelea trifoliata l. okl n zanthoxylum americanum p. mill. okl n oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 92 taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 salicaceae populus deltoides bartr. ex marsh. 1228* r, s 3 n salix caroliniana michx. okl n salix exigua nutt. 1572 r, wa 3 n salix nigra marsh. 1105 r 3 n sapindaceae sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l. benson 1331 uf 4 n sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. ssp. oblongifolium (nutt.) t.d. pennington 1257* bf, uf 3 n scrophulariaceae agalinis heterophylla (nutt.) small ex britt. 1505 np 3 n bacopa rotundifolia (michx.) wettst. ocla n buchnera americana l. 1278 np 2 n castilleja indivisa engelm. 1151 np 4 n castilleja purpurea (nutt.) g. don var. citrina (pennell) shinners okl n castilleja sessiliflora pursh okl n leucospora multifida (michx.) nutt. 1499* d, wa 3 n nuttallanthus texanus (scheele) d.a. sutton 30 d, np 3 n penstemon cobaea nutt. 1152 np 3 n penstemon oklahomensis pennell okla n g3 s3 scrophularia marilandica l. okla n verbascum thapsus l. okla i veronica anagallis-aquatica l. 1570* wa 2 n veronica peregrina l. ssp. xalapensis (kunth) pennell 1108* d 2 n solanaceae physalis angulata l. okl n physalis cinerascens (dunal) a.s. hitchc. 1311 d 3 n physalis longifolia nutt. var. longifolia 1347* d 3 n physalis mollis nutt. var. mollis okla n physalis pubescens l. var. pubescens 1434* d 3 n physalis pumila nutt. okl n solanum americanum p. mill. okla n solanum carolinense l. okla n solanum dimidiatum raf. 1319 d 4 n solanum elaeagnifolium cav. 1268 d, np 4 n solanum ptychanthum dunal okl n solanum rostratum dunal 1350 d 4 n tamaricaceae tamarix chinensis lour. 1220* r 3 i tamarix gallica l. okla i ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. 1197 bf, uf 5 n celtis laevigata willd. var. reticulata (torr.) l. benson 1365 uf 4 n celtis laevigata willd. var. texana sarg. okl n crawford & crawford oklahoma native plant record 93 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 celtis tenuifolia nutt. okl n ulmus americana l. 1184 bf, uf 5 n ulmus rubra muhl. 1201* bf 3 n urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. okla n parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. okla n urtica dioica l. okla n g5 s2 valerianaceae valerianella amarella (lindheimer ex engelm.) krok 1107* s, r 3 n verbenaceae glandularia bipinnatifida (nutt.) nutt. 1351 np 3 n glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. okl n glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber 1190 np 4 n phyla lanceolata (michx.) greene 1510* wa 2 n phyla nodiflora (l.) greene okla n verbena bracteata lag. & rodr. 1458* np 3 n verbena halei small 1455* d 3 n verbena scabra vahl. 1579* r 2 n verbena stricta vent. 1168 np 3 n violaceae viola affinis le conte 1274 bf, uf 4 n viola bicolor pursh 1198 cp, d 3 n viola sororia willd. okla n viscaceae phoradendron leucarpum (raf.) reveal & m.c. johnston okl n phoradendron tomentosum (dc.) engelm. ex gray 1305* bf, uf 3 n vitaceae cissus incisa auct. non des moulins 1562* np (ro), r 2 n cissus trifoliata (l.) l. okl n parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. 1364 bf, uf 4 n vitis cinerea (engelm.) millard 1222* bf, uf 4 n vitis cinerea (engelm.) millard var. cinerea 1366* bf, uf 4 n vitis vulpina l. 1336* bf, uf 4 n zygophyllaceae tribulus terrestris l. 1468 d 3 i liliopsida agavaceae yucca arkansana trel. 1147 np 3 n alismataceae alisma subcordatum raf. okl n echinodorus berteroi (spreng.) fassett ocla n sagittaria brevirostra mackenzie & bush okl n sagittaria calycina engelm. okla n oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 94 taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 sagittaria platyphylla (engelm.) j.g. sm. 1551 wa n/a n commelinaceae commelina erecta l. 1332 d 4 n commelina erecta l. var. deamiana fern. okla n tradescantia occidentalis (britt.) smyth ocla n tradescantia ohiensis raf. ocla n cyperaceae carex brevior (dewey) mackenzie okl n carex bushii mackenzie ocla n carex crus-corvi shuttlw. ex kunze okla n carex flaccosperma dewey ocla n carex gravida bailey var. lunelliana (mackenzie) f.j. herm. okla n carex leavenworthii dewey ocla n carex meadii dewey okla n carex microdonta torr. & hook. okl n carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. okla n carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. var. enervis boott ocla n carex retroflexa muhl. ex willd. ocla n carex tetrastachya scheele okla n cyperus acuminatus torr. & hook. ex torr. 1356 wa 3 n cyperus echinatus (l.) wood 1529 s 3 n cyperus esculentus l. 1488 d 3 n/i cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks 1325 s 3 n cyperus odoratus l. 1526* d 3 n cyperus reflexus vahl 1178* s 3 n cyperus setigerus torr. & hook. 1581 wa 1 n cyperus squarrosus l. ocla n cyperus virens michx. okla n eleocharis acutisquamata buckl. 1205* s 3 n eleocharis compressa sullivant okla n eleocharis montevidensis kunth okla n eleocharis palustris (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes 1514 wa, s 3 n fimbristylis annua (all.) roemer & j.a. schultes ocla n fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl okl n fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl var. puberula 1232 np 4 n fimbristylis vahlii (lam.) link 1571 wa 2 n fuirena simplex vahl 1419 s 3 n fuirena simplex vahl var. aristulata (torr.) kral 1487 s 3 n 1498 s 3 n ocla n ocla n 1235 s 4 n g4 s2 okla n 1285* wa, s 3 n okla n okla n fuirena simplex vahl var. simplex fuirena squarrosa michx. lipocarpha aristulata (coville) g. tucker rhynchospora nivea boeckl. schoenoplectus americanus (pers.) volk. ex schinz & r. keller schoenoplectus pungens (vahl) palla schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (k.c. gmel.) palla scirpus lineatus michx. scirpus pendulus muhl. 1322* wa, s 3 n crawford & crawford oklahoma native plant record 95 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 iridaceae hypoxis hirsuta (l.) coville okl n nemastylis geminiflora nutt. okl n nemastylis nuttallii pickering ex r.c. foster ocla n sisyrinchium angustifolium p. mill. 1243 np 4 n sisyrinchium campestre bickn. okla n juncaceae juncus bufonius l. ocla n juncus dudleyi wieg. 1460* wa 2 n juncus interior wieg. 1284* wa 2 n juncus marginatus rostk. 1176 s 2 n juncus nodatus coville okla n juncus scirpoides lam. okla n juncus tenuis willd. 1374* bf 3 n juncus torreyi coville 1472 wa, s 3 n lemnaceae lemna aequinoctialis welw. 1549* wa 3 n liliaceae allium canadense l. ocla n allium canadense l. var. fraseri ownbey 1095 np 3 n allium drummondii regel 1096* np 3 n allium stellatum nutt. ex ker-gawl. ocla n androstephium caeruleum (scheele) greene 1191 np 4 n nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britt. 1192 np 4 n polygonatum biflorum (walt.) ell. 1129* bf 2 n najadaceae najas guadalupensis (spreng.) magnus ocla n orchidaceae spiranthes cernua (l.) l.c. rich. 1564* np 2 n spiranthes lacera (raf.) raf. ocla n spiranthes magnicamporum sheviak 1410 np 3 n spiranthes vernalis engelm. & gray ocla n poaceae aegilops cylindrica host 1135* d 4 i agrostis hyemalis (walt.) b.s.p. okl n agrostis perennans (walt.) tuckerman 1452* np 3 n alopecurus carolinianus walt. 1459* wa 3 n andropogon gerardii vitman 1426 np 4 n andropogon hallii hack. okl n andropogon glomeratus (walt.) b. s. p. var. hirsutior (hack.) c. mohr 1415* s, r 3 n aristida oligantha michx. 1401 np 4 n aristida purpurea nutt. var. purpurea 1266* np 4 n bothriochloa ischaemum (l.) keng var. songarica 1394* np 3 i (rupr. ex fisch. & c.a. mey.) celarier & harlan bothriochloa laguroides (dc.) herter ssp. torreyana (steud.) allred & gould 1297* np 4 n bothriochloa saccharoides (sw.) rydb. okla n oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 96 taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. 1317 np 5 n bouteloua hirsuta lag. 1316 np 5 n bouteloua hirsuta lag. var. pectinata (featherly) cory 1532* np 3 n bouteloua rigidiseta (steud.) a.s. hitchc. okla n bromus catharticus vahl 1136 cp, d 3 i bromus japonicus thunb. ex murr. 1135 cp, d 3 i bromus secalinus l. okla i bromus tectorum l. 1137 cp, d 4 i buchloe dactyloides (nutt.) engelm. 1393 np 4 n cenchrus spinifex cav. 1165 cp, d 4 n chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates 1375 r, bf 4 n chloris verticillata nutt. 1315 np 3 n coelorachis cylindrica (michx.) nash 1252 np 3 n cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. 1377* cp, d 5 i dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. fasciculatum (torr.) freckmann okla n 1062 uf 3 n 1362* np 4 n okl n 1295* uf, np 3 n okla n 1423* d, cp 3 n okla n 1484* cp, d 4 n 1574* r 2 i 1354* wa 3 i 1438* cp, d 3 i 1157 bf 4 n 1437* d 3 i 1312* np 3 n 1339* np 3 n okla n 1314 np 4 n 1261 np 2 n 1485 np 3 n 1234 np 4 n 1534 wa 2 n 1538* wa 2 n 1355* wa 2 n okla i 1133 cp, d 3 i 1539* r 2 n g5 s1s2 1533* uf 3 n 1447* np 3 n dichanthelium malacophyllum (nash) gould dichanthelium oligosanthes (j.a. schultes) gould var. scribnerianum (nash) gould dichanthelium scoparium (lam.) gould dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (ell.) gould var. sphaerocarpon dichanthelium villosissimum (nash) freckmann var. praecocius (a.s. hitchc. & chase) digitaria ciliaris (retz.) koel. digitaria cognata (j.a. schultes) pilger var. cognata digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop. echinochloa colona (l.) link echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv. eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. elymus canadensis l. eragrostis cilianensis (all.) vign. ex janchen eragrostis curtipedicellata buckl. eragrostis pectinacea (michx.) nees ex steud. var. pectinacea eragrostis secundiflora j. presl eragrostis secundiflora j. presl ssp. oxylepis (torr.) s.d. koch eragrostis sessilispica buckl. eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. hordeum pusillum nutt. leersia oryzoides (l.) sw. leersia virginica willd. leptochloa fusca (l.) kunth ssp. fascicularis (lam.) n. snow lolium perenne l. lolium perenne l. ssp. multiflorum (lam.) husnot muhlenbergia bushii pohl muhlenbergia capillaris (lam.) trin. nassella leucotricha (trin. & rupr.) pohl neeragrostis reptans (michx.) nicora okla n crawford & crawford oklahoma native plant record 97 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 crawford & crawford taxon co#/herb1 habitat2 abundance3 origin4 rarity5 panicum acuminatum sw. var. lindheimeri (nash) lelong 1553* r 2 n panicum anceps michx. 1414 s, wa 3 n panicum capillare l. 1483* np 4 n panicum dichotomiflorum michx. 1527 np 3 n panicum obtusum kunth 1373 np 3 n panicum philadelphicum bernh. ex trin. 1433* bf 2 n panicum virgatum l. 1462 s, r 3 n pascopyrum smithii (rydb.) a. löve 1164* np 4 n paspalum distichum l. okl n paspalum floridanum michx. okla n paspalum laeve michx. 1424* r, d 3 n paspalum notatum flueggé okla n/i paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex fourn. 1313 r, d 3 n paspalum setaceum michx. 1500 d 3 n poa annua l. 1449* d 4 i poa arachnifera torr. 1451 bf 3 n poa bulbosa l. okl i poa pratensis l. okl n/i polypogon monspeliensis (l.) desf. okla i schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash 1403* np 5 n sclerochloa dura (l.) beauv. 1067* np 2 i secale cereale l. 1454* d 2 i setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen okla n setaria pumila (poir.) roemer & j.a. schultes 1158* cp, d 3 i setaria viridis (l.) beauv. 1337 cp, d 4 i sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash 1396 np 5 n sorghum halepense (l.) pers. 1166 d 4 i sporobolus clandestinus (biehler) a.s. hitchc. 1416* np 3 n sporobolus compositus (poir.) merr. 1409* np 3 n sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) gray 1338 np 3 n tridens flavus (l.) a.s. hitchc. 1408* np 4 n triticum aestivum l. 1453* d 3 i urochloa texana (buckl.) r. webster 1540* r 2 n pontederiaceae heteranthera limosa (sw.) willd. ocla n potamogetonaceae potamogeton nodosus poir. 1507* wa 2 n smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. 1098 bf, uf 4 n smilax rotundifolia l. okl n smilax tamnoides l. 1554* bf, uf 3 n typhaceae typha angustifolia l. okl n zannichelliaceae zannichellia palustris l. ocla n 2021 oklahoma native plant record 34 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king 10.22488/okstate.22.100003 literature review of dendrochronology research in oklahoma, u.s.a. carmen l. esqueda chad b. king department of biology university of central oklahoma edmond, ok 73034 ccowo@uco.edu keywords: quercus, tree-ring , climate, stand dynamics, fire, land-use history abstract dendrochronology, the study of tree-rings to help understand events of the past, is a growing body of research that has become well-established in scientific literature within the last century. oklahoma is a distinct resource to dendrochronology as it exists at the eastern deciduous forests and western prairies/grasslands transition. the extent of dendrochronological research conducted in oklahoma has not yet been determined. a literature review was performed to catalogue and quantify dendrochronological research for oklahoma. thirty-seven written works were identified ranging through years 1923 to 2018. nine research topics were developed to aid publication synthesis, with climate reconstruction, fire history, and stand dynamics being the most frequently encountered topics. reviewed publications indicated that humans and climate, specifically drought, largely impacted oklahoma forests historically, and remain a current threat. results provide a detailed resource of dendrochronological applications within oklahoma that spans the past century. presented literature can be referenced for future oklahoma dendrochronology studies, with presented knowledge also benefiting studies of similar forest types elsewhere. introduction north american forests have undergone species compositional changes and remain susceptible to further change (bürgi et al. 2000; hall et al. 2002; dyer 2006, pederson et al. 2014). factors contributing to forest changes include climate change, anthropogenic effects, biotic interactions, and natural disturbances (wallin et al. 1996; radeloff et al. 1999; gerhardt and foster 2002; guyette et al. 2003). oklahoma contains an estimated 12.2 million acres (4.9 million ha) of forestland which amounts to 27% of total land area (dooley 2018). the great plains and eastern deciduous forest complex converge within oklahoma, resulting in a central forestgrasslands ecotone (robinson et al. 2019). oklahoma’s earliest u.s. geological survey was conducted on eastern indian territory from 1895 to 1898 and documented an estimated 12 million forested acres in eastern oklahoma (johnson et al. 2015). land-use practices by native americans and euroamerican settlers largely affected oklahoma’s forests (johnson et al. 2015; oklahoma forestry services 2019a). native americans cleared forests for agriculture/ rangeland and performed intentional burning (oklahoma forestry services 2019a). euro-american settlement in oklahoma which began in the early 1800s also impacted forests through agriculture, intentional burning, lumber harvesting, commercial logging, incentivized planting, and fire suppression/exclusion (smola 1985; johnson et al. 2015; oklahoma forestry services 2019a). consequences of mailto:ccowo@uco.edu oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king historic land-use practices are still observable within oklahoma’s forests. historic and current abiotic factors such as topography, soil nutrient availability, wildfire, and climate also affect oklahoma forestland (desantis et al. 2010a; desantis et al. 2010b; johnson et al. 2015). precipitation and temperature gradients contribute to an observed pattern of decreasing forest cover from east to west as well as tree species distribution (kloesel et al. 2018). oklahoma’s largest forest-type group is oak-hickory (quercus l.-carya nutt.), comprising more than half (55.5%) of all oklahoma forestland as defined by the united states department of agriculture forest service (dooley 2018). other notable forest-type groups are much smaller in proportion: elm-ash-cottonwood (ulmus l.-fraxinus l.-populus l.; 11.5%), loblolly-shortleaf pine (pinus taeda l.-pinus echinata mill.; 10.0%), oak-pine (quercus-pinus l.; 7.8%), and other eastern softwoods (4.5%) (dooley 2018). the oak-hickory forest-type group includes one of oklahoma’s major forest types, the post oak-blackjack oak forest type, or “cross timbers”, which is centrally located from north to south within oklahoma (oklahoma forestry services 2019b). post oak (quercus stellata wangenh.), blackjack oak (quercus marilandica münchh), and black hickory (carya texana buckley) dominate the overstory of the cross timbers, which exists as a matrix of prairie, deciduous forest, and savanna (johnson et al. 2015; oklahoma forestry services 2019b). the cross timbers, which also extends into kansas and texas, is one of the least disturbed forest types in the eastern united states (johnson et al. 2015). tree-ring research within oklahoma’s cross timbers has revealed the presence of undisturbed ancient forest tracts (therrell and stahle 1998). encroachment of native juniperus virginiana l. has become a threat to the cross timbers, woodlands, grasslands, and bottomland hardwoods of oklahoma, impacting hardwood recruitment and wildlife habitat (johnson et al. 2015). additional threats to oklahoma forests include invasive plant species, invasive insects/fungi and associated diseases, natural disturbances, urbanization, severe weather, and climate change (johnson et al. 2015; kloesel et al. 2018; oklahoma invasive plant council 2019; oklahoma forestry services 2020). climate change will likely impact all the beforementioned threats to oklahoma forests (kloesel et al. 2018). natural ranges of floral and faunal species are already limited within oklahoma’s forest-grassland transitional landscape, and small changes to the environment may have consequential effects (kloesel et al. 2018). a clearer understanding of what factors have previously affected and shaped oklahoma forests is essential for future conservation efforts involving forest management. identifying variables that have previously affected forests can be explained using dendrochronology: the study of tree-ring structure to examine past events in time (fritts 1976). trees grow in response to the surrounding environment, and when site history is known, influencing factors can be defined by examining patterns of tree-ring width (speer 2010). climate impact on annual tree-ring width has been well documented (fritts 1976; swetnam 1993; guyette et al. 2004; stambaugh et al. 2009; brose et al. 2013). narrow tree-rings represent limited growth and wide tree-rings represent ample growth under favorable environmental conditions (stokes and smiley 1996). when accurately dated using accepted methods and statistical techniques, tree-ring widths can provide long records of environmental conditions going back thousands of years (schulman 1954; stahle et al. 2019), vital knowledge that would have otherwise remained unknown. dendrochronology data remains limited in many regions across the united states. although dendrochronology research has increased significantly in the past century, with over 11,000 publications as of 2010, assessing new geographic regions can help 36 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king expand this scientific field (speer 2010). dendrochronology research has been conducted in oklahoma, but a comprehensive review of oklahoma dendrochronology literature has not yet been performed. this literature review aims to discover tree-ring research studies performed in oklahoma. cataloguing and discussing oklahoma dendrochronology publications (odp) discloses what subdisciplines of dendrochronology have been previously investigated and reveals topics where research is lacking. species and locations utilized in studies were also catalogued to help identify areas with future research potential. methods peer-reviewed, full-text articles published in scientific journals relating to dendrochronology in oklahoma were collected using academic databases available online through the max chambers library (mcl) at the university of central oklahoma (uco), edmond, oklahoma. digital libraries (ebscohost, jstor, and proquest) and scientific literature databases (biological abstracts, bioone, environment complete, sciencedirect, and sci-tech premium collection) were searched for article retrieval using the keywords “dendrochronology,” “tree-ring,” “climate reconstruction,” and “fire history” in conjunction with “oklahoma”. the inter-library loan program through mcl was used to retrieve articles that were unavailable via academic databases. referencing citations within recovered articles helped locate additional literature. during the review process, theses, reports, bulletins, and conference proceedings were also encountered, and when found relevant, were included within the literature review. the written works collected, although not all are published literature, will be hereafter referred to as the oklahoma dendrochronology publications (odp), for clarification. the focus of the literature review was to highlight how dendrochronology research has been conducted exclusively within oklahoma over time and which tree species were utilized. for this reason, dendrochronology research articles that combined oklahoma with other states/regions were not included. unpublished individual tree-ring records were also not quantified. tree-ring records and regional studies are still highly pertinent to dendrochronology overall, in and out of oklahoma, and a few notable publications are mentioned within the discussion. retrieved odp were assigned to “research topics” to clarify literature review results. research topics were also catalogued with supplementary information into appendix a to serve as an efficient resource for future dendrochronology investigations in oklahoma and surrounding regions. reviewed literature will have presented more information/data than discussed here as methods utilizing tree-ring analysis were explored primarily. the succeeding literature review was performed during the years 2019 and 2020, and it should be disclosed that there was likely additional literature published and produced since its development and publication. results thirty-seven publications were found that performed dendrochronological analyses within oklahoma (table 1, appendix a). twenty-four publications were journal articles which were published among 19 scientific journals (table 1; literature cited). publication years ranged from 1923 to 2018, although sellards (1923), the earliest written work discovered, was not represented graphically (figure 1). following the two earliest publications (sellards et al. 1923; harper 1960), at least one publication per decade was observed (figure 1). oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king table 1 a total of 37 written works involving dendrochronological analysis within oklahoma were found among seven types of literature. oklahoma dendrochronology publication types journal articles 24 master’s theses 4 conference publications 3 doctoral theses 3 bulletin 1 honors thesis 1 report 1 total 37 figure 1 thirty-six publications published between 1960 and 2018 each presented dendrochronological research conducted in oklahoma (sellards et al. [1923] not shown). 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 19 60 19 62 19 64 19 66 19 68 19 70 19 72 19 74 19 76 19 78 19 80 19 82 19 84 19 86 19 88 19 90 19 92 19 94 19 96 19 98 20 00 20 02 20 04 20 06 20 08 20 10 20 12 20 14 20 16 20 18 n um be r o f p ub lic at io ns year 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king sellards et al. (1923) was part of a supreme court ruling for which the boundary line between oklahoma and texas, originally defined by the red river’s natural course, needed to be reestablished. physiographical, geological, and ecological evidence was used to help date the land area surrounding the red river valley/riverbanks, which included determining age structure for trees of the area (sellards et al. 1923). the most recent publication retrieved was hoff et al. (2018). earliest odp were shorter, had smaller sample sizes, and typically focused on one variable affecting tree-ring width (harper 1960; johnson and risser 1973). variability in study site locations was observed, but some areas were subject to repeated study over time. study sites thirty-one odp focused on research within the cross timber and 18 studies investigated forest reserves and management areas: wichita mountains wildlife refuge/wichita mountains, keystone ancient forest preserve, tallgrass prairie preserve, okmulgee game/wildlife management area, and nickel family nature and wildlife preserve. six odp evaluated counties, ecoregions, and other areas throughout oklahoma: oklahoma/texas boundary, bryan county, oklahoma county, payne county, harper county, ellis county, and ozark highlands. areas of repeat investigation resulted in some tree genera/species explored more often than others among the odp (figures 2 and 3). genera and species species from 12 families and 13 genera were investigated among the 37 publications with quercus being the most frequently examined genus and juniperus being second (figure 2; appendix b). twenty-one tree/shrub species of 12 genera were analyzed dendrochronologically for various purposes specific to each publication (figure 3). sellards et al. (1923) did not specify trees at the species level and hoff et al. (2018) grouped some species by genus for analyses. only trees where species were known were included in figure 3. although an array of genera and species were investigated, quercus showed the highest presence within the odp (figure 2), particularly q. stellata and q. marilandica (figure 3; appendix b). some tree species were investigated less frequently as main species within the odp: fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall (king and buck 2018), pinus echinata mill. (taylor 1965, stambaugh et al. 2013a, cerny et al. 2016) and prunus angustifolia marshall (dunkin et al. 2008). juniperus virginiana l. was the third most examined species and the main study species for six odp (butler and walsh 1988; engle and kulbeth 1992; edmondson 2006; dunford et al. 2007; hammer 2012; bode 2015; figures 2 and 3). in seven odp, q. marilandica, q. stellata, and j. virginiana, were main study species collectively (clark 2003; desantis 2010; desantis et al. 2011; hallgren et al. 2012; stambaugh et al. 2013b; stambaugh et al. 2014; king and cheek 2015). research topics oklahoma dendrochronology publications (odp) were assigned to nine research topics based on each study’s objectives, methods, and results (figure 4). the task of assigning publications to one topic was at times problematic due to occasional overlap in studies' hypotheses, results, and discussions. complexity of research goals for some studies required the assignment of a combination of research topics. research topics were developed during the literature review based on types of dendrochronological investigations encountered among the odp. the nine research topics are age-diameter/growth rate, age-diameter/growth rate & stand dynamics, climate, climate and stand dynamics, fire history, fire history and stand dynamics, geomorphology, oil extraction, and stand dynamics (figure 4, appendix a). oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king figure 3 twenty-one species were researched among the 37 oklahoma dendrochronology publications. 1 1 2 1 1 1 26 2 1 1 19 1 1 2 3 17 1 1 1 2 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 ulmus rubra ulmus americana sideroxylon lanuginosum sapindus saponaria salix nigra quercus velutina quercus stellata quercus shumardii quercus prinoides quercus nigra quercus marilandica quercus macrocarpa prunus angustifolia populus deltoides pinus echinata juniperus virginiana fraxinus pennsylvanica celtis occidentalis celtis laevigata carya texana carya illinoinensis frequency t re e/ sh ru b sp ec ie s figure 2 thirteen genera were researched among the 37 oklahoma dendrochronology publications. 4 4 2 17 3 2 1 51 1 1 2 4 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 fr eq ue nc y tree/shrub genera 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king appendix a chronologically discloses assigned research topics for the 37 odp and the species used for dendrochronological analysis. research topics were assigned to the odp based on how tree-rings were specifically analyzed to answer questions posed by investigators. specific results and analysis of publications within some research topics was suitably reserved for the discussion. the least investigated topics were geomorphology, oil extraction, and climate & stand dynamics (figure 4). stand dynamics was the most investigated subject as it was the broadest category by collectively including odp that performed tree-ring analyses to assess temporal patterns/changes in forest composition: competition, conversion, distribution, disturbance, encroachment, recruitment, regeneration, and succession (figure 4). climate and fire history were the next most investigated subjects. of the 37 odp, 31 involved climate, fire history, and stand dynamics at varying degrees (figure 4). these heavily investigated research topics are historically and ecologically connected. discussion this literature review granted an overview of the progression and use of dendrochronology research in oklahoma over time (figure 1). sellards et al. (1923) was a distinct and historically significant application of tree-ring analysis in oklahoma. as the amount of dendrochronology literature increased in oklahoma, methods were refined, information became more accessible, and dendrochronological studies occurred more frequently and were conducted at a larger scale (clark et al. 2007; stambaugh et al. 2009; stambaugh et al. 2014; figure 1). figure 4 the 37 oklahoma dendrochronology publications were designated into nine research topics based on the primary study objectives of each publication. 4 4 4 1 3 9 1 1 10 age-diameter/growth rate age-diameter/growth rate & stand dynamics climate climate & stand dynamics fire history fire history & stand dynamics geomorphology oil extraction stand dynamics oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king publications generally increased in complexity over time regarding objectives, methods, and results. tree-rings, false-rings, and fire scars were analyzed using a variety of living and dead sample types: cores, stem/root crosssections, and fallen trees/snags. as seen in figures 2 and 3, two genera and three tree species dominated the oklahoma dendrochronology literature during the observed temporal period. these species were encountered the most among the odp for numerous reasons. quercus stellata and q. marilandica are dominant species in the cross timbers, the largest forest type in oklahoma (dooley 2018; oklahoma forestry services 2019b). encroachment of j. virginiana is also occurring within the cross timbers (dooley 2018; johnson et al. 2015; oklahoma forestry services 2019b). results show that q. stellata has had greater population stability than q. marilandica for the past half-century considering increased drought and j. virginiana encroachment (johnson and risser 1973; powell and lowry 1980; dooley 1983; shirakura et al. 2006; hammer 2012; stambaugh et al. 2013b). however, mcgrath (2012) observed stable quercus recruitment was lacking despite absence of mesophication and j. virginiana invasion. hammer (2012) researched within the wichita mountains national wildlife refuge and found that all dominant tree species (quercus and juniper) were experiencing ample reproduction despite temporal anthropogenic/environmental changes. quercus stellata and j. virginiana are long-lived species, making them ideal for climate reconstructions, and q. stellata has been shown to produce the best climate signal of trees of this region (stahle and cleaveland 1988; therrell 2000). assigning publications to research topics helped illustrate what scientific areas were explored most often. some research topics were assessed only once, such as geomorphology which included sellards et al. (1923), and oil extraction, which included dunford et al. (2007) who quantified oil distribution in heart/sapwood based on age for urban j. virginiana trees (figure 4). age-diameter/growth rate literature is still currently relevant, with powell and lowry (1980), engle and kulbeth (1992), and dunkin et al. (2008) providing rangeland management recommendations and rosson (1994) assessing q. stellata growth characteristics/stand structure as a commercial resource. age-diameter/growth rate & stand dynamics consisted of dooley (1983), mcgrath (2012), hammer (2012), and hoff et al. (2018) who all investigated species compositional changes in the cross timbers. dooley (1983) observed stable quercus establishment while mcgrath (2012) observed a lack of stable quercus recruitment coupled with a lack of mesophication, likely due to an enacted prescribed burning regime. hammer (2012) examined anthropogenic, topography, and fire exclusion effects on j. virginiana expansion, distribution, and age. results from hoff et al. (2018) offered evidence that quercus-dominated forests may be experiencing a compositional transition due to fire exclusion (early 1900s) and mesophication (post 1950s), a change also occurring in other parts of the u.s. (abrams 1992). further research is needed to help determine why some but not all cross timbers forests are experiencing a dominant species transition. some areas experience prescribed burnings while others do not, and other disturbances/environmental factors have been removed/added within the last century, which can also influence forest stand dynamics. investigating publications from the literature review revealed the greatest factors influencing oklahoma forest stand dynamics involved climate and fire. determining the most limiting environmental factor affecting tree-ring width at the stand-level is a recurrent goal for dendrochronologists (fritts 1976; speer 2010). many odp offered evidence that drought was a significant variable affecting oklahoma tree growth. climate odp of different decades focused on drought reconstruction (harper 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king 1960; johnson and risser 1973; butler and walsh 1988; and bode 2015). harper (1960) determined drought frequency and johnson and risser (1973) assessed drought effects by evaluating annual tree-ring variation in quercus. butler and walsh (1988) and bode (2015) both demonstrated innovative applicability of j. virginiana in dendroclimatology despite the species being difficult to cross-date due to false-ring formation. bode (2015) discovered false-ring events were more likely to occur in areas with the most variable precipitation. in the sole publication of climate and stand dynamics, desantis et al. (2011) showed that species compositional changes such as reduced quercus recruitment in central oklahoma forests was due to factors associated with fire exclusion and drought. fire occurrence in oklahoma was historically common (oklahoma forestry services 2019a). fire history odp helped establish the impact of humans and drought on historic fire regimes (16th to 21st centuries) by dating fire scars to develop fire chronologies (desantis et al. 2010b; allen and palmer 2011; stambaugh et al. 2013a). removal of native americans, influx of euro-americans, and fire exclusion were all found to correlate with historic fire regime changes; humans had a more significant effect on fire regimes compared to drought. fire, drought, and human habitation/land-use were further explored in the fire history and stand dynamics odp, which developed fire histories to better understand current forest conditions (shirakura 2006; clark et al. 2007; stambaugh et al. 2009; desantis 2010; desantis and hallgren 2011; hallgren et al. 2012; stambaugh et al. 2013b; stambaugh et al. 2014; and king 2015). factors in addition to fire history were explored, such as topography (clark et al. 2007), sprout regeneration (desantis and hallgren 2011), and sapling age structure (king 2015). while scale of studies varied, q. stellata, q. marilandica, and j. virginiana were the main species for all publications of this topic. altered temporal fire regimes within central oklahoma forests were more often linked to anthropogenic activity rather than drought (clark et al. 2007; desantis et al. 2010b; allen and palmer 2011; stambaugh et al. 2013b; stambaugh et al. 2014; king 2015). these odp revealed that historic/current fire regimes have affected successional processes of oklahoma forest ecosystems, particularly by removal of fire from the landscape and mesophication. the stand dynamics research topic contained the highest number of odp with the most diverse main study species: p. echinata (taylor 1965; cerny et al. 2016), j. virginiana (edmondson 2006), quercus (therrell and stahle 1998; clark 2003; clark and hallgren 2003; clark and hallgren 2004; clark et al. 2005; king and cheek 2015), and f. pennsylvanica (king and buck 2018). numerous forest types/locations were assessed: upland quercus-pinus stand (taylor 1965), shortleaf canyon (cerny et al. 2016), upland cross timbers (therrell and stahle 1998; clark 2003; clark and hallgren 2003; clark and hallgren 2004; clark et al. 2005; edmondson 2006), an urban forest (king and cheek 2015), and a lakeside bottomland hardwood forest (king and buck 2018). many factors leading to forest composition changes were evaluated in the stand dynamics research topic. stand dynamics odp’s methodologies and results were distinct from all other odp. taylor (1965) was the first analysis of p. echinata in oklahoma at its western range and cerny et al. (2016) documented its range expansion. therrell and stahle (1998) developed a gis model that identified soil type to help predict ancient cross timbers forest tract locations: a new utilization of dendrochronology. the thesis by clark (2003) was published successively as journal articles and provided a high amount of information on quercus forest dynamics and oklahoma cross timbers ecology. quercus primarily reproduced by stump sprouting based on root age structure (clark and hallgren 2003), oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king methods to correct age estimates were introduced (clark and hallgren 2004), and old-growth quercus forests (~200 years) successfully regenerating among mesophytic species was documented (clark et al. 2005). edmondson (2006) developed the first j. virginiana tree-ring chronology (~360 years) and a false-ring chronology. investigating directly in an urban area, king and cheek (2015) demonstrated that disturbed urban forests are an important dendrochronological resource. due to urbanization, drought, fire exclusion, and lack of management, quercus recruitment decreased as non-quercus recruitment increased, with j. virginiana, mesic species, and invasive ligustrum sinense lour. (chinese privet) dominating the midstory and understory. king and buck (2018) described characteristics of bottomland hardwood forest and obtained baseline data for f. pennsylvanica in case of an invasive insect outbreak by agrilus planipennis fairmaire (emerald ash borer). the diverse dendrochronology applications observed in the stand dynamics odp showed analyzing tree-rings can go far beyond studying tree age. major ecological questions were addressed by the stand dynamics odp. what is the state of oklahoma’s old-growth forests? how is quercus reproducing? what impact does fire exclusion have? how can laboratory methods be refined to provide more accurate results, and can we analyze false-rings instead of dismissing them? how are forests changing considering urbanization and climate change? comparing late stand dynamics publications to the earliest oklahoma dendrochronological studies demonstrates how this body of knowledge has advanced over time. a recurring topic for many odp were two leading factors affecting forest stand dynamics: historical land-use and drought. land-use changes over time due to population movements of native americans and settlement by euro-americans showed a gradual effect on forest ecosystems and disturbance patterns as both groups cleared forests for agriculture, grazing, and logging, and changed fire regimes (taylor 1965; clark 2003; allen and palmer 2011; and stambaugh et al. 2013b). more recent effects due to urbanization include fire exclusion, j. virginiana encroachment, and introduction of non-native plant species (king and cheek 2015; hoff et al. 2018; king and buck 2018). several odp established new techniques and foundspecies applicable to the field of dendrochronology beyond oklahoma (therrell and stahle 1998; clark and hallgren 2004; edmondson 2006; bode 2015; king and cheek 2015). studies that comprised the odp are significant to forests within oklahoma, but also to the international field of dendrochronology. conclusion from early studies estimating age structure to fire history reconstructions that spanned centuries, there are still more inquiries for oklahoma forests that can be addressed using dendrochronology. future dendrochronology studies could examine understudied research topics as revealed by this review, such as geomorphology and agediameter/growth rates. field sites from some of the earliest odp could also be revisited to assess compositional changes. there was also a lack of diversity in tree species utilized in the odp. sensitive tree species, such as q. stellata, q. marilandica, and j. virginiana, were researched more frequently than others, even though oklahoma has many other species suitable for dendrochronology studies. three odp included pinus as a main study species (taylor 1965, stambaugh et al. 2013a; cerny et al. 2016). taxodium distichum (l.) rich. (bald cypress) is also native to oklahoma but was not a main species in any odp despite its longevity (>2000 years) and reconstruction capability (stahle et al. 2019; united states department of agriculture 2021). both p. echinata and t. distichum are known to produce long tree-ring chronologies which makes them highly applicable for future denchrochronological studies in oklahoma (grissino-mayer and butler 1993; laforest 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king et al. 2005-6; stahle et al. 2019). long tree-ring chronologies are essential for reconstructions, but analyses of young trees and invasive trees can also provide valuable information. fast-growing, invasive pyrus calleryana decne. (callery pear) is invading oklahoma open prairies, woodlands, and urban/rural forests (oklahoma invasive plant council 2019). pyrus calleryana can outcompete native tree species and its eradication is difficult. dendrochronology could be used to help validate the impact planting this species as an ornamental has on oklahoma forests. oklahoma dendrochronology studies can positively impact dendrochronology research elsewhere. tree-ring records for species studied in oklahoma could potentially be submitted to the international tree-ring databank (itrdb), which is the world’s largest tree-ring data repository that is readily available for research (national oceanic and atmospheric administration 2021). the itrdb is a global resource of tree-ring chronologies containing over 2000 chronologies that spans six continents with the aims to preserve tree-ring data and encourage international research collaborations (speer 2010). increasing the diversity of oklahoma tree-ring records will help expand species representation within this reputable international database. various historical and potential impacts to oklahoma forests were recognized within the odp, many of which likely impact forests outside of oklahoma. multi-state/regional dendrochronology publications that included oklahoma were not reported in the literature review but are still relevant to dendrochronology research in oklahoma and elsewhere. notable research that involved oklahoma within more comprehensive studies offers substantial findings regarding climate relationships/reconstructions (stahle and hehr 1984; stahle 1990; cook et al. 1999; edmondson 2010; leblanc and stahle 2015; guyette et al. 2015), dendrohydrology (cleaveland and stahle 1989), and fire frequency (guyette et al. 2015; rooney and stambaugh 2019). these studies used larger field sites and sample sizes, that increased the significance of results from there research. oklahoma’s inclusion within these multi-state studies demonstrates the role it serves within the larger field of dendrochronology. future research could include developing a second literature review that catalogues regional/multi-state dendrochronology studies that include oklahoma. larger, regional studies, along with the reviewed oklahoma dendrochronology publications, will likely help uncover the continuous impacts of increased urbanization and climate change on north american forests. dendrochronology is one of few environmental proxies that allows researchers to reconstruct environmental conditions of the past with great confidence, offering an outlook into how forests may develop in the future under similar conditions. compared to other regions in the u.s., there are still a limited number of dendrochronological studies for oklahoma forests. discovering new locations, species, and applications within oklahoma that hold potential for dendrochronological studies is needed to help expand this body of literature within and outside of oklahoma. dendrochronology has helped researchers understand what dominating factors have affected forest stand dynamics in oklahoma: people and climate. drought is predicted to increase in length and frequency due to climate change. urban areas are growing as human populations continue to increase, a contributing variable to climate change. the need for further dendrochronological research remains exceedingly important as climate and humans, the factors that have the greatest impact on oklahoma forests, are also likely to affect forests worldwide. oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king acknowledgments we would like to thank the university of central of oklahoma for providing the resources necessary to complete this literature review. we would additionally like to thank the reviewers and editorial committee. literature cited abrams, m. 1992. fire and the development of oak forests. bioscience 42:346–353. allen, m. and m. palmer. 2011. fire history of a prairie/forest boundary: more than 250 years of frequent fire in a north american tallgrass prairie. journal of vegetation science 22:436-444. bode, c. 2015. spatial clustering of false ring anomalies in juniperus virginiana of the oklahoma cross timbers. [master’s thesis]. stillwater (ok): oklahoma state university. brose, p., d. dey, r. guyette, j. marschall, and m. stambaugh. 2013. the influences of drought and humans on the fire regimes of northern pennsylvania, usa. canadian journal of forest research 43:757-767. bürgi, m., e. russell, and g. motzkin. 2000. effects of post settlement human activities on forest composition in the north-eastern united states: a comparative approach. journal of biogeography 27:1123-1138. butler, d. and s. walsh. 1988. the use of eastern redcedar in a tree-ring study in oklahoma. the prairie naturalist 20:47-56. cerny, k., d. stahle, and c. bragg. 2016. a frontier shortleaf pine stand in the oldgrowth cross timbers of oklahoma. journal of torrey botanical society 143:224-238. clark, s. 2003. stand dynamics of an oldgrowth oak forest in the cross timbers of oklahoma. [ph.d. dissertation]. stillwater (ok): oklahoma state university. clark, s. and s. hallgren. 2003. dynamics of oak (quercus marilandica and q. stellata) reproduction in an old-growth cross timbers forest. southeastern naturalist 4:559-574. clark, s. and s. hallgren. 2004. age estimation of quercus marilandica and quercus stellata: applications for interpreting stand dynamics. canadian journal of forest research 34: 1353–135. clark, s., s. hallgren, d. stahle, and t. lynch. 2005. characteristics of the keystone ancient forest preserve, an old-growth forest in the cross timbers of oklahoma, usa. natural areas journal 25:165-175. clark, s., s. hallgren, d. engle, and d. stahle. 2007. the historic fire regime on the edge of the prairie: a case study from the cross timbers of oklahoma. in: masters, r.e. and k.e.m. galley, eds. proceedings of the 23rd tall timbers fire ecology conference: fire in grassland and shrubland ecosystems. tallahassee (fl): tall timbers research station. cleaveland, m. and d. stahle. 1989. tree ring analysis of surplus and deficit runoff in the white river, arkansas. water resources research 25:1391-1401. cook, e., d. meko, d. stahle, and m. cleaveland. 1999. drought reconstructions for the continental united states. journal of climate 12:1145-1162. desantis, r. 2010. effects of fire and climate on compositional and structural changes in upland oak forests of oklahoma. [ph.d. dissertation]. stillwater (ok): oklahoma state university. desantis, r., and s. hallgren. 2011. prescribed burning frequency affects post oak and blackjack oak regeneration. southern journal of applied forestry 35:193-198. desantis, r., s. hallgren, t. lynch, j. burton, and m. palmer. 2010a. long-term directional changes in upland quercus forests throughout oklahoma, usa. journal of vegetation science 21:606-615. 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king desantis, r., s. hallgren, and d. stahle. 2010b. historic fire regime of an upland oak forest in south-central north america. fire ecology 6:45-61. desantis, r., s. hallgren, and d. stahle. 2011. drought and fire suppression lead to rapid forest composition change in a forest-prairie ecotone. forest ecology and management 261:1833-1840. dooley, k. 1983. description and dynamics of some western oak forests in oklahoma. [ph. d. dissertation]. norman (ok): university of oklahoma. dooley, k. 2018. forests of oklahoma, 2016: resource update fs–177. asheville (nc): u.s. department of agriculture forest service, southern research station. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ru/ru _srs177.pdf (31 august 2020). dunford, n., s. hiziroglu, and r. holcomb. 2007. effect of age on the distribution of oil in eastern redcedar. bioresource technology 98:2636-2640. dunkin, s., f. guthery, and r. will. 2008. growth of chickasaw plum in oklahoma. rangeland ecology and management 61:661-665. dyer, j.m. 2006. revisiting the deciduous forests of eastern north america. bioscience 56:341-352. edmondson, j. 2006. an ancient red cedar woodland in the oklahoma cross timbers. [honors thesis]. fayetteville (ar): the university of arkansas. edmondson, j. 2010. the meteorological significance of false rings in eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana l.) from the southern great plains, u.s.a. tree-ring research 66:19-33. engle, d. and j. kulbeth. 1992. growth dynamics of crowns of eastern red cedar at 3 locations in oklahoma. journal of range management 45:301-305. fritts, h. 1976. tree rings and climate. tucson (az): university of arizona, laboratory of tree-ring research. gerhardt, f. and d. foster. 2002. physiographical and historical effects on forest vegetation in central new england, us. journal of biogeography 29:1421-1437. grissino-mayer, h. and d. butler. 1993. effects of climate on growth of shortleaf pine (pinus echinata mill.) in northern georgia: a dendroclimatic study. southeastern geographer 33:65-81. guyette, r., d. dey, and m. stambaugh. 2003. fire and human history of a barrenforest mosaic in southern indiana. the american midland naturalist 149:21-34. guyette, r., m. stambaugh, and d. dey. 2004. ancient oak climate proxies from the agricultural heartland. eos, transactions american geophysical union 85:483. guyette, r., m. stambaugh, j. marschall, and e. abadir. 2015. an analytic approach to climate dynamics and fire frequency in the great plains. great plains research 25:139-150. hall, b., g. motzkin, d.r. foster, m. syfert, and j. burk. 2002. three hundred years of forest and land-use change in massachusetts, usa. journal of biogeography 29:1319-1335. hallgren, s., r. desantis, and j. burton. 2012. fire and vegetation dynamics in the cross timbers forests of south-central north america. in: dey, d.c., m.c. stambaugh, s.l. clark, c.j. schweitzer, eds. proceedings of the 4th fire in eastern oak forests conference. gen. tech. rep. nrs-p-102. newtown square (pa): u.s. department of agriculture, forest service, northern research station. hammer, l. 2012. juniper expansion in a prairie-forest transition region. [master’s thesis]. columbia (mo): university of missouri. harper, h. 1960. drought years in central oklahoma from 1710 to 1959 calculated from annual rings of post oak trees. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science for 1960. biological sciences 41: 23-29. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ru/ru_srs177.pdf https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ru/ru_srs177.pdf oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king hoff, d., r. will, c. zou, and n. lillie. 2018. encroachment dynamics of juniperus virginiana l. and mesic hardwood species into cross timbers forests of northcentral oklahoma, usa. forests 9, 75. https://doi.org:10.3390/f9020075. johnson, e., c. marquardt, and s. langley. 2015. the oklahoma forest action plan. a comprehensive analysis of forest-related conditions, trends, threats and opportunities. oklahoma city (ok): oklahoma forestry services, oklahoma department of agriculture, food and forestry. johnson, f., and p. risser. 1973. correlation analysis of rainfall and annual ring index of central oklahoma blackjack and post oak. american journal of botany 60:475-478. king, c. 2015. forest structure and fire history at lake arcadia, oklahoma county, oklahoma (1820-2014). oklahoma native plant record 15:19-30. king, c., and j. cheek. 2015. dendroecology, forest composition, and land-use history of a suburban cross timbers forest in central oklahoma. urban naturalist 6:1-20. king, c., and j. buck. 2018. characteristics of a bottomland hardwood forest at arcadia lake, edmond, oklahoma with special emphasis on green ash (fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall). oklahoma native plant record 18:4-18. kloesel, k., b. bartush, j. banner, d. brown, j. lemery, x. lin, c. loeffler, g. mcmanus, e. mullens, j. nielsengammon, m. shafer, c. sorensen, s. sperry, d. wildcat, and j. ziolkowska. 2018. southern great plains. in: reidmiller, d., c. avery, d. easterling, k. kunkel, k. lewis, t. maycock, and b. stewart, eds. impacts, risks, and adaptation in the united states: fourth national climate assessment, volume ii. washington (dc): u.s. global change research program. laforest, l., j. slayton, and h. grissinomayer. 2005-6. dendrochronological investigation of shortleaf pine (pinus echinata) in great smoky mountains national park, 2005-2006. national park service. dendrochronological investigation of shortleaf pine great smoky mountains national park (u.s. national park service) (nps.gov) (10 june 2021). leblanc, d., and d. stahle. 2015. radial growth responses of four oak species to climate in eastern and central north america. canadian journal of forest research 45: 793-804. mcgrath, k. 2012. decadal-scale dynamics of a cross timbers forest in osage county, oklahoma. [master’s thesis]. stillwater (ok): oklahoma state university. national oceanic and atmospheric administration. 2021. tree ring. national centers for environmental information. paleoclimatology. datasets. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/dataaccess/paleoclimatologydata/datasets/tree-ring (6 june 2021). oklahoma forestry services. 2019a. the role of fire in oklahoma landscapes. prescribed fire. oklahoma department of agriculture, food, and forestry. http://www.forestry.ok.gov/rxfire (1 september 2020). oklahoma forestry services. 2019b. oklahoma’s diverse forests. oklahoma’s major forest types. oklahoma department of agriculture, food, and forestry. http://www.forestry.ok.gov/okforesttypes (17 september 2020). oklahoma forestry services. 2020. caring for trees. current tree insect and disease issues in state. emerald ash borer. oklahoma department of agriculture, food, and forestry. http://www.forestry.ok.gov/eab (1 september 2020). https://doi.org:10.3390/f9020075 https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/dff8-dendrochron.htm https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/dff8-dendrochron.htm https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/dff8-dendrochron.htm https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/dff8-dendrochron.htm https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/tree-ring https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/tree-ring https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/tree-ring http://www.forestry.ok.gov/rxfire http://www.forestry.ok.gov/okforesttypes http://www.forestry.ok.gov/eab 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king oklahoma invasive plant council. 2019. information on invasive plants and pests in oklahoma. oklahoma’s dirty dozen and the invasive callery pear (factsheet). ok invasives. https://www.okinvasives.org/ (31 august 2020). pederson, n., j. dyer, r. mcewan, a. hessl, c. mock, d. orwig, h. rieder, and b. cook. 2014. the legacy of climatic events in shaping temperate, broadleaf forests. ecological monographs 84:599-620. powell, j., and d. lowry. 1980. oak (quercus spp.) sprouts growth rates on a central oklahoma shallow savannah range site. journal of range management 33:312-313. radeloff, v., d. mladenoff, s. hong, and m. boyce. 1999. forest landscape change in the northwestern wisconsin pine barrens from pre-european settlement to the present. canadian journal for research 29:1649-1659. robinson, s., t. cook, s. chaplin, and e. dinerstein. 2019. temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands: central forestgrasslands transition. world wildlife fund. https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregion s/na0804 (1 september 2020). rooney, m., and m. stambaugh. 2019. multiscale synthesis of historical fire regimes along the south-central us prairie--forest border. fire ecology 15, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-0190043-y rosson, jr., j. 1994. quercus stellata growth and stand characteristics in the quercus stellataquercus marilandica forest type in the cross timbers region of central oklahoma. in: fralish, j.h. [and others]. proceedings of the north american conference on savannas and barrens: living on the edge. chicago (il): u.s. environmental protection agency, great lakes national program office. schulman, e. 1954. longevity under adversity in conifers. science 119 (3091):396-399. sellards, e., b. tharp, and r. hill. 1923. investigations on the red river made in connection with the oklahoma-texas boundary suit. university of texas bulletin no. 2327: 15 july 1923. bureau of economic geology and technology, division of economic geology. austin (tx): the university of texas. shirakura, f., k. sasaki, j. arévalo, and m. palmer. 2006. tornado damage of quercus stellata and quercus marilandica in the cross timbers oklahoma, usa. journal of vegetation science 17 (3):347-352. smola, n. 1985. conservation uses of eastern red cedar. proceedings, eastern redcedar in oklahoma conference, e-849. cooperative extension service, division of agriculture, oklahoma state university. speer, j. 2010. fundamentals of tree-ring research. [ph.d. dissertation]. arizona state university, tempe. tucson (az): the university of arizona press. stahle, d.w. 1990. the tree-ring record of false spring in the southcentral usa. [ph.d. dissertation]. tempe (az): arizona state university. stahle, d., and m. cleaveland. 1988. texas drought history reconstructed and analyzed from 1698-1980. journal of climate 1:59-74. stahle, d., j. edmondson, i. howard, c. robbins, r. griffin, a. carl, c. hall, d. stahle, and m. torbenson. 2019. longevity, climate sensitivity, and conservation status of wetland trees at black river, north carolina. environmental research communications 1:1-8. stahle, d., and j. hehr. 1984. dendroclimatic relationships of post oak across a precipitation gradient in the southcentral united states. annals of the association of american geographers 74:561-573. stambaugh m., r. guyette, r. godfrey, e. mcmurry, and j. marschall. 2009. fire, drought, and human history near the western terminus of the cross timbers, wichita mountains, oklahoma, usa. fire ecology 5:51-65. https://www.okinvasives.org/ https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0804 https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0804 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-019-0043-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-019-0043-y oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king stambaugh, m., r. guyette, and j. marschall. 2013a. fire history in the cherokee nation of oklahoma. human ecology 41:749-758. stambaugh, m., l. hammer, j. marschall, and r. guyette. 2013b. fire history and forest community dynamics at the wichita mountains. final report prepared for usgs and usfws. stambaugh, m., j. marschall, and r. guyette. 2014. linking fire history to successional changes of xeric oak woodlands. forest ecology and management 320:83-95. stokes, m., and t. smiley. 1996. an introduction to tree-ring dating. chicago (il): university of chicago press. swetnam, t. 1993. fire history and climate changes in giant sequoia groves. science 262:885-889. taylor, j. 1965. shortleaf pine (pinus echinata) in bryan county, oklahoma. southwestern naturalist 10:42-47. therrell, m. 2000. the historic and paleoclimatic significance of log buildings in southcentral texas. historical archaeology 34:25-37. therrell, m., and d. stahle. 1998. a predictive model to locate ancient forests in the cross timbers of osage county, oklahoma. journal of biogeography 25:847-854. united states department of agriculture. 2020. natural resource conservation service. the plants database. baton rouge (la): national plant data center. http://plants.usda.gov (16 august 2020). united states department of agriculture. 2021. taxodium distichum (l.) rich. bald cypress. home: plant profile. natural resource conservation service. the plants database. baton rouge (la): national plant data center. http://plants.usda.gov (8 june 2021). wallin, d., f. swanson, b. marks, j. cissel, and j. kertis. 1996. comparison of managed and pre-settlement landscape dynamics in forests of the pacific northwest, usa. forest ecology and management 85:291-309. http://plants.usda.gov/ http://plants.usda.gov/ 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king appendix a chronological inventory of oklahoma dendrochronology publications (odp) publication type abbreviations research topic abbreviations b = bulletin ad/gr = age-diameter/growth rate cp = conference proceedings ad/gr & sd = age-diameter/growth rate & stand dynamics dt = doctoral thesis c = climate ht = honors thesis c & sd = climate and stand dynamics ja = journal article fh = fire history mt = master’s thesis fh & sd = fire history and stand dynamics r = report gm = geomorphology oe = oil extraction sd = stand dynamics in-text citation*; publication type research topic main study genera/species sellards et al. (1923); b gm carya illinoinensis, celtis spp., fraxinus spp., populus deltoides, ulmus spp., sideroxylon lanuginosum ssp. oblongifolium, zanthoxylum spp. harper (1960); ja c quercus macrocarpa, quercus nigra, quercus stellata taylor (1965); ja sd pinus echinata johnson and risser (1973); ja c quercus marilandica, quercus stellata powell and lowry (1980); ja ad/gr quercus marilandica, quercus prinoides, quercus stellata dooley (1983); dt ad/gr & sd quercus stellata butler and walsh (1988); ja c juniperus virginiana engle and kulbeth (1992); ja ad/gr juniperus virginiana rosson (1994); cp ad/gr quercus marilandica, quercus stellata therrell and stahle (1998); ja sd quercus stellata clark (2003); dt sd juniperus virginiana, quercus marilandica, quercus stellata clark and hallgren (2003); ja (originally in clark 2003) sd quercus marilandica, quercus stellata clark and hallgren (2004); ja (originally in clark 2003) sd quercus marilandica, quercus stellata clark et al. (2005); ja (originally in clark 2003) sd carya texana, juniperus virginiana, quercus marilandica, quercus shumardii, quercus stellata, quercus velutina oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king in-text citation*; publication type research topic main study genera/species shirakura (2006); mt fh & sd quercus marilandica, quercus stellata edmondson (2006); ht sd juniperus virginiana clark et al. (2007); cp (originally in clark 2003) fh & sd carya texana, juniperus virginiana, quercus marilandica, quercus shumardii, quercus stellata dunford et al. (2007); ja oe juniperus virginiana dunkin et al. (2008); ja ad/gr prunus angustifolia stambaugh et al. (2009); ja fh & sd quercus stellata desantis (2010); dt fh & sd juniperus virginiana, quercus marilandica, quercus stellata desantis et al. (2010b); ja (originally in desantis 2010) fh quercus stellata desantis et al. (2011); ja (originally in desantis 2010) c & sd juniperus virginiana, quercus marilandica, quercus stellata allen and palmer (2011); ja fh quercus stellata desantis and hallgren (2011); ja (originally in desantis 2010) fh &sd quercus marilandica, quercus stellata hallgren et al. (2012); cp fh & sd juniperus virginiana, quercus marilandica, quercus stellata hammer (2012); mt ad/gr & sd juniperus virginiana mcgrath (2012); mt ad/gr & sd quercus marilandica, quercus stellata stambaugh et al. (2013b); r fh &sd quercus stellata, juniperus virginiana stambaugh et al. (2013a); ja fh pinus echinata stambaugh et al. (2014); ja fh & sd juniperus virginiana, quercus marilandica, quercus stellata king and cheek (2015); ja sd juniperus virginiana, quercus marilandica, quercus stellata king (2015); ja fh& sd celtis laevigata, celtis occidentalis, juniperus virginiana, quercus marilandica, quercus stellata, sapindus saponaria var. drummondii, sideroxylon lanuginosum ssp. oblongifolium, ulmus americana, ulmus rubra bode (2015); mt c juniperus virginiana cerny et al. (2016); ja sd pinus echinata, quercus stellata king and buck (2018); ja sd fraxinus pennsylvanica, populus deltoides, salix nigra hoff et al. (2018); ja ad/gr & sd carya spp., celtis spp., juniperus virginiana, quercus marilandica, quercus stellata, ulmus spp. 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 21, december 2021 carmen l. esqueda and chad b. king appendix b index of tree/shrub species reviewed in oklahoma dendrochronology publications main tree/shrub genera and species assessed in the odp are listed below alphabetically by family/scientific name along with common names and status (n=native, i=introduced) (http://plants.usda.gov; united states department of agriculture 2020). family name scientific name common name status celtidaceae celtis l. hackberry n celtis laevigata willd. sugarberry n celtis occidentalis l. common hackberry n cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. eastern redcedar n fagaceae quercus macrocarpa michx. bur oak n quercus marilandica münchh. blackjack oak n quercus nigra l. water oak or black oak n quercus prinoides willd. dwarf chinkapin oak n quercus stellata wangenh. post oak n quercus shumardii buckley shumard’s oak n quercus velutina lam. black oak n juglandaceae carya nutt. hickory n carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch pecan n carya texana buckley black hickory n oleaceae fraxinus l. ash n, i fraxinus pennsylvanica marshall green ash n pinaceae pinus echinata mill. shortleaf pine n rosaceae prunus angustifolia marshall chickasaw plum n rutaceae zanthoxylum l. pricklyash n, i salicaceae populus deltoides w. bartram ex marshall eastern cottonwood n salix nigra marshall black willow n sapindaceae sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l.d. benson western soapberry n sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. ssp. oblongifolium (nutt.) t.d. penn gum belly or chittamwood n ulmaceae ulmus l. elm n, i ulmus americana l. american elm n ulmus rubra muhl. slippery elm n http://plants.usda.gov/ journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 9, december 2009 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 4 vascular plants of southeastern oklahoma from the sans bois to the kiamichi mountains submitted to the faculty of the graduate college of the oklahoma state university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy may 1969 francis hobart means, jr. midwest city, oklahoma current email address: fhmeans@cox.net the author grew up in the prairie region of kay county where he learned to appreciate proper management of the soil and the native grass flora. after graduation from college, he moved to eastern oklahoma state college where he took a position as instructor in botany and agronomy. in the course of conducting botany field trips and working with local residents on their plant problems, the author became increasingly interested in the flora of that area and of the state of oklahoma. this led to an extensive study of the northern portion of the oauchita highlands with collections currently numbering approximately 4,200. the specimens have been processed according to standard herbarium procedures. the first set has been placed in the herbarium of oklahoma state university with the second set going to eastern oklahoma state college at wilburton. editor’s note: the original species list included habitat characteristics and collection notes. these are omitted here but are available in the dissertation housed at the edmon-low library at osu or in digital form by request to the editor. [ss] physical features location and area the area studied is located primarily in the ouachita highlands of eastern oklahoma. the specific area is generally bounded on the west by state highway 2, on the south by the kiamichi mountains, on the east by the oklahoma-arkansas state line, and on the north by the sans bois mountains. the area includes the southern two-thirds of latimer county, the southern half of leflore county, and the northeast corner of pushmataha county. most of the area is mountainous with prairie sites lying generally west to east in narrow valleys. one large prairie site lies in northern latimer county and central leflore county, between the sans bois and means, f.h. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100067 winding stair mountain ranges. a second large valley lies across the southern part of latimer and leflore counties between the winding stair and kiamichi mountain ranges. geology the sans bois mountains of northern latimer and leflore counties are primarily savanna and mcalester formations of the krebs group, dating from the pennsylvanian (snider 1917). the valleys to the west and east of wilburton in latimer county and extending eastward into leflore county are alluvium and low terrace deposits underlain by pennsylvanian strata (snider 1917). these valleys are generally associated with gaines creek in latimer county, fourche maline creek in latimer and leflore mailto:fhmeans@cox.net oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 5 counties, and poteau river in leflore county. these also are associated with the coal basin of eastern oklahoma, with numerous coal deposits occurring in the pennsylvanian strata. the ouachita overthrust, forming the winding stair mountain range, is of cambrian to lower pennsylvanian rocks formed during the second period of mountain formation in eastern oklahoma (dott 1928). the leading edge, to the north and west, formed a great arc and is now known as the choctaw fault (dott 1928), which runs from west to east across central latimer and leflore counties. the wapanucka limestone outcrops along this fault through latimer county and dates to the early pennsylvanian (fellows 1964). to the south of the choctaw fault lie the winding stair mountains. they are heavily faulted, with alternating layers of sandstones and shales. the principal strata are the atoka formation of pennsylvanian, the jackfork of upper mississippian, the john’s valley formation of upper mississippian and lower pennsylvanian, and the stanley shale of upper mississippian (fellows 1964). characteristically the valleys are formed from shales and the mountains from sandstones. the deeper riverbeds contain belts of pleistocene materials. the atoka formation is principally gray shale with sandstones distributed throughout, while the jackfork is composed of heavy, massive beds of brown sandstone separated by thinner bands of gray shale (snider 1917). the atoka strata are more resistant to erosion than is the stanley shale. the john’s valley formation is gray-green clay shale with interbedded sandstone that is easily eroded and is a valley former (snider 1917). the stanley shale is a bluish, greenish-black slaty shale with thin sandstone layers and considerable chert (snider 1917). some caney shale, which is black and green in color, is also present. the winding stair mountains are separated from the kiamichi mountains by a valley through which flows the kiamichi river. this valley runs from big cedar in leflore county westward through talihina, across latimer county, and into pushmataha county near clayton. it is formed from the stanley shale of upper mississippian (snider 1917) that is easily eroded and forms valley floors. lying to the west of talihina in southeast latimer county and along the northeastern edge of pushmataha county are the potato hills. they are remnants of ordovican black shales and sandstones underlain by shales of lower pennsylvanian (snider 1917). at many places the arkansas novaculite-stanley complex is present. the ordovican consists of bluish, greenish, and white chert with thin cherty and slaty shales with thin lenticels of limestone (snider 1917). the kiamichi mountains are jackfork shale of pennsylvanian underlain by stanley shale (snider 1917). the sandstone is resistant to weathering. the faulting is severe, and these mountains are more rugged than the winding stair mountains. rich mountain, of southeast leflore county, is of like composition. it is the highest in the area, reaching an elevation of approximately 3000 feet (914.4 m) above sea level (snider 1917), which is approximately 2000 feet (609.6 m) above the streams at its base. the lower elevations in the area are approximately 500 feet (152.4 m) above sea level. topography by counties according to snider (1917), latimer county covers approximately 735 sq. miles (1903.64 sq. km), lying in an area of pennsylvanian rocks with the southern part in the ouachita mountain region. both the northern and southern parts consist of alternating sandstones and shales of considerable thickness, folded into steep, northeast-southwest folds. the southern formations are the oldest and are steeper. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 6 the northern part is drained by fourche maline eastward into the poteau river; the southern part drains into the kiamichi river through several small tributaries; and the southwestern part drains northwest into the canadian river by way of gaines creek (figure). leflore county is one of the larger counties in the state, covering approximately 1614 sq. miles (4180.24 sq. km). the northern part lies in the arkansas valley geologic and physiographic province while the southern part lies in the ouachita mountains. the formations are the same as those of latimer county, with the ouachita mountains being especially rough. included are the winding stair, kiamichi, and jackfork mountains. the middle and northern part drains into the arkansas river by way of the poteau river and its tributaries. the southern part drains into the kiamichi river, which lies north of kiamichi mountain. the southern edge, south of kiamichi mountain, is drained by little river toward the red river. pushmataha county covers approximately 1430 sq. miles (3703.68 sq. km.). it lies in the ouachita mountains except for the southwest corner. the hills are rugged with much surface sandstone, separated by narrow valleys. the jackfork mountains and the potato hills are the areas of highest elevation in the county. the eastern part of the county drains toward the red river by means of little river. most of the county is drained toward the red river by kiamichi river and its tributaries. the kiamichi has its origin in arkansas, flows westward, then southward, then southeast to the red river. the kiamichi river is paralleled by little river to the east, which has its origin in the southwest corner of leflore county. soils according to gray and galloway (1959) there are four principal soil series within the ouachita highlands, with several additional localized series. they are acid red-yellow podzolic soils developed from gray and brown shales and sandstones. the surface soils are generally light colored and strongly leached. the major soil series are the hector-pottsville, enders-conway-hector, atkins-pope, and the parsons-dennis-bates. south of the choctaw fault, much of the mountains are rough with some of the formations steeply tilted (as much as 60 degrees to the horizontal). on these mountains, forest vegetation can easily penetrate the more weathered layers of the slopes. the sans bois mountains have soils of the same series as the winding stair and kiamichi mountains, but the strata are more horizontal, which results in poorer forest sites. the soil association characteristic of the sans bois, winding stair, and kiamichi mountain ranges is the hector-pottsville series (see fig.). in the hector series, the topsoil is a dark brown sandy loam, characteristically formed on hills and mountains under forest type vegetation. in the pottsville series, topsoil is a brown, fine sandy loam or loam a few inches deep, formed on hills and mountains under forest vegetation. in both hector and pottsville, it is not uncommon for slopes to be steep. ledges and surface rocks are also a common occurrence. the soils of the potato hills include the clebit series in addition to the hector and pottsville series. the clebit topsoil varies from a dark gray-brown stony silt loam to a pale brown silt loam, formed under forest vegetation of rocky steep slopes. the soil of the prairie west of wilburton, in latimer county, is the parson-dennis-bates association (see figure). this association also forms part of the prairie north of the kiamichi river, south and east of talihina. the parson topsoil is a grayish brown medium acid silt loam. the topography is nearly level to gentle slopes and is covered by tall grass oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 7 vegetation. the permeability of the soil is slow; it is seasonally wet and of low fertility. the dennis series topsoil is dark grayish brown, medium acid silt loam of low fertility, and is subject to erosion. the bates series topsoil is a dark grayish brown loam or fine sandy loam of medium acidity. shallow spots with surface rock are common and the soil is easily eroded. the large prairie of eastern latimer county and northern leflore county, north of the ouachita highlands, is of the endersconway-hector association (see figure). the enders soil is a brown, fine, sandy loam found on gentle slopes and ridges and is of low fertility, erosive, and droughty. the conway series is a brown silt loam. parent material is gray and brown clay and sandy shales of gentle slopes and valleys. it is of low fertility, slow draining, and it commonly has silt mounds. the hector series, which is a part of this association, has been previously discussed. the poteau river valley has soils of the atkins-pope association (see figure). the atkins series is a light gray acid silt loam or gray loam mottled with brown and yellow. the parent materials are gray acid mottled clay loams, loams, and loamy alluviums. the terrain is flood plain, subject to overflow, and is of low fertility with poor drainage. the pope soil is a brown acid fine sandy loam. parent materials are brown stratified alluviums of flood plains and naturally elevated dikes. it is subject to overflow, is of low fertility, but is sandier and better drained than the atkins. climate the climate of the ouachita highlands is of the continental type. it is moderated by seasonal influences of warm moist winds from the gulf of mexico. the annual temperature extremes range from a few degrees below zero to 103° f (-20 o to 40 o c). figure generalized soil map of southeastern oklahoma. symbols are: pdb – parson, dennis, bates; ech – enders, conway, hector; hp – hector, pottsville; and ap – adkins, pope (gray and galloway 1959). the average temperature for the years 1962 through 1967 was approximately 62° f (17 o c; table i). precipitation is high, ranging from just under 40 inches (101.6 cm) in the northern part to nearly 50 (127 cm) inches in the southern mountainous part (table ii). during the relatively dry year of 1963, just over 20 inches (50.8 cm) fell at wilburton, whereas in 1967, over 62 inches (157.5 cm) fell at the kiamichi tower on kiamichi mountain in southwest leflore county (table ii). the distribution of rainfall is more uniform over the entire year than is usual for the rest of oklahoma. spring is characterized by heavy rainfall, resulting in considerable local flooding. the summer months often become droughty with oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 8 moisture again being plentiful during the fall. eastern oklahoma and the adjoining states receive, on the average, more precipitation in the spring than any other state east of the rocky mountains (wahlgren 1941). high summer temperatures usually occur with clear skies and are accompanied by light wind. in winter, occasional sleet, ice storms, or snows occur but are few in number and of short duration. the last killing frost in spring falls in march to late april, with the first frost in fall occurring in late october. table i average temperatures station 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 clayton 2n 63.3m kiamichi tower poteau 62.3 63.1 62.5 62.0 60.9 62.1 smithville 2nnw 60.5 60.9 60.1m wilburton 62.2 63.4 62.5 62.4m 59.7m wister dam 63.1 63.7 63.3 63.8m 60.4m 60.7 source: u.s. dept. of commerce, weather bureau, climatological data, oklahoma, annual summaries, 1962-1967. temperature averages followed by an m indicate one or more months of missing data. table ii average precipitation station 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 clayton 2n 48.5 29.4e 50.4 36.0e 37.0e 53.8e kiamichi tower 59.0e 28.0e 45.4 58.2e 44.1e 62.1 poteau 41.8 20.9 38.6 31.6 33.1 49.6 smithville 2nnw 51.3 29.7 43.5 56.9 39.2e 59.2 wilburton 45.7 20.7 41.9 35.7 45.9 48.8e wister dam 38.7 22.0 40.3 32.6 36.9 50.5 source: u.s. dept. of commerce, weather bureau, climatological data, oklahoma, annual summaries, 1962-1967. precipitation averages followed by an e indicate one or more months of missing data. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 9 taxonomic history the first plant collecting in the ouachita highlands of eastern oklahoma was done by thomas nuttall in 1819. during a stay of several weeks at ft. smith on the arkansas river in western arkansas, he made several short collecting trips into surrounding territory. on may 16, 1819, nuttall left ft. smith with major bradford and a company of soldiers on a trip to the confluence of the kiamichi river and the red river. they followed the poteau and kiamichi rivers, crossing the mountains that separate the two drainage systems. the following are excerpts from nuttall’s journal of his travels into the arkansas territory (as reprinted in early western travels, volume xiii. thwaites 1905). [april] 27. yesterday i took a walk of about five miles up the banks of the pottoe [poteau], and found my labour well repayed by the discovery of several new or undescribed plants… the whole expanse of forest, hill and dale was now richly enameled with a profusion of beautiful and curious flowers; among the most conspicuous was the charming daisy of america [astranthium integrifolium (michx.) nutt.] of a delicate lilac colour, and altogether corresponding in general aspect with the european species; intermingled, appears a new species of phlox, the verbena subletia, and the esculent scilla [camassia]. nuttall made interesting notes about the terrain and flora. after passing the poteau river, he noted the conic shape of sugar loaf mountain and cavanah mountain, likening them to the allegheny mountains (thwaites 1905). on may 17, he recorded the following: these vast plains, beautiful almost as the fancied elysium, were now enamelled with innumerable flowers, among the most splendid of which were the azur larkspur [delphinium carolinianum walt.], gilded coreopsides [coreopsis], rudbeckias [rudbeckia], fragrant phloxes, and the purple psilotria. after crossing the divide from the poteau river to the kiamichi river, he again likened the ridges to the allegheny of pennsylvania, noting that they were rocky and thinly wooded with pines and oaks (thwaites 1905). on his return trip to ft. smith, nuttall notes passing with great difficulty along the summit of a mountain covered with thickets of “dwarf oaks (quercus chinquapin, q. montana and q. alba), none of them scarcely exceeding the height of a man” (thwaites 1905). many other botanists traveled and collected plants in oklahoma. zina pitcher, a surgeon in the u. s. army, apparently traveled the same general route as did nuttall (mckelvey 1955). melines c. leavenworth, heinrich karl beyrich, charles joseph latrobe, and edward james all collected in oklahoma but passed by the ouachita highlands while enroute to more western or southern destinations. (mckelvey 1955). g. d. butler collected isoetes at limestone gap, approximately 70 miles north of texas and 100 miles west of arkansas (butler 1878). this is probably the present town of gap in northern atoka county, situated in a break of the ouachita highlands. stevens collected plants from the vicinity of page, oklahoma, in southeastern oklahoma, during 1913 prior to his and shannon’s joint publication of plant life in oklahoma (stevens and shannon 1917). palmer (1924) made a study of the ligneous flora of rich mountain in southeastern oklahoma and featherly (1928) listed the grasses of oklahoma. in addition, occasional collections from the area of study by e. little, r. stratton, and oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 10 g. goodman are in the herbarium of oklahoma state university. collections of significance include those of u. t. waterfall. ecological considerations the vegetation of the ouachita highlands is the oak-hickory association of the deciduous forest formation (bruner 1931). this association is composed of two communities that are similar and intergrade considerably. one community is the upland forests of the rough hills and mountainous areas and the other is the lowland forest of stream valleys and more mesic lower slopes. overlapping into the forests, primarily in the valleys, is the tall grass prairie. there is intergradation to a limited extent between the lowland forests and the prairie community. the oak-hickory forest is most extensive on the lower slopes and level fertile valleys. the dominant species are quercus shumardii, var. schnecki, q. nigra, q. falcata, var. falcata, q. velutina, q. stellata, carya aquatic, c. cordiformis, c. myristicaeformis, and c. texana. other species commonly present in the valleys and lower slopes include acer saccharum, a. saccharinum, a. negundo, diospyros virginiana, sassafras albida, liquidambar styraciflua, juglans nigra, prunus serotina, robinia pseudoacacia, nyssa sylvatica, ostrya virginiana, tilia neglecta, quercus macrocarpa, q. muhlenbergii, q. lyrata, q. alba, ulmus alata, carya illinoensis, celtis laevigata, pinus echinata, salix caroliniana, s. nigra, platanus occidentalis, gleditsia tricanthos, fraxinus americana, maclura pomifera, and salix interior. characteristic dominant species of the more xeric upland sites include quercus velutina, q. stellata, q. palustris, q. marilandica, carya cordiformis, c. texana, ulmus alata, and pinus echinata. other species, including shrubs, present in the upland forest include the following: aesculus glabra, ascyrum hypericoides, vaccinium arboretum, v. stamineum, bumelia lanuginosae, ceanothus herbaceous, hypericum spathulatum, h. punctatum, ilex deciduas, and rhus copallina. shrubs more characteristic of the more mesic lower slopes include crataegus crus-galli, c. spathulata, cornus drummondii, c. obliquae, prunus mexicana, p. americana, rhus toxicodendron, r. glabra, r. radicans, and virburnum prunifolium. shrubs of the mesic lower slopes and valleys include cornus florida, alnus serrulata, betula nigra, ostrya virginiana, carpinus caroliniana, callicarpa americana, hamamelis vernalis, prunus serotina, amorpha fruticosa, hydrangea arborescens, and asimina triloba. magnolia acuminata is found only on the mesic northern slope of rich mountain in southeast leflore county. ilex opaca is restricted to wet sandy loam soils along kiamichi river and little river. common lianas found in the oakhickory association include the following: clematis versicolor, calycocarpum lyoni, cocculus carolinus, vitis rotundifolia, v. vulpina, v. acerifolia, v. aestivalis, parthenocissus quinquefolia, menisperma canadense, ampelopsis cordata, berchemia scandens, cissus incisa, smilax glauca, s. bona-nox, s. rotundifolia, rhododendron oblongifolium, and campsis radicans. the herbaceous flora varies with the seasons and the density of the forest. the prevernal and vernal species include the following: sanguinaria canadensis, podophyllum peltatum, polygonatum canaliculatum, arisaema dracontium, erythronium americanum, danthonia spicata, panicum sphaerocarpon, carex brevior, c. caroliniana, c. lurida, trillium viride, viola pedata, var. lineariloba, v. sororia, v. kitaibeliana, valerianella longiflora, v. stenocarpa, ranuculus hispidus, r. fascicularis, antennaria plantaginifolia, senecio obovatus, oenothera laciniata, anemonella thalictroides, lepidium virginianum, and callirhoe alcaeoides. common estival species include the following: silene stellata, salvia lyrata, monarda fistulosa, teucrium canadense, geum canadense, tovara virginiana, boehmeria cylindrica, utrica chamaedryoides, commelina communis, polygonum hydropiperoides, var. opelousanum, rumex crispus, oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 11 r. pulcher, froelichia gracilis, tephrosia virginiana, zizia aurea, cassia fasciculata, clitoria mariana, desmondium sessilifolium, elymus canadensis, panicum hians, eleocharis obtusa, lobelia spicata, and passiflora incarnata. the serotinal species include the following: lobelia cardinalis, aster azureus, boltonia diffusa, elephantopus carolinianus, eupatorium coelastinum, e. serotinum, iresine rhizomotosa, impatiens capensis, agastache nepetoides, helianthus hirsutus, uniola latifolia, tridens flavus, croton monanthogynus, euphorbia corollata, e. supine, pycnanthemum albescens, prunella vulgaris, plantago rugelii, coreopsis grandiflora, and solidago delicatula. subclimax prairie is found between the winding stair mountains and the sans bois mountains, and between the kiamichi mountains and the winding stair mountains. dominant prairie species are as follows: andropogon gerardi, a. scoparius, sorghastrum nutans, and panicum virgatum. other common species include andropogon saccharoides, a. ternarius, setaria geniculata, echinochloa crusgalli, panicum anceps, p. agrostoides, var. condensatum, paspalum setaceum, agrostis hyemalis, aristida oligantha, spehnopholis obtusata, tridens strictus, carex amphibola, var. turgid, c. lupuliformis, scirpus lineatus, aristida longespica, elymus virginicus, manisuris cylindrical, eragrostis trichodes, bromus secalinus, festuca octaflora, and hordeum pussillum. prevernal and vernal species of the prairies include the following: sisyrinchium campestre, hypoxis hirsuta, tradescantia ohiensis, t. ernestiana, baptisia leucophaea, b. nuttalina, b. sphaerocarpa, collinsia violacea, ranunculus fascicularis, bromus japonicus, b. mollis, penstemon arkansanus, p. digitalis, claytonia virginica, anemone caroliniana, linaria canadensis, camassia angusta, and luzula bulbosa. species that are a little later but still vernal include daucus pusillus, ptilimnium nuttallii, potentilla canadensis, amsonia tabernaemontana, phacelia hirsuta, astranthium integrifolium, phlox pilosa, psoralea psoralioides, p. tenuiflora, silene stellata, astragulus distortus, rosa carolina, stylosanthes biflora, polygala incarnate, acalypha virginica, and verbena canadensis. estival species of the prairie include rudbeckia grandiflora, r. triloba, cicuta maculata, asclepias tuberosa, oenothera laciniata, zizia aurea, eryngium yuccifolium, gaura filiformis, liatris pycnostachya, spiranthes vernalis, and cuscuta cuspidata. some serotinal species of the prairie include solidago radula, s. rigida, helianthus mollis, vernonia baldwinii, silphium laciniatum, and euphorbia nutans. vegetation associated with the streams, ponds and lakes of the area varies from free floating aquatics to those growing along the edge of water. common free floating or bottom rooted species include nuphar advena, var. advena, lemna valdiviana, myriophyllum heterophyllum, utricularia biflora, potamogeton diversifolius, and najas guadalupensis. species rooted at the edge of the water include typha latifolia, sagittaria gramineum, s. ambigua, zizaniopsis miliacea, hydrolea ovata, justicia americana, polygonum pensylvanicum, p. persicaria, ludwigia palustris, eleocharis obtusa, e. quadrangulata, rhynchospora corniculata, and various species of carex. range extensions and species of special interest this chapter covers range extensions and species having a rather restricted distribution in the area studied. range extensions bidens aristosa (michx.) britt. var. mutica (gray) gattinger, reported by waterfall (1954a) for mccurtain county, was collected in early october (means 2837) near lake nahih wayia in pushmataha county and (means 2210) in the poteau river valley 5 mi. (8.05 km) south of poteau in leflore county. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 12 carex lactebracteata waterfall, a new species described by waterfall (1954a) with the type (waterfall 11380) from a rocky wooded ridge 16.4 mi.(26.39 km) north of broken bow, in mccurtain county; it was collected may 1968 by the author (3252) on rocky wooded hillsides of cucumber creek in leflore county, approximately 22 mi. (35.41 km) north of the original collection site. species of special interest pinus teada l., although occurring in large stands in southeast mccurtain county, was collected (means 2499) as an occasional tree of mixed hardwood forest of kiamichi river valley approximately 2 mi. (3.22 km) southeast of tuskahoma in pushmataha county in october. taxodium distichum (l.) richard, collected in august, 1965 (means 2066) and early april, 1966 (means 2403) in shallow water along the banks of poteau river, near an old home site in leflore county. reproduction has occurred. buchloe dactyloides (nutt.) engelm., common further west in the grasslands, collected (means 1521) on clay site along creek 1.5 mi. (2.41 km) east of the latimerleflore county line along highway 270 in leflore county in early june, 1965. cynosurus echinatus l., naturalized from europe; collected (means 2597) in open woods on a rocky hillside near a stream 1 mi. (1.61 km) south of clayton in pushmataha county in early june, 1968. xyris torta j. e. smith, var. occidentalis malme, collected (waterfall 10547) in a slew 1.1 mi. (1.77km) west of talihina in latimer county, october 14, 1951. populus deltoides marsh., although fairly common in central and western oklahoma, collected (means 2361) at the base of wooded north slope of a ridge north of eastern oklahoma state college at wilburton in latimer county, april 5, 1966. brasenia schreberi gmel., abundant in upper end of lake nanih wayia, june 16, 1968 (means 3608) in pushmataha county and less commonly in a farm pond 2 mi. (3.22 km) east of buffalo valley school, july 13, 1968 (means 3790) in southeastern latimer county. magnolia acuminata l., reported by palmer (1924) as occurring on the lower north slopes of rich mountain in leflore county, collected in june 1932 (stevens 2771); june 1968 (means 3553); and may 1968 (means 3279) only at that site, approximately 0.5 mi. (0.8 km) west of the arkansas border in early june. asimina triloba (l.) dunal, indicated as common near page, oklahoma by palmer (1924), collected in fruit (means 790) in the wooded valley of cucumber creek in leflore county, august 17, 1963. drosera annua reed, collected (barclay and doty sin. num.) may 1961, on sides of low mounds in prairie along highway 2 approximately 4 mi. (6.44 km) north of clayton) in pushmataha county. sedum nuttallianum raf., collected may 23, 1966 (means 2453) from a rather dense stand on a wet weather seep at the edge of a blue shale outcrop along the highway, approximately 1.2 mi. (1.93 km) west and 0.7 mi. (1.13 km) north of tuskahoma in pushmataha county. ribes cynosbati l., reported by palmer (1924) from rich mountain, collected (means 2507) from mixed hardwood forest of kiamichi river valley 0.5 mi. (0.8 km) south and 1.5 mi. (2.41 km) east of tuskahoma in pushmataha county, may 22, 1966 and (means 2893) from the rocky north slope of kiamichi mountain 1 mi. (1.61 km) south of big cedar in leflore county, april 15, 1967. andrachne phyllanthoides (nutt.) coulter, occasional shrubby plant of rock-strewn small streams, collected (means 3656) along edge of small rocky stream 1 mi.(1.61 km) northwest of albion in pushmataha county, june 30, 1968. also collected (waterfall oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 13 8542) along rocky stream west of talihina october 11, 1964 and (waterfall 17171) along a rocky stream 9 mi. (14.48 km) north of tuskahoma, august 9, 1948, both in latimer county. ilex opaca ait., collected (means 1408) may 26, 1965 and (means 2436) april 22, 1966 in deep sandy soil of kiamichi river valley 0.7 mi. (1.13 km) south of big cedar; (clark 350) may 3, 1935 and (stevens 1406) april 1914 in wooded valley near page; (means 3220) in little river valley 6 mi. (9.65 km) southeast of nahoba may 27, 1968; (sellers sin.num.) july 16, 1966 9 mi. (14.48 km) northwest of clayton in pushmataha county. proserpinaca palustris l., var. crebra fern. & grisc., collected (means 3585) in a stream 1 mi. (1.61 km) south of clayton in pushmataha county, june 16, 1968. myriophyllum pinnatum (walt.) bsp., collected (means 3401) in shallow water of fourche maline creek 4 mi. (6.44 km) south of red oak in latimer county, may 28, 1968. liatris elegans (walt.) willd., collected (means 3944) august 26, 1968 and (waterfall 147) july 31, 1932 in native prairie west of albion in pushmataha county; (stratton 604) september 1927 and (waterfall 15173) october 11, 1958 in prairies east of wilburton in latimer county. rudbeckia maxima nutt., collected (means 1507) from a wet prairie site 1 mi. (1.61 km) west of red oak in latimer county, june 16, 1965. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 14 tabular view of the families genera (g) and species and subspecific taxa (ss) ________________________________________________________________________________________ family g ss family g ss ___________________________________________________________________________ osmundaceae 1 1 polypodiaceae 11 13 pinaceae 3 4 typhaceae 1 3 sparganiaceae 1 1 zosteraceae 1 2 najadaceae 1 1 alismataceae 3 6 gramineae 52 149 cyperaceae 6 59 araceae 1 2 lemnaceae 2 2 xyridaceae 1 2 commelinaceae 2 13 juncaceae 2 15 lilaceae 14 25 amaryllidaceae 3 4 dioscoreaceae 1 2 iridaceae 2 3 marantaceae 1 1 orchidaceae 2 4 saururaceae 1 1 salicaceae 2 5 juglandaceae 2 8 betulaceae 4 4 fagaceae 3 19 ulmaceae 2 4 moraceae 2 3 utricaceae 4 4 loranthaceae 1 1 aristolachiaceae 1 1 polygonaceae 5 20 chenopodiaceae 2 5 amaranthaceae 3 6 nyctaginaceae 1 2 phytolaccaceae 1 1 aizoaceae 1 1 portulacaceae 3 4 caryophyllaceae 6 12 nymphaceae 4 7 ranunculaceae 7 16 berberidaceae 1 1 menispermaceae 2 2 magnoliaceae 1 1 anonaceae 1 1 lauraceae 2 3 papaveraceae 1 1 fumariaceae 1 2 cruciferae 11 14 capparidaceae 2 2 droseraceae 1 1 crassulaceae 1 1 saxifragaceae 6 6 hamamelidaceae 2 2 platanaceae 1 1 rosaceae 10 32 leguminosae 25 71 geraniaceae 1 1 oxalidaceae 1 5 linaceae 1 2 zygophyllaceae 1 1 rutaceae 1 1 meliaceae 1 1 polygalaceae 1 5 euphorbiaceae 9 26 callitrichaceae 1 1 anacardiaceae 1 5 aquifoliaceae 1 2 celastraceae 1 2 staphyleaceae 1 1 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 15 aceraceae 1 4 hippocastanaceae 1 1 sapindaceae 1 1 balsaminaceae 1 1 rhamnaceae 3 4 vitaceae 4 11 tiliaceae 1 3 malvaceae 5 8 guttiferae 2 9 cistaceae 1 2 violaceae 1 15 passifloraceae 1 3 cactaceae 1 2 lythraceae 3 3 melastomaceae 1 1 onagraceae 4 15 haloragaceae 2 4 umbelliferae 17 21 cornaceae 1 3 nyssaceae 1 1 ericaceae 3 6 primulaceae 3 3 sapotaceae 1 1 ebenaceae 1 2 styracaceae 1 1 oleaceae 2 3 loganiaceae 3 3 gentianaceae 2 4 apocynaceae 3 4 asclepiadaceae 2 12 convolvulaceae 3 12 polemoniaceae 2 3 hydrophyllaceae 3 5 boraginaceae 5 5 verbenaceae 2 7 labiatae 18 28 solanaceae 3 15 scrophulariaceae 15 27 bignoniaceae 2 2 lentibulariaceae 1 1 acanthaceae 3 6 phrymaceae 1 1 plantaginaceae 1 5 rubiaceae 5 11 caprifoliaceae 4 7 valerianaceae 1 4 cucurbitaceae 2 2 campanulaceae 2 8 compositae 56 137 ___________________________________ totals 457 1067 out of a total of 119 families, the ten families with the largest number of species and subspecies are as follows: gramineae 52 149 compositae 56 137 leguminosae 25 71 cyperaceae 6 59 rosaceae 10 32 labiatae 18 28 scrophulariaceae 15 27 euphorbiaceae 9 26 umbelliferae 17 21 polygonaceae 5 20 ___________________________________ totals 213 570 oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 16 summary after moving to eastern oklahoma state college as instructor in botany and becoming aware of the variety in the local flora, the author began an extensive study of the northern ouachita highlands. the author has authenticated approximately 4,500 sheets which have been processed according to standard herbarium procedures. the first set has been placed in the herbarium of oklahoma state university with duplicates going to eastern oklahoma state college at wilburton, oklahoma. monographs, revisions, and other taxonomic literature from the oklahoma state university library and the personal libraries of dr. u.t. waterfall and the author were used in the identification of the specimens. a total of 1067 species and subspecific taxa representing 457 genera and 119 familes were identified. the families having the greatest number of species and subordinate taxa were gramineae 149, compositae 137, leguminosae 71, cyperaceae 59, rosaceae 32, labiatae 28, scrophularaceae 27, euphorbiaceae 26, umbelliferae 21, and polygonaceae 20. these 10 families contain 53% of the total species and subordinate taxa. in 1969, no taxa were reported as new records for the state, although 17 species were listed as range extensions or of special interest due to their limited distribution. acknowledgements the author wishes to express his appreciation to each member of his committee for their interest shown and guidance given. he is especially grateful to the chairman, dr. u.t. waterfall for his patience, continued interest and the use of his personal library and card index of research literature. literature cited aellen, paul and theodor just. 1934. key and synopsis of the american species of the genus chenopodium l. am. midl. nat. 30:4776. bailey, l.h. 1932. the blackberries of north america. gentes herb. 2(6):397-423. bailey, l h. 1945. the genus rubus in north america. gentes herb. 5(9):591-856. barneby, rupert c. 1964. atlas of north american astragalus. mem. n. y. bot. gard. 13. i:1596, ii:597-1188. beetle, alan ackerman. 1947. scirpus. n. am. fl. 18(8):481-504. benson, lyman. 1948. a treatise of the north american ranunculi. am. midl. nat. 40:1261. boivin, bernard. 1944. american thalictra and their old world allies. rhod. 46:335-349, 469-471, 480-483. britton, n.l. and j.n. rose. 1919-1923. the cactacae. carnegie inst. washington.vol.1-4. bruner, w.e. 1931. the vegetation of oklahoma. ecological monographs i, (2):101188. butler, g.d. 1878. a list of some of the most interesting species of plants collected in the indian territory. bot. gaz., 3:65-68, 74-78. butters, f.k. and e c. abbe. 1940. the american varieties of rorippa islandica. rhod. 42:25-32. clewell, a.f. 1966. native north american species of lespedeza (leguminosae). rhod. 68:359-405. core, earl l. 1941. the north american species of paronychia. am. midl. nat. 26:269398. correll, donovan s. 1956. ferns and fern allies of texas. contr. texas research foundation 2:1-188. cronquist, arthur. 1947. revision of the north american species of erigeron, north of mexico. britt. 6(2):121-302. dott, robert h. 1928. pensylvanian paleogeography with special reference to south-central oklahoma. okla. geol. surv. bul. no. 40:51-68. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 17 erickson, ralph o. 1943. taxonomy of clematis section viorna. ann. mo. bot. gard. 30:1-30. ernst, w.r. 1963. the genera of capparidaceae and moringaceae of the south east united states. journ. arn. arb. 44(1):81-95. featherly, h.i. 1946. manual of the grasses of oklahoma. bul. okla. a. & m. college 43(21):1-137. fellows, l.d. 1964. geology of the western part of the winding stair range, latimer and leflore counties, oklahoma. okla. geol. surv. circ. 65:1-102. ferguson, a.m. 1901. crotons of the united states. rept. mo. bot. gard. 12:33-74. fernald, m.l. 1922. notes on sparganium. rhod. 24:26-33. _____. 1931. potentilla canadensis and potentilla simplex. rhod. 33:180-191. _____. 1932. the linear-leaved north american species of potamogeton section axillares. mem. am. acad. arts & sciences 17:1-183. _____. 1933. types of some american species of elymus. rhod. 35:187-198. _____. 1934. draba in temperate northeastern america. rhod. 36:241-261, 285-305, 314344, 353-371, 392-404. _____. 1938a. viii new species, varieties and transfers. rhod. 40:334-338. _____. 1938b. noteworthy plants of southeastern virginia. rhod. 40:439-440. _____. 1950. gray’s manual of botany. 8 th ed. new york: american book company. gaiser, l.o. 1946. the genus liatris. rhod. 48:163-412. goodman, george j. 1950. a new variety of saxifraga. rhod. 52:183. gray, fenton and h.m. galloway. 1959. soils of oklahoma. okla. state univ. exp. sta. misc. pub. mp-56. harlow, w.m. 1931. the identification of the pines of the united states, native and introduced, by needle structure. new york state coll. of forestry bul. 4(2a):11-21. hermann, frederick j. 1946. the perennial species of utrica in the united states east of the rocky mountains. am. midl. nat. 35:773-778. hitchock, a.s. and agnes chase. 1950. manual of the grasses of the united states. 2 nd ed. u. s. govt. print. off. hitchock, c. leo. 1936. the genus lepidium in the united states. madrona 3:265-320. hopkins, milton. 1938. arabis in eastern and central north america. rhod. 39:63-76, 155167, 175-179. _____. 1942. cercis in north america. rhod. 44:193-211. hotchkiss, n. and h.l. dozier. 1949. taxonomy and distribution of the north american cattails. am. midl. nat. 41:237254. house, homer d. 1908. the north american species of the genus ipomoea. ann. n. y. acad. sci. 18:181-263. isley, duane. 1955. the leguminosae of the north-central united states ii. hedysareae. iowa state coll. jour. sci. 30(1):33-118. kearney, t.h. 1955. a tentative key to the north american species of abutilon miller. leafl. west. bot. 7(10):241-254. larisey, mary maxine. 1940. a monograph on the genus baptisia. ann. mo. bot. gard. 27:119-244. mackenzie, k.k. 1931. cyperaceae. n. am. fl. 18(1-7):1-478. mathias, m.e. and l. constance. 1945. umbelliferae. n. am. flora 28b:43-295. miser, hugh d. 1954. geologic map of the state of oklahoma. dept. inter. u. s. geol. surv. munz, phillip a. 1965. onagraceae. n. am. flora ii 5:1-278. mcclintock, elizabeth and carl epling. 1942. a revision of the genus monarda (labiatae). univ. calif. publ. bot. 29(2):147-192. mccoy, doyle. 1954. the genus lythrum in oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 33:156-158. mcgregor, r.l. 1950. two varieties of cystopteris fragilis. am. fern jour. 40:201-207. mckelvey, susan delano. 1955. botanical exploration of the trans-mississippi west 1790-1850. arn. arb., harvard univ. 1144. pp. mcvaugh, roger. 1943. campanulaceae (lobelioideae). n. am. flora 32a:36-82. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 18 ogden, e.c. 1945. the broad-leaved species of potamogeton of north america north of mexico. rhod. 45:57-105, 119-163, 171-214. ownbey, gerald b. 1947. a monograph of the north american species of corydalis. an. mo. bot. gard. 34(3):187-252. ownbey, marion and hannan c. case. 1955. cytotaxonomic studies in allium. 1. the allium canadense alliance. research studies of state coll. of wash. monographic sup. 1:1-106. palmer, e.j. 1924. the ligneous flora of rich mountain, arkansas and oklahoma. journ. arn. arb. 5:108-134. _____. 1931. conspectus of the genus amorpha. journ. arn. arb. 12:159-196. _____. 1932. leaves from a collector’s note book. journ. arn. arb. 13:436. payson, edwin b. 1918. the north american species of aquilegia. cont. u. s. nat. herbarium 20(4):133-159. pennell, francis w. 1935. scrophylariaceae of eastern temperate north america. acad. nat. sci. phil. monog. 1. perry, lilly m. 1937. variants in two species of dephinium (d. carolinianum and d. virescens). rhod. 39: 20-22. perude, robert e., jr. 1957. synopsis of rudbeckia subgenus rudbeckia. rhod. 59:293299. russell, norman h. 1965. violets of central and eastern united states: an introductory survey. sida 2(1):1-113. rydberg, per axel. 1913. agrimonia. n. am. flora 22(5):391-396. sargent, c.s. 1922. manual of the trees of north america. 2 vols. dover pub. inc. n. y. shinners, lloyd h. 1946. revision of the genus kuhnia. wrightia 1(2):122-144. _____. 1947. revision of the genus krigia. wrightia 1(3):187-206. _____. 1951. agave lata, a new species from north texas and oklahoma. field and lab. 19:171-173. snider, l.c. 1917. geography of oklahoma. okla. geol. surv. bul. 27:23-325. standley, paul c. 1917. amaranthaceae. n. am. flora 21(2):96-167. stanford, e.e. 1926. polygonum hydropiperoides and polygonum opelousanum. rhod. 28:23-27. stevens, g.w. and c.w. shannon. 1917. plant life in oklahoma. okla. geol. surv. bul. 27:215-246. steyermark, julian a. 1941. a study of arenaria patula. rhod. 43:325-333. svenson, henry knut. 1957. eleocharis. n. am. flora 18(9):509-540. thwaites, reuben g. 1905. nuttall’s travels into the arkansa territory, 1819. early western travels 1748-1846. vol 13:199-227. turner, b.l. 1950. vegetative key to texas desmanthus (leguminosae) and similar genera. field and lab. 18(2):51-65. _____. 1951. revision of the united states species of neptunia. am. midl. nat. 46:82-92. _____. 1955. the cassia fasciculata complex (leguminosae) in texas. field and lab. 23(34):87-91. tryon, r.m., jr. 1941. a revision of the genus pteridium. rhod. 43:1-31, 37-67. tryon, alice f. 1957. a revision of the fern genus pellaea section pellaea. ann. mo. bot. gard. 44:125-148. wahlgren, harry f. 1941. climate of oklahoma. climate and man. u.s.d.a. yearbook of agri. 1941:1065-1074. waterfall, u.t. 1950. some additions to the oklahoma flora. rhod. 52:35. _____. 1951. the genus callirhoe (malvaceae) in texas. field and lab. 19(3):107-119. _____. 1954a. a new species of carex (section phyllostachyae from oklahoma. rhod. 56(661):21-23. _____. 1954b. studies in the composition and distribution of the oklahoma flora-xxi. rhod. 56 (667):157-162. _____. 1966. keys to the flora of oklahoma. stillwater okla. privately published. _____. 1967. physalis in mexico, central america and the west indies. rhod. 69:82329. weatherby, c.a. 1927. the group of acalypha virginica in eastern north america. rhod. 29:193-204. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 19 webber, john m. 1953. yuccas of the southwest. u.s.d.a. agri. monograph 17:173. wheeler, l.c. 1941. euphorbia subgenus chamaesyce in canada and the united states exclusive of southern florida. rhod. 43:97154, 168-205, 223-286. wherry, e.t. 1955. the genus phlox. philadelphia: morris arboretum. wilbur, r.l. and h.s. daoud. 1961. the genus lechea (cistaceae) in the southeastern united states. rhod. 63:103-118. woodson, robert e., jr. 1942. commentary on the north american genera of commelinaceae. ann. mo. bot. gard. 29:141154. _____. 1954. the north american species of asclepias l. ann. mo. bot. gard. 41(1):1-211. yunkers, truman g. 1943. genus cuscuta, convolvulaceae. fl. of texas 3(2):123-150. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 20 appendix updated flora of southeastern oklahoma from the sans bois to the kiamichi mountains. editor’s note: originally this listing followed the engler-prantl system for families, as used in the keys to flora of oklahoma (waterfall 1966). nomenclature has been revised according to the national plant data center, baton rouge, la (http://plants.usda.gov) and organized based on the angiosperm phylogeny group, missouri botanical gardens http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/) accessed december 2009. [em] ferns aspleniaceae asplenium pinnatifidum nutt. asplenium platyneuron (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. dennstaedtiaceae pteridium aquilinum (l.) kuhn var. pseudocaudatum (clute) a. heller dryopteridaceae athyrium filix-femina (l.) roth. ssp. asplenioides (michx.) hultén cystopteris tennesseensis shaver [syn = cystopteris fragilis var. simulans] dryopteris marginalis (l.) a. gray polystichum acrostichoides (michx.) schott woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. osmundaceae osmunda regalis l. var. spectabilis (willd.) gray polypodiaceae pleopeltis polypodioides (l.) andrews & windham ssp. michauxiana (weath.) andrews & windham pteridaceae adianthum pedatum l. cheilanthes lanosa (michx.) d.c. eaton [syn = cheilanthes vestita] pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link gymnosperms cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. taxodium distichum (l.) rich. pinaceae pinus echinata mill. pinus taeda l. basal angiosperms annonaceae asimina triloba (l.) dunal aristolochiaceae aristolochia tomentosa sims lauraceae lindera benzoin (l.) blume var. benzoin sassafras albidum (nutt.) nees. [syn = sassafras albidum var. molle] magnoliaceae magnolia acuminata (l.) l. nymphaceae brasenia schreberi j.f. gmel. nelumbo lutea willd. nuphar lutea (l.) sm. ssp. advena (aiton) kartesz & gandhi [syn = nuphar advena, nuphar advena var. tomentosa, nuphar ovata, nuphar ozarkana] nymphaea odorata aiton saururaceae saururus cernuus l. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 21 monocots agavaceae manfreda virginica (l.) salisb. ex rose [syn = agave lata, agave virginica] alismataceae alisma plantago-aquatica l. echinodorus cordifolius (l.) griseb. sagittaria ambigua j. g. sm. sagittaria graminea michx. sagittaria latifolia willd. sagittaria platyphylla (engelm.) j. g. sm. araceae arisaema dracontium (l.) schott. arisaema triphyllum (l.) schott. ssp. triphyllum [syn = arisaema atrorubens] commelinaceae commelina communis l. commelina diffusa burm. f. commelina erecta l. var. angustifolia (michx.) fernald commelina erecta l. var. deamiana fernald commelina erecta l. var. erecta commelina virginica l. tradescantia ernestiana e.s. anderson & woodson tradescantia hirsuticaulis small tradescantia hirsutiflora bush tradescantia ohiensis raf. tradescantia tharpii e.s. anderson & woodson cyperaceae carex amphibola steud. carex annectens (e.p. bicknell) e.p. bicknell carex bicknellii britton carex blanda dewey carex brevior (dewey) mack. carex bushii mack. [syn = carex caroliniana var. cuspidata] carex cephalophora muhl. ex willd. carex crinita lam. var. brevicrinis fernald carex crus-corvi shuttlw. ex kunze carex flaccosperma dewey carex frankii kunth carex gravida l.h. bailey var. lunelliana (mack) f.j. herm. carex hyalina boott carex joori l.h. bailey carex laevivaginata (kük.) mack. carex latebracteata waterf. carex lupuliformis sartwell ex dewey carex lurida wahlenb. carex meadii dewey carex microrhyncha mack. carex muhlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. var. enervis boott carex oklahomensis mack. [syn = carex stipata var. oklahomensis] carex oxylepis torr. & hook. carex retroflexa muhl. ex willd. carex squarrosa l. carex stipata muhl. ex willd. var. stipata carex texensis (torr.) l. h. bailey carex tribuloides wahlenb. carex vulpinoidea michx. cyperus acuminatus torr. & hook. ex torr. cyperus echinatus (l.) alph. wood [syn = cyperus ovularis var. sphaericus] cyperus erythrorhizos muhl. cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks ssp. lupulinus cyperus strigosus l. cyperus virens michx. eleocharis acicularis (l.) roem. & schult. var. acicularis eleocharis compressa sull. var. acutisquamata (buckley) s.g. sm. [syn = eleocharis acutisquamata] eleocharis montevidensis kunth eleocharis obtusa (willd.) schult. eleocharis quadrangulata (michx.) roem. & schult. fimbristylis autumnalis (l.) roem. & schult. fimbristylis dichotoma (l.) vahl. fimbristylis thermalis s. watson [syn = fimbristylis spadicea] fimbristylis vahlii (lam.) link. isolepis carinata hook. & arn. ex torr. [syn = scirpus koilolepis] oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 22 kyllinga brevifolia rottb. [syn = cyperus brevifolius] rhynchospora capitellata (michx.) vahl. rhynchospora corniculata (lam.) a. gray rhynchospora glomerata (l.) vahl. rhynchospora harveyi wm. boott rhynchospora macrostachya torr. ex a. gray rhynchospora recognita (gale) kral [syn = rhynchospora globularis var. recognita] schoenoplectus americanus (pers.) volkart ex schinz & r. keller [syn = scirpus americanus] schoenoplectus californicus (c.a. mey.) palla [syn = scirpus californicus] scirpus atrovirens willd. scirpus cyperinus (l.) kunth scirpus lineatus michx. dioscoreaceae dioscorea quaternata j.f. gmel. [syn = dioscorea villosa var. glabrifolia] iridaceae iris cristata aiton sisyrinchium angustifolium mill. sisyrinchium campestre e.p. bicknell juncaceae juncus acuminatus michx. juncus brachycarpus engelm. juncus bufonius l. juncus coriaceus mack. juncus diffusissimus buckley juncus effusus l. var. solutus fernald & wiegand juncus interior wiegand juncus marginatus rostk. juncus repens michx. juncus scirpoides lam. juncus tenuis willd. juncus validus coville var. validus [syn = juncus crassifolius] luzula bulbosa (alph. wood) smyth & smyth luzula echinata (small) f.j. herm. liliaceae aletris farinosa l. allium canadense l. var. canadense allium canadense l. var. fraseri ownbey allium canadense l. var. hyacinthoides (bush) ownbey & aase allium canadense l. var. mobilense (regel) ownbey allium perdulce s.v. fraser allium vineale l. ssp. compactum (thuill.) coss & germ. amianthium muscitoxicum (walter) a. gray camassia angusta (engelm. & a. gray) blank. camassia scilloides (raf.) cory cooperia drummondii herbert [syn = zephyranthes brazosensis] erythronium albidum nutt. erythronium americanum ker gawl. hypoxis hirsuta (l.) coville maiathemum racemosum (l.) link ssp. racemosum [syn = smilacina racemosa var. cylindrata] nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britton polygonatum biflorum (walter) elliot var. commutatum (schult. & schult. f.) morong [syn = polygonatum canaliculatum] smilax bona-nox l. smilax glauca walter smilax herbacea l. smilax tamnoides l. trillium viride beck uvularia grandiflora sm. veratrum woodii j.w. robbins ex alph. wood yucca glauca nutt. zigadenus nuttallii (a. gray) s. watson lemnaceae lemna valdiviana phil. spirodela polyrrhiza (l.) schleid. marantaceae thalia dealbata fraser ex roscoe najadaceae najas guadalupensis (spreng.) magnus oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 23 orchidaceae calopogon tuberosus (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. var. tuberosus [syn = calopogon pulchellus] spiranthes cernua (l.) rich. spiranthes tuberosa raf. spiranthes vernalis engelm. & a. gray poaceae agrostis stolonifera l. [syn = agrostis alba] agrostis elliottiana schult. agrostis hyemalis (walt.) britton, sterns & poggenb. agrostis perennans (walt.) tuck. aira elegans willd. ex kunth. alopecurus carolinianus walter andropogon gerardii vitman andropogon glomeratus (walter) britton, sterns & poggenb. var. glomeratus [syn = andropogon virginicus var. abbreviatus] andropogon gyrans ashe var. gyrans [syn = a. elliottii] andropogon ternarius michx. andropogon virginicus l. var. virginicus aristida dichotoma michx. var. curtissii gray aristida dichotoma michx. var. dichotoma aristida longespica poir. aristida oligantha michx. aristida purpurascens poir. arundinaria gigantea (walter) muhl. axonopus festifolius (raddi) kuhlm. [syn = axonopus affinis] bothriochloa barbinodis lag. [syn = andropogon barbinodis] bothriochloa saccharoides (sw.) rydb. [syn = andropogon saccharoides] bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. bouteloua dactyloides (nutt.) j.t. columbus [syn = buchloe dactyloides] brachyelytrum erectum (schreb. ex spreng.) p. beauv. bromus arvensis l. [syn = bromus japonicus] bromus catharticus vahl bromus hordeaceus l. ssp. hordeaceus [syn = bromus mollis] bromus inermis leyss. bromus kalmii a. gray [syn = bromus purgans] bromus secalinus l. bromus tectorum l. cenchrus spinifex cav. [syn = cenchrus incertus, cenchrus pauciflorus] chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates [syn = uniola latifolia] chasmanthium laxum (l.) yates [syn = uniola laxa] chasmanthium sesiliflorum (poir.) yates [syn = uniola sessiliflora] chloris verticillata nutt. chloris virgata sw. cinna arundinaceae l. coelorachis cylindrica (michx.) nash [syn = manisuris cylindrica] cynosurus echinatus l. dactylis glomerata l. danthonia spicata (l.) p. beauv. ex roem. & schult. diarrhena obovata (gleason) brandenburg [syn = diarrhena americana var. obovata] dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. fasciculatum (torr.) freckmann [syn = panicum lanuginosum var. fasciculatum] dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. lindheimeri (nash) & c.a. clark [syn = panicum lanuginosum var. lindheimeri] dichanthelium boscii (poir.) gould & c.a. clark [syn = panicum boscii] dichanthelium dichotomum (l.) gould var. dichotomum [syn = panicum dichotomum] dichanthelium laxiflorum (lam.) gould [syn = panicum laxiflorum] dichanthelium linearifolium (scribn. ex nash) gould dichanthelium malacophyllum (nash) gould [syn = panicum malacophyllum] dichanthelium oligosanthes (schult.) gould var. scribnerianum (nash) gould [syn = panicum oligosanthes var. helleri, panicum oligosanthes var. scribnerianum] dichanthelium scoparium (lam.) gould [syn = panicum scoparium] dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (elliot) gould var. isophyllum (scribn.) gould & c.a. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 24 clark [syn = panicum microcarpon, panicum polyanthes] dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (elliot) gould var. sphaerocarpon [syn = panicum sphaerocarpon] dichanthelium villosissimum (nash) freckmann var. praecocius (hitch. & chase) freckmann [syn = panicum praecocius] dichanthelium wilcoxianum (vasey) freckmann [syn = panicum wilcoxianum] digitaria villosa (walter) pers. [syn = digitaria filiformis var. villosa] digitaria ischaemum (schreb.) schreb. ex muhl. digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop. digitaria violascens link echinochloa colona (l.) link echinochloa crus-galli (l.) p. beauv. eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. elymus canadensis l. elymus hystrix l. var. hystrix [syn = hystrix patula] elymus interruptus buckley elymus submuticus (hook.) smyth & smyth [syn = elymus virginicus var. submuticus] elymus virginicus l. var. virginicus [syn = elymus virginicus var. glabriflorus, elymus virginicus var. jejunus] eragrostis capillaris (l.) nees eragrostis frankii c.a. mey. ex steud. eragrostis hirsuta (michx.) nees eragrostis hypnoides (lam.) britton, sterns & poggenb. eragrostis intermedia hitchc. eragrostis japonica (thunb.) trin. [syn = eragrostis glomerata] eragrostis minor host [syn = eragrostis poaeoides] eragrostis pilosa (l.) p. beauv. eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) alph. wood eriochloa contracta hitchc. festuca paradoxa desv. festuca subverticillata (pers.) alexeev [syn = festuca obtusa] gymnopogon ambiguus (michx.) britton, sterns & poggenb. hordeum pusillum nutt. leersia oryzoides (l.) sw. leersia virginica willd. leptochloa panicea (retz) ohwi ssp. brachiata (steud.) n. snow [syn = leptochloa filiformis] lolium perenne l. lolium perenne l. ssp. multiforum (lam.) husnot [syn = lolium multiflorum] melica mutica walter muhlenbergia capillaris (lam.) trin. muhlenbergia sobolifera (muhl. ex willd.) trin. muhlenbergia tenuiflora (kunth.) trin. panicum anceps michx. panicum brachyanthum steud. panicum capillare l. panicum dichotomiflorum michx. panicum rigidulum bosc ex nees var. rigidulum [syn = panicum agrostoides] panicum virgatum l. paspalum dilatatum poir. paspalum dissectum (l.) l. paspalum distichum l. paspalum floridanum michx. paspalum laeve michx. paspalum setaceum michx. paspalum urvillei steud. phalaris canariensis l. phalaris caroliniana walter piptochaetium avenaceum (l.) parodi [syn = stipa avenacea] poa annua l. poa pratensis l. poa sylvestris a. gray saccharum brevibarbe (michx.) pers. var. contortum (elliot) r. webster [syn = erianthus contortus] saccharum giganteum (walter) pers. [syn = erianthus giganteus] sacciolepis striata (l.) nash schedonorus pratensis (huds.) p. beauv. [syn = festuca elatior] schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash var. scoparium [syn = andropogon scoparius] setaria italica (l.) p. beauv. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 25 setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen [syn = setaria geniculata] setaria pumila (poir.) roem. & schult. ssp. pumila [syn = setaria glauca] setaria viridis (l.) p. beauv. sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash sorghum halepense (l.) pers. sphenopholis intermedia (rydb.) rydb. sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. sporobolus clandestinus (biehler) hitchc. [syn = sporobolus asper var. canovirens] sporobolus compositus (poir.) merr. var. macer (trin.) kartesz & gandhi [syn = sporobolus asper var. macer] sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) a. gray sporobolus indicus (l.) r. br. var. indicus [syn = sporobolus poiretii] sporobolus pyramidatus (lam.) hitchc. sporobolus vaginiflorus (torr. ex a. gray) alph. wood var. vaginiflorus steinchisma hians (elliot) nash [syn = panicum hians] tridens flavus (l.) hitchc. tridens strictus (nutt.) nash triplasis purpurea (walter) chapm. tripsacum dactyloides (l.) l. urochloa platyphylla (munro ex c. wright) r.d. webster [syn = brachiaria platyphylla] vulpia myuros (l.) c.c. gmel. [syn = festuca myuros] vulpia octoflora (walter) rydb. var. octoflora [syn = festuca octoflora] zizaniopsis miliacea (michx.) döll & asch. potomogetonaceae potamogeton diversifolius raf. potamogeton pulcher tuck. sparganiaceae sparganium americanum nutt. typhaceae typha angustifolia l. typha domingensis pers. typha latifolia l. xyridaceae xyris difformis chapm. xyris torta sm. eudicots berberidaceae podophyllum peltatum l. fumariaceae corydalis crystallina engelm. corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex a. gray) a. gray menispermaceae calycocarpum lyonii (pursh) a. gray cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. papaveraceae sanguinaria canadensis l. platanaceae platanus occidentalis l. ranunculaceae anemone berlandieri pritz. [syn = anemone decapetala] anemone caroliniana walter aquilegia canadensis l. clematis pitcheri torr. & a. gray clematis versicolor small ex rydb. delphinium carolinianum walter delphinium tricorne michx. delphinium wootonii rydb. [syn = delphinium virescens] ranunculus abortivus l. ranunculus fascicularis muhl. ex bigelow ranunculus laxicaulis (torr. & a. gray) darby ranunculus micranthus nutt. ranunculus recurvatus poir. thalictrum dasycarpum fisch. & avé-lall. thalictrum thalictroides (l.) spach. [syn = anemonella thalictroides] oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 26 rosids aceraceae acer negundo l. var. negundo acer rubrum l. acer saccharum marsh. anacardiaceae rhus aromatica aiton var. aromatica rhus copallinum l. var. latifolia engl. rhus glabra l. toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze ssp. radicans [syn = rhus radicans] toxicodendron pubescens mill. [syn = rhus toxicodendron] betulaceae alnus serrulata (aiton) willd. betula nigra l. carpinus caroliniana walter ostrya virginiana (mill.) k. koch var. virginiana brassicaceae arabis canadensis l. arabis missouriensis greene capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. cardamine concatenata (michx.) sw. [syn = dentaria laciniata] cardamine parviflora l. var. arenicola (britton) o. e. schulz cardamine pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & a. gray lepidium densiflorum schrad. lepidium virginicum l. rorippa palustris (l.) besser ssp. fernaldiana (butters & abbe) jonsell [syn = rorippa islandica ssp. fernaldiana] selenia aurea nutt. sibara virginica (l.) rollins streptanthus maculatus nutt. thlaspi arvense l. capparaceae cleome spinosa jacq. polanisia dodecandra (l.) dc. ssp. trachysperma (torr. & a. gray) iltis celastraceae euonymus americanus l. euonymus atropurpureus jacq. cistaceae lechea mucronata raf. lechea tenuifolia michx. clusiaceae hypericum densiflorum pursh hypericum lobocarpum gattinger ex j.m. coult. [syn = hypericum densiflorum var. lobocarpum, hypericum oklahomense] hypericum drummondii (grev. & hook.) torr. & a. gray hypericum gentianoides (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. hypericum hypericoides (l.) crantz ssp. hypericoides [syn = ascyrum hypericoides] hypericum mutilum l. hypericum prolificum l. [syn = hypericum spathulatum] hypericum pseudomaculatum bush hypericum punctatum lam. triadenum tubulosum (walter) gleason crassulaceae penthorum sedoides l. sedum nuttallianum raf. cucurbitaceae melothria pendula l. cucurbita foetidissima kunth euphorbiaceae acalypha gracilens a. gray [syn = acalypha gracilens var. fraseri] acalypha monococca (engelm. ex a. gray) lill. w. mill. & gandhi [syn = acalypha gracilens ssp. monococca] acalypha virginica l. chamaesyce maculata (l.) small [syn = euphorbia supina] chamaesyce missurica (raf.) shinners [syn = euphorbia missurica] chamaesyce nutans (lag.) small [syn = euphorbia nutans] oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 27 chamaesyce prostrata (aiton) small [syn = euphorbia prostrata] cnidoscolus texanus (müll. arg.) small croton capitatus michx. var. capitatus croton capitatus michx. var. lindheimeri (engelm. and a. gray) müll. arg. croton glanulosus l. var. septentrionalis müll. arg. croton lindheimerianus scheel croton michauxii g.l. webster [syn = crotonopsis linearis] croton monanthogynus michx. euphorbia cyathophora murray [syn = euphorbia heterophylla var. graminifolia] euphorbia dentata michx. var. dentata euphorbia pubentissima michx. [syn = euphorbia corollata var. paniculata] euphorbia spathulata lam. [syn = euphorbia obtusata] euphorbia tetrapora engelm. leptopus phyllanthoides (nutt.) g.l. webster [syn = andrachne phyllanthoides] phyllanthus caroliniensis walter stillingia sylvatica l. tragia betonicifolia nutt. fabaceae amorpha fruticosa l. [syn = amorpha virgata] amorpha laevigata nutt. apios americana medik. astragalus canadensis l. astragalus crassicarpus nutt. var. crassicarpus astragalus crassicarpus nutt. var. trichocalyx (nutt.) barneby astragalus distortus torr. & a. gray var. distortus baptisia alba (l.) vent. var. macrophylla (larisey) isely [syn = baptisia leucantha] baptisia australis (l.) r. br. var. minor (lehm.) fernald baptisia bracteata muhl. ex elliot var. leucophaea (nutt.) kartesz & gandhi [syn = baptisia leucophaea, baptisia leucophaea var. glabrescens] baptisia nuttalliana small baptisia spaerocarpa nutt. baptisia stricta nutt. chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene var. fasciculata [syn = cassia fasciculata, cassia fasciculata var. rostrata] chamaecrista nictitans (l.) moench ssp. nictitans var. nictitans cercis canadensis l. var. canadensis clitoria mariana l. dalea candida michx. ex willd. var. candida dalea purpurea vent. desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macmill. ex b.l. rob. & fernald desmodium glutinosum (muhl. ex willd.) alph. wood desmodium laevigatum (nutt.) dc. desmodium marilandicum (l.) dc. desmodium nudiflorum (l.) dc. desmodium obtusum (muhl. ex willd.) dc. [syn = desmodium rigidum] desmodium perplexum b.g. schub. [syn = desmodium paniculatum var. dillenii] desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. var. paniculatum desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & a. gray galactia volubilis (l.) britt. gleditsia triacanthos l. kummerowia stipulacea (maxim.) makino [syn = lespedeza stipulacea] kummerowia striata (thunb.) schindl. [syn = lespedeza striata] lathyrus latifolius l. lathyrus pusillus elliot lespedeza capitata michx. lespedeza cuneata (dum. cours.) g. don lespedeza hirta (l.) hornem. ssp. hirta lespedeza procumbens michx. lespedeza repens (l.) w. bartram lespedeza stuevei nutt. [syn = lespedeza stuevei var. angustifolia] lespedeza violacea (l.) pers. lespedeza virginica (l.) britt. mimosa microphylla dryand. [syn = schrankia uncinata] neptunia lutea (leavenworth) benth. orbexilum pedunculatum (mill.) rydb. var. pedunculatum [syn = psoralea psoralioides var. eglandulosa] oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 28 orbexilum simplex (nutt. ex torr. & a. gray) rydb. [syn = psoralea simplex] psoralidium tenuiflora (pursh) rydb. [syn = psoralea tenuiflora] rynchosia latifolia nutt. ex torr. & a. gray robinia pseudoacacia l. securigera varia (l.) lassen [syn = coronilla varia] senna marilandica (l.) link [syn = cassia marilandica] senna occidentalis (l.) link [syn = cassia occidentalis] strophostyles helvola (l.) elliot strophostyles leiosperma (torr. & a. gray) piper strophostyles umbellata (muhl. ex willd.) britton stylosanthes biflora (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. [syn = stylosanthes biflora var. hispidissima] tephrosia onobrychoides nutt. tephrosia virginiana (l.) pers. [syn = tephrosia virginiana var. holosericea] trifolium arvense l. trifolium carolinianum michx. trifolium dubium sibth. trifolium incarnatum l. trifolium pratense l. trifolium reflexum l. vicia caroliniana walter vicia minutiflora f.g dietr. fagaceae castanea pumila (l.) mill. var. ozarkensis (ashe) tucker [syn = castanea ozarkensis] fagus grandifolia ehrh. quercus alba l. quercus coccinea münchh. quercus falcata michx. [syn = quercus falcata var. triloba] quercus lyrata walter quercus macrocarpa michx. quercus marilandica münchh. quercus muehlenbergii engelm. quercus nigra l. quercus pagoda raf. [syn = quercus falcata var. pagodifolia] quercus palustris münchh. quercus phellos l. quercus rubra l. var. ambigua (a. gray) fernald [syn = quercus rubra var. borealis] quercus shumardii buckley var. shumardii quercus shumardii buckley var. schneckii (britton) sarg. quercus stellata wangenh. quercus velutina lam. geraniaceae geranium carolinianum l. grossulariaceae itea virginica l. ribes cynosbati l. haloragaceae myriophyllum aquaticum (vell.) verdc. [syn = myriophyllum brasiliense] myriophyllum heterophyllum michx. myriophyllum pinnatum (walt.) britton, sterns & poggenb. proserpinaca palustris l. var. crebra fernald & grisc. hamamelidaceae hamamelis vernalis sarg. liquidambar styraciflua l. hippocastanaceae aesculus glabra willd. juglandaceae carya alba (l.) nutt. [syn = carya tomentosa] carya aquatica (michx. f.) nutt. carya cordiformis (wangenh.) k. koch carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch carya myristiciformis (michx. f.) nutt. carya ovata (mill.) k. koch carya texana buckley juglans nigra l. linaceae linum medium (planch.) britton var. texanum (planch.) fernald oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 29 linum sulcatum riddell lythraceae didiplis diandra (nutt. ex dc.) alph. wood [syn = peplis diandra] lythrum alatum pursh var. alatum rotala ramosior (l.) koehne malvaceae abutilon theophrasti medik. callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.) a. gray callirhoe pedata (nutt. ex hook.) a. gray [syn = callirhoe digitata var. stipulata] hibiscus lasiocarpos cav. hibiscus laevis all. [syn = hibiscus militaris] malva pusilla l. [syn = malva rotundifolia] sida rhombifolia l. sida spinosa l. melastomataceae rhexia mariana l. var. interior (pennell) kral & bostick [syn = rhexia interior] meliaceae melia azedarach l. moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) c.k. schneid. morus alba l. morus rubra l. onagraceae gaura longiflora spach [syn = gaura filiformis] gaura sinuata nutt. ex ser. ludwigia alternifolia l. ludwigia decurrens walter [syn = jussiaea decurrens] ludwigia glandulosa walter ssp. glandulosa ludwigia palustris (l.) elliot ludwigia peploides (kunth) p.h. raven ssp. peploides [syn = jussiaea peploides] oenothera elata kunth. ssp. hirsutissima (a. gray ex s. watson) w. dietr. [syn = oenothera biennis var. hirsutissima] oenothera fruticosa l. oenothera laciniata hill oenothera linifolia nutt. oenothera speciosa nutt. oenothera villosa thunb. ssp. villosa [syn = oenothera biennis var. canescens] oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata l. oxalis stricta l. oxalis violacea l. passifloraceae passiflora incarnata l. passiflora lutea l. polygalaceae polygala incarnata l. polygala polygama walter polygala sanguinea l. polygala verticillata l., var. isocycla fernald rhamnaceae berchemia scandens (hill.) k. koch ceanothus americanus l. ceanothus herbaceus raf. var. pubescens (t. & g.) shinners frangula caroliniana (walter) a. gray [syn = rhamnus caroliniana] rosaceae agrimonia parviflora aiton agrimonia pubescens wallr. agrimonia rostellata wallr. amelanchier arborea (michx. f.) fernald crataegus crus-galli l. crataegus marshallii eggl. crataegus pruinosa (wendl. f.) koch. [syn = crataegus mackenziei] crataegus punctata jacq. [syn = crataegus collina] crataegus spathulata michx. crataegus uniflora münchh. crataegus viridis l. geum canadense jacq. var. canadense geum canadense jacq. var. texanum fernald & weath. gillenia stipulata (muhl. ex willd.) baill. potentilla simplex michx. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 30 prunus americana marsh., var. americana prunus angustifolia marsh. prunus mexicana s. watson prunus munsoniana w. wright & hedrick prunus serotina ehrh. rosa carolina l. rosa foliolosa nutt. ex torr. & a. gray rosa setigera michx. var. setigera rosa setigera michx. var. tomentosa torr. & a. gray rubus aboriginum rydb. rubus argutus link. [syn = rubus louisianus] rubus bushii l.h. bailey [syn = rubus ozarkensis, rubus scibilis] rubus oklahomus l.h. bailey rubus trivialis michx. sanguisorba annua (nutt. ex hook.) nutt. ex torr. & a. gray rutaceae ptelea trifoliata l. ssp. trifoliata salicaceae populus deltoides bartram ex marsh. salix caroliniana michx. salix humilis marsh. var. humilis salix interior rowlee salix nigra marsh. sapindaceae sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l.d. benson [syn = sapindus drummondii] saxifragaceae heuchera americana l. var. americana saxifraga texana buckley staphyleaceae staphylea trifolia l. tiliaceae tilia americana l. tilia americana l. var. americana [syn = tilia neglecta] ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. celtis occidentalis l. celtis tenuifolia nutt. ulmus alata michx. urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. laportea canadensis (l.) weddell parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. pilea pumila (l.) a. gray viscaceae phoradendron leucarpum (raf.) reveal & m.c. johnst. [syn = phoradendron serotinum] vitaceae ampelopsis arborea (l.) koehne ampelopsis cordata michx. cissus trifoliata (l.) l. parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch vitis acerifolia raf. vitis aestivalis michx. vitis cinerea (engelm.) engelm. ex millard vitis rotundifolia michx. vitis rupestris scheele vitis vulpina l. zygophyllaceae tribulus terrestris l. asterids acanthaceae dicliptera brachiata (pursh) spreng. justicia americana (l.) vahl ruellia humilis nutt. ruellia pedunculata torr. ex a. gray ruellia strepens l. amaranthaceae amaranthus albus l. [syn = amaranthus graecizans] amaranthus retroflexus l. amaranthus spinosus l. froelichia gracilis (hook.) moq. iresine rhizomatosa standl. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 31 apiaceae ammoselinum butleri (engelm. ex s. watson) j.m. coult. & rose chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. tainturieri [syn = chaerophyllum texanum] cicuta maculata l. cryptotaenia canadensis (l.) dc. cynosciadium digitatum dc. daucus pusillus michx. eryngium prostratum nutt. ex dc. eryngium yuccifolium michx. var. synchaetum a. gray ex j.m. coult. & rose hydrocotyle verticillata thunb. limnosciadium pinnatum (dc.) mathias & constance osmorhiza longistylis (torr.) dc. polytaenia nuttallii dc. ptilimnium capillaceum (michx.) raf. ptilimnium nuttallii (dc.) britton sanicula canadensis l. spermolepis echinata (nutt. ex dc.) a. heller spermolepis inermis (nutt. ex dc.) mathias & constance thaspium barbinode (michx.) nutt. trepocarpus aethusae nutt. ex dc. zizia aurea (l.) w.d.j. koch apocynaceae amsonia illustris woodson amsonia tabernaemontana walter apocynum cannabinum l. trachelospermum difforme (walter) a. gray aquifoliaceae ilex decidua walter ilex opaca aiton asclepiadaceae asclepias amplexicaulis sm. sclepias hirtella (pennell) woodson asclepias obovata elliot asclepias quadrifolia jacq. asclepias syriaca l. asclepias tuberosa l. asclepias verticillata l. asclepias viridiflora raf. [syn = asclepias viridiflora var. lanceolata] asclepias viridis walter matelea baldwyniana (sweet) woodson matelea gonocarpos (walter) shinners asteraceae achillea millefolium l. var. occidentalis dc. [syn = achillea lanulosa] ageratina altissima (l.) king & h. rob. var. altissima [syn = eupatorium rugosum] ambrosia artemisiifolia l. var. elatior (l.) descourtils ambrosia bidentata michx. ambrosia psilostachya dc. [syn = ambrosia psilostachya var. lindheimeriana] ambrosia trifida l. var. texana scheele antennaria plantaginifolia (l.) richardson anthemis cotula l. arctium minus bernh. arnoglossum plantagineum raf. [syn = cacalia plantaginea] astranthium integrifolium (michx.) nutt. baccharis halimifolia l. bidens aristosa (michx.) britton [syn = bidens polylepis, bidens aristosa var. mutica] bidens bipinnata l. bidens discoidea (torr. & a. gray) britton bidens frondosa l. boltonia asteroides (l.) l’hér. var. latisquama (a. gray) cronquist boltonia asteroides (l.) l’hér. var. recognita (fernald & grisc.) cronquist boltonia diffusa elliot brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners var. texana (shinners) shinners [syn = kuhnia eupatorioides var. ozarkana] centaurea americana nutt. chaetopappa asteroides nutt. ex dc. chrysopsis pilosa nutt. cirsium altissimum (l.) hill cirsium carolinianum (walter) fernald & b.g. schub. conoclinium coelestinum (l.) dc. [syn = eupatorium coelestinum] conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist var. canadensis conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist var. glabrata (a. gray) cronquist oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 32 coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet var. grandiflora coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet var. harveyana (a. gray) sherff coreopsis palmata nutt. coreopsis tinctoria nutt. var. tinctoria coreopsis tripteris l. crepis pulchra l. croptilon divaricatum (nutt.) raf. [syn = haplopappus divaricatus] echinacea angustifolia dc. var. angustifolia echinacea angustifolia dc. var. strigosa r.l. mcgregor echinacea pallida (nutt.) nutt. echinacea purpurea (l.) moench eclipta prostrata (l.) l. [syn = eclipta alba] elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. erechtites hieracifolia (l.) raf. ex dc. erigeron pulchellus michx. erigeron strigosus muhl. ex. willd. erigeron tenuis torr. & a. gray eupatorium perfoliatum l. eupatorium serotinum michx. eurybia hemispherica (alexander) g.l. nesom [syn = aster hemisphericus] euthamia gymnospermoides greene [syn = solidago gymnospermoides] facelis retusa (lam.) sch. bip. [syn = facelis apiculata] fleischmannia incarnata (walter) king & h. rob. [syn = eupatorium incarnatum] gaillardia aestivalis (walter) h. rock var. aestivalis [syn = gaillardia lanceolata var. fastigiata, gaillardia serotina] gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera [syn = gnaphalium purpureum] grindelia lanceolata nutt. helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock var. amarum helenium flexuosum raf. helianthus angustifolius l. helianthus annuus l. helianthus hirsutus raf. [syn = helianthus hirsutus var. trachyphyllus, helianthus hirsutus var. stenophyllus] helianthus mollis lam. heliopsis helianthoides (l.) sweet var. scabra (dunal) fernald heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britton & rusby [syn = heterotheca latifolia] hieracium gronovii l. hieracium longipilum torr. hymenopappus scabiosaeus l’hér. var. scabiosaeus krigia caespitosa (raf.) k.l. chambers [syn = krigia oppositifolia] krigia dandelion (l.) nutt. krigia occidentalis nutt. krigia virginica (l.) willd. lactuca canadensis l. [syn = lactuca canadensis var. latifolia] lactuca serriola l. [syn = lactuca scariola] liatris aspera michx. var. aspera liatris aspera michx. var. intermedia (lunell) gaiser liatris elegans (walter) michx. liatris mucronata dc. liatris pycnostachya michx. liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. var. glabrata (rydb.) gaiser liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. var. hirsuta (rydb.) gaiser liatris squarrulosa michx. [syn = liatris scabra] marshallia caespitosa nutt. ex dc. mikania scandens (l.) willd. oligoneuron nitidum (torr. & a. gray) small [syn = solidago nitida] pakera obovata (muhl. ex willd.) w.a. weber & a. löve [syn = senecio obovatus var. rotundus] pakera tomentosa (michx.) c. jeffrey [syn = senecio tomentosus] parthenium integrifolium l. pluchea camphorata (l.) dc. pityopsis graminifolia (michx.) nutt. var. tenuifolia (torr.) semple & f.d. bowers [syn = chrysopsis microcephala] polymnia canadensis l. prenanthes altissima l. pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & b.l. burtt ssp. obtusifolium [syn = gnaphalium obtusifolium] pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. [syn = pyrrhopappus scaposus] oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 33 rudbeckia grandiflora (d. don) j.f. gmel. ex dc. rudbeckia hirta l. var. pulcherrima farw. rudbeckia maxima nutt. rudbeckia subtomentosa pursh rudbeckia triloba l. silphium asteriscus l. silphium laciniatum torr. var. robinsonii l.m. perry smallanthus uvedalius (l.) mack. ex small [syn = polymnia uvedalia var. densipilis] solidago altissima l. [syn = solidago canadensis var. scabra] solidago caesia l. solidago canadensis l. var. gilvocanescens rydb. solidago hispida muhl. ex willd. solidago missouriensis nutt. var. fasciculata holz. solidago nemoralis aiton solidago odora aiton solidago petiolaris aiton solidago radula nutt. solidago rugosa mill. ssp. aspera (aiton) cronquist solidago speciosa nutt. var. rigidiscula torr. & a. gray [syn = solidago speciosa var. angustata] solidago ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. var. microphylla a. gray [syn = solidago delicatula] sonchus asper (l.) hill symphyotrichum anomalum (engelm.) g.l. nesom [syn = aster anomalus] symphyotrichum cordifolium (l.) g.l. nesom [syn = aster sagittifolius] symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) g.l. nesom var. ericoides [syn = aster ericoides] symphyotrichum lateriflorum (l.) a. löve & d. löve var. lateriflorum [syn = aster lateriflorus] symphyotrichum oolentangiense (riddell) g.l. nesom var. oolentangiens [syn = aster azureus] symphyotrichum patens (aiton) g.l. nesom var. patentissimum (lindl. ex dc.) g.l. nesom [syn = aster patens var. patentissimus] symphyotrichum praealtum (poir.) g.l. nesom var. praealtum [syn = aster praealtus] symphyotrichum turbinellum (lindl.) g.l. nesom [syn = aster turbinellus] taraxacum laevigatum (willd.) dc. [syn = taraxacum erythrospermum] verbesina alternifolia (l.) britton ex kearney [syn = actinomeris alternifolia] verbesina encelioides (cav.) benth. & hook. f. ex a. gray verbesina helianthoides michx. verbesina virginica l. vernonia baldwinii torr. ssp. baldwinii vernonia fasciculata michx. vernonia gigantea (walter) trel. ssp. gigantea [syn = vernonia altissima] vernonia lettermannii engelm. ex a. gray vernonia missurica raf. xanthium strumarium l. balsaminaceae impatiens capensis meerb. bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau catalpa bignonioides walter boraginaceae cynoglossum virginianum l. hackelia virginiana (l.) i.m. johnst. heliotropium indicum l. lithospermum incisum lehm. myosotis verna nutt. buddlejaceae polypremum procumbens l. cactaceae opuntia ficus-indica (l.) mill. [syn = opuntia compressa] opuntia macrorhiza engelm. var. macrorhiza [syn = opuntia tortispina] callitrichaceae callitriche heterophylla pursh oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 34 campanulaceae lobelia appendiculata a. dc. lobelia cardinalis l. lobelia puberula michx. lobelia spicata lam. var. leptostachys (a. dc.) mack. and bush triodanis biflora (ruiz & pav.) greene [syn = specularia biflora] triodanis lamprosperma mcvaugh [syn = specularia lamprosperma] triodanis leptocarpa (nutt.) nieuwl. [syn = specularia leptocarpa] triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. [syn = specularia perfoliata] caprifoliaceae lonicera flava sims lonicera japonica thunb. lonicera sempervirens l. sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench viburnum rufidulum raf. [syn = viburnum prunifolium var. ferrugineum] caryophyllaceae cerastium brachypodum (engelm. ex a. gray) b.l. rob. cerastium fontanum buamg. ssp. vulgare (hartm.) greuter & burdet [syn = cerastium vulgatum] cerastium glomeratum till. [syn = cerastium viscosum] minuartia drummondii (shinners) mcneill [syn = arenaria drummondii] minuartia patula (michx.) mattf. [syn = arenaria patula] paronychia fastigiata (raf.) fern. paronychia virginica spreng. sagina decumbens (elliot) torr. & a. gray silene antirrhina l. silene stellata (l.) w.t. aiton silene virginica l. stellaria media (l.) vill. chenopodiaceae chenopodium album l. chenopodium ambrosioides l. var. ambrosioides chenopodium pumilio r. br. monolepis nuttalliana (schult.) greene convolvulaceae convolvulus arvensis l. ipomoea hederacea jacq. ipomoea lacunosa l. ipomoea pandurata (l.) g. mey. ipomoea purpurea (l.) roth. ipomoea quamoclit l. cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. cornus florida l. cornus obliqua raf. nyssa sylvatica marsh. cuscutaceae cuscuta compacta juss. ex choisy cuscuta cuspidata engelm. cuscuta glomerata choisy cuscuta indecora choisy cuscuta pentagona engelm. var. glabrior (engelm.) gandhi, r.d. thomas & s.l. hatch [syn = cuscuta glabrior] cuscuta pentagona engelm. var. pentagona [syn = cuscuta campestris] droseraceae drosera brevifolia pursh. [syn = drosera annua] ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. [syn = diospyros virginiana var. pubescens] ericaceae lyonia ligustrina (l.) dc. var. foliosiflora (michx.) fernald [syn = lyonia ligustrina var. salicifolia] rhododendron oblongifolium (small) millais vaccinium arboreum marsh. vaccinium pallidum aiton [syn = vaccinium vacillans] vaccinium stamineum l. vaccinium virgatum aiton oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 35 gentianaceae gentiana saponaria l. sabatia angularis (l.) pursh sabatia campestris nutt. hydrangeaceae hydrangea arborescens l. hydrophyllaceae hydrolea ovata nutt. ex choisy hydrolea uniflora raf. nemophila phacelioides nutt. phacelia glabra nutt. phacelia hirsuta nutt. lamiaceae agastache nepetoides (l.) kuntze blephilia ciliata (l.) benth. cunila origanoides (l.) britton hedeoma hispida pursh lamium amplexicaule l. lycopus americanus muhl. ex w. bartram [syn = lycopus americanus var. scabrifolius] lycopus rubellus moench lycopus virginicus l. marrubium vulgare l. mentha spicata l. monarda fistulosa l. ssp. fistulosa var. fistulosa monarda punctata l. ssp. punctata var. villicaulis (pennell) palmer & steyerm. monarda russeliana nutt. ex sims [syn = monarda virgata] perilla frutescens (l.) britt. physostegia angustifolia fernald physostegia intermedia (nutt.) engelm. & a. gray physostegia virginiana (l.) benth. prunella vulgaris l. ssp. lanceolata (w. bartram) hultén pycnanthemum albescens torr. & a. gray pycnanthemum tenuifolium schrad. salvia azurea michx. ex lam. var. grandiflora benth. salvia lyrata l. scutellaria elliptica muhl. ex spreng. scutellaria ovata hill stachys palustris nutt. var. pilosa stachys tenuifolia willd. teucrium canadense l. var. canadense [syn = teucrium canadense var. virginicum] trichostema brachiatum l. lentibulariaceae utricularia gibba l. [syn = utricularia biflora] loganiaceae mitreola petiolata (j.f. gmel.) torr. & a. gray [syn = cynoctonum mitreola] spigelia marilandica (l.) l. molluginaceae mollugo verticillata l. nyctaginaceae mirabilis albida (walter) heimerl mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macmill. oleaceae chionanthus virginicus l. fraxinus americana l. fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. plantago lanceolata l. plantago rhodosperma decne. plantago rugelii decne. plantago virginica l. polemoniaceae ipomopsis rubra (l.) wherry [syn = gilia rubra] phlox cuspidata scheele phlox pilosa l. polygonaceae brunnichia ovata (walter) shinners [syn = brunnichia cirrhosa] eriogonum longifolium nutt. var. longifolium [syn = eriogonum vespinum] polygonum convolvulus l. polygonum hydropiper l. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 36 polygonum hydropiperoides michx. [syn = polygonum hydropiperoides var. bushianum, polygonum hydropiperoides var. opelousanum] polygonum orientale l. polygonum pensylvanicum l. polygonum persicaria l. polygonum punctatum elliot polygonum ramosissimum michx. polygonum scandens l. var. scandens polygonum tenue michx. polygonum viginianum l. [syn = tovara virginiana] rumex acetosella l. rumex altissimus alph. wood rumex crispus l. rumex hastatulus baldw. rumex pulcher l. portulacaceae claytonia virginica l. portulaca halimoides l. [syn = portulaca parvula] portulaca oleracea l. phemeranthus parviflorum (nutt.) kiger [syn = talinum parviflorum] primulaceae dodecatheon meadia l. hottonia inflata elliot lysimachia lanceolata walter rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. var. occidentalis diodia teres walter var. teres [syn = diodia teres var. setifera] diodia virginiana l. galium aparine l. galium arkansanum a. gray galium pilosum aiton var. pilosum houstonia longifolia gaertn. [syn = hedyotis purpurea var. longifolia] houstonia purpurea l. var. purpurea [syn = hedyotis purpurea] houstonia pusilla schoepf [syn = hedyotis crassifolia] mitchella repens l. stenaria nigricans (lam.) terrell var. nigricans [syn = hedyotis nigricans] sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. ssp. lanuginosum [syn = bumelia lanuginosa] scrophulariaceae agalinis fasciculata (elliot) raf. [syn = gerardia fasciculata] agalinis gattingeri (small) small [syn = gerardia gattingeri] agalinis tenuifolia (vahl.) raf. var. parviflora (nutt.) pennell [syn = gerardia tenuifolia ssp. parviflora] aureolaria grandiflora (benth.) pennell var. grandiflora [syn = gerardia grandiflora] aureolaria pectinata (nutt.) pennell [syn = gerardia pectinata] bacopa rotundifolia (michx.) wettst. buchnera americana l. castilleja coccinea (l.) spreng. castilleja indivisa engelm. collinsia violacea nutt. gratiola brevifolia raf. gratiola virginiana l. lindernia dubia (l.) pennell var. anagallidea (michx.) cooperr. [syn = lindernia anagallidea] lindernia dubia (l.) pennell var. dubia mecardonia acuminata (walter) small var. acuminata [syn = bacopa acuminata] mimulus alatus aiton nutallanthus texanus (scheele) d.a. sutton [syn = linaria canadensis var. texana] pedicularis canadensis l. ssp. canadensis [syn = pedicularis canadensis var. dobbsii] penstemon arkansanus pennell penstemon digitalis nutt. ex sims penstemon tubiflorus nutt. scrophularia marilandica l. verbascum blattaria l. verbascum thapsus l. veronica arvensis l. veronica peregrina l. ssp. peregrina veronicastrum virginicum (l.) farw. oklahoma native plant record volume 9, december 2009 means, f.h. 37 solanaceae datura stramonium l. physalis angulata l. [syn = physalis angulata var. lanceifolia, physalis angulata var. pendula] physalis cinerascens (dunal) hitch. var. cinerascens [syn = physalis viscosa var. cinerascens] physalis cordata mill. physalis heterophylla nees physalis pubescens l. var. integrifolia (dunal) waterf. physalis pumila nutt. physalis turbinata medik. physalis virginiana mill. var. virginiana solanum carolinense l. solanum elaeagnifolium cav. solanum nigrum l. solanum rostratum dunal styracaceae halesia carolina l. valerianaceae valerianella longiflora (torr. & a. gray) walp. valerianella nuttallii (torr. & a. gray) walp. valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. [syn = valerianella stenocarpa var. parviflora] verbenaceae callicarpa americana l. glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. [syn = verbena canadensis] glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber [syn = verbena pumila] phryma leptostachya l. verbena bracteata cav. ex lag. & rodr. verbena halei small verbena stricta vent. verbena urticifolia l. violaceae viola bicolor pursh [syn = viola kitaibeliana var. rafinesquei] viola langloisii greene, nom. inq. viola lovelliana brainerd (pro sp.) [missouriensis triloba] viola missouriensis greene viola pedata l. [syn = viola pedata var. lineariloba] viola pubescens aiton var. pubescens [syn = viola pensylvanica] viola pubescencs aiton var. scabruiscula swein. ex torr. & a. gray [syn = viola pensylvanica var. leiocarpon] viola primulifolia l. (pro sp.) [lanceolata macloskeyi] viola sagittata aiton viola sororia willd. [syn = viola papilionacea] viola triloba schwein. var. dilatata (elliot) brainerd viola villosa walter 2020 oklahoma native plant record 24 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland 10.22488/okstate.21.100002 a floristic inventory of the nature conservancy’s oka’ yanahli preserve, johnston county, oklahoma amy k. buthod oklahoma biological survey university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 amybuthod@ou.edu bruce w. hoagland oklahoma biological survey department of geography and environmental sustainability university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019 abstract this paper reports the results of a vascular plant inventory at the nature conservancy's oka' yanahli preserve in johnston county, oklahoma. a total of 645 taxa in 109 families were collected. three-hundred and ninety genera, 602 species, and 43 infraspecific taxa were identified. the families with the largest number of taxa were the asteraceae with 91 taxa and the poaceae with 89 taxa. ninety non-native or naturalized taxa—14.0% of the preserve's flora—were found. nine taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were present. nine vegetation types occurred at the preserve. keywords: vascular, non-native, tracked, g rassland introduction and study area dedicated in 2012, the nature conservancy’s oka’ yanahli preserve was acquired with the goal of conserving biodiversity through land protection and stewardship. the preserve includes two miles along the blue river, one of only two free-flowing rivers in the state of oklahoma. sustained by the arbuckle-simpson aquifer, this 227 km-long tributary of the red river has some of the highest quality water in the state and is home to 82 native fish species, 23 mussel species, and one plant of global conservation concern. current projects at the preserve include the restoration of streams and floodplain forests, the reintroduction of fire to the landscape, the management of invasive species, and the advancement of understanding of the arbuckle-simpson aquifer system. oka’ yanahli occupies 1,456 ha in johnston county in south-central oklahoma approximately 25 km north of the city of tishomingo (figure 1). the property is bisected by the blue river, with the majority of the preserve (1,445 ha) lying to its west. latitudinal extent ranges from 34.419449 to 34.457549 and longitudinal extent from -96.622765 to -96.697415. physiographically, the site is located within the arbuckle plains geomorphic province, consisting of plains and rolling hills on limestones of ordovician age (curtis et al. 2008; johnson 2008). soils are of the kitimailto:amybuthod@ou.edu oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland shidler-lula type, and are shallow, rocky, silty, clayey and humus-rich (carter and gregory 2008). climate is classified as humid subtropical (cfa) – temperate with no discernible dry season and with hot summers (köppen 1884). the lowest average temperature (4.7°c) is in january, and the highest average temperature (28.2°c) is in july (oklahoma climatological survey 2018). mean annual temperature is 17°c (oklahoma climatological survey 2018). may is the wettest month, with an average precipitation of 14.1 cm (oklahoma climatological survey 2018). the growing season averages 220 days (oklahoma climatological survey 2018). elevation ranges from 289 – 335 m. the dominant potential vegetation type is tallgrass prairie (duck and fletcher 1943). prior to its purchase, the property was used for cattle ranching. figure 1 the nature conservancy's oka' yanahli preserve. 26 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland methods vouchers of vascular plant taxa encountered at the oka’ yanahli preserve were made throughout the growing seasons (march through october) of 2014 – 2017. specimens with flowers or fruit were preferred, but when they could not be found, sterile specimens were taken. vouchers of planted taxa and taxa not native to the united states were collected only from naturalized populations. all specimens were pressed in a plant press, dried in a drying cabinet, and frozen at -20° before taken into the herbarium for identification and label generation. manuals used for identification included diggs et al. (1999) and tyrl et al. (2015). identifications were verified by comparison with specimens from the robert bebb herbarium (okl) at the university of oklahoma. duration, growth habit, wetland status, and nativity were determined using the plants database (usda-nrsc 2019) and taylor and taylor (1991). vegetation classifications were based on hoagland (2000). classification and nomenclature follow the angiosperm phylogeny group iv (stevens 2001 onwards) and the integrated taxonomic information system (2019). all specimens were deposited at okl. results and discussion a total of 645 taxa in 109 families were collected (appendix). five of these families were ferns and allies, two were magnoliids/primitive angiosperms, 17 were monocots, and 84 were eudicots. there was one family of gymnosperms (table 1). three hundred and ninety genera, 602 species, and 43 infraspecific taxa were identified. four hundred and five taxa were perennials; there were 234 annuals and six biennials. four hundred and twenty-eight of these taxa were forbs, 145 were graminoids, 39 were trees, 20 were shrubs, and 13 were woody vines. the families with the largest number of taxa were the asteraceae with 91 taxa and the poaceae with 89 taxa, and the genus with the most species was carex in the cyperaceae family. ninety taxa, or 14.0% of the flora, were planted and naturalized or non-native to the united states. this percentage is high when compared to the floras of other oklahoma sites dominated by grasslands (table 2). the families with the most exotic taxa present were the poaceae with 24 and fabaceae with 16. the genus with the greatest number of exotics was trifolium in the fabaceae – five species were found. nine species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2019) occurred at the preserve (table 3), including the imperiled alnus maritima (betulaceae) (figure 2). obligate and facultative wetland taxa comprised 22.0% of the flora, with 69 obligate wetland and 74 facultative wetland taxa present. one hundred and fourteen taxa were classified as facultative, 149 were facultative upland taxa, and 29 were upland taxa. two hundred and ten taxa had no wetland status. oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland table 1 summary of the floristic survey performed at the oka’ yanahli nature preserve by divisions/groups and resulting number of taxa groups families genera total taxa total taxa composition native taxa nonnative taxa nonnative taxa composition % ferns and allies 5 6 6 0.9% 6 0 0 gymnosperms 1 1 1 0.2% 1 0 0 magnoliids/primitive angiosperms 2 2 2 0.3% 2 0 0 monocots 17 87 176 27.3% 149 27 4.2% eudicots 84 294 460 71.3% 397 63 9.8% total 109 390 645 100 555 90 14.0% table 2 comparison of exotic taxa from the oka’ yanahli site with other oklahoma grasslanddominated sites. study site reference size of site (ha) number of taxa found percentage of non-native taxa oka’ yanahli preserve, johnston county this paper 1,456.0 645 14.0 % pontotoc ridge nature preserve, johnston and pontotoc counties buthod, hoagland, and tucker, manuscript in preparation 848.2 616 8.8% kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county buthod and hoagland 2016 146.0 388 14.7% tulsa botanic garden, osage county hoagland and buthod 2007 69.0 293 15.0% tallgrass prairie preserve, osage county palmer 2007 15,410.0 763 12.1% camp kickapoo boy scout camp, canadian county hoagland and buthod 2006 64.7 334 12.3% selman living laboratory, woodward county buckallew and caddell 2003 129.5 229 9.0% 28 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland table 3 taxa located during this study that are tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (oklahoma natural heritage inventory 2019). status ranks are on a 1-5 scale, with a 1 indicating the taxon is critically imperiled. g ranks are at the global level, and s ranks are at the subnational or state level. a question mark (?) denotes an inexact numeric rank (natureserve explorer 2021). family taxon rank betulaceae alnus maritima (marshall) muhl. ex nutt. s2g3 elatinaceae bergia texana (hook.) seub. ex walp. s2g5 fabaceae styphnolobium affine (torr. & a. gray) walp. s3g4 gentianaceae centaurium texense (griseb.) fernald s1g4? loganiaceae mitreola petiolata (j.f. gmel.) torr. & a. gray s1g4g5 marsileaceae marsilea vestita hook. & grev. s3g5 primulaceae lysimachia quadriflora sims s1g5? rosaceae poteridium annuum (nutt.) spach s1g4 urticaceae urtica chamaedryoides pursh s3g4g5 figure 2 alnus maritima (betulaceae; seaside alder) on the blue river at the oka' yanahli nature preserve. oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland nine vegetation types were found at oka’ yanahli, six of which were named associations recognized by hoagland (2000). grassland types dominated – three types were found. two forest associations, one woodland association, one shrubland association, and two types associated with moist soils also occurred at the preserve. these vegetation types are not discrete, however; they intergrade, with many taxa found in more than one vegetation type. the primary vegetation type at oka' yanahli was classified as disturbed area/old field (daof). this vegetation type was found on deeper soils around houses, barns, and outbuildings, as well as areas heavily impacted by livestock activity. common species included four species of ragweed – artemisia artemisiifolia (annual ragweed), a. bidentata (lanceleaf ragweed), a. psilostachya (western ragweed), and a. trifida (giant ragweed). native grasses, such as bothriochloa laguroides (silver beardgrass), sorghastrum nutans (indiangrass), and tridens flavus (purpletop tridens), were interspersed with non-natives such as bothriochloa ischaemum (yellow bluestem), cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass), and schedonorus arundinaceus (tall fescue). much of the western half of the preserve is disturbed area/old field. with proper management, these areas would support a schizachyrium scoparium-sorghastrum nutans (little bluestem-indiangrass) herbaceous association. another grassland type found at the preserve was the bouteloua hirsuta-b. curtipendula (hairy grama-sideoats grama) herbaceous association (bhbcha). this grassland type occurred in upland areas with coarse or shallow soils. taxa found in these areas included bouteloua dactyloides (buffalo grass), heliotropium tenellum (pasture heliotrope), monarda clinopodioides (basil beebalm), and ophioglossum engelmannii (limestone adderstongue). this vegetation type was the second most predominant type at the preserve. a third grassland type was the m uhlenberg ia reverchonii-croton monathog ynus (seep muhly-prairie tea) herbaceous association (mrcmha). this vegetation type was found on seasonal seepy areas over clay and calcareous soils. common associated species included evolvulus nuttallianus (shaggy dwarf morningglory), hypoxis hirsuta (common goldstar), physaria ovalifolia ssp. alba (roundleaf bladderpod), phyllanthus polygonoides (smartweed leaf-flower), tetraneuris linearifolia (fineleaf fournerved daisy), and tragia ramosa (nettle-leaf noseburn). this vegetation type is unique to oklahoma. forest vegetation included the quercus macrocarpa-q. shumardii-carya cordiformis (bur oak-shumard oakbitternut hickory) association (qmqsccfa). this vegetation type was found in mesic areas and in floodplains. taxa common to this vegetation type included cercis canadensis (eastern redbud), cornus drummondii (roughleaf dogwood), smilax bona-nox (saw greenbrier), and solidago ulmifolia (elmleaf goldenrod). the ulmus rubra-celtis laevig atafraxinus pensylvanica-f. americana (slippery elm-sugarberry-green ashwhite ash) forest association (urclfpfafa) was also present at the preserve. this vegetation type was found in riparian areas in wet or mesic soils and included taxa such as chasmanthium latifolium (indian wood-oats), commelina virginica (virginia dayflower), elephantopus carolinianus (carolina elephantsfoot), quercus muehlenbergii (chinkapin oak), and toxicodendron radicans (eastern poison ivy). isolated pockets of the quercus stellata-q. marilandica-c. cordiformis (post oak-blackjack oakbitternut hickory) woodland association (qsqmccwa) were found in the southern part of the preserve. these were restricted to very rocky areas and included species such as quercus macrocarpa (bur oak), sideroxylon lanuginosum (gum bully), 30 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland symphoricarpos orbiculatus (coralberry), and ulmus alata (winged elm). vegetation types associated with wet soils included the vegetation of seeps (seep). this type was found in areas that are typically wetter than those supporting the seep muhly-prairie tea herbaceous association. associated taxa included andropogon glomeratus (bushy bluestem), fuirena simplex (western umbrella-sedge), lysimachia quadriflora (fourflower yellow loosestrife), nasturtium officinale (watercress), and rudbeckia fulgida (orange coneflower). two large seeps are found on oka’ yanahli. herbaceous wetland vegetation (hwv) included plants found in and around ponds, creeks, depressions, and culverts. taxa encountered at these sites included eleocharis obtusa (blunt spikerush), heteranthera limosa (blue mudplantain), iva annua (sumpweed), nuphar advena (yellow pond-lily) and salix nigra (black willow). the most significant vegetation type found at oka' yanahli was the alnus maritima-amorpha fruticosa (seaside alder-false indigo) shrubland association (amafsa). this unusual vegetation type is only found in the blue river drainage in pontotoc and johnston counties in oklahoma (natureserve 2021). growing in cobble bars and riparian areas, this association included taxa such as conoclinium coelestinum (mist flower), the invasive iris pseudoacorus (paleyellow iris), justicia americana (american water-willow), leersia virginica (whitegrass), and lobelia cardinalis (cardinal flower). at oka’ yanahli, this vegetation type intergraded with the slippery elmsugarberry-green ash-white ash forest association. acknowledgments the authors wish to thank leroy alm, kayti ewing, dan francis, jeanine lackey, abby moore, andrew schofield, and jona tucker for collection and field assistance. jenna messick provided map-making assistance. literature cited buckallew, r.r. and g.m. caddell. 2003. vascular flora of the university of central oklahoma selman living laboratory, woodward county, oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of sciences 83:31–45. buthod, a.k. and b.w. hoagland. 2016. a floristic inventory of the university of oklahoma’s kessler atmospheric and ecological field station, mcclain county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 16:45–63. carter, b.j. and m.s. gregory. 2008. soil map of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza, eds. earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. curtis, n.m. w.e. ham, and k.s. johnson. 2008. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza, eds. earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. diggs, g.m., jr., b.l. lipscomb, and r.j. o’kennon. 1999. shinners and mahler’s illustrated flora of north central texas. fort worth (tx): botanical research institute of texas. duck, l.g. and j.b. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. in: a survey of the game and furbearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma city (ok): oklahoma department of wildlife conservation. hoagland, b.w. 2000. the vegetation of oklahoma: a classification for landscape mapping and conservation planning. the southwestern naturalist 43:285–420. hoagland, b.w., and a. buthod. 2006. vascular flora of a red sandstone hills oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland site, canadian county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 6:53-68. hoagland, b.w., and a.k. buthod. 2007. the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site, osage county, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 7:54-66. integrated taxonomic information system. 2019. http://www.itis.gov (19 december 2019). johnson, k.s. 2008. generalized geologic map of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s. and k.v. luza, eds. earth sciences and mineral resources of oklahoma. norman (ok): oklahoma geological survey. köppen, w. 1884. die wärmezonen der erde, nach der dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten zeit undnach der wirkung der wärme auf die organische welt betrachtet. [the thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate, and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world]. meteorologische zeitschrift 1:215-226. (translated and edited and published 2011) meteorologische zeitschrift 20:351-360. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/conte nt/schweiz/mz/2011/00000020/000000 03/art00009 natureserve. 2019. natureserve explorer. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer (19 december 2019). natureserve. 2021. natureserve explorer. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer (11 january 2021). oklahoma climatological survey. 2018. the climate of johnston county. http://www.ocs.ou.edu (15 january 2018). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2019. vascular plant tracking list. http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/c ontent/biodiversity-info/trackinglist/index.php (18 december 2019). palmer, m.w. 2007. the vascular flora of the tallgrass prairie preserve, osage county, oklahoma. castanea 72(4):235– 246. stevens, p.f. (2001 onwards). angiosperm phylogeny website. version 14, july, 2017. http://www.mobot.org/mobot/resea rch/apweb/ taylor, r.j. and c.e. taylor. 1991. an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms, and flowering plants of oklahoma. durant (ok): self-published. tyrl, r.j., s.c. barber, p. buck, w.j. elisens, j.r. estes, p. folley, l.k. magrath, c.l. murray, a.k. ryburn, b.a. smith, c.e.s. taylor, r.a. thompson, j.b. walker, and l.e. watson. 2015. flora of oklahoma: keys and descriptions. oklahoma city (ok): flora oklahoma incorporated. usda, nrcs. 2019. the plants database. http://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov (20 december 2019). http://www.itis.gov/ http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2011/00000020/00000003/art00009 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2011/00000020/00000003/art00009 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2011/00000020/00000003/art00009 http://www.natureserve.org/explorer http://www.natureserve.org/explorer http://www.ocs.ou.edu/ http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/content/biodiversity-info/tracking-list/index.php http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/content/biodiversity-info/tracking-list/index.php http://www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/content/biodiversity-info/tracking-list/index.php http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ http://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/ 32 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland appendix list of vascular plant taxa from the oka' yanahli nature preserve, johnston county, oklahoma. taxa list with duration, growth habit, wetland status, vegetation type, nativity, and heritage status. a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial; t=tree, s=shrub, v=woody vine, f=forb, g=graminoid; obl=obligate wetland, facw= facultative wetland, fac=facultative, facu=facultative upland, upl=obligate upland, none=no wetland status; amafsa=alnus maritima-amorpha fruticosa shrubland association, bhbcha=bouteloua hirsuta-b. curtipendula herbaceous association, daof=disturbed area/old field, hwv=herbaceous wetland vegetation, mrcmha=muhlenbergia reverchonii-croton monathogynus herbaceous association, qmqsccfa=quercus macrocarpa-q. shumardii-carya cordiformis forest association, qsqmccwa=quercus stellata-quercus marilandica-carya cordiformis woodland association, seep=vegetation of seeps, urclfpfafa=ulmus rubra-celtis laevigatafraxinus pennsylvanica-fraxinus americana forest association. exotic taxa are denoted with an asterisk (*). taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory are denoted with a dagger (†). duration, growth habit, and nativity were determined using the plants database (usda-nrcs 2019); if the information from plants was ambiguous, taylor and taylor (1991), was consulted. wetland status and common names were taken from plants (usda-nrcs 2019), and vegetation classifications were based on hoagland (2000). specimens were assigned collection numbers with the prefix ok, okw, or ab. voucher specimens were deposited at the robert bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma (okl). acanthaceae dicliptera brachiata (pursh) spreng. (branched foldwing); a; f; facw; urclfpfafa; ok-314 justicia americana (l.) vahl (american water-willow); p; f; obl; amafsa, hwv; ok-158 ruellia humilis nutt. (low ruellia); p; f; fac; bhbcha, daof; ok-339 ruellia strepens l. (limestone wild petunia); p; f; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-076 adoxaceae sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli (common elderberry); p; s; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-120 viburnum rufidulum raf. (rusty blackhaw); p; s; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-235 alismataceae alisma subcordatum raf. (american water plantain); p; f; obl; seep; ok-302 echinodorus berteroi (spreng.) fassett (upright burrhead); p; f; obl; hwv; okw-005 sagittaria brevirostra mack. & bush (shortbeak arrowhead); p; f; obl; hwv; okw-161 sagittaria lancifolia l. (bulltongue arrowhead); p; f; obl; amafsa; ok-383 amaranthaceae *amaranthus albus l. (prostrate pigweed); a; f; facu; daof; okw-165 amaranthus tuberculatus (moq.) j.d. sauer (roughfruit amaranth); a; f; fac; amafsa, daof, hwv; ok-083 *chenopodium album l. (lambsquarters); a; f; facu; daof; okw-193 chenopodium pratericola rydb. (desert goosefoot); a; f; none; daof; ok-441 chenopodium standleyanum aellen (standley's goosefoot); a; f; none; daof; ok-443 oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland *dysphania ambrosioides (l.) mosyakin & clemants (mexican tea); a; f; fac; daof; ok-447 froelichia floridana (nutt.) moq. (cottonweed); a; f; none; daof; okw-229 iresine rhizomatosa standl. (juda's bush); p; f; facw; urclfpfafa; ok-320 amaryllidaceae allium canadense l. var. fraseri ownbey (fraser meadow garlic); p; f; facu; daof; ok-375 nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britton (crow-poison); p; f; facu; daof; ok-261 zephyranthes chlorosolen (herb.) d. dietr. (evening rainlily); p; f; fac; bhbcha; ok-201 anacardiaceae rhus aromatica aiton (aromatic sumac); p; s; upl; bhbcha; okw-088 toxicodendron radicans (l.) kuntze (eastern poison ivy); p; v; facu; urclfpfafa; okw-049 apiaceae ammoselinum butleri (engelm. ex s. watson) j.m. coult. & rose (butler's sandparsley); a; f; fac; daof; ok-284 bifora americana benth. & hook. f. ex s. watson (prairie bishop's weed); a; f; none; mrcmha; ok-207 chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. tainturieri (hairyfruit chervil); a; f; none; daof, mrcmha; ok-521 cicuta maculata l. (water hemlock); p; f; obl; urclfpfafa; ok-122 cryptotaenia canadensis (l.) dc. (canadian honewort); p; f; fac; urclfpfafa; okw-024 daucus pusillus michx. (american wild carrot); a; f; none; daof; ok-121 eryngium leavenworthii torr. & a. gray (leavenworth's eryngo); a; f; none; bhbcha; ok-294 limnosciadium pinnatum (dc.) mathias & constance (tansy dogshade); a; f; facw; hwv; okw-217 lomatium foeniculaceum (nutt.) j.m. coult. & rose ssp. daucifolium (torr. & a. gray) w.l. theob. (desert biscuitroot); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-089 polytaenia nuttallii dc. (nuttall's prairie parsley); p; f; none; bhbcha, daof; ok-099 ptilimnium nuttallii (dc.) britton (nuttall's mockbishopweed); a; f; facw; bhbcha, mrcmha; ok-161 sanicula canadensis l. (snakeroot); b; f; facw; qmqsccfa; ok-192 spermolepis divaricata (benth. & hook. f. ex s. watson) raf. ex ser. (roughfruit scaleseed); a; f; facw; bhbcha; ok-392 *torilis arvensis (huds.) link (spreading hedgeparsley); a; f; none; daof; ok-185 *torilis nodosa (l.) gaertn. (knotted hedgeparsley); a; f; none; daof; okw-113 zizia aurea (l.) w.d.j. koch (golden zizia); p; f; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-129 apocynaceae apocynum cannabinum l. (indianhemp); p; f; fac; daof, seep; ok-109 asclepias asperula (decne.) woodson ssp. capricornu (woodson) woodson (spider antelopehorn); p; f; none; mrcmha; ok-479 asclepias viridiflora raf. (green comet milkweed); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-035 asclepias viridis walter (green antelopehorn); p; f; none; daof; ok-174 gonolobus suberosus (l.) r. br. var. suberosus (angularfruit milkvine); p; f; facw; qmqsccfa; ok-391 matelea biflora (raf.) woodson (twoflower milkvine); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-298 34 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland aquifoliaceae ilex decidua walter (deciduous holly); p; s; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-445 araceae arisaema dracontium (l.) schott (green dragon); p; f; facw; urclfpfafa; ok-474 spirodela polyrrhiza (l.) schleid. (common duckmeat); p; f; obl; hwv; okw-156 aristolochiaceae aristolochia tomentosa sims (woolly dutchman's pipe); p; f; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-256 asparagaceae androstephium coeruleum (scheele) greene (blue funnel lily); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-086 *asparagus officinalis l. (garden asparagus); p; f; facu; daof; ok-478 camassia angusta (engelm. & a. gray) blank. (prairie camas); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-060 *muscari botryoides (l.) mill. (common grape hyacinth); p; f; none; daof; okw-097 polygonatum biflorum (walter) elliott (smooth solomon's seal); p; f; facu; urclfpfafa; ok-191 yucca arkansana trel. (arkansas yucca); p; f; none; daof; ok-548 aspleniaceae asplenium resiliens kunze (blackstem spleenwort); p; f; none; urclfpfafa; okw-093 asteraceae achillea millefolium l. (common yarrow); p; f; facu; daof; ok-008 ageratina altissima (l.) king & h. rob. (white snakeroot); p; f; upl; urclfpfafa; ok-446 ambrosia artemisiifolia l. (annual ragweed); a; f; facu; daof; okw-175 ambrosia bidentata michx. (lanceleaf ragweed); a; f; none; daof; ok-254 ambrosia psilostachya dc. (western ragweed); a; f; facu; bhbcha, daof; ok-032 ambrosia trifida l. (giant ragweed); a; f; fac; daof; ok-315 amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. (prairie broomweed); a; f; none; daof; ok-004 *arctium minus bernh. (lesser burdock); b; f; facu; daof; okw-225 arnoglossum plantagineum raf. (groovestem indian plantain); p; f; fac; bhbcha, daof; ok-169 artemisia ludoviciana nutt. (white sagebrush); p; f; upl; bhbcha; okw-040 astranthium ciliatum (raf.) g.l. nesom (entireleaf western daisy); a; f; none; bhbcha; okw-085 bidens bipinnata l (spanish needles); a; f; facu; urclfpfafa; okw-163 bidens frondosa l. (devil's beggartick); a; f; facw; amafsa, urclfpfafa; ok-044 *carduus nutans l. (nodding plumeless thistle); b; f; facu; daof; ok-167 chaetopappa asteroides nutt. ex dc. (arkansas leastdaisy); a; f; none; mrcmha; ok-477 cirsium altissimum (l.) hill (tall thistle); b; f; none; daof; ok-321 cirsium engelmannii rydb. (engelmann's thistle); p; f; none; daof; ok-100 cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. (wavyleaf thistle); p; f; facu; daof; ok-216 conoclinium coelestinum (l.) dc. (mist flower); p; f; facw; amafsa, urclfpfafa; ok-020 conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist (canadian horseweed); a; f; none; daof; ok-293 conyza ramosissima cronquist (dwarf horseweed); a; f; none; daof; okw-181 coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet (largeflower tickseed); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-389 coreopsis lanceolata l. (tickweed); p; f; facu; mrcmha; ok-536 coreopsis tinctoria nutt. (golden tickseed); a; f; fac; daof; ok-217 diaperia prolifera nutt. ex dc. (bighead pygmycudweed); a; f; none; daof; ok-513 oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland eclipta prostrata (l.) l. (false daisy); a; f; facw; hwv; ok-251 elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. (carolina elephantsfoot); p; f; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-073 engelmannia peristenia (raf.) goodman & c.a. lawson (engelmann's daisy); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-135 erechtites hieraciifolius (l.) raf. ex dc. (fireweed); a; f; none; urclfpfafa; ok-015 erigeron philadelphicus l. (philadelphia fleabane); p; f; fac; amafsa; ok-273 erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. (prairie fleabane); a; f; facu; daof; ok-154 eupatorium perfoliatum l. (common boneset); p; f; facw; seep; ok-250 eupatorium serotinum michx. (lateflowering thoroughwort); p; f; fac; daof; ok-250 gaillardia pulchella foug. (indian blanket); a; f; upl; bhbcha; ok-136 gamochaeta pensylvanica (willd.) cabrera (pennsylvania everlasting); a; f; upl; daof; okw-099 gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera (spoonleaf purple everlasting); p; f; facu; daof; ok-095 grindelia lanceolata nutt. (narrowleaf gumweed); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-190 helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock (bitterweed); a; f; facu; daof; ok-003 helianthus annuus l. (common sunflower); a; f; facu; daof; ok-401 helianthus hirsutus raf. (hairy sunflower); p; f; none; qmqsccfa; ok-493 helianthus maximiliani schrad. (maximilian sunflower); p; f; facu; daof; ok-440 helianthus tuberosus l. (jerusalem artichoke); p; f; facu; urclfpfafa; ok-563 heliopsis helianthoides (l.) sweet (smooth oxeye); p; f; facu; urclfpfafa; okw-012 heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britton & rusby (camphorweed); a; f; facu; upl; bhbcha; okw-176 hymenopappus scabiosaeus l'hér. var. corymbosus (torr. & a. gray) b.l. turner (carolina woolywhite); b; f; none; daof; ok-368 iva angustifolia nutt. ex dc. (narrowleaf marshelder); a; f; none; daof; ok-562 iva annua l. (sumpweed); a; f; fac; hwv; ok-028 krigia caespitosa (raf.) k.l. chambers (weedy dwarfdandelion); a; f; facu; bhbcha; okw-110 krigia occidentalis nutt. (western dwarfdandelion); a; f; none; daof; ok-283 lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) riddell (western wild lettuce); a; f; facu; urclfpfafa; ok-204 *lactuca serriola l. (prickly lettuce); a; f; facu; daof; okw-034 liatris punctata hook. var. mucronata (dc.) b.l. turner (densespike blazingstar); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-152 lindheimera texana a. gray & engelm. (texas yellow star); a; f; none; mrcmha; ok-480 marshallia caespitosa nutt. ex dc. (barbara's buttons); p; f; fac; bhbcha; ok-173 packera glabella (poir.) c. jeffrey (butterweed); a; f; facw; bhbcha; okw-125 packera obovata (muhl. ex willd.) w.a. weber & a. löve (roundleaf ragwort); p; f; facu; amafsa; ok-264 packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & a. löve (prairie groundsel); p; f; facu; bhbcha; okw-090 *parthenium hysterophorus l. (santa maria feverfew); a; f; fac; daof; ok-030 plectocephalus americanus (nutt.) d. don (american star-thistle); a; f; none; bhbcha; okw-031 pluchea odorata (l.) cass. (sweetscent); a; f; facw; hwv; okw-167 pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. (tuberous desert-chicory); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-137 pyrrhopappus pauciflorus (d. don) dc. (smallflower desert-chicory); a; f; none; mrcmha; ok-212 ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. (yellow coneflower); p; f; none; daof; ok-327 rudbeckia amplexicaulis vahl (clasping coneflower); a; f; fac; bhbcha; ok-138 rudbeckia fulgida aiton (orange coneflower); p; f; fac; seep; ok-068 rudbeckia hirta l. (blackeyed susan); p; f; facu; daof; ok-106 rudbeckia laciniata l. (cutleaf coneflower); p; f; fac; amafsa; ok-340 36 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland rudbeckia triloba l. (browneyed susan); p; f; facu; urclfpfafa; ok-400 silphium integrifolium michx. (wholeleaf rosinweed); p; f; fac; daof; ok-554 silphium laciniatum l. (compassplant); p; f; none; daof; ok-219 silphium radula nutt. var. radula (reverchon's rosinweed); p; f; none; daof; ok-555 smallanthus uvedalia (l.) mack. ex small (hairy leafcup); p; f; none; urclfpfafa; ok-317 solidago altissima l. ssp. gilvocanescens (rydb.) semple (prairie goldenrod); p; f; facu; bhbcha, daof; ok-434 solidago gigantea aiton (giant goldenrod); p; f; fac; seep; ok-432 solidago rigida l. ssp. rigida (stiff goldenrod); p; f; facu; daof; ok-424 solidago ulmifolia michx. ex willd. (elmleaf goldenrod); p; f; none; qmqsccfa; ok-433 *sonchus asper (l.) hill (spiny sowthistle); a; f; fac; daof; ok-208 symphyotrichum drummondii (lindl.) g.l. nesom var. texanum (e.s. burgess) g.l. nesom (blue wood aster); p; f; none; qmqsccfa; ok-428 symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) g.l. nesom var. ericoides (white heath aster); p; f; facu; daof; ok-023 symphyotrichum lanceolatum (willd.) g.l. nesom var. lanceolatum (white panicle aster); p; f; facw; qmqsccfa; ok-430 symphyotrichum oolentangiense (riddell) g.l. nesom (skyblue aster); p; f; none; urclfpfafa; okw-220 symphyotrichum praealtum (poir.) g.l. nesom (willowleaf aster); p; f; facw; daof; ok-429 symphyotrichum subulatum (michx.) g.l. nesom (salt marsh aster); p; f; obl; daof, hwv; ok-059 *taraxacum officinale f.h. wigg. (common dandelion); p; f; facu; daof; ok-462 tetraneuris linearifolia (hook.) greene (fineleaf fournerved daisy); a; f; none; mrcmha; ok-182 thelesperma filifolium (hook.) a. gray (stiff greenthread); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-064 verbesina alternifolia (l.) britton ex kearney (wingstem); p; f; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-074 verbesina virginica l. (virginia crownbeard); p; f; facu; urclfpfafa; ok-316 vernonia baldwinii torr. (baldwin's ironweed); p; f; facu; daof; ok-061 vernonia missurica raf. (missouri ironweed); p; f; facw; seep; ok-553 xanthium strumarium l. (rough cocklebur); a; f; fac; hwv; ok-031 berberidaceae podophyllum peltatum l. (mayapple); p; f; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-128 betulaceae †alnus maritima (marshall) muhl. ex nutt. (seaside alder); p; s; obl; amafsa; okw-173; s2g3 bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. ex bureau (trumpet creeper); p; v; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-131 boraginaceae lithospermum incisum lehm. (narrowleaf puccoon); p; f; none; daof; ok-262 myosotis verna nutt. (spring forget-me-not); a; f; fac; bhbcha, qmqsccfa; ok-465 brassicaceae *capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. (shepherd's purse); a; f; facu; daof; ok-465 cardamine parviflora l. (sand bittercress); a; f; facw; daof; ok-281 *chorispora tenella (pall.) dc. (crossflower); a; f; none; daof; okw-084 oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland *descurainia sophia (l.) webb ex prantl (herb sophia); a; f; none; daof; okw-080 draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & a. gray (shortpod draba); a; f; none; daof; ok-279 draba reptans (lam.) fernald (carolina draba); a; f; none; bhbcha; okw-094 *lepidium densiflorum schrad. (common pepperweed); a; f; fac; daof; ok-367 *nasturtium officinale w.t. aiton (watercress); p; f; obl; seep; ok-019 physaria gracilis (hook.) o'kane & al-shehbaz (spreading bladderpod); a; f; facw; amafsa; ok-265 physaria ovalifolia (rydb.) o'kane & al-shehbaz ssp. alba (goodman) o'kane & al-shehbaz (roundleaf bladderpod); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-543 physaria ovalifolia (rydb.) o'kane & al-shehbaz ssp. ovalifolia (roundleaf bladderpod); p; f; none; mrcmha; okw-209 rorippa palustris (l.) besser (bog yellowcress); a; f; obl; hwv; ok-387 rorippa sessiliflora (nutt.) hitchc. (stalkless yellowcress); a; f; obl; hwv; okw-196 *sisymbrium officinale (l.) scop. (hedgemustard); a; f; none; daof; ok-097 *thlaspi arvense l. (field pennycress); a; f; facu; daof; okw-051 cactaceae echinocereus reichenbachii (terscheck ex walp.) j.n. haage (lace hedgehog cactus); p; f; none; bhbcha, mrchha; okw-144 opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. (devil's tongue); p; s; none; daof; ok-549 opuntia phaeacantha engelm. (tulip pricklypear); p; s; none; bhbcha; okw-219 campanulaceae lobelia cardinalis l. (cardinalflower); p; f; facw; amafsa; ok-009 lobelia siphilitica l. (great blue lobelia); p; f; obl; seep; ok-086 triodanis leptocarpa (nutt.) nieuwl. (western venus' lookingglass); a; f; none; daof; ok-374 triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. ssp. biflora (ruiz & pav.) lammers (clasping venus' looking glass); a; f; fac; mrcmha; ok-484 cannabaceae celtis laevigata willd. (sugarberry); p; t; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-277 caprifoliaceae *lonicera japonica thunb. (japanese honeysuckle); p; v; facu; seep; ok-163 symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench (coralberry); p; s; facu; bhbcha; okw-042 caryophyllaceae *arenaria serpyllifolia l. (thymeleaf sandwort); a; f; facu; daof; ok-200 cerastium brachypodum (engelm. ex a. gray) b.l. rob. (shortstalk chickweed); p; f; facu; daof; ok-286 *cerastium glomeratum thuill. (sticky chickweed); a; f; facu; daof; ok-289 *cerastium pumilum w. curtis (european chickweed); a; f; none; daof; ok-288 *dianthus armeria l. (deptford pink); a; f; upl; daof; okw-213 minuartia drummondii (shinners) mcneill (drummond's stitchwort); a; f; none; bhbcha; okw-120 minuartia michauxii (fenzl) farw. (rock sandwort); a; f; none; mrcmha; ok-540 minuartia patula (michx.) mattf. (pitcher's stitchwort); a; f; fac; daof; ok-287 paronychia virginica spreng. (yellow nailwort); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-394 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland silene antirrhina l. (sleepy catchfly); a; f; none; bhbcha, daof; ok-518 silene stellata (l.) w.t. aiton (widowsfrill); p; f; none; qmqsccfa; ok-255 *stellaria media (l.) vill. (common chickweed); a; f; facu; amafsa, urclfpfafa; ok-270 celastraceae celastrus scandens l. (american bittersweet); p; v; upl; seep; ok-350 cleomaceae polanisia dodecandra (l.) dc. (redwhisker clammyweed); a; f; facu; bhbcha; okw-010 commelinaceae commelina erecta l. (whitemouth dayflower); p; f; facu; bhbcha, daof; ok-231 commelina virginica l. (virginia dayflower); p; f; fac; amafsa, urclfpfafa; ok-331 tradescantia ohiensis raf. (ohio spiderwort); p; f; facu; bhbcha; okw-216 convolvulaceae convolvulus equitans benth. (texas bindweed); p; f; facu; bhbcha, mrcmha; ok-139 cuscuta indecora choisy var. indecora (showy dodder); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-497 dichondra carolinensis michx. (carolina ponysfoot); p; f; fac; daof; okw-218 evolvulus nuttallianus schult. (shaggy dwarf morning-glory); p; f; none; mrcmha; ok-152 *ipomoea hederacea jacq. (ivyleaf morning-glory); a; f; fac; amafsa; ok-436 ipomoea lacunosa l. (whitestar); a; f; facw; amafsa; ok-038 cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. (roughleaf dogwood); p; t; facq; mqsccfa; ok-522 crassulaceae sedum nuttallii torr. & e. james ex eaton (yellow stonecrop); a; f; none; bhbcha; okw-133 sedum pulchellum michx. (widowscross); a; f; facu; bhbcha, mrcmha; ok-148 cucurbitaceae cucurbita foetidissima kunth (buffalo gourd); p; f; none; daof; ok-490 *cucurbita pepo l. (gourd); a; f; none; amafsa; ok-060 melothria pendula l. (guadeloupe cucumber); p; f; fac; daof; ok-036 sicyos angulatus l. (oneseed burr cucumber); a; f; facw; amafsa, urclfpfafa; ok-398 cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. (eastern redcedar); p; t; upl; qmqsccfa; okw-183 cyperaceae carex albicans willd. ex spreng. (whitetinge sedge); p; g; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-461 carex aureolensis steud. (goldenfruit sedge); p; g; none; amafsa; ok-408 carex blanda dewey (eastern woodland sedge); p; g; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-409 carex brevior (dewey) mack. (shortbeak sedge); p; g; fac; bhbcha; okw-150 carex bulbostylis mack. (false hair sedge); p; g; facw; qsqmccwa; okw-199 carex bushii mack. (bush's sedge); p; g; obl; daof; ok-546 carex caroliniana schwein. (carolina sedge); p; g; obl; qmqsccfa; okw-147 oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland carex cephalophora muhl. ex willd. (oval-leaf sedge); p; g; obl; urclfpfafa; ok-410 carex cherokeensis schwein. (cherokee sedge); p; g; facw; qmqsccfa; ok-237 carex complanata torr. & hook. (hirsute sedge); p; g; fac; urclfpfafa; okw-151 carex corrugata fernald (prune-fruit sedge); p; g; facw; urclfpfafa; ok-456 carex emoryi dewey (emory's sedge); p; g; obl; hwv; okw-205 carex festucacea schkuhr ex willd. (fescue sedge); p; g; facw; urclfpfafa; ok-458 carex frankii kunth (frank's sedge); p; g; obl; hwv; ok-229 carex granularis muhl. ex willd. (limestone meadow sedge); p; g; obl; urclfpfafa; ok-550 carex grisea wahlenb. (inflated narrow-leaf sedge); p; g; facw; urclfpfafa; ok-547 carex leavenworthii dewey (leavenworth's sedge); p; g; none; urclfpfafa; ok-411 carex microdonta torr. & hook. (littletooth sedge); p; g; obl; daof; ok-415 carex perdentata s.d. jones (sand sedge); p; g; none; urclfpfafa; ok-457 carex retroflexa muhl. ex willd. (knotsheath sedge); p; g; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-545 carex vulpinoidea michx. (fox sedge); p; g; facw; hwv; ok-417 cyperus acuminatus torr. & hook. ex torr. (taperleaf flat sedge); p; g; obl; hwv; ok-050 cyperus echinatus (l.) alph. wood (globe flatsedge); p; g; fac; daof; ok-329 cyperus esculentus l. (chufa flatsedge); p; g; facw; daof; ok-423 cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks (great plains flatsedge); p; g; facu; daof; ok-559 cyperus odoratus l. (fragrant flatsedge); p; g; facw; hwv; ok-052 cyperus retroflexus buckley (oneflower flatsedge); p; g; none; qmqsccfa; ok-498 cyperus retrorsus chapm. (pine barren flatsedge); p; g; fac; daof; okw-232 cyperus setigerus torr. & hook. (lean flatsedge); p; g; fac; seep; ab-12359 cyperus squarrosus l. (bearded flatsedge); a; g; obl; seep; ok-499 cyperus strigosus l. (strawcolored flatsedge); p; g; facw; seep; ok-087 eleocharis acicularis (l.) roem. & schult. (needle spikerush); a; g; obl; hwv; okw-068 eleocharis compressa sull. var. acutisquamata (buckley) s. g. sm. (sharpscale spikerush); p; g; facw; hwv; ok-404 eleocharis engelmannii steud. (engelmann's spikerush); a; g; facw; hwv; ok-414 eleocharis montevidensis kunth (sand spikerush); p; g; facw; hwv, seep; ok-407 eleocharis obtusa (willd.) schult. (blunt spikesedge); a; g; obl; hwv; ok-051 eleocharis palustris (l.) roem. & schult. (common spikerush); p; g; obl; hwv; ok-094 eleocharis parvula (roem. & schult.) link ex bluff, nees & schauer (dwarf spikerush); a; g; obl; hwv; okw-004 eleocharis quadrangulata (michx.) roem. & schult. (squarestem spikerush); p; g; obl; hwv; ok-215 fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl var. puberula (hairy fimbry); p; g; obl; bhbcha, daof; ok-515 fuirena simplex vahl (western umbrella-sedge); p; g; obl; seep; ok-084 isolepis carinata hook. & arn. ex torr. (keeled bulrush); a; g; facw; hwv; ok-516 rhynchospora harveyi w. boott (harvey's beakrush); p; g; fac; daof; ok-468 schoenoplectus pungens (vahl) palla (common threesquare); p; g; obl; seep; ok-202 scirpus pendulus muhl. (rufous bulrush); p; g; obl; seep; ok-168 scleria verticillata muhl. ex willd. (low nutrush); a; g; obl; seep; ok-258 ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. (common persimmon); p; t; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-162 elatinaceae †bergia texana (hook.) seub. ex walp. (texas bergia); p; f; obl; hwv; okw-162; s2g5 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland euphorbiaceae acalypha monococca (engelm. ex a. gray) lill. w. mill. & gandhi (slender threeseed mercury); a; f; none; bhbcha; okw-067 acalypha ostryifolia riddell (pineland threeseed mercury); a; f; none; qmqsccfa; ok-248 acalypha rhomboidea raf. (virginia threeseed mercury); a; f; facu; urclfpfafa; ok-039 acalypha virginica l. (virginia threeseed mercury); a; f; facu; urclfpfafa; okw-036 croton capitatus michx. (wooly croton); a; f; none; daof; ok-246 croton monanthogynus michx. (prairie tea); a; f; none; daof; ok-007 ditaxis mercurialina (nutt.) j.m. coult. (tall silverbush); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-018 euphorbia cyathophora murray (fire on the mountain); a; f; upl; urclfpfafa; ok-399 euphorbia dentata michx. (toothed spurge); a; f; none; urclfpfafa; ok-045 euphorbia maculata l. (spotted sandmat); a; f; facu; daof; ok-056 euphorbia missurica raf. (prairie sandmat); a; f; none; bhbcha; okw-164 euphorbia nutans lag. (eyebane); a; f; facu; bhbcha; ok-296 euphorbia spathulata lam. (warty spurge); a; f; facu; mrcmha; ok-183 stillingia sylvatica l. (queen's-delight); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-009 tragia ramosa torr. (nettle-leaf noseburn); p; f; none; mrcmha; ok-482 fabaceae amorpha fruticosa l. (false índigo); p; s; facw; amafsa; ok-178 amphicarpaea bracteata (l.) fernald (american hogpeanut); a; f; facu; urclfpfafa; okw-046 apios americana medik. (groundnut); p; f; fac; seep; ok-292 astragalus crassicarpus nutt. (groundplum milkvetch); p; f; none; daof; ok-565 astragalus nuttallianus dc. (nuttall's milkvetch); p; f; none; mrcmha; ok-539 baptisia australis (l.) r. br. (blue wild indigo); p; f; upl; daof; ok-533 baptisia bracteata muhl. ex elliott (longbract wild indigo); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-079 cercis canadensis l. (eastern redbud); p; t; upl; qmqsccfa; ok-274 chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene (partridge pea); a; f; facu; daof; ok-221 dalea aurea nutt. ex fraser (golden prairie clover); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-323 dalea candida michx. ex willd. (white prairie clover); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-111 dalea purpurea vent. (violet prairie clover); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-140 desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macmill. ex b.l. rob. & fernald (prairie bundleflower); p; f; facu; daof; ok-242 desmanthus leptolobus torr. & a. gray (slenderlobe bundleflower); p; f; none; daof; okw-222 desmodium canescens (l.) dc. (hoary ticktrefoil); p; f; none; daof; ok-556 desmodium glutinosum (muhl. ex willd.) alph. wood (pointedleaf ticktrefoil); p; f; none; urclfpfafa; okw-027 desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. (panicled tickclover); p; f; upl; daof; ok-421 desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & a. gray (sessileleaf ticktrefoil); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-178 desmodium tweedyi britton (tweedy's ticktrefoil); p; f; none; daof; ok-102 galactia regularis (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (eastern milkpea); p; f; none; urclfpfafa; okw-014 gleditsia triacanthos l. (honeylocust); p; t, facu; qmqsccfa; ok-337 gymnocladus dioicus (l.) k. koch (kentucky coffeetree); p; t, none; qmqsccfa; ok-531 *kummerowia striata (thunb.) schindl. (japanese clover); a; f; upl; daof; ok-347 *lathyrus hirsutus l. (caley pea); a; f; fac; daof; ok-098 oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland *lespedeza cuneata (dum. cours.) g. don (chinese lespedeza); p; f; facu; bhbcha, daof; okw-039 lespedeza texana britton ex small (texas lespedeza); p; f; none; daof; ok-564 lespedeza virginica (l.) britton (slender lespedeza); p; f; none; daof; ok-566 *medicago arabica (l.) huds. (spotted medick); a; f; none; daof; okw-100 *medicago lupulina l. (black medick); a; f; facu; daof; ok-206 *medicago minima (l.) l. ex bartal. (burr medick); a; f; none; daof; ok-351 *melilotus albus medik. (sweetclover); a; f; facu; daof; ok-502 *melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. (yellow sweetclover); a; f; facu; daof; ok-116 mimosa nuttallii (dc. ex britton & rose) b.l. turner (nuttall's sensitivebriar); p; f; none; daof; ok-373 neptunia lutea (leavenw.) benth. (yellow puff); p; f; facu; bhbcha; ok-143 psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. (slimflower scurfpea); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-146 robinia pseudoacacia l. (black locust); p; t; upl; daof; okw-136 *senna occidentalis (l.) link (septicweed); a; f; upl; amafsa; ok-070 strophostyles helvola (l.) elliott (amberique-bean); a; f; facu; amafsa; ok-396 stylosanthes biflora (l.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (sidebeak pencilflower); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-025 †styphnolobium affine (torr. & a. gray) walp. (eve's necklace); p; t; none; urclfpfafa; ok-108; s3g4 *trifolium arvense l. (rabbitfoot clover); a; f; none; daof; ok-528 *trifolium campestre schreb. (field clover); a; f; none; daof; ok-365 *trifolium repens l. (white clover); p; f; facu; daof; ok-175 *trifolium resupinatum (reversed clover); a; f; facu; bhbcha, daof; okw-115 *trifolium vesiculosum savi (arrowleaf clover); a; f; none; daof; ok-380 *vicia sativa l. (garden vetch); a; f; facu; bhbcha; okw-071 *vicia villosa roth var. glabrescens w.d.j. koch (winter vetch); a; f; none; daof; ok-381 fagaceae quercus macrocarpa michx. (bur oak); p; t; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-013 quercus marilandica münchh. (blackjack oak); p; t; none; bhbcha; okw-098 quercus muehlenbergii engelm. (chinkapin oak); p; t; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-006 quercus shumardii buckley (shumard's oak); p; t; fac; qmqsccfa; okw-032 quercus stellata wangenh. (post oak ); p; t; facu; bhbcha; okw-177 quercus velutina lam. (black oak); p; t; none; qmqsccfa; ok-233 gentianaceae †centaurium texense (griseb.) fernald (lady bird's centaury); a; f; none; mrcmha; ok-213; s1g4? sabatia campestris nutt. (meadow pink); a; f; fac; bhbcha, daof; okw-226 geraniaceae *erodium cicutarium (l.) l'hér. ex aiton (redstem stork's bill); a; f; none; daof; okw-112 geranium carolinianum l. (carolina crane's bill); a; f; none; daof; ok-181 *geranium pusillum l. (small geranium); a; none; f; daof; okw-134 geranium texanum (trel.) a. heller (texas geranium); a; f; none; daof; ok-525 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland grossulariaceae ribes aureum pursh var. villosum dc. (golden currant); p; s; facu; urclfpfafa; okw-092 haloragaceae myriophyllum heterophyllum michx. (twoleaf watermilfoil); p; f; obl; hwv; ok-422 hamamelidaceae *liquidambar styraciflua l. (sweetgum); p; t; fac; daof; okw-101 heliotropiaceae *heliotropium indicum l. (india heliotrope); a; f; facw; amafsa; ok-005 heliotropium tenellum (nutt.) torr. (pasture heliotrope); a; f; none; bhbcha; ok-137 hydrophyllaceae phacelia strictiflora (engelm. & a. gray) a. gray (prairie phacelia); a; f; none; urclfpfafa; okw-057 hypericaceae hypericum sphaerocarpum michx. (roundseed st. johnswort); p; f; facu; mrcmha; ok-520 hypoxiaceae hypoxis hirsuta (l.) coville (common goldstar); p; f; facw; mrcmha; ok-153 iridaceae *iris pseudacorus l. (paleyellow iris); p; f; obl; amafsa; ok-257 sisyrinchium angustifolium mill. (narrowleaf blue-eyed grass); p; f; facw; bhbcha, daof; ok-532 juglandaceae carya cordiformis (wangenh.) k. koch (bitternut hickory); p; t; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-232 carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch (pecan); p; t; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-025 juglans nigra l. (black walnut); p; t; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-011 juncaceae juncus brachyphyllus wiegand (tuftedstem rush); p; g; fac; daof; ok-091 juncus diffusissimus buckley (slimpod rush); p; g; facw; hwv; ok-055 juncus filipendulus buckley (ringseed rush); p; g; fac; seep; ok-416 juncus interior wiegand (inland rush); p; g; facw; bhbcha; okw-160 juncus marginatus rostk. (grassleaf rush); p; g; facw; hwv; ok-238 juncus nodatus coville (stout rush); p; g; obl; hwv; ok-227 juncus tenuis willd. (poverty rush); p; g; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-130 juncus torreyi coville (torrey's rush); p; g; facw; hwv; ok-223 juncus validus coville (roundhead rush); p; g; facw; hwv; ok-466 krameriaceae krameria lanceolata torr. (trailing ratany); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-142 lamiaceae clinopodium glabrum (nutt.) kuntze (limestone calamint); p; f; fac; mrcmha; ok-151 oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland hedeoma drummondii benth. (drummond's false pennyroyal); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-139 hedeoma hispida pursh (rough false pennyroyal); p; f; none; mrcmha; ok-363 *lamium amplexicaule l. (henbit deadnettle); a; f; none; daof; ok-259 *lamium purpureum l. (purple deadnettle); a; f; none; amafsa; ok-290 lycopus americanus muhl. ex w.p.c. bartram (american bugleweed); p; f; obl; seep; ok-066 monarda clinopodioides a. gray (basil beebalm); a; f; none; bhbcha; ok-214 monarda fistulosa l. (wild bergamot); p; f; upl; bhbcha; okw-033 *perilla frutescens (l.) britton (beefsteakplant); a; f; fac; amafsa, urclfpfafa; ok-010 physostegia intermedia (nutt.) engelm. & a. gray (slender false dragonhead); p; f; obl; hwv; okw-223 prunella vulgaris l. (common selfheal); p; f; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-021 pycnanthemum tenuifolium schrad. (narrowleaf mountainmint); p; f; fac; seep; ok-110 salvia azurea michx. ex lam. (azure blue sage); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-179 scutellaria lateriflora l. (mad dog skullcap); p; f; obl; seep; ab-12360 scutellaria parvula michx. var. australis fassett (small skullcap); p; f; upl; mrcmha; ok-378 stachys tenuifolia willd. (slender betony); p; f; facw; hwv; okw-234 teucrium canadense l. (american germander); p; f; facw; amafsa; ok-218 trichostema brachiatum l. (fluxweed); a; f; none; bhbcha; okw-159 lentibulariaceae utricularia gibba l. (humped bladderwort); p; f; obl; seep; ok-450 liliaceae erythronium albidum nutt. (white fawnlily); p; f; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-460 linaceae linum medium (planch.) britton var. texanum (planch.) fernald (stiff yellow flax); a; f; fac; daof; ok-504 linum pratense (norton) small (meadow flax); a; f; none; mrcmha; ok-535 linum rigidum pursh (stiffstem flax); a; f; none; bhbcha, mrcmha; ok-210 linderniaceae lindernia dubia (l.) pennell (yellowseed false pimpernel); a; f; obl; hwv; ok-247 loganiaceae †mitreola petiolata (j.f. gmel.) torr. & a. gray (lax hornpod); a; f; facw; seep; ok-085; s1g4g5 lythraceae ammannia auriculata willd. (eared redstem); a; f; obl; hwv; ok-042 ammannia coccinea rottb. (valley redstem); a; f; obl; hwv; ok-054 lythrum alatum pursh (winged lythrum); p; f; obl; hwv; ok-326 rotala ramosior l. koehne (lowland rotala); a; f; none; hwv; ok-053 malvaceae *abutilon theophrasti medik. (velvetleaf); a; f; upl; daof; ok-252 callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.) a. gray (pink poppy mallow); p; f; obl; daof; ok-172 callirhoe involucrata (torr. & a. gray) a. gray (purple poppymallow); p; f; none; daof; ok-190 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland callirhoe pedata (nutt. ex hook.) a. gray (palmleaf poppymallow); p; f; none; mrcmha; ok-481 sida spinosa l. (prickly fanpetals); a; f; upl; daof; ok-222 marsileaceae †marsilea vestita hook. & grev. (hairy waterclover); p; f; obl; hwv; okw-003; s3g5 menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. (carolina coralbead); p; f; facu; urclfpfafa; ok-037 molluginaceae *glinus lotoides l. (lotus sweetjuice); a; f; facw; hwv; okw-044 mollugo verticillata l. (green carpetweed); a; f; fac; daof; ok-033 montiaceae claytonia virginica l. (virginia springbeauty); p; f; facu; daof, qmqsccfa; ok-260 phemeranthus parviflorus (nutt.) kiger (sunbright); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-019 moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) c.k. schneid. (osage orange); p; t; facu; daof; ok-176 *morus alba l. (white mulberry); p; t; facu; daof; ok-552 morus rubra l. (red mulberry); p; t; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-388 najadaceae najas guadalupensis (spreng.) magnus (southern waternymph); a; f; obl; hwv; okw-157 nyctaginaceae mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macmill. (heartleaf four o'clock); p; f; upl; urclfpfafa; ok-187 nymphaeaceae nuphar advena (aiton) w. t. aiton (yellow pond-lily); p; f; obl; hwv; ok-184 oleaceae forestiera pubescens nutt. var. pubescens (elbowbush); p; s; facu; mrcmha; ok-523 fraxinus americana l. (white ash); p; t; facu; seep, urclfpfafa; ok-022 fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. (green ash); p; t; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-239 *ligustrum quihoui carrière (waxyleaf privet); p; s; none; daof, qmqsccfa; ok-062 onagraceae ludwigia glandulosa walter (cylindricfruit primrose-willow); p; f; obl; hwv; ok-226 ludwigia peploides (kunth) p.h. raven (floating primrose-willow); p; f; obl; hwv; ok-386 ludwigia repens j.r. forst. (creeping primrose-willow); p; f; obl; seep; ok-063 oenothera berlandieri (spach) steud. ssp. berlandieri (spach) steud. (berlandier's sundrops); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-395 oenothera curtiflora w.l. wagner & hoch (velvety gaura); a; f; upl; daof; ok-449 oenothera filiformis (small) w.l. wagner & hoch (longflower beeblossom); a; f; none; daof; ok-344 oenothera glaucifolia w.l. wagner & hoch (false gaura); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-172 oenothera laciniata hill (cutleaf evening-primrose); p; f; facu; bhbcha; okw-077 oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland oenothera linifolia nutt. (threadleaf evening-primrose); a; f; none; mrcmha; ok-514 oenothera macrocarpa nutt. (bigfruit evening-primrose); p; f; none; bhbcha, mrcmha; ok-132 oenothera spachiana torr. & a. gray (spach's evening-primrose); a; f; none; bhbcha; okw-126 oenothera suffulta (engelm.) w.l. wagner & hoch (roadside gaura); a; f; none; bhbcha, mrcmha; ok-486 oenothera triloba nutt. (stemless evening primrose); a; f; none; bhbcha, mrcmha; ok-537 ophioglossaceae botrychium virginianum (l.) sw. (rattlesnake fern); p; f; facu; urclfpfafa; okw-043 ophioglossum engelmannii prantl; limestone adderstongue; p; f; facu; bhbcha; okw-188 orchidaceae spiranthes cernua (l.) rich. (nodding lady's tresses); p; f; facw; daof; ok-452 spiranthes lacera (raf.) raf. var. gracilis (bigelow) luer (northern slender ladies'-tresses); p; f; fac; daof; ok-431 spiranthes magnicamporum sheviak (great plains lady's tresses); p; f; fac; seep; ok-453 spiranthes vernalis engelm. a. gray (spring ladies'-tresses); p; f; facw; bhbcha; okw-037 orobanchaceae agalinis heterophylla (nutt.) small (prairie false foxglove); a; f; fac; daof; ok-451 castilleja indivisa engelm. (indian paintbrush); a; f; fac; bhbcha, daof; ok-141 oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata l. (creeping woodsorrel); p; f; facu; daof; ok-080 oxalis violacea l. (violet woodsorrel); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-109 papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey (crested pricklypoppy); a; f; none; bhbcha; okw 061 passifloraceae passiflora incarnata l. (may-pop); p; f; none; daof; ok-491 passiflora lutea l. (yellow passionflower); p; f; none; qmqsccfa, urclfpfafa; ok-338 penthoraceae penthorum sedoides l. (ditch stonecrop); p; f; obl; amafsa; okw-013 phrymaceae mimulus alatus aiton (sharpwing monkeyflower); p; f; obl; amafsa; ok-035 phryma leptostachya l. (american lopseed); p; f; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-125 phyllanthaceae phyllanthus polygonoides nutt. ex spreng. (smartweed leaf-flower ); p; f; none; mrcmha; ok-145 phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. (pokeweed); p; f; facu; daof; ok-123 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland plantaginaceae bacopa rotundifolia (michx.) wettst. (disk waterhyssop); p; f; obl; hwv; ok-253 callitriche heterophylla pursh (greater waterstarwort); a; f; obl; hwv; okw-210 gratiola neglecta torr. (clammy hedgehyssop); a; f; obl; hwv; ok-362 gratiola virginiana l. (roundfruit hedgehyssop); a; f; obl; hwv; okw-204 leucospora multifida (michx.) nutt. (narrowleaf paleseed); a; f; facw; daof, hwv; ok-249 nuttallanthus texanus (scheele) d.a. sutton (texas toadflax); a; f; none; bhbcha; okw-075 penstemon cobaea nutt. var. purpureus pennell (cobaea beardtongue); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-145 plantago aristata michx. (bottlebrush plantain); a; f; none; mrcmha; ok-366 plantago elongata pursh (prairie plantain); a; f; facw; bhbcha; okw-081 plantago rugelii decne. (blackseed plantain); p; f; facu; hwv; okw-227 plantago virginica l. (paleseed plantain); a; f; facu; daof; ok-384 plantago wrightiana decne. (wright's plantain); a; f; none; bhbcha, mrcmha; okw-140 veronica anagallis-aquatica l. (water speedwell); p; f; obl; amafsa; ok-197 *veronica arvensis l. (corn speedwell); a; f; facu; daof; ok-280 veronica peregrina l. (purslane speedwell); a; f; facw; daof; ok-276 *veronica persica poir. (birdeye speedwell); a; f; none; amafsa, daof; ok-267 platanaceae platanus occidentalis l. (american sycamore); p; t; fac; daof, urclfpfafa; ok-332 poaceae *aegilops cylindrica host (jointed goatgrass); a; g; none; daof; ok-115 agrostis hyemalis (walter) britton, sterns & poggenb. (winter bentgrass); p; g; facw; mrcmha; ok-472 *aira elegantissima schur (annual silver hairgrass); a; g; facw; daof; ok-469 alopecurus carolinianus walter (carolina foxtail); a; g; facw; hwv; ok-155 andropogon gerardii vitman (big bluestem); p; g; facu; bhbcha; ok-297 andropogon glomeratus (bushy bluestem); p; g; facw; hwv, seep; ok-001 andropogon ternarius michx. (splitbeard bluestem); p; g; facu; daof; ok-561 andropogon virginicus l. (broomsedge bluestem); p; g; facu; bhbcha; okw-180 aristida oligantha michx. (prairie threeawn); a; g; none; daof; ok-346 aristida purpurea nutt. var. wrightii (nash) allred (wright's threeawn); p; g; none; mrcmha; ok-485 arundinaria gigantea (walter) muhl. (giant cane); p; g; facw; urclfpfafa; ok-313 *bothriochloa ischaemum (l.) keng (yellow bluestem); p; g; none; daof; ok-312 bothriochloa laguroides (dc.) herter (silver beardgrass); p; g; none; daof; ok-328 bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. (sideoats grama); p; g; none; bhbcha; ok-492 bouteloua dactyloides (nutt.) columbus (buffalo grass); p; g; facu; bhbcha; ok-133 bouteloua hirsuta lag. (hairy grama); p; g; none; bhbcha; ok-299 bouteloua rigidiseta (steud.) hitchc. (texas grama); p; g; none; bhbcha; ok-134 *briza minor l. (little quakinggrass); a; g; fac; mrcmha; ok-209 *bromus catharticus vahl (resuce grass); a; g; none; daof; ok-188 bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. (hairy woodland brome); p; g; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-124 *bromus racemosus l. (bald brome); a; g; none; daof; ok-353 *bromus sterilis l. (poverty brome); a; g; none; bhbcha; okw-118 cenchrus spinifex cav. (coastal sandbur); p; g; none; bhbcha; okw-066 oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) h.o. yates (indian woodoats); p; g; facu; urclfpfafa; ok-012 *chloris verticillata nutt.; windmill grass; p; g; none; daof; ok-144 coleataenia anceps (michx.) soreng (beaked panicgrass); p; g; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-024 coleataenia longifolia (torr.) soreng ssp. rigidula (bosc ex nees) soreng (redtop panicgrass); p; g; facu; hwv, seep; ok-018 *cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. (bermudagrass); p; g; facu; daof; ok-322 *dactylis glomerata l.; orchardgrass; p; g; facu; daof; ok-334 diarrhena obovata (gleason) brandenburg (obovate beakgrain); p; g; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-358 dichanthelium aciculare (desv. ex poir.) gould & c.a. clark (needleleaf rosette grass); p; g; facu; daof; ok-454 dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c. a. glark var. lindheimeri (nash) gould & c.a. clark (lindheimer panicgrass); p; g; fac; daof; ok-224 dichanthelium laxiflorum (lam.) gould (openflower rosette grass); p; g; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-471 dichanthelium linearifolium (scribn.) gould (slim-leaf rosette grass); p; g; none; qsqmccwa; okw-200 dichanthelium malacophyllum (nash) gould (softleaf rosette grass); p; g; none; qmqsccfa; ok-419 dichanthelium oligosanthes (schult.) gould (heller's rosette grass); p; g; facu; daof; ok-081 dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (elliott) gould (roundseed panicum); p; g; facu; bhbcha; okw-149 digitaria ciliaris (retz.) pers. (southern crabgrass); a; g; facu; amafsa, daof; ok-078 digitaria cognata (schult.) pilg. (carolina crabgrass); p; g; none; bhbcha; okw-186 *echinochloa crus-galli (l.) p. beauv. (barnyard grass); a; g; fac; amafsa, hwv; ok-079 echinochloa muricata (p. beauv.) fernald (rough barnyard grass); a; g; facw; hwv; ok-047 *eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. (indian goosegrass); a; g; facu; daof; ok-295 elymus virginicus l. (virginia wildrye); p; g; fac; daof; ok-101 *eragrostis barrelieri daveau (mediterranean lovegrass); a; g; none; bhbcha; okw-065 *eragrostis cilianensis (bellardi) vignolo ex janch. (stinkgrass); a; g; facu; daof; ok-359 eragrostis curtipedicellata buckley (gummy lovegrass); p; g; none; bhbcha, daof; ok-234 eragrostis hirsuta (michx.) nees (bigtop lovegrass); p; g; facu; bhbcha; okw-195 *eragrostis pilosa (l.) p. beauv.; indian lovegrass; a; g; facu; bhbcha, daof; ok-088 erioneuron pilosum (buckley) nash (hairy woolygrass); p; g; none; mrcmha; ok-487 festuca subverticillata (pers.) e.b. alexeev (nodding fescue); p; g; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-356 glyceria striata (lam.) hitchc. (fowl mannagrass); p; g; obl; amafsa; ok-193 hordeum pusillum nutt. (little barley); a; g; facu; daof; ok-159 leersia oryzoides (l.) sw. (rice cutgrass); p; g; obl; amafsa; ok-075 leersia virginica willd. (whitegrass); p; g; facw; amafsa; ok-319 leptochloa fusca (l.) kunth ssp. fascicularis (lam.) n. snow (bearded sprangletop); a; g; facw; hwv; okw-007 leptochloa panicea (retz.) ohwi ssp. mucronata (michx.) nowack (mucronate sprangletop); a; g; facw; amafsa, hwv; ok-043 *lolium perenne l. (perennial ryegrass); p; g; facu; daof; ok-156 mnesithea cylindrica (michx.) de koning & sosef (cylinder jointtail grass); p; g; fac; daof; ok-495 muhlenbergia reverchonii vasey & scribn. (seep muhly); p; g; fac; mrcmha; ok-348 muhlenbergia schreberi j.f. gmel. (nimblewill); p; g; facu; hwv; okw-162 muhlenbergia sobolifera (muhl. ex willd.) trin.; rock muhly; p; g; none; qmqsccfa; ok-082 nassella leucotricha (trin. & rupr.) r.w. pohl (texas tussockgrass); p; g; none; bhbcha, daof; ok-355 panicum capillare l. (witchgrass); a; g; fac; daof; ok-241 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland panicum dichotomiflorum michx. (fall panicgrass); a; g; fac; daof; ok-057 panicum philadelphicum bernh. ex trin. (philadelphia panicgrass); a; g; fac; daof; ok-361 panicum virgatum l. (switchgrass); p; fac; g; bhbcha, daof; ok-300 paspalum dilatatum poir. (dallis grass); p; g; fac; daof; okw-224 *paspalum distichum houtt. (knotgrass); p; g; facw; daof; ok-092 paspalum floridanum michx. (florida paspalum); p; g; facw; daof; ok-058 paspalum setaceum michx. (slender paspalum); p; g; fac; bhbcha, daof; ok-500 *poa annua l. (annual bluegrass); a; g; facu; daof; ok-510 *poa pratensis l. (kentucky bluegrass); p; g; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-519 *schedonorus arundinaceus (schreb.) dumort. (tall fescue); p; g; facu; daof; ok-354 schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash (little bluestem); p; g; facu; bhbcha; ok-301 *sclerochloa dura (l.) p. beauv. (common hardgrass); a; g; none; daof; okw-127 setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen (marsh bristlegrass); p; g; fac; daof; ok-360 *setaria pumila (poir.) roem. & schult.; yellow foxtail; a; g; facu; daof; ok-342 sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash (indiangrass); p; g; facu; bhbcha, daof; ok-027 sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. (prairie wedgescale); p; g; fac; bhbcha; okw-054 sporobolus compositus (poir.) merr. var. drummondii (trin.) kartesz & gandhi (drummond's dropseed); p; g; none; daof; ok-558 sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) a. gray (sand dropseed); p; g; facu; daof; okw-230 sporobolus vaginiflorus (torr. ex a. gray) alph. wood var. ozarkanus (fernald) shinners (ozark dropseed); a; g; none; daof; ok-437 steinchisma hians (elliott) nash (gaping grass); p; g; facw; hwv; ok-029 tridens flavus (l.) hitchc. (purpletop tridens); p; g; upl; bhbcha, daof; ok-268 tridens strictus (nutt.) nash (longspike tridens); p; g; upl; daof; ok-026 tripsacum dactyloides (l.) l. (eastern gamagrass); p; g; fac; daof; okw-212 *triticum aestivum l. (common wheat); a; g; none; daof; ok-511 vulpia elliotea (raf.) fernald (squirreltail fescue); a; g; none; bhbcha; okw-062 *zea mays l. (corn); a; g; none; daof; okw-236 polygalaceae polygala incarnata l. (procession flower); a; f; fac; bhbcha; ok-112 polygala verticillata l. (whorled milkwort); a; f; facu; daof; ok-096 polygonaceae eriogonum longifolium nutt. (longleaf buckwheat); p; f; none; bhbcha; okw-174 fallopia convolvulus (l.) á. löve (black bindweed); a; f; facu; qsqmccwa; okw-202 persicaria hydropiperoides (michx.) small (swamp smartweed); a; f; obl; hwv; ok-228 persicaria lapathifolia (l.) gray (curlytop knotweed); a; f; obl; hwv; ok-048 persicaria pensylvanica (l.) m. gómez (pennsylvania smartweed); a; f; facw; hwv; okw-038 persicaria punctata (elliott) small (dotted smartweed); a; f; none; hwv; ok-049 persicaria virginiana (l.) gaertn. (jumpseed); p; f; fac; urclfpfafa; okw-047 polygonum ramosissimum michx. (bushy knotweed); a; f; facw; daof; ok-425 rumex altissimus alph. wood (pale dock); p; f; fac; hwv; ok-382 *rumex crispus l. (curly dock); p; f; fac; bhbcha, hwv; ok-180 rumex hastatulus baldwin (heartwing sorrel); p; f; fac; daof; ok-285 oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland pontederiaceae heteranthera limosa (sw.) willd. (blue mudplantain); a; f; obl; hwv; okw-023 portulacaceae portulaca oleracea l. (little hogweed); a; f; fac; hwv; okw-045 portulaca pilosa l. (kiss me quick); a; f; facu; daof; ok-245 potamogetonaceae potamogeton foliosus raf. (leafy pondweed); p; f; obl; hwv; ok-385 potamogeton nodosus poir. (longleaf pondweed); p; f; obl; hwv; ok-046 zannichellia palustris l. (horned pondweed); p; f; obl; hwv; ok-170 primulaceae †lysimachia quadriflora sims (fourflower yellow loosestrife); p; f; facw; seep; ok-089; s1g5? primula meadia (l.) a.r. mast & reveal (pride of ohio); p; f; fac; bhbcha; okw-076 samolus valerandi l. (seaside brookweed); p; f; none; hwv, seep; ok-064 pteridaceae pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link (purple cliffbrake); p; f; none; urclfpfafa; okw-025 ranunculaceae anemone berlandieri pritz. (ten-petal windflower); p; f; none; mrcmha; ok-544 clematis pitcheri torr. & a. gray (bluebill); p; f; facu; urclfpfafa; okw-002 delphinium carolinianum walter ssp. virescens (nutt.) r.e. brooks (carolina larkspur); p; f; none; daof; ok-179 ranunculus abortivus l. (littleleaf buttercup); p; f; fac; amafsa; ok-291 ranunculus micranthus nutt. (rock buttercup); p; f; facu; hwv; ok-494 *ranunculus sardous crantz (hairy buttercup); a; f; fac; hwv; ok-379 ranunculus sceleratus l. (cursed buttercup); a; f; obl; urclfpfafa; okw-095 rhamnaceae berchemia scandens (hill) k. koch (alabama supplejack); p; v; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-165 rhamnus caroliniana walter (carolina buckthorn); p; t; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-126 rosaceae crataegus collina chapm. (hillside hawthorn); p; t; none; qmqsccfa; ok-509 crataegus mollis (torr. & a. gray) scheele (arnold hawthorn); p; t; fac; bhbcha; okw-107 crataegus viridis l. (green hawthorn); p; t; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-402 fragaria virginiana duchesne ssp. grayana (vilm. ex j. gay) staudt (virginia strawberry); p; f; facu; urclfpfafa; okw-148 geum canadense jacq. (white avens); p; f; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-186 †poteridium annuum (nutt.) spach (prairie burnet); a; f; none; bhbcha, mrcmha; ok-538; s1g4 prunus angustifolia marshall (chickasaw plum); p; s; none; daof; ok-114 prunus mexicana s. watson (mexican plum); p; t; none; urclfpfafa; ok-275 rosa foliolosa nutt. ex torr. & a. gray (white prairie rose); p; f; none; daof; ok-093 rosa setigera michx. (climbing rose); p; s; facu; urclfpfafa, qmqsccfa; ok-103 rubus flagellaris willd. (northern dewberry); p; s; upl; bhbcha, daof; ok-534 rubus pensilvanicus poir. (oklahoma blackberry); p; s; fac; bhbcha; ok-106 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. (common buttonbush); p; s; obl; hwv, seep; ok-220 *cruciata pedemontana (bellardi) ehrend. (piedmont bedstraw); a; f; none; daof; ok-189 diodella teres (walter) small (poor joe); a; f; facu; bhbcha; ok-560 galium aparine l. (catchweed bedstraw); a; f; facu; daof; ok-195 galium circaezans michx. (licorice bedstraw); p; f; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-105 galium obtusum bigelow (bluntleaf bedstraw); p; f; facw; seep; ok-203 galium virgatum nutt. (southwestern bedstraw); a; f; none; mrcmha; ok-205 houstonia pusilla schoepf (tiny bluet); a; f; upl; daof; ok-282 *sherardia arvensis l. (blue fieldmadder); a; f; none; daof; ok-529 stenaria nigricans (lam.) terrell var. nigricans (lam.) terrell (diamond-flowers); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-324 rutaceae ptelea trifoliata l. (common hoptree); p; t; fac; bhbcha; okw-143 zanthoxylum americanum mill. (prickly ash); p; t; upl; qmqsccfa; okw-155 zanthoxylum clava-herculis l. (hercules' club); p; t; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-349 salicaceae populus deltoides w. bartram ex marshall (cottonwood); p; t; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-526 salix nigra marshall (black willow); p; t; facw; hwv; ok-530 santalaceae phoradendron serotinum (raf.) m.c. johnst. ssp. tomentosum (dc.) kuijt (christmas mistletoe); p; f; none; urclfpfafa; ok-278 sapindaceae acer negundo l. (boxelder); p; t; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-263 sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l.d. benson (western soapberry); p; t; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-199 sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. (gum bully); p; t; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-107 scrophulariaceae *verbascum thapsus l. (common mullein); b; f; upl; daof; ok-113 smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. (saw greenbrier); p; v; facu; qmqsccfa; okw-058 smilax rotundifolia l. (roundleaf greenbrier); p; v; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-198 smilax tamnoides l. (bristly greenbrier); p; v; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-118 solanaceae *datura stramonium l. (jimsonweed); a; f; none; amafsa; ok-489 *petunia axillaris (lam.) britton, sterns & poggenb. (large white petunia); a; f; none; daof; okw-102 physalis angulata l. (cutleaf groundcherry); a; f; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-448 physalis heterophylla nees (clammy groundcherry); p; f; none; qmqsccfa; ok-473 oklahoma native plant record 51 volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland physalis longifolia nutt. var. longifolia (longleaf groundcherry); p; f; none; urclfpfafa; ok-041 physalis longifolia nutt. var. subglabrata (mack. & bush) cronquist (longleaf groundcherry); p; f; none; urclfpfafa; ok-448 physalis mollis nutt. (field groundcherry); p; f; none; daof; okw-015 physalis pubescens l. (husk tomato); a; f; facu; urclfpfafa; ok-040 solanum carolinense l. (carolina horsenettle); p; f; upl; daof; ok-236 solanum dimidiatum raf. (western horsenettle); p; f; none; daof; ok-372 solanum rostratum dunal (buffalobur nightshade); a; f; none; daof; ok-318 solanum ptychanthum dunal (west indian nightshade); a; f; facu; urclfpfafa; okw-021 typhaceae typha domingensis pers. (southern cattail); p; f; obl; hwv, seep; ok-090 ulmaceae ulmus alata michx. (winged elm); p; t; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-488 ulmus americana l. (american elm); p; t; fac; qmqsccfa; okw-182 ulmus rubra muhl. (slippery elm); p; t; facu; urclfpfafa; ok-333 urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l.) sw. (smallspike false nettle); p; f; facw; hwv, seep; ok-034 parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. (pennsylvania pellitory); a; f; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-196 pilea pumila (l.) a. gray (canadian clearweed); a; f; fac; amafsa, urclfpfafa; ok-336 †urtica chamaedryoides pursh (slim stingingnettle); a; f; facu; urclfpfafa; okw-091; s3g4g5 valerianaceae valerianella amarella (lindh. ex engelm.) krok (hairy cornsalad); a; f; facu; bhbcha; okw-122 valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. (beaked cornsalad); a; f; facw; bhbcha; okw-124 verbenaceae glandularia bipinnatifida (nutt.) nutt. (dakota mock vervain); a; f; none; bhbcha; ok-177 glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber (pink mock vervain); a; f; none; bhbcha; okw-083 *lantana camara l. (lantana); p; s; facu; bhbcha; okw-041 phyla lanceolata (michx.) greene; lanceleaf fogfruit; p; f; facw; hwv, seep; ok-071 verbena bracteata cav. ex lag. & rodr. (bigbract verbena); a; f; facu; daof; okw-011 verbena halei small (slender verbena); p; f; none; bhbcha; ok-243 verbena urticifolia l. (white vervain); p; f; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-016 violaceae hybanthus verticillatus (ortega) baill. (babyslippers); p; f; none; mrcmha; ok-476 viola bicolor pursh (johnny jump-up); a; f; fac; daof; ok-464 viola sororia willd. var. missouriensis (greene) l.e. mckinney (missouri violet); p; f; facw; urclfpfafa; ok-266 vitaceae ampelopsis cordata michx. (heartleaf peppervine); p; v; fac; qmqsccfa; ok-119 cissus trifoliata (l.) l. (sorrelvine); p; v; facu; urclfpfafa; okw-028 parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. (virginia creeper); p; v; facu; qmqsccfa; ok-117 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 20, december 2020 amy k. buthod and bruce hoagland vitis cinerea (engelm.) engelm. ex millard (graybark grape); p; v; fac; urclfpfafa; ok-527 vitis vulpina l. (frost grape); p; v; fac; urclfpfafa; okw-166 woodsiaceae woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. (bluntlobe cliff fern); p; f; none; qmqsccfa; ok-127 journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 5, number 1, december 2005 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 relationship of forest vegetation to soils on geological formations of the oklahoma gulf coastal plain raymond john taylor, professor emeritus, deceased southeastern oklahoma state university dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty university of oklahoma, norman, oklahoma, 1967 portions of this paper were recently presented at the cross timbers symposium at the botany 2005 symposium in austin, texas. i have come to realize the importance of this data as a baseline for the composition of forests in the gulf coastal plain. since the data were collected about 40 years ago, many changes have occurred including our expanding population, increase in rural housing, construction of pipelines, and clearing for pasture and cultivation. many of the sites studied have been modified or completely disappeared. another important change is the tremendous expansion of juniperus virginiana (red cedar) due to absence of fire. in the sampling of these 13 forests 40 years ago, this species was found in only one stand, and as a sapling. other invasive plants include ligustrum sinense (privet), an evergreen shrub that can expand into clones by underground roots, and the invasive vine lonicera sempervirens (japanese honeysuckle) which is controlled in many areas by cattle grazing. both of these species will continue to expand and affect our native flora. constance e. taylor, southeastern oklahoma state university, durant, oklahoma, professor emeritus. address: 621 s. pirtle rd., durant, ok 74701 email cetaylor@netcommander.com introduction in oklahoma it has been noted that certain types of forest grow on soil derived from sandstone formations or other sandy material, whereas grassland usually develops on soil derived from limestone or clay (bullard 1926, bruner 1931, little 1938, duck and fletcher 1945, gray and galloway 1959). various relationships of vegetation types and geological material in oklahoma are discussed in the following papers: taylor and penfound (1961), buck (1964), crockett (1964), dwyer and santelman (1964) and hutcheson (1965). geologists have long realized the value of differences in types of vegetation in taylor, r.j. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100037 oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. geological mapping (cuyler 1931). the use of aerial photographs in geological mapping today is a standard practice (gibbs 1950, olson 1965). differences in vegetation may often be related to differences in soil. rice et al. (1960) found that three species of grass came into revegetating old fields in order of increasing nitrogen and phosphorus requirement. beals and cope (1964) found differences in herbaceous vegetation in indiana forests associated with differences in drainage and soil moisture. beadle(1966) discussed the role of soil phosphate in the molding of segments of the australian flora. mooney (1966) found that a number of soil properties were involved in the altitudinal distribution of two species of erigeron. porter (1966) found a difference in the distribution of two ecotypes of panicum virgatum associated with a difference in nitrogen requirements. at the same time it is known that soil is influenced by the type of plants that grow on it. the role of certain legumes and a few other plants in increasing soil nitrogen is well documented. eyer (1963) notes that quite different soil may develop under grasslands than under forest, even when the two areas lie side by side. braun (1964) discussed the striking difference in color and texture in some islands of prairie soil that are surrounded by forest. zinke (1962) found differences in soil under individual forest trees. thompson (1958) states that a soil is the product of the interaction of parent material, climate, vegetation, topography, and time. only a few studies that have dealt with the relationships between vegetation and geological material in oklahoma have involved soil analysis. in this study the vegetation of 13 forest communities was analyzed. they are located in the bryan county portion of the oklahoma gulf coastal plain. the soil in which they grew was analyzed and the communities were correlated with soil and geological material. the geological formations of the old cretaceous gulf coastal plain is composed of sandstones, limestones, and clays that lie parallel, running east and west, but interrupted by a number of flood plains. since much of the area is forested, it provides an excellent location for study of forest types and soils on different geological material. only communities growing on relatively level land and on soil derived from a particular recognizable geological formation were 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. used. ten upland and three bottomland communities were selected for investigation. these communities were located on antlers sand (previously known as paluxy sand of the trinity group (forgotson 1957, and redman, 1964), pawpaw sand, woodbine sand, weno formation, goodland limestone, duck creek limestone, bennington limestone, kiamichi clay, and alluvium from the flood plains of two rivers. all of these formations except the recent alluvium are cretaceous in age. the vegetation analysis included the following parameters: woody species grouped as 1) trees, 2) seedlings and saplings, 3) shrubs and vines; the mean area, frequency, density, size class, basal area, and plants per acre. the soil properties studied included the following: soil texture, ph, organic carbon content, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, volume-weight, and soil color. the 13 communities enable comparison of 1) communities growing on soils derived from sandstone, limestone, clay, and alluvium; 2) two different stages of succession of alluvium soil (red river communities); 3) alluvial soil from two stream systems; and 4) communities growing approximately 40 miles apart on the same formations (pawpaw and woodbine sands). description of area the gulf coastal plain of oklahoma is located in the northwest portion of the gulf coastal plain province of fenneman (1938). it is an area that extends from the arkansas border westward to western love county. the maximum north to south distance in oklahoma is slightly over 35 miles. the main settlement of the area took place in 1832 when the tribes of the choctaw indians were resettled in this part of indian territory. continuous cultivation dates from this time or slightly earlier. the coastal plain is mainly forested, but with occasional strips of grassland mainly along the northern portion and becoming predominantly grassland in the western extent. bruner (1931) classed the eastern half of the area as composed of an oak-hickory association, but oak-hickory savanna was the important type of vegetation in the western portion. blair and hubbell (1938) placed most of this area in their osage savanna grassland and allied it with the central part of the state. duck and fletcher (1945) listed approximately 3,600 square miles of forest and only 800 square miles of grassland for the oklahoma coastal plain. their forested areas contain five different types: loblolly pine, oak-pine, oak-hickory, oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. post oak-blackjack oak, and bottomland. braun (1964) refers to this area as a forest prairie transition. rice and penfound (1969) found post oak, blackjack oak, and black hickory to be the most important woody species in the coastal plain area. kuchler (1964) maps the potential vegetation as oak-hickory-pine, oakhickory, cross timbers (post oak-blackjack oak), bluestem prairie, and the southern flood plain forest. the vegetation of this area has been subjected to fire and the influences of various kinds of agricultural practices since at least 1832. climate the area in which the stands are located has a moist subhumid climate (thornthwaite 1948). average annual precipitation ranges from 36 inches in the southwest to slightly over 40 inches in the east (wahlgren 1941). average annual snowfall is 2.4 inches. rainfall is relatively evenly distributed through the year with april, may, june, and july receiving heaviest amounts (table i). the average annual temperature is 63.4 o f. with an average of 83 o f. in july and a low of 42 o f. in january. frost free days are from about march 25 to nov. 5, giving the county a 230 day growing season. topography the gulf coastal plain in oklahoma is characterized by low, eroded, gently rolling hills. local relief is less than 100 feet (30.48 m). there are also extensive areas of slightly undulating surface which are found mainly in the more northern portion. elevation ranges from approximately 750 feet (228.6 m) in the north to slightly less than 450 feet (137.16 m) in the southwest. resistant strata form northward facing escarpments with gentle dip slopes toward the south. one of these forms the ridge that crosses the county in an east-west direction near the middle of the study area. a second escarpment has been formed along the contact of the goodland limestone and the antlers sand. in general the study area slopes from north to south. drainage is essentially dendritic, reflecting the relative uniform nature of the bedrock and lack of structural control. the area is drained principally by island bayou, blue river, and white grasses creek into the red river. the northeastern area is drained by clear boggy creek. several small streams along the west drain into the washita arm of lake texoma. extensive, relatively level flood plains are found along most of the rivers. along some streams, natural levees have developed so that the portions of the flood plain farthest from the streams are 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. lowest. as a result, these flood plains are inundated and wet during rainy periods for long periods. this has resulted in extensive swampy bottomland forests in many places. minor topographical features of the area are bench like terraces which are found mainly along the red river. there are also highlevel terrace remnants, presumably early pleistocene in origin. the controversial pimple mounds (melton, 1954) are found in many unplowed grasslands throughout the coastal plain with some in the immediate area of study stands. another feature which none of the geologists who have worked here have discussed are the hillside seeps or bogs (taylor and taylor 1965). geology except for quaternary alluvium, only cretaceous formations of the comanchean and gulfian series are recognized as occurring at the surface in the study area. at present no detailed geological study exists that covers all of it. the northern part was studied and mapped by taff (1902, 1903). the region mapped by stephenson (1919) covers the southeastern portion of the study area. the legend of the geologic map of oklahoma (miser 1954) contains much information about the geological studies done here. hedlund (1962) studied the red branch member of the woodbine formation. recently a very fine study has been completed covering a large portion of bryan county (olson 1965). all but five of the stands and all geological formations of this study lie within his area of investigation. other investigations dealing with cretaceous and quaternary geology of the gulf coastal plain of southeastern oklahoma are listed: love county (bullard 1925); marshall county (bullard 1926); choctaw county (gibbs 1950); mccurtain county (heilborn 1949, skolnick 1949, and davis 1960); lower cretaceous (miser 1927); trinity group (vanderpool 1928); woodbine formation (curtis 1960); and the goodland limestone (blan 1961). stratigraphy, soil types, and stand locations the cretaceous formations occurring at the surface are considered to belong to two series, the comanchean and gulfian. the oldest, the comanchean, has been further divided into three groups. oldest to youngest, they are the trinity, fredericksburg, and washita. a generalized columnar representation of the geological material found at the surface is shown in figure 2. this columnar section is adapted mainly from olson (1965). oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. soil types mapped for each stand were taken from the field data of mr. carter steere, soil conservation service, u.s. department of agriculture who was conducting a new soil survey of bryan county. antlers sand consists of approximately 300 feet (110 m) of loosely consolidated white to yellow cross-bedded pack sand inter-bedded with clay and sandy clay. at places there are moderately indurated layers of ironcemented sandstone up to 3 feet (0.9 m) thick. the soil formed from this material is generally a sandy or sandy loam with grayish brown surface and yellowish sand clay loam subsoil. soil type is in the bowie series. usually forest vegetation develops on soil from this formation. stand location is in sec. 8, t5s-r13e, approximately 9.5 miles northeast of bennington. goodland limestone is a compact, finely crystalline limestone that becomes nodular near the bottom. since it overlies the easily eroded antlers sand, a low escarpment forms along their contact. it is about 20 feet (6.1 m) thick in the study area. soil formed from the goodland is shallow clay to sandy clay loam, reddish black to dark reddish brown, only slightly differentiated in the lower portion. soil type is in the claremore series. several types of vegetation develop on this formation from grassland to forest depending on occurrence of fire. the goodland limestone stand was located in sec. 7, t5s-r13e, approximately 9 miles northeast of bennington. kiamichi clay is mainly a black shaly clay which is thinly bedded with ironstained laminae. the upper portion is a hard yellowishbrown oyster shell limestone, large slabs of which break off as a result of slumping of the soft underlying clays, forming what is sometimes referred to as edge rock soils. this formation is about 35 feet (10.67 m) thick. soils that develop from it consist of brown to dark brown clay at the surface with yellowish brown to brown clay subsoils. soil type is denton edge rock series. the usual vegetation type on kiamichi clay is grassland. the forest stand studied was located in sec. 8, t5s-r9e, approximately 6.5 miles northwest of armstrong. duck creek limestone consists of approximately 100 feet (30.5 m) of inter-bedded soft cream-colored limestone and bluish-gray shaly clay. the soil that develops on this formation is a very dark gray clay at the surface with a dark gray calcareous subsoil. the soil of the study stand was very shallow with limestone rock at the surface in many places. soil type is in the san saba series. grassland is the usual vegetation on this 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. soil, but in the absence of fire a weedy forest may develop. the duck creek stand is located approximately seven miles northwest of armstrong in sec. 5, t5s-r9e. weno formation consists of ferruginous sandstone, brownish marls, marly clays, and impure limestone. it is about 100 feet (30.5 m) thick in the study area. the soil has a yellowish-brown to grayish-brown sandy loam surface with a yellow red sandy clay loam subsurface. its appearance at the surface was very similar to the pawpaw sand which lies above it. sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between them. the vegetation is similar in appearance with no discernable break at their contact. however, this contact is usually marked by a thin limestone ledge, the quarry limestone, which occurs in the upper portion of the weno. soil type is in the ruston series. vegetation is forest unless cleared. the stand is located in sec. 11, t5s-r7e, approximately four miles northwest of mead. pawpaw sand is composed mainly of yellow to red ferruginous sand inter-bedded with yellow to gray sandy clay and is about 50 feet (15.24 m) in depth. soil formed was essentially like that of the weno, being somewhat more sandy and more grayish brown at the surface. soil type is in the ruston series. vegetation is forest unless cleared. the pawpaw east stand is located in sec. 12, t6s-r12e, approximately 4.5 miles northeast of bennington. the pawpaw west is located in sec. 5, t6sr8e, approximately 2.5 miles northwest of silo. bennington limestone consists of 10 to 20 feet (6.1 m) of hard brownishyellow crystalline limestone. olson (1965) listed a depth of seven feet (2.1 m) for eastern bryan county. the soil of the forest stand studied was a shallow dark brown loam only slightly differentiated in the lower portion. limestone rock occurred at the surface in many places. soil type was in the hunt series. an open, weedy, scrubby forest type of vegetation had developed in the absence of fire. the stand is located in sec. 14, t6s-r12e, approximately two miles northeast of bennington. woodbine formation is a series of red to tan soft moderately indurated ferruginous sands interbedded with silty clays and carbonaceous shale. it is over 300 feet (91.4 m) thick. the soil that developed in the study area was similar to that of the pawpaw sand and is also in the ruston series and supports forest vegetation. two stands were studied: woodbine east is located in sec. 5, t7s-r13e, approximately five miles southeast of bennington. the oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. western stand is located in sec. 1, t7s-r7e, approximately 2 miles southwest of mead. red river alluvium was of two distinct types as indicated by the differences in soils and types of vegetation. the soils of the two red river flood plain stands were similar, containing reddish brown clay in the surface soil with reddish sandy loam in the subsoil. in places, the subsoil had areas of clay several inches thick, and at others almost pure sand occurred. soil types were in the yahola series. bottomland forests prevailed. an early succession forest stand, referred to as young red river, was located in sec. 22, t8s-r11e, approximately 3 miles southeast of albany. the mature forest stand, referred to as old red river, was located in sec. 17, t8s-r14e, approximately 14.5 miles southeast of bennington. clear boggy alluvium had a very dark gray clay at the surface with a slightly lighter gray clay subsoil. the soil type is in the osage series. the study stand is located in sec. 8, t5s-r13e, 8.5 miles northeast of bennington. the location of the stands and the geology of the study area are shown in fig. 1. this map is adapted mainly from miser (1954) and olsen (1965). methods after recognizance of the gulf coastal plain strata exposed at the surface where forests occurred, 13 stands were selected for further study. to reduce effects of climate all stands were located in a 25 mile north to south by 40 mile east to west section of bryan county, oklahoma. care was taken to select stands as mature as possible, and well within the area of outcrop of a particular formation. only stands larger than 40 acres were utilized to permit a satisfactory sample. the point-centered quarter method was used to obtain data for the vegetation analysis. this method was described and tested by cottam and curtis (1956). they found that the types of distance methods commonly used in forest vegetation analysis, the quarter method gives least variable results for distance determinations, provides more data on tree species per sampling point, and is least susceptible to subjective bias. a series of points were established at predetermined intervals along a transect. a total of 25 points (100 quadrants) at 20 pace intervals were taken in each stand. the distance to the nearest individual in each of the four quadrants was determined. data taken were species identification, d.b.h. (diameter at breast 12 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. height). data was also collected on shrubs and vines and seedlings and saplings. diameter at breast height was used to compute basal area for each species and total basal area for the stand. distance to the nearest individuals were averaged to obtain mean distance. the mean of all distances obtained from one stand has empirically (cottam, curtis, and hale 1953) and theoretically (morisita 1954) been shown to be equal to the square root of the mean area per plant. by dividing 43,560 square feet by the mean area per plant, the number of plants per acre was derived. the mean area and plants per acre for trees, seedlingssaplings, and shrubs-vines, was computed in this manner. the number of points at which a species was encountered divided by the total number of points times 100 was used to obtain species frequency within a stand. density of a species was determined by taking the number of a species tallied for a stand divided by the number of quadrants times 100. mean area, number of plants per acre, and mean distance are all related to density. the relative values for frequency, density, and basal area or dominance were computed by the formulas below. relative frequency = frequency of a species x 100 total frequency of all species relative density = density of a species x 100 total density of all species relative basal area = basal area of a species x 100 total basal area of all species importance percentage of trees was obtained by adding relative frequency, relative density, and relative basal area and dividing by three. importance percentage of seedling-saplings and shrubsvines was obtained by averaging relative frequency and relative density. approximately 2,000 specimens of vascular plants have been collected from the study area, including at least one specimen of each species discussed. all were deposited at the bebb herbarium, university of oklahoma, in norman. soil samples were taken from 0-6 inches at 10 stations in each area. only the 0-6 inch layer was sampled as soil covering most of the limestones was so shallow it was difficult to sample even to this depth in many places. stations were evenly distributed in stand. a soil auger was used, with care taken to remove all duff oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. before collecting samples. soil from one area was placed in a single container then throughly mixed, air dried, sifted through a 2 mm. sieve, and stored in a stoppered container. a portion from each of the composite samples was oven dried at 105 o c. for 48 hours to obtain the moisture content. all determinations that involved specific quantities of soil are based on oven-dry conditions. after soil ph and soil texture were determined, the remaining portions of each composite sample were ground through a soil mill and stored for further analysis. soil reaction was determined by a beckman glass electrode ph meter. a method modified from bouyoucus (1936) was used for determination of soil texture. determination of organic carbon was by the method outlined by piper (1944). the method used for determination of total phosphorus was modified from shelton and harper (1941). total nitrogen was determined by the method of noggle and wynd (1941). all determinations were run in duplicate. if the values for the two samples were essentially the same, they were averaged and this value used. if the two samples varied more than a few points, additional samples were analyzed. volume-weight (soil compaction) was determined by the following method. ten holes per stand approximately 2 inches in diameter and 3 inches deep were excavated. soil from each hole was collected and later oven dried. then each hole was filled with oven-dry quartz sand and the volume recorded. the oven-dry weight of the collected soil was determined and compaction was calculated by dividing this weight in grams by the cubic centimeters of sand. the air dry color of each soil sample was determined with the aid of a munsell color chart. 14 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. age series group formation | | | recent | | | mainly alluvium | | | | | | pleistocene | | | terrace and alluvium | | | | | | | | | eagle ford shale | gulfian | | | | | woodbine formation | | | | | | | | | bennington limestone | | | pawpaw sand | | washita | weno formation cretaceous | | | denton clay | comanchean | | fort worth limestone | | | duck creek limestone | | | | | | | | | kiamichi clay | | fredericksburg | | | | goodland limestone | | | | | | | | trinity | antlers sand | | | figure 2 a generalized columnar representation of the geological material found at the surface in the study area 16 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. table i mean precipitation and temperature based on 57-60 years of weather data ___________________________________________________________________________ average monthly average monthly month precipitation in inches temperature in degrees f january 2.24 42.4 february 2.59 45.9 march 2.87 54.6 april 4.52 63.0 may 5.40 70.5 june 3.75 79.0 july 3.21 83.0 august 2.75 83.2 september 3.03 76.3 october 3.77 65.2 november 2.62 53.2 december 2.62 44.3 yearly average 39.37 63.4 ______________________________________________________________________________ data from u. s. department of commerce, weather bureau, climatography of the united states no. 86-30. 1965. durant, southeastern state college station. oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. table ii importance percentage of trees in the 13 forest stands studied. an x represents a value of less than 5 per cent. species bb or yr a we ww pe pw wf gl bl dc kc ulmus crassifolia celtis laevigata fraxinus pennsylvanica maclura pomifera quercus phellos 26 27 35 25 19 11 8 x 9 x x x 67 75 x 34 x 6 27 25 25 q. nigra q. macrocarpa ulmus rubra crataegus spp. carya illinoensis x x x 35 x x x x x acer negundo diospyros virginiana gleditsia triacanthos morus rubra platanus occidentalis x x x x x x x x x x x 11 x x populus deltoides salix nigra carya texana quercus stellata q. velutina 74 x 7 37 9 16 42 31 x 27 38 45 17 30 68 13 13 21 13 11 29 20 x q. falcata q. marilandica ulmus alata cercis canadensis ulmus americana x 17 x x x 12 10 19 x 10 x 5 7 13 x x x x x 9 x x 16 x x carya tomentosa fraxinus americana quercus shumardii bumelia lanuginosa q. muehlenbergii prunus spp. q. rubra x x 8 17 x x x 5 x 8 x x x x x x bb boggy creek bottomland ww woodbine west bl bennington limestone or old red river alluvium pe pawpaw east dc duck creek limestone yr young red river alluvium pw pawpaw west kc kiamichi clay a antlers sand we weno formation we woodbine east gl goodland limestone 18 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. table iii number of woody plants, basal area, and d.b.h. or trees in the forest stands investigated stands trees mean ba/acre seedlings shrubs per acre d.b.h. in in saplings vines inches sq. feet per acre per acre bottomland stands clear boggy creek 111.2 11.91 104.2 2,807 105 red river alluvium young stand 112.6 8.45 51.7 144 3,457 old stand 190.0 10.53 142.5 358 3,723 upland stands sandstone formations antlers sand 244.8 7.32 88.7 6,396 7,169 woodbine east 171.0 8.90 90.3 6,443 5,556 woodbine west 254.6 6.69 75.3 1,308 8,377 pawpaw east 240.4 6.13 65.7 4,229 3,556 pawpaw west 160.4 8.40 81.9 8,677 3,704 weno formation 245.1 6.10 61.6 2.774 3,723 limestones and clays goodland limestone 277.5 6.76 85.1 9,248 2,074 bennington l. 235.2 6.82 86.8 1,571 259 duck creek l. 173.0 5.09 26.0 486 – kiamichi clay 265.4 5.68 62.4 563 511 stands average 206.3 7.59 78.6 3,461.8 3,247.2 oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. table iv importance percentage of seedlings and saplings in the 13 forest stands studied. an x represents a value of less than 5 per cent. species bb or yr a we ww pe pw wf gl bl dc kc fraxinus pennsylvanica celtis laevigata ulmus crassifolia gleditsia triacanthos sapindus drummondii 56 22 37 26 x x x x 26 15 10 x x x x x 12 15 14 22 35 18 x 45 37 16 x 6 morus rubra ulmus rubra maclura pomifera acer negundo. carya illinoensis 15 10 13 6 x x x x x 8 x x x x 15 14 10 x x sophora affinis quercus muehlenbergii ulmus americana salix nigra populus deltoides x x x x 20 16 x x x juniperus virginiana diospyros virginiana cornus florida quercus velutina ulmus alata 11 x x x x 6 x 5 7 17 16 12 48 58 52 48 37 39 5 x x x 35 17 quercus stellata carya texana q. marilandica q. rubra q. falcata 18 x 22 17 12 25 7 10 x 8 17 x x x x x x x 8 x 5 5 x sassafras albidum prunus spp. carya tomentosa cercis canadensis fraxinus americana x x x x 9 x x 19 6 19 bumelia lanuginosa quercus shumardii crataegus spp. q. nigra x x x x x x x x bb boggy creek bottomland ww woodbine west bl bennington limestone or old red river alluvium pe pawpaw east dc duck creek limestone yr young red river alluvium pw pawpaw west kc kiamichi clay a antlers sand we weno formation we woodbine east gl goodland limestone 20 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. table v importance percentage of common shrubs and vines in the13 forest stands studied. an x represents a value of less than 5 per cent. species bb or yr a we ww pe pw wf gl bl dc kc campsis radicans ilex decidua parthenocissus quinquefolia vitis spp. cretaegus spp. 19 9 18 x 13 49 13 8 8 x x x x x 36 20 33 21 31 x x 11 15 20 21 x x x x x 21 x 4 14 x x 9 7 11 rhus toxicodendron smilax spp. berchemia scandens symphoricarpos orbiculatus cornus drummondii x 7 x x x x x 8 42 20 32 13 37 x 20 x 7 12 53 7 x x x x 6 x 8 8 x 33 9 18 18 x 18 x 39 74 x rubus spp. cocculus drummondii rosa foliolosa rhus copallina r. glabra 34 x x x x x x 5 11 x x x x x 5 x x x x x bb boggy creek bottomland ww woodbine west bl bennington limestone or old red river alluvium pe pawpaw east dc duck creek limestone yr young red river alluvium pw pawpaw west kc kiamichi clay a antlers sand we weno formation we woodbine east gl goodland limestone oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 table vi physical and chemical soil factors of the study stands. pounds per acre are based on an acre furrow slice. total total total stands % % % ph phosphorus nitrogen carbon c compaction sand silt clay lbs./acre lbs/acre lbs/acre n g/cc bottomland stands clear boggy creek 20.1 12.9 67.0 8.0 2,273 3,666 34,053 9.29 1.05 red river alluvium young stand 28.6 19.4 52.0 7.6 1,664 1,594 12,688 7.96 0.92 old stand 27.2 21.9 50.9 7.4 2,088 2,488 19,458 7.82 0.96 upland stands sandstone formations antlers sand 86.6 7.0 6.4 7.3 301 442 4,925 11.14 1.13 woodbine east 77.8 15.2 7.0 7.2 203 260 4,022 15.48 1.08 woodbine west 88.2 7.3 4.5 6.9 287 350 5,060 14.46 0.98 pawpaw east 85.6 8.4 6.0 6.2 309 556 5,340 9.60 1.03 pawpaw west 88.9 5.4 5.7 6.6 541 314 6,470 20.61 1.03 weno formation 23.6 55.6 20.8 6.2 1,154 3,615 9,822 7.10 1.38 limestone formations goodland limestone 62.6 13.4 24.0 7.8 1,956 5,450 52,716 9.67 1.17 bennington limestone 43.6 45.9 10.5 7.3 1,861 2,768 33,139 11.97 1.27 duck creek limestone 35.6 21.1 43.3 7.6 1,868 4,332 40,471 9.34 1.01 kiamichi clay 35.6 14.4 50.0 7.2 2,149 6,074 55,115 9.08 1.2 22 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. results vegetation and soil relationships in individual stands clear boggy creek stand vegetation in this stand was an open elm-ash-hackberry community. it was not typical of this type in oklahoma as the species of elm was neither ulmus americana (american elm)nor u. rubra (slippery elm), but u. crassifolia (cedar elm) (table ii). it was the most open stand but had the next to highest basal area of 104 sq. ft. per acre. the average d.b.h of the stand was 11.9 inches (table iii). this type of community occurred in a number of places elsewhere in the oklahoma gulf coastal plain, especially in the western part, but it does not seem to have been previously described for the state. this is cover type 85 of the society of american foresters (1931). all further cover types mentioned are from this source. seedlings and saplings indicate that fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) and celtis laevigata (hackberry) were becoming increasingly important, whereas there were only a few seedlings of u. crassifolia (table iv). ilex decidua (deciduous holly) was the most common shrub, while campsis radicans (trumpet vine), parthenocissus quinquefolia (virginia creeper) and vitis spp. (wild grape) were the more common vines (table v). the soil of this stand was a dark gray, moderately alkaline clay. the ph of 8 was the highest soil reaction for any stand, and was rather high in phosphorus, nitrogen, and organic carbon (table vi). since it was often inundated for extended periods each year, there were several layers of dark gray black sediment. young red river stand vegetation was primarily of populus deltoides (cottonwood) and corresponds to forest type 61 (table ii). it usually succeeds salix nigra (black willow) and s. interior (now s. exigua, sandbar or coyote willow), and is followed by green ash, species of elm, and hackberry. of all stands it had the next to lowest basal area of 54 sq. ft. per acre and was one of the most open stands (table iii). the mean d.b.h. for this stand is 8.5 inches. the number of seedlings and saplings indicated that fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) had already become an important member although black willow still persisted. reproduction was largely by black willow, but a number of green ash, red mulberry, eastern red cedar, and an occasional american elm forecast a change to an elmash-hackberry community (table iv). cornus oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r. j. drummondii (rough-leaved dogwood) formed an important part of the understory with rubus spp. (blackberry) and rhus toxicodendron (poison ivy) being the main vines (table v). the soil was a light reddish brown, slightly alkaline clay, and was fertile compared with soils of other stands (table vi). it was interesting to note how closely it resembled the soil of the more mature red river floodplain stand. sand is occasionally encountered from a few inches down to a foot or more. at other locations, clay may be found down to the three foot level. ditches cut by farmers for drainage or other purposes showed almost pure sand was encountered at varying distances below a layer of reddish clay. where the river moved south in its meanderings, dune areas usually formed north of the sandy bed recently vacated. before the impoundment of lake texoma, these dune areas were periodically inundated by the muddy water of the red river. sediment coming mainly from the permian red beds farther west was deposited over the dunes, forming the present surface. the soil of the flood plain is one of the most fertile and most productive in southeastern oklahoma. the effect of the stage of succession or maturity of a forest community on the soil in which it grows was well demonstrated by the difference of total phosphate, total nitrogen, and organic matter (table vi) between this stand and the old red river stand. old red river stand was a relatively typical elm-ashhackberry bottomland forest and corresponded to forest cover type 85. ulmus rubra (slippery elm) was the main species of elm. the forest basal area of 143 sq. ft. per acre was highest of any stand. it had the next highest d.b.h. which averaged 10.5 inches but the stand was relatively open (table iii). the society of foresters (1931) considered this type temporary and one which developed after heavy cutting. however, the study stand showed no sign of ever having been lumbered. in the central and west central part of oklahoma, elm-ashhackberry is the usual type of most mature bottomland stands (bruner 1931). associated species such as quercus macrocarpa (bur oak), q. shumardii (shumard’s red oak), and q. muehlenbergii (chinquapin or chestnut oak) seldom become dominant and usually compose a minor portion of such stands. further west, near the western border of oklahoma and in the panhandle, willow and cottonwood persist without being succeeded by elm-ash-hackberry. perhaps as one moves away from optimum the stages to which 24 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. succession can proceed becomes successively lower. thus willow and cottonwood persist in the panhandle, elm-ash-hackberry occurs in the central and western twothirds of the state, and oaks, gums, maples, and cypress are common in the east. the seedlings of ulmus rubra (slippery elm) and celtis laevigata (hackberry) made up a large portion of the reproduction of the stand, with fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) comprising only a minor portion (table iv). the most common shrub was symphoricarpos orbiculata (coral berry, buckbrush) with campsis radicans (trumpet vine), parthenocissus quinquefolia (virginia creeper), and vitis spp. (wild grape) as the more common vines (table v). the physical properties of the soil of this stand were very close to that of the new red river stand. it has approximately a forth more total phosphorus and about a third more total nitrogen and carbon per acre (table vi). antlers sand stand supported a good upland forest principally of quercus stellata (post oak) and carya texana (black or pignut hickory) (table ii). the basal area of 89 sq. ft. per acre. for this stand was next to the highest for the sandy soils. it was a relatively closed stand with an average d.b.h. of 7.3 inches (table iii). ulmus alata (winged elm) had the highest number of seedlings and saplings. there were also seedlings of quercus stellata, celtis laevigata (hackberry), q. velutina (black oak), and fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) (table iv). only an occasional shrub was encountered, but smilax spp. (greenbriar), rhus toxicodendron (poison ivy), and parthenocissus quinquefolia (virginia creeper) were common vines in the understory (table v). the surface soil is a light yellowish brown, essentially neutral sand. it is low in fertility and apparently very susceptible to leaching (table vi). woodbine sand stands were dominated by quercus stellata (post oak), q. velutina (black oak), and carya texana (black or pignut hickory). quercus falcata (spanish oak) and carya tomentosa (now called c. alba, mockernut hickory), occur in the eastern stand with the former having a slightly higher importance percentage than q. velutina; neither were found in the western stand (table ii). the basal area of 90 sq. ft. per acre was highest of any sandstone stand (table iii). ulmus alata (winged elm) had the highest number of seedlings and saplings in oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r. j. both stands as it did in the other sandstone stands and the goodland limestone and weno formation stands. however, it formed a minor portion of the tree canopy (tables iii and iv). shrubs were not common in the understory, but three vines, rhus toxicodendron (poison ivy), parthenocissus quinquefolia (virginia creeper), and vitis spp (wild grape) were relatively common (table v). the surface soil of these two stands, with some slight exceptions, were very much alike, although they were located 40 miles apart. their color, texture, ph, and phosphorus content were essentially the same (table vi). the slightly lower nitrogen, carbon, and organic matter content, as well as the slightly lower nitrogen, carbon, and organic matter content, as well as the slightly higher volume weight of the soil of the eastern stand might have been the result of slightly increased leaching. the eastern stand was somewhat more open and occurred in an area with about four inches more annual precipitation. these facts might have contributed to increased leaching in the eastern stand. pawpaw sand stands had vegetation that was essentially the same with carya texana (black or pignut hickory), quercus stellata (post oak), and q. velutina (black oak) having higher importance percentages in the eastern stand. quercus marilandica (blackjack oak) replaced q. velutina in importance in the western stand. quercus falcata (spanish oak) and carya tomentosa (now c. alba, mockernut hickory) were absent from the latter (table ii). the eastern stand had the lowest basal area, 66 sq. ft. per acre (table iii). ulmus alata (winged elm), quercus stellata and carya texana were the common seedlings and saplings in both stands (table iv). vines were the more common members of the understory, principally parthenocissus quinquefolia (virginia creeper), rhus toxicodendron (poison ivy), smilax spp. (green briar) and vitis spp. (wild grape). species of vitis had their highest importance in the eastern stand, whereas smilax was found only in the western stand (table v). soils of these two stands, like those of the woodbine stands, were much alike (table vi). it seems probable that the slight differences in the nutrient content values of the four sandy soils are differences due to chance sampling. the vegetation and soils of the four stands on the woodbine and pawpaw sands were alike in many respects. of the three black oaks, quercus marilandica, q. velutina, and q. falcata, that occurred in these 26 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. stands, q. marilandica is able to grow in dryer habitats, with the other two oaks in progressively more mesic habitats. preston (1961) described the habitats of these three species as q. marilandica, dry sites; q. velutina, dry to moist sites; and q. falcata as dry to wet sites. if the relative abundance of these three species and carya tomentosa in a stand is indicative of the degree of xeric conditions in that stand, the pawpaw stands were slightly more xeric in nature than the woodbine stands and the eastern stands of both a little more mesic than their western counterpart. (table ii). this might have been simply a response to the lower average annual precipitation in the western part of the area of four inches. weno formation stand vegetation was composed mainly of quercus stellata (post oak), fraxinus americana (white ash), and ulmus alata (winged elm). this stand had a basal area of 62 sq. ft. per acre which was third lowest. its mean d.b.h. was 6.1 inches (table iii). this combination of species was similar to a stand discussed by hutcheson (1965). the community seemed to be maintaining itself as most seedlings and saplings belonged to the three major species. species of cretaegus (hawthorn) were the most common shrubs and species of smilax (greenbriar) were the common vines. according to soil surveys and geological descriptions (olson 1965), the soil from this geological material should have been more like that of the sandy formations than my analysis indicated. except for its coarse texture and ph values, this soil was certainly more closely allied to soils of the limestone and clay stands, although its nutrient values were generally lower (table vi). the soil volumeweight was highest of any stand. goodland limestone had several different types of plant communities growing on soils from this formation. in the study stand, carya texana (black or pignut hickory) and quercus stellata (post oak) had the highest importance percentage, but it had the highest species diversity with 17 different tree species counted in the sample. quercus falcata (spanish oak) was the main secondary species (table ii). this stand had the highest number of trees, 277.5 per acre, but since its d.b.h. of 6.8 inches was relatively low, the basal area per acre was only 83 sq. ft. other stands of similar composition were located in marshall, choctaw, and mccurtain counties. ulmus alata (winged elm), fraxinus oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r. j. americana (white ash), and celtis laevigata (hackberry) were reproducing extensively (table iv). there were a number of species of shrubs, but crataegus spp. (hawthorn) were the most abundant. common vines were smilax (greenbriar), rhus toxicodendron (poison ivy), and parthenocissus quinquefolia (virginia creeper) (table v). although the soil had a very high sand content; soil color, ph, the general fertility was much like that of soils from the other limestones and clays (table vi). bennington limestone stand vegetation was composed mainly of celtis laevigata. (hackberry), maclura pomifera (osage orange, bois d’arc, horse apple) and species of ulmus (elm). gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust) was also an associate member. in basal area per acre and soil texture this stand, like that of the goodland limestone, was similar to those of the sandstones. its major species were those common to the duck creek, kiamichi, and bottomlands. celtis and maclura had the highest number of seedlings and saplings (table iv). symphoricarpos orbiculatus (coral berry, buckbrush) was the most common shrub, with berchemia scandens (rattan vine) and smilax spp. (greenbriar) the more common vines (table v). this soil, like that of the goodland, had a relatively high sand-silt content. the soil of the weno formation was the only soil containing a larger percentage of silt. the soil from the bennington limestone had a slightly lower nitrogen, organic carbon, and organic matter content; but it was still similar to the other limestone and clay soils (table vi). it was interesting that the soils of the weno formation, goodland and bennington limestones were all relatively coarse textured, have poorly developed profiles, and were shallow with rock at the surface in places. dix (1959) pointed out shallow soils often have only a and d horizons. black (1957) stated that while sand and silt fractions might represent residual unweathered or physically weathered material, the clay was more dependent on the processes of chemical weathering. duck creek limestone stand was composed of ulmus crassifolia (cedar elm) and maclura pomifera (bois d’arc). ulmus crassifolia was often encountered growing in tight shallow, stony, clay soil in upland stands, but it was more commonly found in bottomlands. the basal area of 26 sq. ft. per acre was by far the lowest of any stand, largely because of an average d.b.h. of only 5.7 inches. both major species were 28 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. maintaining their importance as indicated by seedlings and saplings (table iv). the only understory species in this stand was cocculus carolinus (snail seed) (table v). much of the soil on this formation is under cultivation or had been cleared of woody species for meadows or pastures. the study stand had evidently developed since cultivation was abandoned about 30 years ago. this dark gray to graybrown, moderately alkaline, clay loam was relatively high in soil nutrients. it had the lowest volume-weight of the limestone and clay soils (table vi). kiamichi clay stand had only two species obtained in the sample of this stand. they were ulmus crassifolia (cedar elm) and maclura pomifera (bois d’arc). a few trees of fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) occurred but it was not frequent enough to be included in the sampling. basal area per acre was 62 sq. ft. and its mean d.b.h. was 5.7 inches. the three above species constituted the major portion of seedlings and saplings (tables ii and iv). both this sand and that of the duck creek are variations of the same forest type. symphoricarpos orbiculatus (coral berry, buckbrush) was the main understory species. similarities in the physical properties of the soil of the kiamichi clay and duck creek limestone are to be expected, since the former is derived in a large measure from clay and lime cement of the oyster shell limestone, while the duck creek is formed mainly from soft chalky limestone and clay. these stands are about onehalf mile apart, thus have similar climatic conditions. the soil of the kiamichi was a gray brown, neutral, rather tight waxy clay that had about the highest fertility of any stand (table vi). the stands of the last two formations were also shallow with poorly developed profiles. discussion a total of 32 species were encountered in the samples of the 13 stands, with cretaegus spp. considered as one species, and 49 species of trees are listed in my field notes for bryan county. of the 32 species of trees, only 13 had an importance percentage of 15 or more in at least one stand. there were four other species with an importance percentage of less than 15, but more than five. the species in this study can be placed in three categories: those that occur predominantly in the bottomlands; species that occur mainly on soils derived from sandstone; and those oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r. j. that occur on soils derived from limestones and clays. it is evident that some overlap occurs as the goodland limestone stand species seem more closely related to the species on the sandstones, while those on the bennington limestone and clays seemed more closely allied to those of the bottomlands. there were 14 species that had their highest importance percentages or occurred only in stands on predominantly coarse textured soils. soils predominantly of sand and silt are considered as coarse textured soils (lyon and buckman 1943, black 1957, and russell 1957). of the 14 species, there were nine with an importance percentage of at least five per cent in one or more stands. there were 13 species that had their highest importance percentage or occurred only in stands that grew in soils which were mainly fine textured. lyon and buckman (1943) stated that a soil with at least 30 per cent clay was considered a clay soil. this would include soil of the three bottomlands, the duck creek limestone, and kiamichi clay. of these 13 species, seven had an importance percentaage of 5 per cent or more. the stands with the largest average tree size and highest basal area were the bottomlands, whereas the highest number of trees per acre occurred on the goodland limestone and the kiamichi clay. the most open stand was the clear boggy creek stand. the average basal area per acre for all stands was 78.6 square feet (23.96 m) per acre. the average for the three bottomland stands was 99.5 (30.32 m), that of the stands on sandstone derived soils was 77.2 (23.53 m), and the average of stands on limestone and clay soils was 65.1 (19.84 m). the bottomland stands were by far the most productive. the basal area per acre of the goodland and bennington limestone stands was more like that of sandy soil stands rather than the clay soil stands. if total nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic carbon were used as an index of fertility, stands growing on soils derived from limestone and clay were the least productive, but grew on the most fertile soil. the average basal area per acre for 13 stands of this study was essentially the same (78.74 sq. ft.) as that found by taylor (1965) for an 80 acre stand growing on the antlers sand. his study was conducted approximately eight miles west of the antlers sand stand of this study. rice and penfound (1959) found an average basal area per acre of only 55.2 sq. ft. for their three bryan county sands. two of their stands were on soils derived from the woodbine sand, while the third was underlain by the 30 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. pawpaw sand. they reported average basal area per acre as follows: quercus stellata (post oak) 23.0; q. marilandica (blackjack oak) 77.7; q. velutina (black oak) 10.2; carya texana (black or pignut hickory) 9.4. the average basal areas per acre of those species in the four stands of this study on the same formations were 26.7, 7.2, 12.8, and 19.3 square feet respectively. the eastern stands of the woodbine and pawpaw formations seemed to be slightly more mesic than the western ones on the same formations. the woodbine stands appeared bo be a little more mesic than the pawpaw stands. using the same criteria for seedlings and saplings as that used for tree species, there were a total of 34 species encountered in all stands. four of the 34 were not encountered as trees, and two species tabulated as trees were not found as seedlings and saplings. only 14 species had an importance percentage of 15 or more in at least one stand. of this number morus rubra (red mulberry) and salix nigra (black willow) had lower percentages as trees. sapindus drummondii (soapberry) was not tallied as a tree for any stand. seedlings and saplings of platanus occidentalis (sycamore) and quercus macrocarpa (bur oak) were not tallied although they occurred as trees. there were 14 species of shrubs and 10 vines tallied for all stands, whereas my field notes list 34 shrubs and 18 vines for the bryan county area. in general vines were much more common than shrubs in the study stands. only two species of shrubs were found in the kiamichi clay and none in the duck creek limestone stand. both had only one species of vine, cocculus carolinus (snail seed). the types of forest communities of interest encountered in this study were the post oak-white ashwinged elm and the hackberrycedar elm-green ash. the first has only recently been described from the arbuckle mountain area by hutcheson (1965). the latter does not seem to have been reported for oklahoma. when the soil factors of the stands were analyzed, it was found that the soils derived from 1) sandstone 2) limestone and clay, and 3) bottomlands differed considerably. soils of the latter two were much alike in a number of factors and were sharply distinct from the sandstones except for ph and soil volume weight. the goodland limestone and bennington limestone had soil textures that were more like those of the sandstones than the other soils. these two, with the soil from the weno oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r. j. formation, might have been placed in a separate category. the soil reaction (ph) ranged from slightly acid to moderately alkaline (6.2-8.0). the ph of most stands were within or close to the neutral range, 6.67.2, for soils (gray and galloway 1959), and probably was not sufficiently high or low to be critical in any of the stands. gray and galloway (1959) stated that a ph range of 6.1 to 7.3 is optimum for the growth of most organisms. although the sandstone soils were much lower in fertility, all but the pawpaw east and weno formation soils had their colloidal complexes essentially base saturated (eyre 1963). black (1957) stated that soil nitrogen increased as the soil texture became finer. if the clay content is used as an index of soil texture, the goodland limestone with only 24 per cent clay provided an exception. it had the next to highest amount of nitrogen, 5,450 lbs. per acre, whereas the clear boggy creek soil with 67 per cent clay had only 3,666 lbs of nitrogen per acre. when the colloidal portion of organic matter, which may have had an exchange capacity twice that of some clays (thompson 1952), and the clay portion were considered together, the texture and nitrogen relationship correlated well. the same correlation existed with soil phosphorus. there also seemed to be some correlation between these factors and soil volume weight. there were nine species of trees that occurred mainly on coarse textured soils, and had their highest importance percentages on sandy soils which were lowest in total nitrogen and phosphorus. they were quercus stellata (post oak), q. velutina (black oak,) q. marilandica (blackjack oak), q. falcata (spanish oak), ulmus alata (winged elm), carya texana (black or pignut hickory), c. tomentosa (now c. alba, mockernut hickory), cercis canadensis (redbud), and u. americana (american elm). fraxinus americana (white ash), quercus shumardii (shumard’s red oak), and q. muehlenbergia (chinquepin oak) may also belong in this group although they occurred on soils with relatively high soil fertility as did q. stellata, carya texana, and u. alata. four species, celtis laevigata (hackberry), fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), maclura pomifera (bois d’arc), and ulmus crassifolia (cedar elm) had their highest importance percentages on fine-textured soils, both in bottomlands and uplands. all but u. crassifolia had seedlings on most of the coarse textures soils. a number of the remaining species appeared to be restricted to bottomlands with an occasional occurrence 32 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. in upland stands. anderson (1954) suggested that a number of species of trees, such as elms, sycamore, and honey locust, which are usually found in bottomlands, occasionally occurred in uplands where some kind of disturbance laid bare the topsoil. bottomlands that flood seasonally were areas continually disturbed by inundation and deposition of silt and clay. the shallow soils of the bennington limestone, duck creek limestone, and kiamichi clay are probably very susceptible to disturbance. a number of pioneer species, which often become weedy, are known to have a wide ecological amplitude (harlan and dewet 1965), foote and jackobs (1966) found cassia fasciculata (partridge pea), for example, on soils with a wide range of ecological conditions. this may also be the case of such tree species as celtis laevigata, diospyros virginiana (persimmon), fraxinus pennsylvanica, gleditsia triacanthos, maclura pomifera, ulmus alata, and u. crassifolia. the committee on forest types (1931) listed some of these species in both bottomland and upland communities, some of which occurred on dry limestone hills. if this hypothesis is correct, it would help to explain why some of the tree species could be important components in both bottomland and dry uplands. ulmus crassifolia, near the northern edge of its range, was found as a tree mainly on soils containing more than 30 per cent clay, whereas u. alata occurred as a tree on soils having less clay. although both species occurred in many kinds of habitats, both bottomland and upland, u. crassifolia apparently prefer red finetextured soils, u. alata coarse-textured soils. in general the distribution of seedlings and saplings corresponded to the soils on which trees of that species also occurred. the number of seedlings and saplings was low in the two red river stands, the duck creek limestone, and kiamichi clay. shrub and vine species in the study did not seem to be restricted to any soil type. this agreed with the findings of hutcheson (1965) the one soil factor which seemed to be most influential in the distribution of species of trees as found in this study was soil texture. soil texture, however, either directly or indirectly affected most other soil factors, including rate of water infiltration, available water, soil aeration, and soil nutrient content (black 1957). soil texture, as well as a number of other soil properties, were known to be related to the geological material from which it was oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r. j. formed (gray et al. 1959). usually coarse-textured soils developed from sandstone, and other sandy material, whereas fine-textured soils developed from such materials as clays, marls, and soft limestone. quarterman and keever (1962) found sandy surfaced soils developed above a number of different kinds of materials including limestone. they found no correlation between soil fertility and types of forest stands. in this study coarse-textured soils were found on the sandstone formations, weno formation, bennington limestone, and goodland limestone; whereas fine-textured soils were found on the alluvium, duck creek limestone and kiamichi clay. summary in this study the vegetation of 13 forest communities were analyzed. the soil in which they grew was also studied and the communities correlated with soil and geological material. they were all located in the bryan county portion of the oklahoma gulf coastal plain. these forest stands were established on the following geological formations: clear boggy creek alluvium, red river alluvium, antlers sand, pawpaw sand, woodbine sand, weno formation, goodland limestone, bennington limestone, duck creek limestone and kiamichi clay. extensive reconnaissance resulted in the selection of 13 forest stands on the above formations. sampling was accomplished by the pointcentered quarter method, with the number of plants, basal area of trees, and importance percentage as the most useful vegetation parameters. soil factors studied included soil texture, soil reaction, amounts of organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, and the degree of soil compaction. of the 13 stands, three grew in bottomlands, six grew on sandy substrates, and four occurred on limestone or clay derived soils. in addition these stands allowed comparison of forest communities growing on the same formations 40 miles apart, and two different stages of succession. in the bottomland communities, the species with the highest importance percentages were celtis laevigata (hackberry), fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), populus deltoides (cottonwood), ulmus crassifolia (cedar elm), and u. rubra (slippery elm). the most important species growing in stands on coarse textured soils, including the goodland limestone stand, were carya texana (black or pignut hickory), quercus falcata (spanish oak), q. marilandica (black jack oak), q. stellata (post oak), q. velutina (black oak), and ulmus alata (winged elm). 34 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. the dominant species on the kiamichi clay, bennington and duck creek limestones were celtis laevigata, maclura pomifera (bois d’arc), and ulmus crassifolia. on the basis of basal area, the bottomlands were the most productive, sandy soils intermediate, and upland fine-textured soils least productive, although with the highest nutrient content. in comparing the two stands representing early and late stages of succession, it was found that physical properties of their soils were very similar, but that the soil of the mature stand was more fertile and more productive. the soil properties of the pawpaw and woodbine sand formations were similar both in physical and chemical properties, although they were 40 miles apart. the eastern stands were slightly more mesic. as a general rule, seedlings and saplings of the overstory species were abundant in all stands except the cottonwood stand on the red river alluvium. shrubs and vines were common, but not abundant in all stands. vines were more numerous in most communities than shrubs. based on the results of this study, the most important soil factor influencing the distribution of trees and forest communities was soil texture. no correlation between soil type and either shrubs or vines was observed. acknowledgments the writer wishes to express his sincere thanks to dr. wm. t. penfound under whose direction this study was done. thanks are also extended to dr. carl d. riggs, director, university of oklahoma biological station for the use of equipment and to the national science foundation for financial assistance during the summer of 1963, when the soil analysis were done. my appreciation is extended to the various property owners of the study stands for their cooperation, and information concerning history of the study areas. last, but not least, i wish to thank my wife, connie, for help in collecting part of the data and in preparation of this manuscript. literature cited anderson, edgar. 1954. plants, man and life. andrew melrose limited, london. beadle, n. c. w. 1966. soil phosphate and its role in molding segments of the australian flora and vegetation, with special references to xeromorphy and sclerophylly. ecology 47:922-1007. beals, e. w. and j. b. cope. 1964. vegetation and soils oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r. j. in an eastern indiana woods. ecology 45:777-792. black, c. a. 1957. soilplant relationships. john wiley & sons, inc., new york. blair, w. f., and t. h. hubbell. 1938. the biotic districts of oklahoma. amer. mid. nat. 20:425-454. blan, p. e. 1961. petrology of the goodland limestone of southeastern oklahoma. unpub. m. s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. bouyoucos, g. j. 1936. directions for making mechanical analyses of soils by the hydrometer method. soil sci. 42:225230. braun, e. lucy. 1964. deciduous forest of eastern north america. hafner publ. col, new york. bruner, w. e. 1931. the vegetation of oklahoma. ecol. monogr. 1:99-188. buck, paul. 1964. relationships of the woody vegetation of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge to geological formations and soil types. ecology 45:331-344. bullard, f. m. 1925. geology of love county, oklahoma. okla. geol. survey, bull. 33:77 p. _____. 1926. geology of marshall county, oklahoma. okla. geol. survey, bull. 39:101 p. cottam, g. and j. t. curtis. 1956. the use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling. ecology 37:451-457. cottom, g., and j. t. curtis, and b. w. hale. 1953. some sampling characteristics of a population of randomly dispersed individuals. ecology 34:741-757. crockett, j. j. 1964. influence of soils and parent material on grasslands of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge, oklahoma. ecology 45:326335. curtis, n. e., jr. 1960. lignite in the red branch member, woodbine formation, oklahoma. okla. geol. survey, okla. geol. notes 20:240-244. cuyler, r. h. 1931. vegetation as an indicator of geologic formations. bull. am. assoc. of petr. geologists 15:67-75. davis, l. v. 1960. geology and ground-water resources of south mccurtain county, oklahoma. okla. geol. surv. bull. 86:108 p. dix, r. l. 1959. the influence of grazing on the thin-soil prairies of wisconsin. ecology 40: 36-49. duck. l. g., and j. g. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. oklahoma game and fish dept., oklahoma city. duck l. g., and j. g. fletcher. 1945. survey of the game and furbearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma game and fish dept. oklahoma city. dwyer, d. d., and p. w. santelmann. 1964. a comparison of post oakblackjack oak communities on two major soil types in north central oklahoma. okla. exp. sta. bull. b626, 15 p. 36 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. eyre, s. r. 1963. vegetation and soils. aldine publ. col, chicago, illinois fenneman, n. m. 1938. physiography of eastern united states. mcgraw-hill book col, new york. foote, l. e., and j. a. jackobs. 1966. soil factors and the occurrence of partridge pea (cassia fasciculata michx.) in illinois. ecology 47:968-975. forgotson, j. m. 1957. stratigraphy of comanchean cretaceous trinity group. amer. assoc. pet. geologists bull. 41:23282363. gibbs, h. d. 1950. a field study of the goodland limestone and the washita group in southeastern choctaw county, oklahoma. univ. oklahoma unpublished masters thesis. norman, okla. gray, fenton and h. m. galloway. 1959. soils of oklahoma. oklahoma state univ. ex.. stat., misc. publ mp-56. stillwater, okla. hall, m. t. and c. j. carr. 1964. differential selection in juniper populations from the baum limestone and trinity sand of southern oklahoma. butler univ. botan. studies 14;21-40. harlan, j. r., and j. m. j. dewet. 1965. some thoughts about weeds. economic botany 19:16-24. hedlund, r. w. 1962. palynology of the red branch member of the woodbine formation (upper cretaceous) in bryan county, oklahoma. unpubl. ph.d. dissertation. univ. of oklahoma, norman. heilborn, g. 1949. stratigraphy of the woodbine formation, mccurtain county, oklahoma. unpubl. masters thesis, univ. of oklahoma, norman. hutcheson, h. s. 1965. vegetation in relation to slope exposure and geology in the arbuckle mountains. unpubl. ph.d. dissertation. univ. of oklahoma, norman. kuchler, a. w. 1964. potential natural vegetation of the conterminous united states. amer. geogr. soc. spec. publ. no. 36. 116 p. & map. little, e. l. 1938. the vegetation of muskogee county, oklahoma. amer. mid. nat. 19:559-572 lyon, t. l., and h. c. buckman. 1943. the nature and properties of soils. macmillan co., new york. 499 p. melton, f. a. 1954. natural mounds of northeastern texas, southern arkansas, and northern louisiana. okla. geol. survey, “hopper” 14: no. 7. miser, h. d. 1927. lower cretaceous rocks of southeastern oklahoma and southwestern arkansas. amer. assoc. petrol. geologists. no. 11. ______. 1954. geologic map of oklahoma. okla. geol. surv., norman, oklahoma. mooney, h. a. 1966. influence of soil type on the distribution of two closely related species of erigeron. ecology 47:950958. morisita, masaaki. 1954. estimation of population density by spacing method. memoirs of the fac. of oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r. j. sci., kyushu univ., series e (biology) 1:187-196. noggle, g. r. and f. l. wynd. 1941. the determination of selected chemical characteristics of soil which affect the growth and composition of plants. plant physiol. 16:39-60. olson, l. j. 1965. geology of eastern bryan county, oklahoma. unpublished masters thesis, univ. of oklahoma, norman, okla. piper, c. s. 1944. soil and plant analysis. interscience publishers, inc., new york. 368 p. porter, c. l. 1966. an analysis of variation between upland and lowland switchgrass, panicum virgatum l., in central oklahoma. ecology 47:980992. preston, r. j. 1961. north american trees. iowa state university press, ames, iowa. 395 p. quarterman, elsie, and catherine keever. 1962. southern mixed hardwood forest: climax in the southeastern coastal plain: u. s. a. ecological monographs 32:167-185. redman, r. h. 1964. postmississippian geology of love county, unpubl. masters thesis. univ. of oklahoma, norman, okla. rice, e. l., and wm. t. penfound. 1959. the upland forest of oklahoma. ecology 40: 593-608. _________, wm. t. penfound, and l. m. rohrbaugh. 1960. seed distribution and mineral nutrition in succession in abandoned fields in central oklahoma. ecology 41: 224-228. shed, j. s. and wm. t. penfound. 1964. distribution of legumes as correlated with surface geology and plant succession. proc. okla. acad. sci. 44:2-6. shelton, w. r. and r. j. harper. 1941. a rapid method of the determination of total phosphorus in soil and in plant material. iowa state coll. sci. 15:403-413. skolnick, n. 1949. lithology and stratigraphy of the tokio formation of mccurtain county, oklahoma. unpubl. masters thesis, univ. of oklahoma, norman, okla. society of american foresters. 1931. forest cover types of the eastern united states. soc. amer. for., washington, d.c. 39 pp. stephenson, l. w. 1919. a contribution to the geology of northeastern texas and southern oklahoma. u.s. geol. survey, prof. paper 120-n:129-163. taff, j. a. 1902. description of the atoka quadrange. u.s. geol. survey, geol. atlass, folio 79. _______. 1903. description of the tishomingo quadrangle. u.s. geol. survey, geol. atlas, folio 98. taylor, john. 1965. shortleaf pine (pinus echinata) in bryan county, oklahoma. southwestern naturalist 10:42-47. taylor, r. john, and wm. t. penfound. 1961. the grassland communities on the baum limestone in johnston county, oklahoma. southw. natur. 6:98-99. 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 5, number 1, december 2005 taylor, r.j. taylor, r. john and constance taylor. 1965. additions to the vascular flora of oklahoma. rhodora 67:191193. thompson, l. m. 1952. soils and soil fertility. mcgraw-hill book co., inc., new york. thornthwaite, c. w. 1948. an approach toward a rational classification of climate. geogr. rev. 38:55-94. u.s. dept. of agric. 1941. climate and man. yearbook of agriculture. u.s. govt. print. office, washington, d.c. 1248 p. u.s. dept. of agric. 1957. soil. yearbook of agriculture, u.s. govt. print. office, washington, d.c. pages 31-37. u.s. dept of agric. 1965. climatic summary of the united states. supplement for 1951-1960. oklahoma. climatography of the united states no. 86-30. 88 p. vanderpool, n. d. 1928. a preliminary study of the trinity group in southwestern arkansas, southeastern oklahoma, and northern texas. amer. assoc. patr. geologists bull. 12:1069-1094. waterfall u. t. 1966. keys to the flora of oklahoma. dept. of botany and the research foundation, okla. state univ., stillwater, okla. wright, r. d., and h. a. mconey. 1965. substrata-oriented distribution of bristlecone pine in the white mountains of california. amer. mid. nat. 73:257-284. zinke, p. j. 1962. the pattern of individual forest trees on soil properties. ecology 43:130-133. journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 6, number 1, december 2006 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 4 the lichens of north central oklahoma by darvin wendell keck submitted to the faculty of the graduate school of oklahoma state university in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy august, 1961 over 1,000 specimens of lichens were collected at 78 collecting stations in 11 counties of north central oklahoma during 1959 and 1960. the objectives were to identify lichens collected in the area; to establish a record of lichen distribution for each county in the area; and to analyze the ecological relationships. one hundred eleven species and varieties were identified, representing 34 genera and 20 familiies. species occurring in each county were candelaria fibrosa, parmelia bolliana, physcia syncolla, teloschistes chrysophthalomus, and xanthoria candelaria. only ten other species occurred in eight or more counties, while 64 species were found in three counties or less and 30 of these were found in only one county each. the number of species per county varied from a low of 19 in kingfisher county to a high of 77 in osage county. the variation was very closely correlated to the two physiographic regions of the area. the five counties largely contained in the sandstone hills varied between 41 and 77 species with an average of 50. the six counties in the redbeds plains had between 19 and 33 species with an average of 26. this variation between regions is correlated to rainfall which averages near 40 inches per year at the eastern boundary of the sandstone hills, but only 30 inches at the western boundary of the redbeds plains. other factors, conditioned by rainfall, and also having an influence on lichen growth are the presence of trees, the kinds of rock, and the acidity of the soil. keck, d.w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100044 oklahoma native plant record 5 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. introduction historical background the term “lichen” was used by theophrastus (371-287 b.c.), in his history of plants, to signify a superficial growth on the bark of trees. it referred to hepatics of the marchantia type rather than to the lichens as they are currently understood. he did, however, describe a species of roccella, and another of usnea or alectoria, which is perhaps the earliest known reference to lichens. lichens were alluded to by only a few writers during the next 2000 years. this reflected not only the small amount of study in natural history, but also the relative lack of economic worth of lichens (28). schneider (27) in 1897 wrote a history of lichenology, recognizing the following periods: i. from the earliest times to the end of the seventeenth century. ii. from 1694, when tournefort, the first to separate lichens taxonomically from the bryophytes, arranged plants into classes called genera, to 1729. iii. from 1729, when micheli divided lichens into different orders, to 1779. iv. from 1779, when weber established definite and reasoned lichen genera based on the structure of thallus and fruits, to 1825. v. from 1825, when wallroth and meyer each published works dealing with detailed morphological, ecological, and biochemical observations, to 1868. vi. from 1868, when schwendener discovered the dual nature of lichens, to 1894. other notable milestones could include the arrangement of all known lichens under their respective genera by acharius in 1803, and the use of spore characters in classification by de notaris in 1846. the discovery of the dual nature of lichens by schwendener, in 1868, is often considered to be the beginning of modern lichenology. this discovery led to a wide variety of ideas about classification. this was demonstrated in a report by fink (8) who conducted a survey of leading botanists and lichenologists throughout the world in an attempt to analyze ideas regarding the relationship of lichen components. ideas expressed included the following: lichens are a distinct group of organisms and should be separated from fungi; lichens should be classified in the fungus genera that they closely resemble; and, lichens have a definite relationship to fungi, but for convenience should be kept separated from the fungi. fink (9) gave his own idea in the following statement: “the lichen is a fungus which lives all or a part of its life in parasitic relation with an algal host and also sustains a relation with an organic or an inorganic substratum.” this idea has not been widely accepted, and, despite fink’s 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. insisting that a lichen was a fungus, he never attempted to place lichens in existing fungus genera. perhaps a more widely accepted idea was given by imshaug (22) who defined a lichen as “an entity capable of reproducing itself, and consisting of two organisms, an alga and a fungus, living together in a state of symbiosis, as is manifested by some change in the anatomy, morphology, or physiology of at least one of its components.” ideas in regard to the relationship of lichen components, which in turn have influenced taxonomic ideas, have been further complicated by the observance of some lichens that are apparently parasitic on other plants, and even on other lichens. while the relationship between lichens and fungi has long been recognized, no serious attempt has been made to place lichens in recognized fungus genera. other problems are related to growth form and to chemistry. some workers make no distinction on growth form, but a more common approach is to separate groups purely on that basis (i.e.,“foliose”, “fruticose”, “squamulose”). lichens are also known to contain a great many unique chemicals, and in recent times considerable emphasis has been placed on the chemistry of lichen substances as an aid to lichen taxonomy. this is well illustrated by the work of asahina (1), and by the use of chemical tests in almost all keys identifying lichens. it is not, however, been accepted without opposition, as indicated by the following statement by nearing (25): chemical dyes determine nothing, and in most cases differentiate species only from certain artificial “species” invented for the purpose of being thus differentiated. in certain cases chemicals may be suggestive and helpful, but the naming of hundreds of “species” on the basis of chemical reactions alone, is in itself sufficient proof that the reactions do not coincide with evident relationships, that all determinations should rest on botanical characters, or else all on chemical, which last, of course, would be absurd, but no more absurd than the present mixing of the two methods. this likely represents an extreme view, but does illustrate the diversity of ideas relating to the classification of lichens. because of the uniqueness of lichens, it is understandable that serious problems still exist in lichen taxonomy; much work remains to be done before they can be satisfactorily solved. in the united states, lichen studies have been confined mostly to the east, north, and pacific coast areas with the southwest largely being bypassed. oklahoma has barely 100 species reported from about one fourth of its 77 oklahoma native plant record 7 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. counties, and no one has attempted to do a complete floristic work for even one county. kansas had less than 40 species reported until fearing (7) collected 163 taxa including about 140 species. he suggested that this was perhaps only one third of the total lichens in the state. arkansas and texas each has had only a few species reported. this compares with 245 species reported from ohio by wolfe (34), and 335 species reported from washington by howard (21), although neither suggested the work was complete in those states. it has always been customary to report the substrate from which a particular lichen was collected. while the finer details of environment were not included, this has at least served as a beginning for ecological studies. in recent times specific observations have been made about light, temperature, humidity, and other factors in regard to various lichen species, although little work has been done on the microenvironment. because of the limited literature on lichens in the southwest, and more especially in oklahoma, the need for this present work was seen. review of literature previous studies involving the lichens of oklahoma have been very limited. only two earlier studies have been made wherein appreciable numbers of lichens from oklahoma were collected and identified. the first of these was by hedrick (20), who identified specimens that prof. robert stratton from oklahoma state university collected from cimarron, delaware, harmon, johnston, kay, mayes, mccurtain, murray, osage, payne, and roger mills counties. these counties are widespread throughout the state and represent a great diversity of habitats; however, no attempt was made to collect all the species occurring in any area or county. this study included 59 species. a majority of these were crustose forms occurring on rocks, with lecidea, caloplaca, buellia, and lecanora being the genera most frequently represented. the second work was by hale (16) who collected during 1955-1956 in six contiguous counties in eastern oklahoma as part of a study of lichens in the ozarks. these counties were adair, cherokee, leflore, mccurtain, pushmataha, and sequoyah. this study involved “macrocorticolous” lichens and included 47 species, 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. primarily from the genera: parmelia, physica, usnea, anaptychia, leptogium, and pannaria. since the latter study dealt exclusively with foliose and fruticose lichens growing on trees, and the previous study dealt largely with crustose forms, there was little duplication of species collected. only seven species were common to both lists, and collectively these two efforts totaled 99 species. in addition to these two reports, a few additional specimens representing eight other species and involving the additional counties of comanche, noble, and carter have been reported in monographs by berry (2), imshaug (22), and thomason (31), and in other articles by hale (11, 14, 15, 18). this gives a total of 107 species reported from oklahoma and involves 19 of the 77 counties where at least some collecting is known to have been done. specimens reported by hedrick are in the herbarium at the university of michigan, and those collected by hale are at the smithsonian institution. other oklahoma specimens are preserved in herbaria of the missouri botanical garden, new york botanical garden, university of wisconsin, and the private herbarium of c. w. dodge at st. louis. the study area location and size the area involved in this study includes the following 11 counties: creek, garfield, grant, kay, kingfisher, lincoln, logan, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne. it is situated in north central oklahoma (fig. 1). it is near-rectangular in shape, and is about 115 miles long (east to west), and averages 95 miles wide with the greatest width being about 105 miles. it covers almost 11,000 square miles which is between one sixth and one seventh of the total area of oklahoma. the area of each county, in square miles, as computed from general highway county maps prepared by the oklahoma department of highways is as follows: county total area (sq. mi.) creek 988 garfield 1068 grant 1008 kay 938 kingfisher 910 lincoln 967 logan 771 noble 750 osage 2393 pawnee 597 payne 696 physiographic regions bruner (3) divided the area into two physiographic regions: the sandstone hill region which occupies oklahoma native plant record 9 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. approximately the eastern 40 per cent of the area (fig. 2), and the redbeds plains. these regions are not sharply delimited; therefore, a wide zone characterized by features of both regions is noticeable. the sandstone hills region is composed largely of weathered pennsylvanian shales, with rough low hills of the more resistant sandstone remaining. maximum height of these hills is 300 to 400 feet, although the average is much less. large sandstone blocks cover the tops and slopes of hills. the broader flat-topped ridges have soil of sufficient depth to support good plant growth. the redbeds plains are composed of soft red permian clays and shales, with some thin sandstones which are usually so soft that they do not prduce escarpments. this region is primarily one of the rolling plains where hills seldom exceed 100 feet in height. the slightly rolling plain to the west is in contrast to the greater relief near and in the sandstone hills region. climate and vegetation north central oklahoma has a continental type of weather which is characterized by a pronounced seasonal range in temperature. it has a mean january temperature of 34o39of and a mean july temperature of 80o – 82o f. extremes in temperature vary from several degrees below 0of to somewhat over 100of. there is an average of 200-220 frost-free days throughout the area (32). rainfall averages vary from about 30 inches per year in the west to 40 in the east, with considerable year-toyear variation. there is also an accompanying small increase in relative humidity toward the east. the sandstone hills region is covered with a transitional oak forest interspersed with grass areas, while the redbeds plains region is primarily grassland, with trees usually confined to the flood plains of streams (3). a vegetation map of the area taken from an oklahoma game and fish department map (fig. 3). higher rainfall and humidity favor the development of most lichens, at least within the limits of conditions found in the study area. most of the effect is apparently direct since there is a definite change in each category of the lichen flora (terricolous, saxicolous, corticolous) with a change in rainfall. some of the effect is perhaps related only to tree growth since a few corticolous species are considered to be specific in regard to substrate. there is also a correlation between rainfall and ph, with 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. the eastern part of the study area where the rainfall is greater being primarily acidic and the western part being near neutral to slightly basic. considerable influence is also exerted on the lichen flora by the ph (17), although this is more related to the microenvironment than to the ph condition of the general area. all of these conditions are interrelated and therefore difficult to evalulate individually, but there is a pronounced change in the lichen flora between the eastern and western limits of the study area. procedures collecting stations were selected in each county, with desirability as a collecting site being given primary consideration. general county highway maps were used to determine the general collecting areas; then a survey of each of these was made to determine a collecting station. this normally consisted of the area immediately around a stream or draw so that collecting could be done from trees, rocks, and partially shaded soil since nearly all lichens grow best on one of these sugbstrates. less frequently, areas were collected from where rock was the predominant substrate. observations were also made repeatedly on exposed soil and fence posts, ordinarily near the general collecting areas, but only a very limited number of lichens were found and collected under these conditions. consideration was also given to the size of counties so that collecting stations varied in number from four in pawnee county to 15 in osage county. this is double the minimum of two collecting stations for any county by hale (16). an attempt was made to properly distribute these stations within counties and between adjacent counties. over 1,000 specimens were collected and are being deposited with the lichen collection in the department of botany and plant pathology of oklahoma state university, with duplicates of most of these being kept in the author’s private collection. the seasonal aspect is important primarily because some lichens have mature spores only during certain seasons of the year (28). collecting was done at three different times: (1) from late may to early auugust, 1959; (2) november, 1959; and (3) april 1960. seventy-four collecting stations were visited including at least four stations for each county during the summer. after the degree of repetition was determined to be unusually oklahoma native plant record 11 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. high among neighboring stations used in the summer, it was decided that a considerably smaller number of stations would sufficie during subsequent collection periods. twenty-one stations were visited during the fall. this included one new station in kingfisher county, and two stations previously visited in each of the other counties. eighteen stations including three new areas were visited in the spring. this included at least one in each county. the 78 collecting areas are shown in fig. 4. their descriptions, locations, and dates visited are as follows: 1. a wooded hillside near highway 99, two miles northeast of cleveland, in osage county, may 25, 1959; november 21, 1959. 2. along a small stream, three miles south of wild horse store in osage county, may 25, 1959. 3. a wooded hillside with limestone outcrops near highway 20, five miles west of skiatook, in osage county, may 25, 1959; april 12, 1960. 4. a blackjack thicket near highway 23, two miles north of barnsdall in osage county, may, 25, 1959. 5. postoak woods, one mile west of hula dam near highway 10 in osage county, may 26, 1959. 6. a wooded ravine near a county road west of highway 99, 12 miles north of pawhuska in osage county, may 26, 1959; november 21, 1959’ april 13, 1960 7. along a creek in osage hills state park, two miles south of highway 60 in osage county, may 26, 1959; april 14, 1960. 8. sandstone bluffs near highway 99, four miles southeast of pawhuska in osage county, may 27, 1959. 9. sandstone outcrops near highway 20, 12 miles west of pawhuska in osage county, may 27, 1959. 10. along bird creek, four miles east of foraker in osage county, may 25, 1959. 11. along a small stream, three miles north and two miles west of webb city, in kay county, may 27, 1959. 12. around phillips lake, two miles south of shidler in osage county, may 27, 1959. 13. along the salt fork river, two miles south of lamont in grant county, may 28, 1959; november 26, 1959. 14. along deer creek, 13 miles north of lamont in grant county, may 28, 1959. 15. along crooked creek, three miles west of wakita in grant county, may 28, 1959. 16. along a wooded draw near highway 81, one mile south 12 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. of medford in grant county, may 28, 1959. 17. along the salt fork river, two miles north of pond creek in grant county, may 28, 1959; november 26, 1959. 18. along the salt fork river, three miles north of nash in grant county, may 29, 1959. 19. a wooded ravine, three miles southeast of hillsdale in garfield county, may 19, 1959. 20. along turkey creek, three miles north of drummond in garfield county, may 29, 1959. 21. along turkey creek, eight miles southeast of drummond in garfield county, may 29, 1959; november 26, 1959. 22. along wolf creek, three miles southeast of douglas in garfield county, may 29, 1959. 23. open woods near breckenridge, eight miles northeast of enid in garfield county, may 29, 1959. 24. along red rock creek, eight miles north of garber in garfield county, may 29, 1959. 25. a rocky ravine near highway 64, three miles southeast of covington in garfield county, may 29, 1959; april 15, 1960. 26. postoak woods near highway 33, one mile north of coyle in payne county, june 1, 1959. 27. along cottonwood creek, three miles south and onehalf mile west of guthrie in logan county, june 1, 1959. 28. along bear creek, onefourth mile west of meridian in logan county, june 1, 1959; november 28, 1959. 29. a wooded draw, one-half mile south of highway 105 40 junction, three miles west of tryon in lincoln county, june 2, 1959; november 28, 1959. 30. sandstone outcrops near highway 40, one mile north of warwick in lincoln county, june 2, 1959. 31. along quapaw creek north of highway 62, six miles west of meeker in lincoln county, june 2, 1959. 32. postoak woods near highway 18, three miles south of chandler in lincoln county, june 2, 1959; november 12, 1959. 33. a persimmon grove, three miles south and one-half mile west of avery in lincoln county, june 5, 1959. 34. postoak woods near highway 27, three and onehalf miles east of shamrock in creek county, june 5, 1959; november 24, 1959. 35. a rocky ravine near the cimarron river, eight miles oklahoma native plant record 13 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. northeast of cushing in payne county, june 5, 1959. 36. a wooded ravine, one mile west of highway 99 near arlington in lincoln county, june 6, 1959; april 11, 1960. 37. postoak woods, three miles south and nine miles east of stroud, in creek county, june 6, 1959. 38. postoak woods, five miles south and three miles east of bristow in creek county, june 6, 1959. 39. a wooded ravine near highway 66, eight miles northeast of bristow in creek county, june 6, 1959. 40. postoak woods, two miles west of sapulpa and onehalf mile south of highway 66 in creek county, june 6, 1959. 41. along bridge creek near highway 51, 21 miles east of hennessey, in logan county, june 8, 1959; november 28, 1959. 42. along skeleton creek, seven miles east and two miles south of hennessey in kingfisher county, june 8, 1959; november 26, 1959. 43. along turkey creek, two miles west of kingfisher in kingfisher county, june 8, 1959; november 26, 1959. 44. postoak woods, two miles southeast of dover in kingfisher county, june 8, 1959. 45. along cooper creek, onehalf mile south of loyal in kingfisher county, june 9, 1959. 46. a wooded draw, two and one-half miles south of highway 33, ten miles west of kingfisher in kingfisher county, june 9, 1959. 47. a wooded ravine between highway 33 and the cimarron river, 15 miles east of kingfisher in kingfisher county, june 9, 1959; april 16, 1960. 48. a rocky draw, one mile south of highway 74 – 33 junction, ten miles west of guthrie in logan county, june 9, 1959. 49. postoak woods, two miles north of crescent in logan county, june 9, 1959; april 16, 1960. 50. sandstone bluffs near highway 77, eight miles north of guthrie in logan countyk, june 9, 1959. 51. along black bear creek, one mile north of morrison in noble county, june 14, 1959. 52. along the arkansas river, ten miles south and three miles east of ponca city in noble county, june 13, 1959. 53. a wooded draw, six miles east and three miles south of billings in noble county, june 13, 1959; november 26, 1959. 54. a rocky ravine, near highway 64, five miles west 14 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. of perry in noble county, june 13, 1959; april 15, 1960. 55. a wooded draw, near highway 64, five miles east of perry in noble county, june 13, 1959; april 15, 1960. 56. a wooded ravine, four miles northeast of ripley in payne county, june 26, 1959; november 24, 1959; april 11, 1960. 57. a rocky draw near highway 108, four miles south of glencoe in payne county, july 7, 1959. 58. a wooded draw, two miles north of maramec in pawnee county, july 7, 1959; november 21, 1959. 59. wooded draw and hillside near highway 64, six miles southeast of cleveland in pawnee county, july 7, 1959; april 12, 1960. 60. a wooded ravine near the arkansas river, one mile north of blackburn in pawnee county, july 7, 1959. 61. sandstone bluffs, along highway 15, eight miles north of morrison, in pawnee county, july 7, 1959; november 21, 1959. 62. along the arkansas river, five miles southeast of oilton, in creek county, august 6, 1959; november 24, 1959. 63. sandstone bluffs near highway 51, two miles west of mannford in creek county, august 6, 1959, april 12, 1960. 64. a wooded hillside, one mile west of highway 99 and four miles north of hominy in osage county, august 6, 1959. 65. along gray horse creek, seven miles east of fairfax in osage county, august 6, 1959. 66. rocky bluffs near the arkansas river, five miles west of fairfax in osage county, august, 6, 1959. 67. along the arkansas river near highway 60, nine miles east of ponca city in osage county, august 6, 1959. 68. along the salt fork river near highway 77, five miles northeast of marland in kay county, august 8, 1959. 69. along the salt fork river, two miles southwest of tonkawa in kay county, august 8, 1959. 70. a wooded draw near highway 11, three miles west of blackwell in kay county, august 8, 1959. 71. along the chikaskia river, two miles west of braman in kay county, august 8;, 1959. 72. along deer creek, four miles northeast of newkirk in kay county, august 8, 1959. 73. along the arkansas river, six miles south and six miles east of newkirk in kay oklahoma native plant record 15 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. county, august 8, 1959; november 21, 1959; april 13, 1960. 74. a wooded ravine, four miles west and one mile south of stillwater in payne county, august 8, 1959; october 9, 1959. 75. a wooded draw near highway 81, seven miles north of enid in garfield county, november 26, 1959. 76. along a rocky wooded draw, one-fourth mile southwest of tuskegee in creek county, april 11, 1960. 77. along the side and top of a tall rocky hill, one mile west of mounds in creek county, april 11, 1960. 78. along a rocky draw, six miles northwest of renfrow in grant county, april 15, 1960. ecology the area studied has many variations in habitat. these include timberland and grassland, a considerable range in average rainfall, different types of rocks such as limestone, sandstone, and loosely compacted silty clay, with shaded and exposed soil, and each having at least some species restricted to that particular environment. as a consequence of this diversity, few lichen species are widespread in the study area. only candelaria fibrosa, parmelia bolliana, physcia syncolla, teloschistes chrysophthalmus, and xanthoria candelaria were collected in each county. others which are widely distributed, occurring in at least eight counties, are acarospora citrina, caloplaca aurantiaca, candelaria concolor (two varieties), lecanora muralis, parmelia reticulate, physcia aipolia, p. ciliata, p. orbicularis, p. tribacoides, and p. stellaris. a total of 64 species were found in three counties or less, and 30 of these were collected in only one county each. table i lists all species found and their occurrence by counties. corticolous species growth forms foliose the foliose forms occurring primarily on trees, but occasionally on rocks, are anaptychia granulifera, a. heterochroa, a. hypoleuca, a. speciosa, candelaria concolor var. concolor, c. concolor var. effuse, c. fibrosa, collema conglomeratum, c. subfurvum, dermatocarpon tuckermani, leptogium chloromelum, l. cyanescens, parmelia bolliana, p. caperata, p. haitiensis, p. reticulate, p. rudecta, physcia aipolia, p. ciliate, p. elaeina, p. grisea, p. millegrana, p. orgicularis, 16 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. p. tribacoides, p. stellaris, p. syncolla, pyxine caesiopruinosa, teloschistes chrysophthalmus (fruticose), and xanthoria candelaria. candelaria concolor, c. fibrosa, parmelia bolliana, p. reticulate, physcia aipolia, p. orbicularis, p. tribacoides, p. stellaris, p. syncolla, teloschistes chrysophthalmus, and xanthoria candelaria occur generally throughout the area with parmelia bolliana and p. reticulate being more abundant in the east (the sandstone hills region) than elsewhere, and physcia aipolia, p. syncolla, and xanthoria candelaria more abundant in the west (the redbeds plains area). extreme east refers to one or more of creek, pawnee, and osage counties. westernmost refers to one or more of grant, garfield, and kingfisher counties. those occurring only in the extreme east include anapptychia granulifera, a. hypoleuca, dermatocarpon tuckermani, physcia millegrana, and pyxine caesiopruinosa. other occurring over a wider area, but not found in the west are anaptychia heterochroa, collema conglomeratum, c. subfurvum, leptogium chloromelum, l. cyanescens, parmelia caperata, p. haitiensis, p. rudecta, and physcia grisea. the 29 “macro-corticolous” lichens indicate the gradual change from a more luxuriant lichen flora in the ozarks where hale (16) collected 63 species, which included all but three of the above group. he found 47 of these in six eastern oklahoma counties. only 11 of the 29 occur in grant, garfield, and kingfisher counties. crustose crustose lichens found on trees include allarthonia caesia, buellia punctata, b. schaereri, caloplaca aurantiaca, c. cerina, c. chrysophthalma, c. microphylina, c. ulmorum, candelariella xanthostigma, crocynia membranacea, lecanora hageni, l. piniperda, l. subfusca, l. varia, lepraria chlorine, graphis scripta, pertusaria leioplaca, p. multipuncta, and p. pustulata. only caloplaca aurantiaca was found in some abundance throughout the area, while c. chrysophthalma, c. microphylina, lecanora hageni, l. varia, pertusaria leioplaca, p. multipuncta, and p. pustulata also occurred scattered in several counties. caloplaca microphylina occurred only in the west while the others occurred primarily in the east. other species were collected infrequently but indicated the following distributional pattern: allarthonia caesia, crocynia membranacea, lecanora oklahoma native plant record 17 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. piniperda, l. subfusca, lepraria chlorine, graphis scripta, pertusaria leioplaca, p. multipuncta, and p. pustulata occurred only in the east, and candelariella xanthostigma only in the west. microhabitat most of the foliose forms were found on rough bark of various woody species although teloschistes chrysophthalmus and xanthoria candelaria were often found on dead twigs or bark of dead trees. crustose forms were divided into three categories: caloplaca microphylina, buellia punctata, and b. schaereri which were found n decaying fence posts or old stumps; allarthonia caesia, lecanora hageni, l. piniperda, l. subfusca, graphis scripta, pertusaria leioplaca, and p. pustulata which were found on smooth bark such as the younger parts of hickory (carya sp.), hackberry (celtis laevigata), redbud (cercis canadensis), and red oak (quercus sp.); and caloplaca aurantiaca, c. cerina, c. ulmorum, and pertusaria multipuncta which were found on rough bark such as post oak (quercus stellata), blackjack (q. marilandica), cottonwood (populus deltoids), and elm (ulmus americana). saxicolous species growth forms foliose lichen species growing on rocks about equal the number growing on trees, but there is a greater proportion of crustose species. there are only a few that can properly be termed foliose; however, several others which approach this form are called “squamulose” or “nearfoliose”. the first term applies to small bits of thallus that have the same morphology as a foliose lichen except that it is much smaller in diameter. the latter term applies to those forms that have a poorly developed thallus in the center but are thicker and lobed at the margins. lichens growing on rocks in the above categories are dermatocarpon miniatum, endocarpon pusillum, heppia hassei, lecanora muralis, l. rubina, lecidea rufonigra, l. russellii, parmelia conspersa, p. isidiata, p. obsessa, p. stenophylla, physcia halei, p. subtilis, p. teretiuscula, and rinodina oreina. lecanora muralis is the only species that occurs throughout the area. there are only a few species in the west but this likely reflects the extreme scarcity of rocks in the three westernmost counties. none of the species occurs primarily in the west, but lecidea rufonigra, l. russellii, endocarpon 18 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. pusillum, and heppia hassei are rather intermediate while the other species are found exclusively in the east. according to weaver and clements (33), foliose forms normally follow crustose forms in a xerosere, but oosting and anderson (26) indicate that crustose forms sometimes decay a rock in such a way that this succession is not followed. both conditions were found in the study area. crustose the crustose rock forms include the following species: acarospora citrine, a. fuscata, a. smaragdula, bacidia granosa, b. umbrina, buellia alboatra, b. novomexicana, b. retrovertens, b. spuria, b. stigmaea, b. vilis, caloplaca arizonica, c. decipiens, c. flavovirencens, c. lobulata, c. murorum, candelariella vitellina, diploschistes actinostomus, d. scruposus, var. scruposus, lecania californica, l. perproxima, lecanora atra, l. calcarea, l. dispersa, l. melaena, lecidea tesselina, pertusaria pertusa, p. velata, placynthium nigrum, sarcogyne clavus, s. pruinosa, s. simplex, verrucaria calsiceda, and v. nigrescens. acarospora citrine, candelariella vitellina, diploschistes actinostomus, and sarcogyne clavus are relatively widespread, but somewhat more abundant in the east. lecanora calcarea is also widespread, but more frequent in the west. others occurring less frequently but still not confined to a small area are acarospora fuscata, caloplaca flavovirescens, and lecanora dispersa. the other species were collected only a few times each, or in a small area, with the following distribution pattern: acarospora smaragdula, bacidia granosa, buellia novomexicana, b. spuria, b. stigmaea, lecania californica, lecanora atra, l. melanea, pertusaria pertusa, and verrucaria calciseda are found only in the east, while buellia alboatra and b. vilis are found only in the west. many in this group occupy an intermediate to somewhat easterly position. types of rock another important consideration is the type of rock. those species found on limestone are bacidia granosa, buellia alboatra, b. vilis, dermatocarpon miniatum, heppia hassei, lecania californica, l. perproxima, lecanora calcarea, and verrucaria calsiceda. those found on both sandstone and limestone are acaropsora fuscata, caloplaca murorum, endocarpon pusillum, oklahoma native plant record 19 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. lecanora muralis, lecidea russellii, placynthium nigrum, and sarcogyne pruinosa, while the remaining 35 species in this group are confined to sandstone. there was a slight north to south variation since most of the limestone was found in the north. terricolous species the remaining species of lichens grow on soil or loosely compacted silty clay, sometimes being closely associated with rocks but not attached directly to them. included are cladonia apodocarpa, c. capitata, c. chlorophaea, c. fimbriata, c. subcariosa, c. subtenuis, c. uncialis, coccocarpia cronia, dermatocarpon hepaticum, diploschistes scruposus, var. bryophila, lecidea decipiens, peltigera canina, staurothele diffreactella, and s. umbrina. the cladonia species occur primarily on thin, moist, shaded soil overlying sandstone. cladonia capitata and c. chlorophaea are readily found in the east with c. subcariosa being restricted to a smaller area and also of less frequent occurrence. the other species are very infrequent and occur only in the extreme west. no cladonia species were found in westernmost counties, although sterile, unidentifiable specimens were found only a few miles away in adjacent counties. coccocarpia cronia, which also occurs on tree bases, and diploschistes scruposus var. bryophila occur only in the east and grow among mosses over sandstone. staurothele diffractella, s. umbrina, dermatocarpon hepaticum, and lecidea decipiens were found on exposed soil, and occur only in the west. summary over 1000 specimens of lichens were collected in an 11-county area of north central oklahoma during 195960. this included 111 species and varieties representing 34 genera and 20 families. their identificfation involved the use of 24 monographic studies and other taxonomic literature. keys to various taxa and a list of all species are included. the order of listing families follows fink (10) with nomenclature following hale and culberson (13). families having the greatest number of species and varieties are physciaceae 17, lecanoraceae 14, parmeliaceae 12, caloplacaceae 10, and buelliaceae 9. these five families contain 56 per cent of all species found. table i shows the distribution by counties for each taxon. a 20 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. tablular view of families is shown in table ii. the specimens are being deposited with the lichen collection of the department of botany and plant pathology at oklahoma state university, and duplicates of most of these are in the author’s private collection. only five species were collected in each county, while ten othrs were collected in at least eight counties. sixty-four species were collected in three counties or less and 30 of these were collected in only one county each. there was a much more luxuriant lichen flora in the east than in the west, with little north to south variation. ecological relationships are discussed and remarks on location and habitat are given for each species in the “list of species and habitats”. fifty-nine additions were made to the lichen flora of oklahoma. these are given special reference in the keys. list of species and habitats [ed. note: nomenclature updated in 2006 by douglas m. ladd is in brackets] the order of listing families follows fink (10) while nomenclature follows hale and culberson (13). each number is a collecting number for a specimen. these are referred to only for species which represent additions to the lichen flora of oklahoma. when more than one specimen is cited for a species, each substrate is cited only once, and specimens without the substrate immediately following the collecting number have the same substrate as the one previously listed. taxa preceded by an asterisk have not been previously reported as components of the oklahoma lichen flora. those species among this group not followed by special literature citations were not included in other literature pertinent to oklahoma lichens. (11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20). pyrenulales verrucariaceae *verrucaria calsiceda dc.[= v. calciseda dc.] is represented by keck 68 on limestone, five miles west of skiatook, in osage county. *verrucaria nigrescens pers. is represented by keck 36 on sandstone, two miles northeast of cleveland, in osage county, and by keck 1075 on limestone, six miles northwest of renfrow in grant county. *staurothele diffractella (nyl.) tuck. is represented by keck 519 on poorly cemented silty clay, 15 miles east of kingfisher in kingfisher county. staurothele umbrina (ach.) tuck. [= s. fissa (taylor) zwackh]; on poorly cemented silty clay; kingfisher county. oklahoma native plant record 21 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. dermatocarpaceae *dermatocarpon hepaticum (ach.) th. fr. [= catapyrenium cinereum (pers.) körber, but these reports probably refer, at least in part, to placidium squamulosum (ach.) breuss] is represented by keck 995 on exposed soil, two miles west of kingfisher in kingfisher county. *dermatocarpon miniatum (l.) mann. [reports on calcareous substrates probably refer to d. muhlenbergii (ach.) műll. arg.] is represented by keck 76 on limestone, five miles west of skiatook, in osage county, and keck 1056, six miles south and six miles east of newkirk, in kay county. dermatocarpon tuckermani (rav.) zahl.[= placidium arboretum (michener) lendemer]; on post oak, in osage county. endocarpon pusillum hedw. [local reports probably refer to e. pallidulum (nyl.) nyl.] is represented by keck 374 on sandstone, one mile north of warwick in lincoln county, and by keck 762 on limestone, four miles northeast of newkirk in kay county. hysteriales arthoniaceae *allarthonia caesia fw. [= arthonia caesia (flotow) körber] is represented by keck 915 on persimmon (diospyros virginiana), five miles southeast of oilton, in creek county; by keck 57 on willow (salix nigra), three miles south of wild horse store, and keck 849 on redbud, 12 miles north of pawhuska, both in osage county. graphidaceae *graphis scripta (l.)ach. is represented by keck 678 on hackberry, one mile northwest of blackburn in pawnee county, and by keck 939 on red oak, four miles northeast of ripley in payne county. lecanorales diploschistaceae *diploschistes actinostomus (pers.)zahl.[(ach.) zahlbr.] is represented by keck 16 on sandstone, two miles east of cleveland, in osage county, and by keck 440, 361, 536, 584, and 672 in creek, lincoln, logan, noble, and pawnee counties, respectively. diploschistes scruposus (schreb.) norm., var. scruposus; on sandstone; lincoln, logan, osage, and payne counties. *diploschistes scruposus (schreb.) norm., var. bryophila (ehrh.) ach. [= d. muscorum (scop.) r. sant.] is represented by keck 792 over mosses, five miles southwest of stillwater in payne county, and by keck 345 over cladonia sp. three and onehalf miles southwest of tryon in lincoln county. collemaceae (5) collema conglomeratum hoffm.: on post oak; lincoln, 22 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. pawnee, lincoln, pawnee, and payne counties. collema subfurvum (mull. arg.) degel. [= c. subflaccidum degl.]; on post oak and red cedar (juniperus virginiana); creek, lincoln, osage, and payne counties. *leptogium chloromelum (sw.) nyl. [occurs rarely in midcontinental north america; l. millegranum sierk is more common] is represented by keck 614 on cedar, four miles northeast of ripley in payne county, and by keck 796 on post oak, three miles south of chandler in lincoln county. leptogium cyanescens (ach.) khr. [(rabenh.) körber]; on post oak; lincoln county. heppiaceae *heppia hassei zahl. [= peltula obscurans nyl. var. hassei (zahlbr.) wetmore] is represented by keck 1067 on limestone, six miles northwest of renfrow in grant county, and by keck 78 and 268 from osage and garfield counties, respectively. pannariaceae *placynthium nigrum (huds.) s. gray is represented by keck 1075b on limestone, six miles northwest of renfrow in grant county, and by keck 1081 on loosely compacted silty clay, 15 miles east of kingfisher in kingfisher county. *coccocarpia cronia tuck. [= c. palmicola (sprengel) arv. & d.j. galloway]; on moss-covered sandstone; creek county. peltigeraceae (31) peltigera canina (l.) willd.; [probably p. praetextata (flörke ex sommerf.) zopf]; on shaded mossy banks, usually overlying sandstone; creek, pawnee, and payne counties. lecideaceae lecidea decipens (ehrh.) ach. [= psora decipiens (hedw.) hoffm.]; on open soil over dermatocarpon hepaticum; grant, kingfisher, and noble counties. lecidea rufonigra (tuck.)nyl. [= psorula rufonigra (tuck.) gotth. schneid.] is represented by keck 1010 on sandstone, one-half mile southwest of tuskegee in creek county. lecidea russellii tuck. [= psora russellii (tuck.) a. schneid., a terricolous species – these reports of saxicolous populations refer to psora pseudorussellii timdal]; on sandstone and limestone; lincoln, logan, and osage counties. *lecidea tesselina tuck. [= lecanora oreinoides (körber) hertel & rambold] is represented by keck 10 on sandstone, two miles east of cleveland, in osage county, and by keck 113, 143, 871, and 880 at other locations in osage county. *bacidia granosa (tuck.) zahl. [= bacidia coprodes (körber) lettau] is represented by keck 75 on limestone, five miles west of skiatook, in osage county. oklahoma native plant record 23 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. *bacidia umbrina (ach.) bausch [= scoliciosporum umbrinum) ach.) arnold] is represented by keck 586 on sandstone, seven miles west of perry in noble county. cladoniaceae (16, 24) *cladonia apodocarpa robbins is represented by keck 1053 on shaded soil, 12 miles north of pawhuska in osage county, and by keck 1046, one mile west of mounds in creek county. *cladonia capitata (michx.) spreng. [= c. peziziformis (with.) j.r. laundon] is represented by keck 784 on shaded soil, five miles southwest of stillwater in payne county and by keck 100, 663, 998, and 1037 in osage, pawnee, logan, and lincoln counties, respectively. cladonia chlorophaea (fik.) spreng. [possibly including or consisting of this species and/or c. cryptochlorophaea asahina and c. grayi g. merr.]; on thin soil over sandstone; creek, lincoln, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. *cladonia fimbriata (l.) fr. [possibly, but not known from oklahoma; these reports more likely refer to the c. chlorophaea complex (see previous entry] is represented by keck 388 on thin soil over sandstone, three miles south of chandler in lincoln county. *cladonia subcariosa nyl. [= c. polycarpoides nyl.] is represented by keck 26 on shaded soil, two miles east of cleveland, in osage county, and by keck 392c and 663b in lincoln and pawnee counties, respectively. *cladonia subtenuis (des abbayes) evans [(abbayes) mattick] is represented by keck 847 on slightly shaded soil, 12 miles north of pawhuska in osage county. *cladonia uncialis (l.) web. [(l.) f.h.wigg.] is represented by keck 1054 on slightly shaded soil, 12 miles north of pawhuska in osage county. acarosporaceae sarcogyne clavus (ram.) krmph. is represented by keck 29 on sandstone, two miles east of cleveland, in osage county, and by keck 465, 289, 359, 540, 595, and 674 in creek, garfield, lincoln, logan, noble, and pawnee counties, respectively. *sarcogyne pruinosa (sm.) kbr. [=s. regularis körber.] is represented by keck 725 on sandstone, seven miles east of fairfax in osage county, and by keck 271 and 1073 on limestone, in garfield and grant counties, respectively. sarcogyne simplex (dav.) nyl. [= polysporina simplex davies) vězda]; on sandstone; logan county. acarospora citrina (tayl.) zahl.; on sandstone; creek, garfield, lincoln, logan, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. 24 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. *acarospora fuscata (nyl.) arn. [(schrader) arnold] is represented by keck 82 on limestone, five miles west of skiatook, and keck 2 on sandstone, two miles east of cleveland, both in osage county, and keck 1033, 659, and 642 in lincoln, pawnee, and payne counties respectively. *acarospora smaragdula (wh.) th. fr. is represented by keck 40 on sandstone, two miles east of cleveland, in osage county, and by keck 368 and 653 in lincoln and pawnee counties, respectively. pertusariaceae *pertusaria leioplaca (ach.)dc. [dc.; this report may include or consist of p. paratuberculifera dibben, which is locally common on hardwoods in the eastern portion of the study area] is represented by keck 13 on blackjack oak, two miles east of cleveland, in osage county, and by keck 464, 382, 573, and 611 on various woody species in creek, lincoln, noble, and payne counties, respectively. pertusaria multipuncta (turn.) nyl.; [= p. multipunctoides diben] on blackjack oak, post oak, and hickory; creek, lincoln, osage, and payne counties. pertusaria pertusa (l.) tuck.[north american reports of this taxon are based on misidentifications; several pre-1980 missouri specimens determined as this species are actually p. plittiana erichsen, and the sandstone substrate cited here indicates a similar possibility]; on sandstone; creek and payne counties. *pertusaria pustulata (ach.) duby is represented by keck 415 on post oak, three and one-half miles east of shamrock in creek county, and by keck 368, 128, 669, and 269 on various woody species in lincoln, osage, pawnee, and payne counties respectively. *pertusaria velata (turn.) nyl. is represented by keck 1028 on sandstone, one mile northwest of ripley in payne county. lecanoraceae lecanora atra (huds.) ach. [= tephromela atra (huds.) hafellner]; on sandstone; creek county. *lecanora calcarea (l.)smrft. [=aspicilia calcarea (l.) mudd; local reports may include or consist of a. contorta (hoffm.) kremp.) is represented by keck 66 on limestone, five miles west of skiatook, in osage county, and by keck 270, 1070, 531, 558, and 905 in garfield, grant, logan, noble, and pawnee counties, respectively. *lecanora dispersa (pers.) rohl. [= (pers.) sommerf.] is represented by keck 240 on cement, three miles southwest of hillsdale in garfield county, and by keck 538, 582, and 728 on sandstone, in logan, noble, and osage counties respectively. oklahoma native plant record 25 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. lecanora hageni ach.; [= l. hagenii (ach.) ach.]on hickory, hackberry, persimmon, pecan (carya illinoensis), red cedar, and various oaks; creek, kay, lincoln, noble, and payne counties. *lecanora melaena (hedl.) fink is represented by keck 38 on sandstone, two miles east of cleveland, in osage county. lecanora muralis (schreb.) rabh.; on sandstone and limestone; creek, garfield, kay, logan, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. *lecanora piniperda kbr. [brodo et al. (2001) restrict the range of this taxon to boreal north america and the rocky mountains] is represented by keck 414 on post oak, three and onehalf miles southwest of avery in lincoln county, and by keck 853 on redbud, 12 miles north of pawhuska in osage county. *lecanora rubina (vill.) ach. [= rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (sm.) zopf] is represented by keck 117 on sandstone, 12 miles north of pawhuska in osage county, and by keck 948 and 686 in noble and pawnee counties, respectively. lecanora subfusca (l.) ach. [= l. allophana nyl., but probably refers to l. hybocarpa (tuck.) brodo]; on hackberry, persimmon, red oak, hickory, redbud, ash (fraxinus americana), and red cedar; creek, kay, lincoln, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. lecanora varia (ehrh.) ach.[(hoffm.) ach.; almost certainly refers to l. strobilina (sprengel.) keiffer]; on hickory, persimmon, post oak, plum (prunus sp.), birch (betula nigra), redbud, ash, and cedar; creek, kay, lincoln, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. *lecania californica (zahl.) fink is represented by keck 71 on limestone, five miles west of skiatook, in osage county. *lecania perproxima (nyl.)zahl. is represented by keck 1015 on sandstone, one-half mile west of meridian in logan county. *candelariella vitellina (ehrh.) mull arg. [(hoffm.) műll. arg.]; on sandstone; creek, garfield, lincoln, logan, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. *candelariella xanthostigma (pers.) lett. [(ach.) lettau] is represented by keck 188 over physcia sp. on cottonwood, two miles south of lamont in grant county. parmeliaceae candelaria concolor (dicks.) [(dicks.) stein.] arn. var. concolor; on elm, soapberry, (sapindus drummondii), red cedar, hackberry, willow, birch, mulberry (morus rubra), post oak, and blackjack oak; creek, garfield, grant, kingfisher, logan, noble, and osage counties. 26 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. *candelaria concolor (dicks.) arn. var. effuse (tuck.) merr. & burnh. is represented by keck 982 on willow, three miles southeast of hillsdale in garfield county, and by keck 323 on elm and 899 on bois-d’arc in logan and pawnee counties, respectively. candelaria fibrosa (fr.) mull. arg.; on most woody species and on sandstone; creek, garfield, grant, kay, kingfisher, lincoln, logan, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. parmelia bolliana mull. arg.; [= punctelia bolliana (műll. arg.) krog and/or punctelia graminicola (de lesd.) egan]; on most woody species and on sandstone; creek, garfield, grant, kay, kingfisher, lincoln, logan, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. parmelia caperata (l.) ach.; [= flavoparmelia caperata (l.) hale and/or f. baltimorensis (gyeln. & fơriss.) hale; blackjack oak, sandstone, and thin soil overlying sandstone; creek, lincoln, osage, and payne counties. parmelia conspersa (ehrh.)ach.[= xanthoparmelia conspersa (ach.) hale; may refer to other isidiate taxa of xanthoparmelia, with a dark lower cortex, such as x. mexicana (gyeln.) hale]; on sandstone; creek and osage counties. *parmelia haitiensis (hale)[= parmotrema hatiense (hale) hale] is represented by keck 944 on sandstone, four miles northeast of ripley in payne county, and by keck 418, 348, and 841 on post oak or black jack in creek, lincoln, and osage counties, respectively. parmelia isidiata (anzi) gyel.; on sandstone; logan, noble, and pawnee counties. parmelia obsessa (ach.); [= myelochroa obsessa (ach.) elix & hale]; on sandstone; creek county. parmelia reticulate (tayl.)[= parmotrema reticulatum (taylor) m. choisy]; on blackjack oak, post oak, redbud, elm, red cedar, and sandstone; creek, kay, kingfisher, lincoln, logan, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. parmelia rudecta ach. [punctelia rudecta (ach.) krog; may also include punctelia missouriensis g. wilh. & ladd]; on blackjack oak and sandstone; lincoln, osage, and payne counties. parmelia stenophylla (achl.) heug. [= xanthoparmelia viriduloumbrina (gyeln.) lendemer]; on sandstone; osage county. caloplacaceae *caloplaca arizonica rudolph non magn. [possibly c. subsoluta (nyl.) zahlbr.] is represented by keck 94 on sandstone, two miles north of barnsdall in osage county, and by keck 1007 and 813 in logan and pawnee counties, respectively. caloplaca aurantiaca (lightf.) th. fr.[= c. flavorubescens (huds.) j.r. laundon]; on most woody species; creek, garfield, grant, kay, oklahoma native plant record 27 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. kingfisher, lincoln, logan, noble, osage, and payne counties. caloplaca cerina (ehrh.) th. fr.; on elm and cottonwood; garfield and grant counties. *caloplaca chrysophthalma degel. [while this taxon is frequent in the region, it is a corticolous species] is represented by keck 462, 748,835,689, and 308 on various woody species in creek, kay, osage, pawnee, and payne counties, respectively. *caloplaca dicipiens (arn.)jatta. [(arnold) blomb. & forss.] is represented by keck 583 and 597 on sandstone, seven miles west of perry in noble county. *caloplaca flavovirescens (wulf.) d.t. & s. is represented by keck 4 on sandstone, two miles east of cleveland, in osage county, and by keck 432, 1012, and 568 from creek, lincoln, and noble counties, respectively. *caloplaca lobulata (floerke) hellb. [(flörke) de lesd.]is represented by keck 92 on sandstone, two miles north of barnsdall in osage county, and by keck 376, 527, and 814 from lincoln, logan, and pawnee counties, respectively. *caloplaca microphylina (tuck.) hasse is represented by keck 278 on mulberry, eight miles north of garber in garfield county, and by keck 220, 757, 510, 410, and 576, primarily on fence posts and dead wood, in grant, kay, kingfisher, lincoln, and noble counties, respectively. caloplaca murorum (hoffm.) th. fr.; [= c. saxicola (hoffm.) nordin (may represent misidentification)] on sandstone and limestone; garfield, osage, and payne counties. *caloplaca ulmorum fink [(fink) fink] is represented by keck 233 on cottonwood, three miles southeast of hillsdale in garfield county, and by keck 178, 746, 521, 417, and 155 on elm, cottonwood, and dead wood in grant, kay kingfisher, logan, and osage counties, respectively. teloschistaceae (30) teloschistes chrysophthalmus (l.) th. fr.; on various woody species especially dead twigs; creek, garfield, grant, kay, kingfisher, lincoln, logan, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. xanthoria candelaria (l.) arn. [possibly xanthomendoza fulva (hoffm.) søchting or xanthomendoza fallax (hepp) søchting]; on various woody species, especially bark of dead trees; creek, garfield, grant, kay, kingfisher, lincoln, logan, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. 28 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. buelliaceae (22) *buellia alboatra (hoffm.) th. fr.[= diplotomma alboatrum (hoffm.) flotow, possibly including or consisting of d. venustum (körber) körber] is represented by keck 1079 on limestone, six miles northwest of renfrow in grant county, and by keck 1065 in garfield county. imshaug (22) lists this species as occurring in several northeastern and midwestern states extending no farther south than colorado. *buellia novomexicana b. de lesd. [= b. tyrolensis körber] is represented by keck 2 on sandstone, two miles east of cleveland, in osage county, and by keck 593 on sandstone and 86 on limestone in noble and osage counties, respectively. buellia punctata (hoffm.) mass. [= amandinea punctata (hoffm.) coppins & scheid.]; on sandstone and dead wood; garfield, grant, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. *buellia retrovertens tuck. is represented by keck 581 on sandstone, seven miles west of perry in noble county, and by keck 675 from pawnee county. imshaug (22) lists this species as occurring from texas, new mexico, and colorado westward to the coast. *buellia schaereri dnot. [may represent misidentifications; this is a boreal taxon that is restricted to coniferous substrates (possibly amandinea sp.?)] is represented by keck 509 and 513 on dead wood, one-half mile south of loyal, in kingfisher county. imshaug (22) lists this species as boreal, and reported only from states bordering canada. buellia spuria (schaer.) anzi; on sandstone; osage county. *buellia stigmaea tuck. [= b. maculate bungartz?] is represented by keck 882 on sandstone, two miles east of cleveland, in osage county, and by keck 439 and 711 in creek county. imshaug (22) lists this species from several southern states but not farther west than missouri. *buellia vilis th.fr. is represented by keck 67 on limestone, five miles west of skiatook, in osage county. imshaug (22) lists this species only from north dakota and colorado. rinodina oreina (ach.) mass. [=dimelaena oreina (ach.) norman]; on sandstone; osage and pawnee counties. physciaceae (23) *pyxine caesiopruinosa (tuck.) imshaug [possibly p. subcinerea stirton] is represented by keck 702 on red oak, five miles southeast of oilton, in creek county. imshaug (23) lists this species as occurring only from several gulf coast states. oklahoma native plant record 29 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. physcia aipolia (ehrh.) hampe [(ehrh. ex humb.) fűrnr.]; on various woody species; garfield, grant, kay, kingfisher, lincoln, logan, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. physcia ciliata (hoffm.) dr.[= phaeophyscia ciliata (hoffm.) moberg]; on soapberry, elm, cottonwood, post oak, and ash; garfield, grant, kay, lincoln, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. physcia elaeina (sm.) a. l. sm. [= hyperphyscia adglutinata (flörke) h. mayrhofer & poelt]; on cottonwood and hickory; garfield, grant, and osage counties physcia grisea (lam.) zahl. [probably physconia leucoleiptes (tuck.) essl.]; on blackjack oak, post oak, hickory, and elm; creek, lincoln, noble, and osage counties. *physcia halei thomson is represented by keck 816 on sandstone, eight miles north of morrison, in pawnee county, and by keck 115, 134, and 875 from osage county. physcia millegrana degel.; on birch; osage county. physcia orbicularis (neck.) poetsch. [= phaeophyscia orbicularis (necker) moberg, but probably other sorediate species including p. adiastola (essl.) essl, p. insignis ) mereschk.) moberg, p. pusilloides (zahlbr.) essl. or p. rubropulchra (degel.) essl.]; on various woody species and limestone; creek, garfield, kay, kingfisher, logan, noble, osage, and payne counties. physcia stellaris (l.) nyl.; on various woody species and sandstone; creek, garfield, kay, kingfisher, lincoln, logan, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. *physcia syncolla tuck. [= hyperphyscia syncolla (tuck ex nyl.) kalb] is represented by keck 1041 on hackberry, one mile west of mounds in creek county, and by keck 197, 737, 480, 383, 319, 556, 156, 645, and 635 on various woody species from garfield, grant, kay, kingfisher, lincoln, logan, noble, osage, pawnee, and payne counties, respectively. physcia teretiuscula (ach.) lynge [= p. dubia (hoffm.) lettau; possibly speerschneidera euploca (tuck.) trevisan or physcia subtilis degel.]; on sandstone; creek county. physcia tribacoides nyl.; [possibly p. americana g. merr.] on post oak, blackjack oak, elm, hackberry, persimmon, red cedar, and sandstone; creek, grant, kay, lincoln, logan, osage, and payne counties. anaptychia granulifera (ach.) mass.; [= heterodermia granulifera (ach.) w.l. culb.] on post oak; osage county. anaptychia heterochroa vain.[= heterodermia obscurata (nyl.) trevisan]; on various oaks, hickory, and sandstone; creek, lincoln, osage, pawnee, and payne counties. 30 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. anaptychia hypoleuca (muhl.) vain. [= heterodermia hypoleuca (muhl.) trevisan]; on post oak and red oak; creek and osage counties. anaptychia speciosa (wulf.) mass. [= heterodermia speciosa (wulfen) trevisan]; on sandstone; payne county. lichenes imperfecti leprariaceae *lepraria chlorina ach. [= chrysothrix chlorina (ach.) j.r. laundon, but probably chrysothrix candelaris (l.) j.r. laundon] is represented by keck 1052 on birch, in osage hills state park in osage county. *crocynia membranacea (dicks.) zahl. [probably lepraria lobificans nyl.] is represented by keck 307 on post oak, one mile north of coyle in payne county, and by keck 422, 353, 315, 562, and 140 on various oaks or sandstones from creek, lincoln, logan, noble, and osage counties, respectively. selected bibliography *general works not cited in text 1. asahina, y. 1954. chemistry of lichen substances. tokyo. 2. berry, e. c. 1941. a monograph of the genus parmelia in north america, north of mexico ann. mo. bot. gard. 28:31-146. 3. bruner, w. e. 1931. the vegetation of oklahoma. ecological monographs. 1:100-188. *4. culberson, william l. 1955. a guide to the literature on the lichen flora and vegetation of the united states. u.s.d.a. agri. res. service. plant disease epidemics and identification section. beltsville, md. special publication 7:1-54. 5. degelius, gunnar. 1954. the lichen genus collema in europe. symb. bot. upsal. 12 (2):1-499. 6. evans, a. w. 1930. the cladoniae of connecticut. trans. conn. acad. arts and sciences. 30:357-510. 7. fearing, o. s. 1952. preliminary study of the taxonomy and ecology of kansas lichens. univ. kans. sci. bull. 35:543575. 8. fink, bruce. 1911. the nature and classification of lichens—i. views and arguments of botanists concerning classification. mycologia. 3:231-269. 9. fink, bruce. 1913. the nature and classification of lichens—ii. the lichen and its algal host. mycologia. 5:97-166. 10. fink, bruce. 1935. the lichen flora of the united states. univ. of mich. press, ann arbor. 11. hale, mason e., jr. 1952. studies on the lichen rinodina oreina in north america. bull. tor. bot. cl. 79:251-259. 12. hale, mason e., jr. 1955. xanthoparmelia in north america i. the parmelia conspersa-stenophylla group. bull. tor. bot. cl. 82:9-21. 13. hale, mason e., jr. and william l. culberson. 1956. a checklist of the lichens of the united states, canada, and alaska. castenea. 21:73-105. oklahoma native plant record 31 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. 14. hale, mason e, jr. 1956. chemical strains of the parmelia conspersa-stenophylla group in south central united states. bull. tor. bot. cl. 83:218220. 15. hale, mason e., jr. 1956. a note on lichenes americani exsiccati, fascicle i. the bryologist. 59:41-43. 16. hale, mason e., jr. 1957. corticolous lichen flora of the ozark mountains. trans. kans. acad. sci. 60:155-160. 17. hale, mason e., jr. 1957. lichen handbook. smithsonian institution washington, d. c. 18. hale, mason e., jr. 1958. the status of usnea diplotypus in north america. the bryologist. 61:247-248. 19. hale, mason e., jr. 1959. new or interesting species of parmelia in north america. the bryologist. 62:20-21. 20. hedrick, joyce. 1930. lichens from the state of oklahoma. papers mich. acad. sci., arts, and letters. 12:101-110. 21. howard, grace e. 1950. lichens of the state of washington. univ. of wash. press, seattle. 22. imshaug, h. a. 1951. the lichen-forming species of the genus buellia in the united states and canada. univ. microfilms publ. 2607, ann arbor, michigan. 23. imshaug, h. a. 1957. the lichen genus pyxine in north and middle america. trans. amer. micros. soc. 76:246269. 24. luttrell, e. s. 1954. the cladoniaceae of virginia. lloydia. 17:275-306. 25. nearing, g. g. 1947. the lichen book. published by the author, ridgewood, new jersey. 26. oosting, h.j. and l. e. anderson. 1937. the vegetation of a barefaced cliff in western north carolina. ecology. 18:280292. 27. schneider, albert. 1897. a text-book of general lichenology. wm. n. clute and company, binghamton. 28. smith, annie l. 1921. lichens. cambridge univ. press, cambridge. 29. snyder, l.c. 1917. geography of oklahoma. okla. geol. survey. bull. 27:1-325. 30. thomson, john w., jr. 1949.the teloschistaceae of wisconsinpapers on wisconsin lichens iii. amer. midl. nat. 41:1-68. 31. thomson, john w., jr. 1950. the species of peltigera of north america, north of mexico. amer. midl. nat. 44:1-68. 32. united states department of agriculture. 1941. yearbook of agriculture. climate and man. (washington, d. c.) gov’t. printing office: 1165-1174. 33. weaver, john e. and frederick e. clements. 1938. plant ecology. mcgrawhill book co., new york: 66-68. 34. wolfe, john n. 1940. a catalog of the lichens of ohio. ohio biol. sur. bull. 36:1-50. *35. zahlbruckner, a. 192240. catalogus lichenus universalis. leipzig. 10 vol. 32 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. table i species occurrency by counties c r e e k g a r f i e l d g r a n t k a y k i n g f i s h e r l i n c o l n l o g a n n o b l e o s a g e p a w n e e p a y n e acarospora citrine x x x x x x x x a. fuscata x x x x x a.smaragdula x x x allarthonia caesia x x anaptychia granulifera x a. heterochroa x x x x x a. hypoleuca x x a. speciosa x bacidia granosa x b. umbrina x buellia alboatra x x b. novomexicana x x x b. punctata x x x x x b. retrovertens x x b. schaereri x b. spuria x b. stigmaea x x c g g k k l l n o p p oklahoma native plant record 33 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. b. vilis x caloplaca arizonica x x x c. aurantiaca x x x x x x x x x x c. cerina x x c. chrysophthalma x x x x x x c. decipiens x c. flavovirescens x x x x c. lobulata x x x x c. microphylina x x x x x x c. murorum x x x c. ulmorum x x x x x x candelaria concolor var. concolor x x x x x x x c. concolor var. effusa x x x c. fibrosa x x x x x x x x x x x candelariella vitellina x x x x x x x c. xanthostigma x cladonia apodocarpa x x c g g k k l l n o p p 34 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. c. capitata x x x x x c. chlorophaea x x x x x c. fimbriata x c. subcariosa x x x c. subtenuis x c. uncialis x coccocarpia cronia x collema conglomeratum x x x x c. subfurvum x x x x crocynia membranacea x x x x x x dermatocarpon hepaticum x x x d. miniatum x x d. tuckermani x diploschistes actinostomus x x x x x x x d. scruposus var. scruposus x x x x d. scruposus var. bryophila x x endocarpon pusillum x x graphis scripta x x c g g k k l l n o p p oklahoma native plant record 35 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. heppia hassei x x x lecania californica x l. perproxima x lecanora atra x l. calcarea x x x x x x x l. dispersa x x x x x l. hageni x x x x x l. melaena x l. muralis x x x x x x x x l. piniperda x x l. rubina x x x l. subfusca x x x x l. varia x x x x x x lecidea decipiens x x x l. rufonigra x x l. russellii x x x l. tesselina x 36 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. c r e e k g a r f i e l d g r a n t k a y k i n g f i s h e r l i n c o l n l o g a n n o b l e o s a g e p a w n e e p a y n e lepraria chlorine x leptogium chloromelum x x l. cyanescens x parmelia bolliana x x x x x x x x x x x p. caperata x x x x p. conspersa x x p. haitiensis x x x x p. isidiata x x x p. obsessa x p. reticulata x x x x x x x x x p. rudecta x x x p. stenophylla x peltigera canine x x x pertusaria leioplaca x x x x x x p. multipuncta x x x x p. pertusa x x p. pustulata x x x x x p. velata x c g g k k l l n o p p oklahoma native plant record 37 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. physcia aipolia x x x x x x x x x x p. ciliata x x x x x x x x p. elaeina x x x p. grisea x x x x p. halei x x p. millegrana x p. orbicularis x x x x x x x x p. stellaris x x x x x x x x x x p. subtilis x x p. syncolla x x x x x x x x x x x p. teretiuscula x p. tribacoides x x x x x x x placynthium nigrum x x x pyxine caesiopruinosa x rinodina oreina x x sarcogyne clavus x x x x x x x s. pruinosa x x x c r e g a r g r a k a y k i n l i n l o g n o b o s a p a w p a y 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. s. simplex x staurothele diffractella x s. umbrina x teloschistes chrysophthalmus x x x x x x x x x x x verrucaria calsiceda x v. nigrescens x x xanthoria candelaria x x x x x x x x x x x total species 44 29 24 21 19 45 32 33 77 41 42 oklahoma native plant record 39 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. table ii tabular view of the families families genera species and subordinate taxa verrucariaceae 2 4 dermatocarpaceae 2 4 arthoniaceae 1 1 graphidaceae 1 1 diploschistaceae 1 3 collemaceae 2 4 heppiaceae 1 1 pannariaceae 2 2 peltigeraceae 1 1 lecideaceae 2 6 cladoniaceae 1 7 acarosporaceae 2 6 pertusariaceae 1 5 lecanoraceae 3 14 parmeliaceae 2 12 caloplacaceae 1 10 teloschistaceae 2 2 buelliaceae 2 9 physciaceae 3 17 leprariaceae 2 2 totals 20 34 111 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. oklahoma native plant record 41 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. taxonomic treatment keys to various taxa key to classes, orders, and families 1. thallus of more or less definite form, usually with ascocarps. ascolichenes 1. thallus of entangled hyphae, without ascocarps . . . . . . lichenes imperfecti ascolichenes 1. hymenium produced in a perithecium . . . . . . .pyrenulales 1. hymenium produced in an apothecium 2. thallus rudimentary; apothecia irregular, linear or oblong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hysteriales 2. thallus commonly well developed; apothecia more or less round or cuplike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lecanorales pyrenulales 1. thallus crustose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . verrucariaceae 1. thallus squamulose or foliose. . . . . . . dermatocarpaceae hysteriales 1. apothecia without an exciple . . . . . . . . .arthonicaceae 1. apothecia with an exciple. . . . . . . . . . . graphidaceae lecanorales 1. phycobiont a species of myxophyceae 2. thallus squamulose to foliose, taking its form from that of the phycobiont . . . . . . . . . . . . . .collemaceae 2. thallus foliose to granulose; not taking its form from the phycobiont 3. thallus large, plainly foliose . . . . . peltigeraceae 3. thallus smaller, somewhat foliose to granulose 4. spores many per ascus . . . . . . . . . heppiaceae 4. spores 8 per ascus . . . . . . . . . . pannariaceae 1. phycobiont a species of chlorophyceae 5. apothecia with both thalloid and proper exciples. . . . diploschistaceae 5. apothecia with either thalloid or proper exciple, but not with both 6. thallus two-fold, having both squamules and podetia. . cladoniaceae 6. thallus otherwise 7. spores brown 8. thallus crustose to scaly . . . . . . buelliaceae 8. thallus foliose . . . . . . . . . . . physciaceae 7. spores hyaline 9. spores very large, commonly up to 200 microns oklahoma native plant record 43 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pertusariaceae 9. spores smaller 10. thallus plainly foliose to fruticose 11. thallus generally small, yellowish in color teloschistaceae 11. thallus larger, not yellowish. parmeliaceae 10. thallus crustose to squamulose, or near foliose 12. spores minute, many per ascus . . . . . . . acarosporaceae 12. spores larger, usually eight per ascus 13. apothecia with proper exciple . . . . . . lecideaceae 13. apothecia with thalloid exciple 14. apothecia usually yellowish, spores usually one-septate with cells polar caloplacaceae 14. apothecia rarely yellowish, spores non-septate, septate, or muriform, but not polar . . . . . . . . lecanoraceae lichenes imperfecti the only family representing this group is leprariaceae. 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. key to genera and species pyrenulales verrucariaceae 1. spores non-septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. verrucaria 1. spores muriform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. staurothele 1. verrucaria 1. thallus grayish-white . . . . . . . . . . . . v. calciseda 1. thallus brownish or greenish to black . . . . v. nigrescens 2. staurothele 1. spores two per ascus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s. umbrina 1. spores eight per ascus . . . . . . . . . . .s. diffractella dermatocarpaceae 1. spores non-septate . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. dermatocarpon 1. spores muriform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. endocarpon 1. dermatocarpon 1. thallus umbilicate, foliose . . . . . . . . . . d. miniatum 1. thallus adnate, squamulose 2. squamules round with elevated margins, not contiguous d. hepaticum 2. squamules lobed and overlapping. . . . . . d. tuckermani 2. endocarpon the only species representing this genus is e. pusillum. hysteriales arthoniaceae the only genus representing this family is allarthonia and the only species is a. caesia. graphidaceae the only genus representing this family is graphis and the only species is g. scripta. lecanorales collemaceae 1. cortex of interwoven hyphae. . . . . . . . . . . 1. collema 2. cortex plectenchymatous. . . . . . . . . . . . 2. leptogium 1. collema 1. thallus isidiate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c. subfurvum 2. thallus without isidia . . . . . . . . . . c. conglomeratum 2. leptogium 1. thallus brown to black, lobes crenate. . . . l. chloromelum 2. thallus bluish-slate colored, lobes entire . . l. cyanescens oklahoma native plant record 45 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. heppiaceae the only genus representing this family is heppia and the only species is h. hassei. pannariaceae 1. thallus with lower cortex wanting. . . . . . 1. placynthium 1. thallus with lower cortex. . . . . . . . . . 2. coccocarpia 1. placynthium the only species representing this genus is p. nigrum. 2. coccocarpia the only species representing this genus is c. cronia. peltigeraceae the only genus representing this family is peltigera and the only species is p. canina. diploschistaceae the only genus representing this family is diploschistes. 1. proper exciple thick, radiately striate. . .d. actinostomus 1. proper exciple thin, minutely toothed 2. apothecia often 1 mm across, on soil and rocks. . . . . d. scruposus var. scuposus 2. apothecia usually 0.3 mm or less, on moss and cladonia sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . d. scruposus var. bryophila lecideaceae 1. spores non-septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. lecidea 1. spores septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. bacidia 1. lecidea 1. thallus crustose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l. tesselina 1. thallus squamulose 2. squamules brownish to green on the edge . . l. rufonigra 2. squamules whitish on the edge 3. apothecia blackish. . . . . . . . . . . . l. decipiens 3. apothecia reddish-brown . . . . . . . . . l. russellii 2. bacidia 1. spores acicular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. umbrina 1. spores fusiform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. granosa cladoniaceae the only genus representing this family is cladonia. 1. podetia extremely short or absent. . . . . . c. apodocarpa 1. podetia longer 2. podetia repeatedly branched, squamules evanescent 3. podetia dichotomously branched. . . . . . c. subtenuis 3. podetia variously branched, but not dichotomous. . . . c. uncialis 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. 2. podetia little branched, squamules persistent. 4. podetia cup-shaped or trumpet-shaped 5. podetia granular. . . . . . . . . . c. chlorophaea 5. podetia with fine, dusty soredia . . . c. fimbriata 4. podetia not forming cups 6. fruits at least twice as broad as the podetia. . . c. capitata 6. fruits barely broader than the podetia . . . . . c. subcariosa acarosporaceae 1. apothecia with thalloid exciple . . . . . . . 1. acarospora 1. apothecia with proper exciple . . . . . . . . 2. sarcogyne 1. acarospora 1. thallus whitish-yellow to green. . . . . . . . a. citrina 1. thallus brown 2. aeroles lobed, margins elevated . . . . . . a. fuscata 2. aeroles entire, margins depressed . . . . a. smaragdula 2. sarcogyne 1. apothecia pruinose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s. pruinosa 1. apothecia not pruinose 2. apothecia 0.2-1.0 mm. across, red when wet. . s. simplex 2. apothecia 0.7-2.0 mm. across, not red when wet s. clavus pertusariaceae the only genus representing this family is pertusaria. 1. spores four per ascus. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. leioplaca 1. spores one or two per ascus 2. fruiting knobs sorediate . . . . . . . . .p. multipuncta 2. fruiting knobs esorediate 3. fruiting knobs postulate, some finally opening into a disk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. pustulata 3. fruiting knobs not postulate, or if postulate, then not opening into a disk 4. spores one per ascus. . . . . . . . . . p. velata 4. spores two per ascus. . . . . . . . . . p. pertusa lecanoraceae 1. thallus yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. candelariella 1. thallus not yellow 2. spores aseptate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. lecanora 2. spores septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. lecania 1. candelariella 1. thallus persistent; on rocks. . . . . . . . . c. vitellina 1. thallus evanescent; on trees. . . . . . . . c. xanthostigma oklahoma native plant record 47 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. 2. lecanora 1. epithecia intensely black . . . . . . . . . . . . . l. atra 1. epithecia variously colored, but not black 2. thallus aerolate to squamulose. . . . . . . . .l. rubina 2. thallus crustose or near-foliose 3. thallus near-foliose. . . . . . . . . . . . l. muralis 3. thallus crustose 4. apothecia 0.1-0.25 mm. across. . . . . l. piniperda 4. apothecia somewhat larger to much larger 5. apothecia pruinose 6. spores subglobose, 9-15 microns wide . . . . . l. calcarea 6. spores ellipsoid, 406 microns wide . . . . . . l. hageni 5. apothecia not pruinose 7. apothecia yellowish to greenish . . . . . . . . l. varia 7. apothecia light brown or darker 8. thallus evanescent . . . . . . . . . . . . l. dispersa 8. thallus persistent 9. apothecia light brown, exciples persistent. . . . . l. subfusca 9. apothecia dark brown to blackish, exciples often disappearing. . . . . . . l. melaena 3. lecania 1. apothecia pruinose . . . . . . . . . . . . . l. californica 1. apothecia not pruinose . . . . . . . . . . . l. perproxima parmeliaceae 1. thallus and apothecia yellow; spores many per ascus. . . . 1. candelaria 1. thallus and apothecia rarely yellow; spores eight per ascus 2. parmelia 1. candelaria 1. exciple fibrillose below. . . . . . . . . . . . .c. fibrosa 1. exciple not fibrillose 2. thallus reduced to granulose squamules, or passing into a powdery crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c. concolor var. effusa 2. thallus granulose on margins only . . . . . . . c. concolor var. concolor 2. parmelia 1. soredia present 2. medulla yellowish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. obsessa 2. medulla white 3. soredia on upper surface . . . . . . . . . p. caperata 3. soredia marginal . . . . . . . . . . . . p. reticulata 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. 1. soredia absent 4. isidia present 5. thallus yellowish-green. . . . . . . . . . p. isidiata 5. thallus bluish or gray 6. upper surface with white dots . . . . . p. rudecta 6. upper surface without white dots. . . p. haitiensis 4. isidia absent 7. thallus yellowish-green 8. thallus tightly adnate . . . . . . . . p. conspersa 8. thallus loosely attached . . . . . . p. stenophylla 7. thallus bluish to gray. . . . . . . . . . . p. borreri caloplacaceae the only genus representing this family is caloplaca. 1. thallus sorediate 2. soredia dull orange to blackish. . . . . c. microphylina 2. soredia yellow 3. thallus smooth and continuous . . . c. chrysophthalma 3. thallus distinctly aerolate . . . . . . . c. decipiens 1. thallus esorediate 4. thallus lobed at the margins 5. exciple moderately thick and somewhat elevated. . . . c. murorum 5. exciple thin and not elevated. . . . . . . c. lobulata 4. thallus not lobed at the margins 6. apothecia yellow, exciples whitish . . . . c. ulmorum 6. apothecia orange, exciple dull gray to yellow-green or orange 7. exciple distinctly yellowish-green. . c. aurantiaca 7. exciple gray or orange 8. exciple gray, thallus well developed, areolate. . c. arizonica 8. exciple orange, thallus scanty 9. apothecia crowded, angular, spores slightly curved. . . . . . . . . . . . c. flavovirescens 9. apothecia scattered, circular, spores not curved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c. cerina teloschistaceae 1. thallus fruticose. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. teloschistes 1. thallus foliose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. xanthoria 1. teloschistes the only species representing this genus is t.chrysophthalmus. 2. xanthoria the only species representing this genus is x. candelaria. oklahoma native plant record 49 volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. buelliaceae 1. apothecia with proper exciples . . . . . . . . . 1. buellia 1. apothecia with thalloid exciples . . . . . . . 2. rinodina 1. buellia 1. spores three-septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. alboatra 1. spores one-septate 2. thallus of well-developed areoles 3. areoles olive-brown. . . . . . . . . .b. novomexicana 3. areoles greenish-gray to ashy 4. hypothallus scanty or obsolete. . . b. retrovertens 4. hypothallus black, prominent 5. exciple white initially, then turning darker. . . b. stigmaea 5. exciple black. . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. spuria 2. thallus not areolate 6. hypothecium colorless. . . . . . . . . . . . b. vilis 6. hypothecium brownish 7. hymenium colorless throughout. . . . . b. schaereri 7. hymenium brown above. . . . . . . . . . b. punctata 2. rinodina the only species representing this genus is r. oreina. physciaceae 1. medulla yellow to salmon-colored. . . . . . . . . . .pyxine 1. medulla white 2. lower cortex well developed. . . . . . . . . . . physcia 2. lower cortex poorly developed or wanting. . . anaptychia 1. pyxine the only species representing this genus is p. caesiopruinosa. 2. physcia 1. thallus esorediate 2. thallus tightly adnate throughout. . . . . p. syncolla 2. thallus loosely adnate 3. lobe tips thin and somewhat elevated . . p. aipolia 3. lobe tips thickened and turned down 4. whitish to gray, apothecia usually pruinose, on trees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. stellaris 4. dark gray to blackish, apothecia not pruinose, on rocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. halei 1. thallus sorediate 5. soredia in capitate patches on the upper surface 6. thallus under two cm. across, brownish, appearing crustose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. elaeina 6. thallus up to five cm. across, grayish, definitely foliose 7. soredia white to pale blue . . . . . p. tribacoides 7. soredia grayish-green. . . . . . . . p. orbicularis 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 keck, d.w. 5. soredia along margins, and sometimes on the upper surface, but not in capitate patches 8. thallus pruinose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. grisea 8. thallus not pruinose 9. lobes thin, flat, and often raised at the margins p. millegrana 9. lobes more or less rounded over the top with tips touching the substrate . . . . . . . . p. subtilis 3. anaptychia 1. thallus sorediate 2. hypothallus distinctly yellow. . . . . . a. heterochroa 2. hypothallus gray to blackish . . . . . . . . a. speciosa 1. thallus esorediate 3. thallus isidiate . . . . . . . . . . . . a. granulifera 3. thallus without isidia. . . . . . . . . . . a. hypoleuca lichenes imperfecti leprariaceae 1. thallus often zonate, grayish-green . . . . . . 1. crocynia 1. thallus never zonate, bright yellow . . . . . . 2. lepraria 1. crocynia the only species representing this genus is c. membranacea. 2. lepraria the only species representing this genus is l. chlorine. journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 7, number 1, december 2007 issn 1536-7738 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society volume 7, number 1, december 2007 1 oklahoma native plant record journal of the oklahoma native plant society 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 volume 7, number 1, december 2007 issn 1536-7738 managing editor: sheila strawn technical editor: patricia folley technical advisor: bruce hoagland cd-rom producer: chadwick cox website: http://www.usao.edu/~onps/ the purpose of onps is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of oklahoma. membership in onps shall be open to any person who supports the aims of the society. onps offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2007 officers and board members president: kim shannon vice-president: gloria caddell secretary: paula shryock treasurer: mary korthase membership database: tina julich past president: constance murray board members: paul buck ron tyrl lynn michael monica macklin elfriede miller stanley rice central chapter chair: lou duke/ marilyn stewart cross-timbers chapter chair: paul richardson mycology chapter chair: clark ovrebo northeast chapter chair: sue amstutz gaillardia editor: chadwick cox harriet barclay award chair: constance taylor ann long award chair: patricia folley onps service award chair: sue amstutz historian: sharon mccain librarian: bonnie winchester website manager: chadwick cox photo poster curators: sue amstutz & marilyn stewart color oklahoma chair: tina julich conservation chair: chadwick cox field trip chair: patricia folley mailings chair: karen haworth merchandise chair: susan chambers nominating chair: paula shryock photography contest chair: tina julich publications chair: sheila strawn publicity chairs: kim shannon & marilyn stewart wildflower workshop chair: constance murray cover photo: courtesy of patricia folley. “this opuntia polyacantha was blooming away on a rocky shore on jed johnson lake in the wichita mountains wildlife refuge. the photo was taken with a nikon coolpix camera about the size of a deck of cards, and no tripod. cactus flowers are wonderful for holding still!” articles (c) the authors journal compilation (c) oklahoma native plant society except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercialsharealike4.0 international license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100049 2 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1 table of contents foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ph.d. dissertation dr. charles s. wallis updated oklahoma ozark flora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 dr. bruce w. hoagland the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site . . . . 54 osage county, oklahoma dr. bruce w. hoagland and ms. amy buthod vascular plant checklists from oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 dr. michael w. palmer the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 mr. caleb stotts, dr. michael w. palmer, and dr. kelly kindscher botanizing with larry magrath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 editorial ms. patricia folley five-year index to oklahoma native plant record . . . . . . . . . inside back cover oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 3 foreword and forward while i always look “forward” to preparing each volume for you, i haven’t always gotten the “foreword” right. in fact, the wrong word is used in the table of contents of the first four volumes. it is misspelled in both the table of contents and in the section headings of the last two volumes. ruth boyd, who has proof-read the journal with me every year since its inception in 2001 is most likely doing summersaults in her grave because i missed the error in the title for this section for 6 years in a row. i will do better. but had it not been for ruth’s keen eye and sharp editing pencil our journal would not have become the respected source of botanical research that it has. we remain indebted to her for correcting my many other errors. in this foreword to volume seven, the oklahoma native plant record mourns the passing of ruth boyd and of larry magrath, two of the society’s long-time members. larry magrath was one of our major contributers of scientific papers. had it not been for larry’s willingness to submit significant articles and encourage others to do so, we would have had a very thin journal for the first three years. both larry and ruth experienced poor health for several years, but continued to work with the record, giving me time to learn how to manage without being overwhelmed by editorial responsibilities. with the passing of ruth and larry, we will all have to step up and accept more responsibility for passing on the legacy of botanical research in oklahoma and our new staff of proof-readers will do their best to get it right. yes, it takes more than one to replace ruth. the record will always need new authors, reviewers, proof-readers and editors. if we don’t step up and do it, no one else will. it’s time for each of us, perfect or not, to move forward, doing the most and the best that we can. to build a larger legacy for oklahoma botany, one that is built on the best practices of research, we need to be open to allowing others to see our work and give us advice. with that comes responsibility. we must respect ownership of ideas. that’s why oklahoma native plant journal does not seek to own the work of our authors. we publish the articles while authors retain ownership and decide who else can use it. we believe in open sources and encourage open research. we look forward to receiving articles submitted to us in the future. in this volume bruce hoagland presents more articles based on data from the oklahoma natural heritage inventory. one gives us an updated perspective on charles s. wallis’ work vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks, which represents our historical article this year. wallis was born in 1911 and compiled this flora for his phd thesis at oklahoma state university in 1959. hoagland’s other contribution this year was done with amy buthod, as an inventory of vascular plants at the new oklahoma centennial botanical garden in osage county. as part of our goal to encourage new authors, we enthusiastically present caleb stott’s the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers. it is a review of relevant literature regarding one of oklahoma’s most endangered ecosystems. it is co-authored with mike palmer and kelly kindischer. in another article, mike palmer has also given us a great new research tool. it is a checklist for oklahoma floras. he has gathered all the known published floras of oklahoma and catalogued them in tabular form, referencing geographic, topographic, and taxonomic data to a bibliography of 85 references for oklahoma flora. with this volume, the oklahoma native plant record continues to bring you interesting and valuable scientific works which will enhance the purpose of the society, to promote the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of native plants of oklahoma. thank you for your support. sheila strawn, editor 4 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks by charles s. wallis submitted to the faculty of the graduate school of oklahoma state university in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy may, 1959 after the completion of a floristic study of cherokee county, the author saw the need for such a study of the entire oklahoma ozarks. therefore, his original collection of about 1,400 sheets was expanded to about 7,000 sheets between the years of 1953 and 1958. all of these are deposited in the herbarium of oklahoma state university. duplicates of many of these are in the author’s private museum at fort gibson, oklahoma. also, triplicates of collections made during the last two years are deposited in the herbarium of southern methodist university at dallas, texas. the author has supplemented data obtained from his own collections with those derived from 497 sheets which have been deposited in the herbarium of oklahoma state university by earlier collectors. a few stations were established for repeated collecting in order to study the seasonal changes of plant societies. these are discussed in chapter iv. prairie, hill, and valley habitats were the basis for the selection of these stations, but most of the collecting was for general distribution throughout the ozarks. monographs, revisions, and other recent taxonomic literature in the oklahoma state university library were used whenever possible in identifying the specimens. the order of listing of the families conventionally follows the engler-prantl system as delineated in the eighth edition of gray’s manual of botany (43). each species in the list is followed with the general habitats and counties in which one or more specimens were collected. those specimens which were found to be new to the state and which have been reported within the last six years are relisted in chapter v. the author wishes to express his appreciation to each of the members of his committee for their guidance and suggestions. he is especially grateful to dr. u.t. waterfall for acting as chairman of his committee, for his example as a teacher of taxonomy, and for the use of his personal card index of monographic and research literature. editor’s notes: this is wallis’ original thesis including his chapter, “ecology: general distribution” that lists species in each of his study sites by seasons. however, it does not include his “list of species and habitats”. to avoid redundancy and to make that list more useable for current biologists, its nomenclature has been updated and included in bruce hoagland’s “a checklist for the vascular flora of ozark plateau in oklahoma” that immediately follows. that checklist is marked to indicate which species wallis listed, as well as non-native species listed in the oklahoma vascular plant database for the oklahoma ozarks. charles sparkman wallis’ private library is currently housed in the bebb herbarium (okl) at the university of oklahoma, norman, ok. (ss) wallis, c.s. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100051 5 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. physical features location and area the name oarks or ozarks was taken from the contraction of the french words aux arcs and has been applied to an uplift area occupying some 40,000 square miles of arkansas, missouri, and oklahoma (79:234). this ozark region of oklahoma is in the northeastern corner of the state with natural boundaries formed by the grand (neosho) river on the west and the arkansas river on the south. there are approximately 3,351 square miles of land and 52 square miles of lakes in the oklahoma ozarks. computation by counties in square miles from general highway county maps prepared by the oklahoma department of highways is as follows: county land area lake area adair 569 0 cherokee 760 11 delaware 657 15 mayes 261 10 muskogee 114 3 ottawa 296 10 sequoyah 694 3 all of the lakes, except horseshoe lake, are of the reservoir type. they are fort gibson reservoir and lake of the cherokees on the grand river; tenkiller ferry reservoir on the illinois river; greenleaf lake on greenleaf creek; and upper and lower spavinaw lakes on spavinaw creek. geology the ozark uplift is a broad asymmetrical cone which consists of three physiological provinces (57). two of these extend into northeastern oklahoma as the springfield structural plain in the northern two-thirds of the oklahoma ozarks and the boston mountain province in the southern one—third. the salem platform is entirely in arkansas and missouri. the topography of the springfield plain is that of a deeply dissected plateau with surface cherts and limestones of the mississippian boone formation. in the boston province is a narrow belt of rugged topography formed by the northeast trending faults. the resulting fault blocks have steep escarpment faces and gentle dip slopes capped by the resistant atoka sandstones. deep valleys have been cut through the ridges by stream erosion, and the major drainage pattern is developed in the softer shales and limestone paralleling the faulting. the highest elevation in the oklahoma ozarks is a 1,750 foot contour line three miles east of muskrat mountain (48). the contrasting low area, a 400 foot contour line, is found where the arkansas river leaves oklahoma at the southeast corner of sequoyah county (49). thus a 30-mile line along the oklahoma-arkansas border will intersect at the high and low points of the oklahoma ozarks. topography by counties (113) adair county is quite hilly, but many of the hills and ridges have flat tops wide enough to produce considerable level areas. some of the deeper valleys cut into the chester formation and lowermost pennsylvanian formation. baron fork drains the northern part of the county into the illinois river, and sallisaw creek drains the southern part into the arkansas river. cherokee county is well dissected into the lower pennsylvanian formations by streams, with the largest valleys less than one mile in width. flattopped ridges produce the principle farming areas. maynard bayou, flowers, clear, and ranger creeks are some of the western 6 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. streams draining into grand river which forms part of the western boundary. the illinois river enters the county from the northeast and flows south through the eastern half of the county. delaware county's surface is quite rough with many of the broad, flat-top hills having small prairies on them. generally, the valleys are narrow and steepsided. grand river in the northern part of the county with its tributaries drains most of the area. the southern part is drained into the grand river by way of spavinaw creek. the eastern part of mayes county is in the ozarks and the western part in the prairie plains region. the ozark area is quite hilly and is drained by spavinaw creek. the small northeastern part of muskogee county in the ozarks drains into the arkansas river. the best farming land in the ozarks is located in the flood plains of the grand and arkansas rivers. ottawa county is also in both the ozark and prairie plains regions. the southeastern part is hilly, but the northeastern part has extensive prairies east of the grand river; a.k.a. neosho river, the name often applied to the portion of grand river above the junction with spring river. drainage is into the grand river by way of spring and neosho rivers. soils (112) the only formation of the region which has sufficient area of rock outcrop to greatly influence the soil is the boone formation. along the western edge of the uplift, the chester formation produces a prairie of considerable extent from the town of pryor to the northeast. slopes are so steep on the hillsides of the uplift that there is little or no surface soil except that remaining between the rock crevices. however, this soil is fertile enough to support a good growth of trees. the level uplands have soils that reach a depth of ten or more feet, and where they are free from chert they are dark red sandy-loams. the soils of the narrow valleys are generally very cherty but quite productive. the larger river valleys have the most productive soils of all. they are basically the sediments from the higher boone areas. climate (126) the oklahoma ozarks have a continental type of weather which is characterized by a pronounced seasonal range in temperatures. almost invariably the high summer temperature occurs with clear skies and is attended by dry, moderate winds. severe droughts are produced when hot winds accompany these high temperatures. the summer nights are nearly always cool because the clear skies and dry atmosphere permit rapid radiation of the heat. rain is general and most abundant in the spring to early summer and sometimes may be abundant during september and october. the prevailing wind direction is southerly, although in december, january, and february northerly winds predominate. prior to 1941, the available records give for the state‘s ozark counties the average maximum and minimum temperatures in degrees fahrenheit as follows: maximum minimum county temperature temperature adair 114 -27 cherokee 118 -23 delaware 114 -25 mayes 117 -21 muskogee ll8 -14 ottawa 114 -25 sequoyah 115 -10 7 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. the dates of killing frosts of last and first average appearance with number of days in growing season as follows: county appearance growing first last season adair april 10 october 27 200 cherokee april 6 october 30 207 delaware march 31 october 31 214 mayes april 3 october 31 211 muskogee march 26 november 4 223 ottawa april 21 october 28 207 sequoyah march 31 november 3 217 the average annual precipitation, in inches is given as follows: county precipitation adair 46.84 cherokee 41.17 delaware 44.39 mayes 43.54 muskogee 39.50 ottawa 41.93 sequoyah 41.79 in late spring eastern oklahoma and the adjoining states receive, on the average, more rainfall than any other part of the country east of the rocky mountains. some of the lowest annual precipitations ever recorded in the weather history of the state occurred during the eight-year period of the author’s plant collecting experience. the following united states weather bureau (127) annual precipitation records start with 1951 as wet to about average, through dry to very dry years, and end with 1958 as another average to wet year. these records in inches per year by county are as follows: county 195l 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 l958 adair 43.5 37.6 36.2 30.3 39.1 36.3 62.7 51.6 cherokee 46.8 30.8 37.4 25.1 36.9 33.7 58.6 46.6 delaware 47.8 26.0 30.6 34.2 32.8 36.7 57.4. 43.1 mayes 47.8 28.3 40.3 28.5 33.2 33.5 60.4 35.4 muskogee 48.4 32.5 34.1 22.8 29.2 26.8 56.3 45.5 ottawa ---30.4 27.6 32.8 36.9 32.2 49.6 52.6 sequoyah 52.7 35.2 40.3 33.5 30.2 32.0 68.4 57.9 taxonomic history one of the earliest botanists to visit the oklahoma and arkansas ozarks was thomas nuttall. on july 11, 1819 he passed the mouth of the illinois river and encountered a three to four foot cascade in the arkansas river about four miles above its confluence with the illinois. nuttall (83:233) records: the variety of trees which commonly form the north american forest here begin very sensibly to diminish. we now scarcely see any other than the smooth-barked cottonwood, the elm, box-elder (acer negundo), curled maple (acer dasycarpon), and ash, all of them reduced in stature. from hence the forest begins to disappear before the pervading plain. nuttall (83:234) reached the mouth of the verdigris river by july 14 on the alluvial lands between the grand and verdigris rivers he saw “... larger trees than ... since leaving port smith. among them were lofty scarlet oaks, ash, and hackberry, and whole areas of nettles (urtica divaricata)... .” by july 17, with two companions, nuttall (83:241) started a two day trip by canoe up the grand river to visit the osage saltworks on some cliffs, on the 18th, he ...recognized as new, a large shrub... a simple leaved rhus, scarcely distinct from r. cotinus of the south of europe and our gardens... the gravel bars were almost covered with amsonia salicifolia, with which grew the sesbania macrocarpa of florida. 8 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. that evening, two miles below the osage saltworks (50 miles above the arkansas river), nuttall (83 :242) notes that ... “in this elevated alluvion i still observed the coffee-bean tree (gymnocladus canadensis), the over—cup white oak (querciis macrocarpa), the pecan (carya o1ivaeformis), the common hickory, ash, elm, and below, in places near the margin of the river, the poplar-leaved birch (betula populifolia).” nuttall (83:244) had his first attack of an intermittent fever, so he left the nearly deserted osage saltworks on july 20, “...and proceeded, by compass, across the great osage plain, towards the mouth of the verdigris.” the saltworks were nearly deserted due to the murder of mr. campbell by erhart, his late partner, and two accomplices. nuttal (83:242) comments, “i could not but congratulate myself on having escaped, perhaps a similar fate. at the cadron, i had made application to childer’s, one of these remorseless villains, as a woodsman and hunter, to accompany me for hire, only about a month before he had shot and barbarously scalped mr. campbell, ...” in nuttall’s collections towards a flora the territory of arkansas (84:165-l68), are recorded amaranthus tamariscinus and betula populifolia as collected from the banks of grand river. euphorbia heterantha was listed as being found “on the sandy banks of the arkansas from fort smith to salt river.” other specimens from areas outside the ozarks but in close proximity are: alisina rostrata (84:l59) “in the ponds of the verdigris river of arkansas,” rivina portulaccoides (84 :167) “on the alluvial lands of the verdigris river near its confluence with the arkansas,” and euphorbia obtusata (8:172) “on the banks of the arkansas from the verdigris to salt river.” edward james was the second botanist to enter the oklahoma ozarks when his party crossed the arkansas river between muskogee and sequoyah counties. the day (september 10, 182o) was spent in trying to work their way through “a dense and almost impenetrable cane-brake,” where no vestige of a path could be found. on september 11 they resumed their trip to fort smith (79:236). fort gibson was established by general arbuckle in l824, the same year that fort smith was abandoned by the army (79:444). zina pitcher, surgeon in the united states army, was stationed at fort gibson from 183l to 1834. when his duties permitted, he collected plants for john torrey (79:286). another botanist to visit fort gibson was charles joseph latrobe in company with washington irving and count albert pourtales (67). neither latrobe nor any other member of the party displayed much interest in collecting plants during their one month of hunting in the indian territory (79:386) the german botanist, heinrich karl beyrich, made use of army protection during his journey from st. louis to fort gibson and thence to the cross timbers in l834. lasigue in his musee’ botanigne de m. benjamin delessert (page 466) stated that, on the return trip, “beyrich was attacked by cholera and died at fort gibson in september l834” (79:386, 583). in 1845 j. w. albert and party followed the arkansas river on their way to st. louis. on october 20th albert observed on the way that they “...found some of the fruit of the pawpaw, (ammona triloba), and black walnuts ... had been seen... among the sylva, the elm, and various species of the oak and hickory, among the latter, the bitternut hickory (juglans aurata)... as well as the buttonwood and spicewood (79:939). 9 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. during the civil war, fort gibson was reactivated and given the temporary name of fort blunt. dr. edward palmer was stationed there during july and august of 1863. the battle of honey springs was fought on july 17th some 15 miles south of muskogee. in spite of military duties, palmer found time to collect a few plants, one of which, (clitoria mariana), is in the united states national herbarium (82:2o8). palmer again visited “fort gibson, arkansas” with general leavenworth’s party in late january of 1868. they left soon after the first of february (82:35-36). butler (9) reported on a collection from the oklahoma ozarks. it included monarda bradburiana beck from the cherokee nation. the cherokee and creek nations were visited by m. a. carleton (11) early in the spring of 189l. some of the plants which he located simply as “muscogee” or “muscogee, arkansas river” may have been collected north of the arkansas river (which is only about one and one-half miles to the northeast). species identified and listed by holzinger (63) are: ranunculus abortivus l., var. micranthus gray, ilex decidua walt., lathyrus pusillus eli., crataegus arborescens ell., oenothera linifolia nutt., 0. speciosa nutt., polytaenia nuttallii dc., viburnum prunifolium l., bellis integrifolia michx., erigeron philadeiphicus l., myosotis verna nutt., gratiola virginiana l., veronica arvensis l., pedicularis canadensis l., plantago pusilla nutt., sisyrinchiuni bellum watson, hypoxis erecta l., carex granularis muhl., c. grisea wahl. var. globosa bailey, q. muhlenbergii schkuhr var. australis olney, c. riparia w. curtis, c. tetanica schkuhr var. meadii bailey, c. triceps michx., and c. varia muhl. c. h. fitch (47) in 1900 reported on woodland of the indian territory by township and range. the timber was simply listed as oak, ash, elm, hickory, pecan, walnut, cottonwood, etc. c. n. gould (55) in 1903 made a list of trees, shrubs, and vines of the cherokee nation. other collections from the oklahoma ozarks, now deposited in the oklahoma state university herbarium, are those of r. bebb, g. w. stevens, and u. t. waterfall. ecology general distribution bruner (8) recognizes two main forest areas in oklahoma. these are the deciduous forest formation with oak-hickory associations occupying the oklahoma ozarks in the northeast part of the state and the ouachita mountains in the southeast with the oak—hickory savannah of the arkansas valley region separating the two. an extreme northeast tip of the andropogon associes of the prairie plains extends from the neosho to spring rivers in the vicinity of miami, pitcher, and quapaw of ottawa county. the most common oak—hickory association is quercus velutina, carya tomentosa and c. ovalis. where the tops of the hills become more xeric, quercus marylandica and stellata replace q. velutina with ulmus alata as another common tree. considerable stands of pinus echinacea are occasionally found on the sides and tops of the cherty hills, especially near salina in mayes county, tahlequah in cherokee county, and jay in delaware county. further down the sides of the larger hills and into the narrow valleys will be found quercus rubra and q. muhlenbergii with occasional carya cordiformis plus c. ovata and some c. tomentosa. the larger valleys of creeks and rivers have quercus 10 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. muhlenbergii and q. macrocarpa with carya cordiformis and c. illinoensis. considerable numbers of scattered castanea ozarkensis are found in the wooded hills from northern cherokee and adair counties northward. several quercus nigra trees are found in the valleys southeast and east of sallisaw in sequoyah county. in the marble city area of sallisaw creek in sequoyah county are several specimens of carya ovalis. the forests in the larger valleys have many species of trees as well as undershrubs and herbs. some of the more common trees other than those listed above are: populus deltoides, salix nigra, juglans nigra, ulmus americana, u. rubra, celtis laevigata, morus rubra, platanus occidentalis, prunus serotina, gymnocladus diocia, acer saccharinum, a. negundo, diospyros virginiana, and fraxinus pennsylvanica. some of the more prominent undershrubs are: lindera benzoin, cercis canadensis, prunus mexicana, ilex decidua, cornus drummondi, and viburnum rufidulum. the lianas include: smilax bona-nox, rhus radicans, ampelopsis cordata. parthenocissus quinguefolia, and vitis vulpina. many small prairies are located on some of the broader flat-top hills and along the southern and western borders of the forests where they meet the arkansas valley and the prairie region. the best areas of these have been put under cultivation, and only the more irregular steepsloped, or low portions have been left in native grasses. even these are not suited for complete study from mid—summer through fall because they are mowed for hay. in fact, every portion of the oklahoma ozarks has had disturbances by man in some form or other such as: fire, cutting of timber, livestock grazing, or cultivation. the common prairie species are listed later on in this chapter. where the oak—hickory woods of the hills border on the larger prairie areas, the woods are of a more open type and have such trees as: quercus marilandica, q. stellata, ulmus alata, u. americana, celtis tenuifolia, sassafras albidum var. molle, gleditsia triacanthos, bumelia lanuginosa var. oblongifolia, and diospyros virginiana. the smaller trees and undershrubs are represented by: crataegus crusgalli, c. viridis, prunus hortulana, rosa setigera var. tomentosa, rubus aboriginum, r. mollior, r. ozarkensis, cercis canadensis, rhus copallina var. latifolia, r. glabra, cornus drummondii, and symphoricarpos orbiculatus. several stations were selected for study, and intensive collecting was done at each one in order to show the seasonal aspect. from these seventeen stations the following were selected: a prairie station three miles east of fort gibson on u. s. highway 62 in muskogee county because of its southwest position in the arkansas valley and its oak-hickory savannah; a prairie station onehalf mile northeast of quapaw on u.s. highway 66 in ottawa county because of its prairie plains location; a double station at dripping springs five and one-half miles west of siloam springs, arkansas, on u.s. highway 59 in delaware county because of its canyon-like valley and hill combination; a pond station onehalf mile southeast of blackgum on state highway 100 in sequoyah county because of its protection from livestock for one and onehalf years; and a general hill station in the brushy mountains twelve miles northeast of sallisaw on u.s. highway 59 in sequoyah county. 11 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. fort gibson prairie station the common vernal species are: vulpia octoflora, carex crawei, fimbristy1is drummondii, tradescantia ohiensis, nothoscordum bivalve, zigadenus nuttallii, hypoxis hirsuta, sisyrinchium varians, claytonia virginica, arenaria patula forma media, stellaria nuttallii, delphinium carolinianum var. nortonianum, rosa carolina var. villosa, baptisia leucophaea var. leucophaea, psoralea tenuiflora var. floribunda, asclepias viridis, penstemon tubaeflorus, plantago aristata, p. virginica, achillea lanulosa, echinacea pallida, erigeron strigosus, krigia dandelion, k. occidentalis, and serinia oppositifolia. the common aestival species are: andropogon gerardi var. gerardi, a. saccharoides, eragrostis capillaris, manisuris cylindrica, panicum virgatum, paspalum ciliatifolium var. muhlenbergii, sporobolus asper var. hookeri, triodia flava, t. stricta, cyperus filiculmis, potentilla simplex var. simplex, dalea candida, desmodium sessilifolium, schrankia nuttallii, croton mona anthogynus, euphorbia corollata var. paniculata, gaura biennis var. pitcheri, ptilimnium nuttallii, physostegia angustifoila, ruellia humilis var. longiflora, gaillardia fastigiata, rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima, and silphium laciniatum var. laciniatum. the common serotinal species are: salvia azurea var. grandiflora, aster ericoides, a. praealtus, solidago altissima, and s. missouriensis var. fasciculata. quapaw prairie station the common vernal species are: vulpia octoflora, carex crawei, allium canadense var. mobilense, camassia scilloides, erythronium albidum var. mesochoreum, hypoxis hirsuta, claytonia virginica, anemone caroliniana forma caroliniana, delphinium carolinianum var. crispum, ranunculus fascicularis var. apricus, psoralea tenuiflora var. floribunda, viola sagittata, polytaenia nuttallii, dodecatheon meadia formas album and meadia, asclepias hirtella, a. viridis, castilleja coccinea coccinea, penstemon tubaeflorus, plantago aristata, houstonia patens, lobelia appendiculata, antennaria campestris, erigeron strigosus, krigia dandelion, and k. occidentalis. the common aestival species are: andropogon gerardi var. gerardi, panicum capillare var. capillare, p. praecocius, sorghastrum nutans, triodia flava, t. stricta,strophostyles leiosperma, gaura biennis var. pitcheri, eryngium yuccifolium var. synchaetum, physostegia angustifolia, ruellia humilis var. 1ongiflora, achillea lanulosa, boltonia latisquama, coreopsis grandiflora var. grandiflora, liatris pycnostachya, and rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima. the common serotinal species are: salvia azurea var. grandiflora, aster ericoides, a. hemisphericus, a. pilosus, and solidago canadensis var. gilvocanescens. dripping springs valley station the common trees and undershrubs are: juglans nigra, ostrya virgiana var. lasia, quercus alba, ulmus americana, morus rubra, lindera benzoin var. benzoin, hydrangea arborescens var. arborescens, platanus occidentalis, prunus serotina,cercis canadensis, rhus radicans, cornus florida, rhododendron canescens, diospyros virginiana, fraxinus american. var. americana, and viburnum rufidulum. the common vernal species are: panicum boscii, carex frankii, c. lurida, arisaema 12 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. atrorubens formas viride and zebrinum, saururus cernuus, claytonia virginica, dianthus armeria, stellaria media, anemone virginiana, anemonella thalictroides, aquilegia canadensis var. latiuscu1a, ranunculus recurvatus, cardamine bulbosa, saxifraga virginiensis var. subintegra, cercis canadensis, vicia minutiflora, geranium maculatum, viola pensylvanica var. pensylvanica, v. triloba var. dilatata, chaerophyllum tainturieri var. tainturieri, cornus florida, rhododendron canescens, glechoma hederacea var. micrantha, houstonia purpurea, viburnum rufidulum, neclo aureus, and s. obovatus var. rotundus. the common aestival species are: adiantum capillus-veneris, asplenium platyneuron, polystichum acrostichoides, parietaria pensylvanica, hydrangea arboreacens var. arborescens, impatiens capensis, and scutellaria ovata var. ovata. the common serotinal species are: boehmeria cylindrica var. cylindrica, pilea pumila, polygonum pensylvanicum var. laevigata, p. punctatum var. leptostachyum, chenopodium standlevanum, acalypha rhomboidea, perilla frutescens, and erechtites hieracifolia var. praealta. dripping springs hill station the common trees and undershrubs are: juniperus virginiana, carya ova1is, c. tomentosa, quercus alba, q. stellata, q. velutina, celtis tenuifolia var. georgiana, amelanchier arborea, rubus frutifer, rhus aromatica var. serotina, r. copallina var. latifolia, r. glabra, vaccinium stamineum, and symphoricarpos orbiculatus. the common vernal species are: danthonia spicata var. longipila, luzula bulbosa, hypoxis hirsuta, comandra richardsiana, dianthus ameria, anemonella thalictroides, arabis missouriensis, cardamine parviflora var. arenicola, amelanchier arboea, oxalis violaceae, var. trichophora, kitalbeliana var. rafinesquii, v. pedata var. lineariloba, vaccinium stamineum, houstonia patens, atennaria plantaginifolia, erigeron strigosus, gnaphallum purpureum, and krigia virginica. the common aestival species are: panicum malacophyllum, p. praecocius, bulbostylis capillaris, carex bushii, cyperus ovularis var. sphaericus, rhynchosia latifolia, schrankia nuttalii, stylosanthes biflora var. hispidissima, tephrosia virgniana, crotonopsis elliptica, ascyrum hypericoides, torilis japonica, asclepias verticillata, monarda fistulosa var. fistulosa, pycnanthemum tenuifolium, solarium carolinense var. albiflorum, verbascum thapsus, ruellia humilis var. longiflora, dipsacus sylvestris, lobelia spicata var. leptostachys, erigeron annuus, hieracium gronovii, lactuca canadensis var. latifolia, and rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima. the common serotinal species are: andropogon scoparius, gerardia gattingeri, aster anomalus, and a. turbinellus. blackgum pond station trees and undershrubs are: salix nigra and cephalanthus occidentalis. the common vernal species are: potamogeton diversifolius, cyperus virens, scirpus koilolepis, juncus brachycarpus, j. diffusissimus, j. interior, j. marginatus, j. validus, ranunculus laxicaulis, gratiola neglecta, and lindernia anagallidea. the common aestival species are: sagittaria ambigua, echinochloa crusgalli, rotala ramosior var. interior, rhexia interor, ludwigia alternifolia 13 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. var. alternifolia, l. glandulosa var. glandulosa, hydrolea ovata, verbena hastata, gratiola virginiana, cephalanthus occidentalis, and helenium flexuosum. the common serotinal species are:. eleocharis lanceolata, polygonum hydropiperoidea var. bushianum, p. pensylvanicum var. laevigatum, p. punctatum var. leptostachyum, gerardia fasciculata, g. heterophylla, bidena polylepis, boltonia diffusa var. interior, and b. latisquama. brushy mountains station the common trees and undershrubs are: carya tomentosa, quercus marilandica, q. stellata, ulmus alata, amelanchier arborea, prunus americana, rhus aromatica, r. copallina var. latifolia, and symphoricarpos orbiculatus. the common vernal species are: vulpia octoflora, hypoxis hirsuta claytonia virginica, arenaria patu1a forma media, anemonella thalictroides, ranunculus fascicularis var. apricus, r. harveyi, viola pedata var. lineariloba, v. kitaibeliana var. rafinesguil, oenothera linifolia, dodecatheon meadia forma album, collinsia violacea, ruellia humilis var. longiflora, plantago aristata, hustonia patens, valerianella longiflora, antennaria plantaginifo1ia, astranthium integrifolium, and erigeron strigosus. the common aestival species are: andropogon scoparius, danthonia spicata var. longipila, eragrostis capillaris, manisuras cylindrica, dalea candida, crotonopsis elliptica, hypericum drummondii, h. pseudomaculatum, daucus pusillus, ptilimnium nuttallii, spermolepis divaricata, diodi teres var. setifera, ambrosia bidentata, helenium amara, heterotheca pilosa, and rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima. the common serotinal species are: desmodium paniculatum, aster azureus var. azureus, a. patens. a. pilosus, a. turbinellus, liatris squarrosa var. hirsuta, and solidago petriolaria var. wardii. two other stations were of special interest because a few of the species found were near the extreme limit of their range. these are the arkansas river sands three and one-half miles south of fort gibson in muskogee county, because of some western species, and the keyough bluff station three miles north of fort gibson, because of some eastern and southeastern species. western species of the arkansas river sands include: cenchrus pauciflous, cycloloma atriplicifolium, dalea lanata, euphorbia hexagona, heliotropium convolvulaceum, and lippia incisa. eastern species of the keyough bluffs are: camptosorus rhizophyllus, asarum canadense var. acuminatum, rivina humilis, rubus occidentalis, cladrastis lutea, cotinus obovatus, and acer saccharum. additions to the state flora those taxa preceded by an asterisk have not been reported previously as additions to the state flora. all of the others have been reported in the proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science (128, 135) as additions to the state flora from the oklahoma ozarks. elodea nuttallii (planch.) st. john; shallow pools of illinois river and flint creek; cherokee and delaware counties. *arisaema atrorubens (ait.) blume, forma viride (engler) fern. the following specimens are so identified because of the “spathe green, without or with only faint stripes” (43): wallis 6595-1 from wooded base of bluffs 14 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. on ballard creek, 1 mile south of watts in adair county, wallis 3626 from wooded base of a hill, 14½ miles northeast of tahlequah in cherokee county and wallis 3658 from dripping springs valley, 5½ miles west of the state line in delaware county. both forma zebrlnum and forma viride were found growing together in cherokee and delaware counties. *tradescantla ernestiana anders. & woodson, forma alba waterfall; flint bluffs; type specimen is walls 395 from cherokee county (132), also collected later from delaware and muskogee counties. aletris farinosa l; low areas in a prairie; delaware county. allium vineale l., forma compactum (thuill.). aschers.; along roadsides; adair, delaware, ottawa, and sequoyah counties. allium vineale l., forma vineale; along roadside; delaware county. iris virginica l., var. shrevei (small) e. andera.; shallows of spring—fed creeks; cherokee and ottawa counties. urtica dioica l.; wooded bank of lost creek; ottawa county. paronychia canadensis (l.) wood; in a wooded valley; cherokee county. clematis ligusticifolia nutt.; woods of a creek; cherokee county. c1ematis virginiana l.; fence row in a creek valley; cherokee county. delphinium tricorne michx., forma albiflora millsp.; woods of flint creek; delaware county. draba aprica beadle; woods of falls branch; cherokee county. rorippa islandica (oeder) borbas, var. hispida (desv.) butt. & abbe; valleys of flint and sallisaw creeks; delaware and sequoyah counties. desmodium rigidum (ell.) dc.; woods of hills; delaware, mayes, and sequoyah counties. rhamnus lanceolata pursh, var. glabrata gleason; woods of a small creek; cherokee county. hypericum gentianoides (l.) bsp.; oak-hickory woods of a hill; delaware county. lamium amplexicaule l., forma albiflorum d. m. moore; road-side; cherokee county. *leonurus sibiricus l. is represented by wallis 7673 from oak-hickory woods and roadside, 23 miles northeast of tahlequah in adair county, and wallis 792 and 933 from open roadsides, 8.7 miles northeast of tahlequah in cherokee county. the “10-nerved, scarcely angled” calyx and conspicuous bracts “half to fully as long as the calyx” (53) as well as leaves “deeply 3-7 cleft and incised” (43) separate this species from the less common l. cardica. melissa officinalis l.; in valley of a spring-fed creek; mayes county. *castilleja coccinea (l.) spreng., forma lutescens farw. was collected as wallis 6652, 6684, and 6840. they are hairy annuals with yellow floral bracts (43) as compared to the red bracts of the abundant forma coccinea. both formas were found growing together in prairie areas, ½ mile northeast of quapaw in ottawa county and ½ mile north and 1 mile west of peggs in cherokee and mayes counties. dipsacus sylvestris huds.; wooded hillsides; cherokee and delaware counties. cacalia muhlenbergii (sch. bip.); wooded valleys; adair, delaware, and ottawa counties. liatris aspera michx., var. aspera, forma benkii (macbr.) fern.; prairie; cherokee county. 15 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. summary a floristic study of cherokee county from 1950 to 1953 encouraged the author to undertake a similar study covering the entire oklahoma ozarks. the cherokee county collection of 1,400 sheets was expanded to some 7,000 sheets between the years of 1953 and 1958. in addition to these, the author revaluated 497 sheets of plants collected by others in the oklahoma ozarks. the identification of the plants involved the use of 130 monographic studies and other taxonomic literature. all of the plant collections studied by the author are deposited in the herbarium of the oklahoma state university, and many duplicates of these are in the author’s private museum at fort gibson, oklahoma. intensive collecting was done at 17 stations in order to study the seasonal changes of herbaceous plant societies, and extensive collecting was done throughout the oklahoma ozarks for a general distribution study. the order of listing of the families follows that of the engler-prantl system. each species is accompanied with general habitats and locations in which one or more specimens have been collected. whenever a citation of a collection other than that of the author’s was used, notation was made as to the collector and collection number. a total of 123 families represented by 534 genera and 1,377 species and subordinate taxa are listed. the families having the greatest numbers of species and subordinate taxa were: compositae 192, gramineae 150, leguminosae 93, cyperaceae 84, rosaceae 46, labiatae 43, scrophulariaccae 34, cruciferae 3, euphorbiaceae 33, ranunculaceae 32, and liliaceae 30. these eleven families contain 56 percent of the total species and subordinate taxa. twenty four additions to the oklahoma flora were made by the author from this collection. these are listed separately as additions to the state flora and also are incorporated in the general listing without any special references. literature cited for convenience of listing, a few floras, manuals, and catalogues have been included in this list of cited literature. these general references are numbers 43, 53, 96, 111, 115, 118, 131, and 134. 1. aellen, paul and theodor just. 1934. key and synopsis of the american species of the genus chenopodium l. am. midl. nat. 30: 47-76. 2. bailey, l. h. 1945. the genus rubus in north america. gentes herb. 5(9): 591-856. 3. barneby, r. c. 1956. pugillus astragalorum xviii: miscellaneous novelties and reappraisals. am. midl. nat. 55: 477-503. 4. benson, lyman. 1948. a treatise on the north american ranunculi. am. midl. nat. 40: 1-261. 5. beetle, alan ackerman. 1947. scirpus. n. am. fl. 18(8): 481-504 6. blake, s. f. 1918. a variety of smilax glauca. rhod. 20: 7880. 7. boivin, bernard. 1944. american thalictra and their old world allies. rhod. 46: 335-349, 469-471, 480-483. 8. bruner, w. e. 1931. the vegetation of oklahoma. ecological monographs. 1(2): 193-111. 9. butler, g. d. 1878. a list of some of the most interesting species of plants collected in the indian territory. bot. gaz. 3: 65-68, 74-78. 16 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. 10. butters, f. k. and e. c. abbe. 1940. the american varieties of rorippa islandica. rhod. 42: 25-32. 11. carleton, m. a. 1892. observations on the natural plants of oklahoma territory and adjacent districts. contr. u. s. nat. herb. 1: 220-221. 12. cheney, r. h. 1925. a white form of delphinium ajacis. rhod. 27: 139-142. 13. constance, lincoln. 1949. a revision of phacelia subgenus cosmanthus (hydrophyllaceae). contr. gray herb. harvard univ. 168 repr. 14. core, earl l. 1936. the american species of scleria. britt. 2: 1-105. 15. _____. 1941. the north american species of paronychia. am. midl. nat. 26: 269-398. 16. _____.cronquist, arthur. 1947. revision of the north american species of erigeron, north of mexico. britt. 6(2): 121-300. 17. dyal, s. c. 1938. valerianella in north america. rhod. 40: 185-212. 18. erickson, ralph o. 1943. taxonomy of clematis section viorna. ann. mo. bot. gard. 30: 1-30. 19. fassett, norman c. 1937. notes from the herbarium of the university of wisconsin-xvi. rhod. 39: 460. 20. _____. 1939. notes from the herbarium of the univeristy of wisconsin-xviii. rhod. 41: 525. 21. _____. 1951. callitriche in the new world. rhod. 53: 137155, 161-182, 185-194, 209222. 22. featherly, h. i. 1946. manual of the grasses of oklahoma. 43(21). res. foundation of oklahoma state univ. 23. ferguson, a.m. 1902. crotons of the united states. rept. mo. bot. gard. 12: 33-74. 24. fernald, m. l. 1921. the gray herbarium expedition to nova scotia. rhod. 23: 153-171, 184-195, 223-246. 25. _____. 1922. notes on sparganium. rhod. 24: 26-33. 26. _____. 1931. potentilla canadensis and p. simplex. rhod. 33: 180-191. 27. _____. 1932. the linear-leaved north american species of potamogeton, section axillares. mem. am. acad. arts and sciences 17: 1-183. 28. _____. 1933a. the slenderspiked spartina pectinata. rhod. 35: 258-260. 29 _____. 1933b. types of some american species of elymus. rhod. 35: 187-198. 30. _____. 1934a. draba in temperate northeastern america. rhod. 36: 241-261, 285-305, 314-344, 353-371, 392-404. 31. _____. 1934b. realignments in the genus panicum. rhod. 36: 61-87. 32. _____. 1934c. some transfers in digitaria and paspalum. rhod. 36: 19-22. 33. _____.1937. plants of the inner coastal plain of virginia. rhod. 39: 449-450. 34. _____. 1938. noteworthy plants of southeastern virginia. rhod. 40: 439. 35. _____. 1939. last surviors in the flora of tidewater virginia. rhod. 41: 549. 36. _____. 1940a. a century of additions to the flora of virginia. rhod. 42: 489-491. 37. _____. 1940b. some spermatophytes of eastern north america. rhod. 42: 252, pl. 599. 38. _____. 1941a. another century of additions to the flora of virginia. rhod. 43: 589-603. 39. _____. 1941b. the campestrian variety of froelichia floridana rhod. 43: 336. 40. _____. 1943. notes on danthonia. rhod. 45: 239-246. 17 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. 41. _____. 1945a. key to antennaria of the “manual range.” rhod. 47: 221-235, 239-247. 42. _____. 1945b. ruellia in the eastern united states rhod. 47: 50-63. 43. _____. 1950. gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. new york. american book company. 44. fernald, m. l. and ludlow griscom. 1935. three days of botanizing in southeastern virginia. rhod. 37: 131-157, 167-189. 45. _____. 1937. notes on diodia. rhod. 39: 306-308. 46. fernald, m. l. and c. a. weatherby. 1922. varieties of geum canadense. rhod. 24: 4749. 47. fitch, c. h. 1900. woodland of indian territory. u.s. geol. surv. rep. 21: 609-649. 48. _____. 1901. talequah quadrangle. topographic map, u.s. geol. survey, reprint 1944. 49. _____. 1911. sallisaw quadrangle. topographic map, u.s. geol. survey, reprint 1932. 50. gaiser, l. o., 1946. the genus liatris. rhod. 48: 163-183, 216-263, 273-326, 331-382, 393-412. 51. gale, shirley. 1944. rhynchospora, section eurhynchospora, in canada, the united states and the west indies. rhod. 46: 89134, 159-197, 207-249, 255278. 52. gleason, henry allan. 1922. vernoniaceae. n. am. flora 33(1): 47-110. 53. _____. 1952. new britton and brown illustrated flora of the northeastern united states and adjacent canada. new york bot. gard. 54. goodman, george j. 1950. a new variety of saxifraga. rhod. 52: 183. 55. gould, c. n. 1903. notes on trees, shrubs and vines in the cherokee nation. trans. kansas acad. sci. 18: 145146. 56. greenman, j. m. 1916. monograph of the north and central american species of the genus senecio-part ii. ann. mo. bot. gard. 3: 85130. 57. haufman, george g. et al. 1958. geology of the south and west flanks of the ozark uplift, northeastern oklahoma. okla. geol. survey, bul. 77: 10-12. 58. hermann, frederick j. 1936. diagnostic characteristics in lycopus. rhod. 39: 373-375, pl. 439. 59. _____. 1946. the perennial species of urtica in the united states east of the rocky mountains. am. midl. nat. 35: 773-778. 60. hitchcock, a. s. and agnes chase. 1950. manual of the grasses of the united states. second ed. u. s. gov’t. print. off. 61. hitchcock, c. leo. 1936. the genus leipidium in the united states. modrono 3: 265-320. 62. hodgdon, albion r. 1938. a taxonomic study of lechea. rhod. 40: 29-69, 87-92. 63. holzinger, j. m. 1892. list of plants collected by c. s. sheldon and m. a. carelton in indian territory in 1891. contr. u. s. nat. herb. 1: 202-219. 64. hopkins, milton. 1938. arabis in eastern and central north america. rhod. 39: 63-76, 155-167, 175-179. 65. _____. 1942. cercis in north america. rhod. 44: 193-211. 66. iltis, hugh h. 1958. studies in the capparidaceae-iv polanisia raf. britt. 10: 33-59. 67. irving, w. 1835. tour on the prairies. harlow pub. co. okla. city. 1926: 8-10, 222. 68. isely, duane. 1953. desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. and d. viridiflorum (l) dc. am. midl. nat. 49: 926-933. 18 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. 69. jones, george neville. 1940. a monograph of the genus symphoriacarpos. arnold arboretum journ. 21: 201-232. 70. larisey, mary maxine. 1940. a monograph on the genus baptisia. ann. mo. bot. gard. 27: 119-244. 71. lewis, harlan. 1945. a revision of the genus trichostema. britt. 5: 289291. 72. mackenzie, kenneth k. 1940. north american cariceae. 1 and 2: pl. 1-539. n.y. bot. gard. 73. mathias, mildred e. and lincoln constance. 1945. umbelliferae. n. am. flora. 28b: 43-295. 74. munz, philip a. 1938. studies in onagraceae xi. a revision of the genus gaura. bull. tor. bot. cl. 65: 195-122, 211-228. 75. _____. 1944. studies in onagraceae xiii. the american species of ludwigia. bull. tor. bot. cl. 71: 152-165. 76. mcclintock, elizabeth and carl epling. 1942. a revision of the genus monarda (labiatae). univ. of calif. publ. in bot. 20(2): 147-194. 77. mccoy, doyle. 1954. the genus lythrum in oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 33: 156-158. 78. mcgregor, r. l. 1947. two varieties of cystopteris fragilis. am. fern journ. 40: 201-207. 79. mckelvey, susan delano. 1955. botanical exploration of the trans-mississippi west 17901850. jamaica plain, mass. arn. arb. harvard univ. 80. mcvaugh, rogers. 1936. studies in the distribution of the eastern north american species of lobelia. rhod. 38: 241-263, 276-282, 305-329, 346-362. 81. _____. 1943. campanulaceae (lobelioideae). n. am. fl. 32(a)1: 36-82. 82. _____. 1956. edward palmer plant explorer of the american west. univ. of okla. press, norman. 83. nuttall, t. 1821. a journey of travels into arkansa territory during the year 1819. philadelphis. repr. in early western travels v. 13. 84 _____. 1837. collections toward a flora of the territory of arkansas. american philosophical transactions. philadelphia v. (n.s.). 85. ogden, e. c. 1945. the broadleaved species of potamogeton of north america north of mexico. 86. ownby, gerald b. 1947. a monograph of the north american species of corydalis. ann. mo. bot. gard. 34(3): 187-252. 87. ownbey, marion. 1950. allium, the genus in texas. research studies of state college of wash. 18(4): 181-222. 88. ownbey, marion and hannan c aase. 1955. cytotaxonomic studies in allium. 1. the allium canadense alliance. research studies of the state college of wash. monographic sup. 1: 1-106. 89. palmer, ernest j. 1931. conspectus of the genus amorpha. journ. arn. arb. 12: 159-196. 90. _____. 1932. leaves from a collector’s note book. journ. arn. arb. 12: 436. 91. pennell, francis w. 1935. scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate north america. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia, monog. 1. 92. perdue, robert e. jr. 1957. synopsis of rudbeckia subgenus rudbeckia. rhod. 59: 293-299. 93. perry, lily m. 1933. a revision of the north american species of verbena. ann. mo. bot. gard. 20: 239362. 94. _____. 1937. notes on silphium. rhod. 39: 281-297. 95. _____. 1937. variants in two species of delphinium (d. 19 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. carolinianum, d. virescens). rhod. 39: 20-22. 96. rehder, alfred. 1940. manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. macmillan co. 2nd ed. 97. rock, howard e. l. 1957. a revision of the vernal species of helenium (compositae). rhod 59: 101116, 128-158, 168-178, 203216. 98. rydberg, per axel. 1913. agrimonia. n. am. fl. 22(5): 391-396. 99. _____. 1915. gaillardia n. am. fl. 34(2): 131-140. 100. ____. 1922a. iva. n. am. fl. 33(1): 3-7. 101. ____. 1922b. ambrosia n.am.fl. 33(1): 15-22. 102. sherff, earl edward. 1955. bidens. n. am. fl. series ii(2): 70-129. 103. ____. 1958. coreopsis. n. am. fl. series ii(2):4-40. 104. schinners, lloyd h. 1946. revision of the genus kuhnia. wrightia. 1(2): 122-144. 105. ____. 1947. revision of the genus krigia schreber. wrightia. 1(3): 187-206. 106. ____. 1949. transfer of texas species of petalostemum to dalea leguminosae). field and lab. 17: 80-85. 107. ____. 1950. the species of matelea (including gonolobus) in north central texas. field and lab. 18: 73-75. 108. ____. 1951a. agave lata, a new species from north texas and oklahoma. field and lab. 19: 171-173. 109. ____. 1951b. ceanothus herbaceous raf. for c. ovatus: a correction of name. field and lab. 19: 33-34. 110. ____. 1951c. the north texas species of heterotheca, including chrysopsis. field and lab. 19: 66-70. 111. ____. small, john kunkel. 1913. flora of the southeastern united states. pub. by j. k. small. new york. 2nd ed. 112. snyder, l. c. 1915. geology of a portion of north-eastern oklahoma. okla. geol. survey. bul. 24: 63-64. 113. ____. 1917. geography of oklahoma. okla. geol. survey. bul. 27: 247-317. 114. stanford, e. e. 1926. polygonum hydropiperoides and polygonum opelousanum. rhod. 28: 23-27. 115. stemen, thomas r. and w. stanley myers. 1937. oklahoma flora. harlow pub. corp., okla. city. 116. steyermark, julian a. 1934. grindelia. ann. mo. bot. gard. 21: 515. 117. ____. 1938. two undescribed plants from arkansas. rhod. 40: 71. 118. ____. 1940. spring flora of missouri. mo. bot. gard. 119. ____. 1941. a study of arenaria patula. rhod. 43: 325-333. 120. svensen, h. k. 1929. 1932, 1933, 1937, 1939. monographic studies in the genus eleocharis. rhod. 31: 121135, 152-163, 167-191, 199219, 224-242, 34: 193-203, 215-227, 35: 377-389, 39: 210-231, 236-273. 41: 1-77, 90-110. 121. swallen, jason r. 1950. some introduced forage grasses of the genus andropogon and related species. contr. texas res. found. 1(2): 15-19. 122. tryon, alice f. 1957. a revision of the fern genus pellaea section pellaea. ann. mo. bot. gard. 44: 125-148. 123. tryon, r. m. jr. 1941. a revision of the genus pteridium. rhod. 43: 1-31, 37-67. 124. turner, billie l. 1951. revision of the united states species of neptunia. am. midl. nat. 46: 82-92. 125. ____. 1956. a cytotaxonomic study of the genus hymenopappus. rhod. 58: 163186, 208-242, 250-269, 295307. 126. united states department of 20 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 wallis, c.s. agriculture. 1941. yearbook of agriculture. climate and man. (wash., d.c.) gov’t. printing office: 1065-1174. 127. united states department of commerce. weather bureau. 1951-1958. climatological data, oklahoma, annual summary. (wash., d.c.) gov’t. printing office: v. 60-67. 128. wallis, charles s. 1958. additions to the oklahoma flora from the oklahoma ozarks. proc. okla. acad. sci. 38: 3-5. 129. waterfall, u. t. 1950. some additions to the oklahoma flora. rhod. 52: 35. 130. ____. 1951. the genus callirhoe (malvaceae) in texas. field and lab. 19: 107-118. 131. ____. 1952. a catalogue of the flora of oklahoma. research foundation of okla. state univ. 132. ____. 1954. studies in the composition and distribution of the oklahoma flora-xxi. rhod. 56: 160. 133. ____. 1958. a taxonomic study of the genus physalis in north america north of mexico. rhod. 60: 107-114, 128-142, 152-173. 134. ____. 1953-1959. keys to the flora of oklahoma. unpubl. manuscript. okla. state univ. 135. waterfall, u. t. and charles s. wallis. 1953. additions to the oklahoma flora from cherokee county. proc. okla. acad. sci. 34: 124-125. 136. weatherby, c. a. 1927. the group of acalypha virginica in eastern north america. rhod. 29: 193-204. 137. wheeler, louis cutter. 1941. euphorbia subgenus chamaesyce in canada and the united states exclusive of southern florida. rhod. 43: 97-154, 160-205, 223-385. 138. wherry, edgar t. 1935. an ozark variety of phlox pilosa. am. mid. nat. 16: 413-416. 139. wiegand, k. m. 1920a. eupatorium purpureum and its allies. rhod. 22: 57-69. 140. ____. 1920b. variations in lactuca canadensis. rhod. 22: 9-11. 141. ____. 1921. the genus echinochloa in north merica. rhod. 23: 49-65. 142. ____. 1923. notes on triosetum perfoliatum and related species. rhod. 25: 199-203. 143. ____. 1925. oxalis corniculata and its relatives in north america. rhod. 27: 113-139. 144. wilbur, robert l. 1955. a revision of the north american genus sabatia (gentianaceae). rhod. 57: 133, 43-47. 145. woodson, robert e. jr. 1954. the north american species of asclepias l. ann. mo. bot. gard. 41: 1-211. 146. yuncker, truman g. 1932. the genus cuscuta. mem. torr. bot. cl. 18: 113-331. 21 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100052 updated oklahoma ozark flora a checklist for the vascular flora of ozark plateau in oklahoma based on the work of c.s. wallis and records from the oklahoma vascular plants database bruce w. hoagland oklahoma biological survey and department of geography university of oklahoma, norman, ok 73019-0575 e-mail: bhoagland@ou.edu charles wallis’ 1959 dissertation “vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks” is one of the most important florisitic works for state botanists and conservationists. although a number of local and county floras for oklahoma have been published, only wallis and c. t. eskew (1937) have completed regional studies. wallis’s interest in the ozark flora began with his 1953 masters thesis, “the spermophyta of cherokee county oklahoma,” and subsequent studies in collaboration with u. t. waterfall at oklahoma a&m (wallis 1957; wallis and waterfall 1953; waterfall and wallis 1962, 1963). this paper has two objectives, to update the taxonomy of wallis’s ozark list (wol) and to provide a current ozark checklist (oc) by inclusion of records that did not appear in wol. since several decades have passed since the wol was completed, there have been many changes in the taxonomy of the plants listed. these updates will enhance the utility of the wol for modern users and not detract from wallis’s original work. the oc was compiled by comparing the updated wol with the oklahoma vascular plants database (ovpd; hoagland et al. 2007). nomenclature for the oc follows the united states department of agriculture-natural resources conservation service (usdanrcs 2007). in the oc, species introduced to north america were determined using the usda-nrcs (2007). the wol and oc were summarized separately following palmer et al. (1995) (tables 1 and 2). the oc was also compared with the rare species tracking list of the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2007) to determine which species of conservation interest were listed (table 3). the wol consisted of 1,205 species or 1,240 when subspecies, varieties, and hybrids were added. these taxa belong to 556 genera in 131 families. in the oc, there were 303 species that did not appear in the wol, for a total of 1,508 species. subspecies, varieties, and hybrids accounted for 57 additional taxa, increasing the total to 1,565 taxa. (note that the oc does not include castanea dentata, opuntia phaeacantha, and quercus coccinea species which appeared in wallis’s original list. they have since been annotated to other taxa.) these taxa belong to 615 genera in 145 families. the most speciose families in the wol were the asteraceae 213, poaceae 172, cyperaceae 104, and fabaceae 100. the genus carex contained the most species (51) in the wol, followed by dichanthelium and polyogonum, each with 20 taxa. there were 134 taxa of non-native plants or 10.8% of the total taxa in the wol. there were an additional 54 non-native taxa in the oc for a total of 188, or 12.0% of the total taxa reported. non-native species occurred in 45 families. the genera with the greatest number of non-native species were trifolium (7 species), bromus (5), and polygonum (5). 22 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. seventy-nine taxa tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were present in the oc (table 3). of these, 50 were reported by wallis and 28 were added from the ovpd. conservation ranks are assigned to taxa according to level of imperilment at the state (s) and global (g) levels on a scale of 1 – 5, where 1 represents a species that is imperiled and 5 a species that it is secure (groves et al. 1995). fifty-one taxa or 66.4% of those in table 3 were ranked as g5 and thus considered demonstrably secure at the global scale. no taxa were ranked g1 or g2, indicating imperilment at the global level. thirty-one taxa (39.7%), however, were ranked as s1, 12 as s2, and 19 as s1s2. the higher percentage of state rare species indicates that many of these species are at the western margin of their ranges in eastern oklahoma. in oklahoma, some of species listed in table 3 occur only in the ozarks, such as clematis virginiana, equisetum arvense (one location in adair county), erigenia bulbosa, gentiana alba, glyceria acutiflora, heteranthera dubia (one location in cherokee county), physocarpus opulifolius var. intermedius, silene regia, and symphyotrichum novae-angliae (cherokee county only). castanea pumila var. ozarkensis and silene regia are species of concern and were once candidates for federal listing as threatened. literature cited eskew, c.t. 1937. the flowering plants of the wichita national forest. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. groves, c.r., m.l. klein, and t.f. breden. 1995. natural heritage programs: public-private partnerships for biodiversity conservation. wildlife society bulletin 23: 784-790. hoagland, b.w., a.k. buthod, i.h. butler, p. callahan-crawford, w.e. elisens, and r. tyrl. 2007. oklahoma vascular plants database. university of oklahoma, norman. www.biosurvey.ou.edu accessed 1 october 2007). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2007. oklahoma natural heritage inventory working list of rare oklahoma plants. university of oklahoma, norman. (www.biosurvey.ou.edu/publicat.html accessed 1 october 2007). palmer, m.w., g.l. wade, and p. neal. 1995. standards for the writing of floras. bioscience 45: 339-345. usda-nrcs. 2007. the plants database national plant data center, baton rouge, la 70874-4490 usa(http://plants.usda.gov accessed 1 may 2007). wallis, c.s. 1953. the spermatophyta of cherokee county, oklahoma (exclusive of the poaceae, cyperaceae, and juncaceae). m.s. thesis, oklahoma a&m college, stillwater, oklahoma. wallis, c.s. 1957. additions to the oklahoma flora from the oklahoma ozarks. proc. oklahoma acad. sci. 38: 3-5. wallis, c.s. 1957. additions to the oklahoma flora from the oklahoma ozarks. proc. oklahoma acad. sci 38: 3-5. wallis, c.s. 1959. vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks. ph.d dissertation, oklahoma state university, stillwater, oklahoma. wallis, c.s. and u.t. waterfall. 1953. additions to the oklahoma flora from cherokee county. proc. oklahoma acad. sci. 34: 124-125. waterfall, u.t. and c.s. wallis. 1962. some geographic relationships of the vascular flora of the oklahoma ozarks: studies in the composition and distribution of the oklahoma flora. proc. oklahoma acad. sci. 43: 61-63. waterfall, u.t. and c.s. wallis. 1963. a list of the vascular flora of the oklahoma ozarks. proc. oklahoma acad. sci. 44: 11-22. 23 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. table 1 summary of wallis’s (1959) floristic list of the oklahoma ozarks. numbers outside the parentheses represent the number of species reported, those within the parentheses represent the total number of taxa reported, including subspecies and varieties. the number of hybrids reported is denoted with an asterisk. taxonomic group taxa native nonnative equisetophyta 0 (1*) 0 (1*) 0 lycopodiophyta 1 1 0 pteridophyta 21 21 0 coniferophyta 2 2 0 magnoliophyta 1,181 (1,215) 1,047 (1,081) 134 magnoliopsida 882 (909) 781 (808) 101 liliopsida 299 (306) 266 (273) 33 total 1,205 (1,240) 1,071 (1,106) 134 table 2 summary of all plants reported from the oklahoma ozarks based upon wallis (1959) and data in the oklahoma vascular plants database. numbers outside the parentheses represent the number of species reported, those within the parentheses represent the total number of taxa reported, including subspecies and varieties. the number of hybrids reported is denoted with an asterisk. taxonomic group taxa native nonnative equisetophyta 3 (3; 1*) 3 (3; 1*) 0 lycopodiophyta 3 3 0 pteridophyta 31 (32) 31 (32) 0 coniferophyta 3 3 0 magnoliophyta 1,481 (1,518; 5*) 1,280 (1,330; 5*) 188 magnoliopsida 1,082 (1,125; 5*) 945 (983; 5*) 142 liliopsida 381 (393) 335 (347) 46 total 1,508 (1,565) 1,321 (1,377) 188 table 3 species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory in the oklahoma ozarks. this list is a combination of wallis (1959) and records from the oklahoma vascular plants database. taxa not reported in wallis 1959 are denoted with #. taxa are ranked according to level of imperilment at the state (s) and global (g) levels on a scale of 1 – 5, where 1 represents a species that is imperiled and 5 a species that it is secure (groves et al. 1995). taxa grank srank agalinis tenuifolia var. parviflora g5 s2s3 #agalinis viridis g4 s1 aletris farinose g5 s1s2 arabis shortii g5 s1s2 arnoglossum atriplicifolium g4 g5 s1s2 arnoglossum reniforme g4 s1s3 aruncus dioicus var. pubescens g5 s1s3 asplenium bradleyi g4 s1 axonopus fissifolius g5 s1 #brachyelytrum erectum g5 s1 #brasenia schreberi g5 s1 callirhoe bushii g3 s3 #calopogon oklahomensis g4 s1 calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus g5 s1 carex cephalophora var. cephalophora g5 s2 carex oklahomensis g4 s2 #carex oxylepis g5 s2 castanea pumila var. ozarkensis g5 s2 #cayaponia grandifolia g4 s1 cladrastis kentukea g4 s2s3 clematis virginiana g5 s1s2 #collinsia verna g5 s1 #corallorrhiza odontorhiza g5 s1 24 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. cotinus obovatus g4 s3 #croton michauxii g5 s1 #cypripedium kentuckiense g3 s1 desmodium pauciflorum g5 s1 dicentra cucullaria g5 s1s2 draba aprica g3 s1 #drosera brevifolia g5 s2s3 #equisetum arvense g5 s1 #erigenia bulbosa g5 s1s2 fraxinus quadrangulata g5 s2s3 galium arkansanum g5 s1s2 #gentiana alba g4 s1 #gentiana puberulenta g4 g5 s1 glyceria acutiflora g5 s1 hedeoma pulegioides g5 s1s3 heteranthera dubia g5 s2 hexalectris spicata g5 s1s2 hypericum gentianoides g5 s1s2 impatiens pallida g5 s2 iris cristata g5 s2 iris virginica g5 s2 #malaxis unifolia g5 s1 #marsilea vestita g5 s1 #monotropa hypopithys g5 s1 #monotropa uniflora g5 s1 #muhlenbergia bushii g5 s1s2 neobeckia aquatica g4 s1s3 #panax quinquefolius g3 g4 s1 panicum brachyanthum g5 s2s3 #perideridia americana g4 s1s2 #phacelia gilioides g5 s1 phaseolus polystachios g4 s1 philadelphus pubescens g5 s2 physocarpus opulifolius var.intermedius g5 s1s3 #pilularia americana g5 s1s2 platanthera lacera g5 s1s2 #podostemum ceratophyllum g5 s2 rhamnus lanceolata ssp. glabrata g5 s1 #rhus lanceolata g4 g5 s1s2 rhododendron canescens g5 s2s3 #ribes missouriense g5 s1 rorippa teres g5 s1s2 silene regia g3 s1 sporobolus vaginiflorus var. ozarkanus g5 s1s2 symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve g5 s1s3 symphyotrichum novae-angliae g5 s1 tilia americana var. americana g5 s1s2 tilia americana var. caroliniana g5 s1s2 #tipularia discolor g4 g5 s1 tradescantia ernestiana g3 g4 s? tradescantia ozarkana g3 s1s2 ulmus serotina g4 s2 urtica dioica g5 s2 uvularia grandiflora g5 s2s3 valerianella ozarkana g3 s1 25 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. appendix: a checklist for the vascular flora of ozark plateau in oklahoma. this list was compiled from wallis (1959) with additions from the oklahoma vascular plant database (hoagland et al. 2007). # indicates species not appearing in wallis (1959). * indicates species that are not native to north america are marked with an asterisk. equisetophyta equisetaceae #equisetum arvense l. equisetum ×ferrissii clute (pro sp.) [hyemale × laevigatum]. syn. = equisetum hymenale l. var. intermedium. #equisetum hyemale l. #equisetum laevigatum a. braun lycopodiophyta isoetaceae #isoetes melanopoda gay & durieu ex durieu selaginellaceae selaginella apoda (l.) fern. #selaginella rupestris (l.) spring pteridophyta aspleniaceae asplenium bradleyi d.c. eat. asplenium platyneuron (l.) b.s.p. asplenium resiliens kunze asplenium rhizophyllum l. syn. = camptosorus rhizophyllus (l.) link. dryopteridaceae athyrium filix-femina (l.) roth ssp. asplenioides (michx.) hultén. syn. = a. filix-femina (l.) roth var. asplenioides (michx.) farw. #cystopteris bulbifera (l.) bernh. cystopteris fragilis (l.) bernh. var. fragilis. wallis listed forma dentata (dickson) clute cystopteris tennesseensis shaver. syn. = c. fragilis (l.) bernh. var. simulans (weatherby) mcgregor. dryopteris marginalis (l.) gray onoclea sensibilis l. polystichum acrostichoides (michx.) schott woodsia obtusa (spreng.) torr. marsileaceae #marsilea vestita hook. & grev. #pilularia americana a. braun ophioglossaceae #botrychium dissectum spreng. botrychium virginianum (l.) sw. #ophioglossum crotalophoroides walt. #ophioglossum engelmannii prantl polypodiaceae #pleopeltis polypodioides (l.) andrews & windham ssp. michauxiana (weatherby) andrews & windham pteridaceae adiantum capillus-veneris l. adiantum pedatum l. argyrochosma dealbata (pursh) windham. syn. = notholaena dealbata (pursh) kunze. asplenium trichomanes l. cheilanthes alabamensis (buckl.) kunze cheilanthes lanosa (michx.) d.c. eat. syn. = c. vestita (spreng.) sw. #cheilanthes tomentosa link pellaea atropurpurea (l.) link #pellaea wrightiana hook. #pteridium aquilinum (l.) kuhn var. latiusculum (desv.) underwood ex heller pteridium aquilinum (l.) kuhn var. pseudocaudatum (clute) heller thelypteridaceae phegopteris hexagonoptera (michx.) fée. syn. = dryopteris hexagonoptera (michx.) c. christens. #thelypteris palustris schott var. pubescens (lawson) fern. 26 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. coniferophyta cupressaceae #juniperus ashei buchh. juniperus virginiana l. pinaceae pinus echinata p. mill. magnoliophyta magnoliopsida acanthaceae dicliptera brachiata (pursh) spreng. justicia americana (l.) vahl. #ruellia caroliniensis (j.f. gmel.) steud. ssp. ciliosa (pursh) r.w. long var. cinerascens (fern.) kartesz & gandhi ruellia humilis nutt. syns. = r. humilis nutt. var. expansa fern. and r. humilis nutt. var. longiflora (gray) fern. ruellia pedunculata torr. ex gray ruellia strepens l. aceraceae acer negundo l. var. negundo acer negundo l. var. texanum pax acer rubrum l. acer saccharinum l. acer saccharum marsh. amaranthaceae amaranthus albus l. #amaranthus arenicola i.m. johnston amaranthus graecizans l. amaranthus hybridus l. #amaranthus palmeri s. wats. amaranthus retroflexus l. amaranthus spinosus l. amaranthus tuberculatus (moq.) sauer. syn. = acnida tamariscina auct. non (nutt.) wood froelichia floridana (nutt.) moq. var. campestris (small) fern. froelichia graçilis (nutt.) moq. iresine rhizomatosa standl. anacardiaceae cotinus obovatus raf. rhus aromatica alt. var. aromatica rhus aromatica alt. var. serotina (greene) rehd. rhus copallinum l. var. latifolia engl. rhus glabra l. #rhus lanceolata (gray) britt. #rhus trilobata nutt. #rhus trilobata nutt. var. simplicifolia (greene) barkl. toxicodendron rydbergii (small ex rydb.) greene. syn. = rhus radicans l. var. vulgaris (michx.) dc. wallis listed formas negundo (greene) fern. and vulgaris. toxicodendron pubescens p. mill. syn. = rhus toxicodendron l. anonaceae asimina triloba (l.) dunal apiaceae (= umbelliferae) #ammoselinum butleri (engelm. ex s. wats.) coult. & rose *#anethum graveolens l. angelica venenosa (greenway) fern. #bifora americana benth. & hook. f. ex s. wats. chaerophyllum procumbens (l.) crantz #chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. dasycarpum hook. ex s. wats. chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. var. tainturieri. syn. = c. texanum coult. & rose. cicuta maculata l. cryptotaenia canadensis (l.) dc. *daucus carota l. wallis listed formas carota and epurpuratus farw. daucus pusillus michx. #erigenia bulbosa (michx.) nutt. eryngium leavenworthii torr. & gray #eryngium prostratum nutt. ex dc. eryngium yuccifolium michx. var. synchaetum gray ex coult. & rose hydrocotyle verticillata thunb. limnosciadium pinnatum (dc.) mathias & constance osmorhiza longistylis (torr.) dc. syn. = 27 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. osmorhiza longistylis (torr.) dc. var. villicaulis fern. oxypolis rigidior (l.) raf. #perideridia americana (nutt. ex dc.) reichenb. polytaenia nuttallii dc. #ptilimnium capillaceum (michx.) raf. #ptilimnium nuttallii (dc.) britt. sanicula canadensis l. var. canadensis sanicula odorata (raf.) k.m. pryer & l.r. phillippe. syn. = s. gregaria bickn. spermolepis divaricata (walt.) raf. ex ser. spermolepis echinata (nutt. ex dc.) heller taenidia integerrima (l.) drude thaspium barbinode (michx.) nutt. thaspium trifoliatum (l.) gray var. aureum britt. syn. = t. trifoliatm (l.) gray var. flavum blake. *#torilis arvensis (huds.) link *torilis japonica (houtt.) dc. trepocarpus aethusae nutt. ex dc. zizia aptera (gray) fern. zizia aurea (l.) w.d.j. koch apocynaceae amsonia illustris woods. amsonia tabernaemontana walt. var. salicifolia (pursh) woods. amsonia tabernaemontana walt. var. tabernaemontana apocynum androsaemifolium l. apocynum cannabinum l. syn. = a. cannabinum l. var. glaberrimum a. dc. and apocynum cannabinum l. var. pubescens (mitchell ex r. br.) woods. aquifoliaceae ilex decidua walt. araliaceae #panax quinquefolius l. aristolochiaceae #aristolochia serpentaria l. aristolochia tomentosa sims asarum canadense l. syn. = a. canadense l. var. acuminatum ashe. asclepiadaceae asclepias amplexicaulis sm. asclepias hirtella (pennell) woods. asclepias incarnata l. ssp. incarnata asclepias obovata ell. asclepias purpurascens l. asclepias quadrifolia jacq. asclepias stenophylla gray asclepias sullivantii engelm. ex gray asclepias tuberosa l. ssp. interior woods. #asclepias variegata l asclepias verticillata l. asclepias viridiflora raf. syn. = a. viridiflora raf. var. lanceolata (ives) torr. and a. viridiflora raf. var. linearis (gray) fern. asclepias viridis walt. cynanchum laeve (michx.) pers. matelea baldwyniana (sweet) woods. matelea decipiens (alexander) woods. matelea gonocarpos (walt.) shinners asteraceae (= compositae) achillea millefolium l. var. occidentalis dc. syn. = a. lanulosa nutt. wallis listed formas lanulosa and rubicunda farwell. ageratina altissima (l.) king & h.e. robins. var. altissima. wallis listed villicaule fern. ambrosia artemisiifolia l. var. elatior (l.) descourtils. wallis listed forma villosa fern. & griseb. ambrosia bidentata michx. ambrosia psilostachya dc. syn. = a. psilostachya dc. var. lindheimeriana (scheele) blank. ambrosia trifida l. var. texana scheele amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. syn. = gutierrezia dracunculoides (dc.) blake. antennaria neglecta greene. syn. = a. campestris rydb. #antennaria parlinii fern. #antennaria parlinii fern. ssp. fallax (greene) bayer & stebbins antennaria plantaginifolia (l.) richards *anthemis cotula l. aphanostephus skirrhobasis (dc.) trel. *arctium minus (hill) bernh. arnoglossum atriplicifolium (l.) h.e. robins. 28 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. syn. = cacalia atriplicifolia l. arnoglossum plantagineum raf. syn. = cacalia plantaginea (raf.) shinners. arnoglossum reniforme (hook.) h.e. robins. syn. = cacalia muehlenbergii (schultzbip.) fern. *artemisia annua l. artemisia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. ludoviciana. syn. = a. ludoviciana nutt. var. gnaphalodes (nutt.) torr. & gray artemisia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. mexicana (willd. ex spreng.) keck. syn. = artemisia ludoviciana nutt. var. mexicana (willd. ex spreng.) gray astranthium integrifolium (michx.) nutt. #baccharis halimifolia l. berlandiera pumila (michx.) nutt. var. pumila. syn. = b. tomentosa nutt. var. dealbata torr. & gray. bidens aristosa (michx.) britt. syns. = b. polylepis blake var. polylepis and b. polylepis blake var. retrorsa sherff. bidens bipinnata l. #bidens cernua l. #bidens discoidea (torr. & gray) britt. bidens frondosa l. boltonia asteroides (l.) l'hér. var. latisquama (gray) cronq. syn. = b. latisquama gray. boltonia diffusa ell. var. interior fern. & grisc. brickellia eupatorioides (l.) shinners var. texana (shinners) shinners. syn. = kuhnia eupatoriodes l. var. ozarkana shinners. *carduus nutans l. centaurea americana nutt. *centaurea cyanus l. chaetopappa asteroides nutt. ex dc. chrysopsis pilosa nutt. syn. = heterotheca pilosa (nutt.) shinners *cichorium intybus l. cirsium altissimum (l.) hill *cirsium vulgare (savi) ten. #cirsium undulatum (nutt.) spreng. conoclinium coelestinum (l.) dc. syn. = eupatorium coelestinum l. conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. var. canadensis conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. var. glabrata (gray) cronq. coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet var. grandiflora #coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet var. harveyana (gray) sherff coreopsis lanceolata l. syn. = c. lanceolata l. var. villosa michx. coreopsis palmata nutt. coreopsis pubescens ell. var. pubescens coreopsis tinctoria nutt. wallis listed formas tinctoria and atropurpurea (hook) fern. coreopsis tripteris l. syn. = c. tripteris l. var. deamii standl. *#cosmos sulphureus cav. *#crepis pulchra l. dracopis amplexicaulis (vahl) cass. #echinacea angustifolia dc. #echinacea atrorubens nutt. echinacea pallida (nutt.) nutt. echinacea purpurea (l.) moench eclipta alba (l.) l. elephantopus carolinianus raeusch. erechtites hieraciifolia (l.) raf. ex dc. var. hieraciifolia. syns. = e. hieraciifolia (l.) raf. ex dc. var. intermedia fern. and e. hieraciifolia (l.) raf. ex dc. var. praealta (raf.) fern. erigeron annuus (l.) pers. erigeron philadelphicus l. var. philadelphicus erigeron pulchellus michx. erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. var. beyrichii (fisch. & c.a. mey.) torr. & gray ex gray erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. var. strigosus #erigeron tenuis torr. & gray eupatorium altissimum l. #eupatorium hyssopifolium l. eupatorium perfoliatum l. eupatorium purpureum l. eupatorium serotinum michx. #eupatoriadelphus fistulosus (barratt) king & h.e. robins. eurybia hemispherica (alexander) nesom. syn. = aster hemisphericus alexander euthamia gymnospermoides greene. syn. = solidago gymnospermoides (greene)fern. 29 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. fleischmannia incarnata (walt.) king & h.e. robins. syn. = eupatorium incarnatum walt. gaillardia aestivalis (walt.) h. rock var. aestivalis. syn. = g. fastigiata greene. gaillardia aestivalis (walt.) h. rock var. flavovirens (c. mohr) cronq. syn. = g. lutea greene. #gaillardia suavis (gray & engelm.) britt. & rusby *galinsoga parviflora cay. *#galinsoga quadriradiata cav. gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera. syn. = gnaphalium purpureum l. grindelia lanceolata nutt. var. lanceolata. wallis listed forma lanceolata. grindelia papposa nesom & suh. syn. = haplopappus ciliatus (nutt.) dc. helenium amarum (raf.) h. rock helenium autumnale l. helenium flexuosum raf. helianthus angustifolius l. helianthus annuus l. #helianthus decapetalus l. #helianthus divaricatus l. helianthus ×doronicoides lam. (pro sp.) [giganteus × mollis]. syn. = h. doronicoides lam. helianthus grosseserratus martens helianthus hirsutus raf. syns. = h. hirsutus raf. var. stenophyllus torr. & gray and h. hirsutus raf. var. trachyphyllus torr. & gray. #helianthus ×laetiflorus pers. (pro sp.) [pauciflorus × tuberosus] helianthus maximiliani schrad. helianthus mollis lam. #helianthus nuttallii torr. & gray #helianthus laetiflorus pers. var. rigidus (cass.) fern. helianthus petiolaris nutt. helianthus salicifolius a. dietr. helianthus tuberosus l. heliopsis helianthoides (l.) sweet var. scabra (dunal) fern. heterotheca subaxillaris (lam.) britt. & rusby. syn. = h. latifolia buckl. hieracium gronovii l. hieracium longipilum torr. #hieracium scabrum michx. hymenopappus scabiosaeus l'hér. var. corymbosus (torr. & gray) b.l. turner hymenopappus scabiosaeus l'hér. var. scabiosaeus ionactis linariifolius (l.) greene. syn. = aster linariifolius l. iva angustifolia nutt. ex dc. iva annua l. var. annua. syn. = i. ciliata willd. krigia biflora (walt.) blake. wallis listed formas biflora and glandulifera fern. krigia dandelion (l.) nutt. krigia caespitosa (raf.) chambers. syn. = serinia oppositifolia (rat.) kuntze krigia occidentalis nutt. krigia virginica (l.) willd. lactuca canadensis l. syn. = l. canadensis var. canadensis (wallis listed formas angustata wieg. and canadensis), l. canadensis l. var. latifolia kuntze (wallis listed formas latifolia and exauriculata wieg.), l. canadensis l. var. longifolia (michx.) farw., and l. canadensis l. var. obovata wieg. (wallis listed forma stenopoda wieg.). lactuca floridana (l.) gaertn. lactuca ludoviciana (nutt.) riddell. wallis listed formas campestris (greene) fern. and ludoviciana. *lactuca serriola l. syn. = l. scariola l. wallis listed formas integrifolia (bogenh.) g. beck and scariola. #lactuca tatarica (l.) c.a. mey. var. pulchella (pursh) breitung *leucanthemum vulgare lam. syn. = chrysanthemum leucanthemum l. var. pinnatifidum lecoq & lamotte. liatris aspera michx. var. aspera. wallis listed formas aspera and benkii (macbr.) fern. liatris aspera michx. var. intermedia (lunell) gaiser #liatris punctata hook. #liatris punctata hook. var. nebraskana gaiser liatris pycnostachya michx. wallis listed forma pycnostachya. 30 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. var. hirsuta (rydb.) gaiser #liatris squarrosa (l.) michx. var. glabrata (rydb.) gaiser #liatris squarrulosa michx. *#matricaria discoidea dc. oligoneuron nitidum (torr. & gray) small. syn. = solidago nitida torr. & gray. #oligoneuron rigidum (l.) small packera aurea (l.) a.& d. löve. syn. = senecio aureus l. packera glabella (poir.) c. jeffrey. syn. = senecio glabellus poir. packera obovata (muhl. ex willd.) w.a. weber & a. löve. syn. = senecio obovatus muhl var. rotundus britt. packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & a. löve. syn. = senecio plattensis nutt. *#parthenium hysterophorus l. parthenium integrifolium l. pluchea camphorata (l.) dc. #pluchea odorata (l.) cass. var. odorata polymnia canadensis l. wallis listed forma radiata (gray) fassett. prenanthes aspera michx. #prenanthes altissima l. pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & burtt ssp. obtusifolium. syn. = gnaphalium obtusifolium l. pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walt.) dc. #pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (nutt.) nutt. #pyrrhopappus pauciflorus (d. don) dc. ratibida columnifera (nutt.) woot. & standl. wallis listed formas columnifera and pulcherrima (dc.) fern. ratibida pinnata (vent.) barnh. rudbeckia grandiflora (d. don) j.f. gmel. ex dc. rudbeckia hirta l. var. pulcherrima farw. rudbeckia laciniata l. var. laciniata rudbeckia subtomentosa pursh rudbeckia triloba l. var. triloba #silphium asteriscus l. #silphium integrifolium michx. var. integrifolium silphium integrifolium michx. var. laeve torr. & gray. syn. = s. speciosum nutt. silphium laciniatum l. var. laciniatum silphium perfoliatum l. silphium radula nutt. syn. = s. asperrimum hook. smallanthus uvedalius (l.) mackenzie ex small. syn. = polymnia uvedalia l. var. densipilis blake solidago altissima l. #solidago arguta ait. var. boottii (hook.) palmer & steyermark solidago caesia l. solidago canadensis l. var. gilvocanescens rydb. solidago gigantea ait. syn. = s. gigantea ait. var. leiophylla fern. solidago hispida muhl. ex willd. solidago ludoviciana (gray) small solidago missouriensis nutt. var. fasciculata holz. solidago nemoralis ait. var. longipetiolata (mackenzie & bush) palmer & steyermark. syn. = s. nemoralis ait. var. decemflora (dc.) fern. solidago nemoralis ait. var. nemoralis. syn. = s. nemoralis ait. var. haleana fern. #solidago odora ait. solidago petiolaris ait. var. angusta (torr. & gray) gray. syns. = s. lindheimeriana scheele and s. petiolaris ait. var. wardii (britt.) fern. solidago radula nutt. var. radula solidago rugosa p. mill. ssp. aspera (ait.) cronq. syn. = s. rugosa mill. var. celtidifolia (small) fern. solidago speciosa nutt. var. speciosa #solidago speciosa nutt. var. rigidiuscula torr. & gray solidago ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. var. ulmifolia solidago ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. var. microphylla gray. syn. = s. delicatula small. *sonchus asper (l.) hill. wallis listed forma glandulosus beckh. symphyotrichum anomalum (engelm.) nesom. syn. = aster anomalus engelm. symphyotrichum cordifolium (l.) nesom. syn. = aster sagittifolius wedemeyer ex willd. var. sagittifolius. 31 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. symphyotrichum divaricatum (nutt.) nesom. syn. = aster exilis ell. symphyotrichum drummondii (lindl.) nesom var. drummondii. syn. = aster sagittifolius wedemeyer ex willd. var. drummondii (lindl.) shinners. symphyotrichum ericoides (l.) nesom var. ericoides. syn. = aster ericoides l. symphyotrichum laeve (l.) a.& d. löve var. laeve. syn. = aster laevis l. #symphyotrichum lanceolatum (willd.) nesom symphyotrichum novae-angliae (l.) nesom. syn. = aster novae-angliae l. symphyotrichum oblongifolium (nutt.) nesom. syn. = aster oblongifolius nutt. symphyotrichum ontarionis (wieg.) nesom. syn. = aster ontarionis wieg. symphyotrichum oolentangiense (riddell) nesom var. oolentangiense. syn. = aster azureus lindl. var. azureus. symphyotrichum oolentangiense (riddell) nesom var. poaceum (burgess) nesom. syn. = aster azureus lindl. var. poaceus (burgess) fern. symphyotrichum patens (ait.) nesom var. gracile (hook.) nesom. syn. = aster patens ait. var. gracilis hook. symphyotrichum patens (ait.) nesom var. patens. syn. = aster patens ait. var. patens. symphyotrichum pilosum (willd.) nesom. syn. = aster pilosus willd. symphyotrichum praealtum (poir.) nesom var. praealtum. syn. = aster praealtus poir. var. praealtus. #symphyotrichum subulatum (michx.) nesom. symphyotrichum turbinellum (lindl.) nesom. syn. = aster turbinellus lindl. *#tanacetum vulgare l. *taraxacum officinale g.h. weber ex wiggers ssp. officinale #thelesperma ambiguum gray *tragopogon dubius scop. syn. = t. major jacq. verbesina alternifolia (l.) britt. ex kearney. syn. = actinomeris alternifolia (l.) dc. #verbesina encelioides (cav.) benth. & hook. f. ex gray verbesina helianthoides michx. verbesina virginica l. vernonia arkansana dc. syn. = v. crinita raf. vernonia baldwinii torr. ssp. baldwinii vernonia gigantea (walt.) trel. ssp. gigantea. syn. = v. altissima nutt. vernonia missurica raf. xanthium strumarium l. var. canadense (p. mill.) torr. & gray. syns. = x. italicum mor., x. pensylvanicum wallr., and x. speciosum kearney. xanthium strumarium l. var. glabratum (dc.) cronq. syn. = x. chinense mill. balsaminaceae impatiens capensis neerb. impatiens pallida nutt. berberidaceae podophyllum peltatum l. betulaceae (=corylaceae) alnus serrulata (alt.) willd. syn. = a. serrulata (alt.) willd. var. vulgaris spach. betula nigra l. corylus americana walt. var. americana. wallis listed forma americana. ostrya virginiana (p. mill.) k. koch var. virginiana. syn. = ostrya virginiana (p. mill.) k. koch var. lasia fern. wallis listed forma glandulosa (spach) macbr. bignoniaceae campsis radicans (l.) seem. catalpa bignonioides walt. catalpa speciosa (warder) warder ex engelm. boraginaceae *buglossoides arvensis (l.) i.m. johnston. syn. = lithospermum arvense l. #cynoglossum virginianum l. hackelia virginiana (l.) i.m. johnston heliotropium convolvulaceum (nutt.) gray *heliotropium indicum l. heliotropium tenellum (nutt.) torr. 32 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. lithospermum canescens (michx.) lehm. lithospermum caroliniense (walt. ex j.f. gmel.) macm. lithospermum incisum lehm. myosotis macrosperma engelm. myosotis verna nutt. onosmodium bejariense dc. ex a. dc. var. occidentale (mackenzie) b.l. turner. syn. = o. occidentale mackenzie. onosmodium bejariense dc. ex a. dc. var. subsetosum (mackenzie & bush) b.l. turner. syn. = o. subsetosum mackenzie & bush. brassicaceae *#alliaria petiolata (bieb.) cavara & grande arabis canadensis l. arabis laevigata (muhl. ex willd.) poir. arabis missouriensis greene arabis shortii (fern.) gleason. syn. = a. perstellata e.l. br. var. shortii fern. *barbarea vulgaris ait. f. *brassica napus l. *brassica rapa l. *camelina microcarpa andrz. ex dc. *capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik. cardamine bulbosa (schreb. ex muhl.) b.s.p. cardamine parviflora l. var. arenicola (britt) o.e. shultz cardamine pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. cardamine concatenata (michx.) sw. syn. = dentaria laciniata muhl. descurainia pinnata (walt.) britt. ssp. brachycarpa (richards.) detling draba aprica beadle draba brachycarpa nutt. ex torr. & gray draba cuneifolia nutt. ex torr. & gray var. cuneifolia #draba reptans (lam.) fern. iodanthus pinnatifidus (michx.). steud. lepidium campestre (l.) ait. f. lepidium densiflorum schrad. lepidium virginicum l. var. virginicum lesquerella gracilis (hook.) s. wats. var. gracilis *nasturtium officinale ait. f. neobeckia aquatica (eat.) greene. syn. = armoracia aquatica (eat.) wieg. rorippa palustris (l.) bess. ssp. fernaldiana (butters & abbe) jonsell. syn. = r. islandica (oeder) borbas var. fernaldia butters & abbe. rorippa palustris (l.) bess. ssp. hispida (desv.) jonsell. syn. = r. islandica (oeder) borbas var. hispida (desv.) butters & abbe. rorippa teres (michx.) r. stuckey. syn. = r. obtusa (nutt.) britt. rorippa sessiliflora (nutt.) a.s. hitchc. selenia aurea nutt. sibara virginica (l.) rollins *sinapis arvensis l. syn. = brassica kaber (dc.) l.c. wheeler var. pinnatifida (stokes) l.c. wheeler. *#sisymbrium altissimum l. *sisymbrium officinale (l.) scop. syn. = s. officinale (l.) scop. var. leiocarpum dc. streptanthus maculatus nutt. *thlaspi arvense l. cabombaceae #brasenia schreberi j.f. gmel. cactaceae #opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. opuntia macrorhiza engelm. callitrichaceae callitriche heterophylla pursh callitriche terrestris raf. campanulaceae campanulastrum americanum (l.) small. syn. = campanula americana l. var. illinoensis (fresn.) farw. lobelia appendiculata a. dc. #lobelia puberula michx. lobelia cardinalis l. lobelia inflata l. lobelia siphilitica l. var. ludoviciana a. dc. lobelia spicata lam. var. spicata lobelia spicata lam. var. leptostachys (a. dc.) mackenzie & bush triodanis biflora (ruiz & pavón) greene. syn. 33 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. = specularia biflora (ruiz & pavón) fisch. & c.a. mey. triodanis lamprosperma mcvaugh. syn. = specularia lamprosperma (mcvaugh) fern. triodanis leptocarpa (nutt.) nieuwl. syn. = specularia leptocarpa (nutt.) gray triodanis perfoliata (l.) nieuwl. syn. = specularia perfoliata (l.) a. dc. cannabinaceae *humulus lupulus l. capparidaceae *#cleome hassleriana chod. #cleome serrulata pursh #polanisia dodecandra (l.) dc. ssp. dodecandra polanisia dodecandra (l.) dc. ssp. trachysperma (torr. & gray) iltis caprifoliaceae lonicera flava sims *lonicera japonica thunb. #lonicera sempervirens l. sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli. syn. = s. canadensis l. var. canadensis and s. canadensis l. var. submollis rehd. symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench. # triosteum aurantiacum bickn. triosteum perfoliatum l. #viburnum molle michx. #viburnum rafinesquianum j.a. schultes viburnum rufidulum raf. caryophyllaceae agrostemma githago l. *arenaria serpyllifolia l. cerastium brachypodum (engelm. ex gray) b.l. robins. #cerastium brachypetalum desportes ex pers. *cerastium fontanum baumg. ssp. vulgare (hartman) greuter & burdet. syn. = c. vulgatum l. *cerastium glomeratum thuill. syn. = c. viscosum auct. non l. cerastium nutans raf. *#cerastium pumilum w. curtis *dianthus armeria l. minuartia drummondii (shinners) mcneill. syn. = stellaria nuttallii torr. & gray. #minuartia michauxii (fenzl) farw. var. texana (b.l. robins.) mattf. minuartia muscorum (fassett) rabeler. syn. = stellaria muscorum fassett. minuartia patula (michx.) mattf. syn. = arenaria patula michx. wallis listed formas media steyerm. pitcheri (nutt.) steyerm. and robusta steyerm. paronychia canadensis (l.) wood paronychia fastigiata (raf.) fern. var. fastigiata *#petrorhagia dubia (raf.) g. lópez & romo *petrorhagia prolifera (l.) p.w. ball & heywood. syn. = dianthus prolifer l. sagina decumbens (ell.) torr. & gray *saponaria officinalis l. *#scleranthus annuus l. silene antirrhina l. silene regia sims silene stellata (l.) ait. f. wallis listed forma scabrella (niewl.) palm. & steyerm. silene virginica l. *stellaria media (l.) vill. celastraceae #celastrus scandens l. euonymus atropurpureus jacq. ceratophyllaceae ceratophyllum demersum l. chenopodiaceae chenopodium album l. *chenopodium ambrosioides l. var. ambrosioides #chenopodium berlandieri moq. chenopodium leptophyllum (moq.) nutt. ex s. wats. *chenopodium pumilio r. br. chenopodium simplex (torr.) raf. syn. = c. hybridum l. var. gigantospermum (aellen) rouleau. chenopodium standleyanum aellen cycloloma atriplicifolium (spreng.) coult. 34 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. monolepis nuttalliana (j.a. schultes) greene cistaceae lechea mucronata raf. syn. = l. villosa ell. lechea tenuifolia michx. syn. = lechea tenuifolia michx.var. occidentalis hodgdon. clusiaceae (= guttiferae) hypericum hypericoides (l.) crantz ssp. hypericoides. syn. = ascyrum hypericoides l. var. hypericoides. hypericum hypericoides (l.) crantz ssp. multicaule (michx. ex willd.) robson. syn. = ascyrum hypericoides l. var. multicaule (michx.) fern. hypericum drummondii (grev. & hook.) torr. & gray hypericum gentianoides (l.) b.s.p. hypericum multilum l. syn. = h. multilum l. var. parviflorum (willd.) fern. *hypericum perforatum l. hypericum pseudomaculatum bush hypericum prolificum l. syn. = h. spathulatum (spach.) steud. hypericum punctatum lam. hypericum sphaerocarpum michx. convolvulaceae *calystegia sepium (l.) r. br. ssp. sepium *convolvulus arvensis l. syn. = c. arvensis l. var. fraterniflorus mack. & bush. *#ipomoea coccinea l. #ipomoea pandurata (l.) g.f.w. mey. *#ipomoea purpurea (l.) roth #calystegia silvatica (kit.) griseb. ssp. fraterniflora (mackenzie & bush) brummitt *ipomoea hederacea jacq. syn. = i. hederacea (l.) jacq. var. integriuseula gray. ipomoea lacunosa l. ipomoea pandurata (l.) g.f.w. mey. cornaceae cornus drummondi c.a. meyer cornus florida l. cornus obliqua raf. crassulaceae sedum nuttallianum raf. sedum pulchellum michx. *#sedum sarmentosum bunge cucurbitaceae #cayaponia grandifolia (torr. & gray) small cucurbita foetidissima kunth melothria pendula l. sicyos angulatus l. cuscutaceae cuscuta compacta juss. ex choisy cuscuta cuspidata engelm. cuscuta glomerata choisy cuscuta gronovii willd. ex j.a. schultes #cuscuta indecora choisy #cuscuta obtusiflora kunth cuscuta pentagona engelm. var. pentagona. syn. = c. campestris yuncker. cuscuta pentagona engelm. var. glabrior (engelm.) gandhi, thomas & hatch. syn. = c. glabrior (engelm.) yuncker. #cuscuta polygonorum engelm. dipsacaceae *dipsacus fullonum l. syn. = dipsacus sylvestris huds. droseraceae #drosera brevifolia pursh ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. syn. = d. virginiana l. var. pubescens (pursh) dippel. elaeagnaceae *#elaeagnus angustifolia l. ericaceae rhododendron canescens (michx.) sweet #rhododendron oblongifolium (small) millais #rhododendron prinophyllum (small) millais vaccinium arboreum marsh. syn. = vaccinium arboreum marsh. var. glaucescens (greene) sarg. vaccinium pallidum ait. syn. = v. vacillans 35 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. torr. var. crinitum fern. vacciniun stamineum l. syn. = v. stamineum l. var. interius (ashe) palmer & steyerm. and v. stamineum l. var. neglectum (small) deam) #vaccinium virgatum ait. euphorbiaceae acalypha gracilens gray. syn. = a. gracilens gray var. fraseri (muell.-arg. weatherby acalypha monococca (engelm. ex gray) l. mill. & gandhi. syn. = a. gracilens gray var. monococca engelm. ex gray. acalypha ostryifolia riddell acalypha rhomboidea raf. acalypha virginica l. argythamnia mercurialina (nutt.) muell.-arg. var. mercurialina. syn. = ditaxis mercurialina (nutt.) coult. chamaesyce humistrata (engelm. ex gray) small. syn. = euphorbia humistrata engelm. ex gray. chamaesyce maculata (l.) small. syn. = euphorbia maculata l. and euphorbia supina raf. chamaesyce missurica (raf.) shinners. syn. = euphorbia missurica raf. #chamaesyce nutans (lag.) small chamaesyce prostrata (ait.) small. syn. = euphorbia chamaesyce auct. non l. chamaesyce serpens (kunth) small. syn. = euphorbia serpens kunth. croton capitatus michx. var. capitatus. croton glandulosus l. var. septentrionalis muell.-arg. croton lindheimerianus scheele #croton michauxii g.l. webster croton monanthogynus michx. croton willdenowii g.l. webster. syn. = crotonopsis elliptica willd. euphorbia corollata l. var. paniculata (ell.) boiss. euphorbia cyathophora murr. syn. = e. heterophylla l. var. graminifolia (michx.) engelm. euphorbia dentata michx. wallis listed formas cuphosperma (engelm.) fern. and dentata. euphorbia heterophylla l. euphorbia hexagona nutt. ex spreng. euphorbia marginata pursh euphorbia pubentissima michx. syn. = e. corollata l. var. mollis millap. euphorbia spathulata lam. syn. = e. dictyosperma fisch. & c.a. mey. euphorbia obtusata (pursh) small phyllanthus caroliniensis walt. stillingia sylvatica l. tragia betonicifolia nutt. syn. = t. urticifolia michx. #tragia urticifolia michx. tragia ramosa torr. fabaceae (=leguminosae) acacia angustissima (p. mill.) kuntze var. hirta (nutt.) b.l. robins. *#albizia julibrissin durazz. amorpha canescens pursh amorpha fruticosa l. syn. = a. fruticosa l. var. angustifolia pursh, a. fruticosa l. var. oblongifolia palmer and a. fruticosa l. var. tennesseensis (shuttlew.) palmer. #amorpha laevigata nutt. amphicarpaea bracteata (l.) fern. var. bracteata amphicarpaea bracteata (l.) fern. var. comosa (l.) fern. apios americana medik. syn. = a. americana medik. var. turrigera fern. astragalus canadensis l. astragalus crassicarpus nutt. var. trichocalyx (nutt.) barneby astragalus distortus torr. & gray #astragalus nuttallianus dc. baptisia alba (l.) vent. var. macrophylla (larisey) isely. syn. = baptisia leucantha torr. & gray var. leucantha. baptisia australis (l.) r. br. ex ait. f. var. minor (lehm.) fern. #baptisia bracteata muhl. ex ell. var. leucophaea (nutt.) kartesz & gandhi cercis canadensis l. var. canadensis. wallis listed formas canadensis and glabrifolia fern. chamaecrista fasciculata (michx.) greene var. 36 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. fasciculata. syn. = cassia fasiculata michx. var. robusta (pollard) macbr. chamaecrista nictitans (l.) moench ssp. nictitans var. nictitans. syn. = cassia nictitans l. cladrastis kentukea (dum.-cours.) rudd. clitoria mariana l. crotalaria sagittalis l. dalea candida michx. ex willd. var. candida dalea lanata spreng #dalea multiflora (nutt.) shinners dalea purpurea vent. desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macm. ex b.l. robins. & fern. desmodium canadense (l.) dc. desmodium canescens (l.) dc. desmodium ciliare (muhl. ex willd.) dc. desmodium cuspidatum (muhl. ex willd.) dc. ex loud. desmodium glutinosum (muhl. ex willd.) wood #desmodium illinoense gray desmodium laevigatum (nutt.) dc. desmodium marilandicum (l.) dc. desmodium nudiflorum (l.) dc. wallis lists formas foliolatum (farwell) fassett, nudiflorum, and personatum fassett. #desmodium nuttallii (schindl.) schub. desmodium obtusum (muhl. ex willd.) dc. syn. = desmodlum rigidum (ell.) dc. desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. var. paniculatum desmodium pauciflorum (nutt.) dc. desmodium perplexum schub. syn. = desmodium paniculatum (l.) dc. var. dillenii (darl.) isely. desmodium rotundifolium dc. desmodium sessilifolium (torr.) torr. & gray #desmodium viridiflorum (l.) dc. galactia volubilis (l.) britt. syn. = g. volubilis (l.) britt. var. mississippiensis vail. gleditsia triacanthos l. gymnocladus dioicus (l.) k. koch #indigofera miniata ortega *kummerowia stipulacea (maxim.) makino *kummerowia striata (thunb.) schindl. *#lathyrus hirsutus l. *lathyrus latifolius l. lathyrus pusillus ell. lespedeza capitata michx. lespedeza cuneata (dum.-cours.) g. don #lespedeza frutescens (l.) hornem. lespedeza hirta (l.) hornem. lespedeza procumbens michx. lespedeza repens (l.) w. bart. lespedeza stuevei nutt. *#lespedeza thunbergii (dc.)nakai lespedeza violacea (l.) pers. lespedeza virginica (l.) britt. lotus unifoliolatus (hook.) benth. var. unifoliolatus. syn. = l. americanus (mitt.) bisch. non vell. *medicago lupulina l. *medicago sativa l. *melilotus officinalis (l.) lam. syn. = m. alba medikus. mimosa nuttallii (dc.) b.l. turner. syn. = schrankia nuttallii (dc.) standl. neptunia lutea (leavenworth) benth. orbexilum pedunculatum (p. mill.) rydb. var. pedunculatum. syn. = psoralea psoralioides (walt.) cory var. eglandulosa (ell.) freeman. #orbexilum simplex (nutt. ex torr. & gray) rydb. #pediomelum linearifolium (torr. & gray) j. grimes phaseolus polystachios (l.) b.s.p. psoralidium tenuiflorum (pursh) rydb. syn. = p. tenuiflora pursh var. floribunda (nutt.) rydb. *#pueraria montana (lour.) merr. rhynchosia latifolia nutt. ex torr. & gray #robinia hispida l. robinia pseudo-acacia l. senna marilandica (l.) link. syn. = cassia marilandica l. sesbania herbacea (p. mill.) mcvaugh. syn. = s. exaltata raf. strophostyles helvula (l.) elliot strophostyles leiosperma (torr. & gray) piper strophostyles umbellata (muhl. ex willd.) britt. stylosanthes biflora (l.) b.s.p. syn. = s. biflora (l.) b.s.p. var. hispidissima (michx.) pollard & ball. 37 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. tephrosia virginiana (l.) pers. syn. = t. virginiana (l.) pers. var. holosericea (nutt.) torr. & gray. *trifolium arvense l. trifolium carolinianum michx. *trifolium dubium sibthorp *trifolium hybridum l. *trifolium incarnatum l. *trifolium pratense l. trifolium campestre schreb. syn. = t. procumbens l. trifolium reflexum l. *trifolium repens l. *trifolium resupinatum l. vicia caroliniana walt. vicia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. leavenworthii (torr. & gray) lassetter & gunn. syn. = v. leavenworthii torr. & gray var. leavenworthii. #vicia ludoviciana nutt. ssp. ludoviciana vicia minutiflora f.g. dietr. *vicia sativa l. ssp. nigra (l.) ehrh. syn. = v. angustifolia l. var. segetalis (thuill.) w.d.j. koch. *vicia villosa roth fagaceae castanea pumila (l.) p. mill. var. ozarkensis (ashe) tucker. syn. = c. ozarkensis ashe. quercus alba l. wallis listed formas alba, latiloba (sarg,) palmer & steyerm. and viridis trel. #quercus buckleyi nixon & dorr quercus falcata michx. var. falcata quercus lyrata walt. quercus macrocarpa michx. quercus marilandica (l.) muenchh. quercus muehlenbergii engelm. wallis lists forma alexanderi (britt.) trel. quercus nigra l. var. nigra quercus palustris muenchh. quercus rubra l. var. ambigua (gray) fern. syn. = q. rubra l. var. borealis (michx. f.) farw. quercus rubra l. var. rubra quercus shumardii buckl. var. schneckii (britt.) sarg. quercus stellata wangenh. quercus velutina lam. wallis listed formas dilaniata thel., macrophylla (dippel) trel., and missouriensis (sarg.) trel. fumariaceae #corydalis curvisiliqua engelm. ssp. occidentalis (engelm. ex gray) w.a. weber corydalis crystallina engelm. corydalis flavula (raf.) dc. corydalis micrantha (engelm. ex gray) gray dicentra cucullaria (l.) bernh. gentianaceae #gentiana alba muhl. ex nutt. #gentiana puberulenta j. pringle sabatia angularis (l.) pursh sabatia campestris nutt. wallis listed formas albiflora d. m. moore and campestris. geraniaceae *erodium cicutarium (l.) l'hér. ex ait. geranium carolinianum l. #geranium carolinianum l. var. sphaerospermum (fern.) breitung geranium maculatum l. *#geranium molle l. *geranium pusillum l. grossulariaceae #ribes missouriense nutt. haloragaceae *myriophyllum aquaticum (vell.) verdc. syn. = m. brasiliense camb. myriophyllum heterophyllum michx. myriophyllum pinnatum (walt.) b.s.p. hamamelidaceae hamamelis vernalis sarg. syn. = h. vernalis sarg. var. tomentella (rehd.) palmer. hippocastanaceae aesculus glabra willd. var. glabra. syn. = a. glabra willd. var. sargentii rehd. 38 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. hydrangeaceae hydrangea arborescens l. var. arborescens. syn. = h. arborescens l. var. oblonga torr. & gray hydrangea cinerea small. syn. = h. arborescens l. var. deamii st. john. philadelphus pubescens loisel. hydrocharitaceae *#egeria densa planch. #elodea canadensis michx. hydrophyllaceae ellisia nyctelea (l.)l. hydrolea ovata nutt. ex choisy hydrophyllum virginianum l. nemophila phacelioides nutt. #phacelia gilioides brand phacelia hirsuta nutt. phacelia strictiflora (engelm. & gray) gray var. robbinsii constance juglandaceae carya alba (l.) nutt. ex ell. syn. = carya tomentosa (lam. ex poir.) nutt. carya cordiformis (wangenh.) k. koch #carya glabra (p. mill.) sweet carya illinoensis (wangenh.) k. koch #carya laciniosa (michx. f.) g. don carya ovalis (wangenh.) sarg. syn. = carya ovalis (wangenh.) sarg. var. obcordata (muhl. & willd.) sarg. carya ovata (p. mill.) k. koch carya texana buckl. juglans nigra l. lamiaceae (= labiatae) agastache nepetoides (l.) kuntze #blephilia ciliata (l.) benth. clinopodium arkansanum (nutt.) house. syn. = satureja arkansana (nutt.) briq. cunila origanoides (l.) britt. *glechoma hederacea l. syn. = g. hederacea l. var. micrantha moricand. hedeoma hispida pursh hedeoma pulegioides (l.) pers. *lamium amplexicaule l. wallis listed formas albiflorum d. m. moore and amplexicaule. *lamium purpureum l. *leonurus cardiaca l. *leonurus sibiricus l. lycopus americanus muhl. ex w. bart. syn. = l. americanus muhl. var. scabrifolius fern. lycopus rubellus moench. syn. = l. rubellus moench. var. arkansanus (fresn.) benner. lycopus uniflorus michx. *marrubium vulgare l. *melissa officinalis l. * mentha ×piperita l. (pro sp.) [aquatica × spicata]. syn. = mentha piperita l. *mentha spicata l. #monarda bradburiana beck monarda citriodora cerv. ex lag. monarda fistulosa l. ssp. fistulosa #monarda fistulosa l. ssp. fistulosa var. mollis (l.) benth. monarda punctata l. ssp. punctata var. villicaulis (pennell) palmer & steyermark. syn. = m. punctata l. var. villicaulis (pennell) shinners monarda russeliana nutt. ex sims. syn. = m. virgata raf. *nepeta cataria l. *perilla frutescens (l.) britton physostegia angustifolia fern. #physostegia virginiana (l.) benth. prunella vulgaris l. syn. = p. caroliniana mill. #prunella vulgaris l. var. lanceolata (w. bart.) fern. pycnanthemum albescens torr. & gray pycnanthemum tenuifolium schrad. pycnanthemum verticillatum (michx.) pers. var. pilosum (nutt.) cooperrider. syn. = p. pilosum nutt. salvia azurea michx. ex lam. var. grandiflora benth. salvia lyrata l. scutellaria elliptica muhl. ex spreng. scutellaria incana biehler scutellaria lateriflora l. scutellaria ovata hill ssp. bracteata (benth.) epling scutellaria ovata hill ssp. ovata scutellaria parvula michx. var. parvula 39 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. #scutellaria parvula michx. var. australis fassett stachys tenuifolia willd. teucrium canadense l. var. canadense. syn. = t. canadense l. var. virginicum (l.) eat. trichostema brachiatum l. lauraceae lindera benzoin (l.) blume var. benzoin lindera benzoin (l.) blume var. pubescens (palmer & steyerm.) rehd. sassafras albidum (nutt.) nees. syn. = s. albidum (nutt.) nees var. molle (raf.) fern. lentibulariaceae utricularia gibba l. syn. = u. biflora lam. linaceae #linum berlandieri hook. var. berlandieri hook. var. berlandieri linum medium (planch.) britt. var. texanum (planch.) fern. linum pratense (j.b.s. norton) small. syn. = l. lewisii pursh var. pratense j.b.s. norton linum sulcatum riddell loasaceae mentzelia oligosperma nutt. ex sims. loganiaceae polypremum procumbens l. lythraceae ammannia auriculata willd. ammannia coccinea rothb. cuphea viscosissima jacq. syn. = c. petiolata koehne. lythrum alatum pursh lythrum alatum pursh var. lanceolatum (ell.) torr. & gray ex rothrock. syn. = l. lanceolatum ell. rotala ramosior (l.) koehne. syn. = r. ramosior (l.) koehne var. interior fern. & grisc. malvaceae *abutilon theophrasti medik. callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.) gray callirhoe bushii fern. callirhoe digitata nutt. var. digitata callirhoe involucrata (torr. and gray) gray var. involucrata #callirhoe leiocarpa r.f. martin hibiscus laevis all. syn. = h. militaris cav. hibiscus lasiocarpos cav. #hibiscus moscheutos l. *#hibiscus syriacus l. *#hibiscus trionum l. *malva neglecta wallr. malvastrum hispidum (pursh) hochr. syn. = sidopsis hispida (pursh) rydb. sida spinosa l. melastomataceae rhexia mariana l. var. interior (pennell) kral & bostick. syn. = r. interior pennell menispermaceae calycocarpum lyoni (pursh) gray cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. menispermum canadense l. molluginaceae glinus lotoides l. mollugo verticillata l. monotropaceae #monotropa hypopithys l. #monotropa uniflora l. moraceae maclura pomifera (raf.) schneider *morus alba l. morus rubra l. nelumbonaceae nelumbo lutea willd. nyctaginaceae mirabilis albida (walt.) heimerl mirabilis linearis (pursh) heimerl *mirabilis jalapa l. mirabilis nyctaginea (michx.) macm. 40 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. nymphaeaceae nuphar lutea (l.) sm. ssp. advena (ait.) kartesz & gandhi. syn. = n. advena (ait.) alt. f. nymphaea odorata ait. ssp. tuberosa (paine) wiersma & hellquist. syn. = n. tuberosa ait. nyssaceae nyssa sylvatica marsh. syn. = n. sylvatica marsh. var. dilatata fern. oleaceae #forestiera acuminata (michx.) poir. fraxinus americana l. fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. syn. = fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh. var. subintegerrima (vahl) fern. fraxinus quadrangulata michx. *ligustrum sinense lour. onagraceae #calylophus serrulatus (nutt.) raven circaea lutetiana l. ssp. canadensis (l.) aschers. & magnus. syn. = c. quadrisulcata (maxim.) franch. & savigny ssp. canadensis (l.) a.& d. löve. #gaura biennis l. gaura longiflora spach. syn. = g. biennis l. var. pitcheri torr. & gray. gaura mollis james. syn. = g. parviflora dougl. ex lehm. var. parviflora. wallis listed forma parviflora. ludwigia alternifolia l. syn. = ludwigia alternifolia l. var. pubescens palmer & steyermark. ludwigia decurrens walt. syn. = jussiaea decurrens (walt.) dc. ludwigia glandulosa walt. ssp. glandulosa ludwigia palustris (l.) ell. syn. = l. palustris (l.) ell. var. americana (dc.) fern. & grisc. ludwigia peploides (kunth) raven ssp. glabrescens (kuntze) raven. syn. = jussiaea repens l. var. glabrescens kuntze. #ludwigia repens j.r. forst. oenothera biennis l. var. biennis oenothera elata kunth ssp. hirsutissima (gray ex s. wats.) w. dietr. syn. = o. biennis l. var. hirsutissima gray. oenothera fruticosa l. ssp. fruticosa #oenothera grandis (britt.) smyth oenothera laciniata hill oenothera linifolia nutt. #oenothera spachiana torr. & gray #oenothera speciosa nutt. oenothera villosa thunb. ssp. villosa. syn. = o. biennis l. var. canescens torr. & gray. oenothera triloba nutt. orobanchaceae orobanche uniflora l. oxalidaceae oxalis corniculata l. syn. = o. corniculata l. var. langloisii (small) wieg. #oxalis dillenii jacq. *oxalis stricta l. syns. = o. europaea jord. var. bushii (small) wieg. and o. europaea jord. var. europaea. wallis listed formas europaea, pilosella wieg., and villicaulis wieg. oxalis violacea l. syn. = o. violacea l. var. tricnophora fasaett. . papaveraceae argemone polyanthemos (fedde) g.b. ownbey. syn. = a. intermedia auct. non sweet. *#papaver dubium l. sanguinaria canadensis l. syn. = s. canadensis l. var. rotundifolia (greene) fedde. passifloraceae passiflora incarnata l. wallis listed formas alba waterfall and incarnata. passiflora lutea l. syn. = p. lutea l. var. glabriflora fern. phytolaccaceae phytolacca americana l. rivina humilis l. 41 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. #plantago elongata pursh #plantago heterophylla nutt. *plantago lanceolata l. #plantago major l. #plantago patagonica jacq. plantago pusilla nutt. #plantago rhodosperma dcne. plantago rugelii dcne. plantago virginica l. #plantago wrightiana dcne. platanaceae platanus occidentalis l. podostemaceae #podostemum ceratophyllum michx. polemoniaceae #phlox cuspidata scheele phlox divaricata l. ssp. laphamii (wood) wherry. syn. = p. divaricata l. var. laphamii wood. phlox pilosa l. ssp. ozarkana (wherry) wherry. syn. = p. pilosa l. var. ozarkana wherry. phlox pilosa l. var. pilosa polemonium reptans l. polygalaceae polygala ambigua nutt. syn. = p. verticillata l. var. dolichoptera fern. polygala incarnata l. polygala sanguinea l. #polygala verticillata l. polygonaceae eriogonum longifolium nutt. *#fagopyrum esculentum moench #polygonum amphibium l. *polygonum aviculare l. var. aviculare. syn. = p. aviculare l. var. vegetum ledeb. polygonum buxiforme small. syn. = p. aviculare l. var. littorale (link) w. d. j. koch. *polygonum convolvulus l. *#polygonum cuspidatum sieb. & zucc. *polygonum hydropiper l. polygonum hydropiperoides michx. var. hydropiperoides. syns. = p. hydropiperoides michx. var. bushianum stanford and p. hydropiperoides michx. var. opelousanum (riddell ex small) riddell ex w. stone. polygonuum lapathifolium l. *#polygonum orientale l. polygonum pensylvanicum l. var. pensylvanicum syn. = p. pensylvanicum l. var. laevigatum fern. polygonum persicaria l. polygonum punctatum ell. var. confertiflorum (meisn.) fassett polygonum punctatum ell. var. leptostachyum ((meisn.) small polygonum punctatum ell. var. punctatum polygonum ramosissimum michx. polygonum sagittatum l. polygonum scandens l. #polygonum setaceum baldw. polygonum tenue michx. polygonum virginianum l. syn. = tovara virginiana (l.) raf. *rumex acetosella l. rumex altissimus wood *rumex crispus l. rumex hastatulus baldw. *rumex obtusifolius l. *#rumex patientia l. *rumex pulcher l. portulacaceae claytonia virginica l. phemeranthus calycinus (engelm.) kiger. syn. = talinum calycinum engelm. phemeranthus parviflorus (nutt.) kiger. syn. = talinum parviflorum nutt. portulaca halimoides l. syn. = portulaca parvula gray. portulaca oleracea l. #portulaca pilosa l. primulaceae *#anagallis arvensis l. androsace occidentalis pursh 42 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. centunculus minimus l. dodecatheon meadia l. ssp. meadia. wallis listed formas album and meadia. lysimachia ciliata l. lysimachia lanceolata walt. samolus valerandi l. ssp. parviflorus (raf.) hultén. syn. = s. parviflorus raf. ranunculaceae anemone caroliniana walt. wallis listed formas caroliniana and violacea clute. anemone berlandieri pritz. syn. = anemone decapetala auct. non ard. anemone virginiana l. aguilegia canadensis l. syn. = a. canadensis l. var. latiuscula (greene) munz. clematis ligusticifolia nutt. clematis pitcheri torr. & gray *#clematis terniflora dc. clematis versicolor small ex rydb. clemiatis virginiana l. *consolida ajacis (l.) schur. syn. = delphinium ajacis l. wallis listed formas ajacis and alba r. h. cheney. delphinium carolinianum walt. ssp. carolinianum. syn. = d. carolinianum walt. var. crispum perry and d. carolinianum walt. var. nortonianum (mack & bush) perry. delphinium tricorne michx. wallis listed formas albiflora millsp. and tricorne. enemion biternatum raf. syn. = isopyrum biternatum (raf.) torr. & gray myosurus minimus l. ranunculus abortivus l. var. abortivus ranunculus fascicularis muhl. ex bigelow syn. = r. fascicularis muhl. ex bigelow var. aprica (greene) fern. ranunculus harveyi (gray) britt. ranunculus hispidus michx. ranunculus hispidus michx. var. nitidus (chapman) t. duncan. syn. = r. carolinianus dc. ranunculus laxicaulis (torr.& gray) darby ranunculus longirostris godr. #ranunculus macranthus scheele ranunculus micranthus nutt. *ranunculus parviflorus l. ranunculus pusillus poir. ranunculus recurvatus poir. ranunculus sceleratus l. var. sceleratus thalictrum dasycarpum fisch. & avé-lall. syn. = t. dasycarpum fisch. & avé-lall. var. hypoglaucum (rydb.) boivin. #thalictrum dioicum l. thalictrum thalictroides (l.) eames & boivin. syn. = anemonella thalictroides (l.) eames & boivin. rhamnaceae berchemia scandens (hill) k. koch ceanothus americanus l. syn. = c. americanus l. var. pitcheri torr.& gray. ceanothus herbaceus raf. syn. = c. herbaceus raf. var. pubescens (torr. & gray ex s. wats.) shinners. frangula caroliniana (walt.) gray. syn. = rhamnus caroliniana walt. var. caroliniana and rhamnus caroliniana walt. var. mollis fern. rhamnus lanceolata pursh ssp. glabrata (gleason) kartesz & gandhi. syn. = rhamnus lanceolata pursh var. glabrata gleason. rosaceae agrimonia parviflora ait. agrimonia pubescens wallr. agrimonia rostellata wallr. amelanchier arborea (michz. f.) fern. #amelanchier arborea (michx. f.) fern. var. alabamensis (britt.) g.n. jones aruncus dioicus (walt.) fern. var. pubescens (rydb.) fern. crataegus coccinioides ashe crataegus crus-galli l. crataegus engelmanni sarg. #crataegus intricata lange crataegus mollis scheele #crataegus pruinosa (wendl. f.) k. koch #crataegus punctata jacq. crataegus reverchonii sarg. syn. = c. reverchoni sarg. var. discolor (sarg.) palmer. 43 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. crataegus spathulata michx. crataegus viridis l. *#duchesnea indica (andr.) focke fragaria virginiana duchesne geum canadense jacq. var. canadense. syn. = g. canadense jacq. var. camporum (rydb.) fern. & weath. geum vernum (raf.) torr. & gray gillenia stipulata (muhl. ex willd.) baill. malus ioensis (wood) britt. var. ioensis. syn. = pyrus ioensis (wood) bailey. *malus sylvestris p. mill. syn. = pyrus malus l. physocarpus opulifolius (l.) maxim. var. intermedius (rydb.) b.l. robins. potentilla norvegica l. *potentilla recta l. potentilla simplex michx. var. simplex #prunus americana marsh. #prunus angustifolia marsh. #prunus gracilis engelm. & gray prunus hortulana bailey prunus mexicana s. wats. syn. = p. americana marsh. var. lanata sudsworth. prunus munsoniana w. wright & hedrick. *prunus persica (l.) batsch prunus rivularis scheele. syn. = p. reverchonii sarg. prunus serotina ehrh. #prunus virginiana l. *#pyrus communis l. rosa carolina l. var. carolina. syn. = r. carolina var. villosa (best) rehd. wallis listed forma glandulosa (crepin) fern. rosa foliolosa nutt. ex torr. & gray rosa multiflora thunb. ex murr. rosa setigera michx. var. setigera rosa setigera michx. var. tomentosa torr. & gray rubus aboriginum rydb. #rubus argutus link rubus allegheniensis porter rubus bushii bailey. syn. = r. fructifer bailey, r. ozarkensis bailey, and r. scibilis bailey. #rubus flagellaris willd. rubus frondosus bigelow. syn. = r. pratensis bailey. rubus mollior bailey rubus occidentalis l. rubus oklahomus bailey rubus trivialis michx. sanguisorba annua (nutt. ex hook.) nutt. ex torr. & gray rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. diodia teres walt. var. teres. syn. = d. teres walt. var. setifera fern. & grisc. #diodia virginiana l. galium aparine l. var. aparine. syn. = g. aparine l. var. vaillantii (dc.) koch. galium arkansanum gray galium circaezans michx. var. hypomalacum fern. galium concinnum torr. & gray #galium obtusum bigelow #galium pilosum ait. var. pilosum galium pilosum ait. var. puncticulosum (michx.) torr. & gray galium tinctorium (l.) scop. galium triflorum michx. wallis listed formas glabrum leyend and triflorum. galium virgatum nutt. houstonia purpurea l. var. calycosa gray. syn. = houstonia lanceolata (poir.) britt. houstonia longifolia gaertn. houstonia pusilla schoepf. syn. = h. patens ell. houstonia purpurea l. #houstonia rosea (raf.) terrell #oldenlandia boscii (dc.) chapman *sherardia arvensis l. spermacoce glabra michx. stenaria nigricans (lam.) terrell var. nigricans. syn. = houstonia nigricans (lam.) fern. rutaceae ptelea trifoliata l. #zanthoxylum americanum p. mill. salicaceae *#populus alba l. populus deltoides marsh. salix caroliniana michx. salix humilis marsh. var. humilis. syn. = s. 44 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. humilis marsh. var. hyporhysa fern. salix interior rowlee. wallis listed forma wheeleri (rowlee) rouleau. salix nigra marsh. santalaceae comandra umbellata (l.) nutt. ssp. umbellata. syn. = c. richardsiana fern. sapindaceae #cardiospermum halicacabum l. sapindus saponaria l. var. drummondii (hook. & arn.) l. benson. syn. = s. drummondii hook. & arn. sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. ssp. oblongifolium (nutt.) t.d. pennington. syn. = bumelia lanuginosa (michx.) pers. var. oblongifolia (nutt.) r. b. clark. saxifragaceae heuchera americana l. var. hirsuticaulis (wheelock) rosendahl butters & lakela penthorum sedoides l. #saxifraga palmeri bush saxifraga texana buckl. saxifraga virginiensis michx. var. subintegra goodman saururaceae saururus cernuus l. scrophulariaceae #agalinis densiflora (benth.) blake agalinis fasciculata (ell.) raf. syn. = gerardia fasciculata ell. agalinis gattingeri (small) small. syn. = gerardia gattingeri small. agalinis heterophylla (nutt.) small ex britt. syn. = gerardia heterophylla nutt. agalinis tenuifolia (vahl) raf. var. parviflora (nutt.) pennell. syn. = gerardia tenuifolia vahl. var. parviflora nutt. #agalinis viridis (small) pennell aureolaria grandiflora (benth.) pennell var. cinerea pennell. syn. = gerardia grandiflora benth. var. cinerea (pennell) cory. #aureolaria pectinata (nutt.) pennell bacopa rotundifolia (michx.) wettst. buchnera americana l. castilleja coccinea (l.) spreng. wallis listed formas coccinea and lutescens farwell. #castilleja indivisa engelm. #castilleja purpurea (nutt.) g. don #collinsia verna nutt. collinsia violacea nutt. dasistoma macrophylla (nutt.) raf. syn. = seymeria macrophylla nutt. gratiola neglecta torr. gratiola virginiana l. *kickxia elatine (l.) dumort. leucospora multifida (michx.) nutt. syn. = conobea multifida (michx.) benth. *linaria vulgaris p. mill. lindernia dubia (l.) pennell var. anagallidea (michx.) cooperrider. syn. = l. anagallidea (michx.) pennell. lindernia dubia (l.) pennell var. dubia mecardonia acuminata (walt.) small var. acuminata. syn. = bacopa acuminata (walt.) b.l. robins. mimulus alatus ait. mimulus glabratus kunth var. oklahomensis fassett #mimulus ringens l. nuttallanthus texanus (scheele) d.a. sutton. syn. = linaria canadensis (l.) dumont. var. texana (scheele) pennell. pedicularis canadensis l. ssp. canadensis. syn. = p. canadensis l. var. dobbsii fern. penstemon arkansanus pennell penstemon digitalis nutt. ex sims #penstemon laxiflorus pennell penstemon tubiflorus nutt. scrophularia marilandica l. wallis listed forma neglecta (rydb.) pennell. *verbascum blattaria l. wallis listed formas albiflora (don) house and blattaria. *verbascum thapsus l. #veronica anagallis-aquatica l. 45 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. *veronica arvensis l. veronica peregrina l. ssp. peregrine veronica peregrina l. ssp. xalapensis (kunth) pennell. syn. = v. peregrina l. var. xalapensis (kunth) pennell. veronicastrum virginicum (l.) farw. simaroubaceae *#ailanthus altissima (p. mill.) swingle solanaceae *datura inoxia p. mill. syn. = d. meteloides auct. p.p., non dunal. *datura stramonium l. physalis angulata l. syns. = p. angulata l. var. lanceifolia (nees) waterfall and p. angulata l. var. pendula (rydberg) waterfall. physalis cordata p. mill. syn. = p. pubescens l. var. glabra (michx.) waterfall. #physalis hederifolia gray physalis heterophylla nees var. heterophylla physalis longifolia nutt. var. longifolia. syn. = physalis virginiana mill. var. sonorae (torr.) waterfall. physalis missouriensis mackenzie & bush #physalis pubescens l. var. pubescens physalis pubescens l. var. integrifolia (dunal) waterfall physalis pumila nutt. physalis virginiana p. mill. var. virginiana solanum americanum p. mill. solanum carolinense l. wallis listed formas albiflorum (o. ktze.) benke and carolinense. solanum elaeagnifolium cav. solanum rostratum dunal *solanum physalifolium rusby. syn. = solanum sarachoides auct. non sendtner. #solanum ptychanthum dunal *#veronica persica poir. *#veronica polita fries staphyleaceae staphylea trifolia l. tamaricaceae *#tamarix chinensis lour. *tamarix gallica l. tiliaceae tilia americana l. var. americana. syn. = tilia neglecta spach. #tilia americana l. var. caroliniana (p. mill.) castigl. ulmaceae celtis laevigata willd. var. laevigata #celtis laevigata willd. var. texana sarg. celtis occidentalis l. syn. = c. occidentalis l. var. pumila (pursh) gray. celtis tenuifolia mitt. var. ternilfolia. syn. = celtis tenuifolia nutt. var. georgiana. (small) fern. & schub. ulmus alata michx. ulmus americana l. ulmus crassifolia nutt. *ulmus pumila l. ulmus rubra muhl. #ulmus serotina sarg. urticaceae boehmeria cylindrica (l. ) sw. var. cylindrica laportea canadensis (l.) weddell parietaria pensylvanica muhl. ex willd. pilea pumila (l.) gray var. deamii (lunell) fern. urtica chamaedryoides pursh urtica dioica l. valerianaceae valerianella longiflora (torr. & gray) walp. valerianella ozarkana dyal. syn. = v. bushii dyal. valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. verbenaceae callicarpa americana l glandularia canadensis (l.) nutt. glandularia pumila (rydb.) umber. syn. = verbena pumila rydb. phryma leptostachya l. formerly placed in the phrymaceae. 46 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. phyla lanceolata (michx.) greene syn. = l. lanceolata michx. var. recognita fern. & grisc. phyla nodiflora (l.) greene. syn. = l. incisa (small) tidestrom verbena bracteata cav. ex lag. & rodr. verbena halei small verbena hastata l. verbena simplex lehm. verbena stricta vent. wallis listed formas albiflora wadmond and stricta. verbena urticifolia l. var. urticifolia #verbena urticifolia l. var. leiocarpa perry & fern. violaceae hybanthus concolor (t.e. forst.) spreng. viola bicolor pursh. syn. = v. kitaibeliana r. & s. var. rafinesquii (greene) fern. viola missouriensis greene #viola ×palmata l. (pro sp.) [brittoniana or pedatifida × affinis or sororia] viola pedata l. syn. = v. pedata l. var. lineariloba dc. viola pedatifida g. don viola pubescens ait. syn. = v. pensylvanica var. pensylvanica. viola pubescens ait. var. scabriuscula schwein. ex torr. & gray. syn. = v. pensylvanica michx var. leiocarpa (fern. & wieg.) fern. #viola x primulifolia viola sagittata ait. viola sororia willd. syn. = v. papilionacea pursh. viola triloba schwein. var. dilatata (ell.) brainerd viscaceae (=loranthaceae) phoradendron leucarpum (raf.) reveal & m.c. johnston. syn. = p. flavescens nutt. ex engelm. vitaceae ampelopsis arborea (l.) koehne ampelopsis cordata michx. cissus trifoliata (l.) l. syn. = c. incisa (nutt.) des moulins. parthenocissus quinguefolia (l.) planch. wallis listed forma hirsuta (donn) fern. #vitis aestivalis michx. var. aestivalis vitis aestivalis michx. var. bicolor deam. syn. = v. aestivalis michx. var. argentifolia (munson) fern. vitis aestivalis michx. var. lincecumii (buckl.) munson. syn. = v. lincecumii buckl. var. glauca munson. #vitis cinerea (engelm.) millard #vitis palmata vahl #vitis riparia michx. #vitis rupestris scheele vitis vulpina l. zygophyllaceae *tribulus terrestris l. monocotyledoneae acoraceae #acorus calamus l. agavaceae manfreda virginica (l.) salisb. ex rose. syn. = agave lata shinners. yucca arkansana trel. yucca filamentosa l. #yucca glauca nutt. alismataceae alisma subcordatum raf. echinodorus cordifolius (l) griseb. sagittaria ambigua j.g. sm. #sagittaria brevirostra mackenzie & bush sagittaria calycina engelm. sagittaria graminea michx. sagittaria latifolia willd. wallis listed formas hastata (pursh) robins. and latifolia. syn. = s. latifolia willd var. obtusa (engelm.) wieg. #sagittaria platyphylla (engelm.) j.g. sm. araceae arisaema triphyllum (l.) schott ssp. triphyllum. syn. = a. atrorubens (ait.) blume. wallis formas virde (engler) fern. and zebrinum 47 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. (sims) fern. arisaema dracontium (l.) schott commelinaceae *commelina communis l. commelina diffusa burm. f. commelina erecta l. var. angustifolia (michx.) fern. wallis listed forma crispa (woot.) fern. commelina erecta l. var. deamiana fern. commelina erecta l. var. erecta. wallis listed formas erecta and intercursa fern. commelina virginica l. tradescantia ernestiana e.s. anderson & woods. wallis listed formas alba waterfall and ernestiana. #tradescantia hirsutiflora bush tradescantia ohiensis raf. wallis listed forma ohiensis. tradescantia ozarkana e.s. anderson & woods. cyperaceae bulbostylis capillaris (l.) kunth ex c.b. clarke ssp. capillaris. syn. = bulbostylis capillaris (l.) c. b. clark var. crebra fern. carex aggregata mackenzie #carex albicans willd. ex spreng. var. albicans carex amphibola steud. var. amphibola carex annectens (bickn.) bickn. carex austrina mackenzie carex bicknelii britt. carex blanda dewey carex brevior (dewey) mackenzie carex bulbostylis mackenzie. syn. = carex amphibola steud. var. globosa (bailey) bailey. carex bushii mackenzie #carex caroliniana schwein. carex cephalophora muhl. var. cephalophora carex cherokeensis schwein. #carex complanata torr. & hook. carex crawei dewey carex crus-corvi shuttlw. ex kunze #carex davisii schwein. & torr. #carex digitalis willd. #carex festucacea schkuhr ex willd. #carex fissa mackenzie carex flaccosperma dewey carex frankii kunth carex granularis muhl. ex willd. syn. = carex haleana olney. carex gravida bailey var. lunelliana (mackenzie) f.j. herm. carex grayi carey. syn. = carex grayi carey var. hispidula gray. carex grisea wahlenb. syn. = carex amphibola steud var. turgida fern. carex hirsutella mackenzie carex hyalinolepis steud. carex jamesii schwein. carex leavenworthii dewey. syn. = carex cephalophora muhl. var. leavenworthii (dewey) kükenth. carex laevivaginata (kükenth.) mackenzie #carex louisianica bailey carex lupuliformis sartwell ex dewey #carex lupulina muhl. ex willd. carex lurida wahlenb. #carex microdonta torr. & hook. #carex molestiformis reznicek & rothrock carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. var. enervis boott. carex muehlenbergii schkuhr ex willd. var. muehlenbergii. carex normalis mackenzie carex oklahomensis mackenzie. syn. = carex stipata muhl. var. oklahomensis (mackenzie) gleason. carex oligocarpa schkuhr ex willd. #carex oxylepis torr. & hook. carex retroflexa muhl. ex willd. #carex scoparia schkuhr ex willd. #carex shinnersii p. fothr. & reznicek carex shortiana dewey #carex socialis mohlenbrock & schwegm. #carex squarrosa l. carex triangularis boeckl. carex vulpinoidea michx. cyperus acuminatus torr. & hook. ex torr. cyperus bipartitus torr. syn. = cyperus rivularis kunth. cyperus echinatus (l.) wood. syns. = cyperus ovularis (michx.) torr. var. 48 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. ovularis and cyperus ovularis (michx.) torr. var. sphaericus boeckl. cyperus erythrorhizos muhl. *cyperus esculentus l. cyperus flavescens l. syn. = cyperus flavescens l. var. poiformis (pursh) fern. *#cyperus iria l. cyperus lupulinus (spreng.) marcks ssp. lupulinus. syn. = cyperus filiculmis vahl. cyperus odoratus l. #cyperus reflexus vahl #cyperus retroflexus buckl. syn. = cyperus uniflorus torr. & hook. #cyperus setigerus torr. & hook. cyperus strigosus l. syn. = cyperus strigosus l. var. robustior britt. cyperus strigosus l. var. strigosus cyperus squarrosus l. syn. = cyperus inflexus muhl. cyperus virens michx. eleocharis acicularis (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes var. acicularis syn. = eleocharis acicularis (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes var. gracilescens svens. eleocharis engelmanni steud. wallis lists forma englemanni. #eleocharis erythropoda steud. eleocharis lanceolata fern. eleocharis macrostachya britt. eleocharis montevidensis kunth eleocharis obtusa (willd.) j.a. schultes #eleocharis palustris (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes #eleocharis parvula (roemer & j.a. schultes) link ex bluff, nees & schauer eleocharis quadrangulata (michx.) roemer & j.a. schultes eleocharis radicans (a. dietr.) kunth. eleocharis tenuis (willd.) j.a. schultes var. verrucosa (svens.) svens. fimbristylis annua (all.) roemer & j.a. schultes. syn. = fimbristylis baldwiniana (j.a. schultes) torr. fimbristylis autumnalis (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes fimbristylis puberula (michx.) vahl var. puberula. syn. = fimbristylis drummondii (torr. & hook. ex torr.) boeckl. fimbristylis vahlii (lam.) link fuirena squarrosa michx. isolepis carinata hook. & arn. ex torr. syn. = scirpus koilolepis (steud.) gleason. kyllinga pumila michx. syn. = cyperus tenuifolius (steud.) dandy. lipocarpha drummondii (nees) g. tucker. syn. = hemicarpha drummondii nees. lipocarpha micrantha (vahl) g. tucker. syn. = hemicarpha micrantha (vahl) pax. rhynchospora harveyi w. boott rhynchospora macrostachya torr. ex gray rhynchospora recognita (gale) kral. syn. = rhynchospora globularis (chapm.) small var. recognita gale. #schoenoplectus acutus (muhl. ex bigelow) a.& d. löve var. acutus schoenoplectus americanus (pers.) volk. ex schinz & r. keller. syn. = scirpus americanus pers. var. americanus. schoenoplectus californicus (c.a. mey.) palla. syn. = scirpus californicus (c.a. meyer) steud. schoenoplectus heterochaetus (chase) soják. syn. = scirpus heterochaetus chase. schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (k.c. gmel.) palla. syn. = scirpus validus vahl var. creber fern. scirpus atrovirens willd. scirpus pendulus muhl. syn. = scirpus lineatus auct. non michx. scleria ciliata michx. var. ciliata scleria oligantha michx. scleria pauciflora muhl. ex willd. var. caroliniana (willd.) wood scleria triglomerata michx. dioscoreaceae *dioscorea oppositifolia l. syn. = dioscorea batatas dcne. dioscorea quaternata j.f. gmel. dioscorea villosa l. wallis listed formas glabrifolia (bartlett) fern. and villosa. hydrocharitaceae elodea nuttallii (planch.) st. john 49 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. iridaceae *belamcanda chinensis (l.) dc iris cristata ait. iris virginica l. var. shrevei (small) e. anders. nemastylis nuttallii pickering ex r.c. foster sisyrinchium angustifolium p. mill. sisyrinchium campestre bickn. wallis lists forma kansanum (bickn.) steyerm. sisyrinchium langloisii greene. syn. = sisyrinchium varians bickn. juncaceae juncus acuminatus michx. juncus biflorus ell. juncus brachycarpus engelm. juncus diffusissimus buckl. #juncus dudleyi wieg. juncus effusus l. var. solutus fern. & wieg. juncus interior wieg. juncus marginatus rostk. juncus nodatus coville. syn. = juncus acuminatus michx. var. robustus engelm. juncus scirpoides lam. #juncus secundus beauv. ex poir. juncus tenuis willd. juncus torreyi coville juncus validus coville luzula bulbosa (wood) smyth & smyth #luzula echinata (small) f.j. herm. lemnaceae lemna minor l. lemna valdiviana phil. spirodela polyrrhiza (l.) schleid. #wolffia brasiliensis weddell #wolffia columbiana karst. liliaceae aletris farinosa l. allium canadense l. var. canadense allium canadense l. var. lavandulare (bates) ownbey & aase allium canadense l. var. mobilense (regel) ownbey *#allium sativum l. allium stellatum fraser ex ker-gawl. *allium vineale l. wallis listed formas compactum (thuill.) aschers and vineale. *asparagus officinalis l. camassia scilloides (raf.) cory cooperia drummondii herbert erythronium albidum nutt. erythronium americanum ker-gawl. erythronium mesochoreum knerr. syn. = erythronium albidum nutt. var. mesochoreum (knerr) rickett. #erythronium rostratum w. wolf *hemerocallis fulva (l.) l. hypoxis hirsuta (l.) coville maianthemum racemosum (l.) link ssp. racemosum. syn. = smilacina racemosa (l.) desf. var. cylindrata fern. nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britt. *#ornithogalum umbellatum l. polygonatum biflorum (walt.) ell. var. commutatum (j.a. & j.h. schultes) morong. syn. = polygonatum canaliculatum auct. non (muhl. ex willd.) pursh. trillium recurvatum beck #trillium sessile l. trillium viridescens nutt. uvularia grandiflora sm. zigadenus nuttallii (gray) s. wats. najadaceae najas guadalupensis (spreng.) magnus orchidaceae #calopogon oklahomensis d.h. goldman calopogon tuberosus (l.) b.s.p. var. tuberosus. syn. = calopogon pulchellus r. br. ex ait. f. #corallorrhiza odontorhiza (willd.) poir. corallorhiza wisteriana conrad #cypripedium kentuckiense c.f. reed #cypripedium parviflorum salisb. hexalectris spicata (walt.) barnh. #malaxis unifolia michx. platanthera lacera (michx.) g. don. syn. = habenaria lacera (michx.) r. br. spiranthes cernua (l.) l.c. rich. 50 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. spiranthes lacera (raf.) raf. var. gracilis (bigelow) luer. syn. = spiranthes gracilis (bigelow) beck. spiranthes tuberosa raf. syn. = spiranthes grayi ames. spiranthes vernalis engelm. & gray #tipularia discolor (pursh) nutt. poaceae (= gramineae) *aegilops cylindrica host. syn. = aegilops cylindrica host. var. rubiginosa popova. *agrostis gigantea roth. syn. = agrostis alba l. agrostis elliottiana j.a. schultes agrostis hyemalis (walt.) b.s.p. agrostis perennans (walt.) tuckerman #agrostis scabra willd. #agrostis stolonifera *aira caryophyllea l. *#aira elegans willd. ex kunth alopecurus carolinianus walt. andropogon gerardi vitman. syn. = andropogon gerardi vitman var. chrysocomas (nash) fern. andropogon ternarius michx. andropogon virginicus l. var. virginicus. syn. = andropogon virginicus l. var. tetrastachyus (ell.) hack. #aristida basiramea engelm. ex vasey aristida dichotoma michx. var. curtissii gray ex s. wats. & coult. aristida dichotoma michx. var. dichotoma aristida longespica poir. var. geniculata (raf.) fern. syn. = aristida intermedia scribn. & ball. aristida longespica poir. var. longespica aristida oligantha michx. aristida purpurascens poir. *arthraxon hispidus (thunb.) makino. syn. = arthraxon hispidus (thunb.) makino var. cryptatherus (hack) houda. arundinaria gigantea (walt.) muhl. *#avena sativa l. axonopus fissifolius (raddi) kuhlm. syn. = axonopus affinis chase. *bothriochloa ischaemum (l.) keng. syn. = andropogon ischaemum l. bothriochloa saccharoides (sw.) rydb. syn. = andropogon saccharoides sw. bouteloua curtipendula (michx.) torr. #brachyelytrum erectum (schreb. ex spreng.) beauv. *bromus catharticus vahl. *bromus hordeaceus l. ssp. hordeaceus. syn. = bromus mollis l. *bromus japonicus thunb. bromus pubescens muhl. ex willd. *bromus secalinus l. *bromus tectorum l. cenchrus spinifex cav. syns. = cenchrus incertus m.a. curtis and cenchrus pauciflorus benth. chasmanthium latifolium (michx.) yates. syn. = uniola latifolia michx. chloris verticillata nutt. #chloris virgata sw. cinna arundinacea l. syn. = cinna arundinacea l. var. inexpansa fern. & grisc. coelorachis cylindrica (michx.) nash. syn. = manisuris cylindrica (michx.) kuntze. *cynodon dactylon (l.) pers. *dactylis glomerata l. danthonia spicata (l.) beauv. ex roemer & j.a. schultes. syn. = danthonia spicata (l.) beauv. ex roemer & j.a. schultes var. longipila scribn. & merr. #diarrhena americana beauv. diarrhena obovata (gleason) brandenburg. syn. = diarrhena americana beauv. var. obovata gleason. #dichanthelium aciculare (desv. ex poir.) gould & c. a. clark #dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. acuminatum dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. fasciculatum (torr.) freckmann. syn. = panicum lanuginosum ell. var. fasciculatum (torr.) fern. #dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. lindheimeri (nash) gould & c.a. clark dichanthelium boscii (poir.) gould & c.a. clark. syn. = panicum boscii poir. 51 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. #dichanthelium clandestinum (l.) gould dichanthelium commutatum (j.a. schultes) gould. syn. = panicum commutatum schultes var. commutatum. #dichanthelium depauperatum (muhl.) gould #dichanthelium dichotomum (l.) gould var. dichotomum dichanthelium latifolium (l.) gould & c.a. clark. syn. = panicum latifolium l. dichanthelium laxiflorum (lam.) gould. syn. = panicum laxiflorum lam. dichanthelium linearifolium (scribn. ex nash) gould. syns = panicum linearifolium scribn. var. linearifolium, panicum linearifolium scribn. ex nash var. werneri (scribn.) fern., and panicum perlongum nash. dichanthelium malacophyllum (nash) gould. syn. = panicum malacophyllum nash. #dichanthelium oligosanthes (j.a. schultes) gould var. oligosanthes dichanthelium oligosanthes (j.a. schultes) gould var. scribnerianum (nash) gould. syns. = panicum oligosanthes schultes var. helleri (nash) fern. and panicum oligosanthes schultes var. scribnerianum (nash) fern. dichanthelium ravenelii (scribn. & merr.) gould. syn. = panicum ravenelii scribn. & merr. dichanthelium scoparium (lam.) gould. syn. = panicum scoparium lam. dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (ell.) gould. syn. = panicum sphaerocarpon ell. dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (ell.) gould var. isophyllum (scribn.) gould & c.a. clark. syn. = panicum polyanthes schultes. dichanthelium villosissimum (nash) freckmann var. praecocius (a.s. hitchc. & chase) freckmann. syn. = panicum praecocius a.s. hitchc. & chase. digitaria cognata (j.a. schultes) pilger. syn. = leptoloma cognatum (schultes) chase. #digitaria ciliaris (retz.) koel. digitaria filiformis (l.) koel. *digitaria ischaemum (schreb.) schreb. ex muhl. syn. = digitaria ischaemum (schreb.) muhl. digitaria sanguinalis (l.) scop. #digitaria villosa (walt.) pers. *echinochloa colona (l.) link. wallis listed forma zonalis (guss.) wieg. *echinochloa crus-galli (l.) beauv. *eleusine indica (l.) gaertn. elymus canadensis l. elymus hystrix l. syn. = hystrix patula moench. elymus villosus muhl. ex willd. elymus virginicus l. var. virginicus. syns. = elymus virginicus l. var. glabriflorus (vasey) bush (wallis listed formas australis (scribn. & ball) fern., hirsutiglumis (scribn.) fern., and virginicus) and elymus virginicus l. var. jejunus (ramaley) rydb. *#eragrostis barrelieri daveau eragrostis capillaris (l.) nees *eragrostis cilianensis (all.) vign. ex janchen. syn. = eragrostis megastachya (koel.) link. eragrostis curtipedicellata buckl. *eragrostis curvula (schrad.) nees eragrostis frankii c.a. mey. ex steud. eragrostis hirsuta (michx.) nees eragrostis hypnoides (lam.) b.s.p. eragrostis intermedia a.s. hitchc. eragrostis pectinacea (michx.) nees ex steud. eragrostis pilosa (l.) beauv. eragrostis spectabilis (pursh) steud. #eragrostis trichodes (nutt.) wood festuca paradoxa desv. festuca subverticillata (pers.) alexeev. syn. = festuca obtusa biehler. #glyceria acutiflora torr. glyceria striata (lam.) a.s. hitchc. gymnopogon ambiguus (michx.) b.s.p. *#holcus lanatus l. hordeum pusillum nutt. koeleria macrantha (ledeb.) j.a. schultes. syn. = koeleria cristata (l.) pers. leersia oryzoides (l) sw. wallis listed formas glabra a.a. eat. and oryzoides. leersia virginica willd. leptochloa fusca (l.) kunth ssp. fascicularis 52 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. (lam.) n. snow. syn. = diplachne fascicularis (lam.) beauv. leptochloa panicea (retz.) ohwi ssp. brachiata (steudl.) n. snow. syn. = leptochloa filiformis (lam.) beauv. *lolium perenne l. ssp. multiflorum (lam.) husnot. syn. = lolium multiflorum lam. #melica mutica walt. melica nitens (scribn.) nutt. ex piper *#microstegium vimineum (trin.) a. camus #muhlenbergia bushii pohl muhlenbergia capillaris (lam.) trin. #muhlenbergia frondosa (poir.) fern. muhlenbergia schreberi j.f. gmel. muhlenbergia sobolifera (muhl. ex willd.) trin. muhlenbergia sylvatica torr. ex gray #muhlenbergia tenuiflora (willd.) b.s.p. nassella leucotricha (trin. & rupr.) pohl. syn. = stipa leucotricha trin. & rupr. neeragrostis reptans (michx.) nicora panicum anceps michx. panicum brachyanthum steud. panicum capillare l. var. capillare panicum dichotomiflorum michx. var. dichotomiflorum panicum flexile (gattinger) scribn. #panicum obtusum kunth #panicum philadelphicum bernh. ex trin. panicum rigidulum bosc ex nees var. rigidulum. syn. = panicum agrostoides spreng. var. agrostoides. panicum virgatum l. pascopyrum smithii (rydb.) a. löve. syn. = agropyron smithii rydb. var. smithii. #paspalidium geminatum (forsk.) stapf *paspalum dilatatum poir. paspalum floridanum michx. syn. = paspalum floridanum michx var. glabratum engelm. paspalum fluitans (ell.) kunth paspalum laeve michx. syn. = paspalum laeve michx var. pilosum scribn. paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex fourn. syn. = paspalum pubiflora rupr. var. glabrum vasey ex scribn. paspalum setaceum michx. syn. = paspalum ciliatifolium michx. var. ciliatifolium and paspalum ciliatifolium michx. var. muehlenbergii (nash) fern. phalaris caroliniana walt. *#phleum pretense l. *poa annua l. #poa champaniana scribn. poa pratensis l. poa sylvestris gray polypogon interruptus kunth schedonnardus paniculatus (nutt.) trel. *#schedonorus phoenix (scop.) holub *#schedonorus pratensis (huds.) beauv. schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash. syn. = andropogon scoparius michx. #setaria leucopila (scribn. & merr.) k. schum. setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen. syn. = setaria geniculata auct. non (wild.) beauv. *setaria pumila (poir.) roemer & j.a. schultes ssp. pumila. syn. = setaria glauca (l.) beauv. *setaria viridis (l.) beauv. sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash *sorghum halepense (l.) pers. spartina pectinata bosc ex link. syn. = spartina pectinata bosc ex link var. suttiei (farw.) fern. sphenopholis filiformis (chapman) scribn. sphenopholis intermedia (rydb.) rydb. sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. syn. = sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. var. lobata (trin.) scribn. wallis listed forma lobata. sporobolus clandestinus (biehler) a.s. hitchc. syn. = sporobolus canovirens nash. sporobolus compositus (poir.) merr. var. compositus. syn. = sporobolus asper (beauv.) kunth var. hookeri (trin.) vasey. #sporobolus compositus (poir.) merr. var. drummondii (trin.) kartesz & gandhi sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) gray sporobolus heterolepis (gray) gray sporobolus vaginiflorus (torr. ex gray) wood var. vaginiflorus #sporobolus vaginiflorus (torr. ex gray) wood var. ozarkanus (fern.) shinners steinchisma hians (ell.) nash. syn. = panicum hians ell. tridens muticus (torr.) nash var. elongatus 53 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland, b.w. (buckl.) shinners. syn. = triodia elongata (buckl.) scribn. tridens flavus (l.) a.s. hitchc. syn. = triodia flava (l.) smyth. tridens strictus (nutt.) nash. syn. = triodia stricta (nutt.) benth. ex vasey. triplasis purpurea (walt.) chapman tripsacum dactyloides (l.) l. *triticum aestivum l. #urochloa platyphylla (munro ex wright) r. webster *vulpia myuros (l.) k.c. gmel. vulpia octoflora (walt.) rydb. #zizaniopsis miliacea (michx.) doell & aschers. pontederiaceae #heteranthera dubia (jacq.) macm. heteranthera limosa (sw.) wild. potamogetonaceae (= zosteraceae) *potamogeton crispus l. potamogeton diversifolius raf. potamogeton foliosus raf. ssp. foliosus potamogeton nodosus poir. smilacaceae smilax bona-nox l. syn. = smilax bona-nox l. var. hastata (willd.) a. dc. and smilax bona-nox l. var. hederifolia (bey.) fern. #smilax ecirrata (engelm. ex kunth) s. wats. smilax glauca walt. syn. = smilax glauca walt. var. leucophylla blake. #smilax herbacea l. smilax lasioneura hook. smilax pulverulenta michx. #smilax rotundifolia l. smilax tamnoides l. syn. = smilax tamnoides l. var. hispida (muhl. ex torr.) fern. sparganiaceae #sparganium americanum nutt. sparganium androcladum (engelm.) morong typhaceae *typha angustifolia l. typha domingensis pers. typha latifolia l. wallis listed formas ambigua (sonder) kronf. and latifolia. zannichelliaceae zannichellia palustris l. formerly a member of the zosteraceae. 54 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site osage county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland amy buthod oklahoma biological survey oklahoma biological survey department of geography university of oklahoma university of oklahoma norman, ok 73019-0575 norman, ok 73019-0575 * e-mail: bhoagland@ou.edu this paper is a report on the results of an inventory of the vascular plants at the future site of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden in osage county, oklahoma. we collected a total of 293 taxa in 208 genera and 68 families. the families poaceae and asteraceae had the greatest number of species with 50 and 44 species respectively. fortyone species of woody plants were present. forty-four non-native species were present, representing 15% of the flora. no species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory were present. introduction the objective of this study was to complete a floristic inventory at the future site of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden (ocbg) in southeast osage county (36.2017°n to 36.2109°n and 96.0555°w and 96.0678°w). construction of the ocbg is scheduled to begin in late 2007 on 87 hectares (215 acres). the master plan, developed by marshall tyler rausch of pittsburgh, pennsylvania, includes a mexican garden, oklahoma wildflower garden, cross timbers prairie and woodland, folk garden, horticultural therapy garden, children’s garden, demonstration gardens, and others. in addition, a 17-acre lake, an amphitheater, a visitor center, education buildings, and a conservatory will be constructed (oklahoma centennial botanical garden 2007). the ocbg site is located in the claremore cuesta plains geomorphic province of southeastern osage county (curtis and ham 1979). surface geology is predominantly pennsylvanian sandstone and shale (branson and johnson 1979). soils belong to the niotaze-darnell association, described as moderately deep and shallow, hoagland, b.w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100053 gently sloping to steep, loamy soils over shale and sandstone (bourlier et al. 1979). the climate is subtropical humid (cf) (trewartha 1968). summers are warm and humid. mean july temperature is 27.5oc (81.5of). winters are relatively short and mild with a mean january temperature of 1.5oc (34.7of). mean annual precipitation is 111.7 cm (43.8 in) (oklahoma climatological survey, 2007). elevation ranges from 259 to 302 m (849.5 to 990.6 ft). potential natural vegetation at ocbg is post oak-blackjack forest and tallgrass prairie (duck and fletcher 1943). historical land use of the site has included livestock grazing and oil exploration. methods three collection sites were visited monthly for floristic sampling. the predominant vegetation association at these sites was classified according to hoagland (2000). additional collections were also made opportunistically throughout the ocbg. collecting began in july of 2006 and continued through july of 2007. vouchers for non-native species were made from naturalized populations only, thus 55 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland & buthod excluding cultivated and ornamental plants. specimens were processed following standard procedures and deposited at the robert bebb herbarium at the university of oklahoma (okl). manuals used for specimen identification included waterfall (1973) and steyermark (1963). origin, either native or introduced to north america, was determined using the plants database (usda-nrcs, 2007). nomenclature follows the united states department of agriculture-natural resources conservation service (usda-nrcs 2007). results and discussion a total of 293 taxa of vascular plants in 68 families and 208 genera were collected at the ocbg (appendix). of the angiosperms, 92 species were liliopsida and 199 were magnoliopsida (table). there was one species of pteridophyta and one of coniferophyta. forty-one species were trees, shrubs, and woody vines. the poaceae with 50 taxa, and the asteraceae with 44 taxa, were the largest families. the genera symphyotrichum (formerly aster) and cyperus had the most species, with seven and six species respectively. one hundred and seven taxa were annuals, 2 were biennials and 184 were perennials. forty-four species (15% of the flora) in 25 families were non-native to oklahoma. the percentage of non-native species at the ocbg is high when compared to other floristic surveys from oklahoma, which range from 6.6%-15% (hoagland and buthod 2004; hoagland and johnson 2005). the greatest numbers of non-native species occurred in the poaceae, with eleven and fabaceae, with eight. no species tracked by the oklahoma natural heritage inventory (2007) were encountered. collection sites selected at ocbg occurred within four vegetation associations. a description of each vegetation category follows: 1. quercus stellata-quercus marilandica forest association [qsqm] this vegetation association occupied a small percentage of the ocbg. common associated species included amelanchier arborea, antennaria plantaginifolia, baptisia bracteata var. leucophaea, danthonia spicata, helianthus hirsutus, hypericum hypericoides, symphyotrichum patens, myosotis verna, opuntia humifusa, sideroxylon lanuginosum, smilax rotundifolia, ulmus alata, and viburnum rufidulum. 2. schizachyrium scoparium-sorghastrum nutans [ssn] this herbaceous grassland vegetation association occupied the greatest area at the ocbg. soils were typically shallow with exposed cobble. associated species included amorpha canescens , arnoglossum plantagineum, callirhoe alcaeoides , coreopsis grandiflora, cyperus echinatus, echinacea atrorubens, krameria lanceolata, lespedeza cuneata, minuartia drummondii, and pediomelum linearifolium. 3. wetland and aquatic vegetation [wetl] wetland vegetation was restricted to a small stream bisecting the site and its associated beaver pond. common associates included alisma subcordatum, ammannia auriculata, callitriche heterophylla, cephalanthus occidentalis, eclipta prostrata, fimbristylis autumnalis, juncus brachycarpus, ludwigia palustris, nelumbo lutea, polygonum pensylvanicum, sagittaria ambigua, and samolus ebracteatus. 4. disturbed areas and old-field vegetation [daof] disturbed areas coincided with roadways and oil extraction sites. common associated species included achillea millefolium, aegilops cylindrica, capsella bursapastoris, carduus nutans, convolvulus arvensis, daucus pusillus, juniperus virginiana, lamium amplexicaule, rhus copallinum, r. glabra, and torilis arvensis. 56 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland & buthod literature cited bourlier, b.g., j.d. nichols, w.j. ringwold, p.j. workman, and s. clemmons. 1979. osage county soil survey. united states department of agriculture, washington, dc. branson, c.c., and k.s. johnson. 1979. generalized geologic map of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s., c.c. branson, n.m. curtis, w.e. ham, w.e. harrison, m.v. marcher, and j.f. roberts (eds.). geology and earth resources of oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey, norman, oklahoma. curtis, n.m. and w.e. ham. 1979. geomorphic provinces of oklahoma. in: johnson, k.s., c.c. branson, n.m. curtis, w.e. ham, w.e. harrison, m.v. marcher, and j.f. roberts (eds.). geology and earth resources of oklahoma. oklahoma geological survey, norman, oklahoma. duck, l.g., and j.b. fletcher. 1943. a game type map of oklahoma. in: duck, l.g., and j.b. fletcher (eds.). a survey of the game and furbearing animals of oklahoma. oklahoma department of wildlife conservation, oklahoma city, oklahoma. hoagland, b.w. 2000. the vegetation of oklahoma: a classification of landscape mapping and conservation planning. southwest naturalist 45: 385-420. hoagland, b.w. and f.l. johnson. 2004. vascular flora of red slough and grassy slough wildlife management areas, gulf coastal plain, mccurtain county, oklahoma. castanea 69: 284296. hoagland, b.w. and f.l. johnson. 2005. vascular flora of the deep fork river in okmulgee, creek, and okfuskee counties. publications of the oklahoma biological survey 6: 15-29. oklahoma climatological survey. 2007. oklahoma climatological data. university of oklahoma, norman. (www.ocs.ou.edu accessed 1 august 2007). oklahoma centennial botanical garden. 2007. oklahoma centennial botanical garden research and education center. tulsa, oklahoma. www.oklahomacentennialbotanicalgar den.com accessed 1 september 2007). oklahoma natural heritage inventory. 2007. oklahoma natural heritage inventory working list of rare oklahoma plants. university of oklahoma, norman. (www.biosurvey.ou.edu/publicat.html accessed 1 august 2007). palmer, m.w., g.l. wade, and p. neal. 1995. standards for the writing of floras. bioscience 45: 339-345. steyermark, j.a. 1963. flora of missouri. iowa state university press. ames, iowa. trewartha, g.t. 1968. an introduction to climate. mcgraw-hill, new york, new york. usda-nrcs. 2007. the plants database. national plant data center, baton rouge, la 70874-4490 usa. (http://plants.usda.gov accessed 1 may 2007). waterfall, u.t. 1973. keys to the flora of oklahoma. published by the author, stillwater, oklahoma. 57 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland & buthod table summary of floristic collections from the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site, osage county, oklahoma. format follows palmer et al. (1995). figure oklahoma centennial botanical garden site, osage county, oklahoma. taxonomic group taxa native nonnative pteridophyta 1 1 0 coniferophyta 1 1 0 magnoliophyta 291 247 44 magnoliopsida 199 165 34 liliopsida 92 82 10 total 293 249 44 58 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland & buthod appendix annotated species list for the oklahoma centennial botanical garden, osage county, oklahoma. the first entry is habitat (qsqm=quercus stellata-quercus marilandica forest association, sssn=schizachyrium scoparium-sorghastrum nutans grassland association, wetl=wetland and aquatic vegetation, daof=disturbed areas and old-field vegetation); followed by the life history (a=annual, b=biennial, p=perennial); habit (t=tree, s=shrub, v=woody vine, h=herb, g=graminoid); and collection number. exotic species are denoted with an asterisk. voucher specimens were deposited at the robert bebb herbarium of the university of oklahoma (okl). pteridophyta aspleniaceae asplenium platyneuron (l.) b.s.p. (ebony spleenwort) qsqm; p; h; obg-152 coniferophyta cupressaceae juniperus virginiana l. (eastern red cedar) qsqm; p; t; obg-231 magnoliophyta magnoliopsida acanthaceae ruellia humilis nutt. (fringeleaf wild petunia) sssn; p; h; obg-285 r. strepens l. (limestone wild petunia) qsqm; p; h; obg-153 amaranthaceae amaranthus albus l. (prostrate pigweed) daof; a; h; obg-012 anacardiaceae rhus aromatica ait. (fragrant sumac) qsqm; p; s; obg-184 r. copallinum l. (flameleaf sumac) sssn; p; s; obg-247 r. glabra l. (smooth sumac) sssn; p; s; obg-255 toxicodendron radicans l. (kuntze) (poison ivy) qsqm; p; s; obg-334 apiaceae chaerophyllum tainturieri hook. (hairyfruit chervil) daof, qsqm, sssn; a; h; obg198 daucus carota* (queen anne’s lace) daof; b; h; obg-296 d. pusillus michx. (american wild carrot) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-254 ptilimnium nuttallii (dc.) britt. (laceflower) sssn; a; h; obg-304 spermolepis divaricata (walt.) raf. ex ser. (roughfruit scaleseed) sssn; a; h; obg305 torilis arvensis* (huds.) link (spreading hedgeparsley) daof; a; h; obg-256 aquifoliaceae ilex decidua walt. ( possumhaw) qsqm; p; s; obg-144 asclepiadaceae asclepias viridis walt. (green antelopehorn) sssn; p; h; obg-032 asteraceae achillea millefolium l. (common yarrow) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-219 ambrosia psilostachya dc. (cuman ragweed) daof; p; h; obg-079 amphiachyris dracunculoides (dc.) nutt. (prairie broomweed) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-097 antennaria plantaginifolia (l.) richards. (woman’s tobacco) qsqm; p; h; obg-187 arnoglossum plantagineum raf. (groovestem indian plantain) sssn; p; h; obg-221 carduus nutans* l. (nodding plumeless thistle) daof; b; h; obg-208 cirsium altissimum (l.) hill (tall thistle) sssn; p; h; obg-114 59 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland & buthod c. undulatum (nutt.) spreng. (wavyleaf thistle) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-279 conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. (canadian horseweed) daof; a; h; obg-091 c. ramosissima cronq. (dwarf horseweed) daof; a; h; obg-089 coreopsis grandiflora hogg ex sweet (largeflower tickseed) sssn; p; h; obg300 c. tinctoria nutt. (golden tickseed) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-059 echinacea atrorubens nutt. (topeka purple coneflower) sssn; p; h; obg-284 eclipta prostrata (l.) l. (false daisy) wetl; a; h; obg-073 erigeron strigosus muhl. ex willd. (prairie fleabane) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-015 eupatorium serotinum michx. (lateflowering thoroughwort) qsqm; p; h; obg-062 euthamia gymnospermoides greene (texas goldentop) sssn; p; h; obg-148 gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera (spoonleaf purple everlasting) -qsqm; p; h; obg-237 grindelia lanceolata nutt. (narrowleaf gumweed) daof, sssn; p; h; obg048 g. papposa nesom & suh (spanish gold) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-020 helenium amarum (raf.) h.rock (yellowdicks) daof; a; h; obg-106 helianthus hirsutus raf. (hairy sunflower) qsqm; p; h; obg-121 iva angustifolia nutt. ex dc. (narrowleaf marshelder) wetl; a; h; obg-125 krigia caespitosa (raf.) chambers (weedy dwarfdandelion) qsqm; a; h; obg-240 packera plattensis (nutt.) w.a. weber & a. löve (prairie groundsel) qsqm; p; h; obg-192 pluchea camphorata (l.) dc. (camphor pluchea) wetl; p; h; obg-011 pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (l.) hilliard & burtt (rabbit tobacco) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-002 pyrrhopappus carolinianus (walt.) dc. (carolina desert chicory) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-280 rudbeckia hirta l. (blackeyed susan) sssn; a; h; obg-251 solidago speciosa nutt. (showy goldenrod) sssn; p; h; obg-132 s. ulmifolia muhl. ex willd. (elmleaf goldenrod) qmqv; p; h; obg-049 sonchus asper* (l.) hill (spiny sowthistle) daof; a; h; obg-185 symphyotrichum cordifolium (l.) nesom (common blue wood aster) qsqm; p; h; obg-130 s. ericoides (l.) nesom var. ericoides (white heath aster) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-154 s. lanceolatum (willd.) nesom var. lanceolatum (white panicle aster) qsqm, sssn; p; h; obg-133 s. oblongifolium (nutt.) nesom (aromatic aster) sssn; p; h; obg-129 s. patens (ait.) nesom (late purple aster) qsqm, sssn; p; h; obg-100 s. praealtum (poir.) nesom var. praealtum (willowleaf aster) sssn; p; h; obg-134 s. subulatum (michx.) nesom (eastern annual saltmarsh aster) daof, sssn, wetl; a; h; obg-105 taraxacum officinale* g.h. weber ex wiggers (common dandelion) daof; p; h; obg180 verbesina virginica l. (white crownbeard) qsqm; p; h; obg-096 vernonia arkansana dc. (arkansas ironweed) qsqm; p; h; obg-007 v. baldwinii torr. (baldwin’s ironweed) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-024 xanthium strumarium l. (rough cocklebur) wetl; a; h; obg-064 boraginaceae myosotis verna nutt. (spring forget-me-not) qsqm; a; h; obg-267 brassicaceae brassica nigra* (l.) w.d.j. koch (black mustard) daof; a; h; obg-195 capsella bursa-pastoris* (l.) medik. (shepherd’s purse) daof; a; h; obg-327 60 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland & buthod cardamine parviflora l. var. arenicola (britt.) o.e. schulz (sand bittercress) qsqm; a; h; obg-194 erysimum repandum* l. (spreading wallflower) daof; a; h; obg-197 lepidium densiflorum schrad. (common pepperweed) daof, sssn; a; h; obg190 cactaceae opuntia humifusa (raf.) raf. (devil’s tongue) qsqm, sssn; p; s; obg-169 callitrichaceae callitriche heterophylla pursh (twoheaded water-starwort) wetl; a; h; obg-216 campanulaceae triodanis biflora (ruiz & pavón) greene (clasping venus’ looking-glass) sssn; a; h; obg-241 caprifoliaceae lonicera japonica* thunb. (japanese honeysuckle) qsqm; p; v; obg-214 sambucus nigra l. ssp. canadensis (l.) r. bolli (common elderberry) qsqm; p; s; obg265 symphoricarpos orbiculatus moench (coralberry) qsqm; p; s; obg-082 viburnum rufidulum raf. (rusty blackhaw) qsqm; p; s; obg-189 caryophyllaceae arenaria serpyllifolia* l. (thymeleaf sandwort)daof; a; h; obg-242 cerastium pumilum* w. curtis (european chickweed) daof; a; h; obg-191 dianthus armeria* l. (deptford pink) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-235 minuartia drummondii (shinners) mcneill (drummond’s stitchwort) sssn; a; h; obg-273 stellaria media* (l.) vill. (common chickweed) daof; a; h; obg-176 clusiaceae hypericum hypericoides (l.) crantz (st. andrew’s cross) qsqm; p; h; obg-098 h. punctatum lam. (spotted st. johnswort) qsqm; p; h; obg-295 convolvulaceae convolvulus arvensis* l. (field bindweed) daof; p; h; obg-253 cornaceae cornus drummondii c.a. mey. (roughleaf dogwood) qsqm; p; t; obg-232 cuscutaceae cuscuta cuspidata engelm. (cusp dodder) daof; p; h; obg-131 ebenaceae diospyros virginiana l. (common persimmon) qsqm; p; t; obg-213 euphorbiaceae acalphya monococca (engelm. ex gray) l. mill. & gandhi (slender threeseed mercury) sssn; a; h; obg-281 a. virginica l. (virginia threeseed mercury) qsqm; a; h; obg-119 chamaesyce maculata (l.) small (spotted sandmat) daof; a; h; obg-023 croton capitatus michx. (hogwort) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-084 c. monanthogynus michx. (prairie tea) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-146 c. willdenowii g. l. webster (willdenow’s croton) sssn; a; h; obg-043a euphorbia dentata michx. (toothed spurge) qsqm; a; h; obg-102 e. heterophylla l. (mexican fireplant) qsqm; a; h; obg-081 e. spathulata lam. (warty spurge) sssn; a; h; obg-277 phyllanthus caroliniensis walt. (carolina leafflower) daof; a; h; obg-072 61 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland & buthod fabaceae amorpha canescens pursh (leadplant) sssn; p; s; obg-150 a. fruticosa l. (desert false indigo) sssn, wetl; p; s; obg-076 baptisia bracteata muhl. ex ell. var. leucophaea (nutt.) kartesz & gandhi (longbract wild indigo) sssn; p; h; obg193 cercis canadensis l. (eastern redbud) qsqm; p; t; obg-208 chamaecrista nictitans (l.) moench (partridge pea) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-087 crotalaria sagittalis l. (arrowhead rattlebox) sssn; p; h; obg-043 dalea purpurea vent. (violet prairie clover) sssn; p; h; obg-258 galactia volubilis (l.) britt. (downy milkpea) qsqm; p; h; obg-103 gleditsia triacanthos l. (honeylocust) qsqm; p; t; obg-115 kummerowia stipulacea* (maxin.) makino (korean clover) daof; a; h; obg-090 lathyrus hirsutus* l. (caley pea) daof; a; h; obg-282 lespedeza cuneata* (dum.-cours.) g. don (chinese lespedeza) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-107 l. repens (l.) w. bart. (creeping lespedeza) qsqm; p; h: obg-156 l. violacea (l.) pers. (violet lespedeza) qsqm; p; h; obg-035 l. virginica (l.) britt. (slender lespedeza) qsqm; p; h; obg-022 medicago lupulina* l. (black medick) daof; a; h; obg-172 melilotus officinalis* (l.) lam. (yellow sweetclover) daof; a; h; obg-060 mimosa nuttallii (dc.) b.l. turner (nuttall’s sensitive-briar) sssn; p; h; obg-264 pediomelum linearifolium (torr. & gray) j. grimes (narrowleaf indian breadfruit) sssn; p; h; obg-299 stylosanthes biflora (l.) b.s.p. (sidebeak pencilflower) sssn; p; h ; obg-252 trifolium dubium* sibthorp (suckling clover) daof; a; h; obg-243 t. pratense* l. (red clover) daof; a; h; obg290 vicia villosa* roth (winter vetch) daof; a; h; obg-288 fagaceae quercus muehlenbergii engelm. (chinkapin oak) qsqm; p; t; obg-145 q. shumardii buckl. (shumard’s oak) qsqm; p; t; obg-139 q. stellata wangenh. (post oak) qsqm; p; t; obg-083 q. velutina lam. (blackjack oak) qsqm; p; t; obg-335 gentianaceae sabatia campestris nutt. (texas star) sssn; a; h; obg-283 geraniaceae geranium carolinianum l. (carolina geranium) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-275 haloragaceae myriophyllum aquaticum* (vell.) verdc. (parrot feather watermilfoil) wetl; p; h; obg-202 juglandaceae carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) k. koch (pecan) qsqm; p; t; obg-135 c. texana buckl. (black hickory) qsqm; p; t; obg-128 krameriaceae krameria lanceolata torr. (trailing krameria) sssn; p; h; obg-250 lamiaceae hedeoma drummondii benth. (drummond’s false pennyroyal) sssn; p; h; obg-276 lamium amplexicaule* l. (henbit deadnettle) daof; a; h; obg-181 l. purpureum* l. (purple deadnettle) daof; a; h; obg-182 monarda fistulosa l. (wild bergamot) qsqm; p; h; obg-260 62 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland & buthod prunella vulgaris l. (common selfheal) qsqm; p; h; obg-257 pycnanthemum tenuifolium schrad. (narrowleaf mountain mint) qsqm; p; h; obg-249 salvia azurea michx. ex lam. (azure blue sage) sssn; p; h; obg-093 scutellaria parvula michx. (small skullcap) sssn; p; h; obg-302 teucrium candense l. (canada germander) wetl; p; h; obg-101 linaceae linum medium (planch.) britt. (stiff yellow flax) sssn; a; h; obg-031 l. sulcatum riddell (grooved flax) sssn; a; h; obg-030 lythraceae ammannia auriculata willd. (eared redstem) wetl; a; h; obg-013 cuphea viscosissima jacq. (blue waxweed) wetl; a; h; obg-058 malvaceae callirhoe alcaeoides (michx.) gray (light poppymallow) sssn; p; h; obg-270 menispermaceae cocculus carolinus (l.) dc. (carolina coralbead) qsqm; p; h; obg-226 nelumbonaceae nelumbo lutea willd. (american lotus) wetl; p; h; obg-287 oleaceae fraxinus americana l. (white ash) qsqm; p; t; obg-155 ligustrum quihoui* carr. (waxyleaf privet) qsqm; p; s; obg-143 l. sinense* lour. (chinese privet) qsqm; p; s; obg-046 onagraceae gaura villosa torr. (wooly beeblossom) sssn; p; h; obg-010 ludwigia palustris (l.) ell. (marsh seedbox) wetl; p; h; obg-001 l. peploides (kunth) raven (floating primrosewillow) wetl; p; h; obg-067 oenothera linifolia nutt. (threadleaf eveningprimrose) sssn; a; h; obg-220 oxalidaceae oxalis stricta l. (common yellow oxalis) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-095 o. violacea (violet woodsorrel) qsqm, sssn; p; h; obg-199 passifloraceae passiflora incarnata l. (purple passionflower) sssn; p; h; obg-248 plantaginaceae plantago aristata michx. (largebraced plantain) qsqm; a; h; obg-225 p. virginica l. (virginia plantain) sssn; a; h; obg-271 polygalaceae polygala incarnata l. (procession flower) sssn; a; h; obg-274 polygonaceae polygonum pensylvanicum l. (pennsylvania smartweed) wetl; a; h; obg-298 p. punctatum ell. (dotted smartweed) wetl; a; h; obg-071 rumex crispus* l. (curly dock) daof, wetl; p; h; obg-209 portulacaceae phemeranthus parviflorum (nutt.) kiger (sunbright) sssn; p; h; obg-033 portulaca oleracea* l. (little hogweed) daof; a; h; obg-108 primulaceae samolus ebracteatus kunth (limewater brookweed) wetl; p; h; obg-137 63 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland & buthod ranunculaceae delphinium carolinianum walt. (carolina larkspur) sssn; p; h; obg-229 rosaceae amelanchier arborea (michx. f.) fern. (common serviceberry) qsqm; p; t; obg-183 crataegus mollis scheele (arnold hawthorn) qsqm; p; s; obg-167 c. viridis l. (green hawthorn) qsqm; p; s; obg-186 prunus mexicana s. wats. (mexican plum) qsqm; p; t; obg-110 p. serotina ehrh. (black cherry) qsqm; p; t; obg-045 rosa multiflora* thunb. ex murr. (multiflora rose) qsqm; p; v; obg-263 r. setigera michx. (climbing rose) sssn; p; v; obg-292 rubus sp. (blackberry) daof, qsqm; p; v; obg-204 rubiaceae cephalanthus occidentalis l. (common buttonbush) wetl; p; s; obg-050 diodia teres walt. (poorjoe) sssn; a; h; obg070 galium aparine l. (stickywilly) daof, qsqm; a; h; obg-233 g. pilosum ait. var. puncticulosum (michx.) torr. & gray (hairy bedstraw) qsqm; p; h; obg-061 g. virgatum nutt. (southwestern bedstraw) sssn; a; h; obg-233 houstonia pusilla schoepf (tiny bluet) sssn; a; h; obg-174 sherardia arvensis* l. (blue fieldmadder) daof; a; h; obg-177 salicaceae populus deltoides bartr. ex marsh. (eastern cottonwood) wetl; p; t; obg-118 salix nigra marsh. (black willow) wetl; p; t; obg-051 sapotaceae sideroxylon lanuginosum michx. (gum bully) qsqm; p; t; obg-052 scrophulariaceae bacopa rotundifolia (michx.) wettst. (disk waterhyssop) wetl; p; h; obg-109 castilleja indivisa engelm. (entireleaf indian paintbrush) sssn; a; h; obg-200 lindernia dubia (l.) pennell (yellowseed false pimpernel) wetl; a; h; obg-078 nuttallanthus canadensis (l.) d.a. sutton (canada toadflax) sssn; a; h; obg-272 veronica polita* fries (gray field speedwell) daof; a; h; obg-173 solanaceae physalis pubescens l. (husk tomato) sssn; a; h; obg-014 solanum americanum p. mill. (american black nightshade) qsqm; a; h; obg-017 s. carolinense l. (carolina horsenettle) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-075 s. elaeagnifolium cav. (silverleaf nightshade) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-116 s. rostratum dunal (buffalobur nightshade) daof; a; h; obg-075 ulmaceae ulmus alata michx. (winged elm) qsqm; p; t; obg-245 u. rubra muhl. (slippery elm) qsqm; p; t; obg-246 valerianaceae valerianella radiata (l.) dufr. (beaked cornsalad) sssn; a; h; obg-268 verbenaceae verbena bracteata cav. ex lag. & rodr. (bigbract verbena) daof, sssn; a; h; obg-113 v. stricta vent. (hoary verbena) daof; p; h; obg-278 v. urticifolia l. (white vervain) qsqm; p; h; obg-141 64 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland & buthod vitaceae parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) planch. (virginia creeper) qsqm; p; v; obg-222 vitis cinerea (engelm.) millard (graybark grape) qsqm; p; v; obg-297 zygophyllaceae tribulus terrestris* l. (puncturevine) daof; a; h; obg-019 liliopsida alismataceae alisma subcordatum raf. (american water plantain) wetl; p; h; obg-286 sagittaria ambigua j.g. sm. (kansas arrowhead) -wetl ; p; h; obg-266 s. latifolia willd. (broadleaf arrowhead) -wetl ; p; h; obg-027 commelinaceae commelina erecta l. (whitemouth dayflower) daof, sssn; p; h; obg-028 tradescantia ohiensis raf. (bluejacket) sssn; p; h; obg-236 cyperaceae carex aggregata mackenzie (glomerate sedge) qsqm; p; g; obg-328 c. blanda dewey (eastern woodland sedge) qsqm; p; g; obg-326 c. festucacea schkuhr ex willd. (fescue sedge) qsqm; p; g; obg-330 c. frankii kunth (frank’s sedge) -wetl; p; g; obg-163 c. microdonta torr. & hook. (littletooth sedge) sssn; p; g; obg-203 cyperus croceus vahl (baldwin’s flatsedge) sssn; p; g; obg-166 c. echinatus (l.) wood (globe flatsedge) sssn; p; g; obg-099 c. odoratus l. (fragrant flatsedge) wetl; a; g; obg-164 c. squarrosus l. (bearded flatsedge) daof; a; g; obg-065 c. strigosus l. (strawcolored flatsedge) sssn; p; g; obg-161 c. virens michx. (green flatsedge) wetl; p; g; obg-147 eleocharis lanceolata fern. (daggerleaf spikerush) wetl; a; g; obg-325 e. obtusa (willd.) j.a. schultes (blunt spikerush) wetl; a; g; obg-127 e. palustris (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes (common spikerush) wetl; p; g; obg324 fimbristylis autumnalis (l.) roemer & j.a. schultes (slender fimbry) wetl; a; g; obg-069 f. puberula (michx.) vahl (hairy fimbry) wetl; p; g; obg-322 f. vahlii (lam.) link (vahl’s fimbry) wetl; a; g; obg-063 isolepis carinata hook. & arn. ex. torr. (keeled bulrush) wetl; a; g; obg-239 rhynchospora globularis (chapman) small (globe beaksedge) -wetl; p; g; obg-323 scirpus pendulus muhl. (rufous bulrush) wetl; p; g; obg-244 iridaceae sisyrinchium campestre bickn. (prairie blueeyed grass) sssn; p; h; obg-201 juncaceae juncus brachycarpus engelm. (whiteroot rush) wetl; p; g; obg-318 j. diffusissimus buckl. (slimpod rush) wetl; p; g; obg-055 j. interior wieg. (inland rush) sssn; p; g; obg-321 j. marginatus rostk. (grassleaf rush) wetl; p; g; obg-319 j. tenuis willd. (poverty rush) wetl; p; g; obg-168 lemnaceae lemna minor l. (common duckweed) wetl; p; h; obg-332 wolffia columbiana (columbian watermeal) wetl; p; h; obg-333 65 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland & buthod liliaceae allium canadense (meadow garlic) sssn; p; h; obg-188 erythronium mesochoreum knerr (midland fawnlily) qsqm; p; h; obg-301 hypoxis hirsuta (l.) coville (common goldstar) sssn; p; h; obg-217 nothoscordum bivalve (l.) britt. (crowpoison) sssn; p; h; obg-179 orchidaceae spiranthes vernalis engelm. & gray (spring ladies’-tresses) sssn; p; h: obg-291 poaceae aegilops cylindrica* host (jointed goatgrass) daof; a; g; obg-210 agrostis hyemalis (walt.) b.s.p. (winter bentgrass) sssn; p; g; obg-307 a. perennans (walt.) tuckerman (upland bentgrass) qsqm; p; g; obg-306 andropogon gerardii vitman (big bluestem) sssn; p; g; obg-112 a. virginicus l. (virginia wildrye) sssn; p; g; obg-117 aristida dichotoma michx. (churchmouse threeawn) sssn; a; g; obg-038 bothriochloa laguroides (dc.) herter (silver beardgrass) daof, sssn; p; g; obg-005 bromus catharticus* vahl (rescuegrass) daof; a; g; obg-206 b. tectorum* l. (cheatgrass) daof; a; g; obg-309 buchloe dactyloides (buffalograss) sssn; p; g; obg-218 danthonia spicata (l.) beauv. ex roemer & j.a. schultes (poverty oatgrass) qsqm; p; g; obg-207 dichanthelium acuminatum (sw.) gould & c.a. clark var. fasciculatum (torr.) freckmann (western panicgrass) qsqm; p; g; obg124 d. depauperatum (muhl.) gould (starved panicgrass) qsqm; p; g; obg-311 d. malacophyllum (nash) gould (softleaf rosette grass) qsqm; p; g; obg-120 d. scoparium (lam.) gould (velvet panicum) qsqm; p; g; obg-317 d. villosissimum (nash) freckmann (whitehair rosette grass) qsqm; p; g; obg-310 digitaria cognata (j.a. schultes) pilger (carolina crabgrass) daof; p; g; obg003 d. sanguinalis (l.) scop. (hairy crabgrass) daof; a; g; obg-004 echinochola crus-galli* (l.) beauv. (barnyardgrass) wetl; a; g; obg-025 eleusine indica* (l.) gaertn. (indian goosegrass) daof; a; g; obg-068 elymus virginicus l. (virginia wildrye) qsqm, sssn; p; g; obg-312 eragrostis barrelieri* daveau (mediterranean lovegrass) daof; a; g; obg-008 e. intermedia a.s. hitchc. (plains lovegrass) qsqm; p; g; obg-021 e. spectabilis (pursh) steud. (purple lovegrass) daof, sssn; p; g; obg-018 hordeum pusillum nutt. (little barley) sssn; a; g; obg-211 leersia oryzoides (l.) sw. (rice cutgrass) wetl; p; g; obg-314 l. virginica willd. (whitegrass) -wetl; p; g; obg-140 lolium perenne* l. (perennial ryegrass) daof; p; g; obg-230 muhlenbergia sobolifera (muhl. ex willd.) trin. (rock muhly) qsqm; p; g; obg-029 panicum anceps michx. (beaked panicgrass) qsqm, sssn; p; g; obg-104 p. dichotomiflorum michx. (fall panicgrass) wetl; a; g; obg-122 p. philadelphicum bernh. ex trin. (philadelphia panicgrass) sssn; a; g; obg-123 p. rigidulum bosc ex nees (redtop panicgrass) wetl; p; g; obg-162 p. virgatum l. (switchgrass) sssn; p; g; obg094 paspalum pubiflorum rupr. ex fourn. (hairyseed paspalum) sssn, wetl; p; g; obg-053 phalaris caroliniana walt. (carolina canarygrass) wetl; a; g; obg-228 66 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 hoagland & buthod poa annua* l. (annual bluegrass) qsqm; a; g; obg-178 schedonnardus paniculatus (nutt.) trel. (tumblegrass) daof, sssn; p; g; obg057 schedonorus phoenix* (scop.) holub daof; p; g; obg-238 schizachyrium scoparium (michx.) nash (little bluestem) sssn; p; g; obg-149 setaria parviflora (poir.) kerguélen (marsh bristlegrass) wetl; p; g; obg-158 s. pumila* (poir.) roemer & j.a. schultes (yellow foxtail) daof; a; g; obg-009 sorghastrum nutans (l.) nash (indian grass) sssn; p; g; obg-336 sorghum halepense* (l.) pers. (johnsongrass) daof, sssn; p; g; obg-111 sphenopholis obtusata (michx.) scribn. (prairie wedgescale) qsqm; p; g; obg-308 sporobolus cryptandrus (torr.) gray (sand dropseed) sssn; p; g; obg-016 steinchisma hians (ell.) nash (gaping grass) wetl; p; g; obg-262 tridens strictus (nutt.) nash (longspike tridens) daof, sssn; p; g; obg-044 vulpia elliotea (raf.) fern. (squirreltail fescue) sssn; a; g; obg-315 v. octoflora (walt.) rydb. (sixweeks fescue) sssn; a; g; obg-315 potamogetonaceae potamogeton diversifolius raf. (waterthread pondweed) wetl; p; h; obg-160 smilacaceae smilax rotundifolia l. (roundleaf greenbriar) qsqm; p; v; obg-223 s. tamnoides l. (bristly greenbriar) qsqm; p; v; obg-224 typhaceae typha domingensis pers. (southern cattail) wetl; p; h; obg-126 67oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 palmer, m.w. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100054 vascular plant checklists from oklahoma michael w. palmer department of botany oklahoma state university stillwater ok 74078 email: mike.palmer@okstate.edu a bibliography of 85 references involving oklahoma flora is provided, 52 of which provide a vascular plant species list from an unambiguous area. i list geographic, topographic, and taxonomic summary data for 59 floras (some references provide multiple lists). the species-area relationship for oklahoma (with a z value of 0.15) is similar to that of north america as a whole. in the face of imminent climate change, the pace of floristic research in oklahoma needs to accelerate. introduction vascular plant checklists are proving valuable as raw material for broad-scale analyses of biodiversity (qian and ricklefs 1999; chiarucci and bonini 2005). but they also prove a more basic (and arguable more essential) function: to guide practicing botanists in the field. for either purpose, it is useful to have access to bibliographic data to find such floras. the floras of north america project (not to be confused with the flora of north america project; flora of north america editorial committee 1993) is an attempt to catalogue and analyze vascular floras within north america, north of mexico. the purpose of this paper is to present a bibliography of floristic checklists within oklahoma, and to provide basic geographic and taxonomic data for comparative purposes. methods i used standard library techniques as well as informal inquiries to gather bibliographic information on floras from throughtout north america. i then extracted geographic data (with help from maps and geographic databases) and summarized the number of taxa in the species lists. in some cases geographic data are approximate. details about the methodology are given in fridley et al. (2006), palmer (1995, 2005, 2007), qian (in press), and withers et al. (1998) as well as http://botany.okstate.edu/floras/index.html results and discussion i found 85 references including floristic lists, or with titles suggesting the presence of such lists (appendix 1). of these, i was able to gather complete data (minimum and maximum latitude and longitude, minimum and maximum elevation, and the number of families, genera, species, total taxa, and % alien species) for 51 references (appendix 2). the vascular plant species-area relationship for oklahoma is remarkably similar to that of north america as a whole (figure). the slope of the line, known in biogeography as the z coefficient, is 0.150, and is similar to that of many continental species-area relationships (rosenzweig 1995). the fact that there is much scatter around the species-area relationship implies that there may be interesting variation in biodiversity that can be explained by environmental or biogeographic factors. 68 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 palmer, m.w. while the list of oklahoma floras may seem impressive, a number of other states (led by california, virginia, iowa, louisiana, illinois, texas, arizona, ohio, new york, and wyoming) have surpassed us in numbers of floristic publications. current work by oklahoma botanists is helping to rectify the situation, with the work of bruce hoagland and his colleagues being most notable. nevertheless, there are ample opportunities for new teams of botanists, including dedicated amateurs, to become involved with basic floristic research. indeed, with extreme climate change predicted for the region (seager et al. 2007), it may not be too long before we lose many of our vascular plant species. thus, the time to document their existence is now. references cited chiarucci, a. and i. bonini. 2005. quantitative floristics as a tool for the assessment of plant diversity in tuscan forests. forest ecology and management 212: 160-170. committee, f.o.n.a.e. 1993. flora of north america. oxford university press, new york. fridley, j.d., h. qian, p.s. white, and m.w. palmer. 2006. plant species invasions along the latitudinal gradient in the united states: comment. ecology 87: 3209-3213 palmer, m.w. 1995. how should one count species? natural areas journal 15: 124-135. palmer, m.w. 2005. temporal trends of exotic species richness in north american floras: an overview. écoscience 12: 386-390. palmer, m.w. 2007. species-area curves and the geometry of nature. pages 15-31 in: d. storch, p.a. marquet, and j.h. brown, editors. scaling biodiversity. cambridge university press, cambridge. qian, h., j.d. fridley, and m.w. palmer. a latitudinal gradient in species-are relationships for vascular plants of north america. american naturalist. in press. qian, h. and r.e. ricklefs. 1999. a comparison of the taxonomic richness of vascular plants in china and the united states. american naturalist 154: 160-181. rosenzweig, m.l. 1995. species diversity in space and time. cambridge university press, cambridge. seager, r., m. ting, i. held, y. kushnir, j. lu, g. vecchi, h-p. huang, n. harnik, a. leetmaa, n-c. lau, c. li, j. velez, and n. naik. 2007. model projections of an imminent transition to a more arid climate in southwestern north america. science 316: 1181-1184. tyrl, r.j., s.c. barber, p. buck, w.j. elisens, p. folley, l.k. magrath, c.l. murray, b.a. smith, c.e.s. taylor, and r.a. thompson. 2007. keys and descriptions of the vascular plants of oklahoma. flora oklahoma inc., noble. withers, m.a., m.w. palmer, g.l. wade, p.s. white, and p.r. neal. 1998. changing patterns in the number of species in north american floras. in t.d. sisk, editor. perspectives on the land use history of north america: a context for understanding our changing environment. usgs, biological resources division, bsr/bdr-19980003; p 23-32. 69oklahoma native plant recordvolume 7, number 1, december 2007 palmer, m.w. oklahoma (solid line, filled circles): y = 0.150x + 2.02 north america (dashed line, open circles): y = 0.156x+ 2.00 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 log (area, in hectares) lo g (n um be r of sp ec ie s) figure species-area relationship for 59 oklahoma floras (data from appendix 2) in comparison with 2283 lists from throughout north america. 70 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 appendix 1 vascular plant checklists written within oklahoma. although not conventionally included in bibliographies, first names are included, when available, to allow more ready identification of the scholars involved. the citation ends with a bracketed reference number associated with the floras of north america project and the author reference in appendix 2. some citations are not floras, but are included here because their titles resemble those of floras and including them in this list avoids accidental rediscovery. keywords follow the citations: complete = all taxonomic and geographic data have been gathered; data duplicate = the same data are available in another source listed elsewhere; no area = the geographical area is impossible to determine based on available information; no data yet = the reference has either not yet been seen, or it has not been evaluated; not a flora = despite the name, the document is not a flora; other states = data include regions outside oklahoma; taxa excluded = data were not gathered because some taxa (e.g. ferns, graminoids) were intentionally excluded. baalman, r.j. (1964): plants collected at salt plains national wildlife refuge during 1963 and 1964. salt plains national wildlife refuge, jet. complete [3248] baalman, r.j. (1965): vegetation of the salt plains wildlife refuge, jet, oklahoma. ph.d. dissertation, university of oklahoma, norman. 129 p. no data yet [21328] baldock, l.o. (1938): flora of kiowa county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, oklahoma agricultural and mechanical college, stillwater. 71 p. complete [89] barber, s.c. (1989): floristic components of the gypsum hills and redbed plains of southwestern oklahoma. southwest. nat. 24, 431-437. data duplicate [91] barber, s.c. (1975): a floristic study of the vascular plants of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern oklahoma. m.s. thesis, oklahoma state university, stillwater. 84 p. complete [90] barkley, e.a. (1933): a preliminary survey of the vascular plants of pottawatomie county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci., 45-46. not a flora [1547] barkley, e.a.d. (1933): a preliminary list of the vascular plants of pottawatomie . county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. 27 p. complete [92] bogue, e.e. (1900): annotated catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of oklahoma. okla. exp. sta. bull. 45, 348. complete [1228] buck, p. (1977): vascular plants of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge. unpublished report. complete [674] buckallew, r.; caddell, g.m. (2001): a floristic study of plant communities at the uco selman living laboratory in the gypsum hills of northwestern oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 81, 81. data duplicate [20922] buckallew, r.r.; caddell, g.m. (2003): vascular flora of the university of central oklahoma selman living laboratory, woodward county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 83, 31-45. complete [21316] buckallew, r.r. (2002): a floristic survey and description of vascular plant communities at the selman living laboratory, woodward county, oklahoma. ms thesis, university of central oklahoma. 122 p. complete [21259] palmer, m.w. 71 palmer, m.w. bull, r.z. (1932): vascular plants of greer county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. 29 p. complete [94] clark, l.c.g. (1997): floristic and biosystematic investigations in plant taxonomy. ph.d. dissertation, oklahoma state university. 248 p. complete [20002] crandall, r.m. (2003): vegetation of the pushmataha wildlife management area, pushmataha county, oklahoma. ms thesis, oklahoma state university, stillwater. 114 p. complete [21287] dale, e.e. jr (1946): a preliminary survey of the flora of the arbuckle mountains. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. data duplicate [2208] dale, e.e., jr (1956): a preliminary survey of the flora of the arbuckle mountains. texas j. sci. 8, 41-73. complete [96] dale, e.e., jr (1959): the grasslands of platt national park, oklahoma. southwest. nat. 4, 45-60. no area [2210] dwyer, d.d. (1958): an annotated plant list of adams' ranch, osage county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, fort hays kansas state college, hays. no data yet [97] eskew, ct (1938): the flowering plants of the wichita mountains wildlife refuge. amer. midl. nat. 20, 695-703. taxa excluded [556] eskew, ct (1937): the flowering plants of wichita national forest. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. taxa excluded [1116] folley, p (1994): checklist of plants found in cleveland county. 15100 etowah rd., noble ok 73068, (405)872-8361. complete [4852] folley, p. (2003): additions to black mesa flora study. oklahoma native plant record 3, 19-22. complete [21363] gage, h.a. (1908): a preliminary list of the plants of the arbuckle mountains. b.a. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. 48 p. complete [98] great plains flora association (1977): atlas of the flora of the great plains. univ. of iowa press, ames, iowa. 600 pages. no data yet, other states [804] great plains flora association (1986): flora of the great plains. university press of kansas, lawrence. 1392 pages. complete, other states [536] hayes, c.r. (2003): the vascular flora of the sally bull hollow tract of the ozark plateau national wildlife refuge, adair county, oklahoma. ms thesis, oklahoma state university. 33 p. complete [21266] hoagland, b.w.; buthod, a.k. (2003): vascular flora of the keystone wildlife management area, creek, pawnee, and osage counties, oklahoma. oklahoma native plant record 3, 23-37. complete [21364] hoagland, b.w.; buthod, a.k. (2004): vascular flora of hugo lake wildlife management area, choctaw county, oklahoma. southeastern naturalist 3, 701-714. complete [21407] hoagland, bw; buthod, ak (2005): vascular flora of a gypsum dominated site in major county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 85, 1-8. complete [21706] hoagland, b.w.; buthod, a.k.; elisens, w. (2004): vascular flora of washita battlefield national historic site, oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 72 oklahoma native plant recordvolume 7, number 1, december 2007 roger mills county, oklahoma. sida 21, 1187-1197. complete [21491] hoagland, b.w.; crawford, p.h.c.; crawford, p.t.; johnson, f. (2004): vascular flora of hackberry flat, frederick lake, and suttle creek, tillman county, oklahoma. sida 21, 429-445. complete [21360] hoagland, b.w.; johnson, f. (2004): the vascular flora of red slough and grassy slough wildlife management areas, gulf coastal plain, mccurtain county, oklahoma. castanea 69, 284296. ; complete [21479] hoagland, b.w.; johnson, f. (2004): vascular flora of love valley wildlife management area, love county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 84, 9-18. complete [21707] hoagland, b.w.; johnson, f.l. (2001): vascular flora of the chickasaw national recreation area, murray county, oklahoma. castanea 66, 383400. complete [20021] hoagland, b.w.; wallick, k. (2003): vascular flora of oolagah wildlife management area in nowata county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 83, 47-62. complete [21315] hoagland, b.w. (2001): floristic list for oklahoma county. oklahoma native plant record 1, 25-38. complete [20010] holzinger, j.m. (1892): list of plants collected by c. s. sheldon and m. a. carleton in the indian territory in 1891. contrib. u.s. nat. herb. 1, 189-219. not a flora [1305] jeffs, r.e. (1931): a key to the ferns and seed plants of oklahoma. university mimeograph pub. norman. taxa excluded [2229] jeffs, r.e.; little, elbert l., jr (1930): a preliminary list of the ferns and seed plants of oklahoma. univ. okla. biol. surv. publ. 2, 39-101. complete [1117] johnson, f.l.; estes, j.r.; lomolino, m.v.; roedel, m.d.; proctor, m.d.; mccarty, n.a.; leimgruber, p.; demarais, b.d.; fuller, m.m.; holloway, a.k.; schnell, g.d. (1996): biological survey of vance air force base. (final report to department of the air force, headquarters 338 training support group (atc) 338 cons/lgcu, 550 d street east ste 08, randolph air force base, texas 78150-4434. contract no. m6700491d0018) oklahoma biological survey, norman. 102 pages. complete [21371] johnson, f.l.; folley, patricia a.; mccarty, n.a.; benesh, d.l. (1998): floral inventory of pontotoc ridge preserve, oklahoma. (report to the nature conservancy) oklahoma native plant society and oklahoma biological survey, norman. 24 pages. complete [21372] johnson, f.l.; proctor, md; mccarty, na; benesh, dl (1996): biological survey of altus afb, oklahoma. part 1. floral inventory. oklahoma biological survey, norman. complete [21373] johnson, f.l.; proctor, md; young, ea; mccarty, na; vezey, el; schnell, gd (1994): floral inventory of camp gruber, oklahoma. (final report to u.s. army construction engineering research laboratories, champaign, illinois. contract #daca 88-90-d0038, delivery order no. 0001) oklahoma biological survey, university of oklahoma, norman. 49 pages. complete [21370] palmer, m.w. 73 palmer, m.w. johnson, f.l.; thompson, r.a.; rudman, r.; estes, j.r.; schnell, g.d.; harris, k.d. (1990): floral inventory of fort sill, oklahoma. oklahoma biological survey, norman, oklahoma. 114 pages. (report to u.s. army construction engineering research laboratory, champaign, il) complete [671] lahman, m.s. (1931): observations of the flora of delaware county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 11, 32-34. complete, not a flora [2050] little, e.l. jr (1938): flora of muskogee county, oklahoma. amer. midl. nat. 19, 369-389. complete [99] little, e.l. jr (1929): a botanical survey of muskogee county, oklahoma. ph.d. dissertation, university of chicago. 203 p. complete [1882] mccoy, d.a. (1958): vascular plants of pontotoc county, oklahoma. amer. midl. nat. 59, 371-396. complete [101] mcdonald, c.b. (1974): a floristic study of washington county, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 56, 53-54. not a flora [103] mcdonald, c.b. (1974): a floristic study of the native or naturalized vegetation of washington county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, oklahoma state university, stillwater. 93 p. taxa excluded [102] mcgregor, r.l.; barker, w.t.; barkley, t.m.; wilson, js (1975): checklist of the plants of the great plains. university of kansas herbarium, lawrence, kansas. no data yet, other states [70] mcpherson, j.k. (2003): black mesa flora study. oklahoma native plant record 3, 8-18. complete [21362] means, f.h. (1969): vascular plants of southeastern oklahoma from the sans bois to the kiamichi mountains. ph.d. thesis, oklahoma state university, stillwater. 179 p. complete [104] mericle, l.w. (1941): the spermatophytes of custer county, oklahoma. ms thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. taxa excluded [21357] myers, w.s. (1929): a preliminary report on the flora of the wichita mountains. m.s. thesis, university oklahoma, norman. 121 p. no data yet [105] ozga, c.m. (1992): atlas to the flora of woods county. northwestern oklahoma state university, alva. 206 pages. no data yet [20844] palmer, m.w. (1993): vascular plant diversity in oklahoma. oklahoma state university center for water research, stillwater. 30 pages. complete [1975] riddell, j.l.: (1835): a synopsis of the flora of the western states. e. deming, cincinnati, oh. 116 pages. no data yet, other states [1663] roe, s.a. (1992): the vegetation of a tract of ancient cross timbers in osage county, oklahoma. ms thesis, oklahoma state university. 86 p. complete [20001] rogers, c.m. (1953): the vegetation of the mesa de maya region of colorado, new mexico and oklahoma. lloydia 16, 257-290. complete [2051] rydberg, p.a. (1932): flora of the prairies and plains of central north america. new york botanical garden, bronx, ny. 969 pages. no area, other states [651] oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 74 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 schnell, g.d.; johnson, f.l.; gentry, j.l. jr (1979): flora and fauna of oklahoma abandoned mine lands. oklahoma biological survey, norman. 132 pages. not a flora [106] shannon, k.a. (1997): a floristic survey of the nature conservancy's preserve in johnston county, oklahoma. ms thesis, oklahoma state university. 38 p. complete [20003] shannon, k.a. (2003): floristic survey of the nature conservancy's pennington creek preserve in johnston county, oklahoma 1997. oklahoma native plant record 3, 38-50. data duplicate [21365] sherwood, r.t.b.; risser, p.g. (1980): annotated checklist of the vascular plants of little sahara state park, oklahoma. southwest. nat. 25, 323338. complete [107] smith, b.a.; tyrl, r.j.; masters, r.e. (1997): floristic inventory of the mccurtain county wilderness area, oklahoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 77, 99-102. complete [20005] smith, b.a. (1997): floristic investigations of the flora of oklahoma. ph.d. dissertation, oklahoma state university. 171 p. data duplicate [20004] stemen, t.r.; myers, ws (1937): oklahoma flora. harlow publishing corporation, oklahoma city. 706 pages. taxa excluded [829] stevens, g.w. (1916): the flora of oklahoma. m.s. thesis, harvard university, cambridge, mass. taxa excluded [2211] taylor, c.e.s. (1961): ecology and taxonomy of water canyon, canadian county, oklahoma. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. 43 p. no data yet [2054] taylor, c.e.s.; magrath, l.k.; folley, p.; buck, p.; carpenter, s. (1996): oklahoma vascular plants: additions and distributional comments. proc. okla. acad. sci. 76, 31-34. no data yet [20870] taylor, r.j.; taylor, c.e.s. (1991): an annotated list of the fern, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. 2nd ed. biology department herbarium, southeastern oklahoma state university, durant, ok. 117 pages. complete [1964] taylor, r.j.; taylor, c.e.s. (1994): an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of oklahoma. 3rd ed. southeastern oklahoma state university, durant, oklahoma. 133 pages. complete [20006] taylor, r.j.; taylor, c.e.s. (eds.) (1989): an annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms, and flowering plants of oklahoma. 1st ed. southeastern oklahoma state university, durant, oklahoma. 110 pages. no data yet [4303] the nature conservancy (1993): plants of the tallgrass prairie preserve, osage county. tallgrass prairie preserve, pawhuska office. complete [4095] tyrl, r.j. (1980): identification and mapping of the extant flora at the deer creek archaeological site (34ka 3, kaw lake, oklahoma). (final report.) environmental resources branch, u.s. army corps of engineers, tulsa, oklahoma. 31 pages. complete [2056] university of tulsa, faculty of natural sciences (1977): a biological inventory of the fort gibson lake area. u.s. dept. of the army, corps palmer, m.w. 75oklahoma native plant recordvolume 7, number 1, december 2007 palmer, m.w. of engineers, tulsa dist. no area [2212] van vleet, a.h. (1902): plants of oklahoma. dept. of geol. and nat. hist. second biennial report. 1901-1902:138-160. complete [1232] wallis, c.s. (1959): vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks. ph.d. thesis, oklahoma state university, stillwater. no data yet [108] waterfall, u.t. (1952): a catalogue of the flora of oklahoma. the research foundation, stillwater. 91 pages. no data yet [3064] waterfall, u.t. (1962): keys to the flora of oklahoma. the research foundation, oklahoma state university, stillwater. 243 pages. no data yet [20246] waterfall, u.t. (1969): keys to the flora of oklahoma. published by the author, stillwater, ok. 246 pages. no data yet [830] waterfall, u.t.; wallis, cs (1963): a list of the vascular flora of oklahoma ozarks. proc. okla. acad. sci. 44, 11-22. complete [109] white, p.j. (1901): a study of the flora of oklahoma. m.s. thesis, university of oklahoma, norman. 96 p. complete [1234] 76 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 palmer, m.w. appendix 2 geographic data and taxonomic data from oklahoma floras. the reference numbers correspond to author references in appendix 1. multiple checklists within a reference are indicated by decimals. note that lists for some areas (especially the state of oklahoma as a whole) have been compiled multiple times. site name year latitude longitude min. elev. (m) max. elev. (m) area (hectares) # families # genera # spp # tot. taxa % of species alien appendix i author reference great plains 1986 41.5 -104.0 290 1600 152226662 160 851 2862 3189 11.5 grea 536 mesa de maya region 1953 37.3 -103.7 1524 2088 56175 75 293 577 589 8.3 roge 2051 black mesa preserve 1994 36.9 -103.0 1456 1516 36 55 172 243 244 6.6 mcph 21362 black mesa state park 2004 36.9 -102.9 1298 1516 312 58 191 300 301 7.0 foll 21363 washita battlefield nhp 2004 35.6 -99.7 588 610 136 62 201 271 271 11.4 hoag 21491 greer county 1932 34.9 -99.6 487 669 165700 65 245 401 401 6.7 bull 94 gypsum hills and redbed plains 1975 34.7 -99.5 366 671 514892 63 230 354 359 9.6 barb 90 altus air force base 1996 34.7 -99.3 408 425 1036 63 175 232 233 17.2 john 21373 selman living laboratory 2002 36.7 -99.2 511 560 130 60 155 226 226 9.7 buck 21259 selman living laboratory 2003 36.7 -99.2 511 560 130 61 149 229 229 9.2 buck 21316 kiowa co. 1937 34.8 -99.1 399 730 265475 81 269 497 527 7.6 bald 89 gypsum dominated site 2005 36.4 -98.9 457 508 80 61 173 233 233 9.4 hoag 21706 hackberry flat 2004 34.3 -98.9 349 366 2770 33 99 121 122 17.4 hoag 21360.2 three sites in tillman county 2004 34.4 -98.9 332 381 3842 69 241 357 352 13.7 hoag 21360 suttle creek 2004 34.2 -98.9 332 358 161 55 155 182 182 9.3 hoag 21360.3 little sahara state park 1980 36.5 -98.9 423 470 146 55 145 181 181 6.6 sher 107 frederick lake 2004 34.5 -98.9 360 381 911 52 155 185 187 10.3 hoag 21360.1 oklahoma 1952 35.2 -98.8 87 1516 17814538 141 741 2247 2542 8.9 wate 3064 oklahoma 1994 35.2 -98.8 87 1516 17814538 172 850 2549 2844 14.6 tayl 20006 territory of oklahoma 1900 35.3 -98.8 110 1516 10108770 97 377 724 737 6.6 bogu 1228 territory of oklahoma 1902 35.3 -98.8 111 1516 10108770 103 412 811 812 6.4 van 1232 oklahoma 1930 35.3 -98.8 88 1516 17781645 125 661 1957 1981 7.7 jeff 1117 oklahoma 1991 35.2 -98.8 87 1517 17944297 159 846 2548 2830 11.9 tayl 1964 wichita mountain wildlife refuge 1977 34.8 -98.7 387 751 23885 104 359 730 749 5.5 buck 674 fort sill 1990 34.7 -98.5 329 673 38300 99 344 556 562 11.5 john 671 salt plain national wildlife refuge 1964 36.8 -98.2 343 369 12955 71 200 293 298 9.6 baal 3248 77oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 palmer, m.w. kegelman auxiliary field 1996 36.7 -98.1 345 370 431 68 187 276 277 9.1 john 21371.1 pottawatomie county 1933 35.1 -98.0 274 345 212380 76 228 372 374 10.2 bark 92 oklahoma 1901 36.0 -98.0 86 1516 17781904 93 226 419 421 1.4 whit 1234 vance air force base 1996 36.3 -97.9 388 401 740 31 77 94 94 46.8 john 21371 cleveland county 1994 35.2 -97.9 311 386 137011 160 362 605 605 17.5 foll 4852 frank tract 1998 36.2 -97.7 229 323 340 72 187 268 268 7.5 roe 20001 oklahoma county 2001 35.6 -97.4 267 429 186000 91 308 601 644 12.5 hoag 20010 deer creek archaeological site 1980 36.7 -97.4 291 294 12 48 113 147 148 12.9 tyrl 2056 arbuckle mountains 1908 34.4 -97.1 228 396 55943 73 162 211 221 5.7 gage 98 love valley wma 2004 33.8 -97.1 197 243 3134 86 258 368 368 8.4 hoag 21707 chickasaw nra 2001 34.5 -97.0 240 352 3849 105 397 713 717 12.2 hoag 20021 arbuckle mountains 1947 34.5 -96.9 229 415 222740 96 397 823 867 8.4 dale 96 pennington creek 1997 34.4 -96.7 251 263 3 64 157 203 203 4.9 shan 20003 pontotoc county 1958 34.7 -96.7 244 396 185781 98 380 698 730 1.6 mcco 101 pontotoc ridge preserve 1998 34.4 -96.6 257 340 1174 79 261 399 402 7.0 john 21372 keystone wma 2003 36.1 -96.5 222 237 4893 79 254 380 380 15.5 hoag 21364 tallgrass prairie preserve 1993 36.8 -96.4 256 352 12250 78 273 496 496 11.5 palm 1975 tallgrass prairie preserve 1993 36.8 -96.4 256 352 12250 81 258 517 517 8.9 the 4095 boehler seeps and sandhills preserve 1997 34.2 -95.9 155 175 235 84 225 345 346 4.3 clar 20002 oolagah wildlife management area 2003 36.7 -95.6 192 258 5226 95 305 470 470 8.3 hoag 21315 hugo lake wma 2004 34.1 -95.5 121 154 6475 113 359 573 573 8.9 hoag 21407 muskogee county 1938 35.5 -95.4 183 301 213934 131 424 829 842 8.9 litt 99 muskogee county 1929 35.6 -95.4 142 300 219240 104 423 828 842 9.1 litt 1882 pushmataha wma 2003 34.5 -95.4 150 400 7690 96 287 447 447 7.2 cran 21287 camp gruber 1994 35.7 -95.1 152 327 19500 101 347 561 568 8.0 john 21370 sans bios/kiamichi 1969 34.8 -94.9 152 914 277482 119 457 991 1067 7.9 mean 104 oklahoma ozarks 1963 36.1 -94.8 140 457 875316 125 515 1206 1318 2.8 wate 109 red slough/grassy slough wma 2004 33.8 -94.8 200 113 2422 106 269 426 426 6.6 hoag 21479 red slough wma 2004 33.7 -94.8 100 104 2158 106 269 422 422 6.6 hoag 21479.1 grassy slough wma 2004 33.8 -94.8 105 113 264 92 221 318 318 6.6 hoag 21479.2 mccurtain county wilderness 1997 34.3 -94.7 183 415 5701 95 236 359 359 5.8 smit 20005 sally bull hollow tract 2003 34.7 -94.6 300 500 810 62 145 219 219 8.7 haye 21266 78 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers caleb stotts michael w. palmer kelly kindscher restoration technician botany department kansas biological survey tallgrass restoration oklahoma state university university of kansas and management, lawrence, ks stillwater, ok lawrence, ks along the prairie/forest transition zone oak savannas have been severely degraded by logging, clearing for agriculture, fire suppression, invasion of exotic plants, and excessive livestock grazing. savanna shares equal billing with tallgrass prairie as the most threatened plant community in the midwest. as such, there is increasing interest in restoring these communities. conservation criteria have not been developed for the post oak (querces stellata) and blackjack oak (querces marilandica) savanna of the cross timbers. oak savanna was arguably an important component of the historical cross timbers region. following settlement, overgrazing in conjunction with a decrease in fire frequency and/or intensity has increased the density of oak stands to the point where they resemble closed-canopy forests rather than savanna. this is a threat to the biodiversity of the cross timbers. proactive land management practices are recommended for restoring savanna communities. such efforts may require thinning-out areas of degraded oak savanna to help re-establish the herbaceous understory. fire is recommended to restore ecological processes that limit woody plant encroachment and promote biodiversity. further research should investigate the ecological dynamics and functions of oak savannas, as well as provide further guidelines for its conservation. introduction along the prairie/forest transition zone, oak savanna communities have been severely degraded by logging, clearing for agriculture, fire suppression, invasion of exotic plants, and excessive livestock grazing (abrams 1992). oak savanna shares equal billing with tallgrass prairie as the most threatened plant community in the midwest and among the most threatened in the world (henderson 1995). as such, there is increasing interest in restoring these communities (whitney and decant 2005). in the cross timbers region, however, there has been little effort to evaluate the conservation status of savannas or woodlands. community classification in the prairie/forest transition zone, upland communities are not always discrete entities separated by sharp lines. instead, they often blend into each other imperceptibly. even so, named communities are useful abstractions that help us think stotts, et al. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100055 and communicate about various parts of the landscape (palmer and white 1994, packard and mutel 1997). definitions adapted from faber-langendeon (2001) and lauver et al. (1999) provide us with an operational classification for common midwestern upland communities: 1) prairie – areas dominated by herbaceous vegetation (grass and forbs); trees generally not exceeding 10% cover; 2) savanna – areas dominated with herbaceous vegetation and scattered trees with 10-25% cover; 3) woodland – areas dominated by an open stand of trees with 25-60% canopy cover and a herbaceous understory; and 4) forest – areas dominated by trees with 60-100% cover and little herbaceous vegetation. these communities are illustrated in fig. 1. savanna is maintained by frequent fire. along the prairie-forest transition zone, certain species of oaks are the only trees that were historically savanna. this is in a large part due to their physiological adaptations to fire, which include thick bark, prolific resprouting and resistance to rotting after scarring (abrams 1992). 79 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 stotts et al. just what the understory and ground layer vegetation of oak savanna was like historically is largely unknown (henderson 1995). while no plant species is known to be endemic to oak savanna (nuzzo 1985), there are species that are considered savanna specialists in the midwest (packard 1988). historically, the savanna community was probably a slowly shifting mosaic of plant species associations that had varying degrees of shade and sun tolerance (henderson 1995). cross timbers savannas the cross timbers region is located in portions of oklahoma, texas, kansas, and arkansas (fig. 2). it is characterized by a mosaic of upland communities including prairie, savanna, woodland and forest (fig. 3). post oak (quercus stellata) and blackjack oak (quercus marilandica) are the dominant tree species throughout in the wooded systems. kuchler (1964) defined the potential natural vegetation of the cross timbers as savanna-like, characterized by tallgrass prairie with low broadleaf deciduous trees scattered singly or in groves of varying size. these groves often occur with an open canopy cover and grassy understory (kuchler 1974). the herbaceous understory of cross timbers savanna is similar in composition to the surrounding prairie (dyksterhuis 1948; kuchler 1964, 1974, palmer unpublished data). savanna also occurs in the cross timbers region as a gradual transition between closed-canopy forests and grasslands, with a margin of isolated trees (dyksterhuis 1957, penfound 1962). this sort of edge can be tens of meters wide. classifying some cross timbers sites as savanna can be problematic due to the tendency of post oak and blackjack oak to root sprout and produce groupings of trees with interlocking crowns (hoagland et al. 1999). in the cross timbers region, woodlands have a similar species composition as savanna (palmer, unpublished data). as such, we recognize that many properties of savanna are likely to be shared with woodlands, and we treat the two as largely synonymous in this paper. restoration of midwest oak savannas nuzzo (1985) estimated that oak savannas in eight states in the midwest probably covered 11 to 13 million hectares at the time of settlement and have been reduced in extent by 99.98%. packard (1988) found that several plants that were historically associated with savanna communities are now uncommon. populations of these ‘savanna specialists’ have been successfully established through restoration efforts. largely because of these findings, the conservation value of savanna communities has been recognized and restoration efforts are increasing. the ultimate goal is to help replace the loss of habitat that is leading to the gradual disappearance of plant and animal species (packard 1988). midwest oak savanna vs. cross timbers savanna the cross timbers and certain areas of the midwest occupy a transition zone between the great plains and the eastern deciduous forest. despite this, the savannas of the cross timbers are considered distinct from midwest oak savannas to their north. (mcpherson 1997). the midwest is characterized by its former glaciation, relatively mesic soils and northern plant affinities, while the cross timbers region is characterized by its largely sandy soils, generally rough topography and southern plant affinities. furthermore, the cross timbers has not experienced the extent of sod-busting that the midwest has, and 80 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 stotts, et al. includes substantial areas of native tallgrass prairie and old-growth forest. despite these distinctions, there is very little difference in ecosystem classification. küchler (1964) described regions of oak savanna in the midwest as being nearly identical to that of the cross timbers in vegetation type; characterized by tallgrass prairie with broadleaf deciduous trees scattered singly or in groves. historical and current extent of cross timbers savanna the extent to which we can understand the structure of pre-settlement vegetation is limited. despite this, analysis of historical accounts, early photographs, early land surveys, and existing vegetation have provided much insight into historical vegetation. numerous authors have described historical vegetation communities throughout the cross timbers region as savanna-like (bruner 1931, dyksterhuis 1957, 1948, lathrop 1958, rice and penfound 1959, penfound 1962, kuchler 1974, 1964, johnson and risser 1975, smiens and diamond 1986, hoagland et al. 1999, francaviglia 2000). this is not to conclude that savanna was the dominant vegetation type in the cross timbers. it does indicate, however, that savanna was a well-represented component within a mosaic of prairie and forest during the time of settlement. many authors conclude that, during post-settlement, overgrazing in conjunction with a decrease in fire frequency and / or intensity has increased the density of oak stands to the point where they resemble closed-canopy forests rather than savanna (dyksterhuis 1948, 1957, lathrop 1958, rice and penfound 1959, penfound 1962, bell and hulbert 1974, johnson and risser 1975, smiens and diamond 1986, abrams 1992, hoagland et al. 1999). this conversion has been at the expense of the herbaceous understory and the associated biodiversity. unlike the midwest oak savannas, there are no reliable estimates as to how much cross timbers savanna actually existed at the time of settlement or how much has been lost since settlement. despite this, these studies indicate that savannas were important aspects of the historical cross timbers region and now represent only a remnant of a vast vegetation type. biodiversity and natural heritage the mosaic of communities in the cross timbers provide for a wide variety of habitat for plants and animals (costello 1969, oklahoma biodiversity plan 1993), and savannas contribute to this habitat diversity (fig. 4). savannas may produce an edge effect, where interfaces between community types support species from both communities, resulting in elevated species composition. as in the midwest, there may be savanna specialists in the cross timbers, species that prefer the distinct habitat offered by an open stand of trees. cross timbers savanna should be valued in regards to their conservation status for their contribution to the natural heritage of the united states. this is especially true for post oak trees that have reached the age of 200+ years (fig. 5). according to the oklahoma biodiversity plan (1993), foremost among the threats to plant diversity in oklahoma is a dramatic change in the fire regime from what occurred historically. as the result of an altered fire regime, the encroachment of woody species into savannas is indeed a threat to the diversity of the cross timbers (rice and penfound 1959, johnson and risser 1975, johnson 1986, archer 1995, hoagland et al. 1999). 81 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 stotts et al. figure 1 schematic diagram showing the changes in structure along a gradient from prairie to forest. this structural gradient is often reflective of a fire frequency gradient, with prairies maintained by more frequent fires (faber-langendeon 2001). figure 2 location of the cross timbers region. (adapted from küchler 1964). figure 3 a cross timbers mosaic of prairie, savanna and forest communities. 82 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 stotts, et al. figure 4 a blackjack oak savanna. these scattered trees provide for habitat diversity. figure 5 this old-growth post oak tree has low, horizontal branches. this type of architecture may be indicative of its having grown in an open-canopy environment. 83 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 stotts et al. restoration recommendations restoration is the work of enhancing ecological quality. high quality communities have most natural processes intact and are rich in conservative plant species; those that are restricted to intact, natural remnants. disrupted or degraded systems (those that have been plowed, overgrazed, protected from fire, etc.) lose those conservative species. the principal challenge in remnant restoration is to reinstate or speed up the processes that allow these remnantdependent species of plants and animals to regain their important roles in the system (packard and ross 1997). several authors have commented on the need for proactive land management to combat woody encroachment in the cross timbers (dyksterhuis 1948, smiens and diamond 1986, engle et al. 1996, 2006, francaviglia 2000). proactive land management practices are indeed recommended for restoring savanna. in degraded savannas, a combination of treatments is recommended for restoring an open-stand of trees with a grassy understory. mechanical removal of trees with tree-clipping devices and/or chainsaws may be used to thin dense stands. for areas thick with shrubs, mowing treatments may be used. fire should be used as a process to re-establish native grasses and forbs, with a long-term goal of promoting plant diversity and limiting woody encroachment. there are many acres of private land in the cross timbers with degraded oak savanna. a major obstacle to restoring natural diversity on private lands has been the lack of economic incentive. savanna restorations, however, may provide increased forage and combat further loss of forage due to woody encroachment. light to moderate grazing can be compatible with maintaining the plant structure needed by many savanna species (henderson 1995). in addition to providing optimum habitat for many plant and wildlife species, oak savanna was probably the optimum habitat for many game species (e.g., bobwhite quail, turkey, deer, and rabbits) (henderson 1995). thus, management for oak savanna is compatible with traditional wildlife management and hunter interests. the ultimate goal should be to help restore habitats, the loss of which, has lead to the gradual disappearance of plant and animal species (packard 1988). for example, the black-capped vireo is a native to the cross timbers region. this federally endangered species prefers to nest in open savanna vegetation, and the decrease in open savanna vegetation has had negative impacts on the population (hoagland et al. 1999). this is a prime example of how savanna restoration efforts could increase biodiversity by providing habitat for a target species. currently, savannas are not well represented throughout the cross timbers. much of the cross timbers vegetation is now characterized by a mosaic of prairie and closed canopy forest. by restoring savanna communities, the structural diversity of the landscape is increased. these efforts will likely lead to higher compositional and functional diversity. mendelson et al. (1992), however, criticize what they believe is a rush to create savannas on forested sites that never supported savannas. most crucially for the cross timbers, there are old-growth forests in the region that have never been savannalike. such forests are clearly not a target for savanna restoration. careful research should be used to plan and implement any particular savanna restoration project (see packard and mutel 1997). managers need to understand the characteristics of the site and the potential impacts of restoration techniques. analysis of the site’s existing plant communities and 84 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 stotts, et al. rare plant or animal populations is crucial. inference of pre-settlement vegetation through analysis of government land office (glo) surveys, soils, and topography should help guide the process. environmental factors influencing cross timbers savannas savanna represents one component of a complex and dynamic ecosystem. within the cross timbers, there are several interacting environmental factors influencing vegetation for a given area. these include 1) climate; 2) soil; 3) topography; 4) grazing; and 5) fire. understanding how all of these factors influence the relative abundance of woody and herbaceous plants is fundamental to managing for and restoring native savanna communities (mcpherson 1997). climate the cross timbers is home to a dynamic climate that is capable of supporting grassland or forest. there have been long-term ‘dry’ and ‘moist’ events, punctuated with shorter-term cyclic variations in climatic conditions (dean et al.1984). the climate of the cross timbers has varied substantially even over the last few centuries, where changes in rainfall patterns have caused east-west shifts in the ecotone (shaw and lee 1995). interannual and decadal variability in precipitation and temperature have been naturally high at both local and regional scales (mcpherson 1997). as precipitation regimes shifted, so did community composition and structure (wright 1963). extreme climatic events may be more important than shifts in means (katz and brown 1992) for changes in cross timbers savannas. “pulses” of tree recruitment may occur during relatively brief periods of high soil moisture (mcpherson 1997). wet fuels decrease the likelihood of fire and allow for trees to take advantage of the higher soil moisture. subsequent growth of woody plants, may transform prairie into savanna or savanna into forest (jameson 1987). on the other hand, the fine fuels which accumulate during these periods of high precipitation may also dispose the system to intense fire and thereby limit tree recruitment (scholes and archer 1997). significant destruction of cross timbers trees during long periods of drought have been documented (rice and penfound 1959). while grasses are also damaged by drought, they may rapidly reestablish areas due to their propagation by rhizomes once there is sufficient soil moisture (weaver 1968). major droughts in the cross timbers region occur at unpredictable intervals. such droughts may increase the chance of fire due to dry fuels (axelrod 1985), however, it may decrease fire intensity due to decreased fuel production (skarpe 1992). due to the effects of a variable precipitation and fire regime, cross timbers savannas have possibly experienced a high degree of shifting on the landscape, as well as conversions to full prairie or forest. present vegetation may represent one phase of a continually changing assembly of communities (wethington 1994). this information is important for predicting how a natural savanna community might respond to changes in climate. soils the very existence of cross timbers trees is largely traceable to certain geologic units from which the sandy soils are derived (dyksterhuis 1948). these alternating materials have formed different soil associations that are characterized by coarse-textured sandy loam soils and by fine-textured clay loam soils. these are generally associated with savanna or forest, and grassland respectively (dyksterhuis 1948, smeins and diamond 1986). 85 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 stotts et al. studies in the cross timbers have indicated that soil moisture availability is the primary factor controlling species composition (clark 2003, johnson and risser 1972, rice and penfound 1959). the higher moisture-retaining capacity of coarsetextured soils is largely responsible for supporting the higher water demands of trees where rainfall is marginal for tree survival (bell and hulbert 1974). finetextured soils may reduce water availability to woody plants below thresholds necessary for survival in the dry summers (mcauliffe 1994). the usda (2007) characterizes certain soil types in the cross timbers as ‘savanna’ range site. these are the most likely locations in which to restore a degraded savanna. topography topography influences the ‘fire probability pattern’ (grimm (1984) that results from frequent fires superimposed on landscape features that include fire-prone topographic regions as well as natural fire barriers. frequency of fires for a prairieforest ecotone in pre-settlement times was largely determined by topographic relief and the distribution of firebreaks, such as waterways (anderson 1990). because fire frequency was determined by the roughness of landscape features, the density of trees on a landscape can often be viewed as a function of surface roughness (anderson 1990). old-growth forest in the cross timbers is highly related to steep and rocky slopes (therrell and stahle 1998). much of the cross timbers forest prior to settlement was likely associated with a fire-protected landscape. as previously mentioned, old growth forests are not the place for savanna restoration. grazing native herbivores influenced the proportion of woody and herbaceous plants by disproportionately consuming or damaging more of one vegetation type than the other (mcpherson 1997). as such, herbivores may interact with competition patterns between woody and herbaceous vegetation as well as with fire regimes, and may thus be involved in large-scale physiognomic dynamics of savannas (skarpe 1991). ungulates like bison, elk, deer and pronghorn antelope, among other herbivores were all present on the historical prairie/forest transition. of these, bison may have had the greatest impact on woody plant establishment in terms of their huge numbers and their alteration of fire intensity (shaw and lee 1995). high grass biomass can affect tree biomass by fueling fires. bison grazing could have reduced the fuel load and reduced fire frequency, intensity, or continuity of spread (baisan and swetham 1990). however, bison herds are believed to have existed in low numbers in the cross timbers (shaw and lee 1995). the effects of overgrazing cattle likely differed drastically from historical bison grazing in the cross timbers. in the absence of heavy cattle grazing, a considerable quantity of litter was produced between established trees. when fires started with these heavy fuel loadings, small trees and saplings were knocked back. the result was an open stand of timber (penfound 1962). in managing for savanna communities, overgrazing should not be allowed to reduce the fuel loading to the point where fire cannot suppress woody plants. fire fire has influenced plant communities for millions of years. fires are thought to be important for the origin and maintenance of grassland, savanna, and woodland community physiognomies by limiting woody plant establishment (anderson 1990, sullivan 1995, dorney and dorney 1989). native americans have been in the southern plains for more than 10,000 years 86 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 stotts, et al. (kay 1998), during which they set frequent fire to the tallgrass prairie landscape (shaw and lee 1995, moore 1995). fire may promote grasses or woody plants in cross timbers savannas, as both vegetation types are well-adapted to fire. fire frequency, fire intensity, and fire season interact to shape the response of vegetation to fire (wright and bailey 1982, engle et al. 1996). a given fire may favor either grasses or trees depending on the nature of these interactions. the frequency of fire plays a critical role. in savanna ecosystems, a decrease in fire frequency leads to woody encroachment, while more frequent fires may favor a relatively stable community (scholes and archer 1997). frequent fires, however, do little to suppress woody plant development if they are of low intensity (briggs et al. 2005). fire intensity varies as a function of weather, stage of plant development, fuel load, topography, soil type, and previous management (bidwell et al. 2004). generally, a well managed rangeland with plenty of fine fuels will produce a high intensity fire that may effectively control woody plant establishment. this underscores the importance of the current vegetation in not only shaping the fire environment, but also in the response of vegetation to a given fire (engle et al. 1996). the season of a fire is very important for the relative effect on grasses and woody plants. the way species respond to a fire depends heavily on the timing of the fire relative to their phenological development. in general, plants that are actively growing, flowering, or setting seed at the time of the fire, tend to decline over time (davidson and kindscher 1999). burning at different times of the year is recommended to inhibit certain species from dominating the community and to promote biodiversity. to control woody plants, burning following bud break and full leaf-out is the most effective time (bidwell et al. 2004). once a savanna is re-established, carefully prescribed burns can maintain open stands of cross timbers oaks for long periods of time (engle et al. 2006). used wisely, prescribed fire can enhance biodiversity, combat tree encroachment, reduce danger of catastrophic wildfires, and improve range conditions for livestock. research needs the current extent of high-quality savanna stands should be assessed throughout the cross timbers. judgments must be made as to the degree to which stands of vegetation appear to be functioning under natural ecological processes. plant identification in highquality stands of oak savanna should be used to provide information on flora composition, richness and physiognomy. lists of fauna that utilize and prefer these communities should be compiled. this information can be used to assess the integrity and functions of savanna communities, to analyze their contribution to the biodiversity of the cross timbers, and as reference information for restoration efforts. while numerous studies indicate that savannas were important components of the historic cross timbers, their actual extent is uncertain. assessing the actual past extent of savanna remains a top research priority. if savanna historically dominated the cross timbers region and are now very poorly represented, their conservation would be a very high priority. if savannas were originally rare and transient, they would deserve less attention than if they are the last remnant of a vast vegetation type. unfortunately, tools for assessing past extent of savanna vegetation are limited. glo surveys are perhaps the best available tool. early land survey records have contributed significantly to our understanding of the structure of north america’s pre-settlement ecosystems. by 87 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 stotts et al. way of summary, land surveys have been used to determine: 1) species compositions of pre-settlement savannas and woodlands; 2) landscape-level disturbance processes; 3) site-specific determinants; 4) species associations and community classification, and; 5) vegetation types for mapping purposes (egan and howell 2005). this information has figured prominently in the restoration of a number of historic ecosystems (egan and howell 2005). schroeder (1981), for instance, created a statewide map of glo surveys from missouri that described a mosaic of forest, woodland, savanna, and prairie landscapes. the map serves as a foundation for the missouri department of natural resources efforts to restore savanna ecosystems in that state’s parks (mccarty 1998). this information is commonly used as a reference for restoration efforts, and numerous post oak savanna restorations have occurred with success in missouri. the plat maps used for mapping, however, were made up solely on the basis of data written in the early surveyor’s notes, which have certain biases and limitations (king 1978). furthermore, we should view this information as but one snapshot of past vegetation patterns that were constantly shifting with an ever-changing climate, native american activities (batek et al. 1999), and grazing patterns. also, early settlers may have cut down trees before the survey was completed. as such, we are forced to consider just how representative they are as a true picture of the “presettlement” vegetation (noss 1985). the dynamics of savannas are not well known because landscape-level processes have been radically, and sometimes irreversibly altered by recent human activities. (rebertus and burns 1997) further research should increase our understanding of the mechanisms of the cross timbers ecosystem. elucidation of the interactions, dynamics and determinants, and identification of robust generalizations that can be broadly applied to savanna ecosystems would benefit ecological theory, modeling and land management (house et al. 2003). fundamental questions include: what controls the relative abundance of woody and herbaceous plants for a given set of conditions at given site? how do the vegetation types interact with each other? is a given woody-herbaceous ratio dynamically stable and persistent under a particular set of conditions (house et al. 2003). finally, circumstances under which restoration techniques are effective or ineffective need to be identified. as such, restoration efforts should be monitored. conclusion oak savannas throughout the cross timbers region have been degraded by woody encroachment. savanna restoration efforts are recommended to combat this threat to biodiversity. the ultimate goal is to restore ecological processes and help replace lost habitat that is leading to the gradual disappearance of plant and animal species. there is, however, much that is unknown about the ecological dynamics and functions of savanna communities. it is hoped that with research and restoration of savanna communities, some answers will be provided. acknowledgments the authors recognize the invaluable contributions of the following: the stotts family, jim minnerath, daniel dyer, the usfws eastern kansas district fire crew, and the stotts. literature cited abrams, m.d. 1992. fire and the development of oak forests. bioscience 52: 346-353. anderson, r.c. 1990. the historic role of fire in the north american grassland. in: collins, s. l. and l.l. wallace. fire in north american tallgrass prairies. 88 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 stotts, et al. norman and london: university of oklahoma press. p 8-18. archer, s. 1995. tree-grass dynamics in a prosopis-thornscrub savanna parkland: reconstructing the past and predicting the future. ecoscience 2: 83-99. axelrod, d.l. 1985. rise of the grassland biome, central north america. the botanical review 51: 163-201. batek, m.j. 1999. reconstruction of early nineteenth-century vegetation and fire regimes in the missouri ozarks. journal of biogeography 26: 397-412. bell, e. and hulbert, l. 1974. effect of soil on occurrence of cross timbers and prairie in southern kansas. transactions of the kansas academy of science. baisan, c.h. and t.w. swetnam. 1990. fire history on a desert mountain range: rincorn mountain wilderness, arizona, usa. canadian journal of forestry restoration 20: 1559-1569. briggs, j.m., a.k. knapp, j.m. blair, j.l. heisler, g.a. hoch, m.s. lett and j.k. mccarron. 2005. an ecosystem in transition: causes and consequences of the conversion of mesic grassland to shrubland. bioscience 55: 243-254. bruner, w.e. 1931. the vegetation of oklahoma. ecological monographs 1(2): 100-113. clark, s. l. 2003. stand dynamics of an oldgrowth oak forest in the cross timbers of oklahoma. 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[online]. available: www.sprrs.usda.gov/range_sites.htm (accessed 2007 november 12). weaver, j.e. 1968. prairie plants and their environment: a fifty-year study in the midwest. university of nebraska press. lincoln and london. wethington, m. k. 1994. a spatial and temporal analysis of forest and grassland changes at the tallgrass prairie preserve [m.s. thesis]. stillwater: oklahoma state university. whitney, g.g. and decant, j.p. 2005. government land office surveys and other early land surveys. the historical ecology handbook. washington d.c.: island press. p 147-172. wright, jr., h.e. 1963. vegetational history of the central plains. pleistocene and recent environments of the central great plains. lawrence, kansas: department of geology, university of kansas. wright, h.a. and a.w. bailey. 1982. fire ecology. john wiley and sons, new york, n.y. 91 oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007 editorial botanizing with larry magrath sunday, october 4, 1998. a field trip for two doesn’t take much planning – a phone call will do: “one of my students has brought in a collection of scirpus hallii. want to go with me on sunday to verify the site?” well, of course! larry was one of the state’s most ardent collectors, and s. hallii (name since changed to schoenoplectus hallii) is a sedge. that makes it a plant i need to know. just after 8 a.m. that sunday i picked up larry and his gear in chickasha, and we headed southwest. but first – he’d thought of another lake that was “almost on the way”, and there were exposed mud flats just covered with sedges. so we went due west for maybe 10 miles, to lake burtschi. there were thousands of inch-tall sedges of several different species; cyperus surinamensis, c. aristatus, fimbristylis autumnalis, and fuirena simplex, mostly. they lay on the damp sand like a city lawn; tiny annual species doing their best to set seed before frost. there we also collected samples of arundo donax, a grass that grows in shallow water, and can reach more than two meters tall. then, “since we are in the neighborhood” we stopped at a private property called williams’ wilderness, whose owner had given permission. there we found an orchid, hexalectris spicata and some other goodies. traveling sw on sh19, we stopped along the south edge of apache near lakeside village to see how lake ellsworth had fared. that lake was down ten feet, and had exposed acres of sandy bottom, much of it covered with the tiny annual sedges. all were in furious bloom. there we collected a sedge-like grass, eragrostis reptans; as well as fimbristylis vahlii, cyperus odoratus, amannia coccinea, and a strange liverwort called riccocarpus natans. the upper edges were banked with a vigorous morning glory with small white flowers, ipomoea lacunosa. finally we reached jed johnson lake in the wichita mountain wildlife reservation. there, an expanse of mud flats some 4 meters wide and ten meters long had been exposed by the low water. the shoreline was composed of broken red-granite gravels and sand, much disturbed by fishermen. scirpus hallii was there in abundance and in bloom or fruit. larry counted 114 plants, and each of us collected a specimen for our herbarium. our trip had been both entertaining and successful. think it was over? you’ve never been on a field trip with larry! we were free to wander as far and wide as our strength and the day lasted. we checked rush lake, also on the reserve, and found it embedded in a huge stand of eleocharis quadrangulata. while i took pictures, a curious armadillo came right up and sniffed near-sightedly at my shoe. lunch with larry was always a challenge: it had to be fast, and it had to be vegetarian. veggie fast food isn’t readily available along country roads. we settled for sub sandwiches at the love’s station on sh49. dodging traffic through lawton, we took sh 7 east to sh 65, then went south through temple, turned east there on sh 5, and soon arrived at moneke park near lake waurika. hiking through an open forest community, we found the other relative of poke-weed, rivina humilis, and in bloom. first time i’d ever seen that. it was a real treat. our day was coming to an end. the cloud bank that had hovered to the west all day long grew higher and darker. we reluctantly headed north on us 81, but soon https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100056 92 oklahoma native plant record volume 6, number 1, december 2006 had to make a stop just north of addington. there, beside the highway, is a large prairiedog community, and we enjoyed their company until it grew too dark for photography. by the time we reached chickasha, it was pitch-black except for the lightning that was almost intense enough to drive by. larry unloaded his prizes in a heavy downpour, and i headed for home by sh9. again, lightning and heavy, heavy rain accompanied the trip. by way of the evening news, i learned that ninnekah, just south of chickasha, had been struck by a tornado right after we drove through, and that a swarm of them had produced the lightning that made the passage so interesting. the tornadoes had covered a large swath of central oklahoma that night while larry and i were busy pressing the plants and writing up our notes. over the years there were many such field trips with larry, most of them with the oklahoma native plant society or the nature conservancy. each of them was “floriferous” and interesting. the photo below is from one of our trips to round mountain in leflore county with jim norman and charles lewallen, who set up the remote photo. patricia folley, 1 june 2007 onps larry magrath, botanizing with patricia folley, charles lewallen, and jim norman. editorial policies and practices oklahoma native plant record is published annually by oklahoma native plant society. submission for publication in the journal is open to all. manuscripts will be accepted on topics related to oklahoma's regional botany, including historical research reports, current research articles, site record species lists, and descriptions of new or important species sightings in oklahoma. oklahoma's environmental gradients of human impact, climate, and elevation make us a prime target for research on habitat edges, species ranges, and edge species, therefore, articles of other themes may be included as well. research overlooked by journals of broader geographic regions will be considered for publication in the record. papers must not have been published previously or accepted for submission elsewhere and should represent research conducted in accordance with accepted procedures and scientific ethics. all authors retain copyright of their articles. submission of the article implies the granting to oklahoma native plant society of permission to publish it. we ask only for the right to publish articles. we do not seek to own them. in return, we require our authors to allow that work to be used freely for non-commercial purposes, allowing each individual to make, gratis, a single copy of the published manuscript whether from its print or its internet version; instructors to make gratis, multiple copies available for non-commercial teaching purposes; and libraries to make copies available, gratis, for interlibrary loan. authors are responsible for supplying reprints upon request. manuscripts will be reviewed for content and appropriateness by at least two reviewers. the title page should state the affiliation and complete addresses of all authors and telephone numbers for the corresponding author. research and technical papers should include a one-paragraph abstract of not more than 250 words. it should concisely state the goals, principal results, and major conclusions of the paper. all references, figures, and tables should be cited in the text. site descriptions should include latitude, longitude, total area and elevation. common names should be referenced to a scientific name. abbreviations of authorities for scientific names should follow authors of plant names (brummitt and powell 1992). titles of periodicals should be abbreviated following botanico-peridoicum-huntianum and its supplement except in historic publications when original format will be used. authors with access to pc-compatible microcomputers are encouraged to send a copy of the manuscript on cd or diskette in rtf (rich text format). if the manuscript is typed, manuscripts should be double-spaced on 8 1/2 x 11 inch paper with minimum one-inch margins and should be submitted in duplicate. use no headers, footers, nor auto page numbering. proof-read and verify taxa numbers before submission. color photos may be submitted on cd or diskette. cds, diskettes, or hardcopy manuscripts should be sent to the managing editor at the address below by july 1. managing editor, oklahoma native plant record oklahoma native plant society c/o tulsa garden center 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 five-year index to oklahoma native plant record volume 2 4 vascular plants of the wichita mountains, paul buck 22 floristic list for comanche county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland 54 schoenoplectus hallii and s. saximontanus; wichita mountains wildlife refuge survey: 2000, lawrence k. magrath 65 pontotoc ridge floristic survey: 1999, forrest l. johnson, patricia folley (ed.) 82 water, soil, and plant diversity in oklahoma, sheila strawn volume 3 4 black mesa flora study, james k. mcpherson 19 black mesa state park flora update, patricia a. folley 23 vascular flora of the keystone wildlife management area, bruce hoagland and amy k. buthod. 38 floristic survey of the the nature conservancy’s preserve, johnston county, ok, kimberly a. shannon. 51 historical accounts of the transformation of a pairie town, todd d. fagin and melissa s. brown. 68 triphora trianthophora and tipularia discolor in oklahoma, lawrence k. magrath 73 take time to watch, not just smell the wildflowers, gloria m. caddell volume 4 4 ecological factors affecting the distribution of woody vegetation near the arkansas river, tulsa county, anne wanamaker long 24 cotinus obovatus raf. (smoke-tree) in oklahoma, bruce hoagland. 26 giant cane and southeastern indian baskets, julia a. jordan. 30 vascular flora of the couteau wildlife management area, wagoner county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and forrest l. johnson. 40 status and habitat characteristics of chyprepedium kentuckiense (kentucky lady’s slipper) in southeastern oklahoma, bruce hoagland and amy k. buthod. 48 common lawn and garden mushrooms of central oklahoma, clark l. ovrebo 56 why do species names change? patricia a. folley volume 5 4 relationship of forest vegetation to soils on geological formations of the oklahoma gulf coastal plain, r. john taylor 39 a vegetation analysis of a pimpled prairie in northeastern oklahoma, constance l. murray 61 vascular flora of a site along the arkansas river, pawnee county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 73 additions to the flora of garvin county, oklahoma, phillip t. crawford and priscilla h.c. crawford 98 tribute to john taylor, onps members volume 6 4 the lichens of north central oklahoma, darvin w. keck 51 annotated nomenclatural update to keck (1961), douglas m. ladd 53 vascular flora of a red sandstone hills site, canadian county, oklahoma, bruce w. hoagland and amy k. buthod 69 vascular flora of a riparian site on the canadian river, cleveland county, oklahoma, lacy burgess and bruce w. hoagland. 80 cedar-apple rust, clark l. ovrebo oklahoma native plant society c/o tulsa garden center 2435 south peoria tulsa, oklahoma 74114 _________________________________________________________________________ in this issue of oklahoma native plant record volume 7, number 1, december 2007: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks charles s. wallis 21 updated oklahoma ozark flora bruce w. hoagland 54 the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site osage county, oklahoma bruce w. hoagland and amy buthod 67 vascular plant checklists from oklahoma michael w. palmer 78 the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers caleb stotts, michael w. palmer, and kelly kindscher 91 botanizing with larry magrath patricia a. folley five year index to oklahoma native plant record inside back cover oklahoma native plant record, journal of the oklahoma native plant society, volume 7, number 1, december 2007 title page table of contents foreword and forward vascular plants of the oklahoma ozarks ph.d. dissertation, dr. charles s. wallis updated oklahoma ozark flora dr. bruce w. hoagland the vascular flora of the oklahoma centennial botanical garden site, osage county, oklahoma dr. bruce w. hoagland and ms. amy buthod vascular plant checklists from oklahoma dr. michael w. palmer the need for savanna restoration in the cross timbers mr. caleb stotts, dr. michael w. palmer, and dr. kelly kindscher botanizing with larry magrath editorial, ms. patricia folley editorial policies and practices five-year index to oklahoma native plant record back cover index