106 Rashiti N., Ramabaja Q., Bekolli L., Gontarev S., Ramadani L. The impact of some morphological and motor characteristics in short distance running. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport. 2021;7(2):106-113. elSSN 2450-6605. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/PPS.2021.07.02.008 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/PPS/article/view/PPS.2021.07.02.008 https://zenodo.org/record/4744594 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 07.02.2021. Revised: 26.02.2021. Accepted: 20.03.2021. THE IMPACT OF SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS IN SHORT DISTANCE RUNNING Rashiti N.1, Ramabaja Q.1, Bekolli L.1, Gontarev S.2, Ramadani L.2 University of Prishtina, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Prishtina,Kosova Faculty of Physical Education, Sports and Health, Skopje, Makedonia Abstract The knowledge of morphological development and their impact on motor skills in short-distance athletes should be one of the main concerns of athletics coaches, because any scientific research in the field of physical culture and sports is about proving the development and evaluation of anthropological characteristics which are responsible for achieving success in athletics. The purpose of this paper is to confirm the impact of some anthropometric characteristics in the execution of running speeds on short distances, specifically in running at 100 meters to students aged 18 ± 6 years of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Prishtina. The sample of this research has included a total of 60 students aged 18 years of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Prishtina. The measurements were executed during September in the hall of the Faculty, while the 100 meter runs in the stadium "Fadil Vokrri" Prishtina. The only condition that was used during the determination of the sample was: that the students are involved in regular physical education classes (and on the day of the measurement be healthy, without the flu, cold or other symptoms). The variables which are applied in this research have been 8 anthropometric variables and 1 motor-specific variables. The results obtained after their processing indicate that the impact of anthropometric variables is higher in running at 100 meters. Short distance running and long distance running reduces the impact of anthropometric parameters whereas the influence of metabolic factors of energy production is increased. These http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/PPS.2021.07.02.008 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/PPS/article/view/PPS.2021.07.02.008 https://zenodo.org/record/4744594 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) 107 results were also confirmed using regression analysis, so that groups of predictors of anthropometric characteristics, specific motor skills that statistically significantly influenced each variable of individual criteria. The world records below the 10-second limit, in the 100 m, near the 9-meter limit, show not only the high level of sports, but also the strong impact on the growth, especially of strength indicators, speed-strength, explosive force, as main and applied motor skills in sports and athlete’s everyday life. Key words: anthropometry, criterion variables 100 metes, regression, student. INTRODUCTION Athletic operates on the basis of a particular system of knowledge that has in its content the theoretical and methodological foundations of sport training [1]. Athletics affects the strengthening of health, during active participation with walking, walking-running and running, in different cross country of individual and massive character, which develop regularly. Running is the most universal mean of comprehensive preparation of the athlete, but it also occupies a very important place in the training of other types of sports. During running, the body appears more demands on the work of the muscular system and cardiovascular and respiratory activity. It is an important mean for maintaining and strengthening health. Athletic running, as a set of physical movements of a cyclic character, realizes displacement in space and time through steps with the lower limbs (legs) at a higher speed than in race walking. Running speeds, as well as long jumps and triple jumps, are natural forms of movement performance in general, and athletics in particular. These types are one of the basic means of comprehensive preparation: physical, functional and psychological [2,3] This is the main reason why they are constantly evaluated, especially in the context of purposeful exercise for sports achievements. Climatic conditions play a role in running results. The wind, depending on which direction it blows, can affect the growth or deceleration of the athlete's speed. Although it applies to all competitors in a given place and moment, the problem is that the results of a wind-blown place may be different from the results of another event in the same discipline, so in running 100 meters. [4,5] Atmospheric pressure or air pressure may be considered, but it has no effect because running is too short and the amount of oxygen for this distance is mostly concentrated in the muscles of the runners. An athlete may not have building muscles, but he is taller and has the largest step. In this context, statistical tests and interpretation of results in separate sub-headings have been performed. PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH Like any research of a transversal character that aims to prove the relationships, impact, dependence between different anthropological characteristics, skills and conditions, even this research is based on proving the influence of one anthropological field with the other in order to 108 increase the information in favor of identifying the factors that are of particular importance in increasing the motor skills of anaerobic character speed. The knowledge of morphological development and their impact on motor skills of athletes in short tracks should be one of the main concerns of athletics coaches, because any scientific research in the field of physical culture and sport is about proving the development and evaluation of anthropological characteristics which are responsible for achieving success in athletics. The purpose of this paper is to confirm the impact of some anthropometric characteristics on the speed of execution of running on short tracks, specifically in running 100 meters for 18-year-old students. VARIABLES SAMPLE Anthropometric variables The following morphological parameters have been applied for the identification of morphological variables: Body Height (BH), Leg Length (LL), Body Weight (BW), Chest Circumference (ChC), Elbow Diameter (ED), Knee Diameter (KD), Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of the arm (SATAR) Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of the abdomen (SATAB). Specific-motor variables The following parameters have been applied for the identification of specific motor skills: Running 100 meters from low start (MV100MU). METHODS FOR PROCESSING RESULTS Based on the goal and the hypotheses presented, the methods of processing the results have been applied, which enable the provision of sufficient information to achieve the goal. For both groups of the variable system, the basic statistical and distribution parameters for each variable are calculated, as well as the asymmetry and normal distribution measures. Minimum and Maximum Values ​ ​ (R.min - R.max), Arithmetic Mean (Ma), Standard Deviation (Std. Dev), Asymmetry Parameters (SKEW and KURT), Interrelationships between variables in the manifest space, as well as correlations between the system of variables. To determine the relationship between predictive variables (anthropometric characteristics) and criterion variables (Results in short running), Regressive Analysis was applied in the manifest space. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC AND MOTOR SPECIFIC VARIABLES In Table 1 descriptive analysis of anthropometric and motor specific variables is presented to the 18-year-old students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. The sample included a group of 60 male students, where the arithmetic mean values, minimum score, maximum score, standard deviation, distribution or asymmetry parameters (Skewness - tilt, 109 asymmetry) and the degree of extension of the curvature peak of the distribution of results (Kurtosis - convexity). Table 1. Basic statistical parameters of anthropometric and motor specific variables in students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. Tab.1 N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Skewness Kurtosis ALART 60 156.70 184.60 172.6550 5.61772 -.151 .360 AGJKË 60 85.80 105.40 96.7195 4.73850 -.283 -.617 APESH 60 49.40 93.50 64.0083 7.96312 1.073 2.549 APGJO 60 76.90 100.40 85.6150 6.03748 .824 -.276 ADBRY 60 6.00 9.90 7.4550 .74480 1.062 1.651 ADGJU 60 8.70 12.60 10.0683 .70579 .824 2.224 AIDHK 60 3.80 19.60 7.2183 3.06448 1.842 4.167 AIDHB 60 4.80 24.20 10.0550 4.78300 1.463 1.588 MV100MU 60 12.14 14.21 13.1297 .48962 -.044 -.818 The arithmetic mean of the anthropometric variable, Body height (BH) is 172.65 cm. Minimum results (156.70 cm) and the maximum (184.60 cm) of the variable. Body height (BH) indicates a marked difference between students of this age in this anthropometric parameter. Although the results indicate that there is a marked difference between the maximum and minimum result, it can be seen that the flexibility and convexity of the obtained distribution (Skewness and Kurtosis) do not indicate a pronounced asymmetry. Histogram 1of the specific motor variable, running 100, meters from low start (MV100MU) to 18-year-old students. The arithmetic mean of the specific motor variable, Running 100 meters from low start (MV100MU) is 13.12 sec. Minimum result (12.14 sec) and the maximum (14.21 sec) of the variable Running 100 meters from low start indicates a significant difference between students of this age in this specific motor parameter. Although the results show that there is a marked difference between the maximum and the minimum result, it can be seen that the flexibility and convexity of the obtained distribution (Skewness and Kurtosis) do not indicate a pronounced asymmetry. Regressive analysis of antropometric and specific motor parameters Through regressive analysis in students, the value of the correlation between the group of independent predictor variables (anthropometric variables) and the dependent criterion variable – Running at 100 meters from low start (MV100MU) has been proven. 110 Table 2. Regressive analysis - correlation and effect of anthropometric parameters (as predictor variables) on the criterion variable - Running 100 meters from low start Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .731a .534 .461 .35958 a. Predictors: (Constant), AIDHB, ADBRY, AGJKË, ADGJU, APGJO, AIDHK, APESH, ALART Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 7.550 8 .944 7.299 .000a Residual 6.594 51 .129 Total 14.144 59 a. Predictors: (Constant), AIDHB, ADBRY, AGJKË, ADGJU, APGJO, AIDHK, APESH, ALART b. Dependent Variable: MV100MU Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig.B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 24.588 2.061 11.931 .000 ALART -.076 .020 -.869 -3.713 .001 AGJKË .011 .020 .107 .541 .591 APESH .014 .013 .221 1.046 .301 APGJO -.010 .013 -.128 -.782 .438 ADBRY .009 .076 .014 .123 .903 ADGJU .058 .098 .084 .589 .558 AIDHK .036 .029 .226 1.256 .215 AIDHB -.034 .021 -.336 -1.618 .112 a. Dependent Variable: MV100MU The correlation of the entire system of independent predictor variables (anthropometric variables) and the dependent criterion variable - 100 meters running from low start (MV100MU) has been proven by multiple correlations. The multiple correlation coefficient has the value R = 0.731 which explains the common variability between the system of predictor variables and the criterion variable about 53% (R Square = 0.534). Distribution (F) is obtained as the quotient distribution of the two variances, and it is always necessary in these cases to determine the two degrees of freedom. The first degree of freedom is equal to the number of predictor variables (df = n) in the concrete case, while (df = 8) the second is performed so that the number of subjects decreases by the number of predicator variables minus 1 (df = N - n - 1) in the concrete case, whereas (df = 60 - 8 - 1 = 51). We can emphasize that the test (F-test) is more valuable if the multiple correlation is greater, in the concrete case of this paper is significant (Sig = 0.00), because the value of the F-test is = 7.299. In this research after a significant multiple correlation has been obtained (R) it is necessary to look for which coefficient in the beta column (Beta) that shows the impact of each predictor (independent) variable on the dependent or criterion variable, Running 100 meters from the low start (MV100MU) table 3. The results obtained from regression analysis indicate that in the dependent variable or Running 100 meters from low start (MV100MU) the anthropometric variable Body height (BH) has an effect, Beta = -.869 which is proven by the probability scale, Sig = 0.001. No other applied anthropometric variable has a significant statistical impact on the execution of the criterion variable; 100 meters running from low start (MV100MU). 111 CONCLUSION It is known that the sports training system in athletics, respectively short-distance running consists of the training or preparation system, competition system and complementary factor system. The overall system of preparation of athletes is oriented towards the development and maintenance of general skills, qualities and knowledge on which success depends on the conditions of competitions. The athletic training process has many tasks which are solved through physical preparation, technical preparation, tactical preparation, psychological preparation and theoretical preparation. The purpose of this research is also based on these facts, which aims to prove the influence of some anthropometric characteristics on short-distance running. So, the purpose of this paper is presented based on these presented facts about the influence of morphological factors on short-distance running,. In this paper (research) the population from which the sample was selected for research on this paper is defined as the population of students (male) of late adolescence. The sample of this research has included a total of 60 students aged 18±6 years of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Prishtina. For both groups of the variable systems, the basic statistical and distribution parameters for each variable were calculated, as well as the asymmetry and normal distribution measures, the correlation ratio, and regression analysis. The results obtained from the collection of information as well as their processing show that: a) some of the anthropometric characteristics have had pronounced asymmetry indicating that the sample has been heterogeneous in conditions of morphological development. b) some of the specific-motor speed skills have had pronounced asymmetry indicating that the sample has been heterogeneous with different results. c) anthropometric characteristics are grouped according to anthropometric factors which means that anthropometric characteristics of length are grouped as longitudinal factors, d) anthropometric characteristics of weight and perimeter are grouped as a factor of body mass and volume. e) anthropometric characteristics of the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the arm and abdomen are grouped as a factor of subcutaneous fat mass. f) the results obtained from regression analysis indicate that in the dependent variable or Running 100 meters from low start (MV100MU) the anthropometric variable Body height (BH) has an effect, Beta = -.869 which is confirmed by the degree of probability, Sig = 0.001. 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