Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society, Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 ISSN 1536-7738 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 1 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society 2435 South Peoria Tulsa, Oklahoma 74114 Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 ISSN 1536-7738 Managing Editor: Sheila Strawn Technical Editor: Patricia Folley Technical Advisor: Bruce Hoagland CD-ROM Producer: Chadwick Cox Website: http://www.usao.edu/~onps/ The purpose of ONPS is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of Oklahoma. Membership in ONPS shall be open to any person who supports the aims of the Society. ONPS offers individual, student, family, and life memberships. 2007 Officers and Board Members President: Kim Shannon Vice-president: Gloria Caddell Secretary: Paula Shryock Treasurer: Mary Korthase Membership Database: Tina Julich Past President: Constance Murray Board Members: Paul Buck Ron Tyrl Lynn Michael Monica Macklin Elfriede Miller Stanley Rice Central Chapter Chair: Lou Duke/ Marilyn Stewart Cross-timbers Chapter Chair: Paul Richardson Mycology Chapter Chair: Clark Ovrebo Northeast Chapter Chair: Sue Amstutz Gaillardia Editor: Chadwick Cox Harriet Barclay Award Chair: Constance Taylor Ann Long Award Chair: Patricia Folley ONPS Service Award Chair: Sue Amstutz Historian: Sharon McCain Librarian: Bonnie Winchester Website Manager: Chadwick Cox Photo Poster Curators: Sue Amstutz & Marilyn Stewart Color Oklahoma Chair: Tina Julich Conservation Chair: Chadwick Cox Field Trip Chair: Patricia Folley Mailings Chair: Karen Haworth Merchandise Chair: Susan Chambers Nominating Chair: Paula Shryock Photography Contest Chair: Tina Julich Publications Chair: Sheila Strawn Publicity Chairs: Kim Shannon & Marilyn Stewart Wildflower Workshop Chair: Constance Murray Cover photo: Courtesy of Patricia Folley. “This Opuntia polyacantha was blooming away on a rocky shore on Jed Johnson Lake in the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. The photo was taken with a Nikon Coolpix camera about the size of a deck of cards, and no tripod. Cactus flowers are wonderful for holding still!” Articles (c) The Authors Journal compilation (c) Oklahoma Native Plant Society Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100049 2 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1 Table of Contents Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Vascular Plants of the Oklahoma Ozarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Ph.D. Dissertation Dr. Charles S. Wallis Updated Oklahoma Ozark Flora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Dr. Bruce W. Hoagland The Vascular Flora of the Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden Site . . . . 54 Osage County, Oklahoma Dr. Bruce W. Hoagland and Ms. Amy Buthod Vascular Plant Checklists from Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Dr. Michael W. Palmer The Need for Savanna Restoration in the Cross Timbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Mr. Caleb Stotts, Dr. Michael W. Palmer, and Dr. Kelly Kindscher Botanizing with Larry Magrath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Editorial Ms. Patricia Folley Five-year Index to Oklahoma Native Plant Record . . . . . . . . . inside back cover Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 3 Foreword and Forward While I always look “forward” to preparing each volume for you, I haven’t always gotten the “Foreword” right. In fact, the wrong word is used in the table of contents of the first four volumes. It is misspelled in both the table of contents and in the section headings of the last two volumes. Ruth Boyd, who has proof-read the journal with me every year since its inception in 2001 is most likely doing summersaults in her grave because I missed the error in the title for this section for 6 years in a row. I will do better. But had it not been for Ruth’s keen eye and sharp editing pencil our journal would not have become the respected source of botanical research that it has. We remain indebted to her for correcting my many other errors. In this foreword to Volume Seven, the Oklahoma Native Plant Record mourns the passing of Ruth Boyd and of Larry Magrath, two of the Society’s long-time members. Larry Magrath was one of our major contributers of scientific papers. Had it not been for Larry’s willingness to submit significant articles and encourage others to do so, we would have had a very thin journal for the first three years. Both Larry and Ruth experienced poor health for several years, but continued to work with the Record, giving me time to learn how to manage without being overwhelmed by editorial responsibilities. With the passing of Ruth and Larry, we will all have to step up and accept more responsibility for passing on the legacy of botanical research in Oklahoma and our new staff of proof-readers will do their best to get it right. Yes, it takes more than one to replace Ruth. The Record will always need new authors, reviewers, proof-readers and editors. If we don’t step up and do it, no one else will. It’s time for each of us, perfect or not, to move forward, doing the most and the best that we can. To build a larger legacy for Oklahoma botany, one that is built on the best practices of research, we need to be open to allowing others to see our work and give us advice. With that comes responsibility. We must respect ownership of ideas. That’s why Oklahoma Native Plant Journal does not seek to own the work of our authors. We publish the articles while authors retain ownership and decide who else can use it. We believe in open sources and encourage open research. We look forward to receiving articles submitted to us in the future. In this volume Bruce Hoagland presents more articles based on data from the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory. One gives us an updated perspective on Charles S. Wallis’ work Vascular Plants of the Oklahoma Ozarks, which represents our historical article this year. Wallis was born in 1911 and compiled this flora for his PhD thesis at Oklahoma State University in 1959. Hoagland’s other contribution this year was done with Amy Buthod, as an inventory of vascular plants at the new Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden in Osage County. As part of our goal to encourage new authors, we enthusiastically present Caleb Stott’s The Need for Savanna Restoration in the Cross Timbers. It is a review of relevant literature regarding one of Oklahoma’s most endangered ecosystems. It is co-authored with Mike Palmer and Kelly Kindischer. In another article, Mike Palmer has also given us a great new research tool. It is a checklist for Oklahoma floras. He has gathered all the known published floras of Oklahoma and catalogued them in tabular form, referencing geographic, topographic, and taxonomic data to a bibliography of 85 references for Oklahoma flora. With this volume, The Oklahoma Native Plant Record continues to bring you interesting and valuable scientific works which will enhance the purpose of the Society, to promote the study, protection, propagation, appreciation, and use of native plants of Oklahoma. Thank you for your support. Sheila Strawn, Editor 4 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Vascular Plants of the Oklahoma Ozarks By Charles S. Wallis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Oklahoma State University in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 1959 After the completion of a floristic study of Cherokee County, the author saw the need for such a study of the entire Oklahoma Ozarks. Therefore, his original collection of about 1,400 sheets was expanded to about 7,000 sheets between the years of 1953 and 1958. All of these are deposited in the Herbarium of Oklahoma State University. Duplicates of many of these are in the author’s private museum at Fort Gibson, Oklahoma. Also, triplicates of collections made during the last two years are deposited in the Herbarium of Southern Methodist University at Dallas, Texas. The author has supplemented data obtained from his own collections with those derived from 497 sheets which have been deposited in the Herbarium of Oklahoma State University by earlier collectors. A few stations were established for repeated collecting in order to study the seasonal changes of plant societies. These are discussed in Chapter IV. Prairie, hill, and valley habitats were the basis for the selection of these stations, but most of the collecting was for general distribution throughout the Ozarks. Monographs, revisions, and other recent taxonomic literature in the Oklahoma State University Library were used whenever possible in identifying the specimens. The order of listing of the families conventionally follows the Engler-Prantl system as delineated in the eighth edition of Gray’s Manual of Botany (43). Each species in the list is followed with the general habitats and counties in which one or more specimens were collected. Those specimens which were found to be new to the state and which have been reported within the last six years are relisted in Chapter V. The author wishes to express his appreciation to each of the members of his committee for their guidance and suggestions. He is especially grateful to Dr. U.T. Waterfall for acting as chairman of his committee, for his example as a teacher of taxonomy, and for the use of his personal card index of monographic and research literature. Editor’s notes: This is Wallis’ original thesis including his chapter, “Ecology: General Distribution” that lists species in each of his study sites by seasons. However, it does not include his “List of Species and Habitats”. To avoid redundancy and to make that list more useable for current biologists, its nomenclature has been updated and included in Bruce Hoagland’s “A Checklist for the Vascular Flora of Ozark Plateau in Oklahoma” that immediately follows. That Checklist is marked to indicate which species Wallis listed, as well as non-native species listed in the Oklahoma Vascular Plant Database for the Oklahoma Ozarks. Charles Sparkman Wallis’ private library is currently housed in the Bebb Herbarium (OKL) at the University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK. (SS) Wallis, C.S. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100051 5 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. PHYSICAL FEATURES Location and Area The name Oarks or Ozarks was taken from the contraction of the French words aux arcs and has been applied to an uplift area occupying some 40,000 square miles of Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma (79:234). This Ozark region of Oklahoma is in the northeastern corner of the state with natural boundaries formed by the Grand (Neosho) River on the west and the Arkansas River on the south. There are approximately 3,351 square miles of land and 52 square miles of lakes in the Oklahoma Ozarks. Computation by counties in square miles from General Highway County Maps prepared by the Oklahoma Department of Highways is as follows: County Land Area Lake Area Adair 569 0 Cherokee 760 11 Delaware 657 15 Mayes 261 10 Muskogee 114 3 Ottawa 296 10 Sequoyah 694 3 All of the lakes, except Horseshoe Lake, are of the reservoir type. They are Fort Gibson Reservoir and Lake of the Cherokees on the Grand River; Tenkiller Ferry Reservoir on the Illinois River; Greenleaf Lake on Greenleaf Creek; and Upper and Lower Spavinaw Lakes on Spavinaw Creek. Geology The Ozark Uplift is a broad asymmetrical cone which consists of three physiological provinces (57). Two of these extend into northeastern Oklahoma as the Springfield Structural Plain in the northern two-thirds of the Oklahoma Ozarks and the Boston Mountain Province in the southern one—third. The Salem Platform is entirely in Arkansas and Missouri. The topography of the Springfield Plain is that of a deeply dissected plateau with surface cherts and limestones of the Mississippian Boone formation. In the Boston Province is a narrow belt of rugged topography formed by the northeast trending faults. The resulting fault blocks have steep escarpment faces and gentle dip slopes capped by the resistant Atoka sandstones. Deep valleys have been cut through the ridges by stream erosion, and the major drainage pattern is developed in the softer shales and limestone paralleling the faulting. The highest elevation in the Oklahoma Ozarks is a 1,750 foot contour line three miles east of Muskrat Mountain (48). The contrasting low area, a 400 foot contour line, is found where the Arkansas River leaves Oklahoma at the southeast corner of Sequoyah County (49). Thus a 30-mile line along the Oklahoma-Arkansas border will intersect at the high and low points of the Oklahoma Ozarks. Topography by Counties (113) Adair County is quite hilly, but many of the hills and ridges have flat tops wide enough to produce considerable level areas. Some of the deeper valleys cut into the Chester formation and lowermost Pennsylvanian formation. Baron Fork drains the northern part of the county into the Illinois River, and Sallisaw Creek drains the southern part into the Arkansas River. Cherokee County is well dissected into the lower Pennsylvanian formations by streams, with the largest valleys less than one mile in width. Flat- topped ridges produce the principle farming areas. Maynard Bayou, Flowers, Clear, and Ranger creeks are some of the western 6 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. streams draining into Grand River which forms part of the western boundary. The Illinois River enters the county from the northeast and flows south through the eastern half of the county. Delaware County's surface is quite rough with many of the broad, flat-top hills having small prairies on them. Generally, the valleys are narrow and steep- sided. Grand River in the northern part of the county with its tributaries drains most of the area. The southern part is drained into the Grand River by way of Spavinaw Creek. The eastern part of Mayes County is in the Ozarks and the western part in the Prairie Plains region. The Ozark area is quite hilly and is drained by Spavinaw Creek. The small northeastern part of Muskogee County in the Ozarks drains into the Arkansas River. The best farming land in the Ozarks is located in the flood plains of the Grand and Arkansas rivers. Ottawa County is also in both the Ozark and Prairie Plains regions. The southeastern part is hilly, but the northeastern part has extensive prairies east of the Grand River; a.k.a. Neosho River, the name often applied to the portion of Grand River above the junction with Spring River. Drainage is into the Grand River by way of Spring and Neosho rivers. Soils (112) The only formation of the region which has sufficient area of rock outcrop to greatly influence the soil is the Boone formation. Along the western edge of the uplift, the Chester formation produces a prairie of considerable extent from the town of Pryor to the northeast. Slopes are so steep on the hillsides of the uplift that there is little or no surface soil except that remaining between the rock crevices. However, this soil is fertile enough to support a good growth of trees. The level uplands have soils that reach a depth of ten or more feet, and where they are free from chert they are dark red sandy-loams. The soils of the narrow valleys are generally very cherty but quite productive. The larger river valleys have the most productive soils of all. They are basically the sediments from the higher Boone areas. CLIMATE (126) The Oklahoma Ozarks have a continental type of weather which is characterized by a pronounced seasonal range in temperatures. Almost invariably the high summer temperature occurs with clear skies and is attended by dry, moderate winds. Severe droughts are produced when hot winds accompany these high temperatures. The summer nights are nearly always cool because the clear skies and dry atmosphere permit rapid radiation of the heat. Rain is general and most abundant in the spring to early summer and sometimes may be abundant during September and October. The prevailing wind direction is southerly, although in December, January, and February northerly winds predominate. Prior to 1941, the available records give for the state‘s Ozark counties the average maximum and minimum temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit as follows: Maximum Minimum County Temperature Temperature Adair 114 -27 Cherokee 118 -23 Delaware 114 -25 Mayes 117 -21 Muskogee ll8 -14 Ottawa 114 -25 Sequoyah 115 -10 7 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. The dates of killing frosts of last and first average appearance with number of days in growing season as follows: County Appearance Growing First Last Season Adair April 10 October 27 200 Cherokee April 6 October 30 207 Delaware March 31 October 31 214 Mayes April 3 October 31 211 Muskogee March 26 November 4 223 Ottawa April 21 October 28 207 Sequoyah March 31 November 3 217 The average annual precipitation, in inches is given as follows: County Precipitation Adair 46.84 Cherokee 41.17 Delaware 44.39 Mayes 43.54 Muskogee 39.50 Ottawa 41.93 Sequoyah 41.79 In late spring eastern Oklahoma and the adjoining states receive, on the average, more rainfall than any other part of the country east of the Rocky Mountains. Some of the lowest annual precipitations ever recorded in the weather history of the state occurred during the eight-year period of the author’s plant collecting experience. The following United States Weather Bureau (127) annual precipitation records start with 1951 as wet to about average, through dry to very dry years, and end with 1958 as another average to wet year. These records in inches per year by county are as follows: County 195l 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 l958 Adair 43.5 37.6 36.2 30.3 39.1 36.3 62.7 51.6 Cherokee 46.8 30.8 37.4 25.1 36.9 33.7 58.6 46.6 Delaware 47.8 26.0 30.6 34.2 32.8 36.7 57.4. 43.1 Mayes 47.8 28.3 40.3 28.5 33.2 33.5 60.4 35.4 Muskogee 48.4 32.5 34.1 22.8 29.2 26.8 56.3 45.5 Ottawa ---- 30.4 27.6 32.8 36.9 32.2 49.6 52.6 Sequoyah 52.7 35.2 40.3 33.5 30.2 32.0 68.4 57.9 TAXONOMIC HISTORY One of the earliest botanists to visit the Oklahoma and Arkansas Ozarks was Thomas Nuttall. On July 11, 1819 he passed the mouth of the Illinois River and encountered a three to four foot cascade in the Arkansas River about four miles above its confluence with the Illinois. Nuttall (83:233) records: The variety of trees which commonly form the North American forest here begin very sensibly to diminish. We now scarcely see any other than the smooth-barked cottonwood, the elm, box-elder (Acer Negundo), curled maple (Acer dasycarpon), and ash, all of them reduced in stature. From hence the forest begins to disappear before the pervading plain. Nuttall (83:234) reached the mouth of the Verdigris River by July 14 On the alluvial lands between the Grand and Verdigris rivers he saw “... larger trees than ... since leaving Port Smith. Among them were lofty scarlet oaks, ash, and hackberry, and whole areas of nettles (Urtica divaricata)... .” By July 17, with two companions, Nuttall (83:241) started a two day trip by canoe up the Grand River to visit the Osage Saltworks on some cliffs, on the 18th, he ...recognized as new, a large shrub... a simple leaved Rhus, scarcely distinct from R. cotinus of the south of Europe and our gardens... The gravel bars were almost covered with Amsonia salicifolia, with which grew the Sesbania macrocarpa of Florida. 8 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. That evening, two miles below the Osage Saltworks (50 miles above the Arkansas River), Nuttall (83 :242) notes that ... “In this elevated alluvion I still observed the coffee-bean tree (Gymnocladus canadensis), the over—cup white oak (Querciis macrocarpa), the pecan (Carya o1ivaeformis), the common hickory, ash, elm, and below, in places near the margin of the river, the poplar-leaved birch (Betula populifolia).” Nuttall (83:244) had his first attack of an intermittent fever, so he left the nearly deserted Osage Saltworks on July 20, “...and proceeded, by compass, across the Great Osage Plain, towards the mouth of the Verdigris.” The saltworks were nearly deserted due to the murder of Mr. Campbell by Erhart, his late partner, and two accomplices. Nuttal (83:242) comments, “I could not but congratulate myself on having escaped, perhaps a similar fate. At the Cadron, I had made application to Childer’s, one of these remorseless villains, as a woodsman and hunter, to accompany me for hire, only about a month before he had shot and barbarously scalped Mr. Campbell, ...” In Nuttall’s Collections Towards a Flora the Territory of Arkansas (84:165-l68), are recorded Amaranthus tamariscinus and Betula populifolia as collected from the banks of Grand River. Euphorbia heterantha was listed as being found “on the sandy banks of the Arkansas from Fort Smith to Salt River.” Other specimens from areas outside the Ozarks but in close proximity are: Alisina rostrata (84:l59) “in the ponds of the Verdigris River of Arkansas,” Rivina portulaccoides (84 :167) “on the alluvial lands of the Verdigris River near its confluence with the Arkansas,” and Euphorbia obtusata (8:172) “on the banks of the Arkansas from the Verdigris to Salt River.” Edward James was the second botanist to enter the Oklahoma Ozarks when his party crossed the Arkansas River between Muskogee and Sequoyah counties. The day (September 10, 182O) was spent in trying to work their way through “a dense and almost impenetrable cane-brake,” where no vestige of a path could be found. On September 11 they resumed their trip to Fort Smith (79:236). Fort Gibson was established by General Arbuckle in l824, the same year that Fort Smith was abandoned by the Army (79:444). Zina Pitcher, surgeon in the United States Army, was stationed at Fort Gibson from 183l to 1834. When his duties permitted, he collected plants for John Torrey (79:286). Another botanist to visit Fort Gibson was Charles Joseph Latrobe in company with Washington Irving and Count Albert Pourtales (67). Neither Latrobe nor any other member of the party displayed much interest in collecting plants during their one month of hunting in the Indian Territory (79:386) The German botanist, Heinrich Karl Beyrich, made use of army protection during his journey from St. Louis to Fort Gibson and thence to the cross timbers in l834. Lasigue in his Musee’ botanigne de M. Benjamin Delessert (page 466) stated that, on the return trip, “Beyrich was attacked by Cholera and died at Fort Gibson in September l834” (79:386, 583). In 1845 J. W. Albert and party followed the Arkansas River on their way to St. Louis. On October 20th Albert observed on the way that they “...found some of the fruit of the pawpaw, (Ammona triloba), and black walnuts ... had been seen... among the sylva, the elm, and various species of the oak and hickory, among the latter, the bitternut hickory (Juglans aurata)... as well as the buttonwood and spicewood (79:939). 9 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. During the Civil War, Fort Gibson was reactivated and given the temporary name of Fort Blunt. Dr. Edward Palmer was stationed there during July and August of 1863. The Battle of Honey Springs was fought on July 17th some 15 miles south of Muskogee. In spite of military duties, Palmer found time to collect a few plants, one of which, (Clitoria mariana), is in the United States National Herbarium (82:2O8). Palmer again visited “Fort Gibson, Arkansas” with General Leavenworth’s party in late January of 1868. They left soon after the first of February (82:35-36). Butler (9) reported on a collection from the Oklahoma Ozarks. It included Monarda Bradburiana Beck from the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee and Creek Nations were visited by M. A. Carleton (11) early in the spring of 189l. Some of the plants which he located simply as “Muscogee” or “Muscogee, Arkansas River” may have been collected north of the Arkansas River (which is only about one and one-half miles to the northeast). Species identified and listed by Holzinger (63) are: Ranunculus abortivus L., var. micranthus Gray, Ilex decidua Walt., Lathyrus pusillus Eli., Crataegus arborescens Ell., Oenothera linifolia Nutt., 0. speciosa Nutt., Polytaenia Nuttallii DC., Viburnum prunifolium L., Bellis integrifolia Michx., Erigeron philadeiphicus L., Myosotis verna Nutt., Gratiola virginiana L., Veronica arvensis L., Pedicularis canadensis L., Plantago pusilla Nutt., Sisyrinchiuni bellum Watson, Hypoxis erecta L., Carex granularis Muhl., C. grisea Wahl. var. globosa Bailey, Q. Muhlenbergii Schkuhr var. australis Olney, C. riparia W. Curtis, C. tetanica Schkuhr var. Meadii Bailey, C. triceps Michx., and C. varia Muhl. C. H. Fitch (47) in 1900 reported on woodland of the Indian Territory by township and range. The timber was simply listed as oak, ash, elm, hickory, pecan, walnut, cottonwood, etc. C. N. Gould (55) in 1903 made a list of trees, shrubs, and vines of the Cherokee Nation. Other collections from the Oklahoma Ozarks, now deposited in the Oklahoma State University Herbarium, are those of R. Bebb, G. W. Stevens, and U. T. Waterfall. ECOLOGY General Distribution Bruner (8) recognizes two main forest areas in Oklahoma. These are the deciduous forest formation with oak-hickory associations occupying the Oklahoma Ozarks in the northeast part of the state and the Ouachita Mountains in the southeast with the oak—hickory savannah of the Arkansas valley region separating the two. An extreme northeast tip of the Andropogon associes of the prairie plains extends from the Neosho to Spring rivers in the vicinity of Miami, Pitcher, and Quapaw of Ottawa County. The most common oak—hickory association is Quercus velutina, Carya tomentosa and C. ovalis. Where the tops of the hills become more xeric, Quercus marylandica and stellata replace Q. velutina with Ulmus alata as another common tree. Considerable stands of Pinus echinacea are occasionally found on the sides and tops of the cherty hills, especially near Salina in Mayes County, Tahlequah in Cherokee County, and Jay in Delaware County. Further down the sides of the larger hills and into the narrow valleys will be found Quercus rubra and Q. Muhlenbergii with occasional Carya cordiformis plus C. ovata and some C. tomentosa. The larger valleys of creeks and rivers have Quercus 10 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. Muhlenbergii and Q. macrocarpa with Carya cordiformis and C. Illinoensis. Considerable numbers of scattered Castanea ozarkensis are found in the wooded hills from northern Cherokee and Adair counties northward. Several Quercus nigra trees are found in the valleys southeast and east of Sallisaw in Sequoyah County. In the Marble City area of Sallisaw Creek in Sequoyah County are several specimens of Carya ovalis. The forests in the larger valleys have many species of trees as well as undershrubs and herbs. Some of the more common trees other than those listed above are: Populus deltoides, Salix nigra, Juglans nigra, Ulmus americana, U. rubra, Celtis laevigata, Morus rubra, Platanus occidentalis, Prunus serotina, Gymnocladus diocia, Acer saccharinum, A. Negundo, Diospyros virginiana, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Some of the more prominent undershrubs are: Lindera Benzoin, Cercis canadensis, Prunus mexicana, Ilex decidua, Cornus Drummondi, and Viburnum rufidulum. The lianas include: Smilax Bona-nox, Rhus radicans, Ampelopsis cordata. Parthenocissus quinguefolia, and Vitis vulpina. Many small prairies are located on some of the broader flat-top hills and along the southern and western borders of the forests where they meet the Arkansas valley and the prairie region. The best areas of these have been put under cultivation, and only the more irregular steep- sloped, or low portions have been left in native grasses. Even these are not suited for complete study from mid—summer through fall because they are mowed for hay. In fact, every portion of the Oklahoma Ozarks has had disturbances by man in some form or other such as: fire, cutting of timber, livestock grazing, or cultivation. The common prairie species are listed later on in this chapter. Where the oak—hickory woods of the hills border on the larger prairie areas, the woods are of a more open type and have such trees as: Quercus marilandica, Q. stellata, Ulmus alata, U. Americana, Celtis tenuifolia, Sassafras albidum var. molle, Gleditsia triacanthos, Bumelia lanuginosa var. oblongifolia, and Diospyros virginiana. The smaller trees and undershrubs are represented by: Crataegus crus- galli, C. viridis, Prunus hortulana, Rosa setigera var. tomentosa, Rubus aboriginum, R. mollior, R. ozarkensis, Cercis canadensis, Rhus copallina var. latifolia, R. glabra, Cornus Drummondii, and Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. Several stations were selected for study, and intensive collecting was done at each one in order to show the seasonal aspect. From these seventeen stations the following were selected: a prairie station three miles east of Fort Gibson on U. S. Highway 62 in Muskogee County because of its southwest position in the Arkansas valley and its oak-hickory savannah; a prairie station one- half mile northeast of Quapaw on U.S. Highway 66 in Ottawa County because of its prairie plains location; a double station at Dripping Springs five and one-half miles west of Siloam Springs, Arkansas, on U.S. Highway 59 in Delaware County because of its canyon-like valley and hill combination; a pond station one- half mile southeast of Blackgum on State Highway 100 in Sequoyah County because of its protection from livestock for one and one- half years; and a general hill station in the Brushy Mountains twelve miles northeast of Sallisaw on U.S. Highway 59 in Sequoyah County. 11 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. Fort Gibson Prairie Station The common vernal species are: Vulpia octoflora, Carex Crawei, Fimbristy1is Drummondii, Tradescantia ohiensis, Nothoscordum bivalve, Zigadenus Nuttallii, Hypoxis hirsuta, Sisyrinchium varians, Claytonia virginica, Arenaria patula forma media, Stellaria Nuttallii, Delphinium carolinianum var. Nortonianum, Rosa carolina var. villosa, Baptisia leucophaea var. leucophaea, Psoralea tenuiflora var. floribunda, Asclepias viridis, Penstemon tubaeflorus, Plantago aristata, P. virginica, Achillea lanulosa, Echinacea pallida, Erigeron strigosus, Krigia Dandelion, K. occidentalis, and Serinia oppositifolia. The common aestival species are: Andropogon Gerardi var. Gerardi, A. saccharoides, Eragrostis capillaris, Manisuris cylindrica, Panicum virgatum, Paspalum ciliatifolium var. Muhlenbergii, Sporobolus asper var. Hookeri, Triodia flava, T. stricta, Cyperus filiculmis, Potentilla simplex var. simplex, Dalea candida, Desmodium sessilifolium, Schrankia Nuttallii, Croton mona anthogynus, Euphorbia corollata var. paniculata, Gaura biennis var. Pitcheri, Ptilimnium Nuttallii, Physostegia angustifoila, Ruellia humilis var. longiflora, Gaillardia fastigiata, Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima, and Silphium laciniatum var. laciniatum. The common serotinal species are: Salvia azurea var. grandiflora, Aster ericoides, A. praealtus, Solidago altissima, and S. missouriensis var. fasciculata. Quapaw Prairie Station The common vernal species are: Vulpia octoflora, Carex Crawei, Allium canadense var. mobilense, Camassia scilloides, Erythronium albidum var. mesochoreum, Hypoxis hirsuta, Claytonia virginica, Anemone caroliniana forma caroliniana, Delphinium carolinianum var. crispum, Ranunculus fascicularis var. apricus, Psoralea tenuiflora var. floribunda, Viola sagittata, Polytaenia Nuttallii, Dodecatheon Meadia formas album and Meadia, Asclepias hirtella, A. viridis, Castilleja coccinea coccinea, Penstemon tubaeflorus, Plantago aristata, Houstonia patens, Lobelia appendiculata, Antennaria campestris, Erigeron strigosus, Krigia Dandelion, and K. occidentalis. The common aestival species are: Andropogon Gerardi var. Gerardi, Panicum capillare var. capillare, P. praecocius, Sorghastrum nutans, Triodia flava, T. stricta,Strophostyles leiosperma, Gaura biennis var. Pitcheri, Eryngium yuccifolium var. synchaetum, Physostegia angustifolia, Ruellia humilis var. 1ongiflora, Achillea lanulosa, Boltonia latisquama, Coreopsis grandiflora var. grandiflora, Liatris pycnostachya, and Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima. The common serotinal species are: Salvia azurea var. grandiflora, Aster ericoides, A. hemisphericus, A. pilosus, and Solidago canadensis var. gilvocanescens. Dripping Springs Valley Station The common trees and undershrubs are: Juglans nigra, Ostrya virgiana var. lasia, Quercus alba, Ulmus americana, Morus rubra, Lindera Benzoin var. Benzoin, Hydrangea arborescens var. arborescens, Platanus occidentalis, Prunus serotina,Cercis canadensis, Rhus radicans, Cornus florida, Rhododendron canescens, Diospyros virginiana, Fraxinus american. var. americana, and Viburnum rufidulum. The common vernal species are: Panicum Boscii, Carex Frankii, C. lurida, Arisaema 12 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. atrorubens formas viride and zebrinum, Saururus cernuus, Claytonia virginica, Dianthus Armeria, Stellaria media, Anemone virginiana, Anemonella thalictroides, Aquilegia canadensis var. latiuscu1a, Ranunculus recurvatus, Cardamine bulbosa, Saxifraga virginiensis var. subintegra, Cercis canadensis, Vicia minutiflora, Geranium maculatum, Viola pensylvanica var. pensylvanica, V. triloba var. dilatata, Chaerophyllum tainturieri var. tainturieri, Cornus florida, Rhododendron canescens, Glechoma hederacea var. micrantha, Houstonia purpurea, Viburnum rufidulum, Neclo aureus, and S. obovatus var. rotundus. The common aestival species are: Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, Asplenium platyneuron, Polystichum acrostichoides, Parietaria pensylvanica, Hydrangea arboreacens var. arborescens, Impatiens capensis, and Scutellaria ovata var. ovata. The common serotinal species are: Boehmeria cylindrica var. cylindrica, Pilea pumila, Polygonum pensylvanicum var. laevigata, P. punctatum var. leptostachyum, Chenopodium Standlevanum, Acalypha rhomboidea, Perilla frutescens, and Erechtites hieracifolia var. praealta. Dripping Springs Hill Station The common trees and undershrubs are: Juniperus virginiana, Carya ova1is, C. tomentosa, Quercus alba, Q. stellata, Q. velutina, Celtis tenuifolia var. georgiana, Amelanchier arborea, Rubus frutifer, Rhus aromatica var. serotina, R. copallina var. latifolia, R. glabra, Vaccinium stamineum, and Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. The common vernal species are: Danthonia spicata var. longipila, Luzula bulbosa, Hypoxis hirsuta, Comandra Richardsiana, Dianthus Ameria, Anemonella thalictroides, Arabis missouriensis, Cardamine parviflora var. arenicola, Amelanchier arboea, Oxalis violaceae, var. trichophora, Kitalbeliana var. Rafinesquii, V. pedata var. lineariloba, Vaccinium stamineum, Houstonia patens, Atennaria plantaginifolia, Erigeron strigosus, Gnaphallum purpureum, and Krigia virginica. The common aestival species are: Panicum malacophyllum, P. praecocius, Bulbostylis capillaris, Carex Bushii, Cyperus ovularis var. sphaericus, Rhynchosia latifolia, Schrankia Nuttalii, Stylosanthes biflora var. hispidissima, Tephrosia virgniana, Crotonopsis elliptica, Ascyrum hypericoides, Torilis japonica, Asclepias verticillata, Monarda fistulosa var. fistulosa, Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, Solarium carolinense var. albiflorum, Verbascum thapsus, Ruellia humilis var. longiflora, Dipsacus sylvestris, Lobelia spicata var. leptostachys, Erigeron annuus, Hieracium Gronovii, Lactuca canadensis var. latifolia, and Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima. The common serotinal species are: Andropogon scoparius, Gerardia Gattingeri, Aster anomalus, and A. turbinellus. Blackgum Pond Station Trees and undershrubs are: Salix nigra and Cephalanthus occidentalis. The common vernal species are: Potamogeton diversifolius, Cyperus virens, Scirpus koilolepis, Juncus brachycarpus, J. diffusissimus, J. interior, J. marginatus, J. validus, Ranunculus laxicaulis, Gratiola neglecta, and Lindernia anagallidea. The common aestival species are: Sagittaria ambigua, Echinochloa crusgalli, Rotala ramosior var. interior, Rhexia interor, Ludwigia alternifolia 13 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. var. alternifolia, L. glandulosa var. glandulosa, Hydrolea ovata, Verbena hastata, Gratiola virginiana, Cephalanthus occidentalis, and Helenium flexuosum. The common serotinal species are:. Eleocharis lanceolata, Polygonum hydropiperoidea var. Bushianum, P. pensylvanicum var. laevigatum, P. punctatum var. leptostachyum, Gerardia fasciculata, G. heterophylla, Bidena polylepis, Boltonia diffusa var. interior, and B. latisquama. Brushy Mountains Station The common trees and undershrubs are: Carya tomentosa, Quercus marilandica, Q. stellata, Ulmus alata, Amelanchier arborea, Prunus americana, Rhus aromatica, R. copallina var. latifolia, and Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. The common vernal species are: Vulpia octoflora, Hypoxis hirsuta Claytonia virginica, Arenaria patu1a forma media, Anemonella thalictroides, Ranunculus fascicularis var. apricus, R. Harveyi, Viola pedata var. lineariloba, V. Kitaibeliana var. Rafinesguil, Oenothera linifolia, Dodecatheon Meadia forma album, Collinsia violacea, Ruellia humilis var. longiflora, Plantago aristata, Hustonia patens, Valerianella longiflora, Antennaria plantaginifo1ia, Astranthium integrifolium, and Erigeron strigosus. The common aestival species are: Andropogon scoparius, Danthonia spicata var. longipila, Eragrostis capillaris, Manisuras cylindrica, Dalea candida, Crotonopsis elliptica, Hypericum Drummondii, H. pseudomaculatum, Daucus pusillus, Ptilimnium Nuttallii, Spermolepis divaricata, Diodi teres var. setifera, Ambrosia bidentata, Helenium amara, Heterotheca pilosa, and Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima. The common serotinal species are: Desmodium paniculatum, Aster azureus var. azureus, A. patens. A. pilosus, A. turbinellus, Liatris squarrosa var. hirsuta, and Solidago petriolaria var. Wardii. Two other stations were of special interest because a few of the species found were near the extreme limit of their range. These are the Arkansas River sands three and one-half miles south of Fort Gibson in Muskogee County, because of some western species, and the Keyough Bluff station three miles north of Fort Gibson, because of some eastern and southeastern species. Western species of the Arkansas River sands include: Cenchrus pauciflous, Cycloloma atriplicifolium, Dalea lanata, Euphorbia hexagona, Heliotropium convolvulaceum, and Lippia incisa. Eastern species of the Keyough Bluffs are: Camptosorus rhizophyllus, Asarum canadense var. acuminatum, Rivina humilis, Rubus occidentalis, Cladrastis lutea, Cotinus obovatus, and Acer saccharum. ADDITIONS TO THE STATE FLORA Those taxa preceded by an asterisk have not been reported previously as additions to the state flora. All of the others have been reported in the Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science (128, 135) as additions to the state flora from the Oklahoma Ozarks. Elodea Nuttallii (Planch.) St. John; shallow pools of Illinois River and Flint Creek; Cherokee and Delaware counties. *Arisaema atrorubens (Ait.) Blume, forma viride (Engler) Fern. The following specimens are so identified because of the “spathe green, without or with only faint stripes” (43): Wallis 6595-1 from wooded base of bluffs 14 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. on Ballard Creek, 1 mile south of Watts in Adair County, Wallis 3626 from wooded base of a hill, 14½ miles northeast of Tahlequah in Cherokee County and Wallis 3658 from Dripping Springs valley, 5½ miles west of the state line in Delaware County. Both forma zebrlnum and forma viride were found growing together in Cherokee and Delaware counties. *Tradescantla Ernestiana Anders. & Woodson, forma alba Waterfall; flint bluffs; type specimen is Walls 395 from Cherokee County (132), also collected later from Delaware and Muskogee counties. Aletris farinosa L; low areas in a prairie; Delaware County. Allium vineale L., forma compactum (Thuill.). Aschers.; along roadsides; Adair, Delaware, Ottawa, and Sequoyah counties. Allium vineale L., forma vineale; along roadside; Delaware County. Iris virginica L., var. Shrevei (Small) E. Andera.; Shallows of spring—fed creeks; Cherokee and Ottawa counties. Urtica dioica L.; wooded bank of Lost Creek; Ottawa County. Paronychia canadensis (L.) Wood; in a wooded valley; Cherokee County. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.; woods of a creek; Cherokee County. C1ematis virginiana L.; fence row in a creek valley; Cherokee County. Delphinium tricorne Michx., forma albiflora Millsp.; woods of Flint Creek; Delaware County. Draba aprica Beadle; woods of Falls Branch; Cherokee County. Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbas, var. hispida (Desv.) Butt. & Abbe; valleys of Flint and sallisaw creeks; Delaware and Sequoyah counties. Desmodium rigidum (Ell.) DC.; woods of hills; Delaware, Mayes, and Sequoyah counties. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh, var. glabrata Gleason; woods of a small creek; Cherokee County. Hypericum gentianoides (L.) BSP.; oak-hickory woods of a hill; Delaware County. Lamium amplexicaule L., forma albiflorum D. M. Moore; road-side; Cherokee County. *Leonurus sibiricus L. is represented by Wallis 7673 from oak-hickory woods and roadside, 23 miles northeast of Tahlequah in Adair County, and Wallis 792 and 933 from open roadsides, 8.7 miles northeast of Tahlequah in Cherokee County. The “10-nerved, scarcely angled” calyx and conspicuous bracts “half to fully as long as the calyx” (53) as well as leaves “deeply 3-7 cleft and incised” (43) separate this species from the less common L. Cardica. Melissa officinalis L.; in valley of a spring-fed creek; Mayes County. *Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng., forma lutescens Farw. was collected as Wallis 6652, 6684, and 6840. They are hairy annuals with yellow floral bracts (43) as compared to the red bracts of the abundant forma coccinea. Both formas were found growing together in prairie areas, ½ mile northeast of Quapaw in Ottawa County and ½ mile north and 1 mile west of Peggs in Cherokee and Mayes counties. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.; wooded hillsides; Cherokee and Delaware counties. Cacalia Muhlenbergii (Sch. Bip.); wooded valleys; Adair, Delaware, and Ottawa counties. Liatris aspera Michx., var. aspera, forma Benkii (Macbr.) Fern.; prairie; Cherokee County. 15 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. SUMMARY A floristic study of Cherokee County from 1950 to 1953 encouraged the author to undertake a similar study covering the entire Oklahoma Ozarks. The Cherokee County collection of 1,400 sheets was expanded to some 7,000 sheets between the years of 1953 and 1958. In addition to these, the author revaluated 497 sheets of plants collected by others in the Oklahoma Ozarks. The identification of the plants involved the use of 130 monographic studies and other taxonomic literature. All of the plant collections studied by the author are deposited in the Herbarium of the Oklahoma State University, and many duplicates of these are in the author’s private museum at Fort Gibson, Oklahoma. Intensive collecting was done at 17 stations in order to study the seasonal changes of herbaceous plant societies, and extensive collecting was done throughout the Oklahoma Ozarks for a general distribution study. The order of listing of the families follows that of the Engler-Prantl system. Each species is accompanied with general habitats and locations in which one or more specimens have been collected. Whenever a citation of a collection other than that of the author’s was used, notation was made as to the collector and collection number. A total of 123 families represented by 534 genera and 1,377 species and subordinate taxa are listed. The families having the greatest numbers of species and subordinate taxa were: Compositae 192, Gramineae 150, Leguminosae 93, Cyperaceae 84, Rosaceae 46, Labiatae 43, Scrophulariaccae 34, Cruciferae 3, Euphorbiaceae 33, Ranunculaceae 32, and Liliaceae 30. These eleven families contain 56 percent of the total species and subordinate taxa. Twenty four additions to the Oklahoma Flora were made by the author from this collection. These are listed separately as additions to the state flora and also are incorporated in the general listing without any special references. LITERATURE CITED For convenience of listing, a few floras, manuals, and catalogues have been included in this list of cited literature. These general references are numbers 43, 53, 96, 111, 115, 118, 131, and 134. 1. Aellen, Paul and Theodor Just. 1934. Key and Synopsis of the American Species of the Genus Chenopodium L. Am. Midl. Nat. 30: 47-76. 2. Bailey, L. H. 1945. The Genus Rubus in North America. Gentes Herb. 5(9): 591-856. 3. Barneby, R. C. 1956. Pugillus astragalorum XVIII: Miscellaneous Novelties and Reappraisals. Am. Midl. Nat. 55: 477-503. 4. Benson, Lyman. 1948. A Treatise on the North American Ranunculi. Am. Midl. Nat. 40: 1-261. 5. Beetle, Alan Ackerman. 1947. Scirpus. N. Am. Fl. 18(8): 481-504 6. Blake, S. F. 1918. A Variety of Smilax glauca. Rhod. 20: 78- 80. 7. Boivin, Bernard. 1944. American Thalictra and Their Old World Allies. Rhod. 46: 335-349, 469-471, 480-483. 8. Bruner, W. E. 1931. The Vegetation of Oklahoma. Ecological Monographs. 1(2): 193-111. 9. Butler, G. D. 1878. A List of Some of the Most Interesting Species of Plants Collected in the Indian Territory. Bot. Gaz. 3: 65-68, 74-78. 16 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. 10. Butters, F. K. and E. C. Abbe. 1940. The American Varieties of Rorippa islandica. Rhod. 42: 25-32. 11. Carleton, M. A. 1892. Observations on the Natural Plants of Oklahoma Territory and Adjacent Districts. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 220-221. 12. Cheney, R. H. 1925. A White Form of Delphinium Ajacis. Rhod. 27: 139-142. 13. Constance, Lincoln. 1949. A Revision of Phacelia Subgenus Cosmanthus (Hydrophyllaceae). Contr. Gray Herb. Harvard Univ. 168 Repr. 14. Core, Earl L. 1936. The American Species of Scleria. Britt. 2: 1-105. 15. _____. 1941. The North American Species of Paronychia. Am. Midl. Nat. 26: 269-398. 16. _____.Cronquist, Arthur. 1947. Revision of the North American Species of Erigeron, North of Mexico. Britt. 6(2): 121-300. 17. Dyal, S. C. 1938. Valerianella in North America. Rhod. 40: 185-212. 18. Erickson, Ralph O. 1943. Taxonomy of Clematis Section Viorna. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30: 1-30. 19. Fassett, Norman C. 1937. Notes From the Herbarium of the University of Wisconsin-XVI. Rhod. 39: 460. 20. _____. 1939. Notes from the Herbarium of the Univeristy of Wisconsin-XVIII. Rhod. 41: 525. 21. _____. 1951. Callitriche in the New World. Rhod. 53: 137- 155, 161-182, 185-194, 209- 222. 22. Featherly, H. I. 1946. Manual of the Grasses of Oklahoma. 43(21). Res. Foundation of Oklahoma State Univ. 23. Ferguson, A.M. 1902. Crotons of the United States. Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 12: 33-74. 24. Fernald, M. L. 1921. The Gray Herbarium Expedition to Nova Scotia. Rhod. 23: 153-171, 184-195, 223-246. 25. _____. 1922. Notes on Sparganium. Rhod. 24: 26-33. 26. _____. 1931. Potentilla canadensis and P. simplex. Rhod. 33: 180-191. 27. _____. 1932. The Linear-leaved North American Species of Potamogeton, Section Axillares. Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences 17: 1-183. 28. _____. 1933a. The Slender- spiked Spartina pectinata. Rhod. 35: 258-260. 29 _____. 1933b. Types of Some American Species of Elymus. Rhod. 35: 187-198. 30. _____. 1934a. Draba in Temperate Northeastern America. Rhod. 36: 241-261, 285-305, 314-344, 353-371, 392-404. 31. _____. 1934b. Realignments in the Genus Panicum. Rhod. 36: 61-87. 32. _____. 1934c. Some Transfers in Digitaria and Paspalum. Rhod. 36: 19-22. 33. _____.1937. Plants of the Inner Coastal Plain of Virginia. Rhod. 39: 449-450. 34. _____. 1938. Noteworthy Plants of Southeastern Virginia. Rhod. 40: 439. 35. _____. 1939. Last Surviors in the Flora of Tidewater Virginia. Rhod. 41: 549. 36. _____. 1940a. A Century of Additions to the Flora of Virginia. Rhod. 42: 489-491. 37. _____. 1940b. Some Spermatophytes of Eastern North America. Rhod. 42: 252, Pl. 599. 38. _____. 1941a. Another Century of Additions to the Flora of Virginia. Rhod. 43: 589-603. 39. _____. 1941b. The Campestrian Variety of Froelichia floridana Rhod. 43: 336. 40. _____. 1943. Notes on Danthonia. Rhod. 45: 239-246. 17 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. 41. _____. 1945a. Key to Antennaria of the “Manual Range.” Rhod. 47: 221-235, 239-247. 42. _____. 1945b. Ruellia in the Eastern United States Rhod. 47: 50-63. 43. _____. 1950. Gray’s Manual of Botany. 8th ed. New York. American Book Company. 44. Fernald, M. L. and Ludlow Griscom. 1935. Three days of Botanizing in Southeastern Virginia. Rhod. 37: 131-157, 167-189. 45. _____. 1937. Notes on Diodia. Rhod. 39: 306-308. 46. Fernald, M. L. and C. A. Weatherby. 1922. Varieties of Geum canadense. Rhod. 24: 47- 49. 47. Fitch, C. H. 1900. Woodland of Indian Territory. U.S. Geol. Surv. Rep. 21: 609-649. 48. _____. 1901. Talequah Quadrangle. Topographic Map, U.S. Geol. Survey, Reprint 1944. 49. _____. 1911. Sallisaw Quadrangle. Topographic Map, U.S. Geol. Survey, Reprint 1932. 50. Gaiser, L. O., 1946. The Genus Liatris. Rhod. 48: 163-183, 216-263, 273-326, 331-382, 393-412. 51. Gale, Shirley. 1944. Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora, in Canada, the United States and the West Indies. Rhod. 46: 89- 134, 159-197, 207-249, 255- 278. 52. Gleason, Henry Allan. 1922. Vernoniaceae. N. am. Flora 33(1): 47-110. 53. _____. 1952. New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Bot. Gard. 54. Goodman, George J. 1950. A New Variety of Saxifraga. Rhod. 52: 183. 55. Gould, C. N. 1903. Notes on Trees, Shrubs and Vines in the Cherokee Nation. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 18: 145- 146. 56. Greenman, J. M. 1916. Monograph of the North and Central American Species of the Genus Senecio-Part II. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 3: 85- 130. 57. Haufman, George G. et al. 1958. Geology of the South and West Flanks of the Ozark Uplift, Northeastern Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Survey, Bul. 77: 10-12. 58. Hermann, Frederick J. 1936. Diagnostic characteristics in Lycopus. Rhod. 39: 373-375, Pl. 439. 59. _____. 1946. The Perennial Species of Urtica in the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. Am. Midl. Nat. 35: 773-778. 60. Hitchcock, A. S. and Agnes Chase. 1950. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. Second ed. U. S. Gov’t. Print. Off. 61. Hitchcock, C. Leo. 1936. The Genus Leipidium in the United States. Modrono 3: 265-320. 62. Hodgdon, Albion R. 1938. A Taxonomic Study of Lechea. Rhod. 40: 29-69, 87-92. 63. Holzinger, J. M. 1892. List of Plants Collected by C. S. Sheldon and M. A. Carelton in Indian Territory in 1891. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 202-219. 64. Hopkins, Milton. 1938. Arabis in Eastern and Central North America. Rhod. 39: 63-76, 155-167, 175-179. 65. _____. 1942. Cercis in North America. Rhod. 44: 193-211. 66. Iltis, Hugh H. 1958. Studies in the Capparidaceae-IV Polanisia Raf. Britt. 10: 33-59. 67. Irving, W. 1835. Tour on the Prairies. Harlow Pub. Co. Okla. City. 1926: 8-10, 222. 68. Isely, Duane. 1953. Desmodium Paniculatum (L.) DC. and D. viridiflorum (L) DC. Am. Midl. Nat. 49: 926-933. 18 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. 69. Jones, George Neville. 1940. A Monograph of the Genus Symphoriacarpos. Arnold Arboretum Journ. 21: 201-232. 70. Larisey, Mary Maxine. 1940. A Monograph on the Genus Baptisia. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 27: 119-244. 71. Lewis, Harlan. 1945. A Revision of the Genus Trichostema. Britt. 5: 289- 291. 72. Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 1940. North American Cariceae. 1 and 2: pl. 1-539. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 73. Mathias, Mildred E. and Lincoln Constance. 1945. Umbelliferae. N. Am. Flora. 28B: 43-295. 74. Munz, Philip A. 1938. Studies in Onagraceae XI. A Revision of the Genus Gaura. Bull. Tor. Bot. Cl. 65: 195-122, 211-228. 75. _____. 1944. Studies in Onagraceae XIII. The American Species of Ludwigia. Bull. Tor. Bot. Cl. 71: 152-165. 76. McClintock, Elizabeth and Carl Epling. 1942. A Revision of the Genus Monarda (Labiatae). Univ. of Calif. Publ. in Bot. 20(2): 147-194. 77. McCoy, Doyle. 1954. The Genus Lythrum in Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 33: 156-158. 78. McGregor, R. L. 1947. Two Varieties of Cystopteris fragilis. Am. Fern Journ. 40: 201-207. 79. McKelvey, Susan Delano. 1955. Botanical Exploration of the Trans-Mississippi West 1790- 1850. Jamaica Plain, Mass. Arn. Arb. Harvard Univ. 80. McVaugh, Rogers. 1936. Studies in the Distribution of the Eastern North American Species of Lobelia. Rhod. 38: 241-263, 276-282, 305-329, 346-362. 81. _____. 1943. Campanulaceae (Lobelioideae). N. Am. Fl. 32(A)1: 36-82. 82. _____. 1956. Edward Palmer Plant Explorer of the American West. Univ. of Okla. Press, Norman. 83. Nuttall, T. 1821. A Journey of Travels into Arkansa Territory During the Year 1819. Philadelphis. Repr. in Early Western Travels V. 13. 84 _____. 1837. Collections Toward a Flora of the Territory of Arkansas. American Philosophical Transactions. Philadelphia V. (n.S.). 85. Ogden, E. C. 1945. The Broad- leaved Species of Potamogeton of North America North of Mexico. 86. Ownby, Gerald B. 1947. A Monograph of the North American Species of Corydalis. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 34(3): 187-252. 87. Ownbey, Marion. 1950. Allium, the Genus in Texas. Research Studies of State College of Wash. 18(4): 181-222. 88. Ownbey, Marion and Hannan C Aase. 1955. Cytotaxonomic Studies in Allium. 1. The Allium Canadense Alliance. Research Studies of the State College of Wash. Monographic sup. 1: 1-106. 89. Palmer, Ernest J. 1931. Conspectus of the Genus Amorpha. Journ. Arn. Arb. 12: 159-196. 90. _____. 1932. Leaves from a Collector’s Note Book. Journ. Arn. Arb. 12: 436. 91. Pennell, Francis W. 1935. Scrophulariaceae of Eastern Temperate North America. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monog. 1. 92. Perdue, Robert E. Jr. 1957. Synopsis of Rudbeckia Subgenus Rudbeckia. Rhod. 59: 293-299. 93. Perry, Lily M. 1933. A Revision of the North American Species of Verbena. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 20: 239- 362. 94. _____. 1937. Notes on Silphium. Rhod. 39: 281-297. 95. _____. 1937. Variants in Two Species of Delphinium (D. 19 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. carolinianum, D. virescens). Rhod. 39: 20-22. 96. Rehder, Alfred. 1940. Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs. Macmillan Co. 2nd ed. 97. Rock, Howard E. L. 1957. A Revision of the Vernal Species of Helenium (Compositae). Rhod 59: 101- 116, 128-158, 168-178, 203- 216. 98. Rydberg, Per Axel. 1913. Agrimonia. N. Am. Fl. 22(5): 391-396. 99. _____. 1915. Gaillardia N. Am. Fl. 34(2): 131-140. 100. ____. 1922a. Iva. N. Am. Fl. 33(1): 3-7. 101. ____. 1922b. Ambrosia N.Am.Fl. 33(1): 15-22. 102. Sherff, Earl Edward. 1955. Bidens. N. Am. Fl. Series II(2): 70-129. 103. ____. 1958. Coreopsis. N. Am. Fl. Series II(2):4-40. 104. Schinners, Lloyd H. 1946. Revision of the Genus Kuhnia. Wrightia. 1(2): 122-144. 105. ____. 1947. Revision of the Genus Krigia Schreber. Wrightia. 1(3): 187-206. 106. ____. 1949. Transfer of Texas Species of Petalostemum to Dalea leguminosae). Field and Lab. 17: 80-85. 107. ____. 1950. The Species of Matelea (Including Gonolobus) in North Central Texas. Field and Lab. 18: 73-75. 108. ____. 1951a. Agave lata, a New Species from North Texas and Oklahoma. Field and Lab. 19: 171-173. 109. ____. 1951b. Ceanothus herbaceous Raf. for C. ovatus: a Correction of Name. Field and Lab. 19: 33-34. 110. ____. 1951c. The North Texas Species of Heterotheca, Including Chrysopsis. Field and Lab. 19: 66-70. 111. ____. Small, John Kunkel. 1913. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Pub. By J. K. Small. New York. 2nd ed. 112. Snyder, L. C. 1915. Geology of a Portion of North-eastern Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Survey. Bul. 24: 63-64. 113. ____. 1917. Geography of Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Survey. Bul. 27: 247-317. 114. Stanford, E. E. 1926. Polygonum hydropiperoides and Polygonum opelousanum. Rhod. 28: 23-27. 115. Stemen, Thomas R. and W. Stanley Myers. 1937. Oklahoma Flora. Harlow Pub. Corp., Okla. City. 116. Steyermark, Julian A. 1934. Grindelia. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 21: 515. 117. ____. 1938. Two Undescribed Plants from Arkansas. Rhod. 40: 71. 118. ____. 1940. Spring Flora of Missouri. Mo. Bot. Gard. 119. ____. 1941. A Study of Arenaria patula. Rhod. 43: 325-333. 120. Svensen, H. K. 1929. 1932, 1933, 1937, 1939. Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis. Rhod. 31: 121- 135, 152-163, 167-191, 199- 219, 224-242, 34: 193-203, 215-227, 35: 377-389, 39: 210-231, 236-273. 41: 1-77, 90-110. 121. Swallen, Jason R. 1950. Some Introduced Forage Grasses of the genus Andropogon and Related Species. Contr. Texas Res. Found. 1(2): 15-19. 122. Tryon, Alice F. 1957. A Revision of the Fern Genus Pellaea Section Pellaea. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 44: 125-148. 123. Tryon, R. M. Jr. 1941. A Revision of the Genus Pteridium. Rhod. 43: 1-31, 37-67. 124. Turner, Billie L. 1951. Revision of the United States Species of Neptunia. Am. Midl. Nat. 46: 82-92. 125. ____. 1956. A Cytotaxonomic Study of the Genus Hymenopappus. Rhod. 58: 163- 186, 208-242, 250-269, 295- 307. 126. United States Department of 20 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Wallis, C.S. Agriculture. 1941. Yearbook of Agriculture. Climate and Man. (Wash., D.C.) Gov’t. Printing Office: 1065-1174. 127. United States Department of Commerce. Weather Bureau. 1951-1958. Climatological Data, Oklahoma, Annual Summary. (Wash., D.C.) Gov’t. Printing Office: V. 60-67. 128. Wallis, Charles S. 1958. Additions to the Oklahoma Flora from the Oklahoma Ozarks. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 38: 3-5. 129. Waterfall, U. T. 1950. Some Additions to the Oklahoma Flora. Rhod. 52: 35. 130. ____. 1951. The Genus Callirhoe (Malvaceae) in Texas. Field and Lab. 19: 107-118. 131. ____. 1952. A Catalogue of the Flora of Oklahoma. Research Foundation of Okla. State Univ. 132. ____. 1954. Studies in the Composition and Distribution of the Oklahoma Flora-XXI. Rhod. 56: 160. 133. ____. 1958. A Taxonomic Study of the Genus Physalis in North America North of Mexico. Rhod. 60: 107-114, 128-142, 152-173. 134. ____. 1953-1959. Keys to the Flora of Oklahoma. Unpubl. Manuscript. Okla. State Univ. 135. Waterfall, U. T. and Charles S. Wallis. 1953. Additions to the Oklahoma Flora from Cherokee County. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 34: 124-125. 136. Weatherby, C. A. 1927. The Group of Acalypha virginica in Eastern North America. Rhod. 29: 193-204. 137. Wheeler, Louis Cutter. 1941. Euphorbia Subgenus Chamaesyce in Canada and the United States Exclusive of Southern Florida. Rhod. 43: 97-154, 160-205, 223-385. 138. Wherry, Edgar T. 1935. An Ozark Variety of Phlox pilosa. Am. Mid. Nat. 16: 413-416. 139. Wiegand, K. M. 1920a. Eupatorium purpureum and Its Allies. Rhod. 22: 57-69. 140. ____. 1920b. Variations in Lactuca canadensis. Rhod. 22: 9-11. 141. ____. 1921. The Genus Echinochloa in North merica. Rhod. 23: 49-65. 142. ____. 1923. Notes on Triosetum perfoliatum and Related Species. Rhod. 25: 199-203. 143. ____. 1925. Oxalis corniculata and Its Relatives in North America. Rhod. 27: 113-139. 144. Wilbur, Robert L. 1955. A Revision of the North American Genus Sabatia (Gentianaceae). Rhod. 57: 1- 33, 43-47. 145. Woodson, Robert E. Jr. 1954. The North American Species of Asclepias L. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 41: 1-211. 146. Yuncker, Truman G. 1932. The Genus Cuscuta. Mem. Torr. Bot. Cl. 18: 113-331. 21 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100052 UPDATED OKLAHOMA OZARK FLORA A Checklist for the Vascular Flora of Ozark Plateau in Oklahoma based on the work of C.S. Wallis and records from the Oklahoma Vascular Plants Database Bruce W. Hoagland Oklahoma Biological Survey and Department of Geography University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-0575 e-mail: bhoagland@ou.edu Charles Wallis’ 1959 dissertation “Vascular Plants of the Oklahoma Ozarks” is one of the most important florisitic works for state botanists and conservationists. Although a number of local and county floras for Oklahoma have been published, only Wallis and C. T. Eskew (1937) have completed regional studies. Wallis’s interest in the Ozark flora began with his 1953 masters thesis, “The Spermophyta of Cherokee County Oklahoma,” and subsequent studies in collaboration with U. T. Waterfall at Oklahoma A&M (Wallis 1957; Wallis and Waterfall 1953; Waterfall and Wallis 1962, 1963). This paper has two objectives, to update the taxonomy of Wallis’s Ozark list (WOL) and to provide a current Ozark checklist (OC) by inclusion of records that did not appear in WOL. Since several decades have passed since the WOL was completed, there have been many changes in the taxonomy of the plants listed. These updates will enhance the utility of the WOL for modern users and not detract from Wallis’s original work. The OC was compiled by comparing the updated WOL with the Oklahoma Vascular Plants Database (OVPD; Hoagland et al. 2007). Nomenclature for the OC follows the United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA- NRCS 2007). In the OC, species introduced to North America were determined using the USDA-NRCS (2007). The WOL and OC were summarized separately following Palmer et al. (1995) (Tables 1 and 2). The OC was also compared with the rare species tracking list of the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory (2007) to determine which species of conservation interest were listed (Table 3). The WOL consisted of 1,205 species or 1,240 when subspecies, varieties, and hybrids were added. These taxa belong to 556 genera in 131 families. In the OC, there were 303 species that did not appear in the WOL, for a total of 1,508 species. Subspecies, varieties, and hybrids accounted for 57 additional taxa, increasing the total to 1,565 taxa. (Note that the OC does not include Castanea dentata, Opuntia phaeacantha, and Quercus coccinea species which appeared in Wallis’s original list. They have since been annotated to other taxa.) These taxa belong to 615 genera in 145 families. The most speciose families in the WOL were the Asteraceae 213, Poaceae 172, Cyperaceae 104, and Fabaceae 100. The genus Carex contained the most species (51) in the WOL, followed by Dichanthelium and Polyogonum, each with 20 taxa. There were 134 taxa of non-native plants or 10.8% of the total taxa in the WOL. There were an additional 54 non-native taxa in the OC for a total of 188, or 12.0% of the total taxa reported. Non-native species occurred in 45 families. The genera with the greatest number of non-native species were Trifolium (7 species), Bromus (5), and Polygonum (5). 22 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Seventy-nine taxa tracked by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory were present in the OC (Table 3). Of these, 50 were reported by Wallis and 28 were added from the OVPD. Conservation ranks are assigned to taxa according to level of imperilment at the state (S) and global (G) levels on a scale of 1 – 5, where 1 represents a species that is imperiled and 5 a species that it is secure (Groves et al. 1995). Fifty-one taxa or 66.4% of those in Table 3 were ranked as G5 and thus considered demonstrably secure at the global scale. No taxa were ranked G1 or G2, indicating imperilment at the global level. Thirty-one taxa (39.7%), however, were ranked as S1, 12 as S2, and 19 as S1S2. The higher percentage of state rare species indicates that many of these species are at the western margin of their ranges in eastern Oklahoma. In Oklahoma, some of species listed in Table 3 occur only in the Ozarks, such as Clematis virginiana, Equisetum arvense (one location in Adair County), Erigenia bulbosa, Gentiana alba, Glyceria acutiflora, Heteranthera dubia (one location in Cherokee County), Physocarpus opulifolius var. intermedius, Silene regia, and Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (Cherokee County only). Castanea pumila var. ozarkensis and Silene regia are species of concern and were once candidates for federal listing as threatened. Literature Cited Eskew, C.T. 1937. The flowering plants of the Wichita National Forest. M.S. thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman. Groves, C.R., M.L. Klein, and T.F. Breden. 1995. Natural heritage programs: public-private partnerships for biodiversity conservation. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23: 784-790. Hoagland, B.W., A.K. Buthod, I.H. Butler, P. Callahan-Crawford, W.E. Elisens, and R. Tyrl. 2007. Oklahoma Vascular Plants Database. University of Oklahoma, Norman. www.biosurvey.ou.edu accessed 1 October 2007). Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory. 2007. Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory working list of rare Oklahoma plants. University of Oklahoma, Norman. (www.biosurvey.ou.edu/publicat.html accessed 1 October 2007). Palmer, M.W., G.L. Wade, and P. Neal. 1995. Standards for the writing of floras. Bioscience 45: 339-345. USDA-NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA(http://plants.usda.gov accessed 1 May 2007). Wallis, C.S. 1953. The Spermatophyta of Cherokee County, Oklahoma (exclusive of the Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Juncaceae). M.S. thesis, Oklahoma A&M College, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Wallis, C.S. 1957. Additions to the Oklahoma flora from the Oklahoma Ozarks. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci. 38: 3-5. Wallis, C.S. 1957. Additions to the Oklahoma flora from the Oklahoma Ozarks. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci 38: 3-5. Wallis, C.S. 1959. Vascular plants of the Oklahoma Ozarks. Ph.D dissertation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Wallis, C.S. and U.T. Waterfall. 1953. Additions to the Oklahoma flora from Cherokee County. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci. 34: 124-125. Waterfall, U.T. and C.S. Wallis. 1962. Some geographic relationships of the vascular flora of the Oklahoma Ozarks: Studies in the composition and distribution of the Oklahoma flora. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci. 43: 61-63. Waterfall, U.T. and C.S. Wallis. 1963. A list of the vascular flora of the Oklahoma Ozarks. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci. 44: 11-22. 23 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Table 1 Summary of Wallis’s (1959) floristic list of the Oklahoma Ozarks. Numbers outside the parentheses represent the number of species reported, those within the parentheses represent the total number of taxa reported, including subspecies and varieties. The number of hybrids reported is denoted with an asterisk. Taxonomic Group Taxa Native Non- native Equisetophyta 0 (1*) 0 (1*) 0 Lycopodiophyta 1 1 0 Pteridophyta 21 21 0 Coniferophyta 2 2 0 Magnoliophyta 1,181 (1,215) 1,047 (1,081) 134 Magnoliopsida 882 (909) 781 (808) 101 Liliopsida 299 (306) 266 (273) 33 Total 1,205 (1,240) 1,071 (1,106) 134 Table 2 Summary of all plants reported from the Oklahoma Ozarks based upon Wallis (1959) and data in the Oklahoma Vascular Plants Database. Numbers outside the parentheses represent the number of species reported, those within the parentheses represent the total number of taxa reported, including subspecies and varieties. The number of hybrids reported is denoted with an asterisk. Taxonomic Group Taxa Native Non- native Equisetophyta 3 (3; 1*) 3 (3; 1*) 0 Lycopodiophyta 3 3 0 Pteridophyta 31 (32) 31 (32) 0 Coniferophyta 3 3 0 Magnoliophyta 1,481 (1,518; 5*) 1,280 (1,330; 5*) 188 Magnoliopsida 1,082 (1,125; 5*) 945 (983; 5*) 142 Liliopsida 381 (393) 335 (347) 46 Total 1,508 (1,565) 1,321 (1,377) 188 Table 3 Species tracked by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory in the Oklahoma Ozarks. This list is a combination of Wallis (1959) and records from the Oklahoma Vascular Plants Database. Taxa not reported in Wallis 1959 are denoted with #. Taxa are ranked according to level of imperilment at the state (S) and global (G) levels on a scale of 1 – 5, where 1 represents a species that is imperiled and 5 a species that it is secure (Groves et al. 1995). Taxa G- rank S- rank Agalinis tenuifolia var. parviflora G5 S2S3 #Agalinis viridis G4 S1 Aletris farinose G5 S1S2 Arabis shortii G5 S1S2 Arnoglossum atriplicifolium G4 G5 S1S2 Arnoglossum reniforme G4 S1S3 Aruncus dioicus var. pubescens G5 S1S3 Asplenium bradleyi G4 S1 Axonopus fissifolius G5 S1 #Brachyelytrum erectum G5 S1 #Brasenia schreberi G5 S1 Callirhoe bushii G3 S3 #Calopogon oklahomensis G4 S1 Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus G5 S1 Carex cephalophora var. cephalophora G5 S2 Carex oklahomensis G4 S2 #Carex oxylepis G5 S2 Castanea pumila var. ozarkensis G5 S2 #Cayaponia grandifolia G4 S1 Cladrastis kentukea G4 S2S3 Clematis virginiana G5 S1S2 #Collinsia verna G5 S1 #Corallorrhiza odontorhiza G5 S1 24 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Cotinus obovatus G4 S3 #Croton michauxii G5 S1 #Cypripedium kentuckiense G3 S1 Desmodium pauciflorum G5 S1 Dicentra cucullaria G5 S1S2 Draba aprica G3 S1 #Drosera brevifolia G5 S2S3 #Equisetum arvense G5 S1 #Erigenia bulbosa G5 S1S2 Fraxinus quadrangulata G5 S2S3 Galium arkansanum G5 S1S2 #Gentiana alba G4 S1 #Gentiana puberulenta G4 G5 S1 Glyceria acutiflora G5 S1 Hedeoma pulegioides G5 S1S3 Heteranthera dubia G5 S2 Hexalectris spicata G5 S1S2 Hypericum gentianoides G5 S1S2 Impatiens pallida G5 S2 Iris cristata G5 S2 Iris virginica G5 S2 #Malaxis unifolia G5 S1 #Marsilea vestita G5 S1 #Monotropa hypopithys G5 S1 #Monotropa uniflora G5 S1 #Muhlenbergia bushii G5 S1S2 Neobeckia aquatica G4 S1S3 #Panax quinquefolius G3 G4 S1 Panicum brachyanthum G5 S2S3 #Perideridia americana G4 S1S2 #Phacelia gilioides G5 S1 Phaseolus polystachios G4 S1 Philadelphus pubescens G5 S2 Physocarpus opulifolius var.intermedius G5 S1S3 #Pilularia americana G5 S1S2 Platanthera lacera G5 S1S2 #Podostemum ceratophyllum G5 S2 Rhamnus lanceolata ssp. glabrata G5 S1 #Rhus lanceolata G4 G5 S1S2 Rhododendron canescens G5 S2S3 #Ribes missouriense G5 S1 Rorippa teres G5 S1S2 Silene regia G3 S1 Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. ozarkanus G5 S1S2 Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve G5 S1S3 Symphyotrichum novae-angliae G5 S1 Tilia americana var. americana G5 S1S2 Tilia americana var. caroliniana G5 S1S2 #Tipularia discolor G4 G5 S1 Tradescantia ernestiana G3 G4 S? Tradescantia ozarkana G3 S1S2 Ulmus serotina G4 S2 Urtica dioica G5 S2 Uvularia grandiflora G5 S2S3 Valerianella ozarkana G3 S1 25 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Appendix: a checklist for the vascular flora of Ozark Plateau in Oklahoma. This list was compiled from Wallis (1959) with additions from the Oklahoma Vascular Plant Database (Hoagland et al. 2007). # Indicates species not appearing in Wallis (1959). * Indicates species that are not native to North America are marked with an asterisk. EQUISETOPHYTA Equisetaceae #Equisetum arvense L. Equisetum ×ferrissii Clute (pro sp.) [hyemale × laevigatum]. Syn. = Equisetum hymenale L. var. intermedium. #Equisetum hyemale L. #Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun LYCOPODIOPHYTA Isoetaceae #Isoetes melanopoda Gay & Durieu ex Durieu Selaginellaceae Selaginella apoda (L.) Fern. #Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring PTERIDOPHYTA Aspleniaceae Asplenium bradleyi D.C. Eat. Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. Asplenium resiliens Kunze Asplenium rhizophyllum L. Syn. = Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Dryopteridaceae Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ssp. asplenioides (Michx.) Hultén. Syn. = A. filix-femina (L.) Roth var. asplenioides (Michx.) Farw. #Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. fragilis. Wallis listed forma dentata (Dickson) Clute Cystopteris tennesseensis Shaver. Syn. = C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. simulans (Weatherby) McGregor. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray Onoclea sensibilis L. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Marsileaceae #Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. #Pilularia americana A. Braun Ophioglossaceae #Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. #Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt. #Ophioglossum engelmannii Prantl Polypodiaceae #Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) Andrews & Windham ssp. michauxiana (Weatherby) Andrews & Windham Pteridaceae Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantum pedatum L. Argyrochosma dealbata (Pursh) Windham. Syn. = Notholaena dealbata (Pursh) Kunze. Asplenium trichomanes L. Cheilanthes alabamensis (Buckl.) Kunze Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) D.C. Eat. Syn. = C. vestita (Spreng.) Sw. #Cheilanthes tomentosa Link Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link #Pellaea wrightiana Hook. #Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underwood ex Heller Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. pseudocaudatum (Clute) Heller Thelypteridaceae Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée. Syn. = Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C. Christens. #Thelypteris palustris Schott var. pubescens (Lawson) Fern. 26 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. CONIFEROPHYTA Cupressaceae #Juniperus ashei Buchh. Juniperus virginiana L. Pinaceae Pinus echinata P. Mill. MAGNOLIOPHYTA MAGNOLIOPSIDA Acanthaceae Dicliptera brachiata (Pursh) Spreng. Justicia americana (L.) Vahl. #Ruellia caroliniensis (J.F. Gmel.) Steud. ssp. ciliosa (Pursh) R.W. Long var. cinerascens (Fern.) Kartesz & Gandhi Ruellia humilis Nutt. Syns. = R. humilis Nutt. var. expansa Fern. and R. humilis Nutt. var. longiflora (Gray) Fern. Ruellia pedunculata Torr. ex Gray Ruellia strepens L. Aceraceae Acer negundo L. var. negundo Acer negundo L. var. texanum Pax Acer rubrum L. Acer saccharinum L. Acer saccharum Marsh. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus L. #Amaranthus arenicola I.M. Johnston Amaranthus graecizans L. Amaranthus hybridus L. #Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer. Syn. = Acnida tamariscina auct. non (Nutt.) Wood Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Moq. var. campestris (Small) Fern. Froelichia graçilis (Nutt.) Moq. Iresine rhizomatosa Standl. Anacardiaceae Cotinus obovatus Raf. Rhus aromatica Alt. var. aromatica Rhus aromatica Alt. var. serotina (Greene) Rehd. Rhus copallinum L. var. latifolia Engl. Rhus glabra L. #Rhus lanceolata (Gray) Britt. #Rhus trilobata Nutt. #Rhus trilobata Nutt. var. simplicifolia (Greene) Barkl. Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene. Syn. = Rhus radicans L. var. vulgaris (Michx.) DC. Wallis listed formas negundo (Greene) Fern. and vulgaris. Toxicodendron pubescens P. Mill. Syn. = Rhus toxicodendron L. Anonaceae Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae) #Ammoselinum butleri (Engelm. ex S. Wats.) Coult. & Rose *#Anethum graveolens L. Angelica venenosa (Greenway) Fern. #Bifora americana Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Wats. Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz #Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. var. dasycarpum Hook. ex S. Wats. Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. var. tainturieri. Syn. = C. texanum Coult. & Rose. Cicuta maculata L. Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. *Daucus carota L. Wallis listed formas carota and epurpuratus Farw. Daucus pusillus Michx. #Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Eryngium leavenworthii Torr. & Gray #Eryngium prostratum Nutt. ex DC. Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. var. synchaetum Gray ex Coult. & Rose Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. Limnosciadium pinnatum (DC.) Mathias & Constance Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. Syn. = 27 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. var. villicaulis Fern. Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf. #Perideridia americana (Nutt. ex DC.) Reichenb. Polytaenia nuttallii DC. #Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. #Ptilimnium nuttallii (DC.) Britt. Sanicula canadensis L. var. canadensis Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe. Syn. = S. gregaria Bickn. Spermolepis divaricata (Walt.) Raf. ex Ser. Spermolepis echinata (Nutt. ex DC.) Heller Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Gray var. aureum Britt. Syn. = T. trifoliatm (L.) Gray var. flavum Blake. *#Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link *Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. Trepocarpus aethusae Nutt. ex DC. Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern. Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch Apocynaceae Amsonia illustris Woods. Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt. var. salicifolia (Pursh) Woods. Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt. var. tabernaemontana Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Apocynum cannabinum L. Syn. = A. cannabinum L. var. glaberrimum A. DC. and Apocynum cannabinum L. var. pubescens (Mitchell ex R. Br.) Woods. Aquifoliaceae Ilex decidua Walt. Araliaceae #Panax quinquefolius L. Aristolochiaceae #Aristolochia serpentaria L. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims Asarum canadense L. Syn. = A. canadense L. var. acuminatum Ashe. Asclepiadaceae Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. Asclepias hirtella (Pennell) Woods. Asclepias incarnata L. ssp. incarnata Asclepias obovata Ell. Asclepias purpurascens L. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Asclepias stenophylla Gray Asclepias sullivantii Engelm. ex Gray Asclepias tuberosa L. ssp. interior Woods. #Asclepias variegata L Asclepias verticillata L. Asclepias viridiflora Raf. Syn. = A. viridiflora Raf. var. lanceolata (Ives) Torr. and A. viridiflora Raf. var. linearis (Gray) Fern. Asclepias viridis Walt. Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. Matelea baldwyniana (Sweet) Woods. Matelea decipiens (Alexander) Woods. Matelea gonocarpos (Walt.) Shinners Asteraceae (= Compositae) Achillea millefolium L. var. occidentalis DC. Syn. = A. lanulosa Nutt. Wallis listed formas lanulosa and rubicunda Farwell. Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins. var. altissima. Wallis listed villicaule Fern. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. var. elatior (L.) Descourtils. Wallis listed forma villosa Fern. & Griseb. Ambrosia bidentata Michx. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Syn. = A. psilostachya DC. var. lindheimeriana (Scheele) Blank. Ambrosia trifida L. var. texana Scheele Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. Syn. = Gutierrezia dracunculoides (DC.) Blake. Antennaria neglecta Greene. Syn. = A. campestris Rydb. #Antennaria parlinii Fern. #Antennaria parlinii Fern. ssp. fallax (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards *Anthemis cotula L. Aphanostephus skirrhobasis (DC.) Trel. *Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H.E. Robins. 28 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Syn. = Cacalia atriplicifolia L. Arnoglossum plantagineum Raf. Syn. = Cacalia plantaginea (Raf.) Shinners. Arnoglossum reniforme (Hook.) H.E. Robins. Syn. = Cacalia muehlenbergii (Schultz- Bip.) Fern. *Artemisia annua L. Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. ludoviciana. Syn. = A. ludoviciana Nutt. var. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) Keck. Syn. = Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) Gray Astranthium integrifolium (Michx.) Nutt. #Baccharis halimifolia L. Berlandiera pumila (Michx.) Nutt. var. pumila. Syn. = B. tomentosa Nutt. var. dealbata Torr. & Gray. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. Syns. = B. polylepis Blake var. polylepis and B. polylepis Blake var. retrorsa Sherff. Bidens bipinnata L. #Bidens cernua L. #Bidens discoidea (Torr. & Gray) Britt. Bidens frondosa L. Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Hér. var. latisquama (Gray) Cronq. Syn. = B. latisquama Gray. Boltonia diffusa Ell. var. interior Fern. & Grisc. Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners var. texana (Shinners) Shinners. Syn. = Kuhnia eupatoriodes L. var. ozarkana Shinners. *Carduus nutans L. Centaurea americana Nutt. *Centaurea cyanus L. Chaetopappa asteroides Nutt. ex DC. Chrysopsis pilosa Nutt. Syn. = Heterotheca pilosa (Nutt.) Shinners *Cichorium intybus L. Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill *Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. #Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. Conoclinium coelestinum (L.) DC. Syn. = Eupatorium coelestinum L. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. canadensis Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. glabrata (Gray) Cronq. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet var. grandiflora #Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet var. harveyana (Gray) Sherff Coreopsis lanceolata L. Syn. = C. lanceolata L. var. villosa Michx. Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Coreopsis pubescens Ell. var. pubescens Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Wallis listed formas tinctoria and atropurpurea (Hook) Fern. Coreopsis tripteris L. Syn. = C. tripteris L. var. deamii Standl. *#Cosmos sulphureus Cav. *#Crepis pulchra L. Dracopis amplexicaulis (Vahl) Cass. #Echinacea angustifolia DC. #Echinacea atrorubens Nutt. Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Eclipta alba (L.) L. Elephantopus carolinianus Raeusch. Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. var. hieraciifolia. Syns. = E. hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. var. intermedia Fern. and E. hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. var. praealta (Raf.) Fern. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Erigeron philadelphicus L. var. philadelphicus Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. beyrichii (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Torr. & Gray ex Gray Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. strigosus #Erigeron tenuis Torr. & Gray Eupatorium altissimum L. #Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Eupatorium purpureum L. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. #Eupatoriadelphus fistulosus (Barratt) King & H.E. Robins. Eurybia hemispherica (Alexander) Nesom. Syn. = Aster hemisphericus Alexander Euthamia gymnospermoides Greene. Syn. = Solidago gymnospermoides (Greene)Fern. 29 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Fleischmannia incarnata (Walt.) King & H.E. Robins. Syn. = Eupatorium incarnatum Walt. Gaillardia aestivalis (Walt.) H. Rock var. aestivalis. Syn. = G. fastigiata Greene. Gaillardia aestivalis (Walt.) H. Rock var. flavovirens (C. Mohr) Cronq. Syn. = G. lutea Greene. #Gaillardia suavis (Gray & Engelm.) Britt. & Rusby *Galinsoga parviflora Cay. *#Galinsoga quadriradiata Cav. Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera. Syn. = Gnaphalium purpureum L. Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. var. lanceolata. Wallis listed forma lanceolata. Grindelia papposa Nesom & Suh. Syn. = Haplopappus ciliatus (Nutt.) DC. Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock Helenium autumnale L. Helenium flexuosum Raf. Helianthus angustifolius L. Helianthus annuus L. #Helianthus decapetalus L. #Helianthus divaricatus L. Helianthus ×doronicoides Lam. (pro sp.) [giganteus × mollis]. Syn. = H. doronicoides Lam. Helianthus grosseserratus Martens Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Syns. = H. hirsutus Raf. var. stenophyllus Torr. & Gray and H. hirsutus Raf. var. trachyphyllus Torr. & Gray. #Helianthus ×laetiflorus Pers. (pro sp.) [pauciflorus × tuberosus] Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. Helianthus mollis Lam. #Helianthus nuttallii Torr. & Gray #Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. var. rigidus (Cass.) Fern. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Helianthus salicifolius A. Dietr. Helianthus tuberosus L. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal) Fern. Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. & Rusby. Syn. = H. latifolia Buckl. Hieracium gronovii L. Hieracium longipilum Torr. #Hieracium scabrum Michx. Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Hér. var. corymbosus (Torr. & Gray) B.L. Turner Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Hér. var. scabiosaeus Ionactis linariifolius (L.) Greene. Syn. = Aster linariifolius L. Iva angustifolia Nutt. ex DC. Iva annua L. var. annua. Syn. = I. ciliata Willd. Krigia biflora (Walt.) Blake. Wallis listed formas biflora and glandulifera Fern. Krigia dandelion (L.) Nutt. Krigia caespitosa (Raf.) Chambers. Syn. = Serinia oppositifolia (Rat.) Kuntze Krigia occidentalis Nutt. Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Lactuca canadensis L. Syn. = L. canadensis var. canadensis (Wallis listed formas angustata Wieg. and canadensis), L. canadensis L. var. latifolia Kuntze (Wallis listed formas latifolia and exauriculata Wieg.), L. canadensis L. var. longifolia (Michx.) Farw., and L. canadensis L. var. obovata Wieg. (Wallis listed forma stenopoda Wieg.). Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. Lactuca ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell. Wallis listed formas campestris (Greene) Fern. and ludoviciana. *Lactuca serriola L. Syn. = L. scariola L. Wallis listed formas integrifolia (Bogenh.) G. Beck and scariola. #Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey. var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung *Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Syn. = Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte. Liatris aspera Michx. var. aspera. Wallis listed formas aspera and benkii (Macbr.) Fern. Liatris aspera Michx. var. intermedia (Lunell) Gaiser #Liatris punctata Hook. #Liatris punctata Hook. var. nebraskana Gaiser Liatris pycnostachya Michx. Wallis listed forma pycnostachya. 30 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx. var. hirsuta (Rydb.) Gaiser #Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx. var. glabrata (Rydb.) Gaiser #Liatris squarrulosa Michx. *#Matricaria discoidea DC. Oligoneuron nitidum (Torr. & Gray) Small. Syn. = Solidago nitida Torr. & Gray. #Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small Packera aurea (L.) A.& D. Löve. Syn. = Senecio aureus L. Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey. Syn. = Senecio glabellus Poir. Packera obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve. Syn. = Senecio obovatus Muhl var. rotundus Britt. Packera plattensis (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve. Syn. = Senecio plattensis Nutt. *#Parthenium hysterophorus L. Parthenium integrifolium L. Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. #Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. var. odorata Polymnia canadensis L. Wallis listed forma radiata (Gray) Fassett. Prenanthes aspera Michx. #Prenanthes altissima L. Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt ssp. obtusifolium. Syn. = Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC. #Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (Nutt.) Nutt. #Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus (D. Don) DC. Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl. Wallis listed formas columnifera and pulcherrima (DC.) Fern. Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. Rudbeckia grandiflora (D. Don) J.F. Gmel. ex DC. Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farw. Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. laciniata Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh Rudbeckia triloba L. var. triloba #Silphium asteriscus L. #Silphium integrifolium Michx. var. integrifolium Silphium integrifolium Michx. var. laeve Torr. & Gray. Syn. = S. speciosum Nutt. Silphium laciniatum L. var. laciniatum Silphium perfoliatum L. Silphium radula Nutt. Syn. = S. asperrimum Hook. Smallanthus uvedalius (L.) Mackenzie ex Small. Syn. = Polymnia Uvedalia L. var. densipilis Blake Solidago altissima L. #Solidago arguta Ait. var. boottii (Hook.) Palmer & Steyermark Solidago caesia L. Solidago canadensis L. var. gilvocanescens Rydb. Solidago gigantea Ait. Syn. = S. gigantea Ait. var. leiophylla Fern. Solidago hispida Muhl. ex Willd. Solidago ludoviciana (Gray) Small Solidago missouriensis Nutt. var. fasciculata Holz. Solidago nemoralis Ait. var. longipetiolata (Mackenzie & Bush) Palmer & Steyermark. Syn. = S. nemoralis Ait. var. decemflora (DC.) Fern. Solidago nemoralis Ait. var. nemoralis. Syn. = S. nemoralis Ait. var. haleana Fern. #Solidago odora Ait. Solidago petiolaris Ait. var. angusta (Torr. & Gray) Gray. Syns. = S. lindheimeriana Scheele and S. petiolaris Ait. var. wardii (Britt.) Fern. Solidago radula Nutt. var. radula Solidago rugosa P. Mill. ssp. aspera (Ait.) Cronq. Syn. = S. rugosa Mill. var. celtidifolia (Small) Fern. Solidago speciosa Nutt. var. speciosa #Solidago speciosa Nutt. var. rigidiuscula Torr. & Gray Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. ulmifolia Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. microphylla Gray. Syn. = S. delicatula Small. *Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Wallis listed forma glandulosus Beckh. Symphyotrichum anomalum (Engelm.) Nesom. Syn. = Aster anomalus Engelm. Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) Nesom. Syn. = Aster sagittifolius Wedemeyer ex Willd. var. sagittifolius. 31 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Symphyotrichum divaricatum (Nutt.) Nesom. Syn. = Aster exilis Ell. Symphyotrichum drummondii (Lindl.) Nesom var. drummondii. Syn. = Aster sagittifolius Wedemeyer ex Willd. var. drummondii (Lindl.) Shinners. Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) Nesom var. ericoides. Syn. = Aster ericoides L. Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A.& D. Löve var. laeve. Syn. = Aster laevis L. #Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) Nesom Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) Nesom. Syn. = Aster novae-angliae L. Symphyotrichum oblongifolium (Nutt.) Nesom. Syn. = Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Symphyotrichum ontarionis (Wieg.) Nesom. Syn. = Aster ontarionis Wieg. Symphyotrichum oolentangiense (Riddell) Nesom var. oolentangiense. Syn. = Aster azureus Lindl. var. azureus. Symphyotrichum oolentangiense (Riddell) Nesom var. poaceum (Burgess) Nesom. Syn. = Aster azureus Lindl. var. poaceus (Burgess) Fern. Symphyotrichum patens (Ait.) Nesom var. gracile (Hook.) Nesom. Syn. = Aster patens Ait. var. gracilis Hook. Symphyotrichum patens (Ait.) Nesom var. patens. Syn. = Aster patens Ait. var. patens. Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) Nesom. Syn. = Aster pilosus Willd. Symphyotrichum praealtum (Poir.) Nesom var. praealtum. Syn. = Aster praealtus Poir. var. praealtus. #Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) Nesom. Symphyotrichum turbinellum (Lindl.) Nesom. Syn. = Aster turbinellus Lindl. *#Tanacetum vulgare L. *Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers ssp. officinale #Thelesperma ambiguum Gray *Tragopogon dubius Scop. Syn. = T. major Jacq. Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Kearney. Syn. = Actinomeris alternifolia (L.) DC. #Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Gray Verbesina helianthoides Michx. Verbesina virginica L. Vernonia arkansana DC. Syn. = V. crinita Raf. Vernonia baldwinii Torr. ssp. baldwinii Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Trel. ssp. gigantea. Syn. = V. altissima Nutt. Vernonia missurica Raf. Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray. Syns. = X. italicum Mor., X. pensylvanicum Wallr., and X. speciosum Kearney. Xanthium strumarium L. var. glabratum (DC.) Cronq. Syn. = X. chinense Mill. Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis Neerb. Impatiens pallida Nutt. Berberidaceae Podophyllum peltatum L. Betulaceae (=Corylaceae) Alnus serrulata (Alt.) Willd. Syn. = A. serrulata (Alt.) Willd. var. vulgaris Spach. Betula nigra L. Corylus americana Walt. var. americana. Wallis listed forma americana. Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch var. virginiana. Syn. = Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch var. lasia Fern. Wallis listed forma glandulosa (Spach) Macbr. Bignoniaceae Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. Boraginaceae *Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston. Syn. = Lithospermum arvense L. #Cynoglossum virginianum L. Hackelia virginiana (L.) I.M. Johnston Heliotropium convolvulaceum (Nutt.) Gray *Heliotropium indicum L. Heliotropium tenellum (Nutt.) Torr. 32 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Lithospermum caroliniense (Walt. ex J.F. Gmel.) MacM. Lithospermum incisum Lehm. Myosotis macrosperma Engelm. Myosotis verna Nutt. Onosmodium bejariense DC. ex A. DC. var. occidentale (Mackenzie) B.L. Turner. Syn. = O. occidentale Mackenzie. Onosmodium bejariense DC. ex A. DC. var. subsetosum (Mackenzie & Bush) B.L. Turner. Syn. = O. subsetosum Mackenzie & Bush. Brassicaceae *#Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande Arabis canadensis L. Arabis laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poir. Arabis missouriensis Greene Arabis shortii (Fern.) Gleason. Syn. = A. perstellata E.L. Br. var. shortii Fern. *Barbarea vulgaris Ait. f. *Brassica napus L. *Brassica rapa L. *Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. *Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) B.S.P. Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt) O.E. Shultz Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. Syn. = Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. ssp. brachycarpa (Richards.) Detling Draba aprica Beadle Draba brachycarpa Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray Draba cuneifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray var. cuneifolia #Draba reptans (Lam.) Fern. Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.). Steud. Lepidium campestre (L.) Ait. f. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Lepidium virginicum L. var. virginicum Lesquerella gracilis (Hook.) S. Wats. var. gracilis *Nasturtium officinale Ait. f. Neobeckia aquatica (Eat.) Greene. Syn. = Armoracia aquatica (Eat.) Wieg. Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess. ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Jonsell. Syn. = R. islandica (Oeder) Borbas var. fernaldia Butters & Abbe. Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess. ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell. Syn. = R. islandica (Oeder) Borbas var. hispida (Desv.) Butters & Abbe. Rorippa teres (Michx.) R. Stuckey. Syn. = R. obtusa (Nutt.) Britt. Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc. Selenia aurea Nutt. Sibara virginica (L.) Rollins *Sinapis arvensis L. Syn. = Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler. *#Sisymbrium altissimum L. *Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Syn. = S. officinale (L.) Scop. var. leiocarpum DC. Streptanthus maculatus Nutt. *Thlaspi arvense L. Cabombaceae #Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel. Cactaceae #Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm. Callitrichaceae Callitriche heterophylla Pursh Callitriche terrestris Raf. Campanulaceae Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small. Syn. = Campanula americana L. var. illinoensis (Fresn.) Farw. Lobelia appendiculata A. DC. #Lobelia puberula Michx. Lobelia cardinalis L. Lobelia inflata L. Lobelia siphilitica L. var. ludoviciana A. DC. Lobelia spicata Lam. var. spicata Lobelia spicata Lam. var. leptostachys (A. DC.) Mackenzie & Bush Triodanis biflora (Ruiz & Pavón) Greene. Syn. 33 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. = Specularia biflora (Ruiz & Pavón) Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Triodanis lamprosperma McVaugh. Syn. = Specularia lamprosperma (McVaugh) Fern. Triodanis leptocarpa (Nutt.) Nieuwl. Syn. = Specularia leptocarpa (Nutt.) Gray Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. Syn. = Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Cannabinaceae *Humulus lupulus L. Capparidaceae *#Cleome hassleriana Chod. #Cleome serrulata Pursh #Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. ssp. dodecandra Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. ssp. trachysperma (Torr. & Gray) Iltis Caprifoliaceae Lonicera flava Sims *Lonicera japonica Thunb. #Lonicera sempervirens L. Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli. Syn. = S. canadensis L. var. canadensis and S. canadensis L. var. submollis Rehd. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench. # Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn. Triosteum perfoliatum L. #Viburnum molle Michx. #Viburnum rafinesquianum J.A. Schultes Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Caryophyllaceae Agrostemma githago L. *Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex Gray) B.L. Robins. #Cerastium brachypetalum Desportes ex Pers. *Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. vulgare (Hartman) Greuter & Burdet. Syn. = C. vulgatum L. *Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Syn. = C. viscosum auct. non L. Cerastium nutans Raf. *#Cerastium pumilum W. Curtis *Dianthus armeria L. Minuartia drummondii (Shinners) McNeill. Syn. = Stellaria nuttallii Torr. & Gray. #Minuartia michauxii (Fenzl) Farw. var. texana (B.L. Robins.) Mattf. Minuartia muscorum (Fassett) Rabeler. Syn. = Stellaria muscorum Fassett. Minuartia patula (Michx.) Mattf. Syn. = Arenaria patula Michx. Wallis listed formas media Steyerm. pitcheri (Nutt.) Steyerm. and robusta Steyerm. Paronychia canadensis (L.) Wood Paronychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fern. var. fastigiata *#Petrorhagia dubia (Raf.) G. López & Romo *Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood. Syn. = Dianthus prolifer L. Sagina decumbens (Ell.) Torr. & Gray *Saponaria officinalis L. *#Scleranthus annuus L. Silene antirrhina L. Silene regia Sims Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f. Wallis listed forma scabrella (Niewl.) Palm. & Steyerm. Silene virginica L. *Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Celastraceae #Celastrus scandens L. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum L. Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album L. *Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. ambrosioides #Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats. *Chenopodium pumilio R. Br. Chenopodium simplex (Torr.) Raf. Syn. = C. hybridum L. var. gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau. Chenopodium standleyanum Aellen Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. 34 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Monolepis nuttalliana (J.A. Schultes) Greene Cistaceae Lechea mucronata Raf. Syn. = L. villosa Ell. Lechea tenuifolia Michx. Syn. = Lechea tenuifolia Michx.var. occidentalis Hodgdon. Clusiaceae (= Guttiferae) Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz ssp. hypericoides. Syn. = Ascyrum hypericoides L. var. hypericoides. Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz ssp. multicaule (Michx. ex Willd.) Robson. Syn. = Ascyrum hypericoides L. var. multicaule (Michx.) Fern. Hypericum drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) Torr. & Gray Hypericum gentianoides (L.) B.S.P. Hypericum multilum L. Syn. = H. multilum L. var. parviflorum (Willd.) Fern. *Hypericum perforatum L. Hypericum pseudomaculatum Bush Hypericum prolificum L. Syn. = H. spathulatum (Spach.) Steud. Hypericum punctatum Lam. Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx. Convolvulaceae *Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. sepium *Convolvulus arvensis L. Syn. = C. arvensis L. var. fraterniflorus Mack. & Bush. *#Ipomoea coccinea L. #Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Mey. *#Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth #Calystegia silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. ssp. fraterniflora (Mackenzie & Bush) Brummitt *Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Syn. = I. hederacea (L.) Jacq. var. integriuseula Gray. Ipomoea lacunosa L. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Mey. Cornaceae Cornus drummondi C.A. Meyer Cornus florida L. Cornus obliqua Raf. Crassulaceae Sedum nuttallianum Raf. Sedum pulchellum Michx. *#Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Cucurbitaceae #Cayaponia grandifolia (Torr. & Gray) Small Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth Melothria pendula L. Sicyos angulatus L. Cuscutaceae Cuscuta compacta Juss. ex Choisy Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Cuscuta glomerata Choisy Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex J.A. Schultes #Cuscuta indecora Choisy #Cuscuta obtusiflora Kunth Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. var. pentagona. Syn. = C. campestris Yuncker. Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. var. glabrior (Engelm.) Gandhi, Thomas & Hatch. Syn. = C. glabrior (Engelm.) Yuncker. #Cuscuta polygonorum Engelm. Dipsacaceae *Dipsacus fullonum L. Syn. = Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Droseraceae #Drosera brevifolia Pursh Ebenaceae Diospyros virginiana L. Syn. = D. virginiana L. var. pubescens (Pursh) Dippel. Elaeagnaceae *#Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Ericaceae Rhododendron canescens (Michx.) Sweet #Rhododendron oblongifolium (Small) Millais #Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small) Millais Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. Syn. = Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. var. glaucescens (Greene) Sarg. Vaccinium pallidum Ait. Syn. = V. vacillans 35 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Torr. var. crinitum Fern. Vacciniun stamineum L. Syn. = V. stamineum L. var. interius (Ashe) Palmer & Steyerm. and V. stamineum L. var. neglectum (Small) Deam) #Vaccinium virgatum Ait. Euphorbiaceae Acalypha gracilens Gray. Syn. = A. gracilens Gray var. fraseri (Muell.-Arg. Weatherby Acalypha monococca (Engelm. ex Gray) L. Mill. & Gandhi. Syn. = A. gracilens Gray var. monococca Engelm. ex Gray. Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Acalypha virginica L. Argythamnia mercurialina (Nutt.) Muell.-Arg. var. mercurialina. Syn. = Ditaxis mercurialina (Nutt.) Coult. Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm. ex Gray) Small. Syn. = Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. ex Gray. Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small. Syn. = Euphorbia maculata L. and Euphorbia supina Raf. Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners. Syn. = Euphorbia missurica Raf. #Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small Chamaesyce prostrata (Ait.) Small. Syn. = Euphorbia chamaesyce auct. non L. Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small. Syn. = Euphorbia serpens Kunth. Croton capitatus Michx. var. capitatus. Croton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Muell.-Arg. Croton lindheimerianus Scheele #Croton michauxii G.L. Webster Croton monanthogynus Michx. Croton willdenowii G.L. Webster. Syn. = Crotonopsis elliptica Willd. Euphorbia corollata L. var. paniculata (Ell.) Boiss. Euphorbia cyathophora Murr. Syn. = E. heterophylla L. var. graminifolia (Michx.) Engelm. Euphorbia dentata Michx. Wallis listed formas cuphosperma (Engelm.) Fern. and dentata. Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbia hexagona Nutt. ex Spreng. Euphorbia marginata Pursh Euphorbia pubentissima Michx. Syn. = E. corollata L. var. mollis Millap. Euphorbia spathulata Lam. Syn. = E. dictyosperma Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Euphorbia obtusata (Pursh) Small Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walt. Stillingia sylvatica L. Tragia betonicifolia Nutt. Syn. = T. urticifolia Michx. #Tragia urticifolia Michx. Tragia ramosa Torr. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Acacia angustissima (P. Mill.) Kuntze var. hirta (Nutt.) B.L. Robins. *#Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Amorpha canescens Pursh Amorpha fruticosa L. Syn. = A. fruticosa L. var. angustifolia Pursh, A. fruticosa L. var. oblongifolia Palmer and A. fruticosa L. var. tennesseensis (Shuttlew.) Palmer. #Amorpha laevigata Nutt. Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. var. bracteata Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. var. comosa (L.) Fern. Apios americana Medik. Syn. = A. americana Medik. var. turrigera Fern. Astragalus canadensis L. Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. var. trichocalyx (Nutt.) Barneby Astragalus distortus Torr. & Gray #Astragalus nuttallianus DC. Baptisia alba (L.) Vent. var. macrophylla (Larisey) Isely. Syn. = Baptisia leucantha Torr. & Gray var. leucantha. Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. var. minor (Lehm.) Fern. #Baptisia bracteata Muhl. ex Ell. var. leucophaea (Nutt.) Kartesz & Gandhi Cercis canadensis L. var. canadensis. Wallis listed formas canadensis and glabrifolia Fern. Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene var. 36 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. fasciculata. Syn. = Cassia fasiculata Michx. var. robusta (Pollard) Macbr. Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench ssp. nictitans var. nictitans. Syn. = Cassia nictitans L. Cladrastis kentukea (Dum.-Cours.) Rudd. Clitoria mariana L. Crotalaria sagittalis L. Dalea candida Michx. ex Willd. var. candida Dalea lanata Spreng #Dalea multiflora (Nutt.) Shinners Dalea purpurea Vent. Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern. Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Desmodium canescens (L.) DC. Desmodium ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. ex Loud. Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood #Desmodium illinoense Gray Desmodium laevigatum (Nutt.) DC. Desmodium marilandicum (L.) DC. Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. Wallis lists formas foliolatum (Farwell) Fassett, nudiflorum, and personatum Fassett. #Desmodium nuttallii (Schindl.) Schub. Desmodium obtusum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. Syn. = Desmodlum rigidum (Ell.) DC. Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. var. paniculatum Desmodium pauciflorum (Nutt.) DC. Desmodium perplexum Schub. Syn. = Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. var. dillenii (Darl.) Isely. Desmodium rotundifolium DC. Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) Torr. & Gray #Desmodium viridiflorum (L.) DC. Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt. Syn. = G. volubilis (L.) Britt. var. mississippiensis Vail. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch #Indigofera miniata Ortega *Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino *Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl. *#Lathyrus hirsutus L. *Lathyrus latifolius L. Lathyrus pusillus Ell. Lespedeza capitata Michx. Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don #Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Hornem. Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. Lespedeza procumbens Michx. Lespedeza repens (L.) W. Bart. Lespedeza stuevei Nutt. *#Lespedeza thunbergii (DC.)Nakai Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britt. Lotus unifoliolatus (Hook.) Benth. var. unifoliolatus. Syn. = L. americanus (Mitt.) Bisch. non Vell. *Medicago lupulina L. *Medicago sativa L. *Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Syn. = M. alba Medikus. Mimosa nuttallii (DC.) B.L. Turner. Syn. = Schrankia nuttallii (DC.) Standl. Neptunia lutea (Leavenworth) Benth. Orbexilum pedunculatum (P. Mill.) Rydb. var. pedunculatum. Syn. = Psoralea psoralioides (Walt.) Cory var. eglandulosa (Ell.) Freeman. #Orbexilum simplex (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Rydb. #Pediomelum linearifolium (Torr. & Gray) J. Grimes Phaseolus polystachios (L.) B.S.P. Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb. Syn. = P. tenuiflora Pursh var. floribunda (Nutt.) Rydb. *#Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. Rhynchosia latifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray #Robinia hispida L. Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Senna marilandica (L.) Link. Syn. = Cassia marilandica L. Sesbania herbacea (P. Mill.) McVaugh. Syn. = S. exaltata Raf. Strophostyles helvula (L.) Elliot Strophostyles leiosperma (Torr. & Gray) Piper Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britt. Stylosanthes biflora (L.) B.S.P. Syn. = S. biflora (L.) B.S.P. var. hispidissima (Michx.) Pollard & Ball. 37 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Syn. = T. virginiana (L.) Pers. var. holosericea (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray. *Trifolium arvense L. Trifolium carolinianum Michx. *Trifolium dubium Sibthorp *Trifolium hybridum L. *Trifolium incarnatum L. *Trifolium pratense L. Trifolium campestre Schreb. Syn. = T. procumbens L. Trifolium reflexum L. *Trifolium repens L. *Trifolium resupinatum L. Vicia caroliniana Walt. Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. leavenworthii (Torr. & Gray) Lassetter & Gunn. Syn. = V. leavenworthii Torr. & Gray var. leavenworthii. #Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. ludoviciana Vicia minutiflora F.G. Dietr. *Vicia sativa L. ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. Syn. = V. angustifolia L. var. segetalis (Thuill.) W.D.J. Koch. *Vicia villosa Roth Fagaceae Castanea pumila (L.) P. Mill. var. ozarkensis (Ashe) Tucker. Syn. = C. ozarkensis Ashe. Quercus alba L. Wallis listed formas alba, latiloba (Sarg,) Palmer & Steyerm. and viridis Trel. #Quercus buckleyi Nixon & Dorr Quercus falcata Michx. var. falcata Quercus lyrata Walt. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Quercus marilandica (L.) Muenchh. Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. Wallis lists forma alexanderi (Britt.) Trel. Quercus nigra L. var. nigra Quercus palustris Muenchh. Quercus rubra L. var. ambigua (Gray) Fern. Syn. = Q. rubra L. var. borealis (Michx. f.) Farw. Quercus rubra L. var. rubra Quercus shumardii Buckl. var. schneckii (Britt.) Sarg. Quercus stellata Wangenh. Quercus velutina Lam. Wallis listed formas dilaniata Thel., macrophylla (Dippel) Trel., and missouriensis (Sarg.) Trel. Fumariaceae #Corydalis curvisiliqua Engelm. ssp. occidentalis (Engelm. ex Gray) W.A. Weber Corydalis crystallina Engelm. Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC. Corydalis micrantha (Engelm. ex Gray) Gray Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Gentianaceae #Gentiana alba Muhl. ex Nutt. #Gentiana puberulenta J. Pringle Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh Sabatia campestris Nutt. Wallis listed formas albiflora D. M. Moore and campestris. Geraniaceae *Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait. Geranium carolinianum L. #Geranium carolinianum L. var. sphaerospermum (Fern.) Breitung Geranium maculatum L. *#Geranium molle L. *Geranium pusillum L. Grossulariaceae #Ribes missouriense Nutt. Haloragaceae *Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. Syn. = M. brasiliense Camb. Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walt.) B.S.P. Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis vernalis Sarg. Syn. = H. vernalis Sarg. var. tomentella (Rehd.) Palmer. Hippocastanaceae Aesculus glabra Willd. var. glabra. Syn. = A. glabra Willd. var. sargentii Rehd. 38 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea arborescens L. var. arborescens. Syn. = H. arborescens L. var. oblonga Torr. & Gray Hydrangea cinerea Small. Syn. = H. arborescens L. var. deamii St. John. Philadelphus pubescens Loisel. Hydrocharitaceae *#Egeria densa Planch. #Elodea canadensis Michx. Hydrophyllaceae Ellisia nyctelea (L.)L. Hydrolea ovata Nutt. ex Choisy Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Nemophila phacelioides Nutt. #Phacelia gilioides Brand Phacelia hirsuta Nutt. Phacelia strictiflora (Engelm. & Gray) Gray var. robbinsii Constance Juglandaceae Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. Syn. = Carya tomentosa (Lam. ex Poir.) Nutt. Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch #Carya glabra (P. Mill.) Sweet Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch #Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg. Syn. = Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg. var. obcordata (Muhl. & Willd.) Sarg. Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Carya texana Buckl. Juglans nigra L. Lamiaceae (= Labiatae) Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze #Blephilia ciliata (L.) Benth. Clinopodium arkansanum (Nutt.) House. Syn. = Satureja arkansana (Nutt.) Briq. Cunila origanoides (L.) Britt. *Glechoma hederacea L. Syn. = G. hederacea L. var. micrantha Moricand. Hedeoma hispida Pursh Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. *Lamium amplexicaule L. Wallis listed formas albiflorum D. M. Moore and amplexicaule. *Lamium purpureum L. *Leonurus cardiaca L. *Leonurus sibiricus L. Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W. Bart. Syn. = L. americanus Muhl. var. scabrifolius Fern. Lycopus rubellus Moench. Syn. = L. rubellus Moench. var. arkansanus (Fresn.) Benner. Lycopus uniflorus Michx. *Marrubium vulgare L. *Melissa officinalis L. * Mentha ×piperita L. (pro sp.) [aquatica × spicata]. Syn. = Mentha piperita L. *Mentha spicata L. #Monarda bradburiana Beck Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. Monarda fistulosa L. ssp. fistulosa #Monarda fistulosa L. ssp. fistulosa var. mollis (L.) Benth. Monarda punctata L. ssp. punctata var. villicaulis (Pennell) Palmer & Steyermark. Syn. = M. punctata L. var. villicaulis (Pennell) Shinners Monarda russeliana Nutt. ex Sims. Syn. = M. virgata Raf. *Nepeta cataria L. *Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton Physostegia angustifolia Fern. #Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. Prunella vulgaris L. Syn. = P. caroliniana Mill. #Prunella vulgaris L. var. lanceolata (W. Bart.) Fern. Pycnanthemum albescens Torr. & Gray Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers. var. pilosum (Nutt.) Cooperrider. Syn. = P. pilosum Nutt. Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam. var. grandiflora Benth. Salvia lyrata L. Scutellaria elliptica Muhl. ex Spreng. Scutellaria incana Biehler Scutellaria lateriflora L. Scutellaria ovata Hill ssp. bracteata (Benth.) Epling Scutellaria ovata Hill ssp. ovata Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. parvula 39 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. #Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. australis Fassett Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Teucrium canadense L. var. canadense. Syn. = T. canadense L. var. virginicum (L.) Eat. Trichostema brachiatum L. Lauraceae Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume var. benzoin Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume var. pubescens (Palmer & Steyerm.) Rehd. Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. Syn. = S. albidum (Nutt.) Nees var. molle (Raf.) Fern. Lentibulariaceae Utricularia gibba L. Syn. = U. biflora Lam. Linaceae #Linum berlandieri Hook. var. berlandieri Hook. var. berlandieri Linum medium (Planch.) Britt. var. texanum (Planch.) Fern. Linum pratense (J.B.S. Norton) Small. Syn. = L. lewisii Pursh var. pratense J.B.S. Norton Linum sulcatum Riddell Loasaceae Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. ex Sims. Loganiaceae Polypremum procumbens L. Lythraceae Ammannia auriculata Willd. Ammannia coccinea Rothb. Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. Syn. = C. petiolata Koehne. Lythrum alatum Pursh Lythrum alatum Pursh var. lanceolatum (Ell.) Torr. & Gray ex Rothrock. Syn. = L. lanceolatum Ell. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne. Syn. = R. ramosior (L.) Koehne var. interior Fern. & Grisc. Malvaceae *Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Callirhoe alcaeoides (Michx.) Gray Callirhoe bushii Fern. Callirhoe digitata Nutt. var. digitata Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. and Gray) Gray var. involucrata #Callirhoe leiocarpa R.F. Martin Hibiscus laevis All. Syn. = H. militaris Cav. Hibiscus lasiocarpos Cav. #Hibiscus moscheutos L. *#Hibiscus syriacus L. *#Hibiscus trionum L. *Malva neglecta Wallr. Malvastrum hispidum (Pursh) Hochr. Syn. = Sidopsis hispida (Pursh) Rydb. Sida spinosa L. Melastomataceae Rhexia mariana L. var. interior (Pennell) Kral & Bostick. Syn. = R. interior Pennell Menispermaceae Calycocarpum lyoni (Pursh) Gray Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC. Menispermum canadense L. Molluginaceae Glinus lotoides L. Mollugo verticillata L. Monotropaceae #Monotropa hypopithys L. #Monotropa uniflora L. Moraceae Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider *Morus alba L. Morus rubra L. Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo lutea Willd. Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis albida (Walt.) Heimerl Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl *Mirabilis jalapa L. Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. 40 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Nymphaeaceae Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. advena (Ait.) Kartesz & Gandhi. Syn. = N. advena (Ait.) Alt. f. Nymphaea odorata Ait. ssp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersma & Hellquist. Syn. = N. tuberosa Ait. Nyssaceae Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Syn. = N. sylvatica Marsh. var. dilatata Fern. Oleaceae #Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir. Fraxinus americana L. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Syn. = Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. *Ligustrum sinense Lour. Onagraceae #Calylophus serrulatus (Nutt.) Raven Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) Aschers. & Magnus. Syn. = C. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Savigny ssp. canadensis (L.) A.& D. Löve. #Gaura biennis L. Gaura longiflora Spach. Syn. = G. biennis L. var. pitcheri Torr. & Gray. Gaura mollis James. Syn. = G. parviflora Dougl. ex Lehm. var. parviflora. Wallis listed forma parviflora. Ludwigia alternifolia L. Syn. = Ludwigia alternifolia L. var. pubescens Palmer & Steyermark. Ludwigia decurrens Walt. Syn. = Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) DC. Ludwigia glandulosa Walt. ssp. glandulosa Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. Syn. = L. palustris (L.) Ell. var. americana (DC.) Fern. & Grisc. Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven ssp. glabrescens (Kuntze) Raven. Syn. = Jussiaea repens L. var. glabrescens Kuntze. #Ludwigia repens J.R. Forst. Oenothera biennis L. var. biennis Oenothera elata Kunth ssp. hirsutissima (Gray ex S. Wats.) W. Dietr. Syn. = O. biennis L. var. hirsutissima Gray. Oenothera fruticosa L. ssp. fruticosa #Oenothera grandis (Britt.) Smyth Oenothera laciniata Hill Oenothera linifolia Nutt. #Oenothera spachiana Torr. & Gray #Oenothera speciosa Nutt. Oenothera villosa Thunb. ssp. villosa. Syn. = O. biennis L. var. canescens Torr. & Gray. Oenothera triloba Nutt. Orobanchaceae Orobanche uniflora L. Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. Syn. = O. corniculata L. var. langloisii (Small) Wieg. #Oxalis dillenii Jacq. *Oxalis stricta L. Syns. = O. europaea Jord. var. bushii (Small) Wieg. and O. europaea Jord. var. europaea. Wallis listed formas europaea, pilosella Wieg., and villicaulis Wieg. Oxalis violacea L. Syn. = O. violacea L. var. tricnophora Fasaett. . Papaveraceae Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey. Syn. = A. intermedia auct. non Sweet. *#Papaver dubium L. Sanguinaria canadensis L. Syn. = S. canadensis L. var. rotundifolia (Greene) Fedde. Passifloraceae Passiflora incarnata L. Wallis listed formas alba Waterfall and incarnata. Passiflora lutea L. Syn. = P. lutea L. var. glabriflora Fern. Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. Rivina humilis L. 41 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Plantaginaceae Plantago aristata Michx. #Plantago elongata Pursh #Plantago heterophylla Nutt. *Plantago lanceolata L. #Plantago major L. #Plantago patagonica Jacq. Plantago pusilla Nutt. #Plantago rhodosperma Dcne. Plantago rugelii Dcne. Plantago virginica L. #Plantago wrightiana Dcne. Platanaceae Platanus occidentalis L. Podostemaceae #Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. Polemoniaceae #Phlox cuspidata Scheele Phlox divaricata L. ssp. laphamii (Wood) Wherry. Syn. = P. divaricata L. var. laphamii Wood. Phlox pilosa L. ssp. ozarkana (Wherry) Wherry. Syn. = P. pilosa L. var. ozarkana Wherry. Phlox pilosa L. var. pilosa Polemonium reptans L. Polygalaceae Polygala ambigua Nutt. Syn. = P. verticillata L. var. dolichoptera Fern. Polygala incarnata L. Polygala sanguinea L. #Polygala verticillata L. Polygonaceae Eriogonum longifolium Nutt. *#Fagopyrum esculentum Moench #Polygonum amphibium L. *Polygonum aviculare L. var. aviculare. Syn. = P. aviculare L. var. vegetum Ledeb. Polygonum buxiforme Small. Syn. = P. aviculare L. var. littorale (Link) W. D. J. Koch. *Polygonum convolvulus L. *#Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. *Polygonum hydropiper L. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. var. hydropiperoides. Syns. = P. hydropiperoides Michx. var. bushianum Stanford and P. hydropiperoides Michx. var. opelousanum (Riddell ex Small) Riddell ex W. Stone. Polygonuum lapathifolium L. *#Polygonum orientale L. Polygonum pensylvanicum L. var. pensylvanicum Syn. = P. pensylvanicum L. var. laevigatum Fern. Polygonum persicaria L. Polygonum punctatum Ell. var. confertiflorum (Meisn.) Fassett Polygonum punctatum Ell. var. leptostachyum ((Meisn.) Small Polygonum punctatum Ell. var. punctatum Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. Polygonum sagittatum L. Polygonum scandens L. #Polygonum setaceum Baldw. Polygonum tenue Michx. Polygonum virginianum L. Syn. = Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf. *Rumex acetosella L. Rumex altissimus Wood *Rumex crispus L. Rumex hastatulus Baldw. *Rumex obtusifolius L. *#Rumex patientia L. *Rumex pulcher L. Portulacaceae Claytonia virginica L. Phemeranthus calycinus (Engelm.) Kiger. Syn. = Talinum calycinum Engelm. Phemeranthus parviflorus (Nutt.) Kiger. Syn. = Talinum parviflorum Nutt. Portulaca halimoides L. Syn. = Portulaca parvula Gray. Portulaca oleracea L. #Portulaca pilosa L. Primulaceae *#Anagallis arvensis L. Androsace occidentalis Pursh 42 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Centunculus minimus L. Dodecatheon meadia L. ssp. meadia. Wallis listed formas album and meadia. Lysimachia ciliata L. Lysimachia lanceolata Walt. Samolus valerandi L. ssp. parviflorus (Raf.) Hultén. Syn. = S. parviflorus Raf. Ranunculaceae Anemone caroliniana Walt. Wallis listed formas caroliniana and violacea Clute. Anemone berlandieri Pritz. Syn. = Anemone decapetala auct. non Ard. Anemone virginiana L. Aguilegia canadensis L. Syn. = A. canadensis L. var. latiuscula (Greene) Munz. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Clematis pitcheri Torr. & Gray *#Clematis terniflora DC. Clematis versicolor Small ex Rydb. Clemiatis virginiana L. *Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur. Syn. = Delphinium ajacis L. Wallis listed formas ajacis and alba R. H. Cheney. Delphinium carolinianum Walt. ssp. carolinianum. syn. = D. carolinianum Walt. var. crispum Perry and D. carolinianum Walt. var. nortonianum (Mack & Bush) Perry. Delphinium tricorne Michx. Wallis listed formas albiflora Millsp. and tricorne. Enemion biternatum Raf. Syn. = Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) Torr. & Gray Myosurus minimus L. Ranunculus abortivus L. var. abortivus Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. ex Bigelow Syn. = R. fascicularis Muhl. ex Bigelow var. aprica (Greene) Fern. Ranunculus harveyi (Gray) Britt. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. nitidus (Chapman) T. Duncan. Syn. = R. carolinianus DC. Ranunculus laxicaulis (Torr.& Gray) Darby Ranunculus longirostris Godr. #Ranunculus macranthus Scheele Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. *Ranunculus parviflorus L. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sceleratus Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Avé-Lall. Syn. = T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Avé-Lall. var. hypoglaucum (Rydb.) Boivin. #Thalictrum dioicum L. Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & Boivin. Syn. = Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Eames & Boivin. Rhamnaceae Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch Ceanothus americanus L. Syn. = C. americanus L. var. pitcheri Torr.& Gray. Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. Syn. = C. herbaceus Raf. var. pubescens (Torr. & Gray ex S. Wats.) Shinners. Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray. Syn. = Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. var. caroliniana and Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. var. mollis Fern. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh ssp. glabrata (Gleason) Kartesz & Gandhi. Syn. = Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh var. glabrata Gleason. Rosaceae Agrimonia parviflora Ait. Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. Amelanchier arborea (Michz. f.) Fern. #Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. var. alabamensis (Britt.) G.N. Jones Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern. var. pubescens (Rydb.) Fern. Crataegus coccinioides Ashe Crataegus crus-galli L. Crataegus engelmanni Sarg. #Crataegus intricata Lange Crataegus mollis Scheele #Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch #Crataegus punctata Jacq. Crataegus reverchonii Sarg. Syn. = C. reverchoni Sarg. var. discolor (Sarg.) Palmer. 43 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Crataegus spathulata Michx. Crataegus viridis L. *#Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Geum canadense Jacq. var. canadense. Syn. = G. canadense Jacq. var. camporum (Rydb.) Fern. & Weath. Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & Gray Gillenia stipulata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Baill. Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. var. ioensis. Syn. = Pyrus ioensis (Wood) Bailey. *Malus sylvestris P. Mill. Syn. = Pyrus malus L. Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. var. intermedius (Rydb.) B.L. Robins. Potentilla norvegica L. *Potentilla recta L. Potentilla simplex Michx. var. simplex #Prunus americana Marsh. #Prunus angustifolia Marsh. #Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray Prunus hortulana Bailey Prunus mexicana S. Wats. Syn. = P. americana Marsh. var. lanata Sudsworth. Prunus munsoniana W. Wright & Hedrick. *Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Prunus rivularis Scheele. Syn. = P. reverchonii Sarg. Prunus serotina Ehrh. #Prunus virginiana L. *#Pyrus communis L. Rosa carolina L. var. carolina. Syn. = R. carolina var. villosa (Best) Rehd. Wallis listed forma glandulosa (Crepin) Fern. Rosa foliolosa Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. Rosa setigera Michx. var. setigera Rosa setigera Michx. var. tomentosa Torr. & Gray Rubus aboriginum Rydb. #Rubus argutus Link Rubus allegheniensis Porter Rubus bushii Bailey. Syn. = R. fructifer Bailey, R. ozarkensis Bailey, and R. scibilis Bailey. #Rubus flagellaris Willd. Rubus frondosus Bigelow. Syn. = R. pratensis Bailey. Rubus mollior Bailey Rubus occidentalis L. Rubus oklahomus Bailey Rubus trivialis Michx. Sanguisorba annua (Nutt. ex Hook.) Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray Rubiaceae Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Diodia teres Walt. var. teres. Syn. = D. teres Walt. var. setifera Fern. & Grisc. #Diodia virginiana L. Galium aparine L. var. aparine. Syn. = G. aparine L. var. vaillantii (DC.) Koch. Galium arkansanum Gray Galium circaezans Michx. var. hypomalacum Fern. Galium concinnum Torr. & Gray #Galium obtusum Bigelow #Galium pilosum Ait. var. pilosum Galium pilosum Ait. var. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & Gray Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. Galium triflorum Michx. Wallis listed formas glabrum Leyend and triflorum. Galium virgatum Nutt. Houstonia purpurea L. var. calycosa Gray. Syn. = Houstonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britt. Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Houstonia pusilla Schoepf. Syn. = H. patens Ell. Houstonia purpurea L. #Houstonia rosea (Raf.) Terrell #Oldenlandia boscii (DC.) Chapman *Sherardia arvensis L. Spermacoce glabra Michx. Stenaria nigricans (Lam.) Terrell var. nigricans. Syn. = Houstonia nigricans (Lam.) Fern. Rutaceae Ptelea trifoliata L. #Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill. Salicaceae *#Populus alba L. Populus deltoides Marsh. Salix caroliniana Michx. Salix humilis Marsh. var. humilis. Syn. = S. 44 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. humilis Marsh. var. hyporhysa Fern. Salix interior Rowlee. Wallis listed forma wheeleri (Rowlee) Rouleau. Salix nigra Marsh. Santalaceae Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. umbellata. Syn. = C. richardsiana Fern. Sapindaceae #Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindus saponaria L. var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn.) L. Benson. Syn. = S. drummondii Hook. & Arn. Sapotaceae Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. ssp. oblongifolium (Nutt.) T.D. Pennington. Syn. = Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. var. oblongifolia (Nutt.) R. B. Clark. Saxifragaceae Heuchera americana L. var. hirsuticaulis (Wheelock) Rosendahl Butters & Lakela Penthorum sedoides L. #Saxifraga palmeri Bush Saxifraga texana Buckl. Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. var. subintegra Goodman Saururaceae Saururus cernuus L. Scrophulariaceae #Agalinis densiflora (Benth.) Blake Agalinis fasciculata (Ell.) Raf. Syn. = Gerardia fasciculata Ell. Agalinis gattingeri (Small) Small. Syn. = Gerardia Gattingeri Small. Agalinis heterophylla (Nutt.) Small ex Britt. Syn. = Gerardia heterophylla Nutt. Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. parviflora (Nutt.) Pennell. Syn. = Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. var. parviflora Nutt. #Agalinis viridis (Small) Pennell Aureolaria grandiflora (Benth.) Pennell var. cinerea Pennell. Syn. = Gerardia grandiflora Benth. var. cinerea (Pennell) Cory. #Aureolaria pectinata (Nutt.) Pennell Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. Buchnera americana L. Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Wallis listed formas coccinea and lutescens Farwell. #Castilleja indivisa Engelm. #Castilleja purpurea (Nutt.) G. Don #Collinsia verna Nutt. Collinsia violacea Nutt. Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf. Syn. = Seymeria macrophylla Nutt. Gratiola neglecta Torr. Gratiola virginiana L. *Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. Syn. = Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth. *Linaria vulgaris P. Mill. Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea (Michx.) Cooperrider. Syn. = L. anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell. Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia Mecardonia acuminata (Walt.) Small var. acuminata. Syn. = Bacopa acuminata (Walt.) B.L. Robins. Mimulus alatus Ait. Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. oklahomensis Fassett #Mimulus ringens L. Nuttallanthus texanus (Scheele) D.A. Sutton. Syn. = Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont. var. texana (Scheele) Pennell. Pedicularis canadensis L. ssp. canadensis. Syn. = P. canadensis L. var. dobbsii Fern. Penstemon arkansanus Pennell Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims #Penstemon laxiflorus Pennell Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt. Scrophularia marilandica L. Wallis listed forma neglecta (Rydb.) Pennell. *Verbascum blattaria L. Wallis listed formas albiflora (Don) House and blattaria. *Verbascum thapsus L. #Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. 45 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. *Veronica arvensis L. Veronica peregrina L. ssp. peregrine Veronica peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell. Syn. = V. peregrina L. var. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell. Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. Simaroubaceae *#Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill.) Swingle Solanaceae *Datura inoxia P. Mill. Syn. = D. meteloides auct. p.p., non Dunal. *Datura stramonium L. Physalis angulata L. Syns. = P. angulata L. var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterfall and P. angulata L. var. pendula (Rydberg) Waterfall. Physalis cordata P. Mill. Syn. = P. pubescens L. var. glabra (Michx.) Waterfall. #Physalis hederifolia Gray Physalis heterophylla Nees var. heterophylla Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. longifolia. Syn. = Physalis virginiana Mill. var. sonorae (Torr.) Waterfall. Physalis missouriensis Mackenzie & Bush #Physalis pubescens L. var. pubescens Physalis pubescens L. var. integrifolia (Dunal) Waterfall Physalis pumila Nutt. Physalis virginiana P. Mill. var. virginiana Solanum americanum P. Mill. Solanum carolinense L. Wallis listed formas albiflorum (O. Ktze.) Benke and carolinense. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. Solanum rostratum Dunal *Solanum physalifolium Rusby. Syn. = Solanum sarachoides auct. non Sendtner. #Solanum ptychanthum Dunal *#Veronica persica Poir. *#Veronica polita Fries Staphyleaceae Staphylea trifolia L. Tamaricaceae *#Tamarix chinensis Lour. *Tamarix gallica L. Tiliaceae Tilia americana L. var. americana. Syn. = Tilia neglecta Spach. #Tilia americana L. var. caroliniana (P. Mill.) Castigl. Ulmaceae Celtis laevigata Willd. var. laevigata #Celtis laevigata Willd. var. texana Sarg. Celtis occidentalis L. Syn. = C. occidentalis L. var. pumila (Pursh) Gray. Celtis tenuifolia Mitt. var. ternilfolia. Syn. = Celtis tenuifolia Nutt. var. georgiana. (Small) Fern. & Schub. Ulmus alata Michx. Ulmus americana L. Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. *Ulmus pumila L. Ulmus rubra Muhl. #Ulmus serotina Sarg. Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica (L. ) Sw. var. cylindrica Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pilea pumila (L.) Gray var. deamii (Lunell) Fern. Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh Urtica dioica L. Valerianaceae Valerianella longiflora (Torr. & Gray) Walp. Valerianella ozarkana Dyal. Syn. = V. bushii Dyal. Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. Verbenaceae Callicarpa americana L Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Glandularia pumila (Rydb.) Umber. Syn. = Verbena pumila Rydb. Phryma leptostachya L. Formerly placed in the Phrymaceae. 46 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene Syn. = L. lanceolata Michx. var. recognita Fern. & Grisc. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene. Syn. = L. incisa (Small) Tidestrom Verbena bracteata Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr. Verbena halei Small Verbena hastata L. Verbena simplex Lehm. Verbena stricta Vent. Wallis listed formas albiflora Wadmond and stricta. Verbena urticifolia L. var. urticifolia #Verbena urticifolia L. var. leiocarpa Perry & Fern. Violaceae Hybanthus concolor (T.E. Forst.) Spreng. Viola bicolor Pursh. Syn. = V. kitaibeliana R. & S. var. rafinesquii (Greene) Fern. Viola missouriensis Greene #Viola ×palmata L. (pro sp.) [brittoniana or pedatifida × affinis or sororia] Viola pedata L. Syn. = V. pedata L. var. lineariloba DC. Viola pedatifida G. Don Viola pubescens Ait. Syn. = V. pensylvanica var. pensylvanica. Viola pubescens Ait. var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & Gray. Syn. = V. pensylvanica Michx var. leiocarpa (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. #Viola X primulifolia Viola sagittata Ait. Viola sororia Willd. Syn. = V. papilionacea Pursh. Viola triloba Schwein. var. dilatata (Ell.) Brainerd Viscaceae (=Loranthaceae) Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnston. Syn. = P. flavescens Nutt. ex Engelm. Vitaceae Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Koehne Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Cissus trifoliata (L.) L. Syn. = C. incisa (Nutt.) Des Moulins. Parthenocissus quinguefolia (L.) Planch. Wallis listed forma hirsuta (Donn) Fern. #Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. aestivalis Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. bicolor Deam. Syn. = V. aestivalis Michx. var. argentifolia (Munson) Fern. Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. lincecumii (Buckl.) Munson. Syn. = V. lincecumii Buckl. var. glauca Munson. #Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard #Vitis palmata Vahl #Vitis riparia Michx. #Vitis rupestris Scheele Vitis vulpina L. Zygophyllaceae *Tribulus terrestris L. Monocotyledoneae Acoraceae #Acorus calamus L. Agavaceae Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose. Syn. = Agave lata Shinners. Yucca arkansana Trel. Yucca filamentosa L. #Yucca glauca Nutt. Alismataceae Alisma subcordatum Raf. Echinodorus cordifolius (L) Griseb. Sagittaria ambigua J.G. Sm. #Sagittaria brevirostra Mackenzie & Bush Sagittaria calycina Engelm. Sagittaria graminea Michx. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Wallis listed formas hastata (Pursh) Robins. and latifolia. Syn. = S. latifolia Willd var. obtusa (Engelm.) Wieg. #Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J.G. Sm. Araceae Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott ssp. triphyllum. Syn. = A. atrorubens (Ait.) Blume. Wallis formas virde (Engler) Fern. and zebrinum 47 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. (Sims) Fern. Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott Commelinaceae *Commelina communis L. Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Commelina erecta L. var. angustifolia (Michx.) Fern. Wallis listed forma crispa (Woot.) Fern. Commelina erecta L. var. deamiana Fern. Commelina erecta L. var. erecta. Wallis listed formas erecta and intercursa Fern. Commelina virginica L. Tradescantia ernestiana E.S. Anderson & Woods. Wallis listed formas alba Waterfall and ernestiana. #Tradescantia hirsutiflora Bush Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. Wallis listed forma ohiensis. Tradescantia ozarkana E.S. Anderson & Woods. Cyperaceae Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B. Clarke ssp. capillaris. Syn. = Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) C. B. Clark var. crebra Fern. Carex aggregata Mackenzie #Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. var. albicans Carex amphibola Steud. var. amphibola Carex annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. Carex austrina Mackenzie Carex bicknelii Britt. Carex blanda Dewey Carex brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie Carex bulbostylis Mackenzie. Syn. = Carex amphibola Steud. var. globosa (Bailey) Bailey. Carex bushii Mackenzie #Carex caroliniana Schwein. Carex cephalophora Muhl. var. cephalophora Carex cherokeensis Schwein. #Carex complanata Torr. & Hook. Carex crawei Dewey Carex crus-corvi Shuttlw. ex Kunze #Carex davisii Schwein. & Torr. #Carex digitalis Willd. #Carex festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd. #Carex fissa Mackenzie Carex flaccosperma Dewey Carex frankii Kunth Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. Syn. = Carex haleana Olney. Carex gravida Bailey var. lunelliana (Mackenzie) F.J. Herm. Carex grayi Carey. Syn. = Carex grayi Carey var. hispidula Gray. Carex grisea Wahlenb. Syn. = Carex amphibola Steud var. turgida Fern. Carex hirsutella Mackenzie Carex hyalinolepis Steud. Carex jamesii Schwein. Carex leavenworthii Dewey. Syn. = Carex cephalophora Muhl. var. leavenworthii (Dewey) Kükenth. Carex laevivaginata (Kükenth.) Mackenzie #Carex louisianica Bailey Carex lupuliformis Sartwell ex Dewey #Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. Carex lurida Wahlenb. #Carex microdonta Torr. & Hook. #Carex molestiformis Reznicek & Rothrock Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. var. enervis Boott. Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. var. muehlenbergii. Carex normalis Mackenzie Carex oklahomensis Mackenzie. Syn. = Carex stipata Muhl. var. oklahomensis (Mackenzie) Gleason. Carex oligocarpa Schkuhr ex Willd. #Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook. Carex retroflexa Muhl. ex Willd. #Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. #Carex shinnersii P. Fothr. & Reznicek Carex shortiana Dewey #Carex socialis Mohlenbrock & Schwegm. #Carex squarrosa L. Carex triangularis Boeckl. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. ex Torr. Cyperus bipartitus Torr. Syn. = Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Cyperus echinatus (L.) Wood. Syns. = Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. var. 48 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. ovularis and Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. var. sphaericus Boeckl. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. *Cyperus esculentus L. Cyperus flavescens L. Syn. = Cyperus flavescens L. var. poiformis (Pursh) Fern. *#Cyperus iria L. Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks ssp. lupulinus. Syn. = Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Cyperus odoratus L. #Cyperus reflexus Vahl #Cyperus retroflexus Buckl. Syn. = Cyperus uniflorus Torr. & Hook. #Cyperus setigerus Torr. & Hook. Cyperus strigosus L. Syn. = Cyperus strigosus L. var. robustior Britt. Cyperus strigosus L. var. strigosus Cyperus squarrosus L. Syn. = Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Cyperus virens Michx. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes var. acicularis Syn. = Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes var. gracilescens Svens. Eleocharis engelmanni Steud. Wallis lists forma englemanni. #Eleocharis erythropoda Steud. Eleocharis lanceolata Fern. Eleocharis macrostachya Britt. Eleocharis montevidensis Kunth Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) J.A. Schultes #Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes #Eleocharis parvula (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Link ex Bluff, Nees & Schauer Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes Eleocharis radicans (A. Dietr.) Kunth. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) J.A. Schultes var. verrucosa (Svens.) Svens. Fimbristylis annua (All.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes. Syn. = Fimbristylis baldwiniana (J.A. Schultes) Torr. Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes Fimbristylis puberula (Michx.) Vahl var. puberula. Syn. = Fimbristylis drummondii (Torr. & Hook. ex Torr.) Boeckl. Fimbristylis vahlii (Lam.) Link Fuirena squarrosa Michx. Isolepis carinata Hook. & Arn. ex Torr. Syn. = Scirpus koilolepis (Steud.) Gleason. Kyllinga pumila Michx. Syn. = Cyperus tenuifolius (Steud.) Dandy. Lipocarpha drummondii (Nees) G. Tucker. Syn. = Hemicarpha drummondii Nees. Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G. Tucker. Syn. = Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax. Rhynchospora harveyi W. Boott Rhynchospora macrostachya Torr. ex Gray Rhynchospora recognita (Gale) Kral. Syn. = Rhynchospora globularis (Chapm.) Small var. recognita Gale. #Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A.& D. Löve var. acutus Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller. Syn. = Scirpus americanus Pers. var. americanus. Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey.) Palla. Syn. = Scirpus californicus (C.A. Meyer) Steud. Schoenoplectus heterochaetus (Chase) Soják. Syn. = Scirpus heterochaetus Chase. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla. Syn. = Scirpus validus Vahl var. creber Fern. Scirpus atrovirens Willd. Scirpus pendulus Muhl. Syn. = Scirpus lineatus auct. non Michx. Scleria ciliata Michx. var. ciliata Scleria oligantha Michx. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. var. caroliniana (Willd.) Wood Scleria triglomerata Michx. Dioscoreaceae *Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Syn. = Dioscorea batatas Dcne. Dioscorea quaternata J.F. Gmel. Dioscorea villosa L. Wallis listed formas glabrifolia (Bartlett) Fern. and villosa. Hydrocharitaceae Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John 49 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Iridaceae *Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC Iris cristata Ait. Iris virginica L. var. shrevei (Small) E. Anders. Nemastylis nuttallii Pickering ex R.C. Foster Sisyrinchium angustifolium P. Mill. Sisyrinchium campestre Bickn. Wallis lists forma kansanum (Bickn.) Steyerm. Sisyrinchium langloisii Greene. Syn. = Sisyrinchium varians Bickn. Juncaceae Juncus acuminatus Michx. Juncus biflorus Ell. Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. Juncus diffusissimus Buckl. #Juncus dudleyi Wieg. Juncus effusus L. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. Juncus interior Wieg. Juncus marginatus Rostk. Juncus nodatus Coville. Syn. = Juncus acuminatus Michx. var. robustus Engelm. Juncus scirpoides Lam. #Juncus secundus Beauv. ex Poir. Juncus tenuis Willd. Juncus torreyi Coville Juncus validus Coville Luzula bulbosa (Wood) Smyth & Smyth #Luzula echinata (Small) F.J. Herm. Lemnaceae Lemna minor L. Lemna valdiviana Phil. Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. #Wolffia brasiliensis Weddell #Wolffia columbiana Karst. Liliaceae Aletris farinosa L. Allium canadense L. var. canadense Allium canadense L. var. lavandulare (Bates) Ownbey & Aase Allium canadense L. var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey *#Allium sativum L. Allium stellatum Fraser ex Ker-Gawl. *Allium vineale L. Wallis listed formas compactum (Thuill.) Aschers and vineale. *Asparagus officinalis L. Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory Cooperia drummondii Herbert Erythronium albidum Nutt. Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawl. Erythronium mesochoreum Knerr. Syn. = Erythronium albidum Nutt. var. mesochoreum (Knerr) Rickett. #Erythronium rostratum W. Wolf *Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link ssp. racemosum. Syn. = Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. var. cylindrata Fern. Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britt. *#Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. var. commutatum (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Morong. Syn. = Polygonatum canaliculatum auct. non (Muhl. ex Willd.) Pursh. Trillium recurvatum Beck #Trillium sessile L. Trillium viridescens Nutt. Uvularia grandiflora Sm. Zigadenus nuttallii (Gray) S. Wats. Najadaceae Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus Orchidaceae #Calopogon oklahomensis D.H. Goldman Calopogon tuberosus (L.) B.S.P. var. tuberosus. Syn. = Calopogon pulchellus R. Br. ex Ait. f. #Corallorrhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Poir. Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad #Cypripedium kentuckiense C.F. Reed #Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Hexalectris spicata (Walt.) Barnh. #Malaxis unifolia Michx. Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G. Don. Syn. = Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br. Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.C. Rich. 50 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. gracilis (Bigelow) Luer. Syn. = Spiranthes gracilis (Bigelow) Beck. Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. Syn. = Spiranthes grayi Ames. Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray #Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. Poaceae (= Gramineae) *Aegilops cylindrica Host. Syn. = Aegilops cylindrica Host. var. rubiginosa Popova. *Agrostis gigantea Roth. Syn. = Agrostis alba L. Agrostis elliottiana J.A. Schultes Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman #Agrostis scabra Willd. #Agrostis stolonifera *Aira caryophyllea L. *#Aira elegans Willd. ex Kunth Alopecurus carolinianus Walt. Andropogon gerardi Vitman. Syn. = Andropogon gerardi Vitman var. chrysocomas (Nash) Fern. Andropogon ternarius Michx. Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus. Syn. = Andropogon virginicus L. var. tetrastachyus (Ell.) Hack. #Aristida basiramea Engelm. ex Vasey Aristida dichotoma Michx. var. curtissii Gray ex S. Wats. & Coult. Aristida dichotoma Michx. var. dichotoma Aristida longespica Poir. var. geniculata (Raf.) Fern. Syn. = Aristida intermedia Scribn. & Ball. Aristida longespica Poir. var. longespica Aristida oligantha Michx. Aristida purpurascens Poir. *Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino. Syn. = Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino var. cryptatherus (Hack) Houda. Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. *#Avena sativa L. Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi) Kuhlm. Syn. = Axonopus affinis Chase. *Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng. Syn. = Andropogon ischaemum L. Bothriochloa saccharoides (Sw.) Rydb. Syn. = Andropogon saccharoides Sw. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. #Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb. ex Spreng.) Beauv. *Bromus catharticus Vahl. *Bromus hordeaceus L. ssp. hordeaceus. Syn. = Bromus mollis L. *Bromus japonicus Thunb. Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. *Bromus secalinus L. *Bromus tectorum L. Cenchrus spinifex Cav. Syns. = Cenchrus incertus M.A. Curtis and Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth. Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates. Syn. = Uniola latifolia Michx. Chloris verticillata Nutt. #Chloris virgata Sw. Cinna arundinacea L. Syn. = Cinna arundinacea L. var. inexpansa Fern. & Grisc. Coelorachis cylindrica (Michx.) Nash. Syn. = Manisuris cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze. *Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. *Dactylis glomerata L. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes. Syn. = Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes var. longipila Scribn. & Merr. #Diarrhena americana Beauv. Diarrhena obovata (Gleason) Brandenburg. Syn. = Diarrhena americana Beauv. var. obovata Gleason. #Dichanthelium aciculare (Desv. ex Poir.) Gould & C. A. Clark #Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. acuminatum Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Freckmann. Syn. = Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Fern. #Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. lindheimeri (Nash) Gould & C.A. Clark Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark. Syn. = Panicum boscii Poir. 51 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. #Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould. Syn. = Panicum commutatum Schultes var. commutatum. #Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould #Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould var. dichotomum Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Gould & C.A. Clark. Syn. = Panicum latifolium L. Dichanthelium laxiflorum (Lam.) Gould. Syn. = Panicum laxiflorum Lam. Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn. ex Nash) Gould. Syns = Panicum linearifolium Scribn. var. linearifolium, Panicum linearifolium Scribn. ex Nash var. werneri (Scribn.) Fern., and Panicum perlongum Nash. Dichanthelium malacophyllum (Nash) Gould. Syn. = Panicum malacophyllum Nash. #Dichanthelium oligosanthes (J.A. Schultes) Gould var. oligosanthes Dichanthelium oligosanthes (J.A. Schultes) Gould var. scribnerianum (Nash) Gould. Syns. = Panicum oligosanthes Schultes var. helleri (Nash) Fern. and Panicum oligosanthes Schultes var. scribnerianum (Nash) Fern. Dichanthelium ravenelii (Scribn. & Merr.) Gould. Syn. = Panicum ravenelii Scribn. & Merr. Dichanthelium scoparium (Lam.) Gould. Syn. = Panicum scoparium Lam. Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (Ell.) Gould. Syn. = Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (Ell.) Gould var. isophyllum (Scribn.) Gould & C.A. Clark. Syn. = Panicum polyanthes Schultes. Dichanthelium villosissimum (Nash) Freckmann var. praecocius (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Freckmann. Syn. = Panicum praecocius A.S. Hitchc. & Chase. Digitaria cognata (J.A. Schultes) Pilger. Syn. = Leptoloma cognatum (Schultes) Chase. #Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koel. *Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl. Syn. = Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. #Digitaria villosa (Walt.) Pers. *Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Wallis listed forma zonalis (Guss.) Wieg. *Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. *Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Elymus canadensis L. Elymus hystrix L. Syn. = Hystrix patula Moench. Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus. Syns. = Elymus virginicus L. var. glabriflorus (Vasey) Bush (Wallis listed formas australis (Scribn. & Ball) Fern., hirsutiglumis (Scribn.) Fern., and virginicus) and Elymus virginicus L. var. jejunus (Ramaley) Rydb. *#Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees *Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. ex Janchen. Syn. = Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) Link. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckl. *Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees Eragrostis frankii C.A. Mey. ex Steud. Eragrostis hirsuta (Michx.) Nees Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Eragrostis intermedia A.S. Hitchc. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees ex Steud. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. #Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Wood Festuca paradoxa Desv. Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) Alexeev. Syn. = Festuca obtusa Biehler. #Glyceria acutiflora Torr. Glyceria striata (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc. Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P. *#Holcus lanatus L. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes. Syn. = Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Leersia oryzoides (L) Sw. Wallis listed formas glabra A.A. Eat. and oryzoides. Leersia virginica Willd. Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth ssp. fascicularis 52 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. (Lam.) N. Snow. Syn. = Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv. Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi ssp. brachiata (Steudl.) N. Snow. Syn. = Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. *Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot. Syn. = Lolium multiflorum Lam. #Melica mutica Walt. Melica nitens (Scribn.) Nutt. ex Piper *#Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus #Muhlenbergia bushii Pohl Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. #Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fern. Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmel. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Trin. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. ex Gray #Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P. Nassella leucotricha (Trin. & Rupr.) Pohl. Syn. = Stipa leucotricha Trin. & Rupr. Neeragrostis reptans (Michx.) Nicora Panicum anceps Michx. Panicum brachyanthum Steud. Panicum capillare L. var. capillare Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. var. dichotomiflorum Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. #Panicum obtusum Kunth #Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. ex Trin. Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees var. rigidulum. Syn. = Panicum agrostoides Spreng. var. agrostoides. Panicum virgatum L. Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve. Syn. = Agropyron smithii Rydb. var. smithii. #Paspalidium geminatum (Forsk.) Stapf *Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Paspalum floridanum Michx. Syn. = Paspalum floridanum Michx var. glabratum Engelm. Paspalum fluitans (Ell.) Kunth Paspalum laeve Michx. Syn. = Paspalum laeve Michx var. pilosum Scribn. Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr. ex Fourn. Syn. = Paspalum pubiflora Rupr. var. glabrum Vasey ex Scribn. Paspalum setaceum Michx. Syn. = Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. var. ciliatifolium and Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. var. muehlenbergii (Nash) Fern. Phalaris caroliniana Walt. *#Phleum pretense L. *Poa annua L. #Poa champaniana Scribn. Poa pratensis L. Poa sylvestris Gray Polypogon interruptus Kunth Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. *#Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub *#Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) Beauv. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash. Syn. = Andropogon scoparius Michx. #Setaria leucopila (Scribn. & Merr.) K. Schum. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen. Syn. = Setaria geniculata auct. non (Wild.) Beauv. *Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes ssp. pumila. Syn. = Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. *Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash *Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link. Syn. = Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link var. suttiei (Farw.) Fern. Sphenopholis filiformis (Chapman) Scribn. Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Syn. = Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. lobata (Trin.) scribn. Wallis listed forma lobata. Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) A.S. Hitchc. Syn. = Sporobolus canovirens Nash. Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. var. compositus. Syn. = Sporobolus asper (Beauv.) Kunth var. hookeri (Trin.) Vasey. #Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. var. drummondii (Trin.) Kartesz & Gandhi Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray Sporobolus heterolepis (Gray) Gray Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex Gray) Wood var. vaginiflorus #Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex Gray) Wood var. ozarkanus (Fern.) Shinners Steinchisma hians (Ell.) Nash. Syn. = Panicum hians Ell. Tridens muticus (Torr.) Nash var. elongatus 53 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland, B.W. (Buckl.) Shinners. Syn. = Triodia elongata (Buckl.) Scribn. Tridens flavus (L.) A.S. Hitchc. Syn. = Triodia flava (L.) Smyth. Tridens strictus (Nutt.) Nash. Syn. = Triodia stricta (Nutt.) Benth. ex Vasey. Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapman Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. *Triticum aestivum L. #Urochloa platyphylla (Munro ex Wright) R. Webster *Vulpia myuros (L.) K.C. Gmel. Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. #Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell & Aschers. Pontederiaceae #Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Wild. Potamogetonaceae (= Zosteraceae) *Potamogeton crispus L. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. ssp. foliosus Potamogeton nodosus Poir. Smilacaceae Smilax bona-nox L. Syn. = Smilax bona-nox L. var. hastata (Willd.) A. DC. and Smilax bona-nox L. var. hederifolia (Bey.) Fern. #Smilax ecirrata (Engelm. ex Kunth) S. Wats. Smilax glauca Walt. Syn. = Smilax glauca Walt. var. leucophylla Blake. #Smilax herbacea L. Smilax lasioneura Hook. Smilax pulverulenta Michx. #Smilax rotundifolia L. Smilax tamnoides L. Syn. = Smilax tamnoides L. var. hispida (Muhl. ex Torr.) Fern. Sparganiaceae #Sparganium americanum Nutt. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong Typhaceae *Typha angustifolia L. Typha domingensis Pers. Typha latifolia L. Wallis listed formas ambigua (Sonder) Kronf. and latifolia. Zannichelliaceae Zannichellia palustris L. Formerly a member of the Zosteraceae. 54 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 The Vascular Flora of the Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden site Osage County, Oklahoma Bruce W. Hoagland Amy Buthod Oklahoma Biological Survey Oklahoma Biological Survey Department of Geography University of Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019-0575 Norman, OK 73019-0575 * e-mail: bhoagland@ou.edu This paper is a report on the results of an inventory of the vascular plants at the future site of the Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden in Osage County, Oklahoma. We collected a total of 293 taxa in 208 genera and 68 families. The families Poaceae and Asteraceae had the greatest number of species with 50 and 44 species respectively. Forty- one species of woody plants were present. Forty-four non-native species were present, representing 15% of the flora. No species tracked by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory were present. INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to complete a floristic inventory at the future site of the Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden (OCBG) in southeast Osage County (36.2017°N to 36.2109°N and 96.0555°W and 96.0678°W). Construction of the OCBG is scheduled to begin in late 2007 on 87 hectares (215 acres). The master plan, developed by Marshall Tyler Rausch of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, includes a Mexican Garden, Oklahoma Wildflower Garden, Cross Timbers Prairie and Woodland, Folk Garden, Horticultural Therapy Garden, Children’s Garden, Demonstration Gardens, and others. In addition, a 17-acre lake, an amphitheater, a visitor center, education buildings, and a conservatory will be constructed (Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden 2007). The OCBG site is located in the Claremore Cuesta plains geomorphic province of southeastern Osage County (Curtis and Ham 1979). Surface geology is predominantly Pennsylvanian sandstone and shale (Branson and Johnson 1979). Soils belong to the Niotaze-Darnell Association, described as moderately deep and shallow, Hoagland, B.W. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100053 gently sloping to steep, loamy soils over shale and sandstone (Bourlier et al. 1979). The climate is Subtropical Humid (Cf) (Trewartha 1968). Summers are warm and humid. Mean July temperature is 27.5oC (81.5oF). Winters are relatively short and mild with a mean January temperature of 1.5oC (34.7oF). Mean annual precipitation is 111.7 cm (43.8 in) (Oklahoma Climatological Survey, 2007). Elevation ranges from 259 to 302 m (849.5 to 990.6 ft). Potential natural vegetation at OCBG is post oak-blackjack forest and tallgrass prairie (Duck and Fletcher 1943). Historical land use of the site has included livestock grazing and oil exploration. METHODS Three collection sites were visited monthly for floristic sampling. The predominant vegetation association at these sites was classified according to Hoagland (2000). Additional collections were also made opportunistically throughout the OCBG. Collecting began in July of 2006 and continued through July of 2007. Vouchers for non-native species were made from naturalized populations only, thus 55 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland & Buthod excluding cultivated and ornamental plants. Specimens were processed following standard procedures and deposited at the Robert Bebb Herbarium at the University of Oklahoma (OKL). Manuals used for specimen identification included Waterfall (1973) and Steyermark (1963). Origin, either native or introduced to North America, was determined using the Plants Database (USDA-NRCS, 2007). Nomenclature follows the United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS 2007). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 293 taxa of vascular plants in 68 families and 208 genera were collected at the OCBG (Appendix). Of the angiosperms, 92 species were Liliopsida and 199 were Magnoliopsida (Table). There was one species of Pteridophyta and one of Coniferophyta. Forty-one species were trees, shrubs, and woody vines. The Poaceae with 50 taxa, and the Asteraceae with 44 taxa, were the largest families. The genera Symphyotrichum (formerly Aster) and Cyperus had the most species, with seven and six species respectively. One hundred and seven taxa were annuals, 2 were biennials and 184 were perennials. Forty-four species (15% of the flora) in 25 families were non-native to Oklahoma. The percentage of non-native species at the OCBG is high when compared to other floristic surveys from Oklahoma, which range from 6.6%-15% (Hoagland and Buthod 2004; Hoagland and Johnson 2005). The greatest numbers of non-native species occurred in the Poaceae, with eleven and Fabaceae, with eight. No species tracked by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory (2007) were encountered. Collection sites selected at OCBG occurred within four vegetation associations. A description of each vegetation category follows: 1. Quercus stellata-Quercus marilandica forest association [QSQM] This vegetation association occupied a small percentage of the OCBG. Common associated species included Amelanchier arborea, Antennaria plantaginifolia, Baptisia bracteata var. leucophaea, Danthonia spicata, Helianthus hirsutus, Hypericum hypericoides, Symphyotrichum patens, Myosotis verna, Opuntia humifusa, Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Smilax rotundifolia, Ulmus alata, and Viburnum rufidulum. 2. Schizachyrium scoparium-Sorghastrum nutans [SSN] This herbaceous grassland vegetation association occupied the greatest area at the OCBG. Soils were typically shallow with exposed cobble. Associated species included Amorpha canescens , Arnoglossum plantagineum, Callirhoe alcaeoides , Coreopsis grandiflora, Cyperus echinatus, Echinacea atrorubens, Krameria lanceolata, Lespedeza cuneata, Minuartia drummondii, and Pediomelum linearifolium. 3. Wetland and aquatic vegetation [WETL] Wetland vegetation was restricted to a small stream bisecting the site and its associated beaver pond. Common associates included Alisma subcordatum, Ammannia auriculata, Callitriche heterophylla, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Eclipta prostrata, Fimbristylis autumnalis, Juncus brachycarpus, Ludwigia palustris, Nelumbo lutea, Polygonum pensylvanicum, Sagittaria ambigua, and Samolus ebracteatus. 4. Disturbed areas and old-field vegetation [DAOF] Disturbed areas coincided with roadways and oil extraction sites. Common associated species included Achillea millefolium, Aegilops cylindrica, Capsella bursa- pastoris, Carduus nutans, Convolvulus arvensis, Daucus pusillus, Juniperus virginiana, Lamium amplexicaule, Rhus copallinum, R. glabra, and Torilis arvensis. 56 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland & Buthod LITERATURE CITED Bourlier, B.G., J.D. Nichols, W.J. Ringwold, P.J. Workman, and S. Clemmons. 1979. Osage County Soil Survey. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. Branson, C.C., and K.S. Johnson. 1979. Generalized geologic map of Oklahoma. In: Johnson, K.S., C.C. Branson, N.M. Curtis, W.E. Ham, W.E. Harrison, M.V. Marcher, and J.F. Roberts (eds.). Geology and Earth Resources of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey, Norman, Oklahoma. Curtis, N.M. and W.E. Ham. 1979. Geomorphic provinces of Oklahoma. In: Johnson, K.S., C.C. Branson, N.M. Curtis, W.E. Ham, W.E. Harrison, M.V. Marcher, and J.F. Roberts (eds.). Geology and Earth Resources of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey, Norman, Oklahoma. Duck, L.G., and J.B. Fletcher. 1943. A game type map of Oklahoma. In: Duck, L.G., and J.B. Fletcher (eds.). A Survey of the Game and Furbearing Animals of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Hoagland, B.W. 2000. The vegetation of Oklahoma: a classification of landscape mapping and conservation planning. Southwest Naturalist 45: 385-420. Hoagland, B.W. and F.L. Johnson. 2004. Vascular flora of Red Slough and Grassy Slough Wildlife Management Areas, Gulf Coastal Plain, McCurtain County, Oklahoma. Castanea 69: 284- 296. Hoagland, B.W. and F.L. Johnson. 2005. Vascular flora of the Deep Fork River in Okmulgee, Creek, and Okfuskee Counties. Publications of the Oklahoma Biological Survey 6: 15-29. Oklahoma Climatological Survey. 2007. Oklahoma Climatological Data. University of Oklahoma, Norman. (www.ocs.ou.edu accessed 1 August 2007). Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden. 2007. Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden research and education center. Tulsa, Oklahoma. www.oklahomacentennialbotanicalgar den.com accessed 1 September 2007). Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory. 2007. Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory working list of rare Oklahoma plants. University of Oklahoma, Norman. (www.biosurvey.ou.edu/publicat.html accessed 1 August 2007). Palmer, M.W., G.L. Wade, and P. Neal. 1995. Standards for the writing of floras. Bioscience 45: 339-345. Steyermark, J.A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State University Press. Ames, Iowa. Trewartha, G.T. 1968. An Introduction to Climate. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York. USDA-NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. (http://plants.usda.gov accessed 1 May 2007). Waterfall, U.T. 1973. Keys to the Flora of Oklahoma. Published by the author, Stillwater, Oklahoma. 57 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland & Buthod Table Summary of floristic collections from the Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden site, Osage County, Oklahoma. Format follows Palmer et al. (1995). Figure Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden site, Osage County, Oklahoma. Taxonomic Group Taxa Native Non- native Pteridophyta 1 1 0 Coniferophyta 1 1 0 Magnoliophyta 291 247 44 Magnoliopsida 199 165 34 Liliopsida 92 82 10 Total 293 249 44 58 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland & Buthod APPENDIX Annotated species list for the Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden, Osage County, Oklahoma. The first entry is habitat (QSQM=Quercus stellata-Quercus marilandica forest association, SSSN=Schizachyrium scoparium-Sorghastrum nutans grassland association, WETL=wetland and aquatic vegetation, DAOF=disturbed areas and old-field vegetation); followed by the life history (A=annual, B=biennial, P=perennial); habit (T=tree, S=shrub, V=woody vine, H=herb, G=graminoid); and collection number. Exotic species are denoted with an asterisk. Voucher specimens were deposited at the Robert Bebb Herbarium of the University of Oklahoma (OKL). Pteridophyta Aspleniaceae Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. (ebony spleenwort) QSQM; P; H; OBG-152 Coniferophyta Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana L. (Eastern red cedar) QSQM; P; T; OBG-231 Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Acanthaceae Ruellia humilis Nutt. (fringeleaf wild petunia) SSSN; P; H; OBG-285 R. strepens L. (limestone wild petunia) QSQM; P; H; OBG-153 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus L. (prostrate pigweed) DAOF; A; H; OBG-012 Anacardiaceae Rhus aromatica Ait. (fragrant sumac) QSQM; P; S; OBG-184 R. copallinum L. (flameleaf sumac) SSSN; P; S; OBG-247 R. glabra L. (smooth sumac) SSSN; P; S; OBG-255 Toxicodendron radicans L. (Kuntze) (poison ivy) QSQM; P; S; OBG-334 Apiaceae Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. (hairyfruit chervil) DAOF, QSQM, SSSN; A; H; OBG- 198 Daucus carota* (Queen Anne’s lace) DAOF; B; H; OBG-296 D. pusillus Michx. (American wild carrot) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-254 Ptilimnium nuttallii (DC.) Britt. (laceflower) SSSN; A; H; OBG-304 Spermolepis divaricata (Walt.) Raf. ex Ser. (roughfruit scaleseed) SSSN; A; H; OBG- 305 Torilis arvensis* (Huds.) Link (spreading hedgeparsley) DAOF; A; H; OBG-256 Aquifoliaceae Ilex decidua Walt. ( possumhaw) QSQM; P; S; OBG-144 Asclepiadaceae Asclepias viridis Walt. (green antelopehorn) SSSN; P; H; OBG-032 Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L. (common yarrow) DAOF, SSSN; P; H; OBG-219 Ambrosia psilostachya DC. (Cuman ragweed) DAOF; P; H; OBG-079 Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. (prairie broomweed) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-097 Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. (woman’s tobacco) QSQM; P; H; OBG-187 Arnoglossum plantagineum Raf. (groovestem Indian plantain) SSSN; P; H; OBG-221 Carduus nutans* L. (nodding plumeless thistle) DAOF; B; H; OBG-208 Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill (tall thistle) SSSN; P; H; OBG-114 59 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland & Buthod C. undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. (wavyleaf thistle) DAOF, SSSN; P; H; OBG-279 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. (Canadian horseweed) DAOF; A; H; OBG-091 C. ramosissima Cronq. (dwarf horseweed) DAOF; A; H; OBG-089 Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet (largeflower tickseed) SSSN; P; H; OBG- 300 C. tinctoria Nutt. (golden tickseed) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-059 Echinacea atrorubens Nutt. (Topeka purple coneflower) SSSN; P; H; OBG-284 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (false daisy) WETL; A; H; OBG-073 Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. (prairie fleabane) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-015 Eupatorium serotinum Michx. (lateflowering thoroughwort) QSQM; P; H; OBG-062 Euthamia gymnospermoides Greene (Texas goldentop) SSSN; P; H; OBG-148 Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera (spoonleaf purple everlasting) -QSQM; P; H; OBG-237 Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. (narrowleaf gumweed) DAOF, SSSN; P; H; OBG048 G. papposa Nesom & Suh (Spanish gold) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-020 Helenium amarum (Raf.) H.Rock (yellowdicks) DAOF; A; H; OBG-106 Helianthus hirsutus Raf. (hairy sunflower) QSQM; P; H; OBG-121 Iva angustifolia Nutt. ex DC. (narrowleaf marshelder) WETL; A; H; OBG-125 Krigia caespitosa (Raf.) Chambers (weedy dwarfdandelion) QSQM; A; H; OBG-240 Packera plattensis (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve (prairie groundsel) QSQM; P; H; OBG-192 Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. (camphor pluchea) WETL; P; H; OBG-011 Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt (rabbit tobacco) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-002 Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC. (Carolina desert chicory) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-280 Rudbeckia hirta L. (blackeyed Susan) SSSN; A; H; OBG-251 Solidago speciosa Nutt. (showy goldenrod) SSSN; P; H; OBG-132 S. ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. (elmleaf goldenrod) QMQV; P; H; OBG-049 Sonchus asper* (L.) Hill (spiny sowthistle) DAOF; A; H; OBG-185 Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) Nesom (common blue wood aster) QSQM; P; H; OBG-130 S. ericoides (L.) Nesom var. ericoides (white heath aster) DAOF, SSSN; P; H; OBG-154 S. lanceolatum (Willd.) Nesom var. lanceolatum (white panicle aster) QSQM, SSSN; P; H; OBG-133 S. oblongifolium (Nutt.) Nesom (aromatic aster) SSSN; P; H; OBG-129 S. patens (Ait.) Nesom (late purple aster) QSQM, SSSN; P; H; OBG-100 S. praealtum (Poir.) Nesom var. praealtum (willowleaf aster) SSSN; P; H; OBG-134 S. subulatum (Michx.) Nesom (Eastern annual saltmarsh aster) DAOF, SSSN, WETL; A; H; OBG-105 Taraxacum officinale* G.H. Weber ex Wiggers (common dandelion) DAOF; P; H; OBG- 180 Verbesina virginica L. (white crownbeard) QSQM; P; H; OBG-096 Vernonia arkansana DC. (Arkansas ironweed) QSQM; P; H; OBG-007 V. baldwinii Torr. (Baldwin’s ironweed) DAOF, SSSN; P; H; OBG-024 Xanthium strumarium L. (rough cocklebur) WETL; A; H; OBG-064 Boraginaceae Myosotis verna Nutt. (spring forget-me-not) QSQM; A; H; OBG-267 Brassicaceae Brassica nigra* (L.) W.D.J. Koch (black mustard) DAOF; A; H; OBG-195 Capsella bursa-pastoris* (L.) Medik. (shepherd’s purse) DAOF; A; H; OBG-327 60 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland & Buthod Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) O.E. Schulz (sand bittercress) QSQM; A; H; OBG-194 Erysimum repandum* L. (spreading wallflower) DAOF; A; H; OBG-197 Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. (common pepperweed) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG- 190 Cactaceae Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. (devil’s tongue) QSQM, SSSN; P; S; OBG-169 Callitrichaceae Callitriche heterophylla Pursh (twoheaded water-starwort) WETL; A; H; OBG-216 Campanulaceae Triodanis biflora (Ruiz & Pavón) Greene (clasping Venus’ looking-glass) SSSN; A; H; OBG-241 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica* Thunb. (Japanese honeysuckle) QSQM; P; V; OBG-214 Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli (common elderberry) QSQM; P; S; OBG- 265 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench (coralberry) QSQM; P; S; OBG-082 Viburnum rufidulum Raf. (rusty blackhaw) QSQM; P; S; OBG-189 Caryophyllaceae Arenaria serpyllifolia* L. (thymeleaf sandwort)- DAOF; A; H; OBG-242 Cerastium pumilum* W. Curtis (European chickweed) DAOF; A; H; OBG-191 Dianthus armeria* L. (Deptford pink) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-235 Minuartia drummondii (Shinners) McNeill (Drummond’s stitchwort) SSSN; A; H; OBG-273 Stellaria media* (L.) Vill. (common chickweed) DAOF; A; H; OBG-176 Clusiaceae Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz (St. Andrew’s cross) QSQM; P; H; OBG-098 H. punctatum Lam. (spotted St. Johnswort) QSQM; P; H; OBG-295 Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis* L. (field bindweed) DAOF; P; H; OBG-253 Cornaceae Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey. (roughleaf dogwood) QSQM; P; T; OBG-232 Cuscutaceae Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. (cusp dodder) DAOF; P; H; OBG-131 Ebenaceae Diospyros virginiana L. (common persimmon) QSQM; P; T; OBG-213 Euphorbiaceae Acalphya monococca (Engelm. ex Gray) L. Mill. & Gandhi (slender threeseed mercury) SSSN; A; H; OBG-281 A. virginica L. (Virginia threeseed mercury) QSQM; A; H; OBG-119 Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (spotted sandmat) DAOF; A; H; OBG-023 Croton capitatus Michx. (hogwort) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-084 C. monanthogynus Michx. (prairie tea) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-146 C. willdenowii G. L. Webster (Willdenow’s croton) SSSN; A; H; OBG-043a Euphorbia dentata Michx. (toothed spurge) QSQM; A; H; OBG-102 E. heterophylla L. (Mexican fireplant) QSQM; A; H; OBG-081 E. spathulata Lam. (warty spurge) SSSN; A; H; OBG-277 Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walt. (Carolina leaf- flower) DAOF; A; H; OBG-072 61 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland & Buthod Fabaceae Amorpha canescens Pursh (leadplant) SSSN; P; S; OBG-150 A. fruticosa L. (desert false indigo) SSSN, WETL; P; S; OBG-076 Baptisia bracteata Muhl. ex Ell. var. leucophaea (Nutt.) Kartesz & Gandhi (longbract wild indigo) SSSN; P; H; OBG- 193 Cercis canadensis L. (Eastern redbud) QSQM; P; T; OBG-208 Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench (partridge pea) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-087 Crotalaria sagittalis L. (arrowhead rattlebox) SSSN; P; H; OBG-043 Dalea purpurea Vent. (violet prairie clover) SSSN; P; H; OBG-258 Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt. (downy milkpea) QSQM; P; H; OBG-103 Gleditsia triacanthos L. (honeylocust) QSQM; P; T; OBG-115 Kummerowia stipulacea* (Maxin.) Makino (Korean clover) DAOF; A; H; OBG-090 Lathyrus hirsutus* L. (Caley pea) DAOF; A; H; OBG-282 Lespedeza cuneata* (Dum.-cours.) G. Don (Chinese lespedeza) DAOF, SSSN; P; H; OBG-107 L. repens (L.) W. Bart. (creeping lespedeza) QSQM; P; H: OBG-156 L. violacea (L.) Pers. (violet lespedeza) QSQM; P; H; OBG-035 L. virginica (L.) Britt. (slender lespedeza) QSQM; P; H; OBG-022 Medicago lupulina* L. (black medick) DAOF; A; H; OBG-172 Melilotus officinalis* (L.) Lam. (yellow sweetclover) DAOF; A; H; OBG-060 Mimosa nuttallii (DC.) B.L. Turner (Nuttall’s sensitive-briar) SSSN; P; H; OBG-264 Pediomelum linearifolium (Torr. & Gray) J. Grimes (narrowleaf Indian breadfruit) SSSN; P; H; OBG-299 Stylosanthes biflora (L.) B.S.P. (sidebeak pencilflower) SSSN; P; H ; OBG-252 Trifolium dubium* Sibthorp (suckling clover) DAOF; A; H; OBG-243 T. pratense* L. (red clover) DAOF; A; H; OBG- 290 Vicia villosa* Roth (winter vetch) DAOF; A; H; OBG-288 Fagaceae Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. (chinkapin oak) QSQM; P; T; OBG-145 Q. shumardii Buckl. (Shumard’s oak) QSQM; P; T; OBG-139 Q. stellata Wangenh. (post oak) QSQM; P; T; OBG-083 Q. velutina Lam. (blackjack oak) QSQM; P; T; OBG-335 Gentianaceae Sabatia campestris Nutt. (Texas star) SSSN; A; H; OBG-283 Geraniaceae Geranium carolinianum L. (Carolina geranium) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-275 Haloragaceae Myriophyllum aquaticum* (Vell.) Verdc. (parrot feather watermilfoil) WETL; P; H; OBG-202 Juglandaceae Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch (pecan) QSQM; P; T; OBG-135 C. texana Buckl. (black hickory) QSQM; P; T; OBG-128 Krameriaceae Krameria lanceolata Torr. (trailing krameria) SSSN; P; H; OBG-250 Lamiaceae Hedeoma drummondii Benth. (Drummond’s false pennyroyal) SSSN; P; H; OBG-276 Lamium amplexicaule* L. (henbit deadnettle) DAOF; A; H; OBG-181 L. purpureum* L. (purple deadnettle) DAOF; A; H; OBG-182 Monarda fistulosa L. (wild bergamot) QSQM; P; H; OBG-260 62 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland & Buthod Prunella vulgaris L. (common selfheal) QSQM; P; H; OBG-257 Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. (narrowleaf mountain mint) QSQM; P; H; OBG-249 Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam. (azure blue sage) SSSN; P; H; OBG-093 Scutellaria parvula Michx. (small skullcap) SSSN; P; H; OBG-302 Teucrium candense L. (Canada germander) WETL; P; H; OBG-101 Linaceae Linum medium (Planch.) Britt. (stiff yellow flax) SSSN; A; H; OBG-031 L. sulcatum Riddell (grooved flax) SSSN; A; H; OBG-030 Lythraceae Ammannia auriculata Willd. (eared redstem) WETL; A; H; OBG-013 Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. (blue waxweed) WETL; A; H; OBG-058 Malvaceae Callirhoe alcaeoides (Michx.) Gray (light poppymallow) SSSN; P; H; OBG-270 Menispermaceae Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC. (Carolina coralbead) QSQM; P; H; OBG-226 Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo lutea Willd. (American lotus) WETL; P; H; OBG-287 Oleaceae Fraxinus americana L. (white ash) QSQM; P; T; OBG-155 Ligustrum quihoui* Carr. (waxyleaf privet) QSQM; P; S; OBG-143 L. sinense* Lour. (Chinese privet) QSQM; P; S; OBG-046 Onagraceae Gaura villosa Torr. (wooly beeblossom) SSSN; P; H; OBG-010 Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. (marsh seedbox) WETL; P; H; OBG-001 L. peploides (Kunth) Raven (floating primrose- willow) WETL; P; H; OBG-067 Oenothera linifolia Nutt. (threadleaf evening- primrose) SSSN; A; H; OBG-220 Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta L. (common yellow oxalis) DAOF, SSSN; P; H; OBG-095 O. violacea (violet woodsorrel) QSQM, SSSN; P; H; OBG-199 Passifloraceae Passiflora incarnata L. (purple passionflower) SSSN; P; H; OBG-248 Plantaginaceae Plantago aristata Michx. (largebraced plantain) QSQM; A; H; OBG-225 P. virginica L. (Virginia plantain) SSSN; A; H; OBG-271 Polygalaceae Polygala incarnata L. (procession flower) SSSN; A; H; OBG-274 Polygonaceae Polygonum pensylvanicum L. (Pennsylvania smartweed) WETL; A; H; OBG-298 P. punctatum Ell. (dotted smartweed) WETL; A; H; OBG-071 Rumex crispus* L. (curly dock) DAOF, WETL; P; H; OBG-209 Portulacaceae Phemeranthus parviflorum (Nutt.) Kiger (sunbright) SSSN; P; H; OBG-033 Portulaca oleracea* L. (little hogweed) DAOF; A; H; OBG-108 Primulaceae Samolus ebracteatus Kunth (limewater brookweed) WETL; P; H; OBG-137 63 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland & Buthod Ranunculaceae Delphinium carolinianum Walt. (Carolina larkspur) SSSN; P; H; OBG-229 Rosaceae Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. (common serviceberry) QSQM; P; T; OBG-183 Crataegus mollis Scheele (Arnold hawthorn) QSQM; P; S; OBG-167 C. viridis L. (green hawthorn) QSQM; P; S; OBG-186 Prunus mexicana S. Wats. (Mexican plum) QSQM; P; T; OBG-110 P. serotina Ehrh. (black cherry) QSQM; P; T; OBG-045 Rosa multiflora* Thunb. ex Murr. (multiflora rose) QSQM; P; V; OBG-263 R. setigera Michx. (climbing rose) SSSN; P; V; OBG-292 Rubus sp. (blackberry) DAOF, QSQM; P; V; OBG-204 Rubiaceae Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (common buttonbush) WETL; P; S; OBG-050 Diodia teres Walt. (poorjoe) SSSN; A; H; OBG- 070 Galium aparine L. (stickywilly) DAOF, QSQM; A; H; OBG-233 G. pilosum Ait. var. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & Gray (hairy bedstraw) QSQM; P; H; OBG-061 G. virgatum Nutt. (southwestern bedstraw) SSSN; A; H; OBG-233 Houstonia pusilla Schoepf (tiny bluet) SSSN; A; H; OBG-174 Sherardia arvensis* L. (blue fieldmadder) DAOF; A; H; OBG-177 Salicaceae Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. (Eastern cottonwood) WETL; P; T; OBG-118 Salix nigra Marsh. (black willow) WETL; P; T; OBG-051 Sapotaceae Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. (gum bully) QSQM; P; T; OBG-052 Scrophulariaceae Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. (disk waterhyssop) WETL; P; H; OBG-109 Castilleja indivisa Engelm. (entireleaf Indian paintbrush) SSSN; A; H; OBG-200 Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell (yellowseed false pimpernel) WETL; A; H; OBG-078 Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton (Canada toadflax) SSSN; A; H; OBG-272 Veronica polita* Fries (gray field speedwell) DAOF; A; H; OBG-173 Solanaceae Physalis pubescens L. (husk tomato) SSSN; A; H; OBG-014 Solanum americanum P. Mill. (American black nightshade) QSQM; A; H; OBG-017 S. carolinense L. (Carolina horsenettle) DAOF, SSSN; P; H; OBG-075 S. elaeagnifolium Cav. (silverleaf nightshade) DAOF, SSSN; P; H; OBG-116 S. rostratum Dunal (buffalobur nightshade) DAOF; A; H; OBG-075 Ulmaceae Ulmus alata Michx. (winged elm) QSQM; P; T; OBG-245 U. rubra Muhl. (slippery elm) QSQM; P; T; OBG-246 Valerianaceae Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. (beaked cornsalad) SSSN; A; H; OBG-268 Verbenaceae Verbena bracteata Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr. (bigbract verbena) DAOF, SSSN; A; H; OBG-113 V. stricta Vent. (hoary verbena) DAOF; P; H; OBG-278 V. urticifolia L. (white vervain) QSQM; P; H; OBG-141 64 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland & Buthod Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (Virginia creeper) QSQM; P; V; OBG-222 Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard (graybark grape) QSQM; P; V; OBG-297 Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris* L. (puncturevine) DAOF; A; H; OBG-019 Liliopsida Alismataceae Alisma subcordatum Raf. (American water plantain) WETL; P; H; OBG-286 Sagittaria ambigua J.G. Sm. (Kansas arrowhead) -WETL ; P; H; OBG-266 S. latifolia Willd. (broadleaf arrowhead) -WETL ; P; H; OBG-027 Commelinaceae Commelina erecta L. (whitemouth dayflower) DAOF, SSSN; P; H; OBG-028 Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. (bluejacket) SSSN; P; H; OBG-236 Cyperaceae Carex aggregata Mackenzie (glomerate sedge) QSQM; P; G; OBG-328 C. blanda Dewey (Eastern woodland sedge) QSQM; P; G; OBG-326 C. festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd. (fescue sedge) QSQM; P; G; OBG-330 C. frankii Kunth (Frank’s sedge) -WETL; P; G; OBG-163 C. microdonta Torr. & Hook. (littletooth sedge) SSSN; P; G; OBG-203 Cyperus croceus Vahl (Baldwin’s flatsedge) SSSN; P; G; OBG-166 C. echinatus (L.) Wood (globe flatsedge) SSSN; P; G; OBG-099 C. odoratus L. (fragrant flatsedge) WETL; A; G; OBG-164 C. squarrosus L. (bearded flatsedge) DAOF; A; G; OBG-065 C. strigosus L. (strawcolored flatsedge) SSSN; P; G; OBG-161 C. virens Michx. (green flatsedge) WETL; P; G; OBG-147 Eleocharis lanceolata Fern. (daggerleaf spikerush) WETL; A; G; OBG-325 E. obtusa (Willd.) J.A. Schultes (blunt spikerush) WETL; A; G; OBG-127 E. palustris (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes (common spikerush) WETL; P; G; OBG- 324 Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes (slender fimbry) WETL; A; G; OBG-069 F. puberula (Michx.) Vahl (hairy fimbry) WETL; P; G; OBG-322 F. vahlii (Lam.) Link (Vahl’s fimbry) WETL; A; G; OBG-063 Isolepis carinata Hook. & Arn. ex. Torr. (keeled bulrush) WETL; A; G; OBG-239 Rhynchospora globularis (Chapman) Small (globe beaksedge) -WETL; P; G; OBG-323 Scirpus pendulus Muhl. (rufous bulrush) WETL; P; G; OBG-244 Iridaceae Sisyrinchium campestre Bickn. (prairie blue- eyed grass) SSSN; P; H; OBG-201 Juncaceae Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. (whiteroot rush) WETL; P; G; OBG-318 J. diffusissimus Buckl. (slimpod rush) WETL; P; G; OBG-055 J. interior Wieg. (inland rush) SSSN; P; G; OBG-321 J. marginatus Rostk. (grassleaf rush) WETL; P; G; OBG-319 J. tenuis Willd. (poverty rush) WETL; P; G; OBG-168 Lemnaceae Lemna minor L. (common duckweed) WETL; P; H; OBG-332 Wolffia columbiana (Columbian watermeal) WETL; P; H; OBG-333 65 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland & Buthod Liliaceae Allium canadense (meadow garlic) SSSN; P; H; OBG-188 Erythronium mesochoreum Knerr (midland fawnlily) QSQM; P; H; OBG-301 Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville (common goldstar) SSSN; P; H; OBG-217 Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britt. (crowpoison) SSSN; P; H; OBG-179 Orchidaceae Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray (spring ladies’-tresses) SSSN; P; H: OBG-291 Poaceae Aegilops cylindrica* Host (jointed goatgrass) DAOF; A; G; OBG-210 Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. (winter bentgrass) SSSN; P; G; OBG-307 A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman (upland bentgrass) QSQM; P; G; OBG-306 Andropogon gerardii Vitman (big bluestem) SSSN; P; G; OBG-112 A. virginicus L. (Virginia wildrye) SSSN; P; G; OBG-117 Aristida dichotoma Michx. (churchmouse threeawn) SSSN; A; G; OBG-038 Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter (silver beardgrass) DAOF, SSSN; P; G; OBG-005 Bromus catharticus* Vahl (rescuegrass) DAOF; A; G; OBG-206 B. tectorum* L. (cheatgrass) DAOF; A; G; OBG-309 Buchloe dactyloides (buffalograss) SSSN; P; G; OBG-218 Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes (poverty oatgrass) QSQM; P; G; OBG-207 Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Freckmann (Western panicgrass) QSQM; P; G; OBG- 124 D. depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould (starved panicgrass) QSQM; P; G; OBG-311 D. malacophyllum (Nash) Gould (softleaf rosette grass) QSQM; P; G; OBG-120 D. scoparium (Lam.) Gould (velvet panicum) QSQM; P; G; OBG-317 D. villosissimum (Nash) Freckmann (whitehair rosette grass) QSQM; P; G; OBG-310 Digitaria cognata (J.A. Schultes) Pilger (Carolina crabgrass) DAOF; P; G; OBG- 003 D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (hairy crabgrass) DAOF; A; G; OBG-004 Echinochola crus-galli* (L.) Beauv. (barnyardgrass) WETL; A; G; OBG-025 Eleusine indica* (L.) Gaertn. (Indian goosegrass) DAOF; A; G; OBG-068 Elymus virginicus L. (Virginia wildrye) QSQM, SSSN; P; G; OBG-312 Eragrostis barrelieri* Daveau (Mediterranean lovegrass) DAOF; A; G; OBG-008 E. intermedia A.S. Hitchc. (plains lovegrass) QSQM; P; G; OBG-021 E. spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. (purple lovegrass) DAOF, SSSN; P; G; OBG-018 Hordeum pusillum Nutt. (little barley) SSSN; A; G; OBG-211 Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. (rice cutgrass) WETL; P; G; OBG-314 L. virginica Willd. (whitegrass) -WETL; P; G; OBG-140 Lolium perenne* L. (perennial ryegrass) DAOF; P; G; OBG-230 Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Trin. (rock muhly) QSQM; P; G; OBG-029 Panicum anceps Michx. (beaked panicgrass) QSQM, SSSN; P; G; OBG-104 P. dichotomiflorum Michx. (fall panicgrass) WETL; A; G; OBG-122 P. philadelphicum Bernh. ex Trin. (Philadelphia panicgrass) SSSN; A; G; OBG-123 P. rigidulum Bosc ex Nees (redtop panicgrass) WETL; P; G; OBG-162 P. virgatum L. (switchgrass) SSSN; P; G; OBG- 094 Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr. ex Fourn. (hairyseed paspalum) SSSN, WETL; P; G; OBG-053 Phalaris caroliniana Walt. (Carolina canarygrass) WETL; A; G; OBG-228 66 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Hoagland & Buthod Poa annua* L. (annual bluegrass) QSQM; A; G; OBG-178 Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. (tumblegrass) DAOF, SSSN; P; G; OBG- 057 Schedonorus phoenix* (Scop.) Holub DAOF; P; G; OBG-238 Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (little bluestem) SSSN; P; G; OBG-149 Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen (marsh bristlegrass) WETL; P; G; OBG-158 S. pumila* (Poir.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes (yellow foxtail) DAOF; A; G; OBG-009 Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash (Indian grass) SSSN; P; G; OBG-336 Sorghum halepense* (L.) Pers. (Johnsongrass) DAOF, SSSN; P; G; OBG-111 Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. (prairie wedgescale) QSQM; P; G; OBG-308 Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray (sand dropseed) SSSN; P; G; OBG-016 Steinchisma hians (Ell.) Nash (gaping grass) WETL; P; G; OBG-262 Tridens strictus (Nutt.) Nash (longspike tridens) DAOF, SSSN; P; G; OBG-044 Vulpia elliotea (Raf.) Fern. (squirreltail fescue) SSSN; A; G; OBG-315 V. octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. (sixweeks fescue) SSSN; A; G; OBG-315 Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. (waterthread pondweed) WETL; P; H; OBG-160 Smilacaceae Smilax rotundifolia L. (roundleaf greenbriar) QSQM; P; V; OBG-223 S. tamnoides L. (bristly greenbriar) QSQM; P; V; OBG-224 Typhaceae Typha domingensis Pers. (southern cattail) - WETL; P; H; OBG-126 67Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Palmer, M.W. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100054 Vascular Plant Checklists from Oklahoma Michael W. Palmer Department of Botany Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 email: mike.palmer@okstate.edu A bibliography of 85 references involving Oklahoma flora is provided, 52 of which provide a vascular plant species list from an unambiguous area. I list geographic, topographic, and taxonomic summary data for 59 floras (some references provide multiple lists). The species-area relationship for Oklahoma (with a z value of 0.15) is similar to that of North America as a whole. In the face of imminent climate change, the pace of floristic research in Oklahoma needs to accelerate. INTRODUCTION Vascular plant checklists are proving valuable as raw material for broad-scale analyses of biodiversity (Qian and Ricklefs 1999; Chiarucci and Bonini 2005). But they also prove a more basic (and arguable more essential) function: to guide practicing botanists in the field. For either purpose, it is useful to have access to bibliographic data to find such floras. The Floras of North America project (not to be confused with the Flora of North America Project; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993) is an attempt to catalogue and analyze vascular floras within North America, north of Mexico. The purpose of this paper is to present a bibliography of floristic checklists within Oklahoma, and to provide basic geographic and taxonomic data for comparative purposes. METHODS I used standard library techniques as well as informal inquiries to gather bibliographic information on floras from throughtout North America. I then extracted geographic data (with help from maps and geographic databases) and summarized the number of taxa in the species lists. In some cases geographic data are approximate. Details about the methodology are given in Fridley et al. (2006), Palmer (1995, 2005, 2007), Qian (in press), and Withers et al. (1998) as well as http://botany.okstate.edu/floras/index.html RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I found 85 references including floristic lists, or with titles suggesting the presence of such lists (Appendix 1). Of these, I was able to gather complete data (minimum and maximum latitude and longitude, minimum and maximum elevation, and the number of families, genera, species, total taxa, and % alien species) for 51 references (Appendix 2). The vascular plant species-area relationship for Oklahoma is remarkably similar to that of North America as a whole (Figure). The slope of the line, known in biogeography as the z coefficient, is 0.150, and is similar to that of many continental species-area relationships (Rosenzweig 1995). The fact that there is much scatter around the species-area relationship implies that there may be interesting variation in biodiversity that can be explained by environmental or biogeographic factors. 68 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Palmer, M.W. While the list of Oklahoma floras may seem impressive, a number of other states (led by California, Virginia, Iowa, Louisiana, Illinois, Texas, Arizona, Ohio, New York, and Wyoming) have surpassed us in numbers of floristic publications. Current work by Oklahoma botanists is helping to rectify the situation, with the work of Bruce Hoagland and his colleagues being most notable. Nevertheless, there are ample opportunities for new teams of botanists, including dedicated amateurs, to become involved with basic floristic research. Indeed, with extreme climate change predicted for the region (Seager et al. 2007), it may not be too long before we lose many of our vascular plant species. Thus, the time to document their existence is now. REFERENCES CITED Chiarucci, A. and I. Bonini. 2005. Quantitative floristics as a tool for the assessment of plant diversity in Tuscan forests. Forest Ecology and Management 212: 160-170. Committee, F.o.N.A.E. 1993. Flora of North America. Oxford University Press, New York. Fridley, J.D., H. Qian, P.S. White, and M.W. Palmer. 2006. Plant species invasions along the latitudinal gradient in the United States: comment. Ecology 87: 3209-3213 Palmer, M.W. 1995. How should one count species? Natural Areas Journal 15: 124-135. Palmer, M.W. 2005. Temporal trends of exotic species richness in North American floras: an overview. Écoscience 12: 386-390. Palmer, M.W. 2007. Species-area curves and the geometry of nature. Pages 15-31 In: D. Storch, P.A. Marquet, and J.H. Brown, editors. Scaling Biodiversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Qian, H., J.D. Fridley, and M.W. Palmer. A latitudinal gradient in species-are relationships for vascular plants of North America. American Naturalist. In press. Qian, H. and R.E. Ricklefs. 1999. A comparison of the taxonomic richness of vascular plants in China and the United States. American Naturalist 154: 160-181. Rosenzweig, M.L. 1995. Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Seager, R., M. Ting, I. Held, Y. Kushnir, J. Lu, G. Vecchi, H-P. Huang, N. Harnik, A. Leetmaa, N-C. Lau, C. Li, J. Velez, and N. Naik. 2007. Model Projections of an Imminent Transition to a More Arid Climate in Southwestern North America. Science 316: 1181-1184. Tyrl, R.J., S.C. Barber, P. Buck, W.J. Elisens, P. Folley, L.K. Magrath, C.L. Murray, B.A. Smith, C.E.S. Taylor, and R.A. Thompson. 2007. Keys and Descriptions of the Vascular Plants of Oklahoma. Flora Oklahoma Inc., Noble. Withers, M.A., M.W. Palmer, G.L. Wade, P.S. White, and P.R. Neal. 1998. Changing patterns in the number of species in North American floras. In T.D. Sisk, editor. Perspectives on the Land Use History of North America: A Context for Understanding our Changing Environment. USGS, Biological Resources Division, BSR/BDR-1998- 0003; p 23-32. 69Oklahoma Native Plant RecordVolume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Palmer, M.W. Oklahoma (solid line, filled circles): y = 0.150x + 2.02 North America (dashed line, open circles): y = 0.156x+ 2.00 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 log (area, in hectares) lo g (n um be r of sp ec ie s) Figure Species-area relationship for 59 Oklahoma floras (data from Appendix 2) in comparison with 2283 lists from throughout North America. 70 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Appendix 1 Vascular plant checklists written within Oklahoma. Although not conventionally included in bibliographies, first names are included, when available, to allow more ready identification of the scholars involved. The citation ends with a bracketed reference number associated with the Floras of North America project and the author reference in Appendix 2. Some citations are not floras, but are included here because their titles resemble those of floras and including them in this list avoids accidental rediscovery. Keywords follow the citations: COMPLETE = all taxonomic and geographic data have been gathered; DATA DUPLICATE = the same data are available in another source listed elsewhere; NO AREA = the geographical area is impossible to determine based on available information; NO DATA YET = the reference has either not yet been seen, or it has not been evaluated; NOT A FLORA = despite the name, the document is not a flora; OTHER STATES = data include regions outside Oklahoma; TAXA EXCLUDED = data were not gathered because some taxa (e.g. ferns, graminoids) were intentionally excluded. Baalman, R.J. (1964): Plants collected at Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge during 1963 and 1964. Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge, Jet. COMPLETE [3248] Baalman, R.J. (1965): Vegetation of the Salt Plains Wildlife Refuge, Jet, Oklahoma. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oklahoma, Norman. 129 p. NO DATA YET [21328] Baldock, L.O. (1938): Flora of Kiowa County, Oklahoma. M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater. 71 p. COMPLETE [89] Barber, S.C. (1989): Floristic components of the Gypsum Hills and Redbed Plains of southwestern Oklahoma. Southwest. Nat. 24, 431-437. DATA DUPLICATE [91] Barber, S.C. (1975): A floristic study of the vascular plants of the Gypsum Hills and Redbed Plains area of Southwestern Oklahoma. M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. 84 p. COMPLETE [90] Barkley, E.A. (1933): A preliminary survey of the vascular plants of Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci., 45-46. NOT A FLORA [1547] Barkley, E.A.D. (1933): A preliminary list of the vascular plants of Pottawatomie . County, Oklahoma. M.S. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman. 27 p. COMPLETE [92] Bogue, E.E. (1900): Annotated catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Oklahoma. Okla. Exp. Sta. Bull. 45, 3- 48. COMPLETE [1228] Buck, P. (1977): Vascular plants of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. Unpublished Report. COMPLETE [674] Buckallew, R.; Caddell, G.M. (2001): A floristic study of plant communities at the Uco Selman Living Laboratory in the Gypsum Hills of northwestern Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 81, 81. DATA DUPLICATE [20922] Buckallew, R.R.; Caddell, G.M. (2003): Vascular flora of the University of Central Oklahoma Selman Living Laboratory, Woodward County, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 83, 31-45. COMPLETE [21316] Buckallew, R.R. (2002): A floristic survey and description of vascular plant communities at the Selman Living Laboratory, Woodward County, Oklahoma. MS Thesis, University of Central Oklahoma. 122 p. COMPLETE [21259] Palmer, M.W. 71 Palmer, M.W. Bull, R.Z. (1932): Vascular plants of Greer County, Oklahoma. M.S. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman. 29 p. COMPLETE [94] Clark, L.C.G. (1997): Floristic and biosystematic investigations in plant taxonomy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. 248 p. COMPLETE [20002] Crandall, R.M. (2003): Vegetation of the Pushmataha Wildlife Management Area, Pushmataha County, Oklahoma. MS Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. 114 p. COMPLETE [21287] Dale, E.E. Jr (1946): A preliminary survey of the flora of the Arbuckle Mountains. M.S. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman. DATA DUPLICATE [2208] Dale, E.E., Jr (1956): A preliminary survey of the flora of the Arbuckle Mountains. Texas J. Sci. 8, 41-73. COMPLETE [96] Dale, E.E., Jr (1959): The grasslands of Platt National Park, Oklahoma. Southwest. Nat. 4, 45-60. NO AREA [2210] Dwyer, D.D. (1958): An Annotated plant list of Adams' Ranch, Osage County, Oklahoma. M.S. Thesis, Fort Hays Kansas State College, Hays. NO DATA YET [97] Eskew, CT (1938): The flowering plants of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. Amer. Midl. Nat. 20, 695-703. TAXA EXCLUDED [556] Eskew, CT (1937): The flowering plants of Wichita National Forest. M.S. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman. TAXA EXCLUDED [1116] Folley, P (1994): Checklist of plants found in Cleveland County. 15100 Etowah Rd., Noble OK 73068, (405)872-8361. COMPLETE [4852] Folley, P. (2003): Additions to Black Mesa Flora Study. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 3, 19-22. COMPLETE [21363] Gage, H.A. (1908): A preliminary list of the plants of the Arbuckle Mountains. B.A. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman. 48 p. COMPLETE [98] Great Plains Flora Association (1977): Atlas of the Flora of the Great Plains. Univ. of Iowa Press, Ames, Iowa. 600 pages. NO DATA YET, OTHER STATES [804] Great Plains Flora Association (1986): Flora of the Great Plains. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence. 1392 pages. COMPLETE, OTHER STATES [536] Hayes, C.R. (2003): The vascular flora of the Sally Bull Hollow Tract of the Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge, Adair County, Oklahoma. MS Thesis, Oklahoma State University. 33 p. COMPLETE [21266] Hoagland, B.W.; Buthod, A.K. (2003): Vascular flora of the Keystone Wildlife Management Area, Creek, Pawnee, and Osage Counties, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 3, 23-37. COMPLETE [21364] Hoagland, B.W.; Buthod, A.K. (2004): Vascular flora of Hugo Lake Wildlife Management Area, Choctaw County, Oklahoma. Southeastern Naturalist 3, 701-714. COMPLETE [21407] Hoagland, BW; Buthod, AK (2005): Vascular flora of a gypsum dominated site in Major County, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 85, 1-8. COMPLETE [21706] Hoagland, B.W.; Buthod, A.K.; Elisens, W. (2004): Vascular flora of Washita Battlefield National Historic Site, Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 72 Oklahoma Native Plant RecordVolume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Roger Mills County, Oklahoma. Sida 21, 1187-1197. COMPLETE [21491] Hoagland, B.W.; Crawford, P.H.C.; Crawford, P.T.; Johnson, F. (2004): Vascular flora of Hackberry Flat, Frederick Lake, and Suttle Creek, Tillman County, Oklahoma. Sida 21, 429-445. COMPLETE [21360] Hoagland, B.W.; Johnson, F. (2004): The vascular flora of Red Slough and Grassy Slough Wildlife Management Areas, Gulf Coastal Plain, McCurtain County, Oklahoma. Castanea 69, 284- 296. ; COMPLETE [21479] Hoagland, B.W.; Johnson, F. (2004): Vascular flora of Love Valley Wildlife Management Area, Love County, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 84, 9-18. COMPLETE [21707] Hoagland, B.W.; Johnson, F.L. (2001): Vascular flora of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Murray County, Oklahoma. Castanea 66, 383- 400. COMPLETE [20021] Hoagland, B.W.; Wallick, K. (2003): Vascular flora of Oolagah Wildlife Management Area in Nowata County, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 83, 47-62. COMPLETE [21315] Hoagland, B.W. (2001): Floristic list for Oklahoma County. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 1, 25-38. COMPLETE [20010] Holzinger, J.M. (1892): List of plants collected by C. S. Sheldon and M. A. Carleton in the Indian Territory in 1891. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1, 189-219. NOT A FLORA [1305] Jeffs, R.E. (1931): A Key to the Ferns and Seed Plants of Oklahoma. University Mimeograph Pub. Norman. TAXA EXCLUDED [2229] Jeffs, R.E.; Little, Elbert L., Jr (1930): A preliminary list of the ferns and seed plants of Oklahoma. Univ. Okla. Biol. Surv. Publ. 2, 39-101. COMPLETE [1117] Johnson, F.L.; Estes, J.R.; Lomolino, M.V.; Roedel, M.D.; Proctor, M.D.; McCarty, N.A.; Leimgruber, P.; DeMarais, B.D.; Fuller, M.M.; Holloway, A.K.; Schnell, G.D. (1996): Biological survey of Vance Air Force Base. (Final Report to Department of the Air Force, Headquarters 338 Training Support Group (ATC) 338 CONS/LGCU, 550 D Street East STE 08, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas 78150-4434. Contract No. M6700491D0018) Oklahoma Biological Survey, Norman. 102 pages. COMPLETE [21371] Johnson, F.L.; Folley, Patricia A.; McCarty, N.A.; Benesh, D.L. (1998): Floral inventory of Pontotoc Ridge Preserve, Oklahoma. (Report to the Nature Conservancy) Oklahoma Native Plant Society and Oklahoma Biological Survey, Norman. 24 pages. COMPLETE [21372] Johnson, F.L.; Proctor, MD; McCarty, NA; Benesh, DL (1996): Biological Survey of Altus AFB, Oklahoma. Part 1. Floral Inventory. Oklahoma Biological Survey, Norman. COMPLETE [21373] Johnson, F.L.; Proctor, MD; Young, EA; McCarty, NA; Vezey, EL; Schnell, GD (1994): Floral Inventory of Camp Gruber, Oklahoma. (Final Report to U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, Champaign, Illinois. Contract #DACA 88-90-D- 0038, Delivery Order No. 0001) Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman. 49 pages. COMPLETE [21370] Palmer, M.W. 73 Palmer, M.W. Johnson, F.L.; Thompson, R.A.; Rudman, R.; Estes, J.R.; Schnell, G.D.; Harris, K.D. (1990): Floral inventory of Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Biological Survey, Norman, Oklahoma. 114 pages. (Report to U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL) COMPLETE [671] Lahman, M.S. (1931): Observations of the Flora of Delaware County, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 11, 32-34. COMPLETE, NOT A FLORA [2050] Little, E.L. Jr (1938): Flora of Muskogee County, Oklahoma. Amer. Midl. Nat. 19, 369-389. COMPLETE [99] Little, E.L. Jr (1929): A botanical survey of Muskogee County, Oklahoma. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Chicago. 203 p. COMPLETE [1882] McCoy, D.A. (1958): Vascular plants of Pontotoc County, Oklahoma. Amer. Midl. Nat. 59, 371-396. COMPLETE [101] McDonald, C.B. (1974): A floristic study of Washington County, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 56, 53-54. NOT A FLORA [103] McDonald, C.B. (1974): A floristic study of the native or naturalized vegetation of Washington County, Oklahoma. M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. 93 p. TAXA EXCLUDED [102] McGregor, R.L.; Barker, W.T.; Barkley, T.M.; Wilson, JS (1975): Checklist of the Plants of the Great Plains. University of Kansas Herbarium, Lawrence, Kansas. NO DATA YET, OTHER STATES [70] McPherson, J.K. (2003): Black Mesa Flora Study. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 3, 8-18. COMPLETE [21362] Means, F.H. (1969): Vascular plants of southeastern Oklahoma from the Sans Bois to the Kiamichi Mountains. Ph.D. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. 179 p. COMPLETE [104] Mericle, L.W. (1941): The spermatophytes of Custer County, Oklahoma. MS Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman. TAXA EXCLUDED [21357] Myers, W.S. (1929): A preliminary report on the flora of the Wichita Mountains. M.S. Thesis, University Oklahoma, Norman. 121 p. NO DATA YET [105] Ozga, C.M. (1992): Atlas to the flora of Woods County. Northwestern Oklahoma State University, Alva. 206 pages. NO DATA YET [20844] Palmer, M.W. (1993): Vascular plant diversity in Oklahoma. Oklahoma State University Center for Water Research, Stillwater. 30 pages. COMPLETE [1975] Riddell, J.L.: (1835): A Synopsis of the Flora of the Western States. E. Deming, Cincinnati, OH. 116 pages. NO DATA YET, OTHER STATES [1663] Roe, S.A. (1992): The vegetation of a tract of ancient cross timbers in Osage County, Oklahoma. MS Thesis, Oklahoma State University. 86 p. COMPLETE [20001] Rogers, C.M. (1953): The vegetation of the Mesa de Maya Region of Colorado, New Mexico and Oklahoma. Lloydia 16, 257-290. COMPLETE [2051] Rydberg, P.A. (1932): Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North America. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 969 pages. NO AREA, OTHER STATES [651] Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 74 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Schnell, G.D.; Johnson, F.L.; Gentry, J.L. Jr (1979): Flora and fauna of Oklahoma abandoned mine lands. Oklahoma Biological Survey, Norman. 132 pages. NOT A FLORA [106] Shannon, K.A. (1997): A Floristic Survey of the Nature Conservancy's Preserve in Johnston County, Oklahoma. MS Thesis, Oklahoma State University. 38 p. COMPLETE [20003] Shannon, K.A. (2003): Floristic survey of The Nature Conservancy's Pennington Creek preserve in Johnston County, Oklahoma 1997. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 3, 38-50. DATA DUPLICATE [21365] Sherwood, R.T.B.; Risser, P.G. (1980): Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Little Sahara State Park, Oklahoma. Southwest. Nat. 25, 323- 338. COMPLETE [107] Smith, B.A.; Tyrl, R.J.; Masters, R.E. (1997): Floristic Inventory of the McCurtain County Wilderness Area, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 77, 99-102. COMPLETE [20005] Smith, B.A. (1997): Floristic Investigations of the Flora of Oklahoma. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. 171 p. DATA DUPLICATE [20004] Stemen, T.R.; Myers, WS (1937): Oklahoma Flora. Harlow Publishing Corporation, Oklahoma City. 706 pages. TAXA EXCLUDED [829] Stevens, G.W. (1916): The flora of Oklahoma. M.S. Thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. TAXA EXCLUDED [2211] Taylor, C.E.S. (1961): Ecology and taxonomy of Water Canyon, Canadian County, Oklahoma. M.S. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman. 43 p. NO DATA YET [2054] Taylor, C.E.S.; Magrath, L.K.; Folley, P.; Buck, P.; Carpenter, S. (1996): Oklahoma vascular plants: additions and distributional comments. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 76, 31-34. NO DATA YET [20870] Taylor, R.J.; Taylor, C.E.S. (1991): An Annotated List of the Fern, Fern Allies, Gymnosperms and Flowering Plants of Oklahoma. 2nd ed. Biology Department Herbarium, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant, OK. 117 pages. COMPLETE [1964] Taylor, R.J.; Taylor, C.E.S. (1994): An annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms and flowering plants of Oklahoma. 3rd ed. Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant, Oklahoma. 133 pages. COMPLETE [20006] Taylor, R.J.; Taylor, C.E.S. (Eds.) (1989): An annotated list of the ferns, fern allies, gymnosperms, and flowering plants of Oklahoma. 1st ed. Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant, Oklahoma. 110 pages. NO DATA YET [4303] The Nature Conservancy (1993): Plants of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, Osage County. Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, Pawhuska Office. COMPLETE [4095] Tyrl, R.J. (1980): Identification and mapping of the extant flora at the Deer Creek archaeological site (34Ka 3, Kaw Lake, Oklahoma). (Final Report.) Environmental Resources Branch, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 31 pages. COMPLETE [2056] University of Tulsa, Faculty of Natural Sciences (1977): A biological inventory of the Fort Gibson Lake area. U.S. Dept. of the Army, Corps Palmer, M.W. 75Oklahoma Native Plant RecordVolume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Palmer, M.W. of Engineers, Tulsa Dist. NO AREA [2212] Van Vleet, A.H. (1902): Plants of Oklahoma. Dept. of Geol. and Nat. Hist. Second biennial report. 1901-1902:138-160. COMPLETE [1232] Wallis, C.S. (1959): Vascular plants of the Oklahoma Ozarks. Ph.D. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. NO DATA YET [108] Waterfall, U.T. (1952): A Catalogue of the Flora of Oklahoma. The Research Foundation, Stillwater. 91 pages. NO DATA YET [3064] Waterfall, U.T. (1962): Keys to the Flora of Oklahoma. The Research Foundation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. 243 pages. NO DATA YET [20246] Waterfall, U.T. (1969): Keys to the Flora of Oklahoma. Published by the author, Stillwater, OK. 246 pages. NO DATA YET [830] Waterfall, U.T.; Wallis, CS (1963): A list of the vascular flora of Oklahoma Ozarks. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 44, 11-22. COMPLETE [109] White, P.J. (1901): A study of the flora of Oklahoma. M.S. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman. 96 p. COMPLETE [1234] 76 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Palmer, M.W. Appendix 2 Geographic data and taxonomic data from Oklahoma floras. The Reference numbers correspond to author references in Appendix 1. Multiple checklists within a reference are indicated by decimals. Note that lists for some areas (especially the state of Oklahoma as a whole) have been compiled multiple times. Site name Year latitude longitude Min. Elev. (m) Max. Elev. (m) Area (hectares) # Families # Genera # spp # Tot. Taxa % of species alien Appendix I Author Reference Great Plains 1986 41.5 -104.0 290 1600 152226662 160 851 2862 3189 11.5 Grea 536 Mesa de Maya Region 1953 37.3 -103.7 1524 2088 56175 75 293 577 589 8.3 Roge 2051 Black Mesa Preserve 1994 36.9 -103.0 1456 1516 36 55 172 243 244 6.6 McPh 21362 Black Mesa State Park 2004 36.9 -102.9 1298 1516 312 58 191 300 301 7.0 Foll 21363 Washita Battlefield NHP 2004 35.6 -99.7 588 610 136 62 201 271 271 11.4 Hoag 21491 Greer County 1932 34.9 -99.6 487 669 165700 65 245 401 401 6.7 Bull 94 Gypsum Hills and Redbed Plains 1975 34.7 -99.5 366 671 514892 63 230 354 359 9.6 Barb 90 Altus Air Force Base 1996 34.7 -99.3 408 425 1036 63 175 232 233 17.2 John 21373 Selman Living Laboratory 2002 36.7 -99.2 511 560 130 60 155 226 226 9.7 Buck 21259 Selman Living Laboratory 2003 36.7 -99.2 511 560 130 61 149 229 229 9.2 Buck 21316 Kiowa Co. 1937 34.8 -99.1 399 730 265475 81 269 497 527 7.6 Bald 89 Gypsum dominated site 2005 36.4 -98.9 457 508 80 61 173 233 233 9.4 Hoag 21706 Hackberry Flat 2004 34.3 -98.9 349 366 2770 33 99 121 122 17.4 Hoag 21360.2 three sites in Tillman County 2004 34.4 -98.9 332 381 3842 69 241 357 352 13.7 Hoag 21360 Suttle Creek 2004 34.2 -98.9 332 358 161 55 155 182 182 9.3 Hoag 21360.3 Little Sahara State Park 1980 36.5 -98.9 423 470 146 55 145 181 181 6.6 Sher 107 Frederick Lake 2004 34.5 -98.9 360 381 911 52 155 185 187 10.3 Hoag 21360.1 Oklahoma 1952 35.2 -98.8 87 1516 17814538 141 741 2247 2542 8.9 Wate 3064 Oklahoma 1994 35.2 -98.8 87 1516 17814538 172 850 2549 2844 14.6 Tayl 20006 Territory of Oklahoma 1900 35.3 -98.8 110 1516 10108770 97 377 724 737 6.6 Bogu 1228 Territory of Oklahoma 1902 35.3 -98.8 111 1516 10108770 103 412 811 812 6.4 Van 1232 Oklahoma 1930 35.3 -98.8 88 1516 17781645 125 661 1957 1981 7.7 Jeff 1117 Oklahoma 1991 35.2 -98.8 87 1517 17944297 159 846 2548 2830 11.9 Tayl 1964 Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge 1977 34.8 -98.7 387 751 23885 104 359 730 749 5.5 Buck 674 Fort Sill 1990 34.7 -98.5 329 673 38300 99 344 556 562 11.5 John 671 Salt Plain National Wildlife Refuge 1964 36.8 -98.2 343 369 12955 71 200 293 298 9.6 Baal 3248 77Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Palmer, M.W. Kegelman Auxiliary Field 1996 36.7 -98.1 345 370 431 68 187 276 277 9.1 John 21371.1 Pottawatomie County 1933 35.1 -98.0 274 345 212380 76 228 372 374 10.2 Bark 92 Oklahoma 1901 36.0 -98.0 86 1516 17781904 93 226 419 421 1.4 Whit 1234 Vance Air Force Base 1996 36.3 -97.9 388 401 740 31 77 94 94 46.8 John 21371 Cleveland County 1994 35.2 -97.9 311 386 137011 160 362 605 605 17.5 Foll 4852 Frank Tract 1998 36.2 -97.7 229 323 340 72 187 268 268 7.5 Roe 20001 Oklahoma County 2001 35.6 -97.4 267 429 186000 91 308 601 644 12.5 Hoag 20010 Deer Creek Archaeological Site 1980 36.7 -97.4 291 294 12 48 113 147 148 12.9 Tyrl 2056 Arbuckle Mountains 1908 34.4 -97.1 228 396 55943 73 162 211 221 5.7 Gage 98 Love Valley WMA 2004 33.8 -97.1 197 243 3134 86 258 368 368 8.4 Hoag 21707 Chickasaw NRA 2001 34.5 -97.0 240 352 3849 105 397 713 717 12.2 Hoag 20021 Arbuckle Mountains 1947 34.5 -96.9 229 415 222740 96 397 823 867 8.4 Dale 96 Pennington Creek 1997 34.4 -96.7 251 263 3 64 157 203 203 4.9 Shan 20003 Pontotoc County 1958 34.7 -96.7 244 396 185781 98 380 698 730 1.6 McCo 101 Pontotoc Ridge Preserve 1998 34.4 -96.6 257 340 1174 79 261 399 402 7.0 John 21372 Keystone WMA 2003 36.1 -96.5 222 237 4893 79 254 380 380 15.5 Hoag 21364 Tallgrass Prairie Preserve 1993 36.8 -96.4 256 352 12250 78 273 496 496 11.5 Palm 1975 Tallgrass Prairie Preserve 1993 36.8 -96.4 256 352 12250 81 258 517 517 8.9 The 4095 Boehler Seeps and Sandhills Preserve 1997 34.2 -95.9 155 175 235 84 225 345 346 4.3 Clar 20002 Oolagah Wildlife Management Area 2003 36.7 -95.6 192 258 5226 95 305 470 470 8.3 Hoag 21315 Hugo Lake WMA 2004 34.1 -95.5 121 154 6475 113 359 573 573 8.9 Hoag 21407 Muskogee County 1938 35.5 -95.4 183 301 213934 131 424 829 842 8.9 Litt 99 Muskogee County 1929 35.6 -95.4 142 300 219240 104 423 828 842 9.1 Litt 1882 Pushmataha WMA 2003 34.5 -95.4 150 400 7690 96 287 447 447 7.2 Cran 21287 Camp Gruber 1994 35.7 -95.1 152 327 19500 101 347 561 568 8.0 John 21370 Sans Bios/Kiamichi 1969 34.8 -94.9 152 914 277482 119 457 991 1067 7.9 Mean 104 Oklahoma Ozarks 1963 36.1 -94.8 140 457 875316 125 515 1206 1318 2.8 Wate 109 Red Slough/Grassy Slough WMA 2004 33.8 -94.8 200 113 2422 106 269 426 426 6.6 Hoag 21479 Red Slough WMA 2004 33.7 -94.8 100 104 2158 106 269 422 422 6.6 Hoag 21479.1 Grassy Slough WMA 2004 33.8 -94.8 105 113 264 92 221 318 318 6.6 Hoag 21479.2 McCurtain County Wilderness 1997 34.3 -94.7 183 415 5701 95 236 359 359 5.8 Smit 20005 Sally Bull Hollow Tract 2003 34.7 -94.6 300 500 810 62 145 219 219 8.7 Haye 21266 78 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 The Need for Savanna Restoration in the Cross Timbers Caleb Stotts Michael W. Palmer Kelly Kindscher Restoration Technician Botany Department Kansas Biological Survey Tallgrass Restoration Oklahoma State University University of Kansas and Management, Lawrence, KS Stillwater, OK Lawrence, KS Along the prairie/forest transition zone oak savannas have been severely degraded by logging, clearing for agriculture, fire suppression, invasion of exotic plants, and excessive livestock grazing. Savanna shares equal billing with tallgrass prairie as the most threatened plant community in the Midwest. As such, there is increasing interest in restoring these communities. Conservation criteria have not been developed for the post oak (Querces stellata) and blackjack oak (Querces marilandica) savanna of the Cross Timbers. Oak savanna was arguably an important component of the historical Cross Timbers region. Following settlement, overgrazing in conjunction with a decrease in fire frequency and/or intensity has increased the density of oak stands to the point where they resemble closed-canopy forests rather than savanna. This is a threat to the biodiversity of the Cross Timbers. Proactive land management practices are recommended for restoring savanna communities. Such efforts may require thinning-out areas of degraded oak savanna to help re-establish the herbaceous understory. Fire is recommended to restore ecological processes that limit woody plant encroachment and promote biodiversity. Further research should investigate the ecological dynamics and functions of oak savannas, as well as provide further guidelines for its conservation. INTRODUCTION Along the prairie/forest transition zone, oak savanna communities have been severely degraded by logging, clearing for agriculture, fire suppression, invasion of exotic plants, and excessive livestock grazing (Abrams 1992). Oak savanna shares equal billing with tallgrass prairie as the most threatened plant community in the Midwest and among the most threatened in the world (Henderson 1995). As such, there is increasing interest in restoring these communities (Whitney and Decant 2005). In the Cross Timbers region, however, there has been little effort to evaluate the conservation status of savannas or woodlands. COMMUNITY CLASSIFICATION In the prairie/forest transition zone, upland communities are not always discrete entities separated by sharp lines. Instead, they often blend into each other imperceptibly. Even so, named communities are useful abstractions that help us think Stotts, et al. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100055 and communicate about various parts of the landscape (Palmer and White 1994, Packard and Mutel 1997). Definitions adapted from Faber-Langendeon (2001) and Lauver et al. (1999) provide us with an operational classification for common Midwestern upland communities: 1) prairie – areas dominated by herbaceous vegetation (grass and forbs); trees generally not exceeding 10% cover; 2) savanna – areas dominated with herbaceous vegetation and scattered trees with 10-25% cover; 3) woodland – areas dominated by an open stand of trees with 25-60% canopy cover and a herbaceous understory; and 4) forest – areas dominated by trees with 60-100% cover and little herbaceous vegetation. These communities are illustrated in Fig. 1. Savanna is maintained by frequent fire. Along the prairie-forest transition zone, certain species of oaks are the only trees that were historically savanna. This is in a large part due to their physiological adaptations to fire, which include thick bark, prolific resprouting and resistance to rotting after scarring (Abrams 1992). 79 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Stotts et al. Just what the understory and ground layer vegetation of oak savanna was like historically is largely unknown (Henderson 1995). While no plant species is known to be endemic to oak savanna (Nuzzo 1985), there are species that are considered savanna specialists in the Midwest (Packard 1988). Historically, the savanna community was probably a slowly shifting mosaic of plant species associations that had varying degrees of shade and sun tolerance (Henderson 1995). CROSS TIMBERS SAVANNAS The Cross Timbers region is located in portions of Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Arkansas (Fig. 2). It is characterized by a mosaic of upland communities including prairie, savanna, woodland and forest (Fig. 3). Post oak (Quercus stellata) and blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) are the dominant tree species throughout in the wooded systems. Kuchler (1964) defined the potential natural vegetation of the Cross Timbers as savanna-like, characterized by tallgrass prairie with low broadleaf deciduous trees scattered singly or in groves of varying size. These groves often occur with an open canopy cover and grassy understory (Kuchler 1974). The herbaceous understory of Cross Timbers savanna is similar in composition to the surrounding prairie (Dyksterhuis 1948; Kuchler 1964, 1974, Palmer unpublished data). Savanna also occurs in the Cross Timbers region as a gradual transition between closed-canopy forests and grasslands, with a margin of isolated trees (Dyksterhuis 1957, Penfound 1962). This sort of edge can be tens of meters wide. Classifying some Cross Timbers sites as savanna can be problematic due to the tendency of post oak and blackjack oak to root sprout and produce groupings of trees with interlocking crowns (Hoagland et al. 1999). In the Cross Timbers region, woodlands have a similar species composition as savanna (Palmer, unpublished data). As such, we recognize that many properties of savanna are likely to be shared with woodlands, and we treat the two as largely synonymous in this paper. RESTORATION OF MIDWEST OAK SAVANNAS Nuzzo (1985) estimated that oak savannas in eight states in the Midwest probably covered 11 to 13 million hectares at the time of settlement and have been reduced in extent by 99.98%. Packard (1988) found that several plants that were historically associated with savanna communities are now uncommon. Populations of these ‘savanna specialists’ have been successfully established through restoration efforts. Largely because of these findings, the conservation value of savanna communities has been recognized and restoration efforts are increasing. The ultimate goal is to help replace the loss of habitat that is leading to the gradual disappearance of plant and animal species (Packard 1988). MIDWEST OAK SAVANNA VS. CROSS TIMBERS SAVANNA The Cross Timbers and certain areas of the Midwest occupy a transition zone between the Great Plains and the Eastern Deciduous forest. Despite this, the savannas of the Cross Timbers are considered distinct from Midwest Oak savannas to their north. (McPherson 1997). The Midwest is characterized by its former glaciation, relatively mesic soils and northern plant affinities, while the Cross Timbers region is characterized by its largely sandy soils, generally rough topography and southern plant affinities. Furthermore, the Cross Timbers has not experienced the extent of sod-busting that the Midwest has, and 80 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Stotts, et al. includes substantial areas of native tallgrass prairie and old-growth forest. Despite these distinctions, there is very little difference in ecosystem classification. Küchler (1964) described regions of oak savanna in the Midwest as being nearly identical to that of the Cross Timbers in vegetation type; characterized by tallgrass prairie with broadleaf deciduous trees scattered singly or in groves. HISTORICAL AND CURRENT EXTENT OF CROSS TIMBERS SAVANNA The extent to which we can understand the structure of pre-settlement vegetation is limited. Despite this, analysis of historical accounts, early photographs, early land surveys, and existing vegetation have provided much insight into historical vegetation. Numerous authors have described historical vegetation communities throughout the Cross Timbers region as savanna-like (Bruner 1931, Dyksterhuis 1957, 1948, Lathrop 1958, Rice and Penfound 1959, Penfound 1962, Kuchler 1974, 1964, Johnson and Risser 1975, Smiens and Diamond 1986, Hoagland et al. 1999, Francaviglia 2000). This is not to conclude that savanna was the dominant vegetation type in the Cross Timbers. It does indicate, however, that savanna was a well-represented component within a mosaic of prairie and forest during the time of settlement. Many authors conclude that, during post-settlement, overgrazing in conjunction with a decrease in fire frequency and / or intensity has increased the density of oak stands to the point where they resemble closed-canopy forests rather than savanna (Dyksterhuis 1948, 1957, Lathrop 1958, Rice and Penfound 1959, Penfound 1962, Bell and Hulbert 1974, Johnson and Risser 1975, Smiens and Diamond 1986, Abrams 1992, Hoagland et al. 1999). This conversion has been at the expense of the herbaceous understory and the associated biodiversity. Unlike the Midwest Oak savannas, there are no reliable estimates as to how much Cross Timbers savanna actually existed at the time of settlement or how much has been lost since settlement. Despite this, these studies indicate that savannas were important aspects of the historical Cross Timbers region and now represent only a remnant of a vast vegetation type. BIODIVERSITY AND NATURAL HERITAGE The mosaic of communities in the Cross Timbers provide for a wide variety of habitat for plants and animals (Costello 1969, Oklahoma Biodiversity Plan 1993), and savannas contribute to this habitat diversity (Fig. 4). Savannas may produce an edge effect, where interfaces between community types support species from both communities, resulting in elevated species composition. As in the Midwest, there may be savanna specialists in the Cross Timbers, species that prefer the distinct habitat offered by an open stand of trees. Cross Timbers savanna should be valued in regards to their conservation status for their contribution to the natural heritage of the United States. This is especially true for post oak trees that have reached the age of 200+ years (Fig. 5). According to the Oklahoma Biodiversity Plan (1993), foremost among the threats to plant diversity in Oklahoma is a dramatic change in the fire regime from what occurred historically. As the result of an altered fire regime, the encroachment of woody species into savannas is indeed a threat to the diversity of the Cross Timbers (Rice and Penfound 1959, Johnson and Risser 1975, Johnson 1986, Archer 1995, Hoagland et al. 1999). 81 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Stotts et al. Figure 1 Schematic diagram showing the changes in structure along a gradient from prairie to forest. This structural gradient is often reflective of a fire frequency gradient, with prairies maintained by more frequent fires (Faber-Langendeon 2001). Figure 2 Location of the Cross Timbers region. (Adapted from Küchler 1964). Figure 3 A Cross Timbers mosaic of prairie, savanna and forest communities. 82 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Stotts, et al. Figure 4 A Blackjack oak savanna. These scattered trees provide for habitat diversity. Figure 5 This old-growth post oak tree has low, horizontal branches. This type of architecture may be indicative of its having grown in an open-canopy environment. 83 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Stotts et al. RESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS Restoration is the work of enhancing ecological quality. High quality communities have most natural processes intact and are rich in conservative plant species; those that are restricted to intact, natural remnants. Disrupted or degraded systems (those that have been plowed, overgrazed, protected from fire, etc.) lose those conservative species. The principal challenge in remnant restoration is to reinstate or speed up the processes that allow these remnant- dependent species of plants and animals to regain their important roles in the system (Packard and Ross 1997). Several authors have commented on the need for proactive land management to combat woody encroachment in the Cross Timbers (Dyksterhuis 1948, Smiens and Diamond 1986, Engle et al. 1996, 2006, Francaviglia 2000). Proactive land management practices are indeed recommended for restoring savanna. In degraded savannas, a combination of treatments is recommended for restoring an open-stand of trees with a grassy understory. Mechanical removal of trees with tree-clipping devices and/or chainsaws may be used to thin dense stands. For areas thick with shrubs, mowing treatments may be used. Fire should be used as a process to re-establish native grasses and forbs, with a long-term goal of promoting plant diversity and limiting woody encroachment. There are many acres of private land in the Cross Timbers with degraded oak savanna. A major obstacle to restoring natural diversity on private lands has been the lack of economic incentive. Savanna restorations, however, may provide increased forage and combat further loss of forage due to woody encroachment. Light to moderate grazing can be compatible with maintaining the plant structure needed by many savanna species (Henderson 1995). In addition to providing optimum habitat for many plant and wildlife species, oak savanna was probably the optimum habitat for many game species (e.g., bobwhite quail, turkey, deer, and rabbits) (Henderson 1995). Thus, management for oak savanna is compatible with traditional wildlife management and hunter interests. The ultimate goal should be to help restore habitats, the loss of which, has lead to the gradual disappearance of plant and animal species (Packard 1988). For example, the black-capped vireo is a native to the Cross Timbers region. This federally endangered species prefers to nest in open savanna vegetation, and the decrease in open savanna vegetation has had negative impacts on the population (Hoagland et al. 1999). This is a prime example of how savanna restoration efforts could increase biodiversity by providing habitat for a target species. Currently, savannas are not well represented throughout the Cross Timbers. Much of the Cross Timbers vegetation is now characterized by a mosaic of prairie and closed canopy forest. By restoring savanna communities, the structural diversity of the landscape is increased. These efforts will likely lead to higher compositional and functional diversity. Mendelson et al. (1992), however, criticize what they believe is a rush to create savannas on forested sites that never supported savannas. Most crucially for the Cross Timbers, there are old-growth forests in the region that have never been savanna- like. Such forests are clearly not a target for savanna restoration. Careful research should be used to plan and implement any particular savanna restoration project (see Packard and Mutel 1997). Managers need to understand the characteristics of the site and the potential impacts of restoration techniques. Analysis of the site’s existing plant communities and 84 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Stotts, et al. rare plant or animal populations is crucial. Inference of pre-settlement vegetation through analysis of Government Land Office (GLO) surveys, soils, and topography should help guide the process. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CROSS TIMBERS SAVANNAS Savanna represents one component of a complex and dynamic ecosystem. Within the Cross Timbers, there are several interacting environmental factors influencing vegetation for a given area. These include 1) climate; 2) soil; 3) topography; 4) grazing; and 5) fire. Understanding how all of these factors influence the relative abundance of woody and herbaceous plants is fundamental to managing for and restoring native savanna communities (McPherson 1997). Climate The Cross Timbers is home to a dynamic climate that is capable of supporting grassland or forest. There have been long-term ‘dry’ and ‘moist’ events, punctuated with shorter-term cyclic variations in climatic conditions (Dean et al.1984). The climate of the Cross Timbers has varied substantially even over the last few centuries, where changes in rainfall patterns have caused east-west shifts in the ecotone (Shaw and Lee 1995). Interannual and decadal variability in precipitation and temperature have been naturally high at both local and regional scales (McPherson 1997). As precipitation regimes shifted, so did community composition and structure (Wright 1963). Extreme climatic events may be more important than shifts in means (Katz and Brown 1992) for changes in Cross Timbers savannas. “Pulses” of tree recruitment may occur during relatively brief periods of high soil moisture (McPherson 1997). Wet fuels decrease the likelihood of fire and allow for trees to take advantage of the higher soil moisture. Subsequent growth of woody plants, may transform prairie into savanna or savanna into forest (Jameson 1987). On the other hand, the fine fuels which accumulate during these periods of high precipitation may also dispose the system to intense fire and thereby limit tree recruitment (Scholes and Archer 1997). Significant destruction of Cross Timbers trees during long periods of drought have been documented (Rice and Penfound 1959). While grasses are also damaged by drought, they may rapidly reestablish areas due to their propagation by rhizomes once there is sufficient soil moisture (Weaver 1968). Major droughts in the Cross Timbers region occur at unpredictable intervals. Such droughts may increase the chance of fire due to dry fuels (Axelrod 1985), however, it may decrease fire intensity due to decreased fuel production (Skarpe 1992). Due to the effects of a variable precipitation and fire regime, Cross Timbers savannas have possibly experienced a high degree of shifting on the landscape, as well as conversions to full prairie or forest. Present vegetation may represent one phase of a continually changing assembly of communities (Wethington 1994). This information is important for predicting how a natural savanna community might respond to changes in climate. Soils The very existence of Cross Timbers trees is largely traceable to certain geologic units from which the sandy soils are derived (Dyksterhuis 1948). These alternating materials have formed different soil associations that are characterized by coarse-textured sandy loam soils and by fine-textured clay loam soils. These are generally associated with savanna or forest, and grassland respectively (Dyksterhuis 1948, Smeins and Diamond 1986). 85 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Stotts et al. Studies in the Cross Timbers have indicated that soil moisture availability is the primary factor controlling species composition (Clark 2003, Johnson and Risser 1972, Rice and Penfound 1959). The higher moisture-retaining capacity of coarse- textured soils is largely responsible for supporting the higher water demands of trees where rainfall is marginal for tree survival (Bell and Hulbert 1974). Fine- textured soils may reduce water availability to woody plants below thresholds necessary for survival in the dry summers (McAuliffe 1994). The USDA (2007) characterizes certain soil types in the Cross Timbers as ‘savanna’ range site. These are the most likely locations in which to restore a degraded savanna. Topography Topography influences the ‘fire probability pattern’ (Grimm (1984) that results from frequent fires superimposed on landscape features that include fire-prone topographic regions as well as natural fire barriers. Frequency of fires for a prairie- forest ecotone in pre-settlement times was largely determined by topographic relief and the distribution of firebreaks, such as waterways (Anderson 1990). Because fire frequency was determined by the roughness of landscape features, the density of trees on a landscape can often be viewed as a function of surface roughness (Anderson 1990). Old-growth forest in the Cross Timbers is highly related to steep and rocky slopes (Therrell and Stahle 1998). Much of the Cross Timbers forest prior to settlement was likely associated with a fire-protected landscape. As previously mentioned, old growth forests are not the place for savanna restoration. Grazing Native herbivores influenced the proportion of woody and herbaceous plants by disproportionately consuming or damaging more of one vegetation type than the other (McPherson 1997). As such, herbivores may interact with competition patterns between woody and herbaceous vegetation as well as with fire regimes, and may thus be involved in large-scale physiognomic dynamics of savannas (Skarpe 1991). Ungulates like bison, elk, deer and pronghorn antelope, among other herbivores were all present on the historical prairie/forest transition. Of these, bison may have had the greatest impact on woody plant establishment in terms of their huge numbers and their alteration of fire intensity (Shaw and Lee 1995). High grass biomass can affect tree biomass by fueling fires. Bison grazing could have reduced the fuel load and reduced fire frequency, intensity, or continuity of spread (Baisan and Swetham 1990). However, bison herds are believed to have existed in low numbers in the Cross Timbers (Shaw and Lee 1995). The effects of overgrazing cattle likely differed drastically from historical bison grazing in the Cross Timbers. In the absence of heavy cattle grazing, a considerable quantity of litter was produced between established trees. When fires started with these heavy fuel loadings, small trees and saplings were knocked back. The result was an open stand of timber (Penfound 1962). In managing for savanna communities, overgrazing should not be allowed to reduce the fuel loading to the point where fire cannot suppress woody plants. Fire Fire has influenced plant communities for millions of years. Fires are thought to be important for the origin and maintenance of grassland, savanna, and woodland community physiognomies by limiting woody plant establishment (Anderson 1990, Sullivan 1995, Dorney and Dorney 1989). Native Americans have been in the Southern Plains for more than 10,000 years 86 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Stotts, et al. (Kay 1998), during which they set frequent fire to the tallgrass prairie landscape (Shaw and Lee 1995, Moore 1995). Fire may promote grasses or woody plants in Cross Timbers savannas, as both vegetation types are well-adapted to fire. Fire frequency, fire intensity, and fire season interact to shape the response of vegetation to fire (Wright and Bailey 1982, Engle et al. 1996). A given fire may favor either grasses or trees depending on the nature of these interactions. The frequency of fire plays a critical role. In savanna ecosystems, a decrease in fire frequency leads to woody encroachment, while more frequent fires may favor a relatively stable community (Scholes and Archer 1997). Frequent fires, however, do little to suppress woody plant development if they are of low intensity (Briggs et al. 2005). Fire intensity varies as a function of weather, stage of plant development, fuel load, topography, soil type, and previous management (Bidwell et al. 2004). Generally, a well managed rangeland with plenty of fine fuels will produce a high intensity fire that may effectively control woody plant establishment. This underscores the importance of the current vegetation in not only shaping the fire environment, but also in the response of vegetation to a given fire (Engle et al. 1996). The season of a fire is very important for the relative effect on grasses and woody plants. The way species respond to a fire depends heavily on the timing of the fire relative to their phenological development. In general, plants that are actively growing, flowering, or setting seed at the time of the fire, tend to decline over time (Davidson and Kindscher 1999). Burning at different times of the year is recommended to inhibit certain species from dominating the community and to promote biodiversity. To control woody plants, burning following bud break and full leaf-out is the most effective time (Bidwell et al. 2004). Once a savanna is re-established, carefully prescribed burns can maintain open stands of Cross Timbers oaks for long periods of time (Engle et al. 2006). Used wisely, prescribed fire can enhance biodiversity, combat tree encroachment, reduce danger of catastrophic wildfires, and improve range conditions for livestock. RESEARCH NEEDS The current extent of high-quality savanna stands should be assessed throughout the Cross Timbers. Judgments must be made as to the degree to which stands of vegetation appear to be functioning under natural ecological processes. Plant identification in high- quality stands of oak savanna should be used to provide information on flora composition, richness and physiognomy. Lists of fauna that utilize and prefer these communities should be compiled. This information can be used to assess the integrity and functions of savanna communities, to analyze their contribution to the biodiversity of the Cross Timbers, and as reference information for restoration efforts. While numerous studies indicate that savannas were important components of the historic Cross Timbers, their actual extent is uncertain. Assessing the actual past extent of savanna remains a top research priority. If savanna historically dominated the Cross Timbers region and are now very poorly represented, their conservation would be a very high priority. If savannas were originally rare and transient, they would deserve less attention than if they are the last remnant of a vast vegetation type. Unfortunately, tools for assessing past extent of savanna vegetation are limited. GLO surveys are perhaps the best available tool. Early land survey records have contributed significantly to our understanding of the structure of North America’s pre-settlement ecosystems. By 87 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Stotts et al. way of summary, land surveys have been used to determine: 1) species compositions of pre-settlement savannas and woodlands; 2) landscape-level disturbance processes; 3) site-specific determinants; 4) species associations and community classification, and; 5) vegetation types for mapping purposes (Egan and Howell 2005). This information has figured prominently in the restoration of a number of historic ecosystems (Egan and Howell 2005). Schroeder (1981), for instance, created a statewide map of GLO surveys from Missouri that described a mosaic of forest, woodland, savanna, and prairie landscapes. The map serves as a foundation for the Missouri Department of Natural Resources efforts to restore savanna ecosystems in that state’s parks (McCarty 1998). This information is commonly used as a reference for restoration efforts, and numerous post oak savanna restorations have occurred with success in Missouri. The plat maps used for mapping, however, were made up solely on the basis of data written in the early surveyor’s notes, which have certain biases and limitations (King 1978). Furthermore, we should view this information as but one snapshot of past vegetation patterns that were constantly shifting with an ever-changing climate, Native American activities (Batek et al. 1999), and grazing patterns. Also, early settlers may have cut down trees before the survey was completed. As such, we are forced to consider just how representative they are as a true picture of the “pre- settlement” vegetation (Noss 1985). The dynamics of savannas are not well known because landscape-level processes have been radically, and sometimes irreversibly altered by recent human activities. (Rebertus and Burns 1997) Further research should increase our understanding of the mechanisms of the Cross Timbers ecosystem. Elucidation of the interactions, dynamics and determinants, and identification of robust generalizations that can be broadly applied to savanna ecosystems would benefit ecological theory, modeling and land management (House et al. 2003). Fundamental questions include: What controls the relative abundance of woody and herbaceous plants for a given set of conditions at given site? How do the vegetation types interact with each other? Is a given woody-herbaceous ratio dynamically stable and persistent under a particular set of conditions (House et al. 2003). Finally, circumstances under which restoration techniques are effective or ineffective need to be identified. As such, restoration efforts should be monitored. CONCLUSION Oak savannas throughout the Cross Timbers region have been degraded by woody encroachment. Savanna restoration efforts are recommended to combat this threat to biodiversity. The ultimate goal is to restore ecological processes and help replace lost habitat that is leading to the gradual disappearance of plant and animal species. There is, however, much that is unknown about the ecological dynamics and functions of savanna communities. It is hoped that with research and restoration of savanna communities, some answers will be provided. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors recognize the invaluable contributions of the following: The Stotts family, Jim Minnerath, Daniel Dyer, the USFWS Eastern Kansas District Fire Crew, and the Stotts. LITERATURE CITED Abrams, M.D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests. BioScience 52: 346-353. Anderson, R.C. 1990. The historic role of fire in the North American grassland. In: Collins, S. L. and L.L. Wallace. Fire in North American tallgrass prairies. 88 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Stotts, et al. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press. p 8-18. Archer, S. 1995. 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Some vegetation-environment relationships in the upland forests of Oklahoma. Journal of Ecology 60: 655-663. Johnson, F. L. and P. G. Risser 1975. A quantitative comparison between an oak forest and an oak savannah in central Oklahoma. Southwestern Naturalist 20: 75- 84. Katz, R.W. and B.G. Brown. 1992. Extreme events in a changing climate: variability is more important than averages. Climatic Change 21: 289-302. Kay, M. 1998. The central and southern plains archaic. Archeology on the Great Plains. University Press of Kansas. 522 pages. Kline, V.M. 1997. Orchards of oak and a sea of grass. In Packard, S. and Cornelia F. Mutel (eds). The tallgrass restoration handbook: For prairies, savannas, and woodlands. Washington, D.C.; Island Press. p 3-21. King, J.E. 1978. Late quarternary vegetational history of Illinois. Ecological Monographs 51: 43-62. Küchler, A.W. 1964. 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Carving up the woods: Savanna restoration in northeastern Illinois. Restoration & Management Notes. 10(2): 127-131. Moore, C.T. 1972. Man and fire in the Central North American grassland 1535-1890: A documentary historical geography. [dissertation] Los Angeles: University of California.. Noss, R.F. 1985. On characterizing presettlement vegetation: how and why. Natural Areas Journal 5: 1-19. Nuzzo, V.A. 1985. Extent and status of Midwest oak savanna: presettlement and 1985. The Natural Areas Journal 6: 6-36. Oklahoma Biodiversity Task Force. 1996. Oklahoma’s biodiversity plan: A shared vision for conserving our natural heritage. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. Packard, S. 1988. Just a few oddball species: restoration and the rediscovery of the tallgrass savanna – in Cook County, Illinois. Restoration and Management Notes 6, no. 1: 13-20. Packard, S. and C.F. Mutel. 1997. Perspective. The Tallgrass Restoration Handbook: For Prairies, Savannas, and Woodlands. Washington D.C. Island Press. p xxv- xxxiv. Packard, S. and L.M. Ross. 1997. Restoring Remnants. In Packard, S. and Cornelia F. Mutel (eds). The Tallgrass Restoration Handbook: For Prairies, Savannas, and Woodlands. Washington D.C. Island Press. p 63-88. Palmer, M. W. (in press). Vascular flora of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, Osage County, Oklahoma. Castanea. Forthcoming. Palmer, M.W. and P.S. White. 1994. On the existence of ecological communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 5: 279-282. Penfound, W. T. (1962). The savanna concept in Oklahoma. Ecology 43(4): 774-775. Rebertus, A.J. and B.R. Burns. 1997. The importance of gap processes in the development and maintenance of oak savannas and dry forests. The Journal of Ecology 85: 635-645. Rice, E.L. and W.T. Penfound. 1959. The upland forests of Oklahoma. Ecology 40: 593-608. 90 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Stotts, et al. Scholes, R.J. and S.R. Archer. 1997. Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Annual Review of Ecological Systems 28: 517-544. Schroeder, S.A. 1981. Presettlement prairie of Missouri. Natural History Series, Publication No. 2. Jefferson City: Missouri Department of Conservation. Shaw, J.H. and M. Lee. 1995. Ecological interpretation of historical accounts of bison and fire on the southern plains with emphasis on tallgrass prairie. A final report to the Nature Conservancy of Oklahoma. Oklahoma State University. Skarpe, C. (1991). Impact of grazing in savanna ecosystems. Ambio 20: 351-356. Skarpe, C. 1992. Dynamics of savanna ecosystems. Journal of Vegetation Science 3: 293-300. Smeins, F.E. and D.D. Diamond. 1986. Grasslands and savannahs of East Central Texas: Ecology, preservation status and management problems. In Kulhavy, David L. and Richard N. Conner. 1986. Wilderness and Natural Areas in the United States: A management challenge. p 381-394. Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Oak-hickory forest. In Fire effects information system, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Science Laboratory. Therrell, M.D. and D.W. Stahle. 1998. A predictive model to locate ancient forests in the Cross Timbers of Osage County, Oklahoma. Journal of Biogeography 25: 847-854 USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Range Research Station. 2007. Range Sites Short Course. [online]. Available: www.sprrs.usda.gov/range_sites.htm (Accessed 2007 November 12). Weaver, J.E. 1968. Prairie plants and their environment: A fifty-year study in the Midwest. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln and London. Wethington, M. K. 1994. A spatial and temporal analysis of forest and grassland changes at the tallgrass prairie preserve [M.S. thesis]. Stillwater: Oklahoma State University. Whitney, G.G. and Decant, J.P. 2005. Government Land Office Surveys and Other Early Land Surveys. The Historical Ecology Handbook. Washington D.C.: Island Press. p 147-172. Wright, Jr., H.E. 1963. Vegetational history of the Central Plains. Pleistocene and recent environments of the Central Great Plains. Lawrence, Kansas: Department of Geology, University of Kansas. Wright, H.A. and A.W. Bailey. 1982. Fire ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y. 91 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Editorial Botanizing with Larry Magrath Sunday, October 4, 1998. A field trip for two doesn’t take much planning – a phone call will do: “One of my students has brought in a collection of Scirpus hallii. Want to go with me on Sunday to verify the site?” Well, of course! Larry was one of the state’s most ardent collectors, and S. hallii (name since changed to Schoenoplectus hallii) is a sedge. That makes it a plant I need to know. Just after 8 a.m. that Sunday I picked up Larry and his gear in Chickasha, and we headed southwest. But first – he’d thought of another lake that was “almost on the way”, and there were exposed mud flats just covered with sedges. So we went due west for maybe 10 miles, to Lake Burtschi. There were thousands of inch-tall sedges of several different species; Cyperus surinamensis, C. aristatus, Fimbristylis autumnalis, and Fuirena simplex, mostly. They lay on the damp sand like a city lawn; tiny annual species doing their best to set seed before frost. There we also collected samples of Arundo donax, a grass that grows in shallow water, and can reach more than two meters tall. Then, “since we are in the neighborhood” we stopped at a private property called Williams’ Wilderness, whose owner had given permission. There we found an orchid, Hexalectris spicata and some other goodies. Traveling SW on SH19, we stopped along the south edge of Apache near Lakeside Village to see how Lake Ellsworth had fared. That lake was down ten feet, and had exposed acres of sandy bottom, much of it covered with the tiny annual sedges. All were in furious bloom. There we collected a sedge-like grass, Eragrostis reptans; as well as Fimbristylis vahlii, Cyperus odoratus, Amannia coccinea, and a strange liverwort called Riccocarpus natans. The upper edges were banked with a vigorous morning glory with small white flowers, Ipomoea lacunosa. Finally we reached Jed Johnson Lake in the Wichita Mountain Wildlife Reservation. There, an expanse of mud flats some 4 meters wide and ten meters long had been exposed by the low water. The shoreline was composed of broken red-granite gravels and sand, much disturbed by fishermen. Scirpus hallii was there in abundance and in bloom or fruit. Larry counted 114 plants, and each of us collected a specimen for our herbarium. Our trip had been both entertaining and successful. Think it was over? You’ve never been on a field trip with Larry! We were free to wander as far and wide as our strength and the day lasted. We checked Rush Lake, also on the Reserve, and found it embedded in a huge stand of Eleocharis quadrangulata. While I took pictures, a curious armadillo came right up and sniffed near-sightedly at my shoe. Lunch with Larry was always a challenge: it had to be fast, and it had to be vegetarian. Veggie fast food isn’t readily available along country roads. We settled for sub sandwiches at the Love’s Station on SH49. Dodging traffic through Lawton, we took SH 7 east to SH 65, then went south through Temple, turned east there on SH 5, and soon arrived at Moneke Park near Lake Waurika. Hiking through an open forest community, we found the other relative of poke-weed, Rivina humilis, and in bloom. First time I’d ever seen that. It was a real treat. Our day was coming to an end. The cloud bank that had hovered to the west all day long grew higher and darker. We reluctantly headed north on US 81, but soon https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100056 92 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 had to make a stop just north of Addington. There, beside the highway, is a large prairie- dog community, and we enjoyed their company until it grew too dark for photography. By the time we reached Chickasha, it was pitch-black except for the lightning that was almost intense enough to drive by. Larry unloaded his prizes in a heavy downpour, and I headed for home by SH9. Again, lightning and heavy, heavy rain accompanied the trip. By way of the evening news, I learned that Ninnekah, just south of Chickasha, had been struck by a tornado right after we drove through, and that a swarm of them had produced the lightning that made the passage so interesting. The tornadoes had covered a large swath of central Oklahoma that night while Larry and I were busy pressing the plants and writing up our notes. Over the years there were many such field trips with Larry, most of them with the Oklahoma Native Plant Society or The Nature Conservancy. Each of them was “floriferous” and interesting. The photo below is from one of our trips to Round Mountain in LeFlore County with Jim Norman and Charles Lewallen, who set up the remote photo. Patricia Folley, 1 June 2007 ONPS Larry Magrath, botanizing with Patricia Folley, Charles Lewallen, and Jim Norman. Editorial Policies and Practices Oklahoma Native Plant Record is published annually by Oklahoma Native Plant Society. Submission for publication in the journal is open to all. Manuscripts will be accepted on topics related to Oklahoma's regional botany, including historical research reports, current research articles, site record species lists, and descriptions of new or important species sightings in Oklahoma. 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Site descriptions should include latitude, longitude, total area and elevation. Common names should be referenced to a scientific name. Abbreviations of authorities for scientific names should follow Authors of Plant Names (Brummitt and Powell 1992). Titles of periodicals should be abbreviated following Botanico-Peridoicum-Huntianum and its supplement except in historic publications when original format will be used. Authors with access to PC-compatible microcomputers are encouraged to send a copy of the manuscript on CD or diskette in rtf (rich text format). If the manuscript is typed, manuscripts should be double-spaced on 8 1/2 X 11 inch paper with minimum one-inch margins and should be submitted in duplicate. Use no headers, footers, nor auto page numbering. Proof-read and verify taxa numbers before submission. Color photos may be submitted on CD or diskette. CDs, Diskettes, or hardcopy manuscripts should be sent to the managing editor at the address below by July 1. Managing Editor, Oklahoma Native Plant Record Oklahoma Native Plant Society c/o Tulsa Garden Center 2435 South Peoria Tulsa, Oklahoma 74114 Five-Year Index to Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 2 4 Vascular Plants of the Wichita Mountains, Paul Buck 22 Floristic List for Comanche County, Oklahoma, Bruce W. Hoagland 54 Schoenoplectus hallii and S. saximontanus; Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge Survey: 2000, Lawrence K. Magrath 65 Pontotoc Ridge Floristic Survey: 1999, Forrest L. Johnson, Patricia Folley (ed.) 82 Water, Soil, and Plant Diversity in Oklahoma, Sheila Strawn Volume 3 4 Black Mesa Flora Study, James K. McPherson 19 Black Mesa State Park Flora Update, Patricia A. Folley 23 Vascular Flora of the Keystone Wildlife Management Area, Bruce Hoagland and Amy K. Buthod. 38 Floristic Survey of the The Nature Conservancy’s Preserve, Johnston County, OK, Kimberly A. Shannon. 51 Historical Accounts of the Transformation of a Pairie Town, Todd D. Fagin and Melissa S. Brown. 68 Triphora trianthophora and Tipularia discolor in Oklahoma, Lawrence K. Magrath 73 Take time to watch, not just smell the wildflowers, Gloria M. Caddell Volume 4 4 Ecological Factors Affecting the Distribution of Woody Vegetation Near the Arkansas River, Tulsa County, Anne Wanamaker Long 24 Cotinus obovatus Raf. (Smoke-tree) in Oklahoma, Bruce Hoagland. 26 Giant Cane and Southeastern Indian Baskets, Julia A. Jordan. 30 Vascular Flora of the Couteau Wildlife Management Area, Wagoner County, Oklahoma, Bruce W. Hoagland and Forrest L. Johnson. 40 Status and Habitat Characteristics of Chyprepedium kentuckiense (Kentucky lady’s slipper) in Southeastern Oklahoma, Bruce Hoagland and Amy K. Buthod. 48 Common Lawn and Garden Mushrooms of Central Oklahoma, Clark L. Ovrebo 56 Why Do Species Names Change? Patricia A. Folley Volume 5 4 Relationship of Forest Vegetation to Soils on Geological Formations of the Oklahoma Gulf Coastal Plain, R. John Taylor 39 A Vegetation Analysis of a Pimpled Prairie in Northeastern Oklahoma, Constance L. Murray 61 Vascular Flora of a Site Along the Arkansas River, Pawnee County, Oklahoma, Bruce W. Hoagland and Amy K. Buthod 73 Additions to the Flora of Garvin County, Oklahoma, Phillip T. Crawford and Priscilla H.C. Crawford 98 Tribute to John Taylor, ONPS members Volume 6 4 The Lichens of North Central Oklahoma, Darvin W. Keck 51 Annotated Nomenclatural Update to Keck (1961), Douglas M. Ladd 53 Vascular Flora of a Red Sandstone Hills Site, Canadian County, Oklahoma, Bruce W. Hoagland and Amy K. Buthod 69 Vascular Flora of a Riparian Site on the Canadian River, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, Lacy Burgess and Bruce W. Hoagland. 80 Cedar-apple Rust, Clark L. Ovrebo Oklahoma Native Plant Society c/o Tulsa Garden Center 2435 South Peoria Tulsa, Oklahoma 74114 _________________________________________________________________________ In this issue of Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007: _________________________________________________________________________ 4 Vascular Plants of the Oklahoma Ozarks Charles S. Wallis 21 Updated Oklahoma Ozark Flora Bruce W. Hoagland 54 The Vascular Flora of the Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden Site Osage County, Oklahoma Bruce W. Hoagland and Amy Buthod 67 Vascular Plant Checklists from Oklahoma Michael W. Palmer 78 The Need for Savanna Restoration in the Cross Timbers Caleb Stotts, Michael W. Palmer, and Kelly Kindscher 91 Botanizing with Larry Magrath Patricia A. Folley Five Year Index to Oklahoma Native Plant Record inside back cover Oklahoma Native Plant Record, Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society, Volume 7, Number 1, December 2007 Title Page Table of Contents Foreword and Forward Vascular Plants of the Oklahoma Ozarks - Ph.D. Dissertation, Dr. Charles S. Wallis Updated Oklahoma Ozark Flora - Dr. Bruce W. Hoagland The Vascular Flora of the Oklahoma Centennial Botanical Garden Site, Osage County, Oklahoma - Dr. Bruce W. Hoagland and Ms. Amy Buthod Vascular Plant Checklists from Oklahoma - Dr. Michael W. Palmer The Need for Savanna Restoration in the Cross Timbers - Mr. Caleb Stotts, Dr. Michael W. Palmer, and Dr. Kelly Kindscher Botanizing with Larry Magrath - Editorial, Ms. Patricia Folley Editorial Policies and Practices Five-year Index to Oklahoma Native Plant Record Back Cover Index