165 Kochański Bartosz, Kałużny Krystian, Kałużna Anna, Cichosz Michał, Gałęcki Sławomir, Hagner-Derengowska Magdalena, Zukow Xawery. The use of Kinesiology Taping among people aged between 25 and 55 with the non-specific pain of spine in its lumbar and sacral part. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport. 2020;6(2):165-176. elSSN 2450-6605. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/PPS.2020.06.02.016 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/PPS/article/view/PPS.2020.06.02.016 https://zenodo.org/record/4017437 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.08.2020. Revised: 26.08.2020. Accepted: 07.09.2020. THE USE OF KINESIOLOGY TAPING AMONG PEOPLE AGED BETWEEN 25 AND 55 WITH THE NON-SPECIFIC PAIN OF SPINE IN ITS LUMBAR AND SACRAL PART Bartosz Kochański1, Krystian Kałużny2, Anna Kałużna2, Michał Cichosz4,5, Sławomir Gałęcki1, Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska3, Xawery Zukow6 1Bydgoska Szkoła Wyższa w Bydgoszczy 2Katedra Rehabilitacji, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 3Katedra Kultury Fizycznej, Wydział Nauk o Ziemi i Gospodarki Przestrzennej Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 4PJ-MED Szpital rehabilitacyjny Popielówek 5Bonifraterskie Centrum Zdrowia Wrocław 6Uniwersytet Medyczny w Białymstoku SUMMARY. INTRODUCTION. The phenomenon of the pain ailments of spine is very complex and increasingly common. The key aspect of the treatment is the appropriate choice of the therapy, which may be dependent on many factors i.e.: the cause of the ailments, the phase of the disease, the clinical sypmtoms, the general health condition of the patient, the functional disorders and the patient's abbilities. AIM OF THE RESEARCH. The aim of the research is the assessment and the comparison of the effects of two methods of the treatment: 1) the therapy based on general exercises focused on the lumbosacral spine combined with Kinesiology Taping and 2) the therapy based http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/PPS.2020.06.02.016 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/PPS/article/view/PPS.2020.06.02.016 https://zenodo.org/record/4017437 166 on general exercises focused on the pain intensisty and on the life quality of people with chronic, non-specific pain of the lumbosacral spine among patients aged 25-55. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY. The research was conducted in a group of 50 people with chronic spine pain in the lumbosacral area. They were randomly divided into two groups: 1) the study group, where the ligament application of Kinesiology Taping was used for seven days (KT+GE), 2) the control group: no appliation of Kinesiology Taping (GE). Both groups took general exercises commonly used in the treatment of non-specific pain ailments of the lumbosacral spine for seven days. Durring the assessment of the effectiveness of the therapy the NRS scale (Numerical Rating Scale)and the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Scale questionnaire were used. RESULTS. At the end of the treatment in the KT+GE group the decrease of the average pain intensity was observed from 6,20 to 2,12 (median 6,00 vs 2,00). The decrease of the average pain intensity was also noted in the GE group from 6,20 to 3,48 (median 6,00 vs 4,00). The statistical analysis showed that both forms of the therapy had a statistically significant impact (p<0,05) on the decline of the pain intensity in the NRS scale among the patients with the pain ailments of the spine in the lumbar and sacral area. In the KT+GE group after the therapy the decrease was observed: the average from 19,20 to 8,12 and median from 17,00 to 8,00. In the GE group the decrease was also noted: the average from 20,28 to 10,80 and median from 19,00 to 10,00. The statistical analysis showed that both forms of the therapy had a beneficial and statistically significant -p<0,05 impact on the ODI sum variable among the patients with the pain in the lumbosacral part. CONCLUSIONS. 1. Both forms of the therapy influenced statistically significantly on the decrease of the pain intensity in the NRS scale among the patients with the pain ailments in the lumbosacral spine. However, the therapy during which the Kinesiology Taping was implemented was statistically significantly more effective. 2. Both forms of the therapy influenced statistically significantly on the improvement of the quality of life among the patients suffering from the lumbosacral pain. However, the therapy during which the Kinesiology Taping was implemented was statistically significantly more effective. KEY WORDS: kinesiology taping, the spine pain ailments INTRODUCTION. The phenomenon of the pain ailments of the spine is very complex and increasingly common. The key aspect of the treatment is the appropriate choice of the therapy, which may 167 be dependent on many factors i.e.: the cause of the ailments, the phase of the disease, the clinical sypmtoms, the general health condition of the patient, the functional disorders and the patient's abbilities. The treatment of the pain ailments of the spine is primarily aimed at stopping or relieving the pain, achieving the best possible stabilization, strenghtening trunk and pelvic gridle's muscles, relieving the structures of the spine, adopting the correct body posture and movement stereotypes as well as educating the patient. It is also important to enable the patient to return to his full activity in the social and the professional spheres [1,2,3]. In the therapy of the pain ailments of the lumbosacral spine various methods are used, such as: the pharmacotherapy [4,5], the kinesitherapy [6,7,8,], the manual therapy [9,10], the healing massage [11,12], the physiotherapy [13,14,15,16] and the patient's education [4]. Kinesiology Taping is gainig great interest and popularity in the therapy of low back pain [17,18]. The aim of the research. The aim of the research is the assessment and the comparison of the effects of two methods of the treatment: 1) the therapy based on general exercises focused on the lumbosacral spine combined with Kinesiology Taping and 2) the therapy based only on general exercises focused on the pain intensisty and on the life quality of people with chronic non-specific pain of the lumbosacral spine among patients aged 25-55. Material s and methodology. The research was conducted in a group of 50 people with the chronic pain of the lumbosacral spine who were the patients of Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony im. L. Rydygiera in Toruń. The criteria for inclusion: non-specific pain of the spine in its lumbar and sacral part which lasts no shorter than 3 months, age brackets 25-55. The criteria fo exlusion: pain ailments which lasts shorter than 3 months, pregnancy, operative intervensions carried out on the spine, cancer diseases, traffic accidents or injuries, contraindications for the use of Kinesiology Taping In the research a simple radomisation was chosen with the use of a list of random numbers generated by the computer. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of 25 people: 1) the study group, where the ligament application of Kinesiology Taping was used for seven days (KT+GE), 2) the control group: no application of Kinesiology Taping 168 (GE or ĆO). Both groups took general exercises commonly used in the treatment of non- specific pain ailments of the lumbosacral spine for seven days. The exercises used during the treatment were focused on exercising the strenght and the endurance of the lumbar muscles, the pelvic muscles and all the muscles of the lower limbs. The therapy was aimed at the training of such muscles as: the erector spinae, the gluteus, the rectus abdominis, the oblique abdominis, the quadriceps femoris and the back tighs muscles. Among the patients in the study group the ligament application of Kinesiology Taping was used with the tension of the strips 80%. Every patient underwent the medical consultation and the physiotherapy examination. Durring the assessment of the effectiveness of the therapy the NRS scale (Numerical Rating Scale)and the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Scale questionnaire were used. Statistical analysis was made in Statistica 12.5. Statistical significance was taken as <0,05. Results. Before the therapy in both groups the results of pain intensity in the NRS scale were similar. Both in the KT+GE group and in the GE group the average pain intensity was 6,20 (median 6,00). Minor differences were observed in both groups only in the regard to the minimum and the maximum values before the treatment. At the end of the treatment in the KT+GE group the decrease of the average pain intensity was observed from 6,20 to 2,12 (median 6,00 vs 2,00). The decrease of the average pain intensity was also noted in the GE group from 6,20 to 3,48 (median 6,00 vs 4,00). Tab. I. The descriptive statistics – the pain intensity (NRS) before and after the therapy Variable The aggregated results The descriptive statistics Type of intevension M Me Min Max Lower quartile Upper quartile SD NRS scale- before KT+GE 6,20 6,00 4,00 8,00 6,00 7,00 0,86 NRS scale- before GE 6,20 6,00 5,00 7,00 6,00 7,00 0,67 NRS scale- after KT+GE 2,12 2,00 1,00 5,00 2,00 3,00 0,92 NRS scale- after GE 3,480 4,00 2,00 5,00 3,00 4,00 0,82 The statistical analysis showed that both forms of the therapy had a beneficial and statistically significant -p<0,05 impact on the pain intensity in the NRS scale among the patients with the pain in the lumbosacral part. 169 Tab. II. The comaprison of the pain intensity (NRS) before and after the therapy in both groups Pair of variable The aggregated results The Wilcoxon signed-rank test Marked results are statistically significant p <,05000 Type of intervention T Z p NRS scale- before & NRS scale- after KT+GE 0,00 4,372373 0,000012 NRS scale- before & NRS scale- after GE 0,00 4,372373 0,000012 Tab. III. The comparison of the pain intensity (NRS) after the therapy between the groupspo terapii pomiędzy badanymi grupami VARIABL E U Manna-Whitney test with the respect to the variable: type of intervension; statistically significant results with p <,05000 The sum of rank KT+GE The sum of rank GE U Z p The NRS scale- after 412,0000 863,0000 87,00000 -4,36564 0,000013 The statistical analysis showed that patient who underwent KT+GE therapy achieved statistically significantly – p<0,05 lower pain intensity values in the NRS scale than people from the GE group. the NRS scale after Median 25%-75% Min-Max KT+ĆO ĆO type of intervension 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 th e N R S sc al e af te r Dwg. 1. The comparison of the pain intensity (NRS) after the therapy between both groups. The statistical analysis showed that in both groups the decrease of the average and the median of ODI Sum was observed. In the KT+GE group after the therapy the decline was 170 showed: the average from 19,20 to 8,12 and the median from 17,00 to 8,00. In the GE group the decrease was presented: the average from 20,28 to 10,80 and the median from 19,00 to 10,00. Tab. IV. The descriptive statisticst– ODI sum before and after the therapy according to the groups Variable The aggregated results The descriptive statistics Type of intervension M Me Min Max Lower quartile Upper quartile SD ODI Sum- before KT+GE 19,20 17,00 7,00 33,00 15,00 24,00 6,97 ODI Sum- after KT+GE 8,12 8,00 1,00 17,00 5,00 12,00 4,59 ODI Sum- before GE 20,28 19,00 5,00 30,00 16,0 25,00 5,99 ODI Sum- after GE 10,80 10,00 5,00 19,00 8,00 14,00 4,05 The statistical analysis showed that both forms of the therapy had a beneficial and statistically significant -p<0,05 impact on the ODI sum variable among the patients with the pain in the lumbosacral part. Tab. V. The comparsion of ODI Sum after the therapy between the groups Pair of variable The aggregated results The Wilcoxon signed-rank test Marked results are statistically significant p <,05000 Type of intervension T Z p ODI Sum- before & ODI Sum- after KT+GE 0,00 4,372373 0,000012 ODI Sum- before & ODI Sum- after GE 0,00 4,285714 0,000018 The statistical analysis showed that patient who underwent KT+GE therapy achieved statistically significantly – p<0,05 lower pain values of ODI Sum than people from the GE group. Tab. 1. VI. The comparison of ODI Sum after the therapy between the groups Variable U Manna-Whitney test with the respect to the variable: type of intervension; statistically significant results with p <,05000 The sum of rank KT+GE The sum of rank GE U Z p ODI Sum- after 534,5000 740,5000 209,5000 -1,98879 0,046725 171 ODI Sum- after Median 25%-75% Min-Max KT+ĆO ĆO Type of intervension 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 O D I S um - af te r Dwg. 2. The comparison of ODI Sum after the therapy between the groups Discussion. The aim of the research was the assessment and the comparison of the effects of two methods of the treatment of the pain ailments of the spine (the therapy based on general exercises focused on the lumbosacral spine combined with Kinesiology Taping and the therapy based on general exercises). In the own study it was showed that both methods of the treatment had a statistically significant impact on the decrease of pain intensity in the NRS scale, life quality and the range of mobility among people with the spine pain ailments in the lumbosacral part. However, the therapy during which the Kinesiology Taping was implemented was statistically significantly more effective. Participants of both groups were doing general exercises. The researches demonstarted that the movement weakens the feeling of the pain as a result of the release of endorphines, minimalises the sypmptoms of anxiety and depression, influences on the improvement of the mood and eliminates the sleep disorders [8]. An interesting finding of several studies is that in case of the acute pain ailments the kinesitherapy does not have spectacular effects, while the implementation of general exercises in the treatment of the chronic pain ailments of the spine is more effective than the pharmacotherapy, lying on the bed, the physiotherapy or the massage [8]. 172 When it comes to the effects of Kinesio Taping on the pain, its mechanism of functioning is assocciated with the pain pathway. During any inflammation, swelling, increased muscular tension, muscle overload or injury the space between the skin and the external layer of the fascia reduces. The decresed space between the tissues results in the reduction of lymph flow and causes its thickening. The growth of lymph densisty creates the condition for the increased compression of pain receptors under the skin and on the surface of external fascia. Another important factor is the innfluence of Kinesiology Taping on the normalisation of muscle tension and the improvement of mobility range, which also influences the experiencing of the pain [19]. There are many studies confirming the effectiveness of the use of Kinesiology Taping in the treatment of pain ailments in the lumbosacral part. According to Paolini and his coeditors, [17] similiarly to the reasearch presented in this article, the influence of Kinesiology Taping on the pain ailments of the spine in its lumbar and sacral part was assessed. 39 people, aged 30-80, with chronic spine pain were examined. The patients had Kinesiology Tapes applied on their spine and they were exercising 3 times a week for half an hour. VAS and SEMG scale were used durring the assessment of the therapy's effectiveness. The decrease of pain and tension and the improvement of muscles functionality were observed after the implementation of the above mentioned procedures . Chen and coeditors [20] carried out an interesting study concerning the assessment of the effectiveness of Kinesiology Taping. The researchers compared the fascial application with the placebo application (the application with no application guidelines in the painful area). After two weeks it was showed that the fascial application was significantly better than the placebo application in the reduction of pain intensity (among the patients with the strongest pain). Interestingly, among the patients with the average pain intensity no difference was observed between the groups. A similar comparison (proper application vs placebo application) was made by Kim and coeditors [21]. They demonstrated the superiority of the Kinesiology Taping application over the placebo application. The results similar to the ones presented in this research, regarding the influence of the Kinesiology Taping on the pain ailments of the spine, were also showed by other authors. [22,23,24,25,26,27]. It is worth mentioning that Kinesiology Taping may be successfully used in specific situations i.e. pain ailments of the spine among pregnant women [28]. The analysis of 10 most important basic life support systems of human body — cardiovascular (CVS), respiratory (RS), nervous (NS), digestive (DS), endocrine (ES), 173 immune (IS), excretory (EXS), brain (BS), musculo-skeletal (MSS), hematopoietic (HS) was carried out. Based on this analysis two levels of ensuring the reliability of organism’s work were revealed: sequential and parallel. The system of logical equations for reduced sequential system is: Ys1 = CVS RS BS, where is the notation for the conjunctions of set elements. The system of logical equations for the reduced parallel system is: Ys2 = NS DS ES IS HS EXS MSS, where is the disjunction of the scheme elements. Visualization of human STC changes the concept of the kinetics of age-related changes in the organism and the role of determinants of health as a stable factor accompanying a uniform, smooth transition from the most pronounced functions of the body to their gradual extinction. For human STC is formulated the following regularity kinetics of involutionary processes: after 30 years of age in the human body morphological changes regress in arithmetic progression, and the functions of organs in a geometric one. Assumption of health as a state redundancy of functions is suggested [29]. The research is devoted to the fundamental issue of medicine and biology – the study of factors limiting the life span of a person. As a model, the system of adaptation of the human body to the forces of natural gravity is chosen, the disadaptation to which manifests itself in falls and everyday injuries. The object of the study was the selection of severe fractures of bone tissue due to fall, taken in the age aspect. Statistical and meta-analytical research methods were used. It is shown that the age-related increase in mortality due to household falls, coming to severe bone fractures, is non-linear and increases in geometric progression. As a result of the coincidence of the age characteristics of bone fragility and age-related kidney function, an assumption is made about the role of involution of the renal tissue in the development of osteoporosis in the elderly and the need for a new approach to the prevention of osteoporosis and domestic injuries [30]. The analysis of the professional literature and own research indicate that the Kinesiology Taping may be a useful and highly valuable form of the treatment of pain ailments of the lumbosacral spine. It may stand as a single method or it may complement other therapeutic methods or it may have preventic significance. However, it need to be mentioned that the best results in the treatment of pain spine ailments gives a complex therapy. Despite very good results achieved in this research, it should be emphasised that Kinesiology Taping is not a panacea for all the ailments and diseases of the spine and there is a strong need to seek new solutions, algorithms and methods of pain ailments of the spine. 174 Conclusions. 1. Both forms of the therapy influenced statistically significantly on the decrease of the pain intensity in the NRS scale among the patients with the pain ailments in the lubosacral spine. However, the therapy during which the Kinesiology Taping was implemented was statistically significantly more effective. 2. Both forms of the therapy influenced statistically significantly on the improvement of the quality of life among the patients suffering from the lumbosacral pain. However, the therapy during which the Kinesiology Taping was implemented was statistically significantly more effective. References. 1. Kwolek A., Korab D., Majka M.: Rehabilitacja w zespołach bólowych dolnego odcinka kręgosłupa – zasady postępowania, „Postępy Rehabilitacji” 2004, 18,3, s. 27-31 2. Kwolek A.: Rehabilitacja w neuropatiach i zespołach nerwów rdzeniowych, Rehabilitacja Medyczna, Urban&Partner, Wrocław 2003; T. II 3. Kuryliszyn-Moskal A.: Terapia zespołów bólowych kręgosłupa lędźwiowo-krzyżowego strategie postępowania. Reumatologia 2009; 47, 6, s. 368-371 4. Domżał T. M., Przewlekłe nieswoiste, bóle krzyża – stara dolegliwość czy nowa choroba neurologiczna? „Polski Przegląd Neurologiczny” 2007, nr 4; t. 3, s. 216-227 5. Lisowska B., Mikułka S., Gasik R.: Farmakoterapia skojarzona w zespołach bólowych kręgosłupa, Farm. Współ. 2011, 4, s. 113-118 6. Rainville J., I in., Exercise as a treatment of chronic low back pain. Spine J. 2004, 4(1), s. 106 7. Lisiński P., Małgowska M., Jakość życia a zespół bólowy kręgosłupa na tle przeciążeniowym, „Chirurgia Narządów Ruchu i Ortopedia Polska” 2005, 70(5), s. 361 -365 8. Maher C., Effective physical treatment for chronic low back pain. Orthop Clin, 2004; 35(1), s. 57. 9. Chou R., Huffman LH.: Nonpharomolocig tgerapies for acute and chronic back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007, 147(7), s. 492-504 10. Ciszek, B. , Anatomiczne uwarunkowania zespołów bólowych kręgosłupa, W: Koszewski W. (red.), Bóle kręgosłupa i ich leczenie, Poznań 2010, Termedia Wydawnictwa Medyczne, s. 22-29 11. Szubzda M., Kaźmierczak U., Hagner W., Dzierżanowski M., Wpływ masażu leczniczego na poprawę ruchomości i zmniejszenie dolegliwości bólowych kręgosłupa, Fizjoterapia Polska 2007, 2(4), Vol. 7, s. 165-170 175 12. Kamali F., Panahi F., Ebrahimi S., Abbasi L., Comparison between massage and routine physical therapy in women with sub acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2014;27(4), s. 475-480. 13. Mika T., Kasprzak W., Fizykoterapia. PZWL. Warszawa 2004 14. Bekering G., Zalecenia stosowania fizjoterapii u pacjentów z bólami krzyża – opracowane przez zespół specjalistów holenderskich. Rehab Med, 2004, 8. Numer specjalny 15. Straburzyński G., Straburzyńska A.: Medycyna fizykalna. Wydawnictwo: Lekarskie PZWL. Warszawa 2003 16. Kujawa J., Pyszczek I., Talar J., Janiszewski M.: Porównawcza ocena skuteczności przeciwbólowej wybranych metod fizjoterapeutycznych w zespole bólowym dolnego odcinka kręgosłupa. Fizjoterapia Polska, 2001, 3, s. 271 17. Paoloni M., Bernetti A., Fratocchi G., Mangone M., Parrinello L., Del Pilar Cooper M., Sesto L., Di Sante L., Santilli V.: Kinesio Taping applied to lumbar muscles influences clinical and electromyographic characteristics in chronic low back pain patients, Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2011 Jun;47(2), s. 237-244 18. Merskey H. , Bogduk N., Classification of Chronic Pain, IASP Press, Seattle 1994 19. Śliwiński Z., Krajczy M., Dynamiczne plastrowanie - podręcznik Kinesiology Taping, Wydawnictwo Markmed Rehabilitacja, Wrocław 2014, s. 42-83 20. Chen S.M., Alexander R., Kai Lo S., Cook J.: Eff ects of functional fascial taping on pain and function in patients with non -specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2012, 26 (10), s. 924–933 21. Kim C.H., Kim A.R., Kim S.H., Yoo H.J., Lee S.H.: The efficacy of Kinesio Taping in patients with low back pain. Korean Acad Fam Med. 2002, 2 (23), s. 197–204 22. Bae, S.H., Lee, J.H., Oh, K.A., Kim, K.Y. The Effects of Kinesio Taping on Potential in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients Anticipatory Postural Control and Cerebral Cortex. ; 2013 23. Castro-Sánchez, A.M., Lara-Palomo, I., Matarán- Peñarrocha, G.A., Fernández- Sánchez, M., Sánchez-Labraca, N., Arroyo-Morales, M. Kinesio taping reduces disability and pain slightly in chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomised trial. J. Physiother. 2012; s. 58; 89–95 24. Kachanathu, S. J. i in., Comparison between kinesio taping and a traditional physical therapy program in treatment of nonspecific low back pain. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2014, 26, s. 1185–1188 25. Kalron, A., Bar-Sela, S. A systematic review of the effectiveness of kinesio taping- fact or fashion?.Eur. Spine J. 2013;49, s. 699–709 26. Kase, K., Wallis, J., Kase, T. Clinical Therapeutic Applications of the Kinesio Taping Method.second ed. Ken Ikai, Tokyo, Japan, 2002 27. Parreira, P., Costa, L., Takahashi, R., Junior, L., Junior, M., da Silva, T. et al, Kinesio taping to generate skin convolutions is not better than sham taping for people with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomised trial [with consumer summary]. J. Physiother. 2014, s. 60; 90–96 176 28. Kaplan Ş, Alpayci M, Karaman E, et al. Short-term effects of Kinesio Taping in women with pregnancy-related low back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Med Sci Monit. 2016, 22, s. 1297–1301 29. Gozhenko, A., Biryukov, V., Gozhenko, O., & Zukow, W. Health as a space-time continuum. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 2018, 8(11), 763-777. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2657000. 30. Gozhenko, A., Biryukov, V., Muszkieta, R., & Zukow, W. Physiological basis of human longevity: the concept of a cascade of human aging mechanism. Collegium antropologicum, 2018, 42(2), 139-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2657000.