Brachiopod zonation and age of the Permian Kapp 
Starostin Formation (Central Spitsbergen) 
KOJI NAKAMURA, GAKW KIMURA AND T H O R E  S. WINSNES 

Nakamura, K., Kimura, G .  & Winsnes, T. S. 1987: Brachiopod zonation and age of the Permian Kapp 
Starostin Formation (Central Spitsbergen). Polar Research 5 n.s., 207-219. 

This study has defined five brachiopod assemblage zones within the Permian Kapp Starostin Formation 
of Festningen. Central West Spitsbergen. They are designated as the Horridonin timanica zone. the 
Waagenoconcha sp, A (Gobbett 1964) zone, the Megousia weyprechri zone, the Pterospirifer ulatiis zone 
and the Haydenella wilczeki zone in ascending order. Only the lower three zones are recognized in thc 
same formation of Sveltihel. 

The first zone, which is exactly equivalent to the ’Spirifer Limestone’ as well as the Varingcn Member 
of the Kapp Starostin Formation, is probably Kungurian in age. The last zone. situated near the uppermost 
portion of the Hovtinden Member, may possibly have a brachiopod assemblage matching that of the 
Cvclolohus-bearing beds of the Foldvik Creek Formation in Central East Greenland. Consequently. the 
uppermost heds of the Kapp Starostin Formation are chronologically dated as late Permian, most probably 
as Dzhulfian of the Tethys Province. 

Koji Nakamrtra, Deparrmenr of G e o l o g y  arid Mineralogy. Fucuiy of Science, Hokkaido University. Siipporo. 
Japan; G a k u  Kimura. G e o l o g y  Laborarory. Faculty of Educarion. Kngawn U n i i i e r s i r ~ .  Takamalsu. Jupan: 
Tliore S. Winsnes. Norsk Polarinsrirutr, Rolfstnngveien 12. 1330 O s l o  Lufthaon. N o r w a y :  January 1987 
(revised August 1987). 

It has been well known for a long time that there 
is a debate among Permian workers over the 
age of the ‘Productus Chertstones’, ‘Brachiopod 
Cherts’ and ‘Spirifer Limestone’ in the Svalbard 
Archipelago, in spite of the presence of rich and 
well-preserved megafossils including brachio- 
pods, bryozoans, corals and sponges. This unsatis- 
factory situation is attributed to the complete 
lack of ammonoids or fusulinids, which are 
more suitable for age determination, in those 
beds. The name Tempelfjorden Group was pro- 
posed to replace the old terms of ‘Brachiopod 
Cherts’ and ‘Spirifer Limestone’, and the name 
Kapp Starostin Formation was used rather 
restrictedly by Cutbill & Challinor (1965) for the 
marine Permian distributed in the Spitsbergen 
trough area. The most recent comments on the 
age of the uppermost beds of the Tempelfjorden 
Group were given by Steel & Worsley (1984) as: 
‘There remains much uncertainty as to how far 
sequences assigned to the group extended into 
the Late Permian and opinions vary considerably: 
we indicate a ?Kazanian age for the youngest beds 
and hope that studies of palynomorphs, con- 
odonts and foraminifers now in progress may 
elucidate this problem’. On the other hand, vari- 
ous ages have also been suggested since the 1900s 

for the lower border of the Tempelfjorden Group 
or the Kapp Starostin Formation. In short, these 
two problems seem to be debatable even today. 

In 1984, a cooperative study between Norsk 
Polarinstitutt and Hokkaido University, Japan 
was undertaken in West Central Spitsbergen, the 
main objective of which was to obtain detailed 
stratigraphical and palaeontological information 
about the Permian and the Permian-Triassic 
boundary. For these purposes, two stratigraphical 
sections of the Kapp Starostin Formation exposed 
along the south side of Isfjorden were measured 
both at Festningen and at Sveltihel, the latter 
being located about 60 km east of the former (Fig. 
1). Study in Japan led to the recognition that the 
brachiopod assemblage of the upper part of the 
Kapp Starostin Formation was allied, as a whole, 
to that of the Upper Permian Foldvik Creek For- 
mation in Central East Greenland. As a result, 
the more or less precise age of the uppermost 
beds of the Kapp Starostin Formation could be 
deduced. 

Stratigraphy 
As stated earlier, the name Tempelfjorden Group 
was introduced by Cutbill & Challinor (1965) 



208 K. Nakamura, G. Kimura & T. S .  Winsnes 

Fig. I .  Map 01 w u t h c r n  Spir,bcrscn 5 h o w n g  t h c  l o c a t i o n  of 
Festningun a n d  Svrltihul 

for marine late Permian sequences exposed i n  
Svalbard. According to them. this group com- 
prised the Kapp Starostin Formation in the Spits- 
bergen trough area, the Tokrossaya Formation 
on S ~ r k a p p ~ y a  and 'Spirifer Limestone' on Bjorn- 
oya. T h e  name Miseryfjellet Formation was later 
given to the 'Spirifer Limestone' on B j d r n ~ y a  by 
Worsley & Edwards (1976). T h e  type section 
designated by Cutbill & Challinor for the Kapp 
Starostin Formation was Festningen. Central 
West Spitsbergen. A three-fold division of the 
Kapp Starostin Formation was further proposed 
by them. i n  which they delineated in ascending 
order the Vbringen, Svenskeegga and Hovtinden 
Members. 

A .  Festrlirlgen section 

The schematic section simplified from the detailed 
column measured by the Japanese members at 
Festningen is given in Fig. 7 .  The Kapp Starostin 
Formation is about 400 m thick and can be classi- 
fied into 12 lithologic w i t s .  At its base the VcWin- 

gen Member, formerly called 'Spirifer Limestone' 
or 'Limestone A' ( G e e  et al. 1952), is composed 
of only o n e  lithologic unit (Unit 1) which is made 
u p  of white coarse limestones in the lower part 
and grey marly limestones in the upper, and is 
dominated by brachiopod fossils and accom- 
panied by a lesser number of bryozoans, corals 
and so o n .  

The Voringen Member is overlain by the 
Svenskeegga M e m b e r ,  which contains Units 2 , 3 ,  
4 and 5. A m o n g  these, Units 2 4  are made u p  
of clastic rocks, such as sandstone, shale and 
chertstone, and a r e  very poor in organic remains. 
Unit 2 is characterized by the inclusion of cal- 
careous nodules at several horizons. T h e  upper- 
most Unit 5 consists mostly of light-grey bedded 
limestones and is prolific in megafossils, such as 
brachiopods, corals, bryozoans and sponges. 

T h e  Hovtinden Member may b e  better sub- 
divided into Lower, Middle and Upper Beds. 
Units 6 8  a r e  included in the Lower Bed. of which 
Units 6 and 7 consist lithologically of shales and 
chertstones, while Unit 8 consists of limestone. 
Brachiopods were collected from several horizons 
of Units 6 and 7. Unit 8 is marked by a sudden 
increase of large brachiopods and bryozoans, to 
which corals and sponges are associated. The 
Middle Bed is composed of Unit 9, represented 
by shales with a few brachiopods and pelecypods 
in its upper part. and Unit 10, consisting mostly 
of limestones rich in brachiopods and bryozoans. 
The Upper Bed comprises Units 11 and 12 and is 
composed mostly of shales. A glauconitic sand- 
stone layer was observed in Unit 11, while some 
nodular limestone lenses are intercalated in Unit 
12. Brachiopods and corals were found in Unit 
1 1 .  and some sponge remains were collected from 
the uppermost beds of Unit 12. 

B .  Sueltihel section 

The Kapp Starostin Formation outcrop a t  Svelt- 
ihel was briefly described by Gobbett (1964) and 
by Major & Nagy (1972). T h e  formation 
measured about 340 m in thickness and was litho- 
logically divided into 11 units. as shown in Fig. 3. 
The VQringen Member, corresponding to Unit 
1, is composed mostly of limestones and sandy 
limestones. and it yielded numerous brachiopods 
together with some bryozoans, corals and 
sponges. as at Festningen. T h e  Svenskeegga 
Member is represented by Units 2, 3 and the 
lower half of Unit 4, all of which are made up of 



i 
T

e
m

p
e

l
f

j
o

r
d

e
n

 
G

r
o

u
p

 
F

o
r

m
a

t
i

o
n

 
K

a
P

P
 

S
t

a
r

o
s

t
i

n
 

h
 

0
 

0
 

w
 

0
 

0
 

N
 

D
 

0
 

?
 

,
I
 

HO
RI

ZO
N 

0
 

0
 

0
 

1
 H

o
rr

id
o

n
id

 
ti

m
a

n
ic

a
 

ST
U

C
K

EN
B

ER
G

 
2 

H
o

rr
id

o
n

ia
 

g
r

a
n

u
li

fe
r

a
 

(T
O

U
L

A
) 

3 
C

h
a

o
ie

ll
a

 n
e

o
in

fl
a

ta
 

(L
IC

H
A

FS
W

) 
4 

M
u

iw
o

o
d

ia
 

m
a

m
a

ta
 
(K

EY
SE

RL
IN

G)
 

5 
N

e
o

s
p

ir
if

e
r

 g
ro

n
w

a
ll

i 
D

U
N

BA
R 

6 
d

n
e

m
n

a
r

ia
 p

se
u

d
o

h
o

rr
id

a
 
(W

IM
AN

) 
7 

S
p

ir
if

e
r

e
ll

a
 d

ra
sc

h
e

i 
(T

O
U

LA
) 

8 
M

u
iw

o
o

d
ia

 
d

u
p

le
x

 
(W

IM
A

N
) 

9 
W

a
a

q
en

o
co

n
ch

a
 

w
in

n
n

i 
SA

R
Y

TC
H

EV
A

 
1
0
 W

a
a

ye
n

o
co

n
ch

a
 

sp
. 

A
 

(G
D

B
B

E
T

T
) 

1
1
 C

le
io

th
y

ri
d

in
a

 
p

e
c

ti
n

if
e

r
a

 
(D

 ‘ O
R

B
IG

N
Y

) 
1

2
 C

le
io

th
y

ri
d

in
a

 
k

o
tl

u
k

o
v

i 
ST

E
P

A
N

O
V

 
1

3
 U

c
h

a
re

w
ia

 s
p

it
sb

e
rg

ia
n

a
 

G
O

B
B

ET
T 

1
4

 N
e

o
s

p
ir

if
e

r
 s

tr
io

-p
a

ra
d

o
x

u
s 

(T
O

U
LA

) 
1

5
 W

a
a

g
en

o
co

n
ch

a
 

p
a

y
e

ri
 

(T
O

U
L

A
) 

1
6

 M
e

y
o

u
si

a
 

w
e

y
p

re
c

h
ti

 
(T

O
U

L
A

) 
17
 S

tr
e

p
to

rh
y

n
c

h
u

s 
k

e
m

p
e

i 
A

N
D

ER
SS

O
N

 
18

 M
u

ir
w

o
o

d
ia

 
y

re
e

n
la

n
d

ic
a

 
D

U
N

BA
R 

1
9

 S
te

p
a

n
o

v
ie

ll
a

 
c

u
rv

a
ta

 
(T

O
LM

A
C

H
EV

) 
20

 
L

ic
h

a
re

w
ia

 
w

im
n

i 
W

B
B

E
T

T
 

2
1

 T
h

u
le

p
ro

d
u

c
tu

s 
c

r
a

s
s

a
u

r
it

u
s

 
SA

R
Y

TC
H

EV
A

 a
nd
 

W
A

TE
R

H
O

U
SE

 
22

 P
te

r
o

s
p

ir
if

e
r

 a
la

tu
s

 
(S

C
H

L
O

T
H

E
IM

) 
2

3
 P

le
u

ro
h

o
rr

id
o

n
ia

 s
c

o
re

sb
y

e
n

si
s 

D
U

N
BA

R 
24

 
C

h
o

r
is

ti
 te

s
 s

m
d

e
rb

e
rq

h
i 

D
U

N
BA

R 
25

 O
d

o
n

to
sp

ir
if

e
r 

m
ir

a
b

il
is

 
D

U
N

BA
R 

26
 L

io
s

o
te

ll
a

 
sp

it
zb

e
rg

ia
n

a
 

(T
0U

L.
A

) 
27

 
L

ic
h

a
re

w
ia

 
sp

. 
28

 P
a

e
c

k
e

lm
a

n
n

ia
 

to
u

la
i 

D
U

N
BA

R 
29

 K
o

c
h

ip
ro

d
u

c
tu

s 
p

le
x

ic
o

s
ta

tu
s

 D
U

N
BA

R 
30

 M
eg

o
u

si
a

 
y

a
k

u
ti

c
a

 
(L

IC
HA

RE
W)

 
31
 H

a
y

d
e

n
e

ll
a

 g
e

fo
e

n
s

is
 

(L
IC

H
A

R
E

W
) 

3
2

 H
a

y
d

e
n

e
ll

a
 w

il
c

z
e

k
i 

(T
O

U
LA

) 

Ho
vt

in
de

n 
M-

b.
 

1 
Mi

dd
le

 
I 

U
p

p
er

 
Lo

we
r 

/#
ri

n
g

e
n

 
M

b.
 

Sv
en

sk
ee

gg
a 

M
-b

. 

M
e

g
o

u
sl

a
 

P
te

r
o

s
p

ir
 H

a
yd

en
e 

lWaage
noconC

hasp’* 
‘. I

 W
e

v
D

re
c

h
ti

 
7.. 

I al
a

tu
s

 
ZI 

w
il

c
. 
tl 

B
 Sha

le
 

0
 Sand

st
on

e 

Ch
er

ts
ta

ne
 

N
o

d
u

le
 

1
7

 
18
 

20
 

2
1

 

2
8

 

30
 

3
1

 .’
 

32
 

I 

F
ig

. 2
. 

R
an

ge
 c

ha
rt

 o
f 

th
e 

br
ac

hi
op

od
s 

of
 t

he
 K

ap
p 

St
ar

os
ti

n 
Fo

rm
at

io
n 

at
 F

e
st

n
in

g
e

n
, 

C
cn

tr
al

 W
cs

t 
Sp

it
sb

er
ge

n 



T
e

m
p

e
l

f
j

o
r

d
e

n
 

G
r

o
u

p
 

K
a

P
P

 
S
 
t 

a 
r 

o 
s 

t 
i 

11
 

F
o

r
m

a
t

i
o

n
 

'
\
 

\
 

\
 

-
\
 ', '
\
 

H
O

R 
I Z
ON
 

1
 Y

a
k

o
v

le
v

ia
 i

m
p

re
ss

a
 

(T
O

U
L

A
) 

2 
H

o
rr

id
o

n
ia

 
ti

m
a

n
ic

a
 S

T
U

C
K

E
N

B
E

R
G

 
3 

H
o

rr
id

o
n

ia
 

q
ra

n
u

li
fe

ra
 

(T
O

U
L

A
) 

4 
W

a
a

g
en

o
co

n
ch

a
 i

r
q

in
a

e
 (

ST
U

C
K

E
N

B
E

R
G

) 
5 

C
h

a
o

ie
ll

a
 n

e
o

in
fl

a
ta

 
(L

IC
H

A
R

E
W

) 
6 

N
e

o
sp

ir
if

e
r 

q
rd

n
w

a
ll

i 
D

U
N

B
A

R
 

7 
S

p
ir

if
e

r
e

ll
a

 p
o

la
r

is
 W

IM
A

K
 

8 
d

th
y

r
is

 a
m

d
ru

p
i 

D
U

N
B

A
R

 
9 

C
a

n
c

ri
n

e
ll

a
 

te
n

u
is

si
m

a
 

G
O

B
B

E
T

T
 

10
 C

a
n

c
ri

n
e

ll
a

 
sp

. 
1

1
 C

le
io

th
y

ri
d

in
a

 p
e

c
ti

n
if

e
r

a
 

(D
'O

R
B

IG
N

Y
) 

1
2

 A
n

em
o

n
a

ri
a

 
p

se
u

d
o

h
o

rr
id

a
 
(W
IM
AN
) 

1
3

 W
a

a
q

en
o

co
n

ch
a

 
s

p
. 

1
4

 P
a

e
c

k
e

lm
a

n
n

e
ll

a
 

s
p

. 
1

5
 C

le
io

th
y

ri
d

in
a

 k
o

tl
u

k
o

v
i 

ST
E

PA
N

O
V

 
1

6
 L

ic
h

a
re

w
ia

 
c

fr
. 

sp
it

sb
e

rq
ia

n
a

 
G

O
B

B
E

T
T

 
1

7
 S

p
ir

if
e

r
e

ll
a

 s
a

ra
n

a
e

 
(V

E
R

N
E

U
IL

) 
18
 A

n
id

a
n

th
u

s 
a

a
q

a
rd

i 
(T

O
U

L
A

) 
1

9
 N

e
o

sp
ir

if
e

r 
c

fr
. 

st
ri

o
-p

a
ra

d
o

x
u

s 
(T

O
U

LA
) 

2
0

 M
eq

o
u

si
a

 
w

e
y

p
re

c
h

ti
 

(T
O

U
L

A
) 

2
1

 K
o

c
h

ip
ro

d
u

c
tu

s 
p

le
x

ic
o

s
ta

tu
s

 D
U

N
B

A
R

 
22

 
L

io
s

o
te

ll
a

 d
e

li
c

a
tu

la
 

D
LJ

N
BA

R 
2

3
 

K
ro

to
v

ia
 

sp
. 

24
 

N
e

o
sp

ir
if

e
r 

s?
. 

25
 

L
in

g
u

la
 

fr
e

b
o

ld
i 

G
O

B
B

E
T

T
 

N
 

w
 

0
 

0
 

0
 

0
 

P
r'

 
Iw

/ 
c
 

I 
i
n
 

rn
 

M
b.

 
1 

H
o

v
ti

n
d

e
n

 
M

b*
 

I 
L
o
w
e
r
 

V
d

ri
n

g
e

n
 M

b.
 

S
v

e
n

sk
e

e
g

g
a

 

I 
I 

L
im

e
s

to
n

e
 

S
h

a
le

 

1-1 
C

o
n

g
lo

m
e

ra
te

 1
1
 

10
 9
 iL 16 17 18 L

 
19
 

20
 

i 
M

id
d

le
 
- 

U
p
p
e
r
 

eq
ou

sih
----

7 

"'I 23 
2

5
 

2
4
A
 

F
ig

. 3
. 

R
an

ge
 c

ha
rt

 o
f 

th
e 

br
ac

hi
op

od
s 

o
f 

th
e 

K
ap

p 
St

ar
os

ti
n 

F
or

m
at

io
n 

at
 S

ve
lt

ih
el

. C
en

tr
al

 S
pi

ts
be

rg
en

. 



Brachiopod zonation 211 

The Horridonia timanica Zone is the lowest 
zone, characterized particularly by the abundance 
of productoid brachiopods including Horridonia 
timanica, H .  granulifera, Yakovleuia impressa, 
Waagenoconcha irginae, Muirwoodia mammata, 
and Chaoiella neoinflata. Other notable species 
are Neospirifer gron walli, Spiriferella polaris and 
S. draschei. The absence of Yakouleuia impressa 
at Festningen is noteworthy. This may be due to 
environmental control. The Waagenoconcha sp. 
A (Gobbett) Zone is established with the vertical 
distribution of the named species from Unit 4 to 
the lower half of Unit 7 at Festningen. Other 
diagnostic species of this zone are Muirwoodia 
duplex, Waagenoconcha wimani and Cleiothy- 
ridina kotlukoui. Special attention should be paid 
to the first appearance of a characteristic late 
Permian genus Licharewia in the lower part of the 
equivalent of this zone at Sveltihel. The Megousia 
weyprechti Zone is clearly delineated both at 
Festningen and Sveltihel. Megousia weyprechti, 
Waagenoconcha payeri, Muirwoodia greenland- 
ica, Stepanoviella curuata, Licharewia wimani, 
Streptorhynchus kempei, and Thuleproductus 
crassauritus are confined to this zone, as far as 
our collection is concerned. Gobbett (1964). how- 
ever, described Streptorhynchus kempei from the 
‘Spirifer Limestone’ of Spitsbergen. The Ptero- 
spiriferalatus Zone is identified only at Festningen 
and is characterized by the following species: 
Pterospirifer alatus, Pleurohorridonia scoresby- 
ensis, Choristites sdderberghi, Odontospirifer 
mirabilis, Liosotella spitsbergiana, and 
Paeckelmannia toulari. Several species from the 
Megousia weyprechti and Pterospirifer alatus 
Zones are common to those described from the 
Foldvik Creek Formation in Central East Green- 
land. The Haydenella wilczeki Zone lies within 
the uppermost zone, and diagnostic species of this 
zone are Haydenella wilczeki and H .  gefoensis. 
This zone has been recognized only at Festningen. 

There may be several possible reasons for the 
remarkable stratigraphical changes in brachiopod 
assemblage recognized within the Kapp Starostin 
Formation. Malkowski & Hoffman (1979) sug- 
gested that the presence of some changes in rela- 
tive water depth probably originated from the sea 
level change during the interval of deposition 
of the Kapp Starostin Formation, based on the 
analysis of the lithofacies and biofacies. This 
seems to be one of the reasons for the above 
mentioned changes of the brachiopods. 

It is noteworthy, however, that the same bio- 

various kinds of clastic rocks. Brachiopods were 
only found in Unit 4. All beds from the upper 
half of Unit 4 to Unit 11 may be included in the 
Hovtinden Member, and they are mostly com- 
posed of altered cherts with thin limestone as well 
as shale layers, except for the uppermost Unit 11 
represented by glauconitic sandstones. Amongst 
these units, Units 5 and 6 contain several layers 
yielding brachiopod remains. 

Brachiopod zonation 
Stepanov (1957) considered that the brachiopod 
fauna of the whole ‘Brachiopod Cherts’ repre- 
sented only one period, and he proposed a Sval- 
bardian Stage for them. Gobbett (1964) basically 
followed Stepanov’s view in this and wrote: ‘The 
brachiopods described by Frebold (1937) from 23 
horizons facilitate a three-fold division of the 
section (Forbes et al. 1958). However, these three 
groups of species are based on collections which 
are small and poorly-preserved in comparison 
with those from inner Isfjorden. Extensive col- 
lecting from the Brachiopod Chert, including the 
Spirifer Limestone, shows that the brachiopod 
fauna of this formation is essentially uniform.’ 

According to our own examination, however, 
brachiopod assemblages vary considerably from 
horizon to horizon, apart from the presence of a 
few long-ranging species, as shown in Fig. 2. So 
we support Frebold (1937). Most of the brachio- 
pod species collected from the Voringen Member 
(Unit 1) are of early Permian forms, while late 
Permian ones are enumerated in Unit 5 of the 
Svenskeegga Member and in Units 8, 10 and 
11 belonging to the Hovtinden Member. Five 
brachiopod zones are recognized within the Kapp 
Starostin Formation of Festningen as the Hor- 
ridonia tirnanica Zone. the Waagenoconcha sp. A 
(Gobbett 1964) Zone, the Megousia weyprechti 
Zone, the Pterospirifer alatus Zone and the Hay- 
denella wilczeki Zone from old to young, on the 
basis of the vertical distribution of brachiopod 
species. 

The Horridonia timanica and Megousia wey- 
prechti Zones are also recognized at Sveltihel 
(Fig. 3). The occurrence of Cleiothyridina kot- 
lukovi and Anemonaria pseudohorrida in Unit 4 
and its stratigraphical position at Sveltihel 
strongly suggest that this unit may correspond to 
Unit 5, the lower part of the Waagenoconcha sp. 
A Zone at Festningen (Fig. 4). 



212 K .  Nakamura, G. Kimura d T .  S. Winsnes 

300 

! O O  

100 

0 

r; 
s 
C 
M 
C .r( 
!+ 

3 

. . , \ . 

-.----- 

stratigraphical relations in brachiopod assem- 
blage are basically traceable i n  the counterparts 
of the Kapp Starostin Formation in Central East 
Greenland, specifically in the Foldvik Creek For- 
mation. and in Ellesmere Island, as well as in 
the Assistance and Trold Fiord Formations (Liao 
pers. comm. 1986). This means that the vertical 
changes of brachiopod assemblages in the Kapp 

F i g .  1. Correlation ot t h e  
hrarhiopod zones between 
Fest ninge n m d  Svel t i hel, 

Starostin Formation are not locally restricted only 
to the Spitsbergen trough a r e a ,  but a r e  also 
extended to the other parts of the Boreal Sea 
areas. Therefore, the brachiopod zonation pre- 
sented here undoubtedly has a chronostrati- 
graphical significance and has a n  effect on 
correlation between the Permian sequences dis- 
tributed in the Boreal Sea areas. 



Brachiqvod zonation 213 

Correlation with East Greenland 
The Tethyan Permian sequences usually contain 
abundant ammonoids, fusulinids, conodonts and 
brachiopods that are useful for international cor- 
relation and age-determination. So a correlation 
of the Kapp Starostin Formation with rocks of 
the Tethys could be expected. At present, 
however, this is impossible with any certainty 
using palaeontological means. There are two 
major reasons for this difficulty: (1) neither 
ammonoids nor fusulinids have been discovered 
in the Kapp Starostin Formation, and the occur- 
rence of conodonts is rare and confined to the 
Voringen Member, which comprises the lowest 
beds of the formation: (2) the brachiopod fauna 
in the Kapp Starostin Formation has very little 
similarity to corresponding faunas in the Tethys. 
Nevertheless, we have a reasonably satisfactory 
method by which the relative age of the Kapp 
Starostin Formation may be determined. This 
relies upon brachiopod correlation of the Kapp 
Starostin Formation with the more precisely aged 
Upper Permian of Greenland, already dated by 
the ammonoid Godthatihites kullingi. 

Gobbett (1964) argued that the Permian of 
Central East Greenland belonged to the upper- 
most part of the Permian and was thus con- 
siderably younger than the Svalbardian, which 
was actually represented by the ‘Spirifer Lime- 
stone’ and ‘Brachiopod Cherts’ (now the Kapp 
Starostin Formation). We do not accept this, but 
propose that the upper half of the Hovtinden 
Member of the Kapp Starostin Formation is 
mostly contemporaneous with the Foldvik Creek 
Formation in Central East Greenland, while the 
Voringen Member of the formation agrees in age 
with the upper part of the Upper Marine Group 
(from G-300 to H-119) of Northeast Greenland, 
based on the high degree of similarity of 
brachiopods. 

As far as the brachiopods from East Greenland 
are concerned. n o  new systematic contributions 
have been made since Dr. Dunbar’s papers 
appeared in 1955 and 1962. Therefore, we are 
now obliged to reproduce four old sections pro- 
vided with brachiopod information, in order to 
discuss correlations between Spitsbergen and 
Greenland (Fig. 5 ) .  One of them is from Amdrup 
Land of Northeast Greenland (Dunbar 1962), 
while the remaining three are from Scoresby 
Land, Kap Stosch, and Clavering 8 of Central 
East Greenland (Maync 1942; Dunbar 1955). The 

upper part of the Upper Marine Group (now 
known as Mallemuk Mountain Group) of North- 
east Greenland roughly corresponds to the Hor- 
ridonia timanica Zone (‘Spirifer Limestone’) of 
Spitsbergen, based on the mutual occurrences 
of some diagnostic species, notably Yakouleuia 
impressa, Athyris amdrupi, Neospirifer gronwalli, 
Chaoiella neoinflata, and Horridonia granulifera. 
The upper limit of this group might be cut by the 
present topographical surface, consequently the 
equivalent beds to the upper half of the Kapp 
Starostin Formation are not presented in this 
area. As a matter of fact, no definite late Permian 
faunal elements have been found in Northeast 
Greenland, although HBkansson & Stemmerik 
(1984) suggested the presence of a highly diverse 
late Permian fauna in Peary Land. 

In Central East Greenland the marine beds of 
the Foldvik Creek Formation rest on non-marine 
beds or directly on metamorphic basement and 
are believed to be late Permian in age. on account 
of the occurrence of an ammonoid genus G o d t -  
haabites in their upper part. The formation is 
composed of limestones, dolomites. ‘Productus 
Limestone’, Martinia limestone or shale, Posi- 
donia shale. in addition to gypsum and red con- 
glomerate beds. Even though rapid lateral 
changes in lithofacies are characteristic and the 
marine members are in part intertonguing and 
coeval, two brachiopod zones can be strati- 
graphically discriminated within this formation, 
that is, lower Fossil I Zone and upper Fossil I1 
Zone. The brachiopods found in those two zones 
justify a firm correlation of the Fossil I Zone 
and the Fossil I1 Zone to the upper part of the 
Megousia weyprechti Zone and the Pterospirifer 
alatus Zone of Spitsbergen, respectively. The Fos- 
sil I Zone in Greenland and the upper part of the 
Megousia weyprechti Zone in Spitsbergen share 
relatively distinctive forms as Streptorhynclzia 
kempei, Waagenoconcha payeri and Miiirwoodia 
greenlandica. On the other hand, the Fossil I1 
Zone is easily compared with the Pterospirifer 
alatus Zone. on the basis of the mutual occur- 
rences of Pterospirifer alatus, Pleurohorridonia 
scoresbyensis, Choristites s@derberghi and O d o n -  
tospirifer mirabilis. At the Schucherts Flod Valley 
of Scoresby Land the Fossil I Zone is not devel- 
oped, while the Fossil I1 Zone is lacking at River 
14, east of Kap Stosch, although the elements of 
the Fossil I1 Zone are unesrthed together with 
those of the Fossil I Zone from the ‘white block’ 
derived from the underlying beds to be included 



"I 

a a 
a 

@a 

PERMIAN I 
Group Tempelfjorden 

K~PP Staros t in Formation 

Mallemuk Mountain Group 

1 I ASS 1C 

Foldvik Creek Forniatlon 



Brachiopod zonation 215 

Mertonberget, Chydeniusbreen, N y  Friesland. 
On the other hand, specimens of Licharewia wi- 
mani were not figured by Gobbett. He proposed 
this new species from the specimens figured by 
Wiman (1914) from Lovenberget, Ny Friesland. 
Cutbill (1968) tentatively correlated the beds from 
which Wiman collected brachiopods on LovCn- 
berget to the Svenskeegga Member in West and 
Central Spitsbergen. Consequently, there seems 
to be a considerable uncertainty regarding the 
precise stratigraphical occurrence of this genus in 
N y  Friesland, Northeast Spitsbergen. Actually, 
we did not find Licharewia in the V ~ n n g e n  Mem- 
ber, but found it in both the Svenskeegga and 
Hovtinden Members of the surveyed area. 

According to Gobbett (1964), the following 
species were common between the Svalbardian 
Stage and the Upper Permian Foldvik Creek For- 
mation in Central East Greenland: Krotouia lich- 
arewi, Horridonia timanica, Streptorhynchus 
kempei, Neospirifer strio-paradoxus, Spiriferella 
keilhauii, Spiriferellina cristata and Craspedalosia 
pulchella. Of these, the first species was only 
found in the overlying beds of the ‘Spirifer Lime- 
stone’, and the remaining six were described by 
the finder from the ‘Spirifer Limestone’. 
However, the specific identification of Sowerbina 
maynci described from the Foldvik Creek For- 
mation by Dunbar (1955) with Horridonia timan- 
ica is very questionable. Streptorhynchus kempei 
and Neospirifer strio-paradoxus are more abun- 
dant in the Hovtinden Member than in the V0rin- 
gen Member of Central Spitsbergen. Spiriferella 
keilhauii and Spiriferellina cristata are relatively 
long-ranging species. The occurrence of Cras- 
pedalosia pulchella in the ‘Spirifer Limestone’ or 
the Tokrosscbya Formation is noteworthy, because 
the age of this species is well dated to late 
Permian, and it has been known to occur from the 
Lower Kazanian of the Kanin Peninsula, USSR 
(Stepanov et al. 1975), in addition to the occur- 
rence in the Fossil I Zone at Forposten on Cla- 
vering 8 ,  Central East Greenland. In Svalbard, 
specimens assigned to this species were, according 
to Gobbett (1964), detected from the Misery- 
fjellet Formation (‘Spirifer Limestone’) of B j ~ r n -  
~ y a ,  the Tokross0ya Formation of S~rkappBya 
and the ‘Spirifer Limestone’ on the Pyramiden 
summit in Dickson Land. The Miseryfjellet For- 
mation of Bj0rncbya and the Tokross~ya For- 
mation of Smkappoya may partly include Upper 
Permian sediments (Cutbill & Challinor 1965), 
and there is considerable doubt regarding the 

in the Triassic Otoceras Zone. The Foldvik Creek 
Formation near the southern coast of Clavering 
P, is provided with both. The occurrence of an 
ammonoid Godthaabites just above the Fossil I1 
Zone is noteworthy. The Godthaabites-bearing 
beds may be equivalent stratigraphically to the 
Haydenella wilczeki Zone, uppermost brachiopod 
zone of the Kapp Starostin Formation. 

Age assignment 
The age of the Kapp Starostin Formation, based 
mainly on brachiopods that are common to Spits- 
bergen and the USSR, has been assigned dif- 
ferently by many workers. The lower boundary 
of the formation has been regarded as ranging 
from Sakmarian to Ufimian in age, and the upper 
from Sakmarian to latest Permian. 

Age of the lowest beds of the Kapp Starostin 
Formation 

Malkowski & Szaniawski (1977) were greatly 
impressed by the supposed Leonardian affinities 
of the conodonts collected from the Voringen 
Member in Polakkfjellet (Torell Land) and the 
Hornsund regions. On the other hand, Sosi- 
patrova (1967) and Stepanov (1967) considered 
the lowest boundary of the formation to be Kun- 
gurian in age, based on foraminifers and brachio- 
pods, respectively. Further, Burov et al. (1965) 
and Ustritsky (1971), using brachiopods, con- 
sidered the formation only to have started after 
the Kungurian. 

Among these opinions, it should be noted that 
a conflicting age has been given to the brachiopod 
assemblage of the lowest beds of the ‘Brachiopod 
Cherts’ (= ‘Spirifer Limestone’) and the Kapp 
Starostin Formation (= V ~ r i n g e n  Member). The 
presence of Licharewia and several species com- 
mon to the Upper Permian Foldvik Creek For- 
mation of Central East Greenland in the ‘Spirifer 
Limestone’ strongly denotes a late Permian age 
for the lowest beds of the Kapp Starostin Forma- 
tion. Gobbett (1964) described two species of 
Licharewia, L. spitsbergiana and L. wimani from 
the ‘Spirifer Limestone’ of Ny Friesland, North- 
east Spitsbergen. The presence of Licharewia in 
the ‘Spirifer Limestone’ is important, because this 
genus is unknown in the Lower Permian of the 
USSR or elsewhere. Licharewia spitsbergiana was 
described only from the ‘Spirifer Limestone’ on 



216 K. Nakamura, G. Kimura & T. S .  Winsnes 

stratigraphical position of the beds from which 
specimens were collected o n  t h e  Pyramiden sum- 
mit. In short, the stratigraphical occurrence of 
Craspedalosia pulchella in Svalbard is also rather 
uncertain. 

On the other hand. the occurrence of such 
species as Horridonia titnanica, Neospirifer gron- 
walli, Waagenocoticha irginae, Spiriferella dra- 
schei and Yakovleuia inipressa from the Veringen 
Member indicates the Kungurian Age of the 
member. Ivanova (1972) described Horridonia 
timanica, Yakouleuia inipressa, Waagenoconcha 
irginae and Spiriferella draschei from the late 
Artinskian Talatinsk Formation and the Kun- 
gurian Lekborkisk Formation of Pechora, USSR. 
Kulikov (1974) listed Horridonia timanica, Neo- 
spirifer griin walli. Waagetroconchu irginae and 
Spiriferella cf. draschei from the Kungurian of 
the Urals. Although a general uncertainty relating 
to the specific identification and t o  the strati- 
graphical range of these species may exist, these 
occurrences strongly suggest the Kungurian age 
for the lowest beds of the Kapp Starostin Forma- 
tion. I t  thus appears that Yakovleuia impressa is 
restricted to the early Permian in the USSR and 
that it is one of the most important species for the 
correlation of these rocks. A n  important matter 
t o  decide is whether the V ~ r i n g e n  Member is 
early Permian or late Permian in age. I n  this 
paper, the age of the member is tentatively esti- 
mated to be early Permian, in a two-fold division. 
based more on the occurrence of Yakouleuia 
impressa than the uncertain occurrences of Lich- 
arewia and Craspedalosia pulchella. However. 
further study is required. 

A g e  of the uppermost beds of the K a p p  
Starostin Formation 

Recently, most authors presumed the age of the 
uppermost beds of the Kapp Starostin Formation 
to be early Kazanian. because the brachiopods 
from the upper part of the formation indicated a 
close relationship with the Kazanian of the USSR. 
In this respect, the youngest age assumption was 
offered by Cutbill & Challinor in 1965. who main- 
tained that the formation represented the Kun- 
gurian and the whole U p p e r  Permian, but without 
presenting any palaeontological evidence. W e  are 
most concerned that the age of the upper border 
of the Kapp Starostin Formation should be dis- 
cussed more precisely. 

For this purpose, a critical evaluation of Ptero- 

spirifer alatus, o n e  of t h e  diagnostic species of the 
Lower Zechstein, is first taken into consideration. 
The occurrence of this species is restricted o n  
Spitsbergen to the Middle Bed of the Hovtinden 
Member of the Kapp Starostin Formation and in 
Greenland to the Fossil I1 Z o n e  of the Foldvik 
Creek Formation. Quite recently, Dr. Kozur of 
the Hungarian Geological Institute contributed 
very important comments t o  t h e  Newsletter No. 
I1 of SCPS (Subcommission o n  Permian Strati- 
graphy), dealing with the age of the Zechstein 
in the Germanic Basin. He pointed out that the 
base of the Zechstein lay in the Upper Abadehian, 
and it was not far from t h e  Dzhulfian base in the 
Tethys. If this assumption is correct. either the 
Middle Bed of the Hovtinden Member or the 
Fossil I1 Z o n e  of the Foldvik Creek Formation is 
reasonably dated t o  late Permian, in a threefold 
division. The discovery of this species has been 
reported from the Lower Permian of China (Ding 
& Qi 1983) and the Lower Kazanian of the Baltic 
Province of USSR (Suveizdis 1984). However, 
the Chinese specimen figured seems too poorly 
preserved to make a specific identification, while 
the Russian specimen has not been described or 
figured. 

As described earlier, the uppermost brachio- 
pod zone of the K a p p  Starostin Formation, t h e  
Haydenella wilczeki Z o n e  a t  Festningen is exactly 
correlated to the upper part of the Martinia lime- 
stone including an ammonoid Godthaabites at 
Clavering 8. Central East Greenland. Most 
ammonoid workers regard Godthaabites as syn- 
onymous with Cyclolobus except for Waterhouse 
(1972) and Zakharov (1983). T h e  stratigraphical 
distribution of Cyclolobus and Codthaabites is 
shown in Table 1. They a r e  mostly confined to 
rocks of Abadehian-Dzhulfian ages in the Tethys 
faunal realm. T h e  highest horizon of the re- 
presentatives of these genera so far known is the 
Upper Dzhulfian Vedioceras Zone in Trans- 
caucasia, except for the occurrence in the upper- 
most Permian of t h e  Kitakami Mountains, Japan 
(Ehiro & Bando 1985). Although the Cyclolobus- 
bearing horizon in the Kitakami Mountains is 
thought t o  be Changhsingian or Dorashamian in 
age, there does appear to be some doubt. A s  
pointed out by Balme (1979), Teichert & Kummel 
(1976) discussed these matters in detail and then 
accepted the view of Furnish (1966) that t h e  pres- 
ence of Cyclolobus indicated a post-Guadalupian 
age for the Martinia limestone in Central East 
Greenland. 



Brachiopod zonation 217 

3 

10 
i 

z 
4 
0 
J 
0 m 



218 K. Nakamura, G. Kimura & T .  S .  Winsnes 

In short, the uppermost beds of t h e  Kapp Sta- 
rostin Formation of Festningen a r e  estimated with 
high possibility t o  be late Permian in age and 
most probably to be Dzhulfian. Kotljar (1984) 
presented a synopsis of t h e  correlation of the 
Permian between the Urals and Tethys in which 
she correlated the Tatarian Stage of the former 
to the whole of the Upper Midian, Dzhulfian. and 
Dorashamian of the latter, as shown in Table 1 .  If 
this correlation is acceptable, the Kapp Starostin 
Formation lies within the interval from late Kun- 
gurian to early or even early late Tatarian of the 
Russian Permian standard. 

Conclusion 
The Kapp Starostin Formation commencing with 
the ‘Spirifer Limestone’ is about 4 0 0 m  thick at 
Festningen and about 3 4 0 m  at Sveltihel, West 
Spitsbergen. Taking into account the strati- 
graphical and palaeontological evidence, the fol- 
lowing conclusions may be introduced with regard 
to the K a p p  Starostin Formation: 

a )  Five brachiopod zones are identified within 
the formation: they a r e  the Horridonia timanica 
Zone. the Waagenoconcha sp. A (Gobbett 1964) 
Z o n e ,  the Megoiisia wevprechti Z o n e ,  the Ptero- 
spirifer alatiis Z o n e .  and the Haydenella btdczeki 
Zone in ascending order. 

b) The basal part, that is. the ‘Spirifer Lime- 
stone‘. is contemporaneous with the uppermost 
part of the Upper Marine G r o u p  (Mallernuk 
Mountain Group) in the Holm Land and A m d r u p  
Land areas of Northeast Greenland. based on the 
mutual occurrences of some diagnostic brachio- 
pod species. probably indicating a Kungurian age. 

c) The upper part of the K a p p  Starostin For- 
mation, represented b y  the upper three zones. 
roughly corresponds to the Permian Foldvik 
Creek Formation in Central East Greenland. 

d) Two brachiopod zones are recognized in the 
Foldvik Creek Formation. T h e  lower zone (Fossil 
I Z o n e )  is contemporaneous with the Megoiisia 
weyprechti Zone. and t h e  upper o n e  (Fossil I1 
Z o n e )  with the Pterospirifer alatus Zone of West 
Spitsbergen. The occurrence of an ammonoid 
Godthaabires or C~clolobiis just above the upper 
Fossil I1 Z o n e  in Central East Greenland is note- 
worthy. As a result. the Haydenella wilczeki Zone 
in the Kapp Starostin Formation can be strati- 
graphically correlated with the Godthuabites- 
bearing beds in Central East Greenland. and must 

consequently b e  post-Guadalupian (most prob- 
ably Dzhulfian) in age. 

e )  In conclusion, we recommend the Kapp Sta- 
rostin Formation at Festningen, yielding ample 
and various kinds of fossils, as the standard sec- 
tion of the Middle-Upper Permian in the Arctic 
region. The uppermost Permian (Changhsingian 
o r  Dorashamian) may, however, be missing. 

Acknowledgements. - The authors would like to thank Odd 
Rogne. Director of Norsk Polarinstitutt, and Professor Emeri- 
tus Tatsuo Tatsumi (University of Tokyo) who organized and 
directed this cooperative work on Spitsbergen. 

During the stay in Oslo and on Spitsbergen, Nakamura and 
Kimura were extended numerous courtesies by the staff of Norsk 
Polarinstitutt; they are particularly indebted t o  0rnulf Lauritzen, 
Dr. Yoshihidc Ohta. Thor Siggerud and KBre Bratlien for con- 
sultations and advice on the preparation of the field work. 

Atlc M ~ r k  of the Continental Shelf Institute, Norway, kindly 
afforded facilitics for transportation by boat from Festningen to 
Sveltihel. Ayumu Ohta accompanied the Japanese Expedition 
Party o n  Spitsbergen and helped us in various ways. 

Drs. J .  M. Dickins (Bureau of Mineral Resources, Australia), 
N .  Archbold (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial 
Research Organization. Australia), Yu. Zakharov (Far-Eastern 
Scientific Centre. USSR). J .  M. Hurst (Geological Survey of 
Greenland. Denmark). Z. Liao (Nanjing Institute of Geology 
and Palaeontology. People’s Republic of China) and 14. Kozur 
(Hungarian Geological Institute. Hungary) provided various 
important information on the Permian stratigraphy and 
palacontology . 

The project could not have been undertaken without financial 
support from the Polar Research Committee of Kyoikusha Co. 
Ltd. in Tokyo. 

Without their help and interest the completion of this study 
would h a w  been impossible. To all mentioned above. the 
authors are extremely grateful. 

References 
Balme. B. E. 1979: Palynology of Permian-Triassic boundary 

beds at Kap Stosch. East Greenland. Meddr. Grmnlarid 200 
(61. 1-37, 3 pls. 

Burok. Ju. P.. Gavrilov. B. P.. Klubov. B .  A , ,  Pavlov, A. P. 
8: Ustrickij, V .  I .  1965: Novye dannye o verchnepermskich 
otloienijach Spicbergena (New data on upper Permian 
deposits of Spitsbcrgen). Material? PO geologii Spicherpia, 
N l l G A .  112-126. 

Cutbill. J. L .  1968: Carboniferous and Permian stratigraphy of 
Ny Frirsland. Spitsbcrgen. Norsk Polarinst. A r h o k  1966.12- 
24. 

Cutbill. J .  L. & Challinor. A .  1%S: Revision of the strati- 
graphical scheme for the Carboniferous and Permian rocks 
of Spitsbergen and B j B r n ~ y a .  Geol. Mag. 203 (5). 418-439. 

Ding. P. Z .  8: Qi. W .  T 1983: Phyllum Brachiopoda (Car- 
boniferous and Permian). Pp. 244-425 in Xian Institute of 
Geology and Mineral Resources etc. (eds.): Palaeo~rro/ogica[ 
Ailas of Northwest Chino 2. Sciencc Press, Peking (in 
Chinese). 



Brachiopod zonation 219 

Dunbar. C. 0. 1955: Permian brachiopod faunas of Central 
East Grcenland. Meddr. Grenland 110 ( 3 ) .  1-169. 32 PIS. 

Dunbar, C .  0. 1962: Faunas and correlation of the Late Paleo- 
zoic rocks of Northeast Greenland. Part 111 Brachiopoda. 
Meddr. Gr(ti1and 167 (6). 1-14, 2 pls. 

Ehiro. M. & Bando, Y .  1985: Late Permian ammonoids from 
the southern Kitakami Massif, Northeast Japan. Trans. Proc. 
Palaeont. Sac. Japan. n.s. 137, 25-49, 3 pls. 

Forbes, C. L., Harland, W. B. & Hughes, N .  F. 1958: Palae- 
ontological evidence for the age of the Carboniferous and 
Permian rocks of Central Vestspitsbergen. Geol. Mug. 95 ( 6 ) ,  
465-490. 

Frebold, H .  1937: Das Festungsprofil auf Spitsbergen IV. Die 
Brachiopoden- und Lamellibranchiatenfauna und die Strati- 
graphie des Oberkarbons und Unterperms. Skr. Sualbard og 
Ishavet 69, 1-94, Taf. 1-11. 

Furnish. W. M. 1966: Ammonoids of the Upper Permian Cvclo- 
lobus-Zone. Neues Jahrb. Grologie Palaontologie, Abh. 125, 
265-296. pl. 23-26. 

Gee, E. R.. Harland. W. B .  & McWhae. J. R. H. 1952: Geology 
of Central Vestspitsbergen: Part I: Review of the Geology of 
Spitsbergen with special reference to Ccntral Vestspits- 
bergen. Part 11: Carboniferous to Lower Pcrmian of Bille- 
fjorden. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. 62. 299-356. 

Gobbett. D. H .  1964: Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopods 
of Svalbard. Norsk Polarinst. Skr. 127. 1-201. 25 PIS. 

Hikansson, E. & Stemmerik, L. 1984: Wandel Sea Basin- the 
North Greenland equivalent to Svalbard and the Barents 
Shelf. Pp. 97-107 in Petroleum Geology of the North Euro- 
pean Margin. Norwegian Petroleum Society (Graham & 
Trotman Ltd.). 

Iranian-Japanese Research Group 1981: The Permian and the 
Lower Triassic Systcm in Abadeh region. Central Iran. Mem. 
Fac. Sci., Kyoto Unio., ser. Geol. Mineral. 47 ( 2 ) ,  61-133, 6 

Ivanova, V. V. 1972: Permskie brachiopody PeCorskogo bas- 
sejna (Permian brachiopods of the Petora Basin). Pp. 72-161 
in Ivanova. V. V. & Semenova. E .  G.: Srednekamennou- 
gol'nye i permskie brachiopody vostoka i seoera evropejskoj 
Casti SSSR (Middle Carboniferous and Permian brachiopods 
of the east and north of the European part of the USSR) 
Nauka, Moskva. 

Kotljar, G .  V. 1984: Korreljacija stratigrafieeskich Skal perm- 
skich otloienij Biarmijskoj Teticeskoj i Angarskoj oblastej 
(Correlation of stratigraphic scales of Permian deposits of 
the Biarmian Tethyan and Angarian area). Osnovnye cerfy 
strarigrafii permskoj sistemy SSSR. Trudy nouuja serija 286, 
229-233. 

Kotljar, G .  V . ,  Zacharov, Ju.D., KoEirkeviE, B. V. el al. 1983: 
Pozdnepermski ttup tvoljucii organiteskogo mira: diul'fnskij 
i dordamskij jarusy SSSR (Late Permian phase of evolution 
of the organic world: the Dihulfian and the Doragamian stage 
of the USSR). 2OOpp. 

Kulikov, M. V. 1974: Brachiopody kungurskogo jarusa Urala 
(Brachiopods of the Kungurian stage of the Urals). Trudy f r l -  
ta geol. i geochimii Ural'skogo nauC. centra A N  S S S R  109, 
77-123. 

Major, H. & Nagy, J. 1972: Geology of the Adventdalen map 
area with a geological map, Svalbard C9G 1: 100000. Norsk 
Polarinst. Skr. 138, 1-58. 

Malkowski. K. & Hoffmann. A. 1979: Semi-quantitative facics 
model for the Kapp Starostin Formation (Permian), Spits- 
bergen. Acta Palaeont. Polon. 2 4 ,  217-230, pl. 2-3. 

PIS. 

Malkowski, K. & Szaniawski, H .  1977: Permian conodonts from 
Spitsbergen and their stratigraphic significancc: a preliminary 
note. Norsk Polarinst. h b o k  1975, 79-84. 1 pl. 

Maync, W. 1942: Stratigraphie und Faciesverhaltnisse der Ober- 
permischen Ablagerungen Ostgronlands zwischen WoUaston 
Forland und dem Kejser Franz Josephs Fjord. Meddr. Grgn- 
land 115 (21, 1-128. 6 pls. 

Minato, M., Kato, M.. Nakamura, K., Hasegawa. Y . .  Choi. 
D. R. & Tazawa. J. 1974: Biostratigraphy and corrclation of 
the Permian of Japan. Jour. FRC. Sci., Hokkaido Unio.. ser. 
4 ,  I 8  (2-2). 11-47, 

Nakazawa, K., Kapoor, H .  M., Ishii, K., Bando, Y.. Okimura. 
Y .  & Tokuoka, T. 1975: Upper Permian and the Lower 
Triassic in Kashmir. India. Mem. Fac. Sci., Kyoto Unio., ser. 
Geol. and Mineral. 47 ( I ) ,  1-106. 12 pls. 

Pakistani-Japanese Research Group 1985: Permian and Triassic 
System in the Salt Range and Surghar Range, Pakistan. Pp. 
221-312 in Nakazawa, K. & Dickins. J .  M. (eds.): 'The 
Tethys'. her paleography and paleobiography from Paleozoic 
ro Mesozoic. Tokai Univ. Press. 14 pls. 

Sosipatrova. G .  P. 1976: Verchnepaleozojskie foraminifery Spic- 
bergena (Upper Palaeozoic foraminifera of Spitsbcrgen). 
Materialy srratigraf. Spicbergena, N l l G A  , 94-120. 

Steel, R .  J .  & Worsley, D. 1984: Svalbard's post-Caledonian 
strata - an atlas of sedimentational patterns and palaeo- 
geographic evolution. Pp. 109-135 in Petroleum Geology of 
the North European Margin. Norwegian Petroleum Society 
(Graham & Trotman Ltd.). 

Stepanov, D .  L. 1957: Orlovom Jaruse permskoj sistemy Arktiki 
(On a new stage of the Permian system of the Arctic). Vestnik 
L G U ,  ser. geol. i geogr. 24 (4). 2lk24. 

Stepanov. D .  L .  1967: Sval'bardskij jarus i ego poloienie v 
stratigrafifeskoj Skale permskoj sistemy (The Svalbardian 
stage and its position in the stratigraphic scale of the Permian 
system). Sovetskaja geologija 2 .  3-18. 

Stepanov. D. L.. Kulikov. M. V. & Sultanaev, A .  A. 1975: 
Stratigrafija i brachiopody verchnepermskich otloieni j poluo- 
strova Kanin (Stratigraphy and brachiopods of the upper 
Permian deposits of the Kanin Peninsula). Vestnik Lenin- 
gradskogo Unioersiteta 6. 51-65. 

Suvejzdis, P. I. 1984: Pribaltijskaja provincia, Regional'naja 
stratigrafija (The Baltic Province, regional stratigraphy). 
Trudy, novaja serija 286, 105-111. 

Teichert, C. & Kummel. B. 1976: Permian-Triassic boundary 
in the Kap Stosch area. East Greenland. Meddr. Grrnnland 
197 ( 5 ) .  1-54, 16pls. 

Ustrickij, V. 1. 1971: Biostratigrafija verchnego paleozoja Ark- 
tiki (Biostratigraphy of the Upper Palaeozoic of the Arctic). 
NIIGA, Trudy 164. 278 pp. 

Waterhouse, J .  B. 1972: The evolution, correlation and paleo- 
geographic significance of the Permian ammonoid family 
Cyclolobidae. Lethaiu 5 ( 3 ) .  251-270. 

Wiman, C: 1914: Uber die Karbonbrachiopoden Spitsbergens 
und Beeren Eilands. Nova Acta Sac. Sci. Uppsala. ser. 4. 
3 18). 1-92. Taf. 1-19. 

Worsley, D. & Edwards, B. 1976: The Upper Paleozoic suc- 
cession of B j ~ ~ n d y a .  Norsk Polarinst. Arbok 1974, 17-34. 

Zacharov, Ju.D. 1983: Novye permskie ciklolobidy (Gon- 
iatitidae) juga SSSR (New Permian cyclolobids (Goniatitidae) 
of the south of the USSR). Paleontologiteskij furrial 2. 1 2 6  
130.