Plane Thermoelastic Waves in Infinite Half-Space Caused Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2022, pp. 206-221 ISSN: 2620-1607 eISSN: 2620-1747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31181/oresta190822150b * Corresponding author. mouba121286@yahoo.fr (M.B. Bouraima), chelalclement@yahoo.com (C. K. Kiptum), marakakevin@yahoo.com (K. M. Ndiema), publicqiu@vip.163.com (Y. Qiu), ilijat@uns.ac.rs (I. Tanackov) PRIORITIZATION ROAD SAFETY STRATEGIES TOWARDS ZERO ROAD TRAFFIC INJURY USING ORDINAL PRIORITY APPROACH Mouhamed Bayane Bouraima 1, 2, 3, Clement Kiprotich Kiptum 4, Kevin Maraka Ndiema 4, Yanjun Qiu 1, 2*, Ilija Tanackov 5 1 School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, China 2 Highway Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, China 3 Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Nairobi, Kenya 4 Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Eldoret, Kenya 5 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia Received: 21 June 2022 Accepted: 11 August 2022 Research paper Abstract: Road traffic safety has emerged as an urban mobility and development issue for African cities throughout time. To establish a comprehensive road safety reform within cities, one needed to be familiar with the political and legal environment, institutional responsibilities, and stakeholders. Road safety reform, though, is not without its issues. This study aims to prioritize Nairobi's road safety strategies to achieve zero traffic injuries. Four road safety reform challenges were examined based on the opinions of three experts. The Ordinal Priority Approach (OPA) was used to calculate the weights and ranks of experts, alternatives, and criteria, simultaneously. The findings of the study indicated that lack of political priority given to road safety reform is the most significant challenge, while the lack of coordination among different government agencies is the least challenge. The findings of the study also indicated that the top three strategies for successfully enacting a road safety reform are to take advantage of broad institutional and governance reform, reframe the road safety in political and public debate, and bundle the road safety with other important public issues. Key words: Prioritization, road safety strategy, zero traffic injury, Ordinal Priority Approach mailto:mouba121286@yahoo.fr mailto:chelalclement@yahoo.com mailto:marakakevin@yahoo.com Prioritization Road Safety Strategies Towards Zero Road Traffic Injury Using Ordinal Priority Approach 207 1. Introduction Every year, approximately 1.3 million people are murdered and 50 million are injured in road traffic accidents (Gopalakrishnan, 2012). Over 90% of road traffic accidents (RTAs) occur in the low and middle-income countries (LMICs), with Africa having the highest death rate (Alimo, Agyeman, Sumo, Bouraima, & Lartey-Young, 2022; Das, 2022), and an indicator ranging from 25 to 34 per million people (Mohammed, Ambak, Mosa, & Syamsunur, 2019). In the recent decade, road safety has also become a major international concern. Two road safety targets are included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: target 3.6 by 2020 and target 11.2 by 2030. According to current projections, neither target is likely to be met. In terms of tackling road safety issues, some countries have been significantly more effective than others. In locations where significant progress has been made, the importance of a comprehensive approach to road safety cannot be overstated (Welle et al., 2018). Road safety is considered as a public healthy lifestyle that emerges from the interaction of all transportation system elements, including habitat usage, vehicle standards, emergency services, law, roadside design, modes of transportation, and other variables. Despite all of the acquired knowledge about what such a "Safe System" appears like, establishing and adopting it continues to be a major challenge for many countries, particularly LMICs. As the number of deaths in developing countries continues to rise (Bener, Abu- Zidan, Bensiali, Al-Mulla, & Jadaan, 2003), and road traffic collisions continue taking an incredibly huge social and financial cost burden, it is crucial to assess and fully comprehend what is adversely obstructing progress and what might be done to prevent these statistics. Sharpin, Harris, Dempster, and Menocal (2018) have conducted a study project to assess the obstacles to road safety improvement in LMICs, as well as to develop a set of strategies to assist policy-makers and practicians working on road safety improvement. The initiative started with the research of Wales (2017) that looked at the broad scope of the problem, the main aspects of the global response, and the current state of evidence on interventions to respond to the challenges. The study found a lack of particular emphasis on the challenges linked with road safety reform, as well as a knowledge gap about how improvement strategies should be prioritized for an effective implementation. Nairobi, among other cities, was chosen for a more extensive case study examination to close this gap. A thorough assessment was carried out in partnership with local partners, based on a review of the city's injuries, fatalities, and collisions, the major actors involved in handling road safety, as well as the challenges and prospects for development. The outcomes of this study report revealed both road safety challenges and strategies for eradicating them. Past studies related to road safety challenges and remedial strategies are presented in Table 1. As can be seen from the Table 1, very few researchers have identified the road safety challenges and remedial strategies in Africa (Bezabeh, 2013; Khayesi & Peden, 2005; Martin & Tawia, 2020). Additionally, only one study has discussed Kenya's road safety strategies and challenges without providing any proposals for the most efficient strategies to use to address these challenges (Sharpin et al., 2018). Moreover, these studies have not applied the multi-attribute decision making (MADM). Without a relevant exceptional system, an accurate pinpointing and classification of challenges and remedial strategies for road safety could not be Bouraima et al./Oper. Res. Eng. Sci. Theor. Appl. 5 (2) (2022) 206-221 208 reached. So, the findings of these previous incomplete investigations could not give the required details for policy-makers to ameliorate road safety reform for zero road traffic injuries. Based on the previous studies, an acute shortage of documentation exists about the uncertain prioritization of remedial strategies. A research gap remains in handling extensive research by taking into account both qualitative and MADM methodologies. By integrating the MADM method and qualitative investigation, this study intends to answer this research gap accurately. In this study, a methodology for an extensive examination of road safety challenges and prioritization of remedial strategies in Nairobi is presented based on the ordinal priority approach. In this study, we will prioritize the road safety improvement strategies for Nairobi according to the decision criteria for experts to have an implementation scheme. Six strategies (alternatives) are taken into consideration for this reason. These strategies are evaluated based on four main criteria. The criteria are established based on the report of Sharpin et al. (2018) titled: “Securing safe roads: The politics of change” and confirmed with the assistance of professionals in the field. The strategies are also displayed in the same report. This study uses the Ordinal Priority Approach (OPA) recently developed by Ataei, Mahmoudi, Feylizadeh, and Li (2020). OPA method gives a new multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) scheme for dealing with road safety improvement based on prioritization strategies towards zero road traffic injuries. As a result, the following are the study's main contributions and novelty: (1) The OPA can define the weights of experts, attributes, and alternatives concurrently without the need for normalization, pairwise comparisons, or information perfectness (Pamucar, Deveci, Gokasar, Tavana, & Koppen, 2022); (2) To address the issue of a limited selection of specified scales in traditional techniques for a similar evaluation of criteria (Alosta, Elmansuri, & Badi, 2021; Badi & Abdulshahed, 2019; Bouraima, Qiu, Yusupov, & Ndjegwes, 2020; Bouraima, Stević, Tanackov, & Qiu, 2021; Kovač, Tadić, Krstić, & Bouraima, 2021; Stevic, Badi, Tanackov, & Milicic, 2017; Stević et al., 2022); (3) This is the first study to look at the prioritization of road safety improvement strategies in Nairobi, to achieve zero road traffic injuries. In addition, four main criteria are defined to provide a feasible framework for effective prioritization of relevant strategies; (4) This research offers recommendations for choosing the best strategy for achieving zero road traffic injuries as part of the road safety improvement; (5) The OPA enables policymakers to choose the most appropriate road safety improvement strategy, successfully respond to road safety challenges in Nairobi. The research goals of this study are as follows: (i) to give an implementation framework for road safety improvement towards zero traffic injuries (ii) to examine the ordinal priority approach in the prioritization of road safety improvement strategies (iii) to use an example of road safety improvement strategies for zero traffic injuries in Nairobi for the applied method. By doing so, the study will answer three subsequent questions: (*) What is the framework to be implemented for road safety improvement towards zero traffic injuries? (**) What is the most challenging factor impeding the road safety reform? (***) What are the best strategies to be implemented for an effective of road safety reform? Prioritization Road Safety Strategies Towards Zero Road Traffic Injury Using Ordinal Priority Approach 209 Table 1. An overview of available research works in the field of road safety challenges and remedial strategies prioritization The rest of the paper is structured into the following sections. Section 2 presents the antecedent works on the applied method and the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) usage for road safety evaluation. Section 3 introduced the steps of the suggested method. Section 4 deals with the methodology of the study based on data collection technique, collected data, and the framework of the prioritization of road Authors Location Discussion on challenges/ risks Discussion on strategies Prioritization of safety reform strategies Odonkor, Mitsotsou- Makanga, and Dei (2020) Sub-Saharan Africa Agerholm and Andersen (2015) Denmark Martensen et al. (2019) Europe Bliss and Breen (2012) Developing countries Oster Jr and Strong (2013) United States Deme (2019) Africa Hasson (1999) OECD countries Bertin-Jones (2010) Global Morgan (1999) America Khayesi and Peden (2005) Africa Martin and Tawia (2020) Africa Dhliwayo (2000) Southern African Development Community Dhliwayo (2007) Africa Yannis et al. (2018) Africa Bezabeh (2013) Africa Mzee and Chen (2012) Dar es Salaam Raynor and Mirzoev (2014) Kenya Lamont and Lee (2015) Kenya Sharpin et al. (2018) Columbia, India, Kenya Our study Nairobi (Kenya) Bouraima et al./Oper. Res. Eng. Sci. Theor. Appl. 5 (2) (2022) 206-221 210 safety improvement strategies. In section 5, the results and discussion are shown. Lastly, the conclusions with further research directions and limitations are provided in Section 6. 2. Literature review Two parts have characterized the literature section as shown bellows. 2.1. Studies applied the ordinal priority approach The Ordinal Priority Approach (OPA) is firstly introduced by Ataei et al. (2020). After that, the benefits of their method have emerged in numerous studies such as the assessment of construction sub-contractors (Mahmoudi & Javed, 2022), suppliers for healthcare center assessment (Quartey-Papafio, Islam, & Dehaghani, 2021), agriculture sector (Islam, 2021), robot selection (Abdel-Basset, Mohamed, Abdel- Monem, & Elfattah, 2022), risk assessment (Sadeghi, Mahmoudi, & Deng, 2022), post- pandemic strategies (Le & Nhieu, 2022), and planning strategies prioritization (Pamucar, Deveci, Gokasar, Martínez, & Köppen, 2022). 2.2. MCDM on the road safety evaluation In the context of road safety performance, a wide range of MCDM strategies has been suggested. Table 2 indicates various MCDM techniques that have been used in the road safety assessment. Table 2. Recapitulation of road safety studies with application of MCDM Authors Country Methods Research topic Ghram and Frikha (2020) Tunisia ARAS-H Classifying the Tunisian governments based on road safety problem assessment Farooq and Moslem (2020) Hungary ANP Assessing driver behavior parameters concerning road safety Chen, Zhu, Zu, Lyu, and Yang (2022) Southeast Asia CRITIC- ELECTRE- FCM Evaluating road safety achievement Omrani, Amini, and Alizadeh (2020) Iran DEA, BWM Assessment of road safety Farooq et al. (2021) Hungary AHP-BWM Evaluation of considerable factors impacting frequent lane-changing Zhu, Chen, Li, and Shuai (2021) China CEM, regret theory, WASPAS Assessment of road safety performance M. Khorasani et al. (2013) European countries AHP Road safety performance evaluation Sudha and Rajarajeswari India AHP Road safety management analysis Prioritization Road Safety Strategies Towards Zero Road Traffic Injury Using Ordinal Priority Approach 211 (2012) Bao, Ruan, Shen, Hermans, and Janssens (2012) European countries Fuzzy TOPSIS Road safety performance assessment Zu, Peng, and Chen (2022) European Union member states CV, PROMETHEE Supervision of road safety progress Moslem, Farooq, Ghorbanzadeh, and Blaschke (2020) Hungary AHP, BWM Assessment of driver’s behavior factors based on road safety Rosić, Pešić, Kukić, Antić, and Božović (2017) Serbia DEA, TOPSIS Selection of optimal road safety composite G. Khorasani et al. (2013) European countries SAW, AHP, Fuzzy TOPSIS Assessment of road safety performance Damjanović, Stević, Stanimirović, Tanackov, and Marinković (2022) Montenegro DEA, IMF SWARA, MARCOS Traffic safety evaluation Mitrović Simić et al. (2020) Bosnia and Herzegovina CRITIC, fuzzy FUCOM, DEA, fuzzy MARCOS Road section evaluation Stević, Das, and Kopić (2021) South Africa CRITIC, DEA, MARCOS Traffic safety assessment Our study Kenya OPA Prioritization Road Safety Strategies Note: Analytical Hierarchy Process: AHP; Analytical network process: ANP; Additive Ratio Assessment: ARAS; Best–Worst Method: BWM; Cross Efficiency Method: CEM; CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation: CRITIC; Coefficient of Variation: CV; Data Envelopment Analysis: DEA; ÉLimination et Choix Traduisant la REalité: ELECTRE; Fuzzy C-Means: FCM; Improved Fuzzy Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis: IMF SWARA; Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations: PROMETHEE; Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution: TOPSIS; Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment: WASPAS; Measurement of Alternatives and Ranking according to COmpromise Solution: MARCOS; Technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution: TOPSIS. 3. Ordinal Priority Approach method In the present study, the OPA method is applied to evaluate the weights of the experts, and criteria, and to prioritize road safety improvement strategies for Nairobi Bouraima et al./Oper. Res. Eng. Sci. Theor. Appl. 5 (2) (2022) 206-221 212 city towards zero road traffic injuries. This section briefly described the calculation steps of the OPA. Table 3 indicates the fundamental parameters of the method. Table 3. Sets, indexes, and variables for OPA Sets I Set of experts J Set of criteria K Set of alternatives ∀ Indexes i Index of the experts (1,….,p) j Index of preference of the criteria (1,……n) k Index of the alternatives (1,…..,m) Variables Z Objective function Weight (importance) of k th alternative based on jth criterion by ith expert at k th rank Parameters i The rank of expert i j The rank of criterion j r The rank of alternative k Following the subsequent studies of Mahmoudi, Deng, Javed, and Zhang (2021), and Ataei et al. (2020), the applicable steps of the OPA are presented below. Step 1: Examining the challenging factors to the road safety reform. Step 2: Definition of the ordinal preference of challenging factors. Step 3: Formation of the linear model (1) according to the data collected from steps 1 and 2, and then solving of the model via an adequate software, Excel in our case. (1) Max Z S.t: where Z: Unrestricted in sign Prioritization Road Safety Strategies Towards Zero Road Traffic Injury Using Ordinal Priority Approach 213 After solving the model, Eqs. (2) to (4) are used to find out the weights of the alternatives, criteria, and expert (s). Eq. (2) must be used to find out the weights of alternatives, which are road safety strategies in the present study. (2) Eq. (3) should be applied for the determination of the weights of the criteria, which are challenges in the present study. (3) Eq. (4) should be applied for the determination of the weights of experts. (4) Uncomplicated steps are necessitated in the OPA method to find out necessary weights without the assistance of other techniques. 4. Research methodology Based on the hierarchical framework in Figure 1, the data collection was obtained from three different experts. Six strategies were suggested to grasp sound technical reforms. These strategies were prioritized based on their impact on the remediation of the key challenges to road safety reform. Figure 1. Prioritization of road safety improvement strategies based on key challenges Bouraima et al./Oper. Res. Eng. Sci. Theor. Appl. 5 (2) (2022) 206-221 214 The three respondents were working at the Nairobi Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (NAMATA), the National Transport Safety Authority (NTSA), and at university, respectively. They have 10, 8, and 5 years of experience in road safety, respectively. Decisions by the experts were based on four criteria, namely road safety is not a political priority (C1), road safety is seen as an issue of personal responsibility (C2), there is little coordination between relevant government bodies (C3), and data is lacking (C4), where all the criteria are of beneficial criteria. Criteria have been ranked based on their degree of severity. First priority is given to the criteria that is more critical or that mostly challenge the road safety reform. For instance, in Table 4, expert 1 has given the first priority to C3. This means that C3 is the most challenging factor to the road safety reform according to his opinion. Meanwhile, C2 is the last priority for E1 (P4), this explains that C2 is the least challenging factor for road safety reform. The collection of data is presented in Tables 4 and 5. In these Tables, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6 signify priorities with P1 as the highest priority and P6 as the lowest priority. The prioritization of strategies will be done through the ordinal priority approach. The advantage of utilizing the model is that one can prevent the normalization of data, for instance, one can disregard which criteria were the higher-the-greater and which the lower-the-greater as the constituents are assessed according to their respective choice (Mahmoudi & Javed, 2022). Table 4. Classification of criteria according to the judgment of three experts P1 P2 P3 P4 E1 C3 C1 C4 C2 E2 C1 C3 C2 C4 E3 C2 C1 C4 C3 Table 5. Classification of strategies based on the criteria by the three experts P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 E1 C3 S4 S5 S3 S1 S6 S2 C1 S2 S1 S3 S5 S4 S6 C4 S6 S4 S3 S2 S5 S1 C2 S1 S5 S6 S3 S2 S4 E2 C3 S4 S1 S2 S3 S5 S6 C1 S2 S1 S4 S3 S5 S6 C4 S6 S2 S1 S3 S4 S5 C2 S2 S5 S4 S1 S3 S6 E3 C3 S3 S5 S4 S1 S2 S6 C1 S2 S4 S5 S3 S1 S6 C4 S6 S1 S2 S3 S5 S4 C2 S6 S2 S1 S3 S4 S5 Note: “E” indicates expert. In this study, we have three experts: E1, E2, and E3. 5. Results and discussion In this section, the weights of the three elements of the model namely experts, criteria (challenges), and alternatives (road safety strategies) were got using Eqs (2)- Prioritization Road Safety Strategies Towards Zero Road Traffic Injury Using Ordinal Priority Approach 215 (4). Then, they were classified in descending order, where lower weight indicates lower rank. The weights and ranking of the experts and criteria are shown in Table 6. Table 6. The weights and classification of experts and criteria using the OPA Weight Rank Experts E1 0.545454 1 E2 0.272727 2 E3 0.181818 3 Criteria C1 0.349090 1 C2 0.305454 2 C3 0.149090 4 C4 0.196363 3 As shown in Table 6, the most challenging factor remains the first criterion C1 (road safety is not a political priority) with a value of 0.349. Our findings are in accordance with the previous studies of Small (2014) and Odonkor et al. (2020) which indicate that the absence of political concern, interest, and priority is the main shortcoming of road safety management in Africa. The least significant criterion remains the third criterion C3 (little coordination between relevant government bodies). When considering the alternatives (strategies), exploiting broad institutional and governance reform strategy (S4) emerges as the best one followed by reframing road safety in the public and political debate (S2), and the strategy to bundle road safety with more important popular issues (S1), as indicated in Figure 2. Figure 2. Proposal prioritization of road safety improvement strategies 7. Conclusion In this study, the Ordinal Priority Approach is utilized to prioritize strategies for zero traffic injury based on challenges to road safety reform. As a result of the literature review, four criteria were used: road safety as not being a political priority, road safety being seen as an issue of personal responsibility, little coordination between relevant government bodies, and data lacking. The survey includes the opinions of three experts. The study's findings revealed that the road safety reform Bouraima et al./Oper. Res. Eng. Sci. Theor. Appl. 5 (2) (2022) 206-221 216 as not being a political priority is the most challenging factor to road safety reform, followed by road safety as an issue of personal responsibility. The least challenging factor is the lack of coordination amongst various government bodies. According to the significance weights of the criteria and expert’s opinions, exploiting broad institutional and governance reform is chosen as the best strategy, even though the improvement of road safety in Nairobi was proven to be difficult because of disintegrated responsibility or absence of ownership (Sharpin et al., 2018). Given the negative effects of these challenges on road safety reform, it is first advised that Nairobi should improve its institutional cooperativeness and responsibility so that the public confidence in local institutions will be increased and a disposition to follow local regulations will be built. In addition, typical reforms to the transport department, city finances, police, and public transport should be implemented to boost Nairobi’s city capacity to impact, administer and surveil the mobility and safety of people. Finally, the population should have the right to use the courts to mandate weakly coordinated institutions to take action on road safety. These recommendations can be implemented by the government ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) in the road safety policy guidelines in Nairobi city. This study is practical for academicians, security agencies and the National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA) officials and permits full and effective analysis of road safety reform. This is the first study of its sort in Nairobi city, incorporating the use of multi- attribute decision-making to assess the most challenging factors to road safety reform and find out the best strategies to be implemented toward a zero-traffic injury goal. The implemented technique demonstrated how the criteria were reviewed without the need for a decision-making matrix or a pairwise comparison matrix, as well as the decision-maker's ability to only judge alternatives and attributes for which they have sufficient information and competence. Based on the application results, it can be said that the applied methodology is an efficient assessment procedure that policymakers and managers can use to make valuable inferences, proactive behavior for the challenging factor evaluation of road safety reform. As a result, the methodology presented here has the potential to be applied in a variety of circumstances. The approach's most significant drawback is that it fails to account for situations in which experts have doubts about their judgment. Because of the more dynamic environmental conditions and the procedure requirement of incomplete and unclear information, the method can be extended in future studies by incorporating additional demands on mathematical approaches for multi-criteria optimization. The fact that only four criteria were considered, as well as the opinions of only three experts, is another shortcoming in this paper. Future research for in-depth analysis may take more criteria divided into political, institutional, legal, social, and economic groupings. In addition, the number of professionals with various backgrounds should be increased. Additionally, national research that considers other counties rather than just Nairobi City is required Prioritization Road Safety Strategies Towards Zero Road Traffic Injury Using Ordinal Priority Approach 217 Acknowledgment We like to pay special thanks to all survey participants for the data collection. The authors would also like to extend their gratitude to the three anonymous reviewers. References Abdel-Basset, M., Mohamed, M., Abdel-Monem, A., & Elfattah, M. A. (2022). New extension of ordinal priority approach for multiple attribute decision-making problems: design and analysis. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00721-w Agerholm, N., & Andersen, C. S. (2015). Accident risk and factors regarding non- motorised road users-a central road safety challenge with deficient data. Latin American Journal of Management for Sustainable Development, 2(2), 102-111. Alimo, P. K., Agyeman, S., Sumo, P. D., Bouraima, M. B., & Lartey-Young, G. (2022). A call for action on alarming road traffic injuries in Africa. International journal of injury control and safety promotion, 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2022.2067184 Alosta, A., Elmansuri, O., & Badi, I. (2021). Resolving a location selection problem by means of an integrated AHP-RAFSI approach. Reports in Mechanical Engineering, 2(1), 135-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31181/rme200102135a Ataei, Y., Mahmoudi, A., Feylizadeh, M. R., & Li, D.-F. (2020). Ordinal priority approach (OPA) in multiple attribute decision-making. Applied Soft Computing, 86, 105893. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2019.105893 Badi, I., & Abdulshahed, A. (2019). Ranking the Libyan airlines by using full consistency method (FUCOM) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications, 2(1), 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31181/oresta1901001b Bao, Q., Ruan, D., Shen, Y., Hermans, E., & Janssens, D. (2012). Improved hierarchical fuzzy TOPSIS for road safety performance evaluation. Knowledge-Based Systems, 32, 84-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2011.08.014 Bener, A., Abu-Zidan, F. M., Bensiali, A. K., Al-Mulla, A. A., & Jadaan, K. S. (2003). Strategy to improve road safety in developing countries. Saudi medical journal, 24(6), 603-608. Bertin-Jones, M. (2010). Applying systems methodology to the road safety challenge. Traffic Engineering & Control, 51(1). Bezabeh, G. (2013). Road Safety in Africa: Assessment of Progresses and Challenges in Road Safety Management System. Abidjan: Department of Transport and ICT, 3-42. Bliss, T., & Breen, J. (2012). Meeting the management challenges of the Decade of Action for Road Safety. IATSS research, 35(2), 48-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2011.12.001 Bouraima, M. B., Qiu, Y., Yusupov, B., & Ndjegwes, C. M. (2020). A study on the development strategy of the railway transportation system in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) based on the SWOT/AHP technique. Scientific African, 8, e00388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00388 https://doi.org/10.31181/rme200102135a https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2019.105893 https://doi.org/10.31181/oresta1901001b https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2011.08.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2011.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00388 Bouraima et al./Oper. Res. Eng. Sci. Theor. Appl. 5 (2) (2022) 206-221 218 Bouraima, M. B., Stević, Ž., Tanackov, I., & Qiu, Y. (2021). Assessing the performance of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) railways based on an integrated Entropy-MARCOS approach. Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications, 4(2), 13-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31181/oresta20402013b Chen, F., Zhu, Y., Zu, J., Lyu, J., & Yang, J. (2022). Appraising road safety attainment by CRITIC-ELECTRE-FCM: a policymaking support for Southeast Asia. Transport policy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.04.014. Damjanović, M., Stević, Ž., Stanimirović, D., Tanackov, I., & Marinković, D. (2022). Impact of the number of vehicles on traffic safety: multiphase modeling. Facta Universitatis. Series: Mechanical Engineering, 20(1), 177-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22190/FUME220215012D Das, D. K. (2022). Exploring the significance of road and traffic factors on traffic crashes in a South African city. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2022.03.007 Deme, D. (2019). Review on factors causes road traffic accident in Africa. Glob J Appl Sci Technol, 1(1), 103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47363/JCERT/2019(1)101 Dhliwayo, M. (2000). Improving safety of the use of SADC's roads. SATC 2000. Dhliwayo, M. (2007). Road Safety Development in Africa. Paper presented at the African Road Safety Conference, Accra, Ghana. Farooq, D., & Moslem, S. (2020). Evaluation and ranking of driver behavior factors related to road safety by applying analytic network process. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 48(2), 189-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.13037 Farooq, D., Moslem, S., Jamal, A., Butt, F. M., Almarhabi, Y., Faisal Tufail, R., & Almoshaogeh, M. (2021). Assessment of Significant Factors Affecting Frequent Lane- Changing Related to Road Safety: An Integrated Approach of the AHP–BWM Model. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(20), 10628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010628 Ghram, M., & Frikha, H. M. (2020). Preference disaggregation in ARAS-H method for road safety problem in Tunisia. Paper presented at the 2020 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Application (DASA). DOI: 10.1109/DASA51403.2020.9317172 Gopalakrishnan, S. (2012). A public health perspective of road traffic accidents. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 1(2), 144. doi: 10.4103/2249- 4863.104987 Hasson, P. (1999). Rural Road Safety: A Global Challenge. Public roads, 63(2), 16-25. Islam, S. (2021). Evaluation of low-carbon sustainable technologies in agriculture sector through grey ordinal priority approach. International Journal of Grey Systems, 1(1), 5-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52812/ijgs.3 Khayesi, M., & Peden, M. (2005). Road safety in Africa. In (Vol. 331, pp. 710-711): British Medical Journal Publishing Group. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7519.710 Khorasani, G., Mirmohammadi, F., Motamed, H., Fereidoon, M., Tatari, A., Maleki Verki, M., . . . Fazelpour, S. (2013). Application of multi criteria decision making tools in road safety performance indicators and determine appropriate method with https://doi.org/10.31181/oresta20402013b https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.04.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2022.03.007 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010628 https://doi.org/10.1109/DASA51403.2020.9317172 https://doi.org/10.4103%2F2249-4863.104987 https://doi.org/10.4103%2F2249-4863.104987 https://doi.org/10.52812/ijgs.3 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7519.710 Prioritization Road Safety Strategies Towards Zero Road Traffic Injury Using Ordinal Priority Approach 219 average concept. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 3(5), 173-177. Khorasani, M., Verki, M. R. M., Fereidoon, M., Motamed, H., Yadollahi, A., Tatari, A., . . . Khorasani, M. (2013). Evaluation of Road Safety Performance Based On Analytic Hierarchy Process. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), ISSN, 2278-3075. Kovač, M., Tadić, S., Krstić, M., & Bouraima, M. B. (2021). Novel Spherical Fuzzy MARCOS Method for Assessment of Drone-Based City Logistics Concepts. Complexity, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2374955 Lamont, M., & Lee, R. (2015). Arrive alive: road safety in Kenya and South Africa. Technology and culture, 464-488. Le, M.-T., & Nhieu, N.-L. (2022). A Novel Multi-Criteria Assessment Approach for Post-COVID-19 Production Strategies in Vietnam Manufacturing Industry: OPA– Fuzzy EDAS Model. Sustainability, 14(8), 4732. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084732 Mahmoudi, A., Deng, X., Javed, S. A., & Zhang, N. (2021). Sustainable supplier selection in megaprojects: grey ordinal priority approach. Business Strategy and The Environment, 30(1), 318-339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2623 Mahmoudi, A., & Javed, S. A. (2022). Performance Evaluation of Construction Sub‐contractors using Ordinal Priority Approach. Evaluation and Program Planning, 91, 102022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.102022 Martensen, H., Diependaele, K., Daniels, S., Van den Berghe, W., Papadimitriou, E., Yannis, G., . . . Filtness, A. (2019). The European road safety decision support system on risks and measures. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 125, 344-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.08.005 Martin, S., & Tawia, A.-A. (2020). Road Safety Strategies for African Cities: A Guide to Development. Retrieved from https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/inline- files/City%20Presentation%20SSATP%20Road%20Safety%20Template.pdf Mitrović Simić, J., Stević, Ž., Zavadskas, E. K., Bogdanović, V., Subotić, M., & Mardani, A. (2020). A novel CRITIC-Fuzzy FUCOM-DEA-Fuzzy MARCOS model for safety evaluation of road sections based on geometric parameters of road. Symmetry, 12(12), 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12122006 Mohammed, A. A., Ambak, K., Mosa, A. M., & Syamsunur, D. (2019). A review of traffic accidents and related practices worldwide. The Open Transportation Journal, 13(1). DOI: 10.2174/1874447801913010065 Morgan, R. (1999). Safety Beyond Standards: America's biggest road safety audit challenge. Paper presented at the Enhancing Transportation Safety in the 21st Century ITE International ConferenceInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE). Moslem, S., Farooq, D., Ghorbanzadeh, O., & Blaschke, T. (2020). Application of the AHP-BWM model for evaluating driver behavior factors related to road safety: A case study for Budapest. Symmetry, 12(2), 243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020243 Mzee, P. K., & Chen, Y. (2012). Road safety in developing countries-the case of transportation management in Dar Es Salaam City. Paper presented at the Applied Mechanics and Materials. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.178-181.1806 https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2374955 https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084732 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2623 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.102022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.08.005 https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/inline-files/City%20Presentation%20SSATP%20Road%20Safety%20Template.pdf https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/inline-files/City%20Presentation%20SSATP%20Road%20Safety%20Template.pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12122006 http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447801913010065 https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020243 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.178-181.1806 Bouraima et al./Oper. Res. Eng. Sci. Theor. Appl. 5 (2) (2022) 206-221 220 Odonkor, S. T., Mitsotsou-Makanga, H., & Dei, E. N. (2020). Road safety challenges in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Ghana. Journal of advanced transportation, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7047189 Omrani, H., Amini, M., & Alizadeh, A. (2020). An integrated group best-worst method–Data envelopment analysis approach for evaluating road safety: A case of Iran. Measurement, 152, 107330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107330 Oster Jr, C. V., & Strong, J. S. (2013). Analyzing road safety in the United States. Research in Transportation Economics, 43(1), 98-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2012.12.005 Pamucar, D., Deveci, M., Gokasar, I., Martínez, L., & Köppen, M. (2022). Prioritizing Transport Planning Strategies for Freight Companies Towards Zero Carbon Emission Using Ordinal Priority Approach. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 108259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.108259 Pamucar, D., Deveci, M., Gokasar, I., Tavana, M., & Koppen, M. (2022). A metaverse assessment model for sustainable transportation using ordinal priority approach and Aczel-Alsina norms. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121778 Quartey-Papafio, T. K., Islam, S., & Dehaghani, A. R. (2021). Evaluating suppliers for healthcare centre using ordinal priority approach. Management Science and Business Decisions, 1(1), 5-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52812/msbd.12 Raynor, N. J., & Mirzoev, T. (2014). Understanding road safety in Kenya: views of matatu drivers. International health, 6(3), 242-248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihu034 Rosić, M., Pešić, D., Kukić, D., Antić, B., & Božović, M. (2017). Method for selection of optimal road safety composite index with examples from DEA and TOPSIS method. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 98, 277-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.007 Sadeghi, M., Mahmoudi, A., & Deng, X. (2022). Blockchain technology in construction organizations: risk assessment using Trapezoidal Fuzzy Ordinal Priority Approach. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management(ahead-of-print). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-01-2022-0014 Sharpin, A. B., Harris, D., Dempster, H., & Menocal, A. R. (2018). Securing safe roads, The politics of change. Small, M. (2014). Managing Road Safety in Africa: A framework for national lead agencies: SSATP, Africa Transport Policy Program. Stevic, Z., Badi, I., Tanackov, I., & Milicic, G. (2017). Supplier selection in furniture production company using rough AHP and rough TOPSIS. Paper presented at the VI International Symposium of Transport and Communications-New Horizons. Stević, Ž., Bouraima, M. B., Subotić, M., Qiu, Y., Buah, P. A., Ndiema, K. M., & Ndjegwes, C. M. (2022). Assessment of Causes of Delays in the Road Construction Projects in the Benin Republic Using Fuzzy PIPRECIA Method. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5323543 Stević, Ž., Das, D. K., & Kopić, M. (2021). A Novel Multiphase Model for Traffic Safety Evaluation: A Case Study of South Africa. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5584599 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7047189 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107330 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2012.12.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.108259 https://doi.org/10.52812/msbd.12 https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihu034 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.007 https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-01-2022-0014 https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5323543 https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5584599 Prioritization Road Safety Strategies Towards Zero Road Traffic Injury Using Ordinal Priority Approach 221 Sudha, A. S., & Rajarajeswari, P. (2012). MCDM for Road Safety Management Using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process. International Journal of Future Computer and Communication, 1(3), 249. DOI:10.7763/IJFCC.2012.V1.66 Wales, J. (2017). The political economy of road safety: a policy-oriented literature review. London: Overseas Development Institute. Welle, B., Sharpin, A. B., Adriazola-Steil, C., Bhatt, A., Alveano, S., Obelheiro, M., . . . Bose, D. (2018). Sustainable and safe: A vision and guidance for zero road deaths. Yannis, G., Mavromatis, S., Laiou, A., Folla, K., Tripodi, A., Persia, L., & Meta, E. (2018). Developing the African Road Safety Observatory. Proceedings of 7th Transport Research Arena TRA 2018, April 16-19, 2018, Vienna, Austria. Zhu, J.-H., Chen, J., Li, G.-F., & Shuai, B. (2021). Using cross efficiency method integrating regret theory and WASPAS to evaluate road safety performance of Chinese provinces. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 162, 106395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106395 Zu, J., Peng, Z., & Chen, F. (2022). Overseeing road safety progress using CV- PROMETHEE Ⅱ-JSS: A case study in the EU context. Expert systems with applications, 195, 116623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.116623 © 2022 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). https://doi.org/10.7763/IJFCC.2012.V1.66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106395 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.116623