Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society, Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006


Oklahoma Native Plant Record 69
Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

Vascular Flora of a Riparian Site on the Canadian River,
Cleveland County, Oklahoma

Lacy Burgess Bruce W. Hoagland
Department of Geography Oklahoma Biological Survey
University of Oklahoma and Department of Geography
Norman, OK 73019 University of Oklahoma

Norman, OK 73019
e-mail: bhoagland@ou.edu

This article reports the results of an inventory of the vascular plants from a riparian
site in central Oklahoma. One hundred and sixty-three species of vascular plants in 131
genera and 45 families were collected. The most species were collected from the families
Asteraceae (32) and Poaceae (26). Fifty-eight species were annuals, 97 perennials, and 8
biennials. Eight species of woody plants were present. Twenty-nine species, or 18% of the
flora, were exotic to Oklahoma. No species listed as threatened or endangered by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service nor those tracked by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory
were encountered.

INTRODUCTION

Although North America has a long
history of botanical inventory, exotic species
are often under-represented in herbarium
collections. Herbarium collections typically
document the native flora of an area. Many
botanists have historically shown little interest
in collecting “weeds” or non-native species.
Thus it is difficult to determine the arrival and
establishment of exotic and invasive species
(Cronk and Fuller, 2001). The same is true of
highly disturbed areas which have historically
been under-collected by botanists due to
higher concentrations of non-native species
(Planty-Tabacchi et al., 1996). In recent years
such habitats have become of interest,
particularly in Europe, because they harbor a
greater occurrence and abundance of exotic
species (Ferreira and Moreira, 1995; Kowarik,
1995).

The objective of this study is to
inventory the flora of a riparian area that has

been heavily impacted by natural and
anthropogenic disturbances on the Canadian
River. Natural disturbances consist of
flooding and channel migration, which often
destroy extant vegetation. Anthropogenic
disturbances at the site include the abandoned
City of Norman Municipal Landfill (NML)
and sand and gravel removal for an adjacent
asphalt plant. The NML now serves as a
national test site for United States Geological
Survey (USGS) studies of water pollution
associated with landfills. The plant species list
resulting from this project will serve as a
baseline for USGS researchers and their
cooperators working at the NML.

STUDY AREA

The study area occupies 254 hectares
on the Canadian River in Cleveland County,
Oklahoma (35° 16’N, 95° 44’W). The site has
been heavily disturbed by a variety of land
uses (Figure), including the NML, which was

Burgess & Hoagland
https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100047



70 Oklahoma Native Plant Record 
Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

active from 1922 until 1985 (Curtis and 
Whitney, 2003). Active sand excavation 
occurs in the southern portion of the study 
area. In addition, the Canadian River is used 
for recreational purposes by the citizens of 
Norman. Past agricultural uses include hay 
fields and livestock grazing.

The dynamics of the Canadian River 
has also affected plant species composition. 
The Canadian River is a braided stream that 
often ceases to flow during summer months. 
Discharge on the Canadian River averages 
310.16 m³/second (Tortorelli, 1999). A 
significant flood event in 1987 pushed the 
river channel approximately 500m south to 
the present location. Other major floods were 
recorded in 1941, 1948, and 1986 (Curtis and 
Whitney, 2003).

Climate of the study area is semi-arid 
continental. The hottest month is July, with 
an average temperature of 27.8oC, and the 
coldest is January, with an average 
temperature 2.4oC (Oklahoma Climate Survey 
2006). The growing season is six months long 
(Bourlier et al., 1987). Topography at the site 
consists of gently rolling, southwest sloping 
plains. The soils are Quaternary alluvium on 
terrace deposits. Two soil types are present, 
the Gracemore silty clay loam and the 
Gracemore loamy fine sand and/or clay 
loams, both of the Gracemore-Gracemont 
Association (Bourlier et al., 1987). Both soils 
are frequently flooded, moderately alkaline, 
and calcareous. Underlying the alluvium is a 
low permeability unit of shale and mudstone 
(Eganhouse, et al., 1999).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Voucher specimens were collected 
from 1m2 plots placed at 23m intervals along 
a transect and from random sites throughout 
the study area. Collections were made at two-
week intervals from April through November 
2005. Vouchers for species exotic to North 

America were made from naturalized
populations only, thus excluding cultivated
and ornamental plants. Specimens were
processed at the Robert Bebb Herbarium of
the University of Oklahoma (OKL) following
standard procedures. Manuals used for
specimen identification included Waterfall
(1969) and Diggs et al. (1999). Origin, either
native or introduced, was determined by using
USDA-NRCS (2006). Nomenclature follows
the US Department of Agriculture-Natural
Resources Conservation Service (USDA-
NRCS, 2006). Voucher specimens were
deposited at OKL.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

One hundred sixty-three species of
vascular plants in 45 families, and 131 genera
were collected (Appendix, Table). The
Asteraceae (32), Poaceae (26), Fabaceae (11),
and Cyperaceae (10), had the greatest number
of species. Fifty-eight species of annuals, eight
biennials, and 97 perennials were collected.
Eight species of woody plants were collected,
five of which were primarily represented by
young saplings. No federally listed threatened
or endangered species, or species tracked by
the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory,
were encountered during this study. Carduus
nutans (Asteraceae) and Rhynchospora nivea
(Cyperaceae) were records for Cleveland
County (Hoagland et al., 2006).

Twenty-nine species (18%) from 14
families were introduced. The family with the
greatest number of introduced species was
Poaceae (11). Sixteen of the introduced
species were annuals or biennial and 13 were
perennials. The percentage of exotic species at
this site exceeds those reported in recent
floristic studies in Oklahoma, which range
from 9-13 percent of the flora (Hoagland and
Johnson, 2001, 2004a, 2004b; Hoagland and
Buthod, 2003, 2004; Hoagland and Wallick,
2003; Hoagland, et al., 2004; Hoagland, et al.,

Burgess & Hoagland



71

Burgess & Hoagland

2004). Given the small size of the flora, exotic 
species richness would be expected to have a 
disproportional effect. This is likely 
augmented by the disturbance history of the 
site.

Two habitat types predominated at the 
study site. Wetland and aquatic vegetation 
included the Canadian River channel and small 
ephemeral wetlands. Common species 
included Amorpha fruticosa, Andropogon 
glomeratus, Eleocharis obtusa, Juncus torreyi, Salix 
exigua, S. nigra, Schoenoplectus americanus, Tamarix 
gallica, and Typha latifolia. Disturbed areas and 
old-fields were sites heavily impacted by the 
human activities described above. These areas 
were generally represented by fewer species, 
many of which were introduced. Common 
species in this habitat included Ambrosia trifida, 
Amphiachyris dracunculoides, Convolvulus arvensis, 
Cyperus esculentus, Bromus tectorum, Helianthus 
maximiliani, Torilis arvensis, and Verbesina 
encelioides.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Jennifer Larsen and Christy 
Batterson for field assistance.

REFERENCES

Bourlier, B.G, G.A. Sample, B.G. Swafford,
and G. Douthit. 1987. Soil Survey of
Cleveland County, Oklahoma. United
States Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service.

Cronk, Q.C.B., and J.L.Fuller. 2001. Plant
invaders: The threat to natural
ecosystems. Earthscan Publications
Ltd. Sterling, Virginia, USA.

Curtis J.A. and J.W. Whitney. 2003.
Geomorphic and Hydrologic
Assessment of Erosion Hazards at the
Norman Municipal Landfill, Canadian
River Floodplain, Central Oklahoma.

Environment and Engineering
Geoscience. 9:241-257

Diggs, G.M, BL.Lipscomb, and R.J.
O’Kennon. 1999. Shinners and
Mahler’s Illustrated Flora of North
Central Texas. Botanical Research
Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas.

Eganhouse, R.P., I.M. Cozzarelli, M.A. Scholl,
and L.L. Matthews. 1999. Evidence
for Natural Attenuation of Volatile
Compounds in the Leachate Plume of
a Municipal Landfill Near Norman,
Oklahoma. In US Geological Survey
Toxic Substances hydrology Program-
Proceedings of the Technical Meeting
Charleston, South Carolina March 8-
12, 1999. Water–Resources
Investigations Report 99-4018C.

Ferreira , M.T. and I.S. Moreira. 1995. The
Invasive Component of a River Flora
Under the Influence of Mediterranean
Agricultural Systems. In Plant
Invasions-General Aspects and
Special Problems. Editors P. Pysek,K.
Prach, M. Rejmanek, and M. Wade.
SPB Academic Publishing,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p. 85-
103.

Hoagland, B.W. and A.K. Buthod. 2003.
Vascular flora of the Keystone
Wildlife Management Area, Creek,
Pawnee, and Osage Counties,
Oklahoma. Oklahoma Native Plant
Record. 3:23-37.

Hoagland, B.W. and A.K. Buthod. 2004.
Vascular flora of Hugo Lake Wildlife
Management Area, Choctaw County,
Oklahoma. Southeast Naturalist.
3:701-714.

Hoagland, B.W. and F.L. Johnson. 2001.
Vascular flora of the Chickasaw
National Recreation Area, Murray
County, Oklahoma. Castanea 66:383-
400.

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72 Oklahoma Native Plant Record
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Burgess & Hoagland

Hoagland, B.W. and F.L. Johnson. 2004a.
Vascular flora of Chouteau Wildlife
Management Area, Wagoner County,
Oklahoma. Oklahoma Native Plant
Record. 4:30-39.

Hoagland, B.W. and F.L. Johnson. 2004b.
Vascular flora of Love Valley Wildlife
Management Area, Love County,
Oklahoma. Proceedings of the
Oklahoma Academy of Science.
83:47-62.

Hoagland, B.W. and F.L. Johnson. 2004c.
Vascular flora of Red Slough and
Grassy Slough Wildlife Management
Areas, Gulf Coastal Plain, McCurtain
County, Oklahoma. Castanea.
69:284-296.

Hoagland, B.W. and K. Wallick. 2003.
Vascular flora of Oologah Wildlife
Management Area in Nowata County,
Oklahoma. Proceedings of the
Oklahoma Academy of Science.
83:47-62.

Hoagland, B.W., A.K. Buthod, and W.
Elisens. 2004. Vascular flora of
Washita Battlefield National Historic
Site, Roger Mills County, Oklahoma.
Sida. 21:1187-1197.

Hoagland, B.W., P. Crawford-Callahan, P.
Crawford, and F.L. Johnson. 2004.
Vascular flora of Hackberry Flat,
Frederick Lake, and Suttle Creek,
Tillman County, Oklahoma. Sida.
21:429-445.

Hoagland, B.W., A.K. Buthod, I. Butler, P.
Callahan-Crawford, W. Elisens, A.
Udasi and R. Tyrl. 2006. Oklahoma
Vascular Plants Database. [online].
Available:
http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu.
(Accessed on 1 March 2006).

Kowarik, I. 1995. On the Role of Alien
Species in Urban Flora and

Vegetation. In Plant Invasions-General
Aspects and Specia Problems. Editors P.
Pysek, K. Prach, M. Rejmanek, and M.
Wade. SPB Academic Publishing,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p. 85-
103.

Oklahoma Climatological Survey. 2006.
Oklahoma climatological data [online].
Available from
http://www.ocs.ou.edu/. (Accessed
on 1 February 2006).

Palmer, M.W., G.L. Wade, and P. Neal. 1995.
Standards for the writing of floras.
Bioscience 45:339-345.

Planty-Tabacchi, A.M., E. Tabacchi, R.J.
Naiman, C. Deferrari, and H.
Decamps. 1996. Invasibility of Species
Rich Communities in Riparian Zones.
Conservation Biology 10: 598-607.

Pysek, P. and K. Prach. 1993. Plant Invasions
and the Role of Riparian Habitats: A
Comparison of Four Species Alien to
Central Europe. Journal of
Biogeography 20: 413-420.

Pysek, P. 1995. On the Terminology Used in
Plant Invasion Studies. In Plant
Invasions-General Aspects and
Special Problems. Editors P. Pysek, K.
Prach, M. Rejmanek, and M. Wade.
SPB Academic Publishing,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p. 71-
81.

Tortorelli, R. L. 1999. Statistical Summaries of
Streamflow in Oklahoma Through
1999.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024025/
(accessed 5-27-2006)

USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database
(http://plants.usda.gov, 28 June
2006). National Plant Data Center,
Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Waterfall, U.T. 1969. Keys to the Flora of
Oklahoma. Published by the author.



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Table Summary of floristic collections made in Cleveland County, Oklahoma.*

Taxonomic group Species Native spp. Exotic spp.

Equisetophyta 2 2 0

Coniferophyta 1 1 0

Magnoliophyta 160 131 29

Magnoliopsida 116 100 16

Liliopsida 44 31 13

Total 163 134 29
* Table format follows Palmer et al. (1995).



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Figure Location of Norman Landfill Site, Cleveland County, Oklahoma.



Oklahoma Native Plant Record 75
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APPENDIX
Annotated species list for a riparian site on the Canadian River in Cleveland County, Oklahoma.
The first entry indicates life history (A = Annual, B = Biennial, P = Perennial), followed by habitat
(WETL = wetland and aquatic vegetation, DAOF = disturbed areas and old-field vegetation), and
collection number. Exotic species are denoted with an asterisk. Voucher specimens were deposited
at the Robert Bebb Herbarium at the University of Oklahoma (OKL).

Coniferophyta
Cupressaceae
Juniperus virginiana L. (eastern red cedar): P,

DAOF, #152

Equisetophyta
Equisetaceae
Equisetum hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm) A.A.

Eat. (scouringrush horsetail): P, WETL, #15
Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun (smooth

horsetail): P, WETL, #16

Magnoliophyta
Magnoliopsida

Anacardiaceae
Rhus glabra L. (smooth sumac): P, DAOF,

#149
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze (poison ivy):

P, DAOF, not collected#

Apiaceae
Cicuta maculata L. (spotted water hemlock): B,

WETL, #150
Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link* (hedge parsley):

A, DAOF, #85

Asteraceae
Achillea millefolium L.* (common yarrow): P,

DAOF, #50
Ambrosia psilostachya D.C. (western ragweed):

P, DAOF, #86
Ambrosia trifida L. (giant ragweed): A, DAOF,

Lost#
Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. (prairie

broomweed): A, DAOF, #131
Aphanostephus skirrhobasis DC. (lazy daisy): A,

DAOF, #51

Carduus nutans L.* (nodding plumeless thistle):
B, DAOF, #154

Chrysopsis pilosa Nutt. (soft goldenaster): A,
DAOF, #1

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. (horseweed): A,
DAOF, #132

Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (plains coreopsis): P,
DAOF, #133

Croptilon divaricatum (Nutt.) Raf. (slender
scratchdaisy): A, DAOF, #134

Dracopis amplexicaulis (Vahl) Cass. (clasping
coneflower): A, DAOF, #158

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (false daisy): P, WETL,
#53

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. (daisy fleabane): A,
DAOF, #90

Erigeron philadelphicus L. (Philadelphia
fleabane): P, DAOF, #2

Eupatorium serotinum Michx. (lateflowering
thoroughwort): P, DAOF, #135

Euthamia gymnospermoides Greene (Texas
goldentop): P, WETL, #195

Helianthus hirsutus Raf. (hairy sunflower): P,
DAOF, #138

Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. (Maximilian
sunflower): P, DAOF, #139

Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. (prairie sunflower):
A, DAOF, #4

Heterotheca canescens (DC.) Shinners. (hoary
false goldenaster): P, DAOF, #116

Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. & Rusby
(camphorweed): A, DAOF, #56

Iva annua L. (annual marshelder): A, DAOF,
#141

Lactuca canadensis L. (Canada lettuce): B,
DAOF, #5



76 Oklahoma Native Plant Record
Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

Pluchea odorata L. Cass (purple camphorweed):
P, DAOF, #91

Rudbeckia hirta L. (blackeyed susan): P, DAOF,
#57

Rudbeckia grandiflora (D. Don) J.F. Gmel. Ex
D.C. (blackeyed susan): P, DAOF, #142 

Solidago gigantea Ait. (giant goldenrod): P,
DAOF, #143

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill *(spiny sowthistle): A,
DAOF, #158

Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) Nesom var. ericoides
(white heath aster): P, DAOF, #196 

Thelesperma filifolium (Hook.) Gray var. filifolium
(stiff greenthread): P, DAOF, #145 

Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex
Gray (golden crownbeard): A, DAOF, #199 

Xanthium strumarium L. (rough cocklebur): A,
DAOF, #146

Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus cruentuss L. (slim amaranth): A,

DAOF, #44

Apiaceae
Cicuta maculata L. (spotted water hemlock): B,

WETL, #117
Conium maculatum L.* (poison hemlock): B,

WETL, #45
Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaetrn.* (knotted

hedgeparsley): A, DAOF, #148

Apocynaceae
Apocynum cannabinum L. (Indianhemp): P,

WETL, #47

Asclepiadaceae
Asclepias viridis Walt. (green antelopehorn): P,

DAOF, #49
Asclepias arenaria Torr. (sand milkweed): P,

DAOF, #118

Bignoniaceae
Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex. Bureau

(trumpet creeper): P, DAOF, #52
Catalpa bignonioides Walt. (southern catalpa): P,

WETL/DAOF, #6

Boraginaceae
Heliotropium convolvulaceum (Nutt.) Gray (phlox

heliotrope): A, DAOF, #119

Brassicaceae
Lepidium virginicum L. (Virginia pepperweed):

A, WETL, #60
Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc. (stalkless

yellowcress): A, DAOF/WETL, #7
Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess. (bog yellowcress): A,

WETL, #120
Campanulaceae
Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. (clasping

Venus’ looking-glass): A, DAOF, #8

Caryophyllaceae
Arenaria serpyllifolia L.* (thymeleaf sandwort):

A, DAOF, #10

Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.* (Mexican tea): A,

WETL, #9

Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus arvensis L.* (field bindweed): P,

DAOF, #11

Euphorbiaceae
Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners (prairie

sandmat): A, DAOF, #156
Cnidoscolus texanus (Muell.-Arg) Small (bull

nettle): P, DAOF, #157
Euphorbia marginata Pursh (snow on the

mountain): A, DAOF, #159

Fabaceae
Amorpha fruticosa L. (false indigo): P, WETL,

# 95
Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx) Greene var.

fasciculata, (partridge pea): P, DAOF, #96
Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex. B.L.

Robins & Fern. (Illinois bundleflower): P,
DAOF, #97

Desmodium ciliare (Muhl ex Willd.) DC. (hairy
small-leaf ticktrefoil): P, DAOF, #191

Burgess & Hoagland



Burgess & Hoagland

Indigofera miniata Ortega (coastal indigo): P,
DAOF/WETL, #123

Lathyrus hirsutus L.* (Caley pea): A, DAOF, #
66

Lespedeza stuevei Nutt.(tall lespedeza): P,
DAOF, #192

Medicago lupulina L. (black medick): P, DAOF,
#193

Melilotus officialis (L.) Lam. (yellow sweet
clover): B, DAOF, #99

Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliott (trailing
fuzzybean): A, WETL./DAOF, #160

Vicia villosa Roth* (winter vetch): B, DAOF,
#162

Gentianaceae
Eustoma exaltatum (L.) Salisb. ex G. Don ssp.

russellianum (Hook.) Kartesz
(showy prairie gentian): P, DAOF, #144 
Sabatia campestris Nutt. (prairie rose): A,

DAOF/WETL, #100

Lamiaceae
Lamium amplexicaule L.* (henbit deadnettle):

A, DAOF, #20
Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W. Bart.

(American water horehound): P, WETL,
#163

Teucrium canadense L. (American germander): P,
DAOF, #165

Lythraceae
Ammannia coccinea Rottb. (valley redstem): A,

WETL, #87
Lythrum alatum Pursh (winged lythrum): P,

DAOF/WETL, #126
Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne (lowland rotala):

A, WETL, #70

Malvaceae
Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & Gray) Gray

(purple poppymallow): P, DAOF, #22 
Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. (heartleaf

four o'clock): P, DAOF, #101

Onagraceae
Gaura coccinea Nutt. ex Pursh (scarlet

beeblossom): P, DAOF, #23
Gaura mollis James (velvetweed): P, DAOF,

#24
Gaura villosa Torr. (woolly beeblossom): P,

DAOF/WETL, #127
Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven (floating

primrose-willow): P, WETL, #193
Oenothera laciniata Hill (cutleaf evening-

primrose): A, DAOF, #37
Oenothera biennis L. (common evening-

primrose): B, DAOF/WETL, #84

Oxalidaceae
Oxalis stricta L. (common yellow oxalis): P,

DAOF, # 72

Papaveraceae
Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey

(crested pricklypoppy): A, DAOF, #161

Plantaginaceae
Plantago patagonica Jacq. (woolly plantain): A,

DAOF, #25

Polygonaceae
Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. (swamp

smartweed): P, WETL, #75
Polygonum lapathifolium L. (curlytop knotweed):

A, WETL, #194
Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. (bushy

knotweed): A, WETL, #102
Rumex crispus L.* (curly dock): P, WETL, #76

Primulaceae
Samolus valerandi L. ssp. parviflorus (Raf.) Hulten

(seaside brookweed): P, WETL, #78

Ranunculaceae
Clematis terniflora DC.* (sweet autumn

virginsbower): P, DAOF, #79
Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sceleratus (cursed

buttercup): P, WETL, #80

Rubiaceae
Galium aparine L. (stickywilly): A, DAOF,

#129

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Sherardia arvensis L.* (blue fieldmadder): A,
DAOF, #39

Salicaceae
Populus deltoides Bart. ex Marsh. (eastern

cottonwood): P, WETL, #175
Salix exigua Nutt. (sandbar willow): P, WETL,

#176
Salix nigra Marsh (black willow): P, WETL,

#177

Scrophulariaceae
Agalinis heterophylla (Nutt.) Small ex. Britt.

(prairie false foxglove): A, DAOF/WETL,
#178

Agalinis aspera (Dougl. ex. Benth.) Britt. (tall
false foxglove): A, DAOF/WETL, #179

Castilleja indivisa Engelm.(Indian paintbrush):
A, DAOF, #111

Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. (narrowleaf
paleseed): A, DAOF, #88

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (water speedwell):
P, WETL, #40

Veronica peregrina L. (neckweed): A, WETL,
#180

Solananceae
Datura wrightii Regel (sacred thorn-apple): P,

DAOF, #182
Physalis angulata L. (cutleaf ground cherry): A,

WETL/DAOF, #183
Physalis heterophylla Nees (clammy

groundcherry): P, DAOF, #184
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (silverleaf

nightshade): P, WETL, #185
Solanum physalifolium Rusby (hoe nightshade):

A, DAOF, #186
Solanum rostratum Dunal (buffalobur

nightshade): A, DAOF, #187

Tamariaceae
Tamarix gallica L.* (salt cedar): P,

WETL/DAOF, #114

Valerianaceae
Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. (beaked

cornsalad): A, DAOF, #42

Verbenaceae
Phyla lanceolata (Michx.)Greene (lanceleaf

frogfruit): P, WETL, #83
Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene (turkey tangle

frogfruit): P, WETL, #82
Verbena stricta Vent. (hoary verbena): P,

DAOF, #189

Vitaceae
Vitis cinerea (Engelm.).Engelm ex. Millard

(sweet grape): P, DAOF, #190

Liliopsida
Commelinaceae
Commelina virginica L. (Virginia dayflower): P,

DAOF, #151

Cyperaceae
Carex festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd. (fescue

sedge): P, WETL, #62
Cyperus esculentus L.* (yellownutsedge): P,

WETL, #12
Cyperus odoratus L. (fragrant flatsedge): A,

WETL, #153
Cyperus squarrosus L. (bearded flatsedge): A,

WETL, #54
Cyperus strigosus L. (strawcolored flatsedge): P,

WETL, #174
Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) J.A. Schultes (blunt

spikerush): P, WETL, #13
Fuirena simplex Vahl (western umbrella-sedge):

P, WETL, #14
Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex. Schinz

& Keller (chairmaker’s bulrush): P, WETL,
#155

Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye (cosmopolitan
bulrush): P, WETL, #122

Rhynchospora nivea Boeckl. (showy whitetop): P,
WETL, #112



Burgess & Hoagland

Iridaceae
Sisyrinchium angustifolium P. Mill. (narrowleaf

blue-eyed grass): P, DAOF, #18

Juncaceae
Juncus acuminatus Michx. (tapertip rush): P,

WETL, #67
Juncus biflorus Ell. (bog rush): P, WETL, #195 
Juncus marginatus Rostk. (grassleaf rush): P,

WETL, #124
Juncus torreyi Coville (Torrey’s rush): P, WETL,

#19

Lilaceae
Ornithogalum umbellatum L.* (star of

bethleham): P, DAOF, #21

Poaceae
Andropogon ternarius Michx. (splitbeard

bluestem): P, DAOF, #170
Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P. (bushy

bluestem): P, WETL, #164
Aristida oligantha Michx. (prairie threeawn) : A,

DAOF, # 174
Bromus catharticus Vahl* (rescuegrass) : A,

DAOF, # 89
Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr.* (Japanese

brome): A, DAOF, #26
Bromus tectorum L.* (cheatgrass): A, DAOF,

#27
Cenchrus spinifex Cav. (coastal sandbur): A,

DAOF/WETL, #166
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.* (Bermuda grass): P,

DAOF, #105
Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A.

Clark var. fasciculatum (Torr.)
Freckmann (western panicgrass): P, DAOF,
#174

Digitaria cognata (J.A. Schultes) Pilger (fall
witchgrass): P, DAOF, #125

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.*
(barnyardgrass): A, DAOF/WETL, #28 

Elymus canadensis L. (Canada wildrye): P,
DAOF, #168

Elymus virginicus L. (Virginia wildrye): P,
DAOF, #29

Festuca brevipila Tracey* (hard fescue): P,
DAOF, #169

Hordeum pusillum Nutt. (little barley): A,
WETL/DAOF, #30

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes
(prairie Junegrass): P, DAOF/ WETL, #31 

Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth ssp. fascicularis (Lam.
) Snow (bearded sprangletop): P,
DAOF/WETL, #32

Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.)
Husnot* (Italian ryegrass): P, DAOF, #33 

Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass): P,
WETL/DAOF, #35

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex. Steudel*
(common reed): P, WETL, #171

Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.* (rabbitsfoot
grass): A, WETL, #36

Saccharum ravennae (L.) L.* (Ravenna grass): P,
WETL, #172

Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash var.
scoparium (little bluestem): P, DAOF, #173 

Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguèlen (marsh
bristlegrass): P, WETL, #109

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.* (Johnson grass): P,
DAOF, #110

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray (sand
dropseed): P, DAOF, #128

Typhaceae
Typha domingensis Pers. (southern cattail)): P,

WETL, #188

Oklahoma Native Plant Record
Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

79