BookReviews25(2).indd 181Polar Research 25(2), 181–188 widely read and acknowledged. However, the fi rst and last chapters are also an interesting read and give a nice basis for evaluating the biological and ethnographic material presented in the volume’s middle section, although now and again they are redundant. The book contains an interesting and eclectic collection of black and white illustrations including portraits, historical photographs, and technical and biological drawings. Otto Fabricius was a cleric, philologist, natural- ist and ethnographer. Much of his scholarly work stems from the relatively short period of his life spent as a missionary in Greenland (1768–1773). His observations during these fi ve years and the experiences he had with Greenlandic people clearly left a great impression on Fabricius that lasted until his death. Unlike many missionaries of his time, Fabricius left the European colony- town where he was posted and lived in a Green- landic Inuit community. He resided in a house built of stones, turf and timbers and learned the language and the ways of the people. Much of their hunting culture revolved around knowing the habits of seals, and hence the people were a wealth of knowledge to Fabricius in his faunal and ethnological studies. Fabricius is undoubted- ly best known for his publication Fauna Groen- landica (1780), but the work translated by Kapel in this book, published a decade later (1790–91), allowed Fabricius to expand greatly on the seal material presented in the earlier book. Fabricius’s Detailed description of the seals of Greenland focuses fi rst and foremost on the harp seal or Greenland seal (Phoca groenlandica), describing: nomenclature; appearance and mor- phology; distribution (occurrence); behaviour; variation in occurrence and movements; breed- ing; feeding; predators; hunting methods; utiliza- Book reviews Review of Otto Fabricius and the seals of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland: Bioscience 55, by Finn O. Kapel (2005). Copenhagen: Danish Polar Center. 150 pp. ISBN 87-90369-77-7. Kit M. Kovacs Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmental Cen- tre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway, kovacs@npolar.no. In this three part volume Finn Kapel presents us with 1) a brief biography of Fabricius, 2) a trans- lation of his treatise on the seals of Greenland and, fi nally, 3) a refl ection on the contribution of Fabricius as a seal naturalist/scientist. I concur with Dr Kapel’s belief that the key paper is the second one. This work on Greenland’s pinni- peds has until now been available only in Danish and German and certainly deserves to be more Skull of the “hook-snouted seal”, now known as the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). The drawing illustrated Fabricius’s Detailed description of the seals of Greenland (1791). (Repro- duced with permission of the Danish Polar Center.) Portrait of Otto Fabricius. (Reproduced with permission of the Danish Polar Center.) 182 Book reviews tion; parasites; and synonyms. Ringed seals (Pusa hispida), harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) are presented similarly, although more briefl y. Fabricius also gives short synopses of four additional “species” reported to him by the Greenlanders. Three of these animals are either mythical beasts or some sort of biolog- ical oddity such as albino specimens. The fourth species summary is the fi rst scientifi c account of the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), which Fabri- cius describes primarily from material in his pos- session from an island off the Danish coast. Given the era in which Fabricius was writ- ing, his restricted time in Greenland, and lim- ited travel in the north, his biological accounts are remarkably insightful. Occasionally, they are defi nitively incorrect, such as when he says, “As for the breeding of the harp seal, the mating- time is beyond all doubt in August” when in real- ity harp seals mate in March. But Fabricius can be forgiven for using the size of the embryo in September to back-calculate the time of mating: delayed implantation was unknown in the 1700s. Other small slips can be similarly accounted for. He is probably not credited as often as his work warrants; perhaps this book by Finn Kapel will help correct this situation. If Allen’s History of North American pinnipeds (1880) or similar books are on your shelf, Otto Fabricius and the seals of Greenland undoubtedly also deserves a place there. References Allen, J. A. 1880: History of North American pinnipeds. A monograph of walruses, sea-lions, sea-bears and seals of North America. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. Fabricius, O. 1780: Fauna Groenlandica. (Fauna of Green- land.) Copenhagen(?): J. G. Rothe, Hafniae & Lipsiae. Fabricius, O. 1790–91: Udførlig beskrivelse over de Grøn- landske sæle, første og andet stykke. (Detailed description of the seals of Greenland, parts one and two.) Copenhagen: Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet. Review of Le monde polaire, mutations et transitions, under the direction of Marie- Françoise André (2005). Paris: Ellipses– Carrefours. 187 pp. ISBN 2-7298-2683-1. In French. Bernard Lefauconnier Place du Mollard, F-38700 Le Sappey en Char- treuse, France, b.lefauconnier@wanadoo.fr. As mentioned on its back cover, Le monde polaire, mutations et transitions comprises part of a col- lection (Carrefours) intended for students of geography, history and the social sciences as well as for a wider public interested in understanding the changes our world is undergoing. Other vol- umes in the series concern, for example, water in the Arab world, large cities of North America and international commerce. Twelve authors have collaborated on the book. The work is divided into two parts, made up in total of 11 chapters and six brief inset texts. The fi rst part is supposed to present some gener- al aspects of the subject, regional aspects being introduced in the second part. Seven of the book’s 11 chapters concern the indigenous peoples of the circumpolar region and constitute the heart of the volume. Chapter 3 explores how the Inuit conceive of—and are inte- grated with—their environment. Chapter 4 dis- cusses the transition from a subsistence economy to the present situation in the Canadian Arctic, focussing on Nunavik, northern Québec. Major social transformations are described in Chap- ter 10, with examples from the central Canadi- an Arctic. Chapter 5 describes the emergence of the sense of an Inuit identity, the creation of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference and the building of Inuit managerial and administrative compe- tence, especially in the Nunavut and Nunavik ter- ritories, northern Canada. Chapter 7 concerns the transformation of Greenlandic society. The situa- tion of the Saami, the subject of Chapter 8, is unu- sual in that this population is represented in four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. The relationship between the Saami and the Nor- wegian state is described. The small-numbered indigenous ethnic groups—mainly reindeer herd- ers—of the Russian Arctic are briefl y presented in Chapter 9. Only two chapters are devoted chiefl y to the 183Polar Research 25(2), 181–188 physical environment: Chapter 1 presents a review of some recent research on the melting of glaciers and the related sea level rise while Chapter 2 dis- cusses the impacts of climate change through the metamorphosis of polar landscapes. One chapter (6) describes the development of polar tourism and Chapter 11 summarizes past and present scientifi c activities in the Antarctic. The limited space allotted to the environment in this book is regrettable. Impacts related to cli- mate change are not confi ned to glaciers and land- scapes. In a book with academic intentions, refer- ences to the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment and the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Pro- gramme would have been minimally necessary. In Chapter 1, one of only two chapters devoted to the environment, some of the research results that are discussed are erroneously interpreted. For example, Arendt et al. (2002) estimated the con- tribution to sea level of Alaskan glaciers from the mid-1950s to the mid-1990s to be 0.14 ± 0.04 mm per year. This is equivalent to 5.6 ± 1.6 mm over the period, not 5 cm. Another example is where the chapter’s author (incidentally, also the book’s editor), referring to Rignot et al. (2003), writes that Patagonian glaciers contribute even more than Alaskan glaciers to sea level rise. In fact, Rignot et al. said that the contribution from the Patagonian glaciers is larger than that of Alaskan glaciers per unit area. This is an important dis- tinction. Finally, the chapter mentions glacier surging but this phenomenon is evidently not understood by the author. There are other fl aws. Chapter 6 takes into account the local and regional environmen- tal impacts of tourism but does not mention the contribution to global pollution generated by the transportation of voyagers from low latitudes to the polar areas. In two places—a short inset in Chapter 10 and a section heading in Chapter 4— the use of the phrase “welfare state” (état prov- idence) seems inappropriate. The texts discuss social and economic transformations and large- scale interventions by the Canadian central power. The “welfare state” must have been developed to try to counter-balance negative social effects of these transformations and is not in itself the cause of these negative effects. This is a strange book. The title claims to embrace the polar world but only a single chap- ter concerns the Antarctic. The chapters discuss- ing the environment merely skim lightly over a narrow slice of this important topic, without any real look at current climatic changes or the fact that the Arctic and Antarctic have already been affected by pollution, including ecotoxins, coming from sources elsewhere in the world. Even with these drawbacks Le monde polaire has value: there are few books presenting a broad picture of circum-Arctic peoples. Social, eco- nomic and geopolitical problems and the similar- ities and differences in the relationships between far northern indigenous peoples and the modern states that encompass them are briefl y but, in general, clearly described. I was particularly captivated by the subject of Chapter 3—“Corps inuit, espace géographique et cosmologique”, which opened for me, as an occidental scientist, a new window on the Arctic and enriched my vision of it. References Arendt, A. A., Elchemeyer, K. A., Harrison, W. D., Lingle, C. S. & Valentine, V. B. 2002: Rapid wastage of Alaska glaciers and their contribution to rising sea level. Scienc- es 297, 382–386. Rignot, E., Rivera, A. & Cassasa, G. 2003: Contribution of the Patagonia ice-fi elds of South America to sea level rise. Science 302, 434–437 Review of The North Pole, by Kathan Brown (2004). San Francisco, CA: Crown Point Press. 504 pp (xi-xvi). ISBN 1- 891300-18-0. Thor B. Arlov Research and Innovation Unit, Norwegian Uni- versity of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trond- heim, Norway, thor.arlov@ntnu.no. At fi rst glance a medium brick sized book entitled The North Pole seems a promising read to anyone interested in the Arctic, such as this reviewer. Unfortunately it does not quite deliver accord- ing to expectations, presuming you expect solid information about the polar region. If, howev- er, you are particularly interested in the personal experiences of Arctic tourists with a dash of envi- ronmental concern, this book may not be a com- plete waste of time. The author Kathan Brown is the founder and 184 Book reviews director of a renowned San Francisco-based fi ne art printing press and publishing house. She has previously published various books on art and artists. However, her professional or person- al connection with the polar regions are, as it were, shrouded in northern mists. The introduc- tion to The North Pole is not very helpful about her motives for writing this book. It appears she took part in a trip to the North Pole sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History aboard the Russian nuclear powered icebreaker Yamal in 2002. The following year, she spent a week on a coastal cruise around Svalbard. Her experiences during these two trips have obviously inspired the book. In addition she has read a number of works about various Arctic subjects and talked to some knowledgeable people, but to call this a thorough- ly researched book would be stretching it. Admit- tedly, Brown seems to have no pretences in this direction. The North Pole is voluminous in pages—a little more than half a thousand. The genre is a bit diffi cult to decide as the author mixes forms. Since the voyage seems to be the structuring element, I suppose the book might be placed in the travel literature category. Following a brief introduction that attempts to explain the some- what odd composition of the book, there are eight main chapters. The fi rst seven are devoted to the North Pole trip on the Yamal. Each of them is divided into three sections: a personal narra- tive by the author; excerpts from the journal of Fridtjof Nansen from the Fram expedition; and a conversation with various people rendered in verbatim form. The last chapter is on the visit to Svalbard and also contains a conversation, but— quite understandably—no excerpts from Nansen. In between there are more than 100 photographs, the vast majority taken by the author herself. To the extent that there are any main themes at all, the issue of climate change and the question who was the fi rst on the North Pole (if indeed Peary cheated) recur frequently with slight variations throughout the book. If I were to be very polite I would call this unu- sual lay-out interesting, but to be honest I am rather put off by what seems to be a lack of seri- ous effort making this book. The author’s own, original contribution represents the lesser part of the manuscript. The “journey” sections writ- ten by Brown make up some seventy pages, or less than 15 % of the book. The photographs, also the work of Brown, constitute nearly a quarter of the book. Of the remaining 60 %, the excerpts from the journal of Nansen fi ll almost 100 pages. The conversations or interview sections, where Brown acts as “moderator”, occupy over 150 pages. At the end of the book there is a rudimen- tary time line, a short bibliography and a decent index. The only map in the book is a poor sketch of the Arctic. Although neatly organized, this book is in effect a compilation of somewhat disparate ele- ments. By themselves the journey sections work fairly well; Brown is a good observer and mas- ters the style of a well-read journalist. She makes a pretty good job of popularizing science. This is the kind of prose one might expect to fi nd in for example National Geographic: a personal account supplemented by factual information, or vice versa. The conversation sections function less well. Their consistently verbatim form leaves the ques- tion open whether editing has taken place or not. Anyway, stronger editing would have been desir- able—considerable parts of the conversations are just plain small talk between fellow travellers. I kept wondering why the reader is invited to listen in. Some of the contributors have more to offer, but the knowledge and capacity of participants like, for instance, Arctic Climate Impact Assess- ment director Gunther Weller and Scott Polar Research Institute archivist Bob Headland, could have been exploited far better in more elaborate interviews. In general, Brown does not seem to distinguish between the substantial and the triv- ial in her role as moderator. For example, ren- dering an exchange of opinions concerning rock bands or SUVs leaves me, in this context, cold. A more selective approach would certainly not have been amiss. Nansen’s journal of his and Hjalmar Johansen’s dramatic attempt to reach the North Pole from Fram and their subsequent wintering on Franz Josef Land in 1895–96 is a classic in Arctic litera- ture, but should rather be read in the original and in extenso. Brown’s excerpts seem out of context and do not lend her account authority—just extra pages. I feel the use of Nansen borders on liter- ary theft when the author does not even make the effort of paraphrasing or commenting. Finally, the photographs are for the most part unimpressive and appear to be ordinary amateur snapshots. Considering the author’s professional background the reproduction is disappointing; the colours seem washed out and the subjects are fre- 185Polar Research 25(2), 181–188 quently unsharp. Variations on ice fl oes are only interesting to a certain point, which Brown over- steps. It does not make things better that there are no captions to the pictures, leaving the reader to guess when, where and why they were taken. In all fairness, Kathan Brown’s The North Pole is probably not intended for well-read polar enthusiasts. It is indeed hard to imagine that readers of Polar Research will fi nd very much of interest in this book. It is simply too superfi cial with regard the factual parts and has too little to offer in literary terms. In my opinion, neither the gracious contributions of some prominent savants of the Arctic nor the extensive quoting of Nansen’s diary help salvage this North Pole voyage from wreckage. At the uttermost ends of the Earth: The physiology of polar fi shes, edited by Antho- ny P. Farrell & John F. Steffensen (2005). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 396 pp. ISBN 0-12- 350446-5. Andrew Clarke Biological Sciences, British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, CB3 OET Cambridge, UK, accl@bas.ac.uk. Ecologists and physiologists have always been interested in organisms living in extreme envi- ronments because of the light they shed on fun- damental problems, and the general public has long been fascinated by animals living in cli- mates so inhospitable that unprotected humans would rapidly perish. The pioneering physiolo- gists of the early 20th century had quickly rec- ognized that teleost fi shes with their dilute blood would have real problems in the cold waters of the polar regions, and when Johan Ruud collected the fi rst scientifi c specimens of an icefi sh he was able to confi rm that there really did exist a group of polar fi shes with no blood pigment. The scene was thereby set for an exploration of the physiolo- gy of polar fi shes, and this remains a vibrant fi eld of research to this day. The latest volume of the prestigious Fish Physiology series brings togeth- er a group of distinguished workers in the area of polar fi sh and provides a state-of-the-art survey of our understanding of the physiology of a group of organisms that have successfully adapted to one of the most physiologically challenging marine environments on the Earth. The opening chapter (DeVries & Steffensen) provides a brief overview of the marine environ- ment of the polar regions, emphasizing the marked differences between the Arctic and Antarctic as much as their similarities, and thereby defi ning an important theme for the rest of the book. As well as differences in topography, bathymetry, riverine input and oceanography, attention is drawn to the very different tectonic, climatic, glacial and evo- lutionary histories of the two polar regions. The latter are fundamental to understanding the very different fi sh faunas of the Arctic and Antarctic, which are described in exemplary fashion in the second chapter by Møller, Nielsen & Anderson. It is refreshing to see due attention being paid to the systematic and biogeographic aspects of the fauna in a volume devoted primarily to physiology, for this is essential to any complete understanding of evolutionary aspects of the physiology. The sys- tematic treatment also covers all depths, thereby providing a broad context for the traditional (but not universal) concentration by physiologists on the more easily sampled shallow waters. The physiological chapters start with a thor- ough review of current knowledge of the meta- bolic biochemistry of polar fi shes by Pörtner, Lucassen & Storch. The main themes of this chapter are the central role played by oxygen in shaping both thermal limits and lifestyle, and the trade-offs inherent in the utilization of energy in a strongly resource-limited environment such as the polar seas. The strengths of this chapter are the way physiological processes are set in an environmental context, the use of a wide range of model organisms, and the links between physiol- ogy and ecology. Antifreeze proteins and freez- ing avoidance are reviewed by DeVries & Cheng. The physiological challenge to teleost fi sh living in polar regions was recognized in the 1960s: even with an elevated blood salt concentration, polar fi sh are under cooled by almost 1K. Whilst this may seem a small interval, because polar oceans contain ice crystals freezing of these fi sh would be inevitable in the absence of a protective mechanism. The existence of antifreeze glycopro- teins and proteins in polar fi sh was quickly estab- lished by elegant work by Art DeVries himself, but almost four decades later we are still unrav- elling the complexities of this system. In addition 186 Book reviews to providing a masterly summary of the classical work, the authors also discuss areas of active cur- rent research making this the best current review of freezing avoidance in polar fi sh. In the next chapter Steffensen concentrates on the respiratory system and metabolic rate; this chapter is thus closely allied to the earlier one by Pörtner and colleagues but takes a quite differ- ent perspective by concentrating on the organis- mal rather than the molecular level. Steffensen revisits the arguments over the existence of meta- bolic cold adaptation (MCA) in polar fi shes, and does so in a thorough and balanced manner. Once a fi sh has taken up oxygen, it then needs to move this oxygen around the body and the circulatory system is described by Axelsson. A major factor here is the increase in blood viscosity at low tem- perature, and it is likely that selection for reduced circulatory costs coupled with the increased solu- bility of oxygen at low temperatures is what drove the evolution of reduced hematocrit in many polar fi shes and the complete loss of haemoglobin in one group, the icefi sh family Channichthyidae. A key feature of this chapter is the discussion of the control of heart rate, setting the Antarctic noto- thenioids in the wider context of non-polar fi sh. Wells covers blood gas transport and haemo- globin, principally from studies of notothenio- ids but also setting the results in a wider context. Wells also revisits the topic of MCA, coming to a less defi nitive conclusion than Steffensen. Davi- son describes the skeletal musculature and loco- motion, again principally based on studies of notothenioids. Data are compared with warmer water fi sh and the differences related to ecologi- cal factors such as growth rate and buoyancy. In exploring the various ways in which temperature may limit muscle performance in polar fi sh, Dav- ison also discusses the limitation of mitochondri- al ATP supply, which links this chapter nicely to that by Pörtner and colleagues. The fi nal chap- ter in the book is an authoritative review of the nervous system of polar fi shes by Macdonald & Montgomery. How does this volume rate overall? I believe it succeeds in providing a thorough, timely and authoritative survey of the physiology of polar fi shes. It will fi nd a place in my library and I have already found myself making extensive use of it. It is a pity that not every author has taken the oppor- tunity to cover both Arctic and Antarctic studies, for the book does tend to concentrate on studies of notothenioids in many places. Important and interesting as these fi sh are, they are confi ned to the Southern Hemisphere and physiologists have much to learn from thorough comparative stud- ies. Nevertheless this is an excellent summary of current knowledge and will remain for some time the place to go to learn about the physiology of fi shes living at high latitudes. Review of The North Pole was here: puz- zles and perils at the top of the world, by Andrew C. Revkin (2006). Boston: King- fi sher. 128 pp. ISBN 0-7534-5993-0. Helle V. Goldman Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmen- tal Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway, goldman@ npolar.no. Ever wondered what the men’s toilet at Camp Borneo, a temporary Russian camp on the ice about 96 km from the North Pole, consists of? In The North Pole was here, Andrew Revkin reveals this—“a waist high igloo-style wall of ice blocks” (p. 16)—and other details of the fi eld conditions experienced by scientists who carry out research near the very top of the world. Using Revkin’s own visit to the North Pole Envi- ronmental Observatory—a science camp set up every year on the ice about 48 km from the North Pole—as a jumping off point, the book describes the Arctic and our past and ongoing efforts to understand it. Climate change is a major theme. Other topics, like early exploration of the region and the Earth’s shifting magnetism, are also cov- ered. In an enchanting chapter called “The imag- ined pole”, Revkin describes early notions of the Far North. We learn, for example, that in ancient Hindu / Buddhist cosmology, the stars in the sky were tied by ropes of wind to the North Star, which was positioned above a gigantic mountain that constituted the world’s centre. Four land- masses, divided by great rivers, lay around that centre. Three thousand years ago, Greek histori- ans supposed that there was a society of “Hyper- boreans”: “an immortal race of people who lived in happiness and warmth beyond the source of the North Wind” (p. 28). (This is sure to raise 187Polar Research 25(2), 181–188 a smile from readers who, like me, reside north of the Arctic Circle.) As late as the 19th century some maintained that the Earth was hollow, with large openings into the interior at the North and South poles. According to another tenacious and surprisingly recent theory, the North Pole was topped by a huge iron cone, which was the source of the planet’s magnetism. The bulk of The North Pole was here is set in the present. Revkin focusses his account on the scientists who undertake polar research, how they do it and the diverse challenges they face. One chapter begins with this riveting opening: “Six of the world’s leading experts at solving Arctic rid- dles are on their knees on the sea ice thirty miles from the North Pole, stumped by three broken bolts” (p. 89). The chapter goes on to relate how the bolts were replaced and the winch repaired, and how the equipment contributes to our knowl- edge of the ocean, atmosphere and climate in the Arctic. The heroes of Revkin’s book are polar sci- entists and the divers, technicians and others who work with them. In the harsh environment of the Arctic, research teams must combine “the brain- power of scientists with the brute strength of fur- niture movers, the wile of small-town mechanics, the courage (or recklessness) of extreme athletes, and the willingness to carry a shotgun to ward off polar bears” (p. 92). Without oversimplifying its subject matter, The North Pole was here makes science accessible to the nonspecialist reader. The slim book is aimed particularly at young adults but will also appeal to their parents. The chapters are short, the type is large and the text is amply illustrated with pho- tographs, diagrams, maps and other illustrations. Excerpts from New York Times stories relating to the Arctic (about half by the author) are sprinkled throughout the book. An award-winning journalist, Revkin has been reporting on environmental issues for the New York Times for over a decade. Some readers may recognize the author’s name from his recent cov- erage of the Bush administration’s attempt to stifl e Jim Hansen, Director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, after Hansen public- ly called for prompt reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The North Pole was here is well timed: 2007-08 is an International Polar Year, during which sci- entifi c resources around the world will be concen- trated on the Arctic and Antarctic. Its antecedents have taken place in 1882-83, 1932-33 and 1957-58. Revkin traces the Polar Year project back to the inspiration of the Austrian Karl Weyprecht. Upon returning from an Arctic expedition in 1874, the explorer and scientist was determined to per- suade the scientifi c institutions of many nations that it was crucial to coordinate meteorological and geophysical research and to share the result- ing data. Weyprecht’s efforts bore fruit, though it was posthumous: he died the year before the fi rst Polar Year. Fourteen stations ringing the Arctic were established by 11 countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Netherlands, France, Germany, UK, Russia, Canada, US). Revkin observes that the fi rst Polar Year marked a major change in the culture of science, which became more open, collaborative and self-critical. This book is written with the American reader in mind. For example, the Arctic Ocean near the North Pole is described as “two miles deep— deep enough that ten Empire State Buildings could be stacked beneath us” (p. 11). That the book tilts decidedly toward a youthful American readership is appropriate. The American Associ- ation for the Advancement of Science (1990) has made the point that most schoolchildren in the US are not science literate. It behooves the genera- tion of Americans about to come of age to devel- op a basic understanding of the causes, signs and potential impacts of climate change, as well as to improve their knowledge of other major environ- 188 Book reviews mental problems confronting us, such as natural habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity. The scientists who are spotlighted in The North Pole was here are perhaps among the fi rst people to discern the magnitude of human impacts on the natural world; our children may be among the fi rst to have to cope with these changes during their lifetimes. Revkin entitled his book after a sign erected by a scientist at the North Pole Observatory. The joke plays on the fact that the ice supporting the temporary science camp is in constant motion. Less amusing are computer simulations accord- ing to which the ice on the surface of the Arctic Ocean may be gone by the end of this century. As is well known in the scientifi c community, this would have radical consequences for the world. Let us hope that The North Pole was here— a lively paean to polar scientists—is the kind of book that engages young minds in the Arctic and in science itself. Reference American Association for the Advancement of Science 1990: Science for all Americans. New York: Oxford University Press. Accessed on the internet at www.project2061.org/ publications/sfaa/online/sfaatoc.htm. << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 10%) /CalRGBProfile (Apple RGB) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Sheetfed Coated v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Warning /CompatibilityLevel 1.3 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJDFFile false /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /ColorConversionStrategy /LeaveColorUnchanged /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /SyntheticBoldness 1.00 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveHalftoneInfo true /PreserveOPIComments true /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts false /TransferFunctionInfo /Preserve /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /DownsampleColorImages false /ColorImageDownsampleType /Average /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /DownsampleGrayImages false /GrayImageDownsampleType /Average /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /DownsampleMonoImages false /MonoImageDownsampleType /Average /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org) /PDFXTrapped /Unknown /Description << /JPN /FRA /DEU /PTB /DAN /NLD /ESP /SUO /ITA /NOR /SVE /ENU >> >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [2400 2400] /PageSize [595.276 822.047] >> setpagedevice