Vaughan_189-198.indd


INTRODUCTION

The South African Association for Marine Biological 
Research, incorporating Sea World, Oceanographic 
Research Institute and the Dolphinarium relocated 
from their old premises of 46 years on Durban’s 
beach front in March and April 2004 to the new Point 
Development’s marine theme park, uShaka Marine 
World in Durban, South Africa. Netting of fishes from 
the large exhibits could cause physical damage to 
struggling fishes, increasing the risk of opportunistic 
secondary bacterial infections (Inoue, dos Santos 
Neto & Morales 2004) which could not be treated in 
time for the opening of uShaka Marine World on 30 
April 2004. An ideal method to facilitate the removal 

of fishes from exhibits would be the use of a general 
anaesthetic. Characteristics of a suitable anaes-
thetic for this purpose would include ease of admin-
istration and stability, rapid recovery of anaesthe-
tised fishes once re-introduced into untreated water 
and the dependency of anaesthetic duration upon 
concentration (Dunn & Koester 1985). “2-Phenoxy-
eth  a nol” (MercK Laboratories, Johannesburg) was 
selected to facilitate the removal of fishes from the 
two main aquarium exhibits, the open ocean exhibit, 
housing the highest diversity of fishes (Table 1), and 
the shark tank housing two large adult Zambezi 
sharks, Carcharhinus leucas Valenciennes, 1839, 
eight adult Spotted ragged-tooth sharks, Carcharias 
taurus Rafinesque, 1810, and several sympatric tel-
eost species (Table 2). 2-Phenoxyethanol is rela-
tively inexpensive and remains viable in long-term 
exposure (Kaiser & Vine 1998) and is also available 
in bulk in South Africa. Deacon, White & Hecht 
(1997) recommend 2-Phenoxyethanol as a highly 
suitable anaesthetic for repeatedly exposed fishes. 
2-Phenoxyethanol also showed a more notable se-
dation than MS-222 in an experiment on Gilthead 
sea bream, Sparus aurata (Molinero & Gonzalez 
1995) and is considered a desirable anaesthetic for 
the transportation of fishes by Yanar & Kumlu (2001). 

189

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 75:189–198 (2008)

2-Phenoxyethanol as anaesthetic in removing
and relocating 102 species of fishes representing 
30 families from Sea World to uShaka Marine 
World, South Africa

D.B. VAUGHAN¹*, M.R. PENNING² and K.W. CHRISTISON³

ABSTRACT

VAUGHAN, D.B., PENNING, M.R. & CHRISTISON, K.W. 2008. 2-Phenoxyethanol as anaesthetic in 
removing and relocating 102 species of fishes representing 30 families from Sea World to uShaka 
Marine World, South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 75:189–198

2-Phenoxyethanol was used as an anaesthetic to translocate 102 species of fishes representing 30 
families from the Sea World aquarium on Durban’s beachfront to uShaka Marine World. Most fishes 
responded well to a final anaesthetic concentration of 0,150 mℓ/ℓ and there were no mortalities.

Keywords: Anaesthetic, fishes, 2-Phenoxyethanol, public aquarium, translocation

* Author to whom correspondence is to be directed. Email: 
dvaughan@aquarium.co.za

1 Two Oceans Aquarium, Dock Road, Victoria and Alfred Water-
 front, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa 

2 South African Association for Marine Biological Research, 
uShaka Marine World, 1 King Shaka Avenue, Point precinct, 
Durban, 4000 South Africa

3 Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Univer-
sity of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 
South Africa

Accepted for publication 21 April 2008—Editor



190

2-Phenoxyethanol as anaesthetic in relocating fi shes

Pole syringe anaesthetic technique using ketamine 
hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride was not 
feasible for facilitating translocation of the C. leucas, 
and C. taurus, weighing in excess of 170 kg each 
because of the restriction in dart-syringe size and 
therefore efficient dosage administration. Repeated 
darting could not guarantee successful induction or 
the safety of the operator. Each exhibit of fishes was 
moved separately on different days. 

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The shark tank was first to have its animals relo-
cated on 13 April 2004. The fishes in the open ocean 
exhibit were relocated 2 days later. Incoming sea-
water supplies and filtration systems were shut 
down. Aeration of both exhibits was maintained for 
circulation and sustaining desirable dissolved oxy-
gen levels during the procedure. The shark tank and 
the open ocean exhibit volumes were calculated at 
386 400 ℓ and 850 500 ℓ, respectively. Temperature, 
dissolved oxygen and pH levels were monitored us-
ing a YSI 85 hand-held temperature, dissolved oxy-
gen, conductivity and salinity meter, and a Cyberscan 
pH and ORP meter.

2-Phenoxyethanol was thoroughly mixed with tap 
water in 450 ℓ plastic drums alongside the exhibits 
and poured directly into the water. Concentration 
increments of 0.050 mℓ/ℓ, equating to 19.32 ℓ of 
2-Phenoxyethanol, were added every 30 min to the 
shark tank to a final concentration of 0.150 mℓ/ℓ. The 
initial concentration for the open ocean exhibit was 
0.030 mℓ/ℓ equating to 25 ℓ of 2-Phenoxyethanol. 
After 30 min, increments of 0.006 mℓ/ℓ (5 ℓ of 
2-Phenoxyethanol) were added every 15 min until 
the concentration of 0.150 mℓ/ℓ was obtained. The 
concentration was increased to 0.250 mℓ/ℓ only to 
anaesthetise the last fish species, Cobia, Rachy cen-
tron canadum Linnaeus, 1776, once all other fishes 
had been removed. Small concentration increments 
spread over a longer period of time in the open 
ocean exhibit enabled specific species of fishes of a 
higher diversity than the shark tank to be removed 
upon their potential differences in reaction to con-
centrations and exposure times to 2-Phenoxyeth a-
nol. 

Excitation events were recorded and the fishes were 
removed according to their effective induction to an-
aesthesia upon loss of equilibrium. The Zambezi 
sharks were guided into PVC stretchers upon the 
first signs of anaesthesia, after which the Spotted 
ragged-tooth sharks were similarly removed, to pre-
vent physical injury to themselves through collision 

with tank walls and viewing panels. All other anaes-
thetised fishes were collected in transparent PVC 
bags by a team of divers. They were removed to 
awaiting transport tanks containing 2 000 ℓ, 4 000 ℓ 
or 8 000 ℓ volumes of seawater on the back of two 
flatbed trucks to be delivered in relay to the new 
aquarium exhibits. All the transport tanks except 
one of 2 000 ℓ capacity, contained a 2-Phenoxy etha-
nol concentration of 0.100 mℓ/ℓ. The untreated trans-
port tank was reserved for potentially sensitive spe-
cies to the affects of the 2-Phenoxethanol, so that 
they could be revived quickly to prevent possible 
mortalities. All transport tanks were separately fil-
tered using diatom cartridge filters on pump-recircu-
lation, and oxygenated using medical-grade oxygen 
diffused directly into the water via airstones and 
flexible gas tubing. After transporting and delivery of 
two loads of fishes to the new aquarium, all the sea-
water in the transport tanks was drained and re-
placed and re-dosed with 2-Phenoxyethanol at the 
same concentration.

RESULTS/OBSERVATIONS

Water quality parameters throughout the exercise 
for both exhibits were similar and relatively stable. 
Temperatures for both exhibits remained unchanged 
at 22.6 °C, and 22.9 °C for the open ocean exhibit 
and shark tank, respectively, with a stable pH for 
each exhibit at 7.77 and 7.86 throughout the exer-
cise. Dissolved oxygen levels were measured at the 
anaesthetic induction time per species. One hun-
dred and two species of fishes representing 30 fam-
ilies were successfully anaesthetised using 2-Phen-
oxy ethanol (Tables 1 and 2). Both Zambezi sharks 
displayed excitation at 0.100 mℓ/ℓ at 50 min, charac-
terised by a marked increase in swimming speed, 
and became disorientated at 0.150 mℓ/ℓ at 72.9 % 
dissolved oxygen and 70 min, when they were re-
moved promptly to avoid injury. None of the Spotted 
Ragged-tooth sharks showed any changes in be-
haviour throughout the procedure and were re-
moved from the shark tank after both C. leucas were 
removed. The remaining fishes were removed by 
the team of divers from the shark tank after all the 
sharks had been removed.

All species of the family Carangidae (Kingfishes) 
from the shark tank displayed excitation (Table 2), 
yet this was completely absent in all the carangid 
species in the open ocean exhibit anaesthetised at 
the same final concentration of 0.150 mℓ/ℓ (Table 1). 
The Crocodile needlefish, Tylosurus crocodilus croc-
o dilus Peron & LeSueur, 1821, from the open ocean 



191

D.B. VAUGHAN, M.R. PENNING & K.W. CHRISTISON
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192

2-Phenoxyethanol as anaesthetic in relocating fi shes

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e
, 
1
8
0
2

G
lo

w
fis

h
2

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
L
e
th

ri
n
u
s 

cr
o
ci

n
e
u
s 

S
m

ith
, 
1
9
5
9

Y
e
llo

w
fin

 e
m

p
e
ro

r
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
L
e
th

ri
n
u
s 

h
yp

se
lo

p
te

ru
s 

B
le

e
ke

r,
 1

8
7
3

M
o
za

m
b
iq

u
e
 e

m
p
e
ro

r 
  
  
  
 

4
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
L
e
th

ri
n
u
s 

n
e
b
u
lo

su
s 

F
o
rs

sk
a
l, 

1
7
7
5

B
lu

e
 e

m
p
e
ro

r
1
0

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
L
e
th

ri
n
u
s 

sa
n
g
u
in

e
u
s 

S
m

ith
, 
1
9
5
5

C
u
tt
h
ro

a
t 
e
m

p
e
ro

r
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

C
o

ra
c
in

id
a
e
 (

G
a
lj
o

e
n

s
)

C
o
ra

ci
n
u
s 

m
u
lti

fa
sc

ia
tu

s 
P

e
lle

g
ri
n
, 
1
9
1
4

B
a
n
d
e
d
 g

a
ljo

e
n

1
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

K
y
p

h
o

s
id

a
e
 (

S
e
a
 c

h
u

b
s
)

K
yp

h
o
su

s 
b
ig

ib
b
u
s 

L
a
ce

p
e
d
e
, 
1
8
0
1

G
re

y 
ch

u
b

4
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

E
p

h
ip

p
id

a
e
 (

B
a
tf

is
h

e
s
)

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la

ta
x 

p
in

n
a
tu

s 
L
in

n
a
e
u
s,

 1
7
5
8

D
u
sk

y 
b
a
tf
is

h
3
4

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.0

6
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 1
0
5
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

M
o

n
o

d
a
c
ty

li
d

a
e
 (

M
o

o
n

ie
s
)

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o
n
o
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a
ct

yl
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s 

fa
lc

ifo
rm

is
 L

a
ce

p
e
d
e
, 
1
8
0
0

C
a
p
e
 M

o
o
n
y

1
4

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

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y
: 

M
u

ll
id

a
e
 (

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o

a
tf

is
h

e
s
)

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a
ru

p
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n
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u
s 

m
a
cr

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n
e
m

a
 L

a
ce

p
e
d
e
, 
1
8
0
1

B
a
n
d
-d

o
t 
g
o
a
tf
is

h
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

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y
: 

P
o

m
a
c
a
n

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id

a
e
 (

A
n

g
e
lf

is
h

e
s
)

A
p
o
le

m
ic

h
th

ys
 t
ri
m

a
cu

la
tu

s 
L
a
ce

p
e
d
e
, 
1
8
3
1

T
h
re

e
sp

o
t 
a
n
g
e
lfi

sh
3

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
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5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
P

o
m

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ca

n
th

u
s 

im
p
e
ra

to
r 

B
lo

ch
, 
1
7
8
7

E
m

p
e
ro

r 
a
n
g
e
lfi

sh
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

C
h

a
e
to

d
o

n
ti

d
a
e
 (

B
u

tt
e
rf

ly
fi

s
h

e
s
)

 
 

 
 

C
h
a
e
to

d
o
n
 a

u
ri
g
a
 F

o
rs

sk
a
l, 

1
7
7
5

T
h
re

a
d
fin

 b
u
tt
e
rf

ly
fis

h
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
C

h
a
e
to

d
o
n
 g

u
tt
a
tis

si
m

u
s 

B
e
n
n
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tt
, 
1
8
2
3

G
o
rg

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o
u
s 

g
u
ss

y
2

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
C

h
a
e
to

d
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n
 lu

n
u
la

 L
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ce

p
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1
8
0
3

H
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n
 b

u
tt
e
rf

ly
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h
4

N
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n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
C

h
a
e
to

d
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n
 u

n
im

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cu

la
tu

s 
B

lo
ch

, 
1
7
8
7

L
im

e
sp

o
t 
b
u
tt
e
rf

ly
fis

h
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
C

h
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e
to

d
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n
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le
in

ii 
B

lo
ch

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7
9
0

W
h
ite

sp
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tt
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d
 b

u
tt
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rf

ly
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h
  

1
N

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n
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 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
C

h
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to

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n
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a
d
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g
a
sk

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ri
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si

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A

h
l, 

1
9
2
3

P
e
a
rl
y 

b
u
tt
e
rf

ly
fis

h
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
C

h
a
e
to

d
o
n
 m

a
rl
e
yi

 R
e
g
a
n
, 
1
9
2
1

D
o
u
b
le

sa
sh

 b
u
tt
e
rf

ly
fis

h
  
  

3
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
C

h
a
e
to

d
o
n
 v

a
g
a
b
u
n
d
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s 

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in

n
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s,

 1
7
5
8

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a
g
a
b
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n
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 b

u
tt
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rf

ly
fis

h
  
  
  
 

1
N

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n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
F

o
rc

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ig

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r 

fla
vi

ss
im

u
s 

Jo
rd

a
n
 &

 M
cG

re
g
o
r,

 1
8
9
8

L
o
n
g
n
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se

 b
u
tt
e
rf

ly
fis

h
  
  
  
 

2
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
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5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in
H

e
n
io

ch
u
s 

m
o
n
o
ce

ro
s 

C
u
vi

e
r,

 1
8
3
1

M
a
sk

e
d
 c

o
a
ch

m
a
n

1
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

T
A

B
L
E

 1
 

co
n
tin

u
e
d



193

D.B. VAUGHAN, M.R. PENNING & K.W. CHRISTISON

S
c
ie

n
ti

fi
c
 n

a
m

e
s

E
n

g
li
s
h

 n
a
m

e
s

N
u

m
b

e
rs

E
x
c
it

a
ti

o
n

 l
e
v
e
l

A
n

a
e
s
th

e
ti

c
 l
e
v
e
l/
in

d
u

c
ti

o
n

 t
im

e

F
a
m

il
y
: 

O
p

le
g

n
a
th

id
a
e
 (

K
n

if
e
ja

w
s
)

O
p
le

g
n
a
th

u
s 

ro
b
in

so
n
i R

e
g
a
n
, 
1
9
1
6

N
a
ta

l k
n
ife

ja
w

1
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

C
a
ra

n
g

id
a
e
 (

K
in

g
fi

s
h

e
s
)

C
a
ra

n
g
o
id

e
s 

ca
e
ru

le
o
p
in

n
a
tu

s 
R

u
p
p
e
ll,

 1
8
3
0

C
o
a
st

a
l k

in
g
fis

h
2

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

C
a
ra

n
g
o
id

e
s 

fu
lv

o
g
u
tt
a
tu

s 
F

o
rs

sk
a
l, 

1
7
7
5

Y
e
llo

w
sp

o
tt
e
d
 k

in
g
fis

h
  
  
  

4
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

C
a
ra

n
x 

se
xf

a
sc

ia
tu

s 
Q

u
o
y 

&
 G

a
im

a
rd

, 
1
8
2
5

B
ig

-e
ye

 k
in

g
fis

h
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

M
e
g
a
la

sp
is

 c
o
rd

yl
a

 L
in

n
a
e
u
s,

 1
7
5
8

T
o
rp

e
d
o
 s

ca
d

1
2

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

P
se

u
d
o
ca

ra
n
x 

d
e
n
te

x 
B

lo
ch

 &
 S

ch
n
e
id

e
r,

 1
8
0
1

W
h
ite

 k
in

g
fis

h
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

T
ra

ch
in

o
tu

s 
a
fr

ic
a
n
u
s 

S
m

ith
, 
1
9
6
7

S
o
u
th

e
rn

 p
o
m

p
a
n
o

3
2

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

T
ra

ch
in

o
tu

s 
b
o
tla

 S
h
a
w

, 
1
8
0
3

L
a
rg

e
 s

p
o
t 
p
o
m

p
a
n
o

1
0

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.0

7
2
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 1
3
5
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

R
a
c
h

y
c
e
n

tr
id

a
e
 (

C
o

b
ia

)

R
a
ch

yc
e
n
tr

o
n
 c

a
n
a
d
u
m

 L
in

n
a
e
u
s,

 1
7
7
6

P
ro

d
ig

a
l s

o
n

1
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.2

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 4
0
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

C
ir

rh
it

id
a
e
 (

H
a
w

k
fi

s
h

e
s
)

C
ir
rh

iti
ch

th
ys

 o
xy

ce
p
h
a
lu

s 
B

le
e
ke

r,
 1

8
5
5

S
p
o
tt
e
d
 h

a
w

kf
is

h
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

P
o

m
a
c
e
n

tr
id

a
e
 (

D
a
m

s
e
lf

is
h

e
s
)

A
b
u
d
e
fd

u
f 
n
o
ta

tu
s 

D
a
y,

 1
8
6
9

D
u
sk

y 
d
a
m

se
l

5
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

A
b
u
d
e
fd

u
f 
va

ig
ie

n
si

s 
Q

u
o
y 

&
 G

a
im

a
rd

, 
1
8
2
5

S
e
rg

e
a
n
t 
m

a
jo

r
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

L
a
b

ri
d

a
e
 (

W
ra

s
s
e
s
)

B
o
d
ia

n
u
s 

b
ilu

n
u
la

tu
s 

L
a
ce

p
e
d
e
, 
1
8
0
1

S
a
d
d
le

b
a
ck

 h
o
g
fis

h
9

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

B
o
d
ia

n
u
s 

d
ia

n
a
 L

a
ce

p
e
d
e
, 
1
8
0
1

D
ia

n
a
’s

 h
o
g
fis

h
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

B
o
d
ia

n
u
s 

p
e
rd

iti
o

 Q
u
o
y 

&
 G

a
im

a
rd

, 
1
8
3
4

G
o
ld

sa
d
d
le

 h
o
g
fis

h
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

C
h
e
ili

n
u
s 

tr
ilo

b
a
tu

s 
L
a
ce

p
e
d
e
, 
1
8
0
1

T
ri
p
le

ta
il 

w
ra

ss
e

1
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

C
o
ri
s 

g
a
im

a
rd

 a
fr

ic
a
n
a
 S

m
ith

, 
1
9
5
7

A
fr

ic
a
n
 c

o
ri
s

2
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

H
a
lic

h
o
e
re

s 
ir
id

is
 R

a
n
d
a
ll 

&
 S

m
ith

, 
1
9
8
2

R
a
in

b
o
w

 w
ra

ss
e

3
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

H
e
m

ig
ym

n
u
s 

fa
sc

ia
tu

s 
B

lo
ch

, 
1
7
9
2

B
a
rr

e
d
 t
h
ic

kl
ip

1
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

H
o
lo

g
ym

n
o
su

s 
d
o
lia

tu
s 

L
a
ce

p
e
d
e
, 
1
8
0
1

R
in

g
e
d
 w

ra
ss

e
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

S
c
a
ri

d
a
e
 (

P
a
rr

o
tf

is
h

e
s
)

S
ca

ru
s 

g
h
o
b
b
a
n
 F

o
rs

sk
a
l, 

1
7
7
5

B
lu

e
b
a
rr

e
d
 p

a
rr

o
tf
is

h
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

S
ca

ru
s 

ru
b
ro

vi
o
la

ce
u
s 

B
le

e
ke

r,
 1

8
4
7

E
m

b
e
r 

p
a
rr

o
tf
is

h
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

T
A

B
L
E

 1
 

co
n
tin

u
e
d



194

2-Phenoxyethanol as anaesthetic in relocating fi shes

S
c
ie

n
ti

fi
c
 n

a
m

e
s

E
n

g
li
s
h

 n
a
m

e
s

N
u

m
b

e
rs

E
x
c
it

a
ti

o
n

 l
e
v
e
l

A
n

a
e
s
th

e
ti

c
 l
e
v
e
l/
in

d
u

c
ti

o
n

 t
im

e

F
a
m

il
y
: 

M
u

g
il
id

a
e
 (

M
u

ll
e
ts

)

M
u
g
il 

ce
p
h
a
lu

s 
L
in

n
a
e
u
s,

 1
7
5
8

F
la

th
e
a
d
 m

u
lle

t
2

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

A
c
a
n

th
u

ri
d

a
e
 (

S
u

rg
e
o

n
fi

s
h

e
s
)

A
ca

n
th

u
ru

s 
tr

io
st

e
g
u
s 

L
in

n
a
e
u
s,

 1
7
5
8

C
o
n
vi

ct
 s

u
rg

e
o
n

9
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

A
ca

n
th

u
ru

s 
d
u
ss

u
m

ie
ri
 V

a
le

n
ci

e
n
n
e
s,

 1
8
3
5

P
e
n
ci

lle
d
 s

u
rg

e
o
n

6
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

A
ca

n
th

u
ru

s 
n
ig

ro
fu

sc
u
s 

F
o
rs

sk
a
l, 

1
7
7
5

B
ro

w
n
 s

u
rg

e
o
n

1
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

A
ca

n
th

u
ru

s 
te

n
n
e
n
ti 

G
u
n
th

e
r,

 1
8
6
1

L
ie

u
te

n
a
n
t 
su

rg
e
o
n

3
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

A
ca

n
th

u
ru

s 
th

o
m

p
so

n
i F

o
w

le
r,

 1
9
2
3

C
h
o
co

la
te

 s
u
rg

e
o
n
 

4
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

A
ca

n
th

u
ru

s 
xa

n
th

o
p
te

ru
s 

V
a
le

n
ci

e
n
n
e
s,

 1
8
3
5

Y
e
llo

w
fin

 s
u
rg

e
o
n

6
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

C
te

n
o
ch

a
e
tu

s 
st

ri
a
tu

s 
Q

u
o
y 

&
 G

a
im

a
rd

, 
1
8
2
5

S
tr

ip
e
d
 b

ri
st

le
to

o
th

5
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

C
te

n
o
ch

a
e
tu

s 
st

ri
g
o
su

s 
B

e
n
n
e
tt
, 
1
8
2
8

S
p
o
tt
e
d
 b

ri
st

le
to

o
th

6
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

N
a
so

 b
re

vi
ro

st
ri
s 

V
a
le

n
ci

e
n
n
e
s,

 1
8
3
5

S
p
o
tt
e
d
 u

n
ic

o
rn

4
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

N
a
so

 li
tu

ra
tu

s 
S

ch
n
e
id

e
r,

 1
8
0
1

O
ra

n
g
e
-s

p
in

e
 u

n
ic

o
rn

2
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

N
a
so

 u
n
ic

o
rn

is
 F

o
rs

sk
a
l, 

1
7
7
5

B
lu

e
sp

in
e
 u

n
ic

o
rn

2
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

P
a
ra

ca
n
th

u
ru

s 
h
e
p
a
tu

s 
L
in

n
a
e
u
s,

 1
7
7
6

P
a
le

tt
e
 s

u
rg

e
o
n

1
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

Z
e
b
ra

so
m

a
 s

co
p
a
s 

C
u
vi

e
r,

 1
8
2
9

T
w

o
to

n
e
 t
a
n
g

2
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

S
ig

a
n

id
a
e
 (

R
a
b

b
it

fi
s
h

e
s
)

S
ig

a
n
u
s 

su
to

r 
V

a
le

n
ci

e
n
n
e
s,

 1
8
3
5

W
h
ite

sp
o
tt
e
d
 r

a
b
b
itf

is
h
  
  
 

3
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

S
c
o

m
b

ri
d

a
e
 (

T
u

n
a
s
)

S
a
rd

a
 o

ri
e
n
ta

lis
 T

e
m

m
in

ck
 &

 S
ch

le
g
e
l, 

1
8
4
4

S
tr

ip
e
d
 b

o
n
ito

 
1
3

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

E
u
th

yn
n
u
s 

a
ff
in

is
 C

a
n
to

r,
 1

8
4
9

E
a
st

e
rn

 li
tt
le

 t
u
n
a

2
4

0
.1

0
2
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 2
1
0
 m

in
0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

B
a
li
s
ti

d
a
e
 (

T
ri

g
g

e
rf

is
h

e
s
)

B
a
lis

to
id

e
s 

co
n
sp

ic
ill

u
m

 B
lo

ch
 &

 S
ch

n
e
id

e
r,

 1
8
0
1

C
lo

w
n
 t
ri
g
g
e
rf

is
h

1
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

B
a
lis

to
id

e
s 

vi
ri
d
e
sc

e
n
ce

 B
lo

ch
 &

 S
ch

n
e
id

e
r,

 1
8
0
1

D
o
tt
y 

tr
ig

g
e
rf

is
h

1
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

P
se

u
d
o
b
a
lis

te
s 

fu
sc

u
s 

B
lo

ch
 &

 S
ch

n
e
id

e
r,

 1
8
0
1

R
ip

p
le

d
 t
ri
g
g
e
rf

is
h

1
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

S
u
ff
la

m
e
n
 b

u
rs

a
 B

lo
ch

 &
 S

ch
n
e
id

e
r,

 1
8
0
1

B
o
o
m

e
ra

n
g
 t
ri
g
g
e
rf

is
h
  
  
  
 

1
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
3
0
 m

in

T
A

B
L
E

 1
 

co
n
tin

u
e
d



195

D.B. VAUGHAN, M.R. PENNING & K.W. CHRISTISON
T

A
B

L
E

 2
 

F
is

h
e
s 

a
n
a

e
st

h
e
tis

e
d
 a

n
d
 r

e
m

o
ve

d
 f
ro

m
 t
h
e
 s

h
a
rk

 t
a
n
k 

a
t 
S

e
a
 W

o
rl
d

S
c
ie

n
ti

fi
c
 n

a
m

e
E

n
g

li
s
h

 n
a
m

e
N

u
m

b
e
rs

E
x
c
it

a
ti

o
n

 l
e

v
e
l

A
n

a
e
s
th

e
ti

c
 l
e
v
e
l/
in

d
u

c
ti

o
n

 t
im

e

F
a
m

il
y
: 

C
a
rc

h
a
rh

in
id

a
e
 (

R
e
q

u
ie

m
 s

h
a
rk

s
)

C
a
rc

h
a
rh

in
u
s 

le
u
ca

s 
V

a
le

n
ci

e
n
n
e
s,

 1
8
3
9

Z
a
m

b
e
zi

 s
h
a
rk

2
0
.1

0
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 5
0
 m

in
0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 7
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

O
d

o
n

ta
s
p

id
id

a
e
 (

R
a
g

g
e
d

-t
o

o
th

 s
h

a
rk

s
)

C
a
rc

h
a
ri
u
s 

ta
u
ru

s 
R

a
fin

e
sq

u
e
, 
1
8
1
0

S
p
o
tt
e
d
 r

a
g
g
e
d
-t

o
o
th

8
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 7
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

C
a
e
s
io

n
id

a
e
 (

F
u

s
il
ie

rs
)

C
a
e
si

o
 t
e
re

s 
S

e
a
le

, 
1
9
0
6

B
e
a
u
tif

u
l f

u
si

lie
r

2
0
.0

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
0
 m

in
0
.0

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 3
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

S
p

a
ri

d
a
e
 (

S
e
a
b

re
a
m

s
)

D
ip

lo
d
u
s 

sa
rg

u
s 

ca
p
e
n
si

s 
S

m
ith

, 
1
8
4
4

B
la

ck
 t
a
il

<
 2

0
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 7
0
 m

in

L
ith

o
g
n
a
th

u
s 

m
o
rm

yr
u
s 

L
in

n
a
e
u
s,

 1
7
5
8

S
a
n
d
 s

te
e
n
b
ra

s
<

 1
5
0

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 7
0
 m

in

R
h
a
b
d
o
sa

rg
u
s 

th
o
rp

e
i S

m
ith

, 
1
9
7
9

B
ig

e
ye

 s
tu

m
p
n
o
se

6
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

0
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 4
7
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

M
o

n
o

d
a
c
ty

li
d

a
e
 (

M
o

o
n

ie
s
)

M
o
n
o
d
a
ct

yl
u
s 

fa
lc

ifo
rm

is
 L

a
ce

p
e
d
e
, 
1
8
0
0

C
a
p
e
 M

o
o
n
y

<
 1

5
N

o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 7
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

C
h

a
e
to

d
o

n
ti

d
a
e
 (

B
u

tt
e
rf

ly
fi

s
h

e
s
)

C
h
a
e
to

d
o
n
 b

la
ck

b
u
rn

ii 
D

e
sj

a
rd

in
s,

 1
8
3
6

B
ro

w
n
b
u
rn

ie
1

N
o
n
e
 o

b
se

rv
e
d

0
.1

5
0
 m
ℓ/
ℓ;

 7
0
 m

in

F
a
m

il
y
: 

C
a
ra

n
g

id
a
e
 (

K
in

g
fi

s
h

e
s
)

A
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197

D.B. VAUGHAN, M.R. PENNING & K.W. CHRISTISON

exhibit was the most sensitive of all fishes to 2-Phen-
oxyethanol. Excitation was brief yet violent, followed 
by a sudden and complete loss of equilibrium at 
0.048 mℓ/ℓ and 83.2 % dissolved oxygen after 75 min 
after the introduction of the initial increment, and was 
removed to the untreated transport tank where it 
made a full recovery. Beautiful fusilier, Caesio teres 
Seale, 1906 displayed a short period of excitation at 
0.050 mℓ/ℓ before losing equilibrium at 81.6 % dis-
solved oxygen and 30 min. Dusky batfish, Platax 
pin natus Linnaeus, 1758 became anaesthetised at 
0.060 mℓ/ℓ and 78 % dissolved oxygen and 105 min 
without excitation. Largespotted pompano, Trachino-
 tus botla Shaw, 1803, from the open ocean exhibit 
became anaesthetised at 0.072 mℓ/ℓ and 71.9 % dis-
solved oxygen and 135 min, and at 0.150 mℓ/ℓ in the 
shark tank at 72.9 % dissolved oxygen and 70 min. 
Bigeye stumpnose, Rhabdo sargus thorpei Smith, 
1979, became anaesthetised at 0.100 mℓ/ℓ at 79.8 % 
dissolved oxygen and 47 min without displaying ex-
citation. Excitation was evident in the Little Eastern 
tuna, Euthynnus affinis Cantor, 1849, at 0.102 mℓ/ℓ 
and 210 min, but they only became anaesthetised 
at 0.150 mℓ/ℓ at 71.9 % dissolved oxygen and 330 
min. All other fishes except the Cobia, R. canadum, 
became anaesthetised at 0.150 mℓ/ℓ and 71.9 % dis-
solved oxygen and 330 min without excitation, and 
were easily removed from the exhibits. The Cobia 
was the last fish to be removed from the open ocean 
exhibit after increasing the dosage to 0.250 mℓ/ℓ, at 
89.6 % dissolved oxygen and 430 min.

No mortalities resulted from the use of 2-Phenoxy-
ethanol on any of the fishes during anaesthesia or 
transport to uShaka Marine World.

DISCUSSION

Hseu, Yeh, Chu & Ting (1998) outlined a drawback 
in the use of 2-Phenoxyethanol, in that it requires 
high anaesthetic concentrations in comparison to 
MS-222 (Argent Chemical Laboratories) and Quin-
al dine (SIGMA-ALDRICH) in fishes, and that the 
effective concentration for most fishes is 0.200 mℓ/ℓ   
to 0.600 mℓ/ℓ. Recently, Velíšec, Wlasow, Gomulka, 
Svobodova & Novotny (2007) indicated that 2-Phen-
oxyethanol also has a relatively low therapeutic in-
dex, reported as 1:2.6.

The majority of fishes anaesthetised throughout their 
translocation of fishes from Sea World to uShaka 
Marine World showed optimal anaesthesia at the 
concentration of 0.150 mℓ/ℓ, with some species 
effec tively anaesthetised at lower dosages, and one 

species (R. canadum) requiring additional anaes-
thetic to facilitate successful removal.

Yanar & Kum lu (2001) and Velíšec et al. (2007) indi-
cated that the effective concentration of an anaes-
thetic leading to induction in fishes varied according 
to their sex, age, water quality parameters, overall 
biomass and physiological state, and the duration of 
the exposure. All T. botla from the shark tank were 
juveniles of less than 20 cm in length. Those from 
the open ocean exhibit were adults of approximate-
ly 50 cm in length. Velíšec & Svobodova (2004a) 
indicated that juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus 
mykiss Walbaum, 1792, are more sensitive to 2- 
Phen oxyethanol than adults. This could explain the 
difference in effective induction of T. botla from the 
shark tank and open ocean exhibit, where more than 
double the dosage of 2-Phenoxyethanol for the adult 
fish from the open ocean exhibit was required for the 
same anaesthetic effect. Once the desired level of 
anaesthesia had been reached in both exhibits, sev-
eral hours passed before all fishes were eventually 
removed. Their anaesthetic state remained stable 
and did not progress with time. 

Velíšec & Svobodova (2004a); Velíšec et al. (2007) 
also consider that sensitivity to anaesthetics is influ-
enced by the enhancement of decreasing or low 
dissolved oxygen concentration, but the most im-
portant factor affecting the anaesthetic efficiency of 
2-Phenoxyethnol is temperature, where higher tem-
peratures produce better anaesthetic efficiency (Vel-
í šec & Svobodova 2004b). Dissolved oxygen levels 
dropped slightly in each exhibit from the beginning 
of the exercise to first induction, but remained sta-
ble at 71.9 % and 72.9 % for the open ocean exhibit 
and shark tank, respectively. This initial drop is 
thought to be the result of shutting down the filtra-
tion processes and incoming make-up water just 
prior to the introduction of the first anaesthetic incre-
ment. The last dissolved oxygen reading for the 
open ocean exhibit was taken at induction of the last 
remaining individual fish, R. canadum, and was no-
tably higher at 89.6 % after the removal of all other 
fishes, which indicates that the stable dissolved oxy-
gen levels observed reflect the equilibrium between 
biomass and maintained artificial aeration. Aeration 
is therefore recommended for similar future exer-
cises.

Yanar & Kumlu (2001) stated, following an experi-
ment with European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax 
Linnaeus, 1758, that an increase in anaesthetic con-
centration decreased the induction time. This is evi-
dent in comparing the time to induction at 0.150 mℓ/ℓ, 



198

2-Phenoxyethanol as anaesthetic in relocating fi shes

obtained at 330 min and 70 min for the open ocean 
exhibit and shark tank respectively, but excitation 
was displayed in all carangids in the shark tank but 
not in those from the open ocean exhibit. It is there-
fore possible that time to anaesthetic concentration, 
and not necessarily the concentration alone could 
have played an important role in controlling the on-
set of excitation in this family of fishes. 

Molinero & Gonzalez (1995) consider that reactions 
of fishes to 2-Phenoxyethanol and MS-222 include 
a change in respiratory rate and pigmentation. Tytler 
& Hawkins (1981) suggested that retaining fishes in 
an anaesthetic bath for too long leads to the fading 
of respiration and finally complete respiratory and 
cardiac failure, but Hajec, Kłyszejko & Dziaman 
(2006) confirmed that lower effective concentrations 
of the anaesthetic clove oil provided longer periods 
of general anaesthesia with respiration being main-
tained. Although fishes in both exhibits became in-
creasingly less responsive to external stimuli, such 
as sudden movements and the presence of divers 
in the water through the progression of concentra-
tion increments and time, no obvious pigmentation 
changes or notable changes in respiration rates for 
the entire duration of the exercise were observed. 
Shoaling species such as Southern pompano, Tra-
chi notus africanus Smith, 1967, Shrimp scad, Ale-
pes djedaba Forsskal, 1775, and Coastal kingfish, 
Carangoides caeruleopinnatus Ruppell, 1830, as-
sumed tight shoals until just prior to anaesthesia 
when they became disorientated, and dispersed 
throughout the water column before losing equilib-
rium.

No information is available in which the successful 
use of 2-Phenoxyethanol to anaesthetise adult C. 
leucas, and C. taurus, is outlined. Both these spe-
cies reacted favourably to this anaesthetic, allowing 
safe anaesthesia without risk of injury to the sharks 
or handlers, at the concentration of 0.150 mℓ/ℓ and 
72.9 % dissolved oxygen, and 70 min. 

The translocation of all fishes from one public aquar-
ium to another is a rare occurrence, and one which 
requires careful planning. The use of 2-Phenoxy-
ethanol as a reliable and stable anaesthetic was 

paramount to the successful and relatively stress-
free procedure which included transportation by 
road. 

REFERENCES

DEACON, N., WHITE, H., & HECHT, T. 1997. Isolation of the 
effective concentration of 2-Phenoxyethanol for anaesthesia 
in the spotted grunter (Pomadays commersonnii), and its ef-
fect on growth. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 1: 
19–27.

DUNN, R.F. & KOESTER, D.M. 1985. Anesthetics in elasmo-
branchs: A review with emphasis on halothane-oxygen-ni-
trous oxide. Journal of Aquariculture and Aquatic Sciences, 
5:44–52.

HAJEK, G.J., KLYSZEJKO, B. & DZIAMAN, B. 2006. The anaes-
thetic effect of clove oil on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). 
Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 36:93–97.

HSEU, J., YEH, S., CHU, Y. & TING, Y. 1998. Comparison of 
efficacy of five anesthetics in Goldlined Sea Bream (Sparus 
sarba). Acta Zoologica Taiwanica, 9:35–41.

INOUE, L.A.K.A., DOS SANTOS NETO, C. & MORALES, G. 
2004. Standardization of 2-phenoxyethanol as anaesthetic 
for juvenile Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1867): the use in field 
procedures. Ciência Rural (Santa Maria), 34:563–565.

KAISER, H. & VINE, N. 1998. The effect of 2-Phenoxyethanol 
and transport packing density on the post-transport survival 
rate and metabolic activity in the goldfish (Carassius aura-
tus). Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 2:1–7.

MOLINERO, A. & GONZALEZ, J. 1995. Comparative effects of 
MS 222 and 2-Phenoxyethanol on gilthead sea bream (Spa-
rus aurata L.) during confinement. Comparative Bio chemistry 
and Physiology, 111:405–414.

TYTLER, P. & HAWKINS, A.D. 1981. Vivisection, anesthetics 
and minor surgery, in Aquarium systems, edited by A.D. Haw-
kins. New York: Academic Press.

VELÍŠEK, J. & SVOBODOVA, Z. 2004a. Anaesthesia of Rainbow 
Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with 2-phenoxyethanol: Acute 
toxicity and biochemical blood profile. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 
73:379–384.

VELÍŠEK, J. & SVOBODOVA, Z. 2004b. Anaesthesia of Common 
Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) with 2-phenoxyethanol: Acute tox-
icity and effects on biochemical blood profile. Acta Veterinaria 
Brno, 73:247–252.

VELÍŠEK, J., WLASOW, T., GOMULKA, P., SVOBODOVA, Z. & 
NOVONTY, L. 2007. Effects of 2-Phenoxyethanol anaesthe-
sia on sheatfish (Silurus glanis L.). Veterinarni Medicina, 52: 
103–110.

YANAR, M. & KUMLU, M. 2001. The anaesthetic effects of 
quinaldine Sulphate and/or Diazepam on Sea Bass (Dicen-
trarchus labrax) juveniles. Turk Veterinerlik ve Hayvancilik 
Dergisi, 25:185–189.

















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    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [595.276 841.890]
>> setpagedevice