Oklahoma Native Plant Record, Volume 17, Number 1, December 2017 Oklahoma Native Plant Record 53 Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.18.100006 VASCULAR FLORA OF E. C. HAFER PARK, EDMOND, OKLAHOMA Gloria M. Caddell Katie Christoffel Carmen Esqueda Alonna Smith Department of Biology University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, OK 73007 gcaddell@uco.edu Keywords: floristic inventory, urban park, Cross Timbers, non-native, invasive ABSTRACT E. C. Hafer Park is located on the western edge of the Cross Timbers ecoregion, in central Oklahoma within the City of Edmond. The park contains post oak-blackjack oak forest, tallgrass prairie, riparian forest, and areas developed for recreational activities. A vascular plant inventory conducted during 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017 yielded 270 species in 190 genera and 65 families. The largest families were the Asteraceae (46 species), Poaceae (42), and Fabaceae (27). There were 96 annuals, four biennials, and 170 perennials. Sixty species (22.2%) were not native to the United States. No rare species currently being tracked by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory were present. Compared to floristic inventories for other sites of similar size in Oklahoma, Hafer Park has a relatively high number of species. However, it also has a relatively high percentage of exotic species from other continents, some of which are invasive and are threatening the native forest, grassland, and riparian plant communities. INTRODUCTION Efforts to protect biodiversity often focus on large natural habitats outside of highly urbanized locations, but efforts should also be made to preserve and promote biodiversity in urban forests and other urban green spaces that have maintained relatively high levels of biodiversity including species of conservation concern (Alvey 2006). In a literature review of species richness in urban parks on five continents, Nielsen et al. (2013) found that those with a diversity of habitats and microhabitats can be biodiversity hotspots with large components of native species of all plant and animal groups. For vascular plants, however, urban parks often have a large percentage of exotic species, sometimes over 50% (Nielsen et al. 2013). Palmer et al. (1995) summarized the importance of floristic inventories in providing data for research on biodiversity, environmental impact assessment, and management decisions. The Floras of North America project (Palmer 2017) promotes the compilation of floras, emphasizing their importance as “baselines for understanding patterns of, and threats to, modern biodiversity”. We conducted a floristic inventory of E. C. Hafer Park, an urban park in central Oklahoma, from 2013 to 2017. Our 54 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. objectives were to 1) document the vascular plant richness of a central Oklahoma urban park; 2) contribute to our knowledge of plant distributions in Oklahoma; 3) assess the threat that exotic species, i.e., from other continents, pose to the biodiversity of this urban park; and 4) provide a resource that can be used by the City of Edmond to conserve the biodiversity of Hafer Park and to educate the public. STUDY AREA E. C. Hafer Park is located in the City of Edmond, Oklahoma County, Oklahoma (T14N, R2W, SW1/4 of Sec 31). Latitudinal extent is from 35o 38’17” N to 35o 38’ 44” N, and longitudinal extent is from 97o 27’ 6” W to 97o 27’ 37” W. The park consists of approximately 49 hectares (=121 acres). Spring Creek flows west to east along the southern edge of the park. Elevation ranges from approximately 326 m to 345 m. Soils are Stephenville-Darnell-Niotaze shallow, sandy and loamy soils that are moderately acidic and humus-poor, and occur on steep slopes up to 18% (Carter and Gregory 2008). The climate is continental. According to climate data for the past 15 years (2002– 2016) from Mesonet stations in Oklahoma County (Oklahoma Climatological Survey 2017b), average annual precipitation was 89.8 cm. The mean annual temperature for 2002–2016 was 16.1oC, with daily average temperatures ranging from 3.9oC in January to 27.8o C in July. Temperatures ranged from an average low temperature of -1.7oC in January to an average daytime high of 33.3oC in July. Average wind speed was 8 mph. The climate averages for the past 15 years differ somewhat from longer-term historical trends. For example, from 2002– 2016 spring and summer had the highest average precipitation, but historically fall and spring have been the wettest seasons (Oklahoma Climatological Survey 2017a). Annual precipitation for Oklahoma County varied considerably for the four years during which this vascular plant survey was conducted, ranging from 75.4 cm to 131.3 cm. E. C. Hafer Park is in the Central Red- Bed Plains physiographic province, in which "Permian red shales and sandstone form gently rolling hills and broad, flat plains" (Curtis et al. 2008). It is on the western edge of the Cross Timbers ecoregion (Oklahoma Forestry Services 2017) and is in the Northern Cross Timbers Level III Ecoregion (Environmental Protection Agency 2017). The dominant potential vegetation is post oak-blackjack oak woodland (Duck and Fletcher 1943). King and Cheek (2015) documented the land-use history of the site. From the early 1900s to the 1940s, historical documents indicate that it was privately owned and farmed. From 1952 to 1972, a portion of the site housed a sewage treatment facility operated by the City of Edmond. Following decommissioning of the facility in 1972 and the acquisition of additional small tracts of land, the site was commissioned as E. C. Hafer Park in 1979. Paved trails, playgrounds, picnic areas, and pavilions have been constructed, but the eastern half of the park is primarily post oak-blackjack oak forest with tallgrass prairie in the northeast corner. METHODS We surveyed the park during the growing seasons (March through October) of 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017. During those years, we visited the site 23 times, with 6 collecting dates in the spring, 10 in the summer, and 7 in the fall. We recorded the vascular plant species encountered and collected voucher specimens. We collected non-native and exotic species only from naturalized populations, excluding cultivated species in flower beds, picnic areas, playgrounds, etc. A few species were Oklahoma Native Plant Record 55 Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. identified by sight and documented only by photographs because of their rarity at the site or because the steep slope of Spring Creek made a collection impossible. References used for specimen identification included Great Plains Flora Association (1986), Diggs et al. (1999), Yatskievyich (1999), Barkworth et al. (2007), and Tyrl et al. (2015). In addition to our collections, we searched the University of Central Oklahoma Herbarium (CSU) database and added a few previously collected species from the park. Specimens were identified only to the species level. The organization of taxa in our species list is based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III) recommendations (Stevens 2017). Nomenclature follows the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (2017). The PLANTS Database (USDA NRCS 2017) was used for common names and to determine whether each species was native to the United States, its duration (annual, biennial, or perennial), and its growth form (forb, graminoid, shrub, tree, or woody vine). If duration varied or if more than one growth form was listed in the PLANTS Database, the duration and growth form listed for Oklahoma by Taylor and Taylor (1994) was used. Voucher specimens were deposited in the University of Central Oklahoma (CSU) Herbarium. Our reporting of site location and geography, taxonomy, voucher specimens, botanical effort, exotic species, taxonomic list, and summary table follows recommendations by Palmer and Richardson (2012) for published floras. An "invasive species", as defined by Executive Order 13112, is one that is “1) non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and 2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health” (USDA National Agricultural Library 2017). Table 1 Summary of floristic collections from E. C. Hafer Park in Edmond, Oklahoma* Taxonomic Group Families Genera Species Native spp. Non-native spp. Monilophyta 1 1 1 1 0 Pinophyta 1 1 1 1 0 Magnoliophyta Eudicots 55 146 206 162 44 Monocots 8 42 62 46 16 * Table format follows Palmer (1995) 56 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We identified 270 species in 190 genera and 65 families (Table 1; Appendix). These included one monilophyte, one gymnosperm, 206 eudicots, and 62 monocots. Species in the Asteraceae (46), Poaceae (42), and Fabaceae (27) far outnumbered those in other families. Only six other families were represented by more than five species: Euphorbiaceae (9), Cyperaceae (8), Rosaceae (8), Rubiaceae (7), Plantaginaceae (6), and Polygonaceae (6). The largest genera, each with five species, were Quercus, Solidago, and Bromus. Ninety-six species (35.5%) were annuals, four (1.5%) were biennials, and 170 (63%) were perennials. Thirty-eight species were trees, 12 were shrubs, and 10 were woody vines. There were 157 forbs and 53 graminoids. No rare species tracked by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory (2017) were present. Sixty species (22.2%) in 26 families were not native to the United States. These included 13 species of Poaceae, 10 species of Fabaceae, and 5 species of Asteraceae. All but one non- native species (Torilis arvensis) were exotic to North America. Eight exotic species (Albizia julibrissin, Bromus japonicus, Bromus tectorum, Lespedeza cuneata, Ligustrum sinense, Lonicera japonica, Rosa multiflora, Sorghum halepense) are listed as Oklahoma Problem Species by the Oklahoma Invasive Plants Council (2017). Five of these species (B. tectorum, L. cuneata, L. sinense, L. japonica, S. halepense) and one native species (Juniperus virginiana) are on the OKIPC's "Dirty Dozen" list of the worst invasive species in the state. Four species (Erodium cicutarium, Lonicera maackii, Melilotus officinalis, Pyrus calleryana) are on the Oklahoma Watch List, and an additional 19 species are listed as problem species in states bordering Oklahoma (Oklahoma Invasive Plants Council 2017). Other species may become problems in the future. For example, Koelreuteria paniculata, Nandina domestica, and Pistacia chinensis were found in the forest, and these cultivated species are considered invasive in Texas and other southeastern states (Texas Invasives 2017). The major plant communities at Hafer Park and brief descriptions of common species are as follows: 1. Quercus stellata-Quercus marilandica/Schizachyrium scoparium woodland association (Hoagland 2000) Post oak/blackjack oak woodland is the predominant vegetation association in the park. Common species included Celtis spp., Cornus drummondii, Juniperus virginiana, Morus rubra, Quercus muehlenbergii, Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, and Ulmus spp. Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Prunus mexicana, Quercus shumardii, and Viburnum rufidulum were occasionally encountered. Exotic woody plants found in this community included Ligustrum sinense, Lonicera maackii, Pyrus calleryana, and Rosa multiflora. 2. Schizachyrium scopa rium- Sorg hastrum nuta ns herbaceous association (Hoagland 2000) This tallgrass prairie community was found in the northeast corner of the park. Commonly encountered species included Acacia angustissima, Ambrosia psilostachya, Asclepias verticillata, Asclepias viridis, Bouteloua spp., Chamaecrista fasciculata, Coreopsis tinctoria, Dichanthelium spp., Eragrostis spp., Gaillardia aestivalis, Lespedeza spp., Liatris punctata, Panicum virgatum, Psoralidium tenuiflorum, Sabatia campestris, Solidago spp., Symphyotrichum ericoides, and Xanthisma texanum. Rhus glabra has spread into much of this area. The invasive native Juniperus virginiana and the invasive exotic Lespedeza cuneata are threatening this community. 3. Riparian forest Riparian forest was found on the steep banks of Spring Creek. Common woody species included Catalpa speciosa, Celtis spp., Oklahoma Native Plant Record 57 Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. Cercis canadensis, Cornus drummondii, Juglans nigra, Juniperus virginiana, Morus rubra, Populus deltoides, Salix nigra, Sapindus saponaria, Ulmus americana, and Ulmus rubra. Quercus macrocarpa, Q. muehlenbergii, Acer negundo, Gymnocladus dioicus, and Equisetum laevigatum were occasionally encountered. Common vines included Cocculus carolinus, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Smilax spp., and Toxicodendron radicans. Exotic woody plants found in this community included Albizia julibrissin and Ulmus parvifolia. 4. Disturbed areas This type of vegetation was found predominately in mowed lawns around picnic areas and playgrounds and along paved trails. Common species included Ambrosia trifida, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Bromus spp., Cerastium pumilum, Cruciata pedemontana, Cynodon dactylon, Erodium cicutarium, Geranium pusillum, Lamium amplexicaule, Lonicera japonica, Medicago lupulina, Scleranthus annuus, Stellaria media, Sherardia arvensis, Sorghum halepense, Trifolium repens, and Veronica spp. Disturbed areas of Spring Creek have been invaded by exotic species such as Phragmites australis, Parthenium hysterophorus, and Clematis terniflora. A comparison with the species-area relationship for 59 Oklahoma floras published by Palmer (2007) indicates the flora of Hafer Park is among the richest for areas of a similar size. However, of all the floras listed, only one (Vance Air Force Base) had a higher proportion of non-native species (46.8%) than Hafer Park (22.2%). The next highest is for a checklist of plants in Cleveland County, at 17.5%. The percentage of non-native taxa from grassland-dominated sites (Buthod and Hoagland 2016) in Oklahoma ranged from 8.8% to 15%. The percentage of non-native taxa for Alabaster Caverns State Park, a heavily-visited park in the Cimarron Gypsum Hills of Woodward County, Oklahoma, was 15.3% (Caddell and Rice 2012). Inventories of natural areas in Oklahoma generally exclude cultivated plants that have not become naturalized, and those plants have been excluded in the inventory reported here. However, the proportion of non-native species for Hafer Park would be much higher if those plants were included. This inventory indicates that Hafer Park has a rich vascular plant community, in spite of the development of large portions for recreational use. It has a variety of habitats that support high plant diversity within the rapidly developing City of Edmond. However, the native plant communities at Hafer Park are threatened by an increase in exotic, invasive plants that are already reported as invasive within the state, as well as perhaps by others that are considered invasive in adjacent states. The diversity of the understory of the post oak-blackjack oak forest is being threatened particularly by the invasion of Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), and the tallgrass prairie in the northeast corner of the park is being threatened particularly by encroachment of the native invader eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and by the exotic invasive Lespedeza cuneata. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the City of Edmond Parks and Recreation Department for permission to conduct this study. We also thank Shahang Derakhshan, Rachel Cotts, and Aaron Kidd for assistance with plant collections and Madelynne Short and Brandi Easton for assistance with mounting specimens. Dr. Johnnie Gentry identified Rubus aboriginum specimens. LITERATURE CITED Alvey, A.A. 2006. Promoting and preserving biodiversity in the urban forest. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 5:195–201. http://www.sciencedirect.com http://www.sciencedirect.com/ 58 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. Barkworth, M.E., L.K. Anderton, K.M. Capels, S. Long, and M.B. Piep, eds. 2007. Manual of Grasses for North America. Logan (UT): Intermountain Herbarium and Utah State University Press. Buthod, A.K. and B.W. Hoagland. 2016. A floristic inventory of the University of Oklahoma's Kessler Atmospheric and Ecological Field Station, McClain County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 16:45–63. Caddell, G.M. and K.D. Rice. 2012. Vascular flora of Alabaster Caverns State Park, Cimarron Gypsum Hills, Woodward County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 12:43–62. Carter, B.J. and M.S. Gregory. 2008. Soil map of Oklahoma. In: Johnson, K.S. and K.V. Luza, eds. Earth Sciences and Mineral Resources of Oklahoma. Educational Publication 9. Norman (OK): Oklahoma Geological Survey. http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/ EP9_All.pdf Curtis, N.M., W.E. Ham, and K.S. Johnson. 2008. Geomorphic provinces of Oklahoma. In: Johnson, K.S. and K.V. Luza, eds. Earth Sciences and Mineral Resources of Oklahoma. Educational Publication 9. Norman (OK): Oklahoma Geological Survey. http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/ EP9_All.pdf Diggs, G.M., B.L. Lipscomb, and R.J. O'Kennon. 1999. Shinners and Mahler's Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas. Fort Worth (TX): Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Duck, L.G. and J.D. Fletcher. 1943. A game type map of Oklahoma. In: A Survey of the Game and Furbearing Animals of Oklahoma. Oklahoma City (OK): Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duc kflt/dfmap.gif Environmental Protection Agency. 2017. Level III and Level IV Ecoregions of Oklahoma. http://www.epa.gov Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence (KS): University of Kansas. Hoagland, B.W. 2000. The vegetation of Oklahoma: A classification for landscape mapping and conservation planning. Southwestern Naturalist 45:385– 420. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2017. http://www.itis.gov (October 2017). King, C.B. and J. Cheek. 2015. Dendroecology, forest composition, and land-use history of a suburban Cross Timbers forest in central Oklahoma. Urban Naturalist 6:1–20. Nielsen, A.B., M. van den Bosch, S. Maruthaveeran, and C. van den Bosch. 2013. Species richness in urban parks and its drivers: A review of empirical evidence. Urban Ecosystems 17:305–327. New York: Springer. https://link.springer.com/article/10.10 07/s11252-013-0316-1 Oklahoma Climatological Survey. 2017a. The Climate of Oklahoma County. http://climate.ok.gov/index.php/climat e/county_climate_by_county/oklahoma Oklahoma Climatological Survey. 2017b. Mesonet Long-Term Averages - Maps. http://www.mesonet.org/index.php/w eather/mesonet_averages_maps Oklahoma Forestry Services. 2017. The Ecoregions of Oklahoma. http://www.forestry.ok.gov Oklahoma Invasive Plants Council. 2017. Oklahoma Invasives. https://www.okinvasives.org (16 September 2017). Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory. 2017. Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory Plant Tracking List. http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/downloa d/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_5 2012.pdf (5 December 2017). http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/EP9_All.pdf http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/EP9_All.pdf http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/EP9_All.pdf http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/EP9_All.pdf http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duckflt/dfmap.gif http://biosurvey.ou.edu/download/duckflt/dfmap.gif http://www.epa.gov/ http://www.itis.gov/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11252-013-0316-1 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11252-013-0316-1 http://climate.ok.gov/index.php/climate/county_climate_by_county/oklahoma http://climate.ok.gov/index.php/climate/county_climate_by_county/oklahoma http://www.mesonet.org/index.php/weather/mesonet_averages_maps http://www.mesonet.org/index.php/weather/mesonet_averages_maps http://www.forestry.ok.gov/ https://www.okinvasives.org/ http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012.pdf http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012.pdf http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/download/publications/onhi_plants_tracking_52012.pdf Oklahoma Native Plant Record 59 Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. Palmer, M.W. 2007. Vascular plants checklists from Oklahoma. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 7:67–77. Palmer, M.W. 2017. Floras of North America Project. http://botany.okstate.edu/floras/ Palmer, M.W. and J.C. Richardson. 2012. Biodiversity data in the information age: Do 21st century floras make the grade? Castanea 77(1): 46–59. Palmer, M.W., G.L. Wade, and P.R. Neal. 1995. Standards for the writing of floras. Bioscience 45:339–345. Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/resea rch/APweb/ Taylor, R.J. and C.E.S. Taylor. 1994. An Annotated List of the Ferns, Fern Allies, Gymnosperms and Flowering Plants of Oklahoma. Durant (OK): Self-published. Texas Invasives. 2017. Invasives Database. http://texasinvasives.org (8 October 2017). Tyrl, R.J., S.C. Barber, P. Buck, W.J. Elisens, J.R. Estes, P. Folley, L.K. Magrath, C.L. Murray, A.K. Ryburn, B.A. Smith, C.E.S. Taylor, R.A. Thompson, J.B. Walker, and L.E. Watson. 2010, 2015. Flora of Oklahoma: Keys and Descriptions. Oklahoma City(OK): Flora Oklahoma Incorporated. USDA National Agricultural Library. 2017. National Invasive Species Information Center. https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/w hatis.shtml USDA NRCS. 2017. The PLANTS Database.http://plants.usda.gov National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA (30 November 2017). Yatskievych, G. 1999. Steyermark's Flora of Missouri. Volume 1, revised edition. St. Louis (MO): Missouri Department of Conservation and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. . http://botany.okstate.edu/floras http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ http://texasinvasives.org/ 60 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. APPENDIX Vascular Plant Species from E. C. Hafer Park, Edmond, Oklahoma Annotated species list with organization based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III) recommendations (Stevens 2017). Nomenclature is based on ITIS (2017), and common names are from the USDA PLANTS Database (USDA NRCS 2017). Duration (A=annual, B=biennial, P=perennial), growth form (F=forb, G=graminoid, S=shrub, T=tree, V=woody vine), and collection numbers follow species name. Duration, nativity, and growth form are from the USDA PLANTS Database (USDA NRCS 2017). If duration varied or if more than one growth form was listed in the PLANTS Database, the duration and growth form listed for Oklahoma by Taylor and Taylor (1994) was used. Non-native species to the United States are indicated with an asterisk (*). Collectors are AK= Aaron Kidd, AP= Alonna Price Smith, CC= Carmen Cowo Esqueda, GC=Gloria Caddell, HU=Hitomi Ushio, KC= Katie Christoffel, RC= Rachel Cotts, SD= Shahang Derakhshan, TW=T. Williams, and YS=Yukiko Shimoda. Voucher specimens were deposited in the University of Central Oklahoma Herbarium (CSU). MONILOPHYTA Equisetaceae Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun (smooth horsetail) – P; F; GC1315 GYMNOSPERMS/PINOPHYTA Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana L. (eastern redcedar) – P; T; AP105, CC50 ANGIOSPERMS/MAGNOLIOPHYTA EUDICOTS Acanthaceae Dicliptera brachiata (Pursh) Spreng. (branched foldwing) – A; F; GC1316 Ruellia humilis Nutt. (fringeleaf wild petunia) – P; F; AP127, KC88 Adoxaceae Viburnum rufidulum Raf. (rusty blackhaw) – P; T, S; KC91 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus arenicola I.M. Johnst. (sandhill amaranth) – A; F; KC115, KC116 Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Moq. (plains snakecotton) – A; F; AP107 Anacardiaceae *Pistacia chinensis Bunge (Chinese pistache) – P; T; KC123 Rhus copallinum L. (winged sumac) – P; S; AP96, CC67 Rhus glabra L. (smooth sumac) – P; S; AP124, SD67 Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze (eastern poison ivy) – P; V; KC69 Apiaceae Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. (hairyfruit chervil) – A; F; GC 1306 Sanicula canadensis L. (Canadian blacksnakeroot) – B; F; AP75 *Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link (spreading hedgeparsley) – A; F; AP93, KC68 Oklahoma Native Plant Record 61 Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum L. (Indianhemp) – P; F; AP122 Asclepias verticillata L. (whorled milkweed) – P; F; AP109 Asclepias viridis Walter (green antelopehorn) – P; F; RC74 Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L. (common yarrow) – P; F; AP67 Ambrosia psilostachya DC. (Cuman ragweed) – P; F; CC49 Ambrosia trifida L. (great ragweed) – A; F; KC87 Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. (prairie broomweed) – A; F; SD69 Antennaria parlinii Fernald (Parlin’s pussytoes) – P; F; KC139 Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. (white sagebrush) – P; F; GC1300 Bidens bipinnata L. (Spanish needles) – A; F; KC89 Bradburia pilosa (Nutt.) Semple (soft goldenaster) – A; F; AP92, CC52, CC53 Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill (tall thistle) – B; F; KC39 Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. (wavyleaf thistle) – P; F; AP120 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist (Canadian horseweed) – A; F; AK1 Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (golden tickseed) – A; F; AP94 *Cosmos sulphureus Cav. (sulphur cosmos) – A; F; KC80 Diaperia prolifera (Nutt. ex DC.) Nutt. (bighead pygmycudweed) – A; F; RC59 Diaperia verna (Raf.) Morefield (spring pygmycudweed) – A; F; GC1301 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (false daisy) – A; F; KC150 Elephantopus carolinianus Raeusch (Carolina elephantsfoot) – P; F; KC58 Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. (prairie fleabane) – A; F; AP90 Gaillardia aestivalis (Walter) H. Rock (lanceleaf blanketflower) – P; F; AP99 Gamochaeta argyrinea G. L. Nesom (silvery everlasting) – A; F; AP53 Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera (spoonleaf purple everlasting) – P; F; GC1302 Grindelia ciliata (Nutt.) Spreng. (Spanish gold) – A; F; KC95 Helianthus annuus L. (common sunflower) – A; F; KC42, KC94 Helianthus mollis Lam. (ashy sunflower) – P; F; KC40 Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby (camphorweed) – A; F; SD60, KC149 Lactuca ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell (biannual lettuce) – B; F; AK3 *Lactuca serriola L. (prickly lettuce) – A; F; AP113 Liatris punctata Hook. (dotted blazing star) – P; F; SD72, GC1317 *Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Santa Maria feverfew) – A; F; KC148 Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. (camphor pluchea) – P; F; KC76 Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt (rabbit-tobacco) – A; F; KC112 Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (Nutt.) Nutt. (tuberous desert-chicory) – P; F; RC57 Solidago canadensis L. (Canada goldenrod) – P; F; KC102 Solidago missouriensis Nutt. (Missouri goldenrod) – P; F; KC77 Solidago nemoralis Aiton (gray goldenrod) – P; F; CC48 Solidago rigida L. (stiff goldenrod) – P; F; CC42 Solidago speciosa Nutt. (showy goldenrod) – P; F; CC41 Symphyotrichum drummondii (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom (Drummond’s aster) – P; F; CC70, KC78, KC85 Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom (white heath aster) – P; F; CC44 Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L. Nesom (eastern annual saltmarsh aster) – A; F; KC99, KC147, SD79 62 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. *Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. (common dandelion) – P; F; AP64 Thelesperma filifolium (Hook.) A. Gray (stiff greenthread) – P; F; AP108 *Tragopogon dubius Scop. (yellow salsify) – A; F; AP104 Verbesina virginica L. (white crownbeard) – P; F; SD71 Vernonia baldwinii Torr. (Baldwin's ironweed) – P; F; KC41 Xanthisma texanum DC. (Texas sleepydaisy) – A; F; SD77 Berberidaceae *Nandina domestica Thunb. (sacred bamboo) – P; S; GC1320, KC83, SD75 Bignoniaceae Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau (trumpet creeper) – P; V; GC 1322 Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. (northern catalpa) – P; T; RC38, KC101, KC163 Boraginaceae Myosotis verna Nutt. (spring forget-me-not) – A; F; GC1291 Brassicaceae *Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (shepherd’s purse) – A; F; KC127 Lepidium virginicum L. (Virginia pepperweed) – A; F; AP71, RC48, GC1294 Cactaceae Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. (devil’s-tongue) – P; S; GC1319 Campanulaceae Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. (clasping Venus' looking glass) – A; F; RC42 Cannabaceae Celtis laevigata Willd. (sugarberry) – P; T; RC77 Celtis occidentalis L. (common hackberry) – P; T; KC59 Celtis reticulata Torr. (netleaf hackberry) – P; T; AP65, KC37, KC84 Caprifoliaceae *Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Japanese honeysuckle) – P; V; SD66, KC162 *Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder (Amur honeysuckle) – P; S; GC1285 Lonicera sempervirens L. (trumpet honeysuckle) – P; V; YS31 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench (coralberry) – P; S; SD63 Caryophyllaceae *Arenaria serpyllifolia L. (thymeleaf sandwort) – A; F; AP74, RC82 *Cerastium pumilum W. Curtis (European chickweed) – A; F; RC41, GC1292 *Scleranthus annuus L. (German knotgrass) – A; F; GC1304 *Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (common chickweed) – A; F; RC45 Celastraceae *Euonymus europaeus L. (European spindletree) – P; S; KC57 Oklahoma Native Plant Record 63 Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. Cistaceae Lechea tenuifolia Michx. (narrowleaf pinweed) – P; F; AP103, GC1278, KC61 Cornaceae Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey. (roughleaf dogwood) – P; T; AP58, CC64, RC56 Cucurbitaceae Melothria pendula L. (Guadeloupe cucumber) – P; F; KC109 Ebenaceae Diospyros virginiana L. (common persimmon) – P; T; KC50 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha gracilens A. Gray (slender threeseed mercury) – A; F; KC46, SD58 Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell (pineland threeseed mercury) – A; F; KC117 Croton glandulosus L. (vente conmigo) – A; F; KC48, KC75 Croton lindheimerianus Scheele (threeseed croton) – A; F; AP110 Croton monanthogynus Michx. (prairie tea) – A; F; SD78 Euphorbia corollata L. (flowering spurge) – P; F; CC62 Euphorbia dentata Michx. (toothed spurge) – A; F; KC47 Euphorbia maculata L. (spotted sandmat) – A; F; SD64, KC49 Euphorbia nutans Lag. (eyebane) – A; F; KC97 Fabaceae Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze (prairie acacia) – P; F; CC45 Acmispon americanus (Nutt.) Rydb. (American bird’s-foot trefoil) – A; F; RC73 *Albizia julibrissin Durazz. (silktree) – P; T; KC51, KC105 Cercis canadensis L. (eastern redbud) – P; T; AP66, SD57, KC137 Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene (partridge pea) – A; F; AP102, CC43 Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald (Illinois bundleflower) – P; F; AP97 Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. (panicledleaf ticktrefoil) – P; F; KC153 Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray (sessileleaf ticktrefoil) – P; F; CC59 Desmodium viridiflorum (L.) DC. (velvetleaf ticktrefoil) – P; F; KC141 Galactia regularis (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (eastern milkpea) – P; F; KC66, AP131 Gleditsia tricanthos L. (honeylocust) – P; T; GC 1321 Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch (Kentucky coffeetree) – P; T; GC1283 *Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino (Korean clover) – A; F; KC152 Lespedeza capitata Michx. (roundhead lespedeza) – P; F; CC55 *Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don (sericea lespedeza) – P; F; SD74 Lespedeza stuevei Nutt. (tall lespedeza) – P; F; KC55 Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britton (slender lespedeza) – P; F; CC46 *Medicago lupulina L. (black medick) – A; F; RC47 *Medicago minima (L.) L. ex Bartal. (little bur-clover) – A; F; RC46 *Melilotus albus Medik. (white sweet clover) – A; F *Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. (yellow sweet clover) – A; F; GC1280 Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb. (slimflower scurf pea) – P; F; AP100 Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust) – P; T; KC98 64 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliott (amberique-bean) – A; F; AK7 *Trifolium dubium Sibth. (suckling clover) – A; F; AP56 *Trifolium repens L. (white clover) – P; F; RC53, KC157 *Vicia sativa L. (garden vetch) – A; F; GC1295 Fagaceae Quercus macrocarpa Michx. (bur oak) – P; T; KC70 Quercus marilandica Munchh. (blackjack oak) – P; T; CC66 Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. (chinquapin oak) – P; T; SD56 Quercus shumardii Buckley (Shumard’s oak) – P; T; KC90 Quercus stellata Wangenh. (post oak) – P; T; CC68 Gentianaceae Sabatia campestris Nutt. (Texas star) – A; F; AP128 Geraniaceae *Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér ex Aiton (redstem stork’s bill) – A; F; AP63 *Geranium pusillum L. (small geranium) – A; F; RC40, GC1297 Geranium texanum (Trel.) A. Heller (Texas geranium) – A; F; GC1307 Juglandaceae Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch (pecan) – P; T; KC93 Juglans nigra L. (black walnut) – P; T; RC78 Lamiaceae *Lamium amplexicaule L. (henbit deadnettle) – A; F; KC126 Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. (lemon beebalm) – A; F; AP98 Scutellaria parvula Michx. (small skullcap) – P; F; GC1298 Teucrium canadense L. (Canada germander) – P; F; AP129 Malvaceae Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray (purple poppymallow) – P; F; KC154 *Hibiscus trionum L. (flower of an hour) – A; F Menispermaceae Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC. (Carolina coralbead) – P; F; AP119, KC82 Molluginaceae Mollugo verticillata L. (green carpetweed) – A; F; KC110 Montiaceae Phemeranthus parviflorus (Nutt.) Kiger (sunbright) – P; F; GC1279 Moraceae *Morus alba L. (white mulberry) – P; T; KC124 Morus rubra L. (red mulberry) – P; T; SD65 Oklahoma Native Plant Record 65 Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis albida (Walter) Heimerl (white four o’clock) – P; F; AP130 *Mirabilis jalapa L. (marvel of Peru) – P; F; KC114 Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. (heartleaf four o'clock) – P; F; GC1296 Oleaceae Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash) – P; T; KC65, KC106 *Ligustrum sinense Lour. (Chinese privet) – P; S; AP91, SD59, GC1299 Onagraceae Ludwigia alternifolia L. (seedbox) – P; F; AP126 Oenothera biennis L. (common evening primrose) – B; F; KC108 Oenothera curtiflora W.L. Wagner & Hoch (velvetweed) – A; F Oenothera laciniata Hill (cutleaf evening primrose) – P; F; AP69 Oxalidaceae Oxalis dillenii Jacq. (slender yellow woodsorrel) – P; F; AP54, RC36 Oxalis violacea L. (violet woodsorrel) – P; F Passifloraceae Passiflora lutea L. (yellow passionflower) – P; F; KC38 Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. (American pokeweed) – P; F; AP123 Plantaginaceae Plantago aristata Michx. (largebracted plantain) – A; F; AP76 Plantago patagonica Jacq. (woolly plantain) – A; F; RC64, KC161 Plantago virginica L. (Virginia plantain) – A; F; RC39, AP57, GC1290 *Veronica arvensis L. (corn speedwell) – A; F; GC1293, KC155 *Veronica hederifolia L. (ivyleaf speedwell) – A; F; KC138 *Veronica polita Fr. (gray field speedwell) – A; F; KC132 Polygonaceae Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub (climbing false buckwheat) – P; F; GC1313 Persicaria bicornis (Raf.) Nieuwl (Pennsylvania smartweed) – A; F; KC100 Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray (curlytop knotweed) – A; F; KC118 Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn. (jumpseed) – P; F; KC119 *Polygonum aviculare L. (prostrate knotweed) – A; F; KC92 Rumex hastatulus Baldwin (heartwing sorrel) – P; F; AP62, RC63 Portulacaceae Portulaca pilosa L. (kiss me quick) – A; F; GC1286 Ranunculaceae *Clematis terniflora DC. (sweet autumn virginsbower) – P; V; KC107 Ranunculus abortivus L. (littleleaf buttercup) – P; F 66 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. Rosaceae Geum canadense Jacq. (white avens) – P; F; GC1282, KC142 Prunus angustifolia Marshall (Chickasaw plum) – P; S; KC140 Prunus gracilis Engelm. & A. Gray (Oklahoma plum) – P; S; RC75, AP121 Prunus mexicana S. Watson (Mexican plum) – P; T; KC134 Prunus virginiana L. (chokecherry) – P; T; YS30 *Pyrus calleryana Decne. (Callery pear) – P; T; KC72 *Rosa multiflora Thunb. (multiflora rose) – P; V; KC71 Rubus aboriginum Rydb. (garden dewberry) – P; S; HU32, YS32 Rubiaceae *Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend. (piedmont bedstraw) – A; F; RC43, RC44 Diodella teres (Walter) Small (poorjoe) – A; F; CC54 Galium aparine L. (stickywilly) – A; F; GC1288 Galium circaezans Michx. (licorice bedstraw) – P; F; AP95, RC80 Galium pilosum Aiton (hairy bedstraw) – P; F; AP68 Houstonia pusilla Schoepf (tiny bluet) – A; F; KC131, GC1289 *Sherardia arvensis L. (blue fieldmadder) – A; F; AP73 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. (common pricklyash) – P; T; AP125, KC56, KC135 Salicaceae Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall (eastern cottonwood) – P; T; KC52, KC96 Salix nigra Marshall (black willow) – P; T; RC58 Santalaceae Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M.C. Johnst. (oak mistletoe) – P; S; KC125 Sapindaceae Acer negundo L. (boxelder) – P; T Acer saccharinum L. (silver maple) – P; T; KC122 *Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. (goldenrain tree) – P; T; RC81 Sapindus saponaria L. (western soapberry) – P; T; KC44, KC62, KC79 Sapotaceae Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. (gum bully) – P; T; SD53 Solanaceae Solanum dimidiatum Raf. (western horsenettle) – P; F; TW46 Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (silverleaf nightshade) – P; F; KC103 Solanum ptycanthum Dunal (West Indian nightshade) – A; F; KC113, KC120 Ulmaceae Ulmus americana L. (American elm) – P; T; RC35, SD54, SD55, KC128 *Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (Chinese elm) – P; T; GC1314 Ulmus rubra Muhl. (slippery elm) – P; T; CC63 Oklahoma Native Plant Record 67 Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. Urticaceae Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. (Pennsylvania pellitory) – A; F; RC55 Violaceae Viola bicolor Pursh (field pansy) – A; F; KC130 Viola sororia Willd. (common blue violet) – P; F; KC136 Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (Virginia creeper) – P; V; AP112 Vitis vulpina L. (frost grape) – P; V; RC68, RC79 MONOCOTS Amaryllidaceae *Allium vineale L. (wild garlic) – P; F; KC158 Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton (crowpoison) – P; F; KC133 Asparagaceae *Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. (common grape hyacinth) – P; F; KC129 Commelinaceae *Commelina communis L. (Asiatic dayflower) – A; F; KC81 Commelina erecta L. (whitemouth dayflower) – P; F; AK2, AP101, RC72 Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. (bluejacket) – P; F; RC70, AP111 Cyperaceae Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. (Muhlenberg’s sedge) – P; G; AP87, RC60 Carex retroflexa Muhl. ex Willd. (reflexed sedge) – P; G; GC1305 Cyperus echinatus (L.) Alph. Wood (globe flatsedge) – P; G; KC144 Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks (Great Plains flatsedge) – P; G; AP78, RC51 Cyperus reflexus Vahl (bentawn flat sedge) – P; G; AP59, AP117 Cyperus squarrosus L. (bearded flat sedge) – A; G; AP61 Lipocarpha drummondii (Nees) G.C. Tucker (Drummond's halfchaff sedge) – A; G; AP118 Scleria ciliata Michx. (fringed nutrush) – P; G; GC1277 Iridaceae Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. (narrowleaf blue-eyed grass) – P; F; KC159 Juncaceae Juncus coriaceus Mack. (leathery rush) – P; G; AP79 Juncus interior Wiegand (inland rush) – P; G; GC1303 Juncus marginatus Rostk. (grassleaf rush) – P; G; AK6, RC61, AP60 Poaceae Andropogon gerardii Vitman (big bluestem) – P; G; CC60 Andropogon ternarius Michx. (splitbeard bluestem) – P; G; GC1287, GC1318 Aristida oligantha Michx. (prairie threeawn) – A; G; CC57 Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter (silver beardgrass) – P; G; KC143, GC1276 68 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 17, December 2017 Gloria M. Caddell et al. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (sideoats gramma) – P; G; KC64 Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) Columbus (buffalograss) – P; G; AP83 Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. (hairy grama) – P; G; KC63 *Bromus catharticus Vahl (rescuegrass) – A; G; GC1310, RC50 *Bromus commutatus Schrad. (meadow brome) – A; G; RC62 *Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murray (Japanese brome) – A; G; AP77 Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. (hairy woodland brome) – P; G; RC54 *Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass) – A; G; GC1309 Cenchrus incertus M.A. Curtis (field sandbur) – P; G; KC121, AP116 Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) H.O. Yates (Indian woodoats) – P; G; AP114 Chloris verticillata Nutt. (tumble windmill grass) – P; G; SD68 Coelorachis cylindrica (Michx.) Nash (cylinder jointtail grass) – P; G; AP81 Coleataenia anceps (Michx.) Soreng (beaked panicgrass) – P; G; KC36 *Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Bermudagrass) – P; G; RC49, KC160 *Dactylis glomerata L. (orchardgrass) – P; G; AP82 Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark (tapered rosette grass) – P; G; KC74, AP115, AP52 Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould (Heller's rosette grass) – P; G; GC1311, KC60 Dichanthelium scoparium (Lam.) Gould (velvet panicum) – P; G; SD70 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler (southern crabgrass) – A; G; KC111 Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald (rough barnyardgrass) – A; G; KC104 *Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Indian goosegrass) – A; G; KC146 Elymus virginicus L. (Virginia wildrye) – P; G; AK4, AP72 Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees (lace grass) – A; G; KC73 Eragrostis secundiflora J. Presl (red lovegrass) – P; G; KC53 Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. (purple lovegrass) – P; G; CC56 Hordeum pusillum Nutt. (little barley) – A; G; AP70, RC52 Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass) – P; G; CC61, KC145 Paspalum setaceum Michx. (thin paspalum) – P; G; AP80, KC45 *Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (common reed) – P; G; KC151 *Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass) – A; G; AP55, RC37 *Schedonorus arundinaceus (Shreb.) Dumort. (tall fescue) – P; G; KC156, RC65 Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (little bluestem) – P; G; CC47 *Setaria faberi R.A.W. Herrm. (Japanese bristlegrass) – A; G; AK5, SD61 Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash (Indiangrass) – P; G; CC58 *Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnsongrass) – P; G; RC71, KC54, AP86 Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. (purpletop tridens) – P; G; SD76 *Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel. (annual fescue) – A; G; AP85 Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. (sixweeks fescue) – A; G; GC1312 Smilacaceae Smilax bona-nox L. (saw greenbrier) – P; V; AP106 Smilax tamnoides L. (bristly greenbrier) – P; V; RC69 Vascular Flora of E. C. Hafer Park, Edmond, Oklahoma by Gloria M. Caddell, Katie Christoffel, Carmen Espueda, and Alonna Smith