Microsoft Word - PJAEC-010708-23.doc - pdfMachine from Broadgun Software, http://pdfmachine.com, a great PDF writer utility! ISSN-1996-918X Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. Vol. 9, No. 2 (2008) Analytical Studies on the Quality and Environmental Impact of Commercial Motor Gasoline available in Multan region of Pakistan Ghulam Yasin*1, T. M. Ansari1, S. M. S. R. Naqvi2 and F. Naz Talpur3 1*Department of Chemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan 2HDIP Petroleum Testing Laboratory, Multan, Pakistan 3National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract Physico-chemical characteristics such as specific gravity, reid vapour pressure, copper corrosion, distillation (I.B.P., F.B.P., Total recovery & residue) and hydrocarbon contents (saturates, aromatics and polars) of gasoline of different oil marketing companies collected from retail outlets in district Multan have been analysed using standard ASTM procedures. Results have been compared with the Pakistani, Indian and European specifications to assess the quality of Pakistani gasoline (petrol). The environmental impact of gasoline has also been assessed. Keywords: Quality, Aromatics, PS specification, Environmental impact. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Introduction The term Gasoline, an American term, is used widely in USA and the word Petrol is used in Britain for motor fuels. This product is usually associated with fuel available at car service station. Gasoline [1] consists of organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbon). Substances derived from crude oil have great commercial value. The customary processing of crude oil does not involve the separation and handling of pure hydrocarbons. The products derived from crude oil are always mixtures, occasionally simple, but more often very complex. Gasoline is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that normally boils below 355°F (180°C) or at the most, below 390°F (200°C). The hydrocarbon constituents in this range are those that have 4 to 12 carbon atoms in their molecular structure. These hydrocarbons fall into three categories such as paraffins, olefins and aromatics [2]. Automotive gasoline has been classified into two grades, premium and regular on the basis of octane number. Gasoline with higher octane number has numerous benefits including reduced exhaust emissions [3] and engine noise, improved cold starting and engine durability. Quality [4,5] of motor gasoline is generally determined by measuring its various physico-chemical parameters such as specific gravity, octane number, distillation range, residue, copper corrosion and sediments, etc.employing standard test methods [6,7]. Due to speedy mechanization in this era, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of light and heavy vehicles in Pakistan that has resulted in a very high demand for motor gasoline. The petroleum [8, 9] products have gained prime importance in our daily life. It has been noticed that some greedy petroleum [10] dealers exploit this essential need of the transport system and mix cheaper oils with these expensive products to earn more profit. There is a general complaint about the poor engine performance and increased exhaust emission by a considerable number of consumers from time to time. Consumers suspect the adulteration of different commercially available motor gasoline products. Keeping in view, the consumers complaints about poor quality of these commercial products, we thought it worthwhile to test the quality of different locally marketed brands of motor gasoline products. The trend today is towards making gasoline more environment and human friendly or making *Corresponding Author E-mail: gyasinmalik@hotmail.com id7923921 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com mailto:gyasinmalik@hotmail.com Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. Vol. 9, No. 2 (2008) gasoline a really clean fuel. Most petroleum refineries are facing the challenge of producing motor gasoline having all the desirable properties and also complying with the ever-increasing environmental regulations and health restrictions on automotive emissions. The environmental regulations were created to guard against high levels of lead, aromatics, olefins and sulfur in gasoline, reduction in volatile organic compounds, toxic nitrogen oxides (NOX) in automotive tailpipe emissions, and emissions at retail out lets. Among the techniques, high-resolution capillary GC equipped with flame-ionization detection (FID) [11] and capillary GC-MS are the most important and most widely used techniques for separation, characterization, and identification of hydrocarbons present in gasoline. In the present study gasoline was fractionated into aliphatic, aromatic and polar hydrocarbons. Characterization and identification of individual aliphatic, aromatic, and polar was accom- plished by using capillary GC with FID detector [12- 17]. Fifty compounds were identified based on comparison of GC retention data with individual au- thentic standards. Petroleum products contain toxic components and produce acute toxic effects, chronic toxicity and carcinogenity. They can foul shorelines and interfere with water treatment. Petroleum oils can cause devastating physical effects such as smothering, causing oxygen depletion, suffocation, egg contamination, destruction of existing and future food supply, affecting breeding animals and habitat. Petroleum oil spills can have a severe impact on drinking water resources. Oil pollution seriously damages the terrestrial and aquatic environment. It does not take a spill of catastrophic magnitude to have a serious impact on an aquatic habitat. The complex food chain or web, from microorganisms and plants to shellfish, mammals, and birds is affected by even small spills Experimental Commercially available motor gasoline samples were collected randomly from retail outlets of different marketing companies available in District Multan. Samples were tested using standard ASTM procedures. Distillation measurements, final boiling points (°C) and residual (% vol.) of motor gasoline samples were determined using ASTM D-86 method. Instrument used for distillation was manufactured by Gallenkamp, England. Specific Gravity 60/60oF was measured by Glass Hydrometer (Poulten Selfe&Lee, England) following the ASTM method D-1298. Reid vapour Pressure (RVP) @37.8oF was measured using ASTM method D-323. Copper Strip Corrosion @ 50oC was measured by using Copper Strip and Copper Strip Corrosion Bomb & Bath (Koehler, USA) following the ASTM test method D-130. Hydrocarbons were measured by Perkin Elmer Model (8700) Gas Chromatograph. Analysis of Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography A 0.2-µL of each gasoline sample was injected without prior treatment to a Perkin Elmer (PE) 8700 gas chromatograph equipped with a flame-ionization detector (FID) with a 1-min purge-off. A Polar capillary column sp-2340 (60 m × 0.25mm) having stationary phase of methyl lignocerate was used. The carrier gas, nitrogen (3.5 ml/min) transported the vaporized sample through the column in which it partitioned into individual components, which were sensed by FID detector as they eluted from the end of the column. The detector signal was recorded with integrating computer. Each eluting component of each gasoline sample was identified by comparing its retention time with the retention time of reference standard under identical conditions (Table-1). Following temperature programme was used: Initial temperature70°C, Ramp rate 4°C per minute, Second temperature 120°C, Ramp rate 10°C per minute, Final temperature 220°C, Stay time 10 minute at 220°C.The concentration of each component in wt% was determined by measuring the peak area. The components were sum up as saturates, aromatics and polars. Motor gasoline (Petrol) is an important fuel in human life but it is also responsible for deteriorating Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) through fugitive and exhaust emissions. Oxygenates help to reduce CO emission and they are excellent octane improvers. Oxygen limit at a maximum of 2-7 wt/wt % in the fuel is put by the international specifications. The US Clean Air Act of 1990 had specified that oxygenates must be added in the gasoline sold in 41 cities of US which were under non-attainment limit of CO. In Pakistan oxygenates are not used in gasoline and Ministry of Petroleum has not specified about oxygenates in petrol while European gasoline specification for oxygenates is 2-3 wt/wt % (Table-2) and Indian specification is 2-5 wt/wt % (max.) (Table-2). It means that oxygenates are not present in petrol. Lower aromatics reduce the reactivity of emissions; produce less engine deposits and contribute to lower benzene emissions. Presently there are no limits for aromatics and olefins in Pakistani gasoline. European specification for olefins is 18 %v/v (max.) and for aromatics is 42 % v/v (max.) (Table-2) while Indian specifications for olefins are 10 %v/v (max.) and 35 %v/v aromatics (max) (Table-2). In future Pakistan mailto:@37.8 Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. Vol. 9, No. 2 (2008) may have to limit the aromatics up to a maximum of 35- 40 % v/v or wt/wt %. Similarly, the limits for olefins at around 15-20 % v/v or wt/wt % may have to be implemented. In our study we have determined aromatics 43.19 wt %( table-3) in PSO gasoline, 42.35 wt % (Table-4) in SHELL gasoline and 32.98 wt % (Table-5) in CALTEX gasoline. These quantities of aromatics in Pakistani gasoline are high. PSO gasoline has been found paraffins (saturates) 32.34 wt % (Table- 3), 39.74 wt % (Table-4) in SHELL gasoline and 41.68 wt % (Table-5) in CALTEX gasoline. The concentration of polars 7.830 wt %(Table-3) in PSO gasoline, 6.810 wt %(Table-4) in SHELL gasoline and 4.170 wt % (Table-5) in CALTEX gasoline while Indian standards have maximum 10 %v/v olefins and 35 % v/v aromatics. Pakistani gasoline has very high concentration of aromatics as compared to Indian gasoline and is not environmentally favorable. CALTEX gasoline has low concentration of aromatics (32.98 wt %) as compared to PSO and SHELL gasoline. European and Indian standards have 1 % v/v benzene limit. The benzene (carcinogenic) concentration in Pakistani petrol sample is high which must be reduced and its limit should be specified by the PSQCA. The benzene concentration in PSO gasoline is 3.515-5.073 wt % (Table-3), 4.930-6.640 wt % (Table- 4) in SHELL gasoline and 3.890-7.540 wt % in CALTEX gasoline (Table-5). These concentrations of benzene in petrol are very high. As discussed earlier, the concentration of total aromatic compounds must be decreased. The concentration of benzene and total aromatics show that Pakistani petrol is of not a good quality as compared to European gasoline. If aromatics concentration is reduced in gasoline then there will be problems that octane number of petrol will be reduced, that affects the performance of the engine. Aromatics are octane number boosting agents, and lower aromatics concentrations lower the octane number, and result in poor quality of petrol. Octane boosting compounds are not environmentally friendly because aromatics produce more smoke and smog. Olefins form engine fouling gums, more smoke and smog. Short-term effects of benzene and other aromatics include: Anemia, Nervous system disorders, Depressed immune system and Death when exposed to extremely high concentrations, Dizziness, Drowsiness, Rapid heart beat, Disorientation, Unconsciousness, Headaches, Giddiness, Loss of muscular control are other symptoms. Long-term effects include: Possible reproductive damage (Sex depression), Damage to chromosomes, Cancer, especially a type of leukemia known as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Dermatitis. Ground Level Pollution includes: Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect and Acid rain. Specific gravity range of PSO petrol is 0.751- 0.767 (Table-3), SHELL petrol is 0.754-0.760 (Table- 4), CALTEX petrol is 0.755-0.762 (Table-5) and PS limit is 0.76(max.) (Table-2). On the basis of specific gravity all petrol samples are according to the prevalent Pakistan standard limits. Low specific gravity shows good quality of gasoline. Lower RVP reduces vehicle evaporation emissions from fuel tanks, carburetor, running losses, and refueling emissions. Ried vapour pressure range of PSO petrol is 9.500-9.800 psi, SHELL petrol range is 9.700-10.00 psi, CALTEX petrol range is 9.500-9.900 psi and PS limit is 10 psi (max.) (Table-2). This data shows that SHELL petrol is of good quality. High Reid Vapour Pressure shows that there are high concentrations of light components. These light components give adequate vaporization of fuel air mix for easy engine cold start. Too many heavy components contribute to chamber deposits and spark plug fouling causing release of unburnt hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. Copper strip corrosion of all these petrol samples is according to the PS limit (1 max.). It means that all the patrol samples are neutral. In distillation, the final boiling point range of PSO petrol samples is 182.0-190.0oC, SHELL petrol range is 180.0-182.0oC, CALTEX petrol range is 185.0- 188.0oC and PS limit is 205oC(Table-2).Lower value of final boiling point indicates good quality. It means that SHELL petrol is of good quality. Indian standard limit for final boiling point is195oC (Table-2) while PS limit is 205oC (Table-2) which is very high and must be improved. Lowering of 90 % point helps to reduce hydrocarbon contents and CO emissions and engine deposits during cold start and warm-up. The gas chromatographic results, reveal the presence of C14 & C15 in all petrol samples which show that there is a mixing of some heavy fraction to earn more profit. This practice has bad impact on the petrol quality and on the environment. Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. Vol. 9, No. 2 (2008) Table-1. Retention Times of Hydrocarbon Standards by Gas Chromatography _______________________________________________________________ Standard Retention time (min.) Standard Retention time (min.) (Saturates) Pentane 3.40 Hexane 3.43 Heptane 3.48 Nonane 3.63 Decane 3.89 C14H30 8.04 C15H32 9.50 (Aromatics) Toluene 3.79 Benzene 4.1 Ethylbenzene 5.28 Xylene 5.34 Cumene 5.60 ter. Butyl benzene 6.34 Polars Pentanol 7.17 Alpha naphthol 6.99 Table 2. Standard Specification of European, Indian and Pakistani Gasoline. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Property European* AIAMCHARTER** Pakistani Standard*** Parliament 2005(Indian) Specification 2005 Colour - Red (ULP) Pinkish Sp. Gravity 60/60oF**** (max.) - - 0.76 Reid vapour Pressure (psi)@37.8oF max. 50 kPa - 10 Copper Strip Corrosion @ 50oC max. - - 1a Unleaded (%) 100 - - Distillation Initial Boiling Point (oC) - - Report 10% Recovery (oC) max. - - 70 10-40 % Recovery (oC) max. - 70 - 46% Recovery (oC) max 10 - - 50% Recovery (oC) max. - - 125 65%Recovery (oC) max. - 100 - 75% recovery (oC) max. 100 - - 90% Recovery (oC) max. - 180 180 Final Boiling Point (oC) Max - 195 205 Total Recovery (Vol %.) - - Report Residue (% v/v) Maximum - 2.0 - .Olefins (% v/v) max. 18 10 - Aromatics (%v/v) max 42 35 - Benzene (% v/v) max. 1.0 1.0 - Oxygen (wt/wt %) 2-3 2-5 - Sulphur (%wt/wt) max. 0.005 0.003 - *Data reproduced from Cleaning the Air �Better Vehicle, Better Fuels; Published by Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) India, p.245, 2002. ** Data Source. AIAM (1999) and BIS (1995 b), Clearing the Air �better Vehicle, better fuels; Published by Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) India, p-231, (2003). ***STANDARD TEST LIMITS ARE PRODUCED FROM PAKISTAN STANDARD 1430:1999 (UDC: 665.733.5) ****Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Resources of has directed �to report� the Sp. Gravity at 60/60oF. mailto:(psi)@37.8 Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. Vol. 9, No. 2 (2008) Table-3. Analytical Results of Physical Parameters and Hydrocarbon Contents in Gasoline of PSO _____________________________________________________________________________________ Parameter ASTM S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 Range Mean STDEV. METHOD Colour Pink Pink Pink Pink 0.000-0.000 0.000 0.000 Sp. Gravity 60/60oF D-1298 0.761 0.754 0.767 0.761 0.751-0.767 0.761 0.005 Reid vapour Pressure (psi) @37.8oF D-323 9.800 9.600 9.500 9.700 9.500-9.800 9.650 0.129 Copper Strip Corrosion @ 50oC D-130 1a 1a 1a 1a 0.000-0.000 1a 0.000 Residue/Loss 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 0.000-0.000 1/1 0.000 Distillation D-86 I.B.P. (oC) 45.00 42.00 42.00 42.00 42.00-45.00 42.75 1.500 10%Recovery (oC) 58.00 58.00 58.00 58.00 0.000-0.000 58.00 0.000 50% Recovery (oC) 98.00 95.00 100.0 98.00 95.00-100.0 97.75 2.061 90% Recovery (oC) 145.0 142.0 148.0 145.0 142.0-148.0 145.0 2.450 F.B.P. (oC) 185.0 182.0 190.0 185.0 182.0-190.0 184.0 3.317 Total Recovery (Vol %) 98.00 98.00 98.00 98.00 0.000-0.000 98.00 0.000 Pentane (wt %) 12.71 7.220 12.11 -- 7.220-12.71 10.68 3.011 Hexane (wt %) 13.96 7.540 11.77 -- 7.540-13.96 11.09 3.264 Heptane (wt %) 2.249 2.500 1.990 -- 1.990-2.500 2.246 0.255 Octane (wt %) 2.247 3.220 2.970 -- 2.247-3.220 2.812 0.505 Nonane (wt %) 0.000 1.630 1.530 -- 1.530-1.630 1.580 0.071 Decane (wt %) 0.000 0.525 0.640 -- 0.525-0.640 0.583 0.081 C14H30 (wt %) 2.741 2.555 1.911 -- 1.911-2.741 2.402 0.436 C15H32 (wt %) 0.425 0.637 0.406 -- 0.406-0.637 0.489 0.128 Toluene (wt %) 0.930 0.000 0.420 -- 0.420-0.930 0.675 0.361 Benzene (wt %) 5.037 3.515 5.073 -- 3.515-5.073 4.542 0.889 Ethylbenzene (wt %) 11.16 9.126 18.20 -- 9.126-18.20 12.83 4.761 Xylene (wt %) 19.27 13.13 11.56 -- 11.56-19.27 14.65 4.074 Cumene (wt %) 11.16 7.620 7.890 -- 7.620-11.16 8.890 1.971 Ter.butylbenzene (wt %) 2.269 1.880 1.340 -- 1.340-2.269 1.830 0.500 Alpha naphthol (wt %) 9.447 7.863 6.180 -- 6.180-9.447 7.830 1.630 Total Saturates(wt %) 34.34 29.34 33.33 -- 29.34-34.34 32.34 2.640 Total Aromatics (wt %) 49.83 35.27 44.48 -- 35.27-49.83 43.19 7.360 Total Polars (wt %) 9.450 7.860 6.180 -- 6.180-9.450 7.830 1.640 ____________________________________________________________________________________ mailto:@37.8 Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. Vol. 9, No. 2 (2008) Table - 4. Analytical Results of Physical Parameters and Hydrocarbon Contents in Gasoline of SHELL _____________________________________________________________________________________ Parameter ASTM S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 Range Mean STDEV. METHOD Colour Pink Pink Pink Pink 0.000-0.000 Pink 0.000 Sp. Gravity 60/60oF D-1298 0.760 0.756 0.754 0.759 0.754-0.760 0.757 0.003 Reid vapour Pressure (psi) @37.8oF D-323 10.00 9.900 9.700 9.800 9.700-10.00 9.850 0.129 Copper Strip Corrosion @ 50oC D-130 1a 1a 1a 1a 0.000-0.000 1a 0.000 Residue/Loss 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 0.000-0.000 1/1 0.000 Distillation D-86 I.B.P. (oC) 45.00 45.00 45.00 42.00 42.00-45.00 44.25 1.500 10%Recovery (oC) 58.00 56.00 56.00 58.00 56.00-58.00 57.00 1.155 50% Recovery (oC) 98.00 95.00 95.00 98.00 95.00-98.00 96.50 1.732 90% Recovery (oC) 148.0 145.0 148.0 145.0 145.0-148.0 146.5 1.732 F.B.P. (oC) 182.0 182.0 182.0 180.0 180.0-182.0 181.5 1.000 Total Recovery (Vol %) 98.00 98.00 98.00 98.00 0.000-0.000 98.00 0.00 Pentane (wt %) 3.910 8.020 18.93 13.92 3.910-19.92 11.21 6.585 Hexane (wt %) 11.25 15.28 22.70 14.97 11.25-22.70 16.05 4.797 Heptane (wt %) 2.250 7.520 7.500 7.000 2.250-7.520 6.068 2.556 Octane (wt %) 2.170 3.132 3.100 2.960 2.170-3.132 2.841 0.453 Nonane (wt %) 2.100 2.220 2.200 0.973 0.973-2.220 1.873 0.603 Decane (wt %) 0.250 0.092 0.092 0.109 0.092-0.250 0.136 0.077 C14H30 (wt %) 2.599 0.225 0.529 1.493 0.225-2.599 1.212 1.071 C15H32 (wt %) 0.376 0.229 0.595 0.238 0.229-0.595 0.360 0.171 Toluene (wt %) 1.707 0.101 0.000 0.139 0.101-1.707 0.649 0.916 Benzene (wt %) 4.950 6.640 5.257 4.930 4.930-6.640 5.444 0.811 Ethylbenzene (wt %) 5.600 7.030 6.600 10.00 5.600-10.00 7.308 1.892 Xylene (wt %) 32.15 11.00 17.30 9.650 9.650-32.15 17.53 10.30 Cumene (wt %) 11.38 11.38 11.19 4.480 4.480-11.38 9.608 3.420 Ter.butylbenzene (wt %) 2.280 1.320 3.040 1.260 1.260-3.040 1.975 0.850 Pentanol (wt %) 5.762 0.206 0.445 0.179 0.179-5.762 1.648 2.745 Alpha naphthol (wt %) 0.000 5.148 10.37 5.136 5.136-10.37 6.886 3.020 Total Saturates(wt %) 24.91 36.72 55.65 41.66 24.91-55.65 39.74 12.73 Total Aromatics (wt %) 58.07 37.47 43.39 30.46 30.46-58.07 42.35 11.74 Total Polars (wt %) 5.760 5.350 10.82 5.320 5.320-10.82 6.810 2.680 ___________________________________________________________________________________ mailto:@37.8 Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. Vol. 9, No. 2 (2008) Table-5. Analytical Results of Physical Parameters and Hydrocarbon Contents in Gasoline of CALTEX _____________________________________________________________________________________ Parameter ASTM S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 Range Mean STDEV. METHOD Colour Pink Pink Pink Pink 0.000-0.000 Pink 0.000 Sp. Gravity 60/60oF D-1298 0.756 0.762 0.755 0.760 0.755-0.762 0.758 0.003 Reid vapour Pressure (psi) @37.8oF D-323 9.600 9.900 9.500 9.700 9.500-9.900 9.670 0.171 Copper Strip Corrosion @ 50oC D-130 1a 1a 1a 1a 0.000-0.000 1a 0.000 Residue/Loss 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 0.000-0.000 1/1 0.000 Distillation D-86 I.B.P. (oC) 42.00 42.00 45.00 42.00 42.00-45.00 42.75 1.500 10%Recovery (oC) 55.00 58.00 55.00 58.00 55.00-58.00 56.50 1.732 50% Recovery (oC) 98.00 100.0 95.00 98.00 95.00-100.0 97.75 2.061 90% Recovery (oC) 148.0 148.0 145.0 148.0 145.0-148.0 147.3 1.500 F.B.P. (oC) 188.0 188.0 185.0 185.0 185.0-188.0 186.5 1.732 Total Recovery (Vol %) 98.00 98.00 98.00 98.00 0.000-0.000 98.00 0.000 Pentane (wt %) 13.88 14.28 15.80 15.16 13.88-15.80 14.78 0.865 Hexane (wt %) 8.710 30.82 14.70 9.180 8.710-30.82 15.86 10.34 Heptane (wt %) 6.860 7.240 8.020 2.310 2.310-8.020 6.108 2.577 Octane (wt %) 2.180 2.070 2.350 2.430 2.070-2.430 2.258 0.163 Nonane (wt %) 0.839 0.227 2.130 1.050 0.227-2.130 1.062 0.793 Decane (wt %) 0.357 0.113 0.256 0.289 0.113-0.357 0.254 0.103 C14H30 (wt %) 1.667 1.286 0.239 1.600 0.239-1.667 1.198 0.661 C15H32 (wt %) 0.306 0.196 0.000 0.175 0.175-0.306 0.226 0.070 Toluene (wt %) 0.263 0.125 0.238 0.263 0.125-0.263 0.222 0.066 Benzene (wt %) 4.724 3.890 4.853 7.540 3.890-7.540 5.252 1.584 Ethylbenzene (wt %) 8.271 9.722 9.882 9.630 8.271-9.882 9.376 0.744 Xylene (wt %) 10.90 9.720 9.342 12.70 9.342-12.70 10.67 1.510 Cumene (wt %) 0.431 6.050 6.890 7.870 0.431-7.870 5.310 3.337 Ter.butylbenzene (wt %) 5.104 1.132 1.040 1.340 1.04-5.1040 2.154 1.974 Pentanol (wt %) 0.233 0.166 0.280 0.172 0.166-0.233 0.213 0.054 Alpha naphthol (wt %) 0.000 4.684 5.370 5.753 4.684-5.753 5.269 0.542 Total Saturates(wt %) 34.80 56.23 43.50 32.19 32.19-56.23 41.68 10.84 Total Aromatics (wt %) 29.69 30.64 32.25 39.34 30.64-39.34 32.98 4.370 Total Polars (wt %) 0.023 4.850 5.650 5.930 0.230-5.930 4.170 2.660 ___________________________________________________________________________________ Conclusion The motor gasoline available in Multan region does not conform to the European or Indian standard specifications. These gasoline samples are according to the PS specification. We must improve its quality according to the international standards to save the environment. References 1. G. A. Schoonveld and W.F. Marshall, �The Total Effect of a Reformulated Gasoline on Vehicle mailto:@37.8 Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. Vol. 9, No. 2 (2008) Emission by Technology.� Warrendale: Society of Automobile Engineers [SAE Paper No. 990380], (1999). 2. BIS (Bureau of India Standards), �Motor Gasoline � Specifications.� (Second Revision), [IS 2796:1995a], (1995). 3. S. S. Brown, S. Nomoto and F. W. Sunderman, �Physics and Chemistry of Petroleum Products.� Ranjan K. Bose (Ed.), Tata Energy Research Institute, Darbari Seth Block, New Delhi, India (1999). 4. J. M. John and S. Prakash �Clean Fuels: An Essential Need for Automotive Emission Control.� Proceedings 20th World Petroleum Congress, Engelhard Corporation, 101, Wood Avenue, NJ, USA (2000). 5. T. G. Skryabyna, L. I. Fedotova, T. I. Chekmasova, and V. A. 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