Heavy metals and macroelements in the tundra of southern Spitsbergen: the effect of little auk AZZe aZZe (L.) colonies BARBARA GODZIK Godzik B.: Heavy metals and macroelements in the tundra of southern Spitsbergen: thc effect of little auk A66e alle ( L . ) colonies. Polar Research 9 ( 2 ) , 121-131 Samples of two species of widely distributed mosses (Sunioniu uncinuru and Hylocomium .splendrt7,\) wcrc eollccted in the Ariekammen-Fugleberget catchment aica (Hornsund. Spitsbergen) within and out5idc little auk Alle ulle (L.) colonies. The concentrations of Cd. Ph, Ni. Zn, Cu. Mn. Fe. N . P , and S i n t h e moss samplcs were found to be 1.5-2 times higher within than outsidc the colonies. Significant diffcrcnco were found for Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe, but not for Ni, M n , N . P. and S . Saniorliu urlcir~ura accumulate5 up to 8 Fg gg' d . w t Cd, 14-Pb, %Ni, 47-211, 9-Cu, 90-Mn, and 1920 kg g - ' d . w t Fc, while Hylocornrurn splendens accumulates up t o 4 K g g ' d . wt Cd, 12-Pb. 3-Ni. 31-Zn, 5-Cu. 60-Mn, and 840pggg' d w t Fe. The colonies of seabirds contributc greatly t o the supply of elements in the tundra ccosy\tcms of southern Spitsbergen. The effect seems, however, to be limited to rather small areas. Barbara Godzik, W . Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krukdw, Poland. Introduction The Arctic tundra consists mainly of mosses, lichens, and, to a lesser extent, vascular plants. The vegetation cover is compact in a several- kilometre-wide strip along the coast, while the vegetation further inland is more sparse (Billings 1973). In Arctic regions, the activity of seabirds is one of the main factors that determines the diversity of vegetation and the degree of vegetation cover. In the FIornsund region little auk Alle alle occurs in large numbers while kittiwake Rissa tridactyla, black guillemot Cepphus grille, Brunnich's guille- mot Uria lomuia, fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, glau- cous gull Larus hyperboreus, and others are less dominating. Large amounts of nutrients are deposited through the faeces of birds. Con- stituents of the faeces are dissolved by precipi- tation and thawing waters, transported through tundra systems by temporary streams (Krzyszow- ska 1983), and partly washed out to sea. The remainder is utilized by the vegetation, which is always more abundant close to sites inhabited by birds than elsewhere (Eurola & Hakala 1977). On the coastal cliffs close to the Polish Polar Station at Hornsund there are large colonies of little auks. The little auks feed mainly on Cope- pods (Calanus sp.) during the summer (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1982; Evans 1981) and on other small marine crustaceans and fish during the autumn (Lydersen et al. 1085, 1988). Marine animals in the Hornsund region contain fairly high concentrations of heavy metals (Prota- sowicki 1988). According to Godzik (unpubl. data), various species of marine animals (Amphipoda: Gummarellus homari; Decapoda: Eualus gaimardi, Hyas araneus; Echinodermata: Heliometra glacialis; Pisces: Myxocephalus scor- pius, Liparis Ziparis) from the Hornsund area contain about 1.14-6.43 pg g - ~ ' d. wt Cd, 2.2- 43.5 Pb, 2.5-13.5 Ni, 49.7-185.3 Z n , 4.WS.O Cu, 3.5-22.1 Mn, and 56.8-514.0 pg g-' d. wt Fe. It can be assumed that little auks feeding on these species deposit considerable amounts of the same elements in the tundra ecosystems through their faeces. Because mosses absorb heavy metal ions, they are often used in the assessment of heavy metal pollution of the environment (Riihling & Tyler 1978, 1971; Pakarinen & Tolonen 1976; Grod- zinska 1978). By using the common moss species Sanionia uncinata and Hylocomium splendens, this project has aimed at assessing the effect of colonies of little auk on the concentrations of heavy metals, sulphur, nitrogen, and phos- phorus in the tundra ecosystem of southern Spits- bergen. 122 Barbara Godzik Fig. 1 . Location of Hornsund ( A ) and sites of moss s m p l i n g in the Hornsund area ( B ) . I = Ariekammen: 2 = Fugleherget: 3 = Gnalhcrgrt; 4 = Rasstupet. Heavy metals and macroelernents in the tundra of southern Spitsbergen 123 0 3 0 0 600m 0 Fig. 2. Sites of moss sampling in Ariekammen-Fugleherget watershed. A = Polish Polar Station: B = Water pool: C = Fuglebckken river: D = Hans Glacier moraine. Broken lines indicate houndarics of the watershed area. slopes of the Ariekammen (511 m a.s.1.) and Fug- leberget (569111 a.s.1.) mountains and the flat terrain in the southern part of t h e catchment (Fig. 2 ) . In the western part of the catchment area. on the slopes of Ariekammen, there is a colony of about 50 thousand pairs of little auks. A mosaic pattern of rock rubble divides the colony into rather autonomic subcolonies. T h e density of Study area The studies were carried out on a fragment of tundra vegetation in the Fuglebekken river catch- ment area close to the Polish Polar Station at Hornsund in the southwestern part of Spitsbergen (76"59'N, 15'33' E) (Fig. 1A). T h e catchment area comprises the southern and southeastern 124 Barbara Godzik breeding pairs is usually one pair per 1.5-2.0 m' (Stepniewicz I9XO). In the eastern part of the catchment area (slopes of Fugleberget) little auks occur less frequently. accompanied by small col- onies of kittiwakes. The flat part of the study area is a feeding ground for the pink-footed goose Atiser hrachl.rl7,-ticiiir.s. The vegetation of the Ariekammen-Fugle- berget catchment area is variable. The western part (southern slope of Ariekamman) is "ferti- lized" by birds and supports abundant orni- thocoprophilous plant communities, a condition lacking in the eastern part (Dubiel & Olech in press). Materials and methods Sanioniu iincinoru (Hedw.) Loeske and Hyl- coriiirirn sp1eridetz.s (Hedw.) B. S. G . are the most widespread moss species occurring in both the "fertilized" and "nonfertilized" parts of the catch- ment area. Samples of these mosses were col- lected in June 1986 within the Ariekammen- Fugleberget catchment area (Fig. 2) and at several other sites in the Hornsund fiord (Fig. 1B; Table 1). Samples were taken in the western part of the catchment area, along three transects leading from points elevated about 3 0 0 m a.s.1. on the slopes of Ariekammen towards the flat coastal terrace about 10 m a.s.1. (19 samples, locations 1-19), in the eastern part of the catchment area at the foot of Fugleberget (3 samples, locations 2&22), close t o Gnilherget (1 sample, location 23), and on Rasstupet (2 samples, locations 24- 25). Some of the Sanionia uncinata samples were collected within bird colonies: little auk colonies on Ariekammen (locations 2 4 , % l l , 18), col- onies on Fugleberget (location 2&21), within geese-feeding ground (location 14), and within a colony of kittiwake on Rasstupet (location 25). The remaining samples were collected outside bird colonies or feeding grounds. Five samples of Hylocomium splendens were collected within little auk colonies, on Arie- kammen (locations 9-11, 18) and Fugleberget (location 20). The remaining samples were col- lected either above or below the colonies. Moss samples were air-dried and then oven- dried at 105°C to constant weight. The samples were slowly digested in a 4 : 1 mixture of spectral Tuble I . N u m b e r of samples and localities of mos) collcction in the Hornsund region (a = within hird colonies: b = outside bird colonic%) Species Sanioriio uncinatu Hvlocomium spendens Locality a Ariekammen b 8 samples locations: 2 . 3. 1. 9. 10. 1 I . 11.18 4 samples locations: 9, 10. 11. 18 11 simples 7 samplcs locations. I . 5. 6. 7 , 8 . 12. 13. IS. 16. 17. 19 locations: I . 5. 8. 12, 16. 17, 19 ~~ d 2 samples 1 sample locations: 20. 21 location: 20 Fugleberget b 1 sample - 1 sample - b 1 sample - location: 22 a location: 24 Rasstupet location: 25 a b Gnilodden 1 sample location: 23 Heavy metals and macroelements in the tundra of southern Spitsbergen 125 3 8 I -J pure hitric and perchloric acids o n a hot plate for 3 days until all organic matter was oxidized. T h e solution was then evaporated t o 1 ml and diluted with distilled water to 50 ml. Blanks were run f o r each series of samples. T h e paper bags in which the plants had been stored were treated in the same way as the moss samples. T h e con- centrations of C d , Pb, Ni, Z n , Cu, Mn, and Fe 2 3.84 10.9 1.9 31.1 5.0 35.4 428.3 2860 1729 2.09 3 6.33 12.9 2.8 42.2 6.8 37.6 575.4 2980 1895 2.37 4 7.90 12.0 2.6 46.9 8.0 34.7 530.6 3200 1856 2.34 were determined with a n atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Varian-Techtron model A- 1000). T h e measurements were repeated on a Hitachi 180-80 spectrophotometer. Sulphur was determiend by a nephelometric method, nitrogen by Kjeldahl method, and phosphorus by a vanado-molybdate method (Nowosielski 1968). The concentrations were determined collec- Fuglebcrgct Table 2. Heavy metal, phosphorus, sulphur (yg g-' d.wt), and nitrogen (%) concentrations in Sunionia uncinatu collected in the Hornsund area (localities within bird colonies have been given in frames). Locality N o Cd Ph Ni Zn Cu Mn Fe P S N 20 1.87 9.5 5.4 17.6 10.0 72.7 1362.3 71 21 1.08 9.7 6.0 18.2 8.3 106.1 1919.7 1303 1.37 1 1.58 6.3 1.8 18.3 3.8 25.3 407.1 1880 1206 1 . 1 6 ~- 8 2.41 11.1 2.6 22.4 3.7 38.3 289.6 1700 1264 0.94 9 1.97 13.7 8.1 37.4 6.8 90.2 839.7 2390 1143 1.66 10 2.12 13.7 2.7 22.4 4 . 2 42.7 866.9 I670 1023 1.24 I I 4.48 12.2 1.9 33.9 5.4 29.1 486.3 2880 18x6 2.07 12 4.47 8 . 5 1.8 37.6 5.2 38.5 174.7 3240 1649 2.20 13 1.32 4.3 1.7 21.7 4.3 36.6 220.5 2630 1522 1.69 Y U .w 8% a $ I 1 14 1.13 10.4 5.3 21.6 8.4 71.4 1354.5 2800 1361 1.59 1 15 0.81 11.7 4.6 13.6 3.7 41.3 1058.4 2650 1058 1.03 ~ 16 1.82 8.8 2.2 14.2 2.6 21.5 184.3 1370 1127 1.12 17 1.64 9.0 2.7 12.9 5.0 36.5 794.7 1670 1303 1.24 18 1.66 10.8 5.6 22.0 8.7 88.0 331.4 1970 1071 0.89 19 1.56 6.3 1.7 17.3 3.8 17.0 301.4 1960 1311 1.14 w 3 3 I :: 5 I ~- 22 I S 6 10.6 2.6 13 1 2 8 32.8 425.5 1460 1273 I 19 Gnilodden 23 1.25 7.4 2.6 15.1 2.9 10.7 253.0 1630 1208 0.68 1 24 3.15 12.7 2.1 16.2 2.6 14.5 212.2 2320 1744 1.37 I Rasstupct 25 1.62 7.9 2.1 12.3 1.2 12.6 59.7 1570 1120 0.91 126 Barbarn Godzik Tuhk 3. Mean concenlrations of heavy mctals. phosphorus. sulphur (big g I d.wt) and nitrogen (7%) in Sunionia uncinata collected within thc httle auk colon) on the dope d Ariekammcn ( 1 ) . outside the little auk colony on the slope of Ariekammen (11). in amall bird colonies a t the foot of Fugleherget and Rasatupet (111). outside small bird colonies on Fugleberget. Gniloddcn and Ra5stupet (I\'). ~ Locallt> Cd Pb X I Zn C u M n Fc P S N 1 ( 2 . 3 , 4. 9. 10. 1 1 ) I! ( I . 5 . 6 . 7.s. 12. 1.;. IS) I l l Ill! ' I . 2 4 ) I \' ( 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 5 ) \ SD \ SD \ SD \ 51) 17.3 3.7 1 . 2 0 2 3 3 6.2 2 . 4 3 1 0 0 . 8 5 10.58 4.7 I 4 7 1.76 8.6 2.4 1 . 7 2 0 . 2 Y tively for the green and brown parts of the mosses. Only three samples of Sanionia ~rncirzata were subjected to separate analysis of the green and brown parts. Differences in heavy metal con- centrations were assessed by a Kruskall-Wallis and Student t-test. The heavy metal index (S,) was calculated according t o a procedure suggested by Grodzinska (1978) from the formula where x,, is the content of i-heavy metal in j- location; XI - mean content of i-heavy metal in all locations: in this case j equals 7 ( C d . Ph. Ni. Zn. Mn, F e ) . Results The chemical composition of the samples of Sanionia itticinata collected across the Arie- kammen slopes varies considerably (Table 2 ) . Cadmium and manganese show the widest ranges. and lead, copper, sulphur and phosphorus showed the narrowest ranges. T h e variation is particularly high in the con- centrations of heavy metals and macroelements found along transects I and 11; variation along transect 111 is much smaller. Along transect I. the concentration of cadmium increases sixfold in locations approaching the centre of a colony; that of lead. zinc and nitrogen increases twofold; and the remaining elements increase about 1.5 times. The highest concentrations were found at locations 3. 4 and 9 where the nests of birds were 33.7 6.4 5 1 . 1 57Y.8 2564 1515 1.41 0 . 4 1 1.63 36.2s 202.41 569.7 413.7 0.568 I Y 3 4.0 55.1 436.X 2 l i h 1310 1.34 9 4 1 1.16 11.29 4112.70 591.') 2 2 4 . 8 0 . 4 2 5 Is4 7 3 hh.7 1111.7 7545 l4lX 1.55 2 2Y 3 25 3S.lll 717.75 3(A1 5 2 2 1 . 4 0.237 13.7 2 3 18.7 346.1 1.553 1203 0.03 1 . 3 0 . Y 5 12.25 IX3.0(1 86.2 79.3 0 2 5 5 most densely arranged. A m o n g locations situated within the colonies, the lowest concentrations of elements were found in moss from location 18 which has few nests of little auks (Table 2). When samples of the s a m e species of moss were collected o n the Ariekammen slopes outside the colonies of little auks (localities 1. 5 . 6. 7 . 8, 12. 13, 15). the average concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc were less t h a n half those found within the colonies, concentrations of copper and manganese were about one-third. and of nickel and iron about one-fourth as much (Table 3). Samples of the moss S. rcncinatu collected at locations with few birds (localities 20, 21. 24) contained less t h a n half the amount of the con- centrations of cadmium and zinc found within colonies o n the Ariekammen slopes and similar concentrations of the remaining elements (Table 3). Lower concentrations of heavy metals and macroelements were found in the samples of S. wicinara collected about 100-300 metres below the small groupings of nests (Table 3). The differences in concentrations of Cd, Pb. Zn. Cu. and Fe in the mosses collected within and outside colonies were statistically significant ( P < 0.05). The total index (S,) of heavy metal con- centrations in the mosses allows the separation of the site locations into low content locations (index values ranging from -0.45 to 0.0) and high con- tent locations (index values ranging from 0.0 t o 0.63). The first group comprises the locations outside the bird colonies; the latter comprises those within the colonies (Fig. 3). The moss Hvlocorniittii splendens is a weaker heavy metal accumulator than Saniorziu icncinata. Heavy metals and macroelements in the tundra of southern Spitsbergen 127 300 600m Fig. 3. Index of heavy metal contents of the moss Sunionin unciriala collected on the slope of M f . Ariekarnrncn. Solid circlc ( 0 ) = localities within the Alle alle colony (index value: 0.0-0.64) and in the feeding ground of Anser bracliyrhynchus (locality 14, index value: 0.44). Opcn circle (0) = localitics outside the AUe nle colony (index value: - 0 . 6 0 . 0 ) . Other explanations as in Fig. 2 . H. splendens accumulated only about half the amount of Cd, Ni, Zn and Mn, and about two- third the amount of the remaining elements as did S . uncinuta. Similar to S. uncinata. samples of H . splendens collected within colonies contained higher heavy metal concentrations than those from outside bird-inhabited sites (Table 4). The concentrations of heavy metals in the younger, green parts of S. uncinata mosses were always lower than those in the older brown parts (Fig. 4). The greatest differences occurred in Ni and Mn concentrations. The brown parts con- tained 3 to 12 times more Ni and Mn than the green parts. The concentration of cadmium was 1.5 to 2 times higher, lead 2-3 times, zinc 3-5 times, and copper 3-7 times more than in the green parts (Fig. 4). The differences were stat- istically significant (P < 0.05). Phosphorus and 128 Barbara Godrik Table 4. Heavy nmal\. phosphorus. sulphur (Lcg g - ' d.wtl and nirrogcn 1 % ) conccnlrations of thc moss H ? . k u m t i t o i t .~p/ivtdi~tt.v collectcd in the Hornwnd iircil (localitics within bird colonic., hmc. $ken in friimcs). L ~ K ' i l l i l ~ $1) Cd Pb X i Zn Cu Xln F C P $ 3 ~ ~~ I 1I.Yh 3 . 8 11.7 13.2 2.1) 17.7 173.1 ISW) 827 1.15 5 I l . X . 1 3.5 1.11 13.1 2 . 5 21.3 2lU.Y IM) 9-34 1.1)l h 1 . l W l 12.1.1 1.h 1 1 . 1 2.7 16.1 .iXX.7 1720 MY 1.37 13.11 IYZ.(I I 3 W l hy)o 0.Y4 Ill.? 3.9 Ih.? 473.1 1 3 Y J hY2 ll.wl 163') 1.92 .- 2 I2 II.'J5 5 . 2 11.5 lll.4 2.3 111.4 259.2 1340 605 I).81 9.Y 2 . 2 11.5 245.1 1631) IIUY 1.05 < - i -l ' u I.(lh 8.6 l . Y 12.: 3.7 i 111 1.W 11.3 2.3 ! I 1 4.23 7.11 1.7 3 1 . 5 4.4 28.4 316.2 2WI ! & I iL L Ih I.JII 6.1 I1.Y I - 1 . 1 1 ) h.X 2.2 1ll.Il 2,s 32.4 562.1 I2Wl llN7 0.67 57.6 x-lO.2 13x0 -1 I--- ; IS l..W ? . 5 2 . x 1s.s 4.1 I U ii.w 5.y 1.7 11.5 4.h 13.4 142.1 1421) ' 2 5 ) I l h Y hird wlon\ < 1.Y' S . 6 2 . 2 l d . 4 4.11 2X.X3 4 5 5 6 17Ml IINIX I . I u ( S l ) 1,544 I . Y 2 Il.4Y 0.43 0.3ll 211.29 2 X I I . X 4 737.9 4 3 . 5 1I.SX cwtsitlc \ I . I H C 6.2 1.3 I I ..: 2.7 17.5 282.2 I524 001 11.96 bird idon! SD ii.lS4 2.S3 11.62 1.3s 0 . X 7 7.55 I4h.68 172. I 150.7 K?56 -.. -. . I----..__ . - .------ !--- F u $ l c l l ~ l ~ c . l ' 31 1 . 7 s 5.1) 2. 12.6 3 . 4 11.7 M4.h 2(MI 1173 i ..-- sulphur were accumulated most efficiently in the brown parts. while nitrogen in the green parts (Fig. 4). Discussion The group nesting of seabirds i n the Far North regions is a major factor in influencing t h e varia- bility and abundance of plant associations. In the sites fertilized by bird facces. specitic orni- thwoprophilous associations have developcd (Eurola & Hakala 1977: Dubiel &i Olech in press). The presence of a great colon): (comprising more than SO thousand pairs) of little iluks on the slope of the Ariekammen mountains has caused vegetation to thrive much better than elsewhere in thc catchment area. The little auks remain in their breeding colonies from mid-June to mid-August before later migrat- ing south. In this period. egg-laying. incubation. and feeding of the young take place. Adult and young birds consume about 280 metric tonnes of marine food during this period. About a third of this amount is voided as faeces deposited mainly within the colonies (Klekowski & Opalinski 1983). Previous studies have shown that the con- centrations of nitrogen (as nitrates) and phos- phorus in surface waters were high within the colonies but decreased with increasing distance from the colonies (Krzyszowska 1985). Similarly. the concentrations of N, P and S in mosses collected within little auk colonies at Hornsund were higher than those found in mosses growing on sites not inhabited by birds. This indicates the effect bird colonies have on the levels of macroelements in tundra vegetation of the region. Such elevations of macroelement con- centrations were also found in higher plants of Spitsbergen by Staaland et al. (1983). The range of colony-related effect is small. The concentrations of heavy metals in mosses collected less than 100 m from bird nests are simi- Heavy metals and macroelements in the tundra of southern Spitsbergen 129 1 I Zn Mn b/ 200 P m !003 OW 4 2 1 ' I 1 ' c P il 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 locolily 0 =green pork h9 = brown p o r t s Fig. 4. H e a v y metal, phosphorus, sulphur (pg g - ' d . wt) and nitrogen (%) concentrations in green and brown parts of the mosc Sanionia uricinata (localities I . 2, and 3 , southern slope of Mt. Ariekammenll. 130 Barbara Godzik Table 5. tlrav! mctal. phmphorus. sulphur ( ~ i g - ' d . wt) and nitrogen ( % ) concentrations i n the green ( a ) and brown (h) parts of the nicw Suniormc uncinaru llocalities I . 2. and 3 o n the southern slope of M t . Ariekammcn). Locallt v I 2 3 _ _ - Element d SD h SD a SD b SD a SD b SD Cd Pb Ni Zn c u hln Fe P 5 N I . 7 1 8.6 1.5 13.9 2.1 12.1) 239.2 1340 I035 1.19 0 104 1 .oo 0.10 2.31 0 29 2.42 15.70 - - - 3.21 10.2 5.8 34. I 5.4 95.3 1661.3 1650 1 I43 0.97 0.226 1.90 1.87 7.50 0.59 2.5 2.69 13.2 0.75 5 2 6.01 21.1 261.68 451.1 - 1690 - 1204 - 1.12 0.223 1.21 0.57 3.20 2.30 62.83 0.96 - - - lar to (except for cadmium) the levels found else- where in Hornsund. According t o data by Grodzinska & Godzik (1991, this volume). mean concentrations of heavy metals in Sanionia unci- natci from many locations in Hornsund area are ( p g g - I ) : C d . 0.59; P b , 7.07; Ni, 4.25; C u , 6.01; and Z n . 21.13. Hylocomium splendens accumu- lates similar quantities of these elements. Since concentrations of cadmium. lead and zinc in Sanionia uncinata and Hylocomiuni splendens col- lected within bird colonies a r e considerably higher than the levels found o n many locations elsewhere in southern Spitsbergen, the faeces of sea birds is an important source of heavy metals in sites inhabited by birds. Higher concentrations of heavy metals found in older (brown) parts of mosses compared with younger (green) parts agree well with findings by other authors (Lotschert e t al. 1975; Grodzinska 1978). It may thus be concluded that colonies of sea- birds play an important role in introducing heavy metals and macroelements t o the tundra eco- systems of southern Spitsbergen. T h e range of this effect is limited to the closest surroundings of colonies of nests. Acknowledgernenrs - This work was supported by the Polish Academy of Scicnccs. programme CPBP 03.03. References Billings, W. 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