Microsoft Word - Manuskrip 5.docx Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara P-ISSN 2085-6555 Vol 15 No. 2 | Juli 2023: 324-333 E-ISSN 2715-9256 =========================================================================== Durratun Nashihah Development of Infrastructure, Social, and Economy at Developing Village 324 Development of Infrastructure, Social and Economy at Developing Village 1Durratun Nashihah, Dian Lovitasari 1Universitas Merdeka Malang, Indonesia; durratun@unmer.ac.id Received: January 17, 2023; In Revised: May 21, 2023; Accepted: July 23, 2023 Abstract To increase a nation's prosperity, development must take into account three key factors. Initially, let's look at infrastructure. Infrastructure is crucial in boosting economic growth, with locations with enough infrastructure showing faster growth. The descriptive and qualitative approaches used in this study have the following two research focuses: infrastructure, society, and economy development in a village. The findings of this study show that infrastructure, social, and economic development in developing villages have not been adequately implemented and compatible. The areas where it is not completely implemented and compatible are those related to the construction of infrastructure, such as schools and road amenities. Lack of budgeting and communication issues between village heads and village officials when submitting the development program are to blame for some road facility building delays. Keywords: Development, Infrastructure, Social, Economy, Developing VIllage Introduction A wide concept that cannot be restricted to economic development, economic welfare, or material welfare is development. According to Tasaja (2017), there are three areas of growth that must be concentrated on the community. According to Maryanih, Hermansyah, and Savitri (2014), infrastructure is crucial in fostering economic growth, with places with good infrastructure experiencing higher growth. Programs for infrastructure development in some nations have a greater emphasis on enhancing fundamental requirements and human connectivity, including access to water, electricity, energy, and transportation (highways, railway stations, ports and airports). Local governments have the power to control and manage their own affairs in accordance with the principles of autonomy and assistance tasks in accordance with the mandate of the 1945 Constitution. The goal of giving the regions broad autonomy is to hasten the attainment of people's welfare through improved services, community involvement, and empowerment. Also, by taking into account the values of democracy, equality, justice, unique privileges, regional potential, and variety, the regions are anticipated to be able to strengthen their competitiveness through comprehensive autonomy under Law No. 23 of 2004. (Sunarso, 2006). In rural areas, development is focused on enhancing welfare, which builds community resilience as part of efforts to lay the groundwork for the nation's economic, social, cultural, political and security. In order to empower every community member to further the development of each village, rural development is focused on integrated and comprehensive activities. All communities must be aware of the objectives of village development and actively participate in them. Also, the community must be directed and guided by government policies in order to cooperatively implement village development plans (Melis, et al, 2016). Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara P-ISSN 2085-6555 Vol 15 No. 2 | Juli 2023: 324-333 E-ISSN 2715-9256 =========================================================================== Durratun Nashihah Development of Infrastructure, Social, and Economy at Developing Village 325 Tanggulangin sub-district is one of 18 districts that make up Sidoarjo Regency. Although Sidoarjo's development has been relatively rapid, it hasn't actually been dispersed equally over the area. Only in the city's core is construction moving quickly; in the peripheral towns, it is still not. There are still five villages that are considered to be in a very underdeveloped state, according to information provided by the Ministry of Villages, Disadvantaged Areas, and Transmigration. Four subdistricts contain the five villages. They include Kedungbendo Village and Penatarsewu Village in Tanggulangin District, Besuki Village in Jabon Regency, Kendalpecabean Village in Candi Regency, and Plumbon Village in Porong Regency (http://www.jawapos.com, 2018). Village assessments are conducted annually, according to the Head of the Community Empowerment Division for Village Empowerment for Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, Family Planning (DPMP3AKB). The Ministry of Villages, Disadvantaged Areas, and Transmigration is responsible for the assessment team. Each year, a questionnaire must be completed by each village. Its topics cover village improvement, including infrastructure construction and community empowerment. The evaluation team divided communities into five categories based on the study's findings: independent, developed, developed, lagging, and highly disadvantaged. There was a total of 57 developed, 189 developing, 71 disadvantaged, and five highly disadvantaged villages out of the 322 villages in Sidoarjo Regency. The Infrastructure Index measures a variety of infrastructure categories, including roads, bridges, dams, markets, apartments, and trains, collectively. One of the KPIs in the Sidoarjo Regency RPJMD for 2016–2021 is the Infrastructure Index. The table below lists the Sidoarjo Regency Infrastructure Index Objectives until 2021. Figure 1 Infrastructure Index in Sidoarjo Regency Source: LKJP Regent Sidoarjo, 2021 Five different sorts of village categories are described in the Village Minister Regulation No. 2 of 2016 about the Village Development Index, namely: A village that is independent can take care of its own needs, such as village development. The APBD and the central government budget are still necessary for developed and developing villages, which eventually become Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara P-ISSN 2085-6555 Vol 15 No. 2 | Juli 2023: 324-333 E-ISSN 2715-9256 =========================================================================== Durratun Nashihah Development of Infrastructure, Social, and Economy at Developing Village 326 independent villages. Villages that are still weak in infrastructure and empowerment are considered to be undeveloped communities. The Tanggulangin sub-district is one that researchers from extremely poor areas have focused on. East Java Province, Indonesia's Sidoarjo Regency, has the subdistrict of Tanggulangin. About 9 kilometers separate Tanggulangin, which is located in the capital city of Sidoarjo's southern region, from the city's core. Tulangan District borders the western half, Porong District borders the south, Candi District borders the north, and Candi and Porong Districts, which have 19 villages in Tanggulangin District, one of which being Penatarsewu village, border the east. The Lapindo Mudflow has an impact on the community of Penatarsewu Village. The incorporation of hot mud flow into the earlier period, which is a source of pond irrigation in the area, had an impact. The Sidoarjo Regency Development Village (IDM) (Index, 2016) classifies the Penatarsewu village type as a very unprofitable village with an IDM value of 0.4710 at this time. The Sidoarjo regency administration is in charge of the development of Penatarsewu's villages, which still requires more attention if the community is to become self- sufficient. Penatarsewu Village is still going through the recovery process as a result of the impact of the Lapindo mudflow, which persisted for 12 years. To revive the economy and social welfare of the Penatarsewu village community as a whole, a lot of effort needs to be done. For instance, infrastructure development is still required, including the construction of suitable public restrooms, water pumps, irrigation channels, gates, and roads with asphalt or paving. Penatarsewu residents rely on their revenue as manufacturers of processed fish, such as smoked milkfish and smoked tilapia, in addition to enhancing the economic welfare of the neighborhood. Nonetheless, processing is still done in a conventional manner, and marketing is insufficient. Penatarsewu Village is still constructing early childhood education institutions in order to improve the welfare of schooling (PAUD). Methods In this study, a descriptive method is combined with a qualitative approach. Qualitative methods are a particular tradition in the social sciences that primarily depend on observing the scene of the incident and relating to the affected people in the language conveyed by the surrounding community. These qualitative methods rely on text and visual data, are also distinctive in the data analysis stage, and bet on diverse designs (Helaluddin, 2018; Purba et al., 2022). In addition to using focus groups discussions (FGDs), interviews, literature reviews, and observation are all used as data collection approaches. Electronic and physical documents that are acquired from local governments make up secondary data. Additionally, the data is gathered by choosing and summarizing the items deemed important and by searching for themes and patterns. In order to represent the findings of interviews and documentation in the form of descriptions with narrative text and support from documents, photos, and images to draw conclusions, data presentation is carried out by presenting the results of interviews and documentation. The actions included in qualitative data analysis are interactive and ongoing until they are finished, so that the data is saturated, according to Milles Huberman. The data analysis employed is analytical descriptive data analysis, which describes the data gathered and produced from manuscripts, interviews, field notes, documents, and other sources (Hardani et al., 2015) before being presented to help clarify reality or actuality. Techniques for evaluating the validity of data include peer reviews, member checks, extending observations, and data triangulation. Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara P-ISSN 2085-6555 Vol 15 No. 2 | Juli 2023: 324-333 E-ISSN 2715-9256 =========================================================================== Durratun Nashihah Development of Infrastructure, Social, and Economy at Developing Village 327 Results and Discussion Infrastructure development is essential for the community to live comfortably and safely while carrying their daily tasks. To mobilize all facets of community life, for instance, the building of road infrastructure and school infrastructure is essential. (2015) Prapti, Triyani, and Suryawardana The term "public infrastructure" generally refers to public infrastructures created by the national and local governments in their capacity as public servants to support and promote the social and economic activities of a community. The infrastructure that is being prepared must also be adjusted to match the needs of each region in order to improve its wellbeing. Road Facilities It is imperative to provide an adequate road infrastructure since it can improve people's welfare. A region's economy may expand if it has sufficient road infrastructure; on the other hand, if its need for strong road infrastructure is not met, the regional economy may experience a decline (Lestari, Riyanto, and Adiono, 2015). Infrastructure expansion is one of the most important enhancements for a region since it has the potential to increase investment and the local economy. Because it acts as a tool for enabling and supporting people's lives and livelihoods, physical infrastructure building is crucial for the development of communities, regions, and villages in particular (Agustina, 2017). Similar to the field in Penatarsewu Village, the road infrastructure, including the main asphalt road and the narrow aisle road going to the residences of neighboring villages, is generally in good condition. The village's well-maintained road system allows all sorts of passing transportation to access and exit the village's highways with ease. The communities sell their goods outside of Penatarsewu village, notably in Sidoarjo Market, Porong Market, Porong Market, Mojokerto Market, and Reinforcement Market because smoked fish is the main source of revenue for the people. Because they are smooth asphalt roads in good shape, access roads for pick-up automobiles to pick up and deliver sale results are therefore highly straightforward and useful. The development of road infrastructure in Penatarsewu village has turned out to be in good condition. For the village main road, the village built using asphalt. While for the small alleyway leading to the houses of the residents, the village built using paving. The following is an interview about the condition on the development of road infrastructure together with Mr. Choliq as the Head of Penatarsewu Village: “Alhamdulillah, it's good, it's all good with road facilities. The important thing is communication with citizens. If there is a damaged road, yes, I immediately ask the same service. For improvement, this is also the process for the road between the two hamlets, Sangangewu and Penataran. About 600m.” School Education autonomy allows schools and communities the ability to create curricula in keeping with the social and cultural capital of each site, which helps to improve the quality of education. Everybody's requirements must be met while also effectively allowing local communities to support educational growth. Decentralization of education genuinely requires community involvement in its execution to increase the quality of educational output, especially when developing education in rural regions (Aswasulasikin, Dwiningrum, and Sumarno, 2015). Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara P-ISSN 2085-6555 Vol 15 No. 2 | Juli 2023: 324-333 E-ISSN 2715-9256 =========================================================================== Durratun Nashihah Development of Infrastructure, Social, and Economy at Developing Village 328 Similar to PAUD Ra'Aisyiyah 6 Penatarsewu, the physical infrastructure of the school is mainly in good condition with the exception of the hall room for parent meetings and the additional playground for the children to play on, both of which are still unavailable. There are now only a swing and a shower ball at the school. The infrastructure of the school is in a similar condition as SDN Penatarsewu. They are in excellent shape and can be found on the walls, chairs, tables, and school equipment in first- through third-grade classrooms. They are in a horrible state while in fourth through sixth grade, especially the wall since the exchange of seawater air that maintains the wall moist has been compromised. A parking area for instructors' and students' cars, a fence separating it from the homes of the residents, and a gate for the school itself are among the other items the institution does not require. This is due to the fact that some of the inhabitants' animals, such hens, regularly stray into the classrooms. The infrastructure of the school is in excellent condition, much like it was at An-Nur Islamic Boarding School. They get good financial backing, fantastic neighborhood support, and a lot of community involvement. It is feasible to infer from the research presented above that Penatarsewu Village's infrastructure development has advanced to the point where the bulk of construction facilities, such as those for roads and schools, are in good and sufficient condition. Yet, it has also reached a stage where the village government and other parties are inadequately funding and supporting some development facilities, particularly those used as schools. For the condition of school infrastructure development, the actual situation is still of some concern, especially the wall of the Penatarsewu village state primary school. In the case of junior high school, the infrastructure is good and for early childhood education, the infrastructure is good, but there is not enough land for children's playgrounds. The following is an interview about the condition of facilities and infrastructures in an early education childhood school with Mrs. Lis as the Headmaster of PAUD Ra’Aisyiyah 6: “For outdoor facility, miss. The game is not there for a rotating bowl and the swing is still not right. Already there but less friendly with children still. The assistance was from YDSF, miss. For a bath balls, we already owned one. What's lacking from our game facility is the spider's web, compound stairs”. And then next, the author interviewed about the current condition of school infrastructure in SDN Penatarsewu whether some of the facilities in the school are still in good condition or are there need any improvement. Mrs. Emiyati as the Headmaster of SDN Penatarsewu stated: “Thank God, during my government has improved. Just last year, there was rehabilitation from the village about paving and three local and bathrooms because it was not feasible. For infrastructure, the bicycle parking is inadequate. Even then, a grant from unused items, I sell and then I make a parking lot. Even then, it was still lacking because there was no money. Aside from the parking lot, the fence of the school is not yet a problem because there are still no boundaries of the houses of the people from the school, so the school facilities until that afternoon, the animals enter the school area.” Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara P-ISSN 2085-6555 Vol 15 No. 2 | Juli 2023: 324-333 E-ISSN 2715-9256 =========================================================================== Durratun Nashihah Development of Infrastructure, Social, and Economy at Developing Village 329 Development of Social In this sense, the development of the village entails helping and encouraging the local population to build the various essential local infrastructures. It also has the benefit of closing gaps and laying the foundation for sound national development and growth. How swiftly growth took place was influenced by the institutions of intercommunity cooperation. Institutions that promote community cohesion are anticipated to contribute to growth. Examples include business associations or socializing (mapalus), community service, community social groups, religious organizations, youth organizations, and others (Lumintang, 2015). The importance of social development lies in the way it clarifies what community empowerment means as an effort to strengthen the structural effectiveness of a climate of justice and civilized humanity in areas like family life, society, state, regional, and international as well as politics, economics, psychology, and other related fields. Community empowerment should be seen as an effort to speed up and expand efforts to combat poverty through the coordination of different development policies, programs, and activities, both at the national and regional levels, so that the success of these initiatives has a significant impact on eradicating poverty (Priyono, 1996 in Arsiyah, 2009). The level of participation in the community organizations in Penatarsewu village is sufficient to contribute to fostering a favorable and healthy environment for the welfare of the community as a whole. Penatarsewu's inhabitants take part in establishing socialization activities to encourage interaction with one another, and they also have enjoyable social activities that strengthen friendship and familial relationships. Mr. H. Abdul Arif, the chairman of Nahdlatul Ulama, highlighted that the organization's social efforts include care for elderly widows and orphans as well as yearly giving of zakat maal and zakat fitrah. They at least provide a daily Jariyah practice and a weekly recitation system every Thursday/Friday night, which are both performed twice a month. The social activities that frequently take place there, according to Mrs. Sunarsih, a member of the Muhammadiyah organization, include making decorations for wedding gifts, selling food, Thursday recitation sessions, and volunteer work. Also, they take part in cooperative activities by giving money to the neighborhood, distributing donations to orphans each year from the cooperative's processed cash, and making two requests for help from the community each year. It is conceivable to conclude from the research above that Penatarsewu Village's social development has progressed to the point where community empowerment as a means of encouraging a climate of fairness and civility is being successfully implemented in family life, society, the state, and the area. The level of participation on the development of social in Penatarsewu village is enough on helping build the good and healthy condition for the welfare of the community. In engaging to develop socialization activities in order to increase engagement with one another, the residents of Penatarsewu have good social activities in supporting friendship and kinship ties. As the chairman of the Nahdlatul Ulama organization, Mr. H. Abdul Arif said: “That's a lot from the social side, from the religious side. If social is about the activities of the donation of orphans, old widows, including the giving of zakat maal and zakat fitrah it is done every year. As for religion, at least it provides a routine recitation system every Thursday / Friday night, which is carried out twice a month, and Jariyah routine every Thursday.” Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara P-ISSN 2085-6555 Vol 15 No. 2 | Juli 2023: 324-333 E-ISSN 2715-9256 =========================================================================== Durratun Nashihah Development of Infrastructure, Social, and Economy at Developing Village 330 In addition, Muhammadiyah also participates on improving the development of social in Penatarsewu village. As the member of Muhammadiyah organization, Mrs. Sunarsih stated: “For the Muhammadiyah community organization, we usually make decorations for wedding gifts, selling groceries, recitation activities every Thursday, and voluntary work. Then we are also involved in the cooperative's activities, giving money to the community and then giving donors every year to orphans from the cooperative's money that is processed and asking for community contributions every year twice”. Development of Economy There is a sector on the field of village development implementation that is focused on productive economic business development and the development, utilization, and maintenance of economic facilities and infrastructure, one of which is the establishment and growth of village-owned business entities, according to Ministry of Home Affairs Regulation Number 114 Year 2014 Concerning Village Development Guidelines (BUMDes). Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) give local authorities and citizens a platform to implement efforts for economic empowerment in a balanced way. The presence of BUMDes is projected to stimulate and accelerate the rural economy (Purnamasari, 2015). BUMDes is expected to act as an engine for the village's economy, which serves as a centre for social and business activity. By assisting to offer social services, BUMDes advances the interests of the community. As a business, BUMDes pursues profits to increase village income (Ihsan, 2018). Penatarsewu Village has formed its own business, "Resto Apung," which also happens to be PT. Pertamina's CSR contribution, in a manner similar to BUMDes. For the smoke villages of Penatarsewu, Pertamina also built a chimney, a fish tendon box, and a newly made container. Although construction took some time and cost around 960 million, the Resto Apung is finally open. The Resto Apung has been running for the past two months. It is possible to infer from the analysis above that Penatarsewu Village's economy has developed to the point where the community has its own business, demonstrating the village's progress toward community independence by generating extra revenue for the village fund from clients who are not just from the village but also from outside the village. Since the economy income from Penatarsewu is based on the village business which is smoked fish restaurant called “Resto Apung”, this business is also being monitored and run by BUMDes. Resto Apung is the restaurant business was established with the assistance of PT. Pertamina Gas for Penatarsewu Village from the Public Relations & CSR Manager program of PT. Pertamina Gas in order to increase the prominent business of the community in the village, namely the smoked fish business. Mr. H. Abdul Arif who is also has a position as the Head of BUMDes stated about the development of economy in Penatarsewu which is: “The village has formed the BUMDes. There is CSR contributions from Pertamina that constructed the village Road. This is amazing too. I give thumbs up from Pertamina to help develop the village. For the smoke village there was given a chimney built by Pertamina, a fish tendon box and also recently formed a container with the Floating Resto formed as a result of Pertamina's CSR contribution. It is already established and needs time and cost around 960 million. This has been established and realized for the past two months. Later all the assets are good donations from the government that manages BUMDes, so what? This village has income for all of them, including floating restaurants that have been managed” Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara P-ISSN 2085-6555 Vol 15 No. 2 | Juli 2023: 324-333 E-ISSN 2715-9256 =========================================================================== Durratun Nashihah Development of Infrastructure, Social, and Economy at Developing Village 331 Regarding the development of BUMDes in Penatarsewu Village, Mr. Choliq as the Head of Penatarsewu Village also stated: “Thank God, the BUMDes was greatly assisted by Pertamina because our village was also a village built by Pertamina itself. Marketing is also good. 90% is good for smoking fish. The main thing depends on the village head's connection with the community”. Conclusion Development of Infrastructure, Social, and Economic in Developing Village can be concluded based on the formulation of the problem, findings, and debate that have been given in previous chapters. Construction of Infrastructure, and Even the main asphalt road and the narrow aisle road leading to the homes of various communities, the road infrastructure is generally in good shape. All types of passing transit can enter and exit the village's roads without difficulty thanks to the village's well-maintained road infrastructure. (b) Education The physical school infrastructure that was built in Penatarsewu Village is largely in decent shape. With the exception of the hall room for parent meetings, which is still unavailable, and the additional playground for the kids to play on, the infrastructure for PAUD Ra'Aisyiyah 6 is in good shape. The school currently just features a swing and a shower ball. The infrastructure of the school is in a comparatively decent state for SDN Penatarsewu. They are in fine condition on the seats, tables, school supplies, and the wall for classrooms from first to third grade. While in the fourth through sixth grades, they are in a bad situation, especially the wall because the interchange of seawater air that keeps the wall moist has been damaged. Therefore, the school does not need things like the main entrance gate, a fence separating it from the homes of the neighbors because some of the latter's livestock, such as chickens, wander into the classrooms and disrupt the conducive environment for learning and teaching, and a parking lot for the use of the students and teachers. The facilities at An-Nur Islamic Boarding School are in decent shape. They receive strong financial assistance, helpful community support, and a high level of community support. The growth of social institutions, including: The social development of community organizations in Penatarsewu Village is comparatively positive, particularly in terms of the development of the human resources from the community to create a better effort to make an atmosphere of just and civilized humanity become more structurally effective, both in family life, society, and state, regional, and international affairs as well as in the fields of politics, economics, psychology, and others, such as providing donations to orphans, elderly widows, and the GI; (b) Economic Development, BUMDes, Similar to BUMDes, Penatarsewu Village has established its own company, "Resto Apung," which also happens to be PT. Pertamina's CSR contribution. Moreover, Pertamina created a chimney, a fish tendon box, and a recently formed container for the smoke communities of Penatarsewu. The Resto Apung is now operational, but it will take some time and will cost about 960 million. Over the past two months, the Resto Apung has been operational. Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara P-ISSN 2085-6555 Vol 15 No. 2 | Juli 2023: 324-333 E-ISSN 2715-9256 =========================================================================== Durratun Nashihah Development of Infrastructure, Social, and Economy at Developing Village 332 References Sunarso. 2006. Jurnal Civics: Dinamika Hubungan Kekuasaan Pusat dan Daerah di Indonesia. Vol. 3 No. 2, Tahun 2006, p. 16. Melis, Abd. Azis Muthalib, dan Apoda. 2016. Jurnal Ekonomi: Analisis Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Pembangunan Desa. Vol. 1 Nomor 1, April Tahun 2016, p. 100. Naqvi, Syed Nawab Haider. 1994. Journal World Development: The Significance of Development Economics. Vol. 24 No. 6, Tahun 1994. Great Britain: Elsevier Science Ltd., p. 975. Armando Soares, Ratih Nurpratiwi dan M. Makmur. 2015. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik: Peranan Pemerintah Daerah dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah. 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