QUALITY IN SPORT 1 (6) 2020, p. 27-32, e-ISSN 2450-3118
Received 25.02.2020, Accepted 20.03.2020
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/QS.2020.003
27
Antonius Tri Wibowo1 , B.M. Wara Kushartanti2 , Dody Tri Iwandana3
Asmaball is an alternative sport games for asthmatics
of senior high school
1, 3 Mercu Buana University Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2 Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia
Abstract
The main aims of this study are to create a modified soccer games for Asthmatic high school
students. The modified game hopefully can be an alternative way for sport teacher to teach
soccer for Asthmatic students and make the student interested in playing it. This study was
research and development type by adapting Borg & Gall’s (1983: 775) procedure of R&D
research as follows: (1) data collection, (2) data analysis, (3) first draft product development, (4)
expert validation and revision, (5) small scale product testing and revision, (6) large scale product
testing and revision, and (7) final product development. Small scale product testing was done in
Kolese Debritto Highschool, with 26 asthmatic students, class X and XI. The results of the study
is a module of modified soccer for asthmatic Highschool Students. From the expert judgement,
it can be seen that the modified soccer game is good and effective for asthmatic students who
want to play soccer and can be used as therapy. The modified game can be an alternative way
for sport teacher to teach soccer for asthmatic students and make the student interested in
playing it.
Keywords: soccer, asthma, education, sport, management
Introduction
Asthma is a disease of the airways that transports air to and from the lungs, full recovery
is available, but management methods can help asthmatics maintain a full and active life.
Asthma sufferers, inside the walls of the airways, known as the bronchial tubes, become
swollen or inflamed. Asthma is an incurable disease of the airways. This disease causes
reserves and constriction in the lungs, flowing the air supply (Felman, 2018). Asthma
symptoms often appear in periodic attacks or episodes of tightness in the chest, wheezing,
shortness of breath, and coughing. During the development of asthma, the airways swell
and become very sensitive to substances that someone might breathe. When this increases
sensitivity to reactions, the muscles that control the airways are tight. As such, they may
approve higher channels and exceed excessive mucus production (Felman, 2018). Asthma
is a chronic inflammatory requirement that causes blockages and reversible airway
symptoms such as: coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, so that it can
make it easier to carry out activities that increase physical activity. consists of: coughing,
1 Antonius Tri Wibowo, e-mail: antoniustriwibowo@mercu-yogya.ac.id, ORCID: 0000-0002-7937-8844
2 B.M. Wara Kushartanti, e-mail: wkushartanti@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-2733-5698
3 Dody Tri Iwandana, e-mail: dodytriiwandana@mercubuana-yogya.ac.id, ORCID: 0000-0003-3545-9877
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7937-8844
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2733-5698
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3545-9877
28 Antonius Tri Wibowo, B.M. Wara Kushartanti, Dody Tri Iwandana
wheezing, chest weight, tightness, making it difficult for patients to carry out activities
that promote physical activity.
This recurrence of asthma occurs due to a lack of understanding and care of the
pendertia, with poor understanding and treatment it will be very dangerous if asthma
recurs, cases of asthma in the world that result in deaths reaching 250,000 cases and this
increases every year (Felman, 2018). Repeated asthma attacks often cause sufferers to
have difficulty sleeping, fatigue throughout the day, interfere with daily activities, even
increasing the frequency of absenteeism at school and work. Asthma is a collection of
signs and symptoms of wheezing and / or coughing with the following characteristics:
episodic and / or chronic arising, tend to at night / early morning (noctural), seasonal,
trigger factors include physical activity and are reversible both spontaneous and with
blockages, as well as a history of asthma or other atopy in patients / families, while other
causes have been removed (Nelson WE, 1996).
Asthma sufferers are always increasing in developed countries, in Canada nearly
10% of the population in that country has asthma, which has become the focus of the
medical agency in Canada (Kim & Mazza, 2011). In the United States about 8.3% of the
population in this country has asthma problems with various types and levels of asthma
(Felman, 2018). Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO), the number
of people with asthma in the world is estimated to continue to grow by 180,000 people
each year and increase to 400,000 in 2005. Survey results in Medan, Palembang, Jakarta,
Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Malang and Denpasar show the prevalence of asthma
in children ranges from 3.7% - 16.4%. In Indonesia asthma is one of the top ten causes of
morbidity and mortality, this is illustrated by data from the Household Health Survey
(SKRT) in various provinces in Indonesia. SKRT in 1986 showed asthma ranked 5th out
of 10 causes of morbidity (morbidity) together with Bronchitis and Emphysema (Prasetyo,
2010).
In the city of Yogyakarta in the period of 2015-2017 data collection was carried
out by the Yogyakarta City Health Office experiencing an increase in asthma cases, within
three years there were 2,393 cases of asthma recorded and there was an increase in each
year (Wardhani, 2018). In addition, data from the Ministry of Health in 2018 shows that
the Yogyakarta Special Province is the top three provinces that have asthma prevalence in
addition to East Kalimantan and Bali (Kementrian Kesehatan, 2018).
The stage of education in high school is a time when students must begin to express
all their abilities in the field of interest so that all things that attract students need to be
tried and done. The characteristics of senior secondary students are to have more energy
so that with that energy students will pour into activities they are interested in such as
having an interest in a field they like, such as Art, sports and Social. The researcher
conducted a preliminary survey in high school at Debritto College High School where
students found that 10% of students suffered from mild asthma, in that condition students
with homogeneous schools always develop their students' interest in all activities of
interest and activities contained in extracurricular activities (Antonius Tri Wibowo & BM
Wara Kushartanti, 2013).
Students are much interested in Sports activities and one of the favorite sports
activities is football, and students who have asthma are part of the football team. the
problem now is that students who suffer from this asthma if they play with football games
then always experience a recurrence so that they make the students into difficulties and of
course will be a mockery in the eyes of their friends. Football has become a popular sport
in the world and has become a special attraction for all people in the world, research data
from Nielson Sport shows that soccer is a popular sport in the world and specifically in
Asmaball is an alternative sport games for asthmatics of senior high school 29
Indonesia is ranked second in the world of soccer enthusiasts with 77% of citizens liking
football, while number one soccer enthusiast is Nigeria with 83% of the population liking
football (Nova Arifianto, 2018).
The problem that arises is that soccer enthusiasts who have asthma experience
problems when playing conventional football with a large field, students always complain
of tightness and exhaustion so sometimes they have to stop playing conventional football.
Even if you don't exercise, you can reduce your fitness and by working on it, it will help
people with asthma not to recur easily. Sports that are recommended for asthmatics are a
type of exercise that has intermittent characteristics, intermittent exercise is alternating
between aerobic and anaerobic characters alternately {FormattingCitation}. itself is a
sport that uses intermittent understanding of the sport. The researchers conclude that
alternating sports using an aerobic energy system and anaerobic energy system are highly
recommended for asthmatics. The use of intermittent exercise is because when using the
aerobic energy system it can train the muscles of the respiratory organs of asthmatics to
get stronger and when using anaerobic energy systems train the respiratory organs to adapt
to situations of oxygen deprivation, so that asthmatics become trained.
Methods
This research is a Research and Development study by modifying the shape of
conventional football games into football that is safe for asthmatics, and is known to be
Asmaball so that high school students who suffer from asthma can play safely. The stages
of this development research are in accordance with the steps of the research according to
(Borg, W.R & GAll, 2003), then the researcher adapted into 7 procedures, namely: (1).
Collection of information in the field, (2). Conduct Analysis of Information That Has Been
Collected, (3). Develop the initial product (Draft model), (4). Expert Validation and
Revision, (5). Small and Revised Field Trials, (6). Large and Revised Field Trials, (7).
Making Finals Products.
The subjects in this study amounted to 26 students and were followed by students
with mild asthma scholars who liked and always played football with proof of illness and
notes from medical records regarding asthma. This research involved several health
experts and sports doctors namely Dr., Dr. Novita Intan Arovah, MPH, from game sports
experts and football experts from the Faculty of Sports Sciences, Yogyakarta State
University Dr. Herwin, M.Pd and sports teacher Christoporus Danang Wahyu, S.Pd, the
three of them are experts who validate and provide evaluations from the initial product to
the finished product, in addition students also give an assessment from Asmaball's game.
The instrument collected data using interviews and questionnaires, with grids
according to their respective expertise regarding the safety of the game, health of asthma
sufferers, suitability in the rules of the game, the joy of students in playing. The analysis
of this research is quantitative descriptive analysis and qualitative descriptive.
Quantitative descriptive analysis was carried out to analyze the following data: (1) value
scale data as a result of the assessment of material experts on the draft modification of
football games for asthmatics before the trial in the field, (2) data from material observers
on soccer game modifications for asthmatics, (3) data from observations by material
experts on the effectiveness of soccer game modifications and (4) asthmatic student
observation data on the effectiveness of soccer game modifications. While qualitative
descriptive analysis was carried out on: (1) data from interviews with asthmatic students
and sports teachers (2) data on deficiencies and input on modification of football games
30 Antonius Tri Wibowo, B.M. Wara Kushartanti, Dody Tri Iwandana
for asthmatics both before the trial and after trials in the field. Saifudin Azwar (2005)
states that in interpreting raw scores into grades using the PAP approach, the criteria for
values and limits are first determined, which will be presented as follows: (1). Formula X
<(µ-1.0σ) Limit X <16.67 Category Less, (2). Formula (µ-1.0σ) ≤ X <(µ + 1.0σ)
Limitation of 16.67 ≤ X <33.33 Category Enough. (3). Formula (µ + 1.0σ) ≤ X Limitation
33.33 ≤ X. (3). Formula (µ + 1.0σ) ≤ X Limitation 33.33 ≤ X Good Category.
Results and Discussion
After conducting an analysis in the field, a draft of the Asmaball product was prepared,
namely adopting a football game with changes in field size, number of players, playing
time, number of goals, ball size and rules of the game. Then the initial draft was submitted
to the validation expert and after obtaining validation and input from experts then the
product was revised, the initial product draft was tested on a small and large scale. The
results of the validation of the experts for the initial product obtained a score of 8 then
included in the frequency distribution to get 100% presentation in the Good category,
while the input from the experts became the material for the revision of the initial product
before being tested.
The results of the assessment of small-scale trials are as follows: (1). Data from
observations from experts for the initial product get a total value of 10 then included in
the frequency distribution to get a percentage of 100% in the Good category. (2). The
results of the effectiveness assessment data on the product get a total value of 7, then
included in the frequency distribution get a percentage of 100% with the Good category.
(3). The results of student assessment data from the initial product after students do the
practice get a value that shows 30.67% Enough and 69.23% Good. After getting an
assessment and input from experts and students in a small-scale trial, revisions were made
to improve the product and ready to be tested again in a large-scale trial
The results of the assessment of large-scale trials are as follows: (1). Data from
observations from experts for the initial product get a total value of 10 then included in
the frequency distribution to get a percentage of 100% in the Good category. (2). The
results of the effectiveness assessment data on the product get a total value of 7, then
included in the frequency distribution get a percentage of 100% with the Good category.
(3). The results of student assessment data from the initial product after students do the
practice get a value of 7.6% and 92.31% Good. After getting an assessment and input from
experts and students in this large-scale trial, the final product is then refined and can then
be applied to the general public.
Conclusion
The finished products from Asmaball include the size of the field, number of players, form
and number of goals, size of ball, and rules of the game which are all different from the
rules of the game of football. Every start of the game students are always stressed having
to warm up either static or dynamic heating, then as a cover it ends with cooling. While
the description of the size of the field is as follows:
1. Size of field Length of field 25 meters, Width of field is 15 meters, Area of penalty
distance is 5 meters, Area of middle circle is 3 meters, Field line is 8 cm.
2. Gawang The number of goal 4 is 1 meter long and 70 cm wide and made of pralon.
Asmaball is an alternative sport games for asthmatics of senior high school 31
3. Game time 2 x 10 minutes with 5 minutes rest time, Ball used.
4. 4th size ball or futsal ball.
5. Game rules:
a) The game is played on the floor or artificial turf, if it is forced to be on the ground
but must be watered so it is not dusty.
b) Players number 5 players without a goalkeeper and free substitution.
c) Players may score in 2 opposing goals.
d) All attackers must go out of the 5 meter line of the net when attacking.
e) Start the game from the center line Kick off from the middle two touches are
done.
f) Starting the game from out is done like futsal with the ball placed on the line or
behind the line with free time.
g) Every time a hands ball occurs a kick is carried out towards the goal without any
blocking, the player may immediately kick the ball into the goal or passing to the
teammates.
h) If a serious violation occurs the sentence is the same as handsball.
32 Antonius Tri Wibowo, B.M. Wara Kushartanti, Dody Tri Iwandana
i) If a minor violation occurs from the outside, if the violation 3 times in one round
will be a penalty.
j) The distance of the keeper when the kick goal is outside the penalty box which
is 5 meters from the penalty line.
k) Distance of the opposing player on the trow in and when the corner kick is 2
meters.
l) Games are not for achievement but as a means for recreation.
m) It is recommended to use ket shoes.
n) To distinguish members, it is better to wear a different vest or uniform so that it
is a differentiator.
Asmaball's reconciliation is recommended for mild asthma sufferers, and for
asthma sufferers should always exercise so that the body's condition becomes fit so that
the asthma does not recur, asthma sufferers should always preheat and cool down after
finishing the exercise. Asthma sufferers should always consult a doctor and always stay
away from triggers for recurrence of asthma. Hopefully with this Asmaball game for
lightweight asthma players who want and like football, they can still play football safely.
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