A91po9mlf_ayh0lo_4hc.tmp 54 YOGA PRACTICE AS A COMPLEMENT TO SAMATHA MEDITATION Sureeporn Moeisawat and Warayuth Sriwarakuel ABSTRACT The demands of contemporary life have led to various kinds of practices to promote physical and mental health. In Buddhist countries, yoga is increasingly attractive to people as a compeiment to the older Theravarda approaches to meditation like Samtha. This paper will explore the phenomenon and show that this increasing practice of yoga is not at odds with Budhhism. Both traditions focus the mind to attain . Increasingly, laypersons and religious people have integrated yoga practice with Samatha meditation, to promote physical and mental health. This paper will introduce the approach of Banyat Dhammasaro, the Thai monk who has attempted to integrate yoga with Samatha meditation. Keywords : Yoga; Samatha Meditation, Dynamic Meditation; Banyat Dhammasaro Introduction ( ) is common, especially for those who live in big cities. The demands of contemporary life . While Theravarda Buddhism has its own meditation techniques, they often do not involve dynamic movement. As a result, in Buddhist countries, yoga is increasingly attractive to people as a compeiment to the older Vol. 23 no. 1 January to June 2022, 54-71 © 2000 by Assumption University Press 55 Theravarda approaches to meditation such as Samtha meditation. This complimentary, as they both attempt to enable the mind to attain . Increasingly, laypeple and religious people are integrating yoga practice with Samatha meditation, to promote physical and mental health. As people in Buddhist countries are increasingly attracted to the more dynamic meditation techniques of yoga, there has been a movement to consider it as a complement to Buddhism. This paper will explore the attempts to use yoga as a complement to Theravarda meditative practices, especially the work of Banyat Dhammasaro. . The word yoga comes from the Sanskrit root ‘yuj’ which means “ to bind, to join, to attach and yoke, to direct and concentrate the attention to use it for meditation”.1 Yoga is the union of the individual of the soul with the absolute. This state is called calm mind, or which is similar to the goal of Samatha meditation. In contemporary society, people practice yoga as a way of improved life and health but not as a religious practice.2 It is practice primarily for meditation and to create an “intimate physical-spiritual” bond.3 Around the world, the adoption of yoga has emphasized its . Currently, the modern medical institute in the West has accepted yoga “as an alternative treatment for many disorders and can complement the conventional medicine system.” 4 So while yoga has its roots as a kind of spiritual practice, its value is not limited by religion. The ultimate goal of yoga is the ability of the mind to reach the highest state of comprehension of nature ( ), “to free from a past impression of any sort, not sought, clear and simply transparent.” 5 Yoga in terms of spirituality is to control the senses, the concentrated mind, and also eliminate negative emotions. This is because the outcomes of yoga practice yoga and keep it as a daily habit. The brain and the mind improve 56 in many ways such as becoming relaxed, calm, tranquil, stable, and then develop towards intelligence and consciousness.6 Samatha mediation or Tranquility mediation Samatha is to make the mind concentrate on the object or is meditation. Because Samatha meditation aims to obtain which has the same meaning as in the Pali canon that “Samatha is to still, to certain, to concentrate the mind, and to make the mind have a power or Samma .” 7 In another words, Samatha means “concentration on another form etc., or color and then silently repeating its name as blue, blue, or white, white; it is called .” 8 When the mind has sustained and gained experience of mindfulness, it becomes tranquil and calm. Samatha is “peace of mind, calm, comfort, and happiness to obtain .” 9 “it helps develop the quality of mind and capacity of humanity for perfection.” 10 Samatha meditation can be practiced in many forms and any place. For example, we concentrate the mind on one object when it is stable and still with the object without getting distracted or lost such as chanting a mantra in any comfortable posture, sitting to pray in a temple, standing with calms, walking with a concentration on something, lying down with control breathing in-out, moving body on an activity with concentration or controlling of breathing, and so on. Similarly, we focus on something with breath-in and breath-out while sitting in a car or train or airplane, etc. meditation (Insight meditation). The goal is for the mind to be able to maintain stable concentration allowing it to reach a higher stage, where it acheives enlightenment wisdom.11 But newer methods were sought to make Samatha meditation more dynamic. Luangpor Teean Jittasubho, the Thai Buddhist monk, taught a method of dynamic meditation which involved developing awareness ( ) by bodily movements. This was directed to lay people and involved simple and easy to practice movements that 57 people could do on their own such as “turning hands, raising and lowering forearms, walking forward and back, turning and nodding head, blinking eyes, opening mouth, inhaling, exhaling, swallowing saliva, and so on, to be aware of these movements.”12 He taught that when people have in every moment which is seeing themselves as; “ - : is the body, is the mind, then they will arise “ , awareness of oneself to know reality as it is, or (knowing) to see Dhamma (the truth of nature, of existence). This practice is called (the grounds of awareness). ”13 Therefore, Samatha mediation or Tranquility mediation, or . Because these meditations are aimed to make, to train the mind to obtain ‘ ’. The ultimate goal of Samatha meditation or Tranquility meditation or concentration is to develop inner peace, to calm the mind to attain .”14 As a result, when we practice Samatha meditation until the mind performs on a calm level of concentration, tranquil and more focused, the mind can be said to reach the stage of which is . 15 In terms of connection of human life in the present, the objective of Samatha meditation is essential “to build up the mental power.” 16 In the Buddhist dictionary, concentration or means “one-pointedness of mind: mental discipline.”17 The word of concentration is similar to in the Pali term, for which P. A. Payutto described the meaning as follows: in simple meaning is the state of a steadfast mind. In academic terms, is anchored on one point, it stays with the object and is not distracted or lost when the mind can stay with the object of its choice.18 Also, is the same meaning as - in the Noble Eightfold Path, which means right concentration. In other words, is the stability of mind, not distracted from one point, strong power, tranquility, peace, and clarity. 58 The Integration of Yoga practice and Samatha Meditation As previously mentioned, yoga practice and Samatha meditation or Meditative mind are universal forms that everyone can do; they are not limited by religious considerations. Besides, both arrive at the same results as . In modern times, yoga practice is well-known and widespread in terms of helping improve physical health and mental health. Whenever laypersons and religious people have integrated practice yoga of the physical body and spiritual mind. Especially, for Thai Buddhist monks who presently have increasing health problems, physical inactivity or less physical movement such as sitting for long hours are the causes of physical and mental health problems. Thus, applying yoga practice together with the traditional meditation process is seen as a way to help enhance the ability to practice and laymen alike. Moreover, this integration is not against the rules of Thai monks and Buddhist teachings. Yoga practice has been adopted by - -khandha, to maintain good health. This approach can also be seen elsewhere in Theravada Buddhism; meditation in Thailand was also in conformity with Theravarda principles. Lunangpor Teean writes: We don’t have to sit with eyes closed to get calmness, but we can have calmness in this very society. Whenever conceiving thought arises, will see it immediately. doesn’t mean to sit with eyes closed. means setting up the mind to see our own mind, to see our own work. 19 body to do and then use the to be with the movement. You can call it or you can call it . The feeling is called sati; is setting up the mind.20 59 Therefore, the compatability of the complimentary nature of Yoga and Theravarda Buddhist Samatha meditation can be supported. This can be seen in a more comprehensive way by looking at the approach of Banyat Dhammasaro, and the meditation approach of Luangphor Viriyang. The Integrative Approach of Banyat Dhammasaro Banyat Dhammasaro was a Thai monk who integrated yoga practice and Samatha meditation to increase the power of meditation, to help improve better concentration and establish mindfulness based on the body. In terms of the meditation process, he complied as walking for one hour, sitting for one hour, and doing yoga for one hour each day. For instance, at the beginning of meditation practice, he applied yoga to concentrate on breathing, by taking a deep inhalation of 10 seconds and longer exhalation of 20 seconds. The next step is to practice yoga such as or the Sun salutation, a series of yoga poses created for practice in the morning, which consists of 12 postures. He described that while practicing yoga the bodily movement must align with smooth and slow breathing. This concentration on breathing and movement calms and stills the mind. blood circulation. First he applied yoga standing poses, as or Palm tree pose is to stand erect, raise the hand above the head, while taking a deep . Then continue the stretching of the whole body upward on the heels and hold the pose for a few seconds. And bring the body down on the heels while exhaling. Its blood circulation of feet and toes. Then he applied Yoga sitting poses, such as the or Lotus pose, where one sits in a crossed legged yoga pose. This pose aids to sustain and deepen meditation, and calm and relax the mind. It also . Concerning the lying down poses, he practiced or . One 60 raises the knees upward, the hands holding the ankles for 5 seconds. After exhaling, one can then return the body down. This is repeated eight times. It helps to increase strengthen muscles of the hip, legs, and spine. It also . The or the Reclining Buddha pose is lying the head with the right hand. The left hand is in line with the hip and bend slightly the knees. Hold the pose 2-3 minutes while breathing in-out softly. . This pose helps to increase the strength of muscles of the legs and spine. Additionally, it improves blood circulation and overall bodily balance.21 Changing physical movement every hour helps improve strengthen bodily muscles and overall health, which promotes the ability to sustain sitting meditation for long hours. Banyat Dhammasaro had integrated yoga practice and Samatha meditation by practicing breathing control ( ) inhalation, and exhalation in order to establish the mindfulness of breathing which is called in Buddha teaching. Another meaning is “mindfulness established on an object all time of each breathing in and breathing out.” 22 This method consists of sixteen stages, it is called “ - . or mindfulness of breathing with sixteen bases.” 23 It is explained in the - . Physical body movement ( ) is aligned with breathing in and breathing out to improve overall health . It ( ) which is called ‘ ’ which is “contemplating the body in the body, out of the entire body, physical and mental.” 24 P. A. Payutto has described as “mindfulness as regards the body” : contemplation on breathing in and breathing out, 61 contemplation on all the bodily movement or posture, clear comprehension, discrimination, circumspection, clear consciousness, awareness. contemplation on impurity of body. ; contemplation of the four elements; determining of the elements. contemplation of the dead body. 25 This integration of the yogic practice of breathing control ( ) physical body movement ( ) and Samatha meditation, is in accord with Buddha teaching that is which is a part of or the four foundations of mindfulness. Yogic breathing control ( ) accords with the method of and physical body movement ( ) accords with the method of . Integration and synthesis refer to combining practice and knowledge from multiple sources in order to create a new approach. In the synthesis of yoga practice and Samatha meditation, walking and sitting meditation is combined with yoga, and reciting is combined with breathing control. Luangphor Viriyang stated that practicing meditation is like “eating easily and comfortably without taking time and place into account.” Even if people only meditate a few minutes at a time, they can get great results. He suggested that people “can mediate in any posture, anywhere and at any suitable time”.29 Focus on the body. Keep the mind focused and awareness on the body such as head, hair, chest, nose, and forehead, etc., during breathing in and breathing out all the time of meditation. Focus on the breath. Close the eyes and deeply breathe in, hold a few seconds, and then give a long breath out. This practice can be done while sitting on the bus, standing pose, laying down, and any comfortable pose in any place. 62 Focus on reciting words. Keep the mind focused on reciting words in the mind; ‘Inhale, Exhale’, or any other suitable words during breathing in and breathing out. Focus on reciting the mantra. Keep the mind focused on reciting words in the mind; ‘Buddho’, ‘Buddho Dhammo Sangho, Buddho Dhammo Sangho, Buddho Dhammo Sangho, or any other suitable mantra during meditation. 30 Accordingly, Banyat Dhammasaro stated that “meditation is a timeless practice. We can mediate on pranayama (breathing control) during the act of breathing.”31 He emphasized that this simple meditation practice can be practiced any place and any time. That is concentration on breathing along with word-counting the breaths leading to the calming of the mind. The outcome of the synthesis of yoga and Samatha meditation. Not only does yoga improve physical health but it also contributes to mental well-being. As the outcome of yoga is the same as Samatha meditation and also similar to . Following S. N. Goenka’s ’s Dhamma, is a universal knowledge which enables everyone to obtain deliverance, by self- observation of physical and mental and by focusing on inhalation and exhalation. This practice can help the people to establish mindfulness on body and breathing. In addition, it allows practicioners to see and to understand nature’s laws of the interconnection of body and mind in order to “dissolve mental impurity, resulting in a balanced mind full of love and compassion.”41 S. N. Goenka claimed that in the popular perception, yoga is only a type of practice and to dispose of diseases or a cure for a particular illness. But he stresses that yoga is a highly spiritual knowledge to obtain peace of mind and the wisdom to emancipate people . As a result, Patañjali’s yoga sutra has been described in the context of its spiritual meaning “the universal truth or omnipresent reality” 42 which everyone can understand the real meaning and the truth of natural laws by personal experience. These truths can lead people to 63 reach calm mind, happiness, and wisdom. When people have , the mind develops wisdom (Pañña) so they can know the cause of their . . These outcomes are similar to . According to Banyat Dhammasaro when people regularly practice yoga and meditation, “ jealousy will naturally recede.”59 Also, positive thinking, compassion, and loving-kindness for others will be increased. People will realize that when they show compassion, and loving-kindness to other people, especially happiness. relationship of people in societies. If the number of yoga practitioners increase, it will help societies by reducing crime, violence, and homicide. It can contribute to peace and happiness. 60 : as a type of exercise, a part of mental rejuvenation, and a practice to develop a spiritual mind. Especially, in terms of the spiritual mind which is the highest value for people to improve peace in mind. In modern life, yoga is an aspect as a type of exercise. It presents itself through the practice of physical exercise ( ) and breathing exercise ( ) help improve hypertension and deducing cholesterol, blood circulation improve balance of the whole of the body system, and so forth. Even though yoga practice seems like an alternative medicine, it must work together in conjunction with conventional medicine. In terms of mental health, practicing yoga can emphasize improving the capability of the mind to become more energetic, relaxed, calm, peaceful, still, clear from negative thoughts and reach meditation or . Because when people concentrate on one object with breathing in and breathing out, it is the practice of And also focus on the step of feet or body movement or any posture is the practice of . 64 Additionally, yoga helps develop a positive attitude and morality of people, because the harmony of physical health and mental health brings sycg positive changes as good attitude and behavior, feeling of sharing and friendliness to another people. —high well-being, and the good relationship in ( ). In the context of spirituality, yoga is a powerful practice. Because yoga is dynamic meditation, it enables the development of the type of concentration found in Samatha meditation, and becomes a path toward the achievement of . Nevertheless, when laypeople and religious people have integrated yoga practice and Samatha meditation, it can help to alleviate the physical problems associated with sitting in meditation for long hours and to promote relaxation. This is in addition to improving the quality of mind power to achieve focus and bliss. Furthermore, when people continuously practice yoga, it can bring about personal happiness service to other people. These results are similar to the ones gained by Samatha meditation. Moreover, when people attain it can be . It can be said that yoga is an alternative way for the practitioner to concentrate on body and breathing, in order to make the mind still and stable. This process paves the way for everyone to improve the mind to reach the high stage of Samatha meditation, which is . Therefore the integration between yoga and Samatha mediation involes practicing yoga together with practicing traditional meditation. So one can combine walking meditation, sitting meditation, breathing control, and reciting together with the practice of yoga. It becomes an enhancement of the ability to practice meditation and acts as a complement to Samatha meditation for both religious people and laypersons in the age which makes so many demands on physical and mental health. 65 ENDNOTES 1 Iyengar, B.K.S. . London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1981, 4. 2 Van Ness, H., Peter. : . 1999, 15. 3 Ferretti, Andrea. . 2012. 4 Business Standard. . 2018. 5 Desikachar, T.K.V. . Vermont: Inner tradition international, 1995, 164. 6 Iyengar, B.K.S. B. . . London: Dorlin Kindersley Limited, 2001, 42. 7 The Pali Tipitaka. . Bangkok: The Mahachula Buddhist University Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University, 1931. 96. 8 Dhammasaro, Banyat. . Bangkok: Thammasapa, 1999, 13. 9 Sirintharo, Viriyang. : . Bangkok: Pra-Cha- Chon company, 1998, 10. 10 Sirintharo, Viriyang. : . Bangkok: Pra-Cha- Chon company, 1998, 13. 11 Jeon, Hyunsoo. . Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, 2018, 32. 12 Jittasubho, L.T. . 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