Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society Volume 12, December 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 43 VASCULAR FLORA OF ALABASTER CAVERNS STATE PARK, CIMARRON GYPSUM HILLS, WOODWARD COUNTY, OKLAHOMA Gloria M. Caddell Kristi D. Rice Department of Biology Department of Biology University of Central Oklahoma University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, OK 73034 Edmond, OK 73034 gcaddell@uco.edu Current Address: College of Pharmacy University of Oklahoma Oklahoma City, OK 73117 Keywords: flora, vascular plants, g ypsum, pla nt distribution ABSTRACT Alabaster Caverns State Park is located in the Cimarron Gypsum Hills of northwestern Oklahoma, a semi-arid region of the state. The majority of the park is dominated by mixed-grass prairie and gypsum outcrops, with some riparian habitat and wooded north-facing slopes. A vascular plant inventory conducted from 2004 through 2007 yielded 274 species in 199 genera and 66 families. The largest families were the Poaceae (52 species), Asteraceae (47), and Fabaceae (23). There were 100 annuals, 6 biennials, and 163 perennials, as well as 5 species that have more than one life history form. Forty-two species (15.3%) were not native to North America. Three taxa currently being tracked by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory (2012) were present: Echinocereus reichenbachii (S3G5), Haploesthes greggii (S1G4?), and Marsilea vestita (S1G5). Compared to floristic inventories of sites in the Cimarron Gypsum Hills that are less impacted by public visitation, but more intensively grazed, Alabaster Caverns State Park has a higher number of species as well as a higher proportion of introduced species. INTRODUCTION Palmer et al. (1995) summarized the importance of floristic inventories in providing data for research on biodiversity, environmental impact assessment, and management decisions. The need for further studies of the vascular flora of the Gypsum Hills Physiographic Province was noted by Hoagland (2000). Since that time, two publications have provided floristic inventories of areas within the Cimarron Gypsum Hills of northwestern Oklahoma. Buckallew and Caddell (2003, 2004) summarized the vascular flora of the Selman Living Laboratory, located approximately 6 miles west of Alabaster Caverns State Park in Woodward County. It supports primarily mixed-grass prairie and gypsum outcrop communities and was part of the Selman Ranch until 1998. Hoagland and Buthod (2005) surveyed a gypsum-dominated, currently-grazed ranch located approximately 24 miles southeast of Alabaster Caverns in Major County. Alabaster Caverns was established as a state park in the 1950s and therefore has a different land-use history. It is heavily visited by the public and is a site on the Western Oklahoma Wildlife Trail. The objectives of this inventory were to contribute to our knowledge of plant distributions in Oklahoma and in the Cimarron Gypsum Hills; to compare the vascular flora of Alabaster Caverns State Park to that of previously-described, more intensively- grazed but less heavily-visited sites in the Cimarron Gypsum Hills; and to provide a resource that Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 44 can be used by state park personnel for education and conservation purposes. STUDY AREA Alabaster Caverns State Park is located in Woodward County, Oklahoma (36°42’00”N, -99°08’47”W; T26N R18W SW1/4 of Sec. 28 and NW1/4 of NW1/4 of Sec. 33). The land for the park was purchased by the State of Oklahoma in 1953. It became a state park in 1956 (Allen 2007) and is managed by the Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department. The park consists of approximately 81 hectares (=200 acres). Cedar Creek, a tributary of Long Creek, flows west to east through Cedar Canyon and roughly bisects the park. Elevation ranges from about 488 m to 532 m. The climate is semi-arid. According to climate data for Woodward County (Oklahoma Climatological Survey 2012), average annual precipitation is about 61 cm. The growing season lasts approximately 186 days, from mid-April to mid-October. The mean annual temperature is 15.6º C, with daily average temperatures ranging from 2.0º C in January to 27.8º C in July. Temperatures range from an average low of -5.6º C in January to an average daytime high of 35º C in July. Winds average 11 miles per hour and most often are from the south or southwest. Alabaster Caverns lies in the Cimarron Gypsum Hills Province of Oklahoma (Curtis et al. 1979). Most of the park is underlain by the Blaine Formation, consisting of alternating layers of gypsum and shale formed during the Permian Period. The gypsum outcrops on the site belong to this formation. The Flowerpot Shale, which underlies the Blaine Formation, is exposed in Cedar Canyon (Meyers et al. 1969). Soils belong to the Vernon- Cottonwood Association and are excessively- drained loams and clay loams that have formed from gypsum and gypsiferous shales (Nance et al. 1963). The potential vegetation type is mixed grass (Duck and Fletcher 1943). METHODS We intensively surveyed the site throughout the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005. During those years, we visited the site 19 times, from May through October of 2004, and from April to October of 2005. We also surveyed the site in March and May of 2006. During most visits, we walked the areas both north and south of the canyon, and attempted to visit all major habitats within the park. We recorded all vascular plant species we encountered, noted whether they were in flower or fruit, and collected voucher specimens. We collected exotic species only from naturalized populations, excluding cultivated species from around the visitor center and campgrounds. A few species were identified by sight and documented only by photographs, generally because of their rarity at the site or their rarity status in Oklahoma. We added a few species to our vascular plant species list during plot sampling in 2006 and 2007 for a study of the vascular plant communities across the Cimarron Gypsum Hills (Rice 2008). References used for specimen identification included Hitchcock (1971), Great Plains Flora Association (1986), Diggs et al. (1999), Tyrl et al. (2005, 2010), and Barkworth et al. (2007). The organization of taxa in our species list is based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III) recommendations (Stevens 2012), and nomenclature follows the PLANTS Database compiled by the United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA, NRCS 2012). The PLANTS Database was also used to determine whether each species was native to North America or introduced, and whether it was an annual, biennial, or perennial. In cases where species have more than one life form across their range, we noted the life form(s) encountered at Alabaster Caverns State Park. Voucher specimens were deposited in the University of Central Oklahoma (CSU) Herbarium. Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 45 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We identified 274 species in 199 genera and 66 families (Table 1, Appendix). These included 4 monilophyes (1 species of horsetail and 3 ferns), 1 gymnosperm, 210 eudicots, and 59 monocots. There was one additional subspecific taxon. Species in the Poaceae (52), Asteraceae (47), and Fabaceae (23) far outnumbered those in other families. Only 7 other families were represented by more than 5 species: Euphorbiaceae (11), Brassicaceae (8), Caryophyllaceae (7), Plantaginaceae (7), Solanaceae (7), Apocynaceae (6), and Onagraceae (6). The largest genera were Astragalus (6 species), Oenothera (6), Chamaesyce (5), and Asclepias (5). One hundred species were annuals, 6 were biennials, and 163 were perennials. Five species had more than one life form. Thirty-six species were trees (18 species), shrubs (12), or woody vines (6). Cylindropuntia imbricata is included on the species list because it apparently has escaped from cultivation within the park. Three taxa tracked by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory (2012) were present: Marsilea vestita (S1G5), Haploesthes greggii (S1G4?), and Echinocereus reichenbachii (S3G5). Rarity ranks, in parentheses, range from 1 (critically imperiled) to 5 (demonstrably secure) at the state (S) and global (G) levels. The park includes primarily mixed-grass prairie and gypsum outcrop plant communities. The major plant association (Hoagland 2000) is the Schizachyrium scoparium- Castilleja purpurea var. citrina-Lesquerella gordonii herbaceous association. The north-facing slopes are wooded, and the ravines of Cedar Canyon are dominated by Juniperus virginiana. The areas adjacent to the visitor center and within and adjacent to the park’s two campgrounds are disturbed. Although the area south of the canyon has not been grazed since the 1950s, the area north of Cedar Canyon was leased for grazing until 1997 (Caywood 2006), and contains some old-field vegetation. Wetland and riparian vegetation is found along Cedar Creek and on the edges of a pond near the western boundary of the park. Forty-two species (15.3 %) in 16 families were not native to North America. Four of these species (Bothriochloa ischaemum, Bromus tectorum, Sorghum halepense, and Tamarix ramosissima) are listed as Oklahoma problem species, 4 (Ailanthus altissima, Erodium cicutarium, Melilotus officinalis, and Ulmus pumila) are on the Oklahoma Watch List, and 14 are problems in border states (Oklahoma Invasive Plants Council 2012). Seventeen species of Poaceae were introduced. Compared with the recently-grazed Selman Living Lab (Buckallew and Caddell 2003, 2004) and the currently-grazed Major County ranch (Hoagland and Buthod 2005), Alabaster Caverns State Park had a higher number of plant species, although it is smaller (81 ha) than the Selman Living Lab (129.5 ha) and approximately the same size as the Major County ranch (80+ ha). The higher number of species is in part due to the higher number and proportion of introduced species at Alabaster Caverns. Of the 229 species at the Selman Living Lab, 21 (9%) were introduced. Of the 233 species at the Major County ranch, 22 (10.6%) were introduced. The higher number of introduced species at Alabaster Caverns can be attributed to disturbance associated with the high number of visitors to the park, especially around the visitor center and campgrounds. Of the 274 species at Alabaster Caverns State Park, 175 also occur at the Selman Living Lab. Of the 99 species that occur at Alabaster Caverns but not at the Selman Living Lab, 33 are introduced species. Other differences in species composition are due to differences in land-use history and habitats between the two sites; the Selman Living Lab had been recently grazed when it was inventoried, and it includes sandsage grassland as well as a much larger floodplain than Alabaster Caverns State Park. Although the northern part of Alabaster Caverns State Park was grazed recently, the southern part has not been grazed since the 1950s. Because the Selman Living Lab is located only 6 miles Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 46 to the west of Alabaster Caverns State Park, annual temperature and precipitation are the same, and therefore do not contribute to differences in species composition. Alabaster Caverns State Park shares 163 species with the Major County ranch. Differences in species composition between those 2 sites can be attributed in part to their different grazing histories as well as to some differences in habitats. The Major County Ranch is grazed currently, and contains a large pond, disturbed areas associated with oil well pads, and more roads than Alabaster Caverns State Park. Environmental factors also differ between the sites. Although average temperature differs by only 1° C, average annual precipitation is approximately 61 cm for Alabaster Caverns State Park and approximately 70 cm for the Major County ranch. The major vegetation associations at Alabaster Caverns and brief descriptions of common species are as follows: 1. Schizachyrium scoparium-Castilleja purpurea var. citrina-Lesquerella g ordonii herbaceous association This was the predominant vegetation association in the park, on the gypsum outcrops and shallow soils on gypsum (Figures 1-3). Common associated species included Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Chamaesyce glyptosperma, Croton monanthogynous, Dalea enneandra, Echinocereus reichenbachii, Heterotheca stenophylla, Lithospermum incisum, Mentzelia nuda, Mentzelia oligosperma, Nama stevensii, Oenothera hartwegii, Oenothera serrulata, Opuntia phaeacantha, Paronychia jamesii, Phacelia integrifolia, Polanisia dodecandra, Polygala alba, Portulaca pilosa, Psilostrophe tagetina, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Thelesperma magapotamicum, Tridens muticus var. elongatus, and Yucca glauca. Two of these species, Phacelia integrifolia (Figure 4) and Nama stevensii (Figure 5), as well as the less-commonly encountered Haploesthes greggii (Figure 6), are found only on gypsum substrates in Oklahoma and are considered obligate gypsophiles. Two of the species in this habitat, Echinocereus reichenbachii (Figure 7) and Haploesthes greggii, are being tracked by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory. Woody species occurred mainly on the steep north-facing slopes and ravines of Cedar Canyon, and included Celtis laevigata var. reticulata, Cornus drummondii, Gleditsia triacanthos, Juniperus virginiana, Morus rubra, Rhus glabra, Rhus aromatica, Ribes aureum, Sapindus saponaria, Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Ulmus americana, Ulmus rubra, and Vitis acerifolia. 2. Wetland and riparian vegetation This vegetation was found along the banks of Cedar Creek as well as the margins of the pond. Associated species included Amorpha fruticosa, Baccharis salicina, Carex gravida, Eleocharis montevidensis, Equisetum spp., Nasturtium officinale, Pluchea odorata, Populus deltoides, Ranunculus sceleratus, Salix nigra, and Vitis riparia. A wet depression in the grassland on the north side of the canyon supported Marsilea vestita, a species tracked by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory. 3. Disturbed areas and old-field vegetation This type of vegetation was found in disturbed areas along roadsides and trails near the visitor center, in campgrounds, and in areas with deeper soils north of the canyon that were grazed until 1997. Common species in disturbed areas along roadsides, trails, and campgrounds were Arenaria serpyllifolia, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Bromus spp., Chamaesaracha coniodes, Digitaria ciliaris, Erodium cicutarium, Glandularia pumila, Holosteum umbellatum, Lamium amplexicaule, Melilotus officinalis, Quincula lobata, Veronica spp., and Tribulus terrestris. Common species in old fields included Ambrosia psilostachya, Amphiachyris dracunculoides, Aristida oligantha, Artemisia ludoviciana, Bothriochloa laguroides, Bromus spp., Chamaesyce spp., and Gutierrezia sarothrae. Many of these species increase with grazing. Thickets of Prunus angustifolia were also present. Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 47 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Tom Creider of the Oklahoma Department of Tourism and Recreation, as well as Dean Taylor and Mike Caywood of Alabaster Caverns State Park, for permission to conduct this study. Funding for the 2005 season was provided by a mini-grant from the University of Central Oklahoma Joe Jackson College of Graduate Studies and Research. We also thank William Caire for his assistance with collections, and anonymous reviewers for constructive suggestions. Table 1 Summary of floristic collections from Alabaster Caverns State Park in the Cimarron Gypsum Hills, Woodward County, Oklahoma* ________________________________________________________________________ Taxonomic Group Families Genera Species Native Exotic spp. spp. ________________________________________________________________________ Monilophyta 3 4 4 4 0 Pinophyta 1 1 1 1 0 Magnoliophyta Eudicots 57 151 210 185 25 Monocots 5 43 59 42 17 _______________________________________________________________________ Total 66 199 274 232 42 ______________________________________________________________________ *Table format follows Palmer et al. (1995) Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 48 LITERATURE CITED Allen, L. 2007. Alabaster Caverns State Park. In Oklahoma Historical Society. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. [cited 2012 Jul 27]. Available from: http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclop edia/entries/A/AL002.html Barkworth, M. E., L. K. Anderton, K. M. Capels, S. Long, and M. B. Piep, eds. 2007. Manual of Grasses for North America. Logan (UT): Intermountain Herbarium and Utah State University Press. Buckallew, R. R. and G. M. Caddell. 2003. Vascular flora of the University of Central Oklahoma Selman Living Laboratory, Woodward County, Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. 83:31-45. Buckallew, R. R. and G. M. Caddell. 2004. Erratum: Appendix 1: Taxa present at the SLL. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. 84:95-103. Caywood, M. 2006. Park Manager, Alabaster Caverns State Park, Freedom, Oklahoma. Personal Communication. Curtis, N. M., W. E. Ham, and K. S. Johnson. 2008. Geomorphic provinces of Oklahoma. In Johnson K.S. and K. V. Luza, eds. Earth Sciences and Mineral Resources of Oklahoma. Educational Publication 9, Oklahoma Geological Survey, The University of Oklahoma. Available from: http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/EP 9_All.pdf Diggs, G. M., B. L. Lipscomb, and R. J. O’Kennon. Shinners and Mahler’s Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas. Fort Worth: Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Duck, L. G. and J. D. Fletcher. 1943. A game type map of Oklahoma. In A survey of the game and furbearing animals of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma City. Available from: http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duckf lt/dfmap.gif Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence: University of Kansas. Hitchcock, A. S. 1971. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. Toronto, Ontario: General Publishing Co. Hoagland, B. W. 2000. The vegetation of Oklahoma: A classification for landscape mapping and conservation planning. Southwestern Naturalist 45:385-420. Hoagland, B. W. and A. K. Buthod. 2005. Vascular flora of a gypsum dominated site in Major County, Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. 85:1-8. Nance, E. C., C. A. Steers, E. L. Cole, M. L. Miller, and C. Fanning. 1963. Soil survey of Woodward County. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Meyers, A. J., A. M. Gibson, B. P. Glass, and C. R. Patrick. 1969. Guide to Alabaster Cavern, Woodward County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Guidebook No. 15, The University of Oklahoma, Norman. Oklahoma Climatological Survey http://climate.ok.gov/ [cited 2012 Sep 2012]. Available from: http://climate.ok.gov/county_climate/Pr oducts/County_Climatologies/county_cli mate_woodward.pdf Oklahoma Invasive Plant Council. 2012. Oklahoma Non-Native Invasive Plant Species. [cited 2012 Sep 9]. Available from: http:/ok-invasive-plant- council.org/images/OKinvasivespp.pdf Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory (ONHI). 2012. Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory Plant Tracking List. Available from: http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/ publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012. pdf Palmer, M. W., G. L. Wade, and P. R. Neal. 1995. Standards for the writing of floras. Bioscience 45:339-345. Stevens, P. F. 2012. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 12 [cited 2012 Jul]. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/A/AL002.html http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/A/AL002.html http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/EP9_All.pdf http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/EP9_All.pdf http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duckflt/dfmap.gif http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duckflt/dfmap.gif http://climate.ok.gov/ http://climate.ok.gov/county_climate/Products/County_Climatologies/county_climate_woodward.pdf http://climate.ok.gov/county_climate/Products/County_Climatologies/county_climate_woodward.pdf http://climate.ok.gov/county_climate/Products/County_Climatologies/county_climate_woodward.pdf http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012.pdf http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012.pdf http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012.pdf Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 49 Available from: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/researc h/APweb/ Rice, K. 2008. Effects of abiotic factors and cattle grazing on gypsum outcrop plant communities in the Cimarron Gypsum Hills, northwestern Oklahoma. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma. Tyrl, R. J., S. C. Barber, P. Buck, W. J. Elisens, J. R. Estes, P. Folley, L. K. Magrath, C. L. Murray, A. K. Ryburn, B. A. Smith, C. E. S. Taylor, R. A. Thompson, J. B. Walker, and L. E. Watson. 2005, 2010. Keys and Descriptions for the Vascular Plants of Oklahoma. Noble (OK): Flora Oklahoma Inc. USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. [cited 2012 Sep] http://plants.usda.gov. . http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ http://plants.usda.gov/ Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 50 APPENDIX Annotated species list for Alabaster Caverns State Park, Woodward County, Oklahoma. Nomenclature and common names are based on USDA, NRCS (2012). Organization of taxa is based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III) recommendations (Stevens 2012). Life history (A=annual, B=biennial, P=perennial) and collection numbers follow the species names. Taxa introduced to North America are indicated with an asterisk (*) and those on the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory Plant Tracking List are indicated with a symbol (+). Voucher specimens were deposited in the University of Central Oklahoma Herbarium (CSU). MONILOPHYTA Equisetaceae Equisetum L sp. (horsetail) – P; GMC1215 Marsileaceae +Marsilea vestita Hook & Grev. (hairy waterclover) – P; GMC1145 Pteridaceae Cheilanthes feei T. Moore (slender lipfern) – P; GMC800 Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link (purple cliffbreak) – P; GMC815 GYMNOSPERMS/PINOPHYTA Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana (eastern redcedar) – P; GMC816 ANGIOSPERMS/MAGNOLIOPHYTA EUDICOTS Amaranthaceae Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer (roughfruit amaranth) – A; GMC1245 *Chenopodium album L. var. album (lambsquarters) – A; KR930 Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. (pitseed goosefoot) – A; GMC1217 Anacardiaceae Rhus aromatica Aiton – P; GMC811 Rhus copallinum L. (winged sumac) – P; GMC1177 Rhus glabra L. (smooth sumac) – P; GMC849 Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze (eastern poison ivy) – P; GMC1267 Apiaceae Ammoselinum popei Torr. & A. Gray (plains sandparsley) – A; KR753 Sanicula canadensis L. (Canadian blacksnakeroot) – B; GMC1170 Spermolepis inermis (Nutt. ex DC.) Mathias & Constance (Red River scaleseed) – A; GMC1165 Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum L. (Indianhemp) – P; GMC 1137 Asclepias asperula (Decne.) Woodson ssp. capricornu (Woodson) Woodson (antelopehorns) – P; GMC1096 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 51 Asclepias engelmanniana Woodson (Engelmann’s milkweed) – P; GMC1186 Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf. (broadleaf milkweed) – P; GMC1189 Asclepias viridiflora Raf. (green comet milkweed) – P; GMC870 Asclepias viridis Walter (green antelopehorn) – P; GMC1136 Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L. (common yarrow) – P; GMC1107 Ambrosia psilostachya DC. (Cuman ragweed) – P; GMC897 Ambrosia trifida L. (great ragweed) – A; GMC914 Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. (prairie broomweed) – A; GMC922 Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon) – P; GMC921 Artemisia filifolia Torr. (sand sagebrush) – P; GMC895 Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. ludoviciana (white sagebrush) – P; GMC941 Baccharis salicina Torrey & A. Gray (willow baccharis) – P; GMC901 Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners var. corymbulosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Shinners (false boneset) – P; GMC1242 Chaetopappa ericoides (Torr.) G. L. Nesom (rose heath) – P; GMC1063 Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. (wavy leaf thistle) – P; GMC1161 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist (Canadian horseweed) – A; KR929 Conyza ramosissima Cronquist (dwarf horseweed) – A; GMC1256 Echinacea angustifolia DC. (blacksamson echinacea) – P; GMC1136 Erigeron cf. divergens Torr. & A. Gray (spreading fleabane) – B; GMC973 Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. (prairie fleabane) – A; GMC1097 Evax prolifera Nutt. ex DC. (bighead pygmycudweed) – A; GMC1030 Gaillardia pulchella Foug. (Indian blanket) – A; GMC828 Gaillardia suavis (A. Gray & Engelm.) Britton & Rusby (perfumeballs) – P; GMC1133 Grindelia papposa G. L. Nesom and Suh (Spanish gold) – A; GMC1203 Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal (curlycup gumweed) – B; GMC935 Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby (broom snakeroot) – P; GMC907 +Haploesthes greggii A. Gray (false broomweed) – P; GMC1147 Helianthus annuus L. (common sunflower) – A; GMC854 Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. (prairie sunflower) – A; GMC1244 Heterotheca stenophylla (A. Gray) Shinners (stiffleaf false goldenaster) – P; GMC891 Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh (Chalk Hill hymenopappus) – B; GMC1128 Iva annua L. (annual marshelder) – A; GMC1257 Lactuca ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell (biannual lettuce) – B; GMC814 Liatris punctata Hook. (dotted blazing star) – P; GMC926 Machaeranthera pinnatifida (Hook.) Shinners (tansyaster) – P; GMC1160 Packera plattensis (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve (prairie groundsel) – B, P; GMC1104 Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. (sweetscent) – A; GMC1251 Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene var. cerifera (A. Nelson) B. L. Turner (woolly paperflower) – P; GMC843 Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (Nutt.) Nutt. (tuberous desert-chicory) – P; GMC1005 Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl. (upright prairie coneflower) – P; GMC1113 Senecio riddellii Torr. & A. Gray (Riddell’s ragweed) – P Solidago missouriensis Nutt. var. fasciculata Holz (Missouri goldenrod) – P; GMC1220 Solidago petiolaris Aiton (downy ragged goldenrod) – P; GMC908 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 52 *Sonchus asper (L.) Hill (spiny sowthistle) – A; GMC1142 Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G. L. Nesom (white heath aster) – P; GMC944 *Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg (common dandelion) – P; GMC822 Tetraneuris scaposa (DC.) Greene (stemmy four-nerve daisy) – P; GMC1053 Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze (Hopi tea greenthread) – P; GMC803 *Tragopogon dubius Scop. (yellow salsify) – B; GMC1143 Vernonia baldwinii Torr. (Baldwin’s ironweed) – P; GMC900, GMC864 Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & Gray (Canada cocklebur) – A; GMC1253 Boraginaceae Lappula occidentalis (S. Watson) Greene (flatspine stickseed) – A; KR752 Lithospermum incisum Lehm. (narrowleaf stoneseed) – P; GMC968 Brassicaceae *Camelina rumelica Velen. (graceful false flax) – A; GMC1089 *Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (shepherd’s purse) – A; GMC979 Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton (western tansymustard) – A; GMC1031 Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald (Carolina draba) – A; GMC965 Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. (common pepperweed) – A; GMC1086 Lepidium oblongum Small (veiny pepperweed) – A, B; GMC1081, GMC963 Lesquerella gordonii (A. Gray) S. Watson (Gordon’s bladderpod) – A; GMC966, GMC1057 *Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton (watercress) – P; GMC1179 Cactaceae Cylindropuntia imbricata (Haw.) F.M.Knuth (tree cholla) – P Echinocereus reichenbachii (Terscheck ex Walp.) hort ex Haage (lace hedgehog cactus) – P Escobaria missouriensis (Sweet) D.R. Hunt (Missouri foxtail cactus) – P; GMC1195 Escobaria vivipara (Nutt.) Buxbaum var. vivipara (spinystar) – P; GMC1164 Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. (tulip pricklypear) – P; GMC1144 Campanulaceae Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. (clasping Venus’ looking-glass) – A; GMC1122 Cannabaceae Celtis laevigata Willd. var. laevigata (sugarberry) – P; GMC1071 Celtis laevigata Willd. var. reticulata (Torr.) L.D. Benson (netleaf hackberry) – P; GMC917 Celtis occidentalis L. (common hackberry) – P; GMC804 Caprifoliaceae Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench (coralberry) – P; GMC915 Caryophyllaceae *Arenaria serpyllifolia L. (thymeleaf sandwort) – A; GMC821 Cerastium nutans Raf. (nodding chickweed) – A; GMC1064 *Cerastium pumilum W. Curtis (European chickweed) – A; GMC1039 *Holosteum umbellatum L. (jagged chickweed) – A; GMC976 Paronychia jamesii Torr. & A. Gray (James’ nailwort) – P; GMC883 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 53 Silene antirrhina L. (sleepy silene) – A; GMC1123 *Stellaria media (L.) Vill. ssp. pallida (Dumort) Asch. & Graebon. (common chickweed) – A; GMC1014 Celastraceae Celastrus scandens L. (American bittersweet) – P; GMC1002 Cleomaceae Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. (redwhisker clammyweed) – A; GMC868 Clusiaceae *Hypericum perforatum L. (common St. Johnswort) – P; GMC1166 Convolvulaceae Evolvulus nuttallianus Schult. (shaggy dwarf morning-glory) – P; GMC1088 Ipomoea leptophylla Torr (bush morning-glory) – P; GMC1146 Cornaceae Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey. (roughleaf dogwood) – P; GMC799 Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth (Missouri gourd) – P; GMC1172 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell (pineland threeseed mercury) – A; GMC927 Chamaesyce stictospora (Engelm.) Small (slimseed sandmat) – A; GMC892 Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small (ribseed sandmat) – A; GMC1219 Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (spotted sandmat) – A; GMC1241 Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners (prairie sandmat) – A; GMC869 Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small (matted sandmat) – A; GMC1259 Croton monanthogynus Michx. (prairie tea) – A; GMC930 Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Mull. Arg. (Texas croton) – A; GMC886, GMC862, GMC902 Euphorbia dentata Michx. (toothed spurge) – A; GMC953 Euphorbia marginata Pursh (snow on the mountain) – A; GMC937 Euphorbia spathulata Lam. (warty spurge) – A; GMC1060 Fabaceae Amorpha canescens Pursh (leadplant) – P; GMC825 Amorpha fruticosa L. (false indigo bush) – P; GMC840 Astragalus gracilis Nutt. (slender milkvetch) – P; GMC993 Astragalus lotiflorus Hook. (lotus milkvetch) – P; GMC967, GMC992 Astragalus missouriensis Nutt. (Missouri milkvetch) – P; GMC1092, GMC1269, GMC969 Astragalus mollissimus Torr. (woolly locoweed) – P; GMC1093 Astragalus nuttallianus DC. var. austrinus (Small) Barneby (smallflowered milkvetch) – A; GMC1049 Astragalus plattensis Nutt. (Platte River milkvetch) – P; GMC1046, GMC1047, GMC1099 Dalea aurea Nutt. ex Pursh (golden prairie clover) – P; GMC863 Dalea candida Michx. ex Willd. var. candida (white prairie clover) – P; GMC866 Dalea enneandra Nutt. (nineanther prairie clover) – P; GMC1154 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 54 Dalea purpurea Vent. (purple prairie clover) – P; GMC1153 Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex B.L Rob. & Fernald (Illinois bundleflower) – P; GMC924 Gleditsia triacanthos L (honeylocust) – P; GMC986 *Medicago minima (L.) L. (little bur-clover) – A; GMC1043 *Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. (sweetclover) – A,B; GMC827, GMC850 Mimosa quadrivalvis L. (fourvalve mimosa) – P; GMC1090 Pediomelum cuspidatum (Pursh) Rydb. (largebract Indian breadroot) – P; GMC1091, GMC 1135 Prosopis glandulosa Torr. (honey mesquite) – P; GMC932 Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb. (slimflower scurfpea) – P; GMC1169 Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust) – P; GMC1070 Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. (American vetch) – P; GMC1000 Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. (Louisiana vetch) – A; GMC1094 Fagaceae Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. (chinkapin oak) – P Geraniaceae *Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. ex Aiton (redstem stork's bill) – A; GMC 836 *Geranium pusillum L. (small geranium) – A; 1020 Grossulariaceae Ribes aureum Pursh var. villosum DC. (golden currant) – P; GMC971 Hydrophyllaceae Nama stevensii C.L. Hitchc. (Steven’s fiddleleaf) – A; GMC1041 Phacelia integrifolia Torr. (gyp phacelia) – A,B; GMC1187 Lamiaceae Hedeoma hispida Pursh (rough false pennyroyal) – A; GMC795 *Lamium amplexicaule L. (henbit deadnettle) – A; GMC981 Monarda clinopodioides A. Gray (basil beebalm) – A; GMC1159 Teucrium laciniatum Torr. (lacy germander) – P; GMC1134 Linaceae Linum pratense (Norton) Small (meadow flax) – A; GMC1066 Linum rigidum Pursh (stiffstem flax) – A; GMC1067 Loasaceae Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray var. stricta (Osterh.) Harrington (bractless blazingstar) – B,P; GMC1188 Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. ex Sims (chickenthief) – P; GMC802 Malvaceae Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray (purple poppymallow) – P; GMC1006 Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb. (scarlet globemallow) – P; GMC1051 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 55 Molluginaceae Mollugo verticillata L. (green carpetweed) – A; GMC1229 Moraceae Morus rubra L (red mulberry) – P: GMC1138 Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl (narrowleaf four o'clock) – P; GMC1180 Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. (heartleaf four o'clock) – P; GMC1139 Oleaceae Forestiera pubescens Nutt. (stretchberry) – P; GMC1249 Onagraceae Oenothera cinerea (Wooton & Standl.) W.L. Wagner & Hoch (woolly beeblossom) – P; GMC809 Oenothera curtiflora W.L. Wagner & Hoch (velvetweed) – A; GMC1148 Oenothera glaucifolia W.L. Wagner & Hoch (false gaura) – P; GMC807 Oenothera hartwegii Benth. (Hartweg’s sundrops) – P; GMC1127 Oenothera serrulata Nuttall (yellow sundrops) – P; GMC1110 Oenothera suffrutescens (Ser.) W.L. Wagner & Hoch (scarlet beeblossom) – P; GMC1052, GMC1126 Orobanchaceae Agalinis aspera (Douglas ex Benth.) Britton (tall false foxglove) – A; GMC1228 Castilleja purpurea (Nutt.) G. Don var. citrina (Pennell) Shinners (prairie Indian paintbrush) – P; GMC991 Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. multiflora (Nutt.) T.S. Collins ex H.L. White & W.C. Holmes (manyflower broomrape) – A; GMC1196 Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. (creeping woodsorrel) – A; GMC983 Oxalis dillenii Jacq. (slender yellow woodsorrel) – P; GMC1019 Papaveraceae Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey (crested pricklypoppy) – A Corydalis micrantha (Engelm. ex A. Gray) A. Gray (smallflower fumewort) – A; GMC1271 Plantaginaceae Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton (Canada toadflax) – A; KR441 Penstemon cobaea Nutt. (cobaea beardtongue) – P; GMC1056 Plantago patagonica Jacq. (woolly plantain) – A; GMC1087 Plantago rhodosperma Decne. (redseed plantain) – A; GMC1062 *Veronica arvensis L. (corn speedwell) – A; GMC1045 Veronica peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell (hairy purslane speedwell) – A; GMC964 *Veronica polita Fr. (gray field speedwell) – A; GMC 984 Polygalaceae Polygala alba Nutt. (white milkwort) – P; GMC865 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 56 Polygonaceae *Polygonum persicaria L. (spotted ladysthumb) – A; GMC1190 Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. (bushy knotweed) – A; GMC1191 Rumex altissimus Alph. Wood (pale dock) – P; GMC1209 Portulacaceae *Portulaca oleracea L. (little hogweed) – A; GMC1232 Portulaca pilosa L. (kiss me quick) – A; GMC925 Primulaceae Androsace occidentalis Pursh (western rockjasmine) – A; GMC1272 Ranunculaceae Delphinium carolinianum Walter ssp. virescens (Nutt.) R.E. Brooks (Carolina larkspur) – P Ranunculus sceleratus L. (cursed buttercup) – A Rhamnaceae Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. (Jersey tea) – P; GMC1106 Rosaceae Prunus angustifolia Marsh. (Chickasaw plum) – P; GMC844, GMC972 Rubiaceae Galium aparine L. (stickywilly) – A; GMC1003 Galium circaezans Michx. (licorice bedstraw) – P; GMC1193 Stenaria nigricans (Lam.) Terrell var. nigricans (prairie bluet) – P; GMC1167 Salicaceae Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. (eastern cottonwood) – P Salix nigra Marsh. (black willow) – P; GMC997 Sapindaceae Sapindus saponaria L. var. drummondii (Hook. and Arn.) L.D. Benson (western soapberry) – P; GMC1206 Sapotaceae Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. (gum bully) – P; GMC835, GMC1207 Simaroubaceae *Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (tree of heaven) – P Solanaceae Chamaesaracha coniodes (Moric. ex Dunal) Britton (gray five eyes) – P; GMC1044 Physalis cf. hederifolia A. Gray (ivyleaf groundcherry) – P; GMC857 Physalis longifolia Nutt. (longleaf groundcherry) – P; GMC1205 Physalis mollis Nutt. (field groundcherry) – P; GMC1216 Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. (Chinese lantern) – P; GMC1085 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 57 Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (silverleaf nightshade) – P; GMC896 Solanum rostratum Dunal (buffalobur nightshade) – A; GMC936 Tamaricaceae *Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. (saltcedar) – P; GMC1192 Ulmaceae Ulmus americana L. (American elm) – P; GMC970 *Ulmus pumila L. (Siberian elm) – P; GMC978 Ulmus rubra Muhl. (slippery elm) – P Urticaceae Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. (Pennsylvania pellitory) – A Verbenaceae Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt. (Dakota mock vervain) – P; GMC1050 Glandularia pumila (Rydb.) Umber (pink mock vervain) – A; GMC830 Violaceae Viola bicolor Pursh (field pansy) – A; GMC962 Vitaceae Cissus trifoliata (L.) L. (sorrelvine) – P; GMC845 Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (Virginia creeper) – P; GMC823 Vitis acerifolia Raf. (mapleleaf grape) – P; GMC1175 Vitis riparia Michx. (riverbank grape) – P; GMC826, GMC1208 Zygophyllaceae *Tribulus terrestris L. (puncturevine) – A; GMC1198 MONOCOTS Amaryllidaceae Allium drummondii Regel (Drummond's onion) – P; GMC987 Asparagaceae Androstephium coeruleum (Scheele) Greene (blue funnel lily) – P; GMC974 Yucca glauca Nutt. var. glauca (soapweed yucca) – P; GMC1061 Commelinaceae Tradescantia occidentalis (Britton) Smyth (prairie spiderwort) – P; GMC1095 Cyperaceae Carex gravida L.H. Bailey (heavy sedge) – P; GMC838 Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks (Great Plains flatsedge) – P; GMC929 Eleocharis montevidensis Kunth (sand spikerush) – P; GMC1273 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 58 Poaceae *Aegilops cylindrica Host (jointed goatgrass) – A; GMC1108 Andropogon hallii Hack. (sand bluestem) – P; GMC950 Aristida oligantha Michx. (prairie threeawn) – A; GMC1221, GMC1262 Aristida purpurea Nutt. (purple threeawn) – P; GMC861 *Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng (yellow bluestem) – P; GMC955 Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter ssp. torreyana (Steud.) Allred & Gould (silver beardgrass) – P; GMC1162 Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (sideoats grama) – P; GMC846 Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths (blue grama) – P; GMC872 Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. (hairy grama) – P; GMC884 *Bromus catharticus Vahl (rescuegrass) – A; GMC989 *Bromus arvensis L. (field brome) – A; GMC1119 *Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass) – A; GMC1124, GMC988 Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) J.T. Columbus (buffalograss) – P; GMC1116, GMC1027, GMC960 Cenchrus spinifex Cav. (coastal sandbur) – A; GMC834 Chloris verticillata Nutt. (tumble windmill grass) – P; GMC1231 *Dactylis glomerata L. (orchardgrass) – P; GMC1140 Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould var. scribnerianum (Nash) Gould (Scribner’s rosette grass) – P; GMC1101, GMC1152 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler (southern crabgrass) – A; GMC1230, GMC1255 Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald (rough barnyardgrass) – A; GMC1264 *Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Indian goosegrass) – A; GMC1254 Elymus canadensis L. (Canada wildrye) – P; GMC1155 Elymus virginicus L. (Virginia wildrye) – P; GMC1210 *Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. ex Janchen (stinkgrass) – A; GMC1222 Eragrostis secundiflora J. Presl ssp. oxylepis (Torr.) S.D. Koch (red lovegrass) – P; GMC920 Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. (purple lovegrass) – P; GMC943 Erioneuron pilosum (Buckley) Nash (hairy woollygrass) – P; KR404 Hordeum pusillum Nutt. (little barley) – A; GMC1102, GMC791 *Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) – P; GMC788 Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (marsh muhly) – P; GMC904 Panicum capillare L. (witchgrass) – A; GMC1218, GMC856 Panicum obtusum Kunth (vine mesquite) – P; GMC1248, GMC946 Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass) – P; GMC874 Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Á. Löve (western wheatgrass) – P; GMC1129 Phalaris caroliniana Walter (Carolina canarygrass) – A; GMC1083 *Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass) – A; GMC980 Poa arida Vasey (plains bluegrass) – P; GMC1018 *Poa pratensis L. (Kentucky bluegrass) – P; GMC990, GMC1007, GMC790, GMC1022 *Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub (tall fescue) – P; GMC1021 Sclerochloa dura (L.) P. Baeuv. (common hardgrass) – A; GMC977 Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (little bluestem) – P; GMC940 *Secale cereale L. (cereal rye) – A; GMC1011 *Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. (yellow foxtail) – A; GMC1240 *Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. (green bristlegrass) – A; GMC911, GMC1199 Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash (Indiangrass) – P; GMC898 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 59 *Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnsongrass) – P; GMC824, GMC912 Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. var. compositus (composite dropseed) – P; GMC931, GMC1223 Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray (sand dropseed) – P; GMC876, GMC1225, GMC1234 *Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Z.-W. Liu & R.-C. Wang (tall wheatgrass) – P; GMC1265 Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. (purpletop tridens) – P; GMC1213 Tridens muticus (Torr.) Nash var. elongatus (Buckley) Shinners (slim tridens) – P; GMC 1224, GMC1233 Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. (eastern gamagrass) – P; GMC847, GMC1184 Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. (sixweeks fescue) – A; GMC1033, GMC994 Figure 1 Schizachyrium scoparium-Castilleja purpurea var. citrina-Lesquerella gordonii herbaceous association on gypsum at Alabaster Caverns State Park. Photo courtesy of William Caire. Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 60 Figure 2 Castilleja purpurea var. citrina on gypsum outcrop at Alabaster Caverns State Park. Photo by G. Caddell. Figure 3 Lesquerella gordonii with basal rosette of Phacelia integrifolia on gypsum outcrop at Alabaster Caverns State Park. Photo by G. Caddell. Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 61 Figure 4 Phacelia integrifolia, an obligate gypsophile, at Alabaster Caverns State Park. Photo by G. Caddell. Figure 5 Nama stevensii, an obligate gypsophile, at Alabaster Caverns State Park. Photo by G. Caddell. Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 12, December 2012 © Gloria M. Caddell, Kristi D. Rice Journal compilation © 2012 Oklahoma Native Plant Society 62 Figure 6 Haploesthes greggii, an obligate gypsophile, at Alabaster Caverns State Park. Photo by G. Caddell. Figure 7 Echinocereus reichenbachii at Alabaster Caverns State Park. Photo by G. Caddell.