51 RAINBOW Vol. 8 (1) (2019) Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/rainbow Procedures of Translating Dialogues in Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures In Wonderland from English into Indonesian Risa Winda Asriana, Rudi Hartono English Department, Languages and Arts Faculty, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Article Info ________________ Article History: Received 23 June 2019 Approved 25 July 2019 Published 29 July 2019 ________________ Keywords: Translation procedures, dialouges, Alice’s in Wonderland, English into Indonesia. ____________________ Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ Translation is one activity which needs strategy. In translation there are many strategies which can be used to translate one language to another language. There are technique, method, strategy and procedure. In this study, the researcher provides vivid comprehension on how the translator used the translation procedures to render the meaning of the dialogue. The study attempted to focus on the dialogue translation of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll and its Indonesian version translated by Agustina Reni Eta Sitepoe. The objectives of the study were to describe the translation procedures used in translating the dialogue in the Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland novel. In conducting this research, the writer used descriptive qualitative approach. This study applied the theory proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (in Hatim and Munday 2004:30) about translation procedures. The data in this study were words, phrases, clauses and sentences in the form of utterances in the dialog of the novel. The results of the study showed that there were 213 data of dialogues and seven translation procedures found in this study. The seven translation procedures were transposition, literal translation, modulation, adaptation, equivalence, calque, and borrowing. The translation procedures mostly used was transposition (76.99%), followed by literal translation (8.92%), modulation (7.98%), adaptation (2.81%), equivalence (1.87%), calque (1.40%), and borrowing (0.46%). © 2019 Universitas Negeri Semarang  Corresponding Author E-mail: risawindaa@gmail.com ISSN : 22526323 52 INTRODUCTION The spreading of information in this globalization era has been developing through science and technology. The information itself including art and literary work which is made in particular country then spread to other country, for example, Indonesian read an English novel. However, not everyone of Indonesian can read the English novel because the different language used. Hence, good translation products are highly required and translators are needed to translate those literary works into Bahasa Indonesia so that Indonesian can read English novel easily. According to Newmark (1998:5), translation is an activity of rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Based on this explanation, when a text is translated from the source language to the target language, the meaning of the text should be the same as the author wants it to be. Other expert, Catford (1991) stated translation is replacement of SL grammar and lexis by equivalent TL grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of SL phonology/graphology by (non-equivalent) TL phonology/graphology (p.22). Therefore, in translating the text, a translator must transfer the source language to the target language as clear as possible. In addition, the translation products are expected to connect people of a country to people from other countries. In other words, it is expected to bridge the gap of language across countries. However, translating novel is not that easy. Translating is difficult, time consuming activity that needs concentration and elaboration. According to Hartono (2009), translators usually have problems in translating this literary work (novels). They have difficulties, for examples, in translating figurative languages and idiomatic expressions (p.33). In relation to the equal response, Newmark (1988) in Suparman (2003) says that the translators of literary works mainly have difficulties in translating the linguistic aspects, socio-cultural aspects, and moral aspects implicitly stated in the literary works (pp.144- 145). In line with Toury, “translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions” (Toury on James, 2000, cited in Hartono, 2009, p. 5). From the explanation above, we can see that translating a novel is not only translating the text in the novel but we also need to know some aspects and cultural tradition which include in the novel. There are two types of novel those are non- fiction and fiction. Non-fiction novel is created based on the real happening on someone’s life, while fiction novel is created based on the imagination of the author. What make interesting from fiction novel is the fiction in the novel does occasionally happen in the real world, but the author has the ability to dramatize the situation that exists in the real world. The novel includes several sayings like firmly utterance, directive utterance, declarative utterance and expressive utterances. According to Yule (1996) directives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone else to do something (p.53). They express what the speaker wants, to make the hearer to do something. It means in understanding the meaning of utterances in the novel, we need translation procedure to solve the problem in translating. To make a good translation, the translator needs to understand the target language culture well, so that, the translation can be accepted and readable for the readers. The explanations above become the main interest for the researcher to find out what procedures used by the translator to translate the dialogue on Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland novel since this novel is one of the most popular fantasy novel in the world. If the translator cannot translate and transfer the meaning of the main idea well, misunderstanding and misinterpretation will happen. In this study, the researcher attempts to describe the translating procedures used in transferring the meaning of dialogues from English into Indonesian in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland novel. METHODS This research is classified into descriptive qualitative research method. As stated by Neill 53 (2007), a qualitative research involved an analysis of data such as words, pictures, sentences, or objects. In addition, Mujiyanto (2011) stated that in qualitative approach tries to reveal the phenomenon comprehensively and appropriately through the natural data collection which involves the researcher as the key instrument of the study, so this descriptive study was intended to use an inductive approach to analyze the data (p.23). The object of the study is a novel entitled Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and its translation in Indonesian. The object of the study focused on the investigating of translation procedures used by the translator to translate dislogues in Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland from English into Indonesia. The aspect analyzed in this study was the translation procedure of directive utterance from English into Indonesian. In conducting this study, there were some stages which should be done in order to obtain the data. The stages were collecting all the data from the novel, writing down all the data derived from the novel in a table, identifying and classifying the data based on translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, calculating the frequency and percentage of translation procedures in the data in order to obtain the information related to the frequent used of translation procedure happen in the data, interpreting the result of the assessment of the data and drawing conclusion from the outcome of the whole analysis. This research took the data from Carroll’s Alice's Adventures in Wonderland novel, which was first published in 1865 and its translated novel in Indonesian. The data are words, phrases, clauses and sentences in the form of utterances in the dialogue of both versions of the novel. The directive utterance are identified and classified based on translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet in tables. Then, I calculated the frequency and percentage of translation procedures in the data. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In this study, the researcher found 213 dialogues from all chapters of the novel from English into Indonesian. There were seven translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darlbenet found in the novel. The translation procedures found in the novel were transposition, literal translation, modulation, adaptation, equivalence, calque and borrowing. The percentages of translation procedures in the data were resumed in a table as follows: Table of Data Tabulation No Translation Procedure Frequency Percentage 1 Transpositio n 164 76.99% 2 Literal Translation 19 8.92% 3 Modulation 16 7.51% 4 Adaptation 4 2.81% 5 Equivalence 3 1.87% 6 Calque 3 1.40% 7 Borrowing 1 0.46% Total 213 100% The precentage of translation procedures found as follows: (1) transposition occurs 164 times and represents 76.99%, (2) literal translation occurs 19 times and represents 8.92%, (3) modulation occurs 16 times and represents 7.98%, (4) adaptation occurs six times and represents 2.81%, (5) equivalence occurs four times and represents 1.87%, (6) calque occurs three times and represents 1.40%, (7) borrowing occurs once and represents 0.46%. Transposition Transposition is a change of sequence of parts of speech with another without changing the meaning of the message. The transposition procedure occurred 164 times with the percentage of 76.99%. 1. Datum number 9 ST : Don’t let me hear the name again! (p. 30) TT : Jangan pernah aku mendengar namanya lagi! (p. 20) BT : Don’t let me hear the name again! 54 The translator used transposition procedure to translate the word “let” in source text into “pernah”(ever) in target text. As we know transposition procedure is a change of sequence with another without changing the meaning. In the source text above, the translator changed the word class from the word “let” which belongs to verb in source text, translated into “pernah” (ever) which belongs to adverb in target text. The changing happened because the source text and the target text have the different grammatical structure. Thus, the translator used transposition procedure to translate the text. 2. Datum number 10 ST : Sit down, all of you, and listen to me! (p. 32) TT : Kalian semua duduk dan dengarkan! (p. 24) BT : All of you sit down, and listen to me! In the source text above, the phrase “sit down, all of you” which begin with verb and followed by pronoun become “kalian semua duduk” (all of you sit down) which is transported into pronoun followed by verb in target text. It can be seen that the translator changed the word class from verb followed by pronoun in source text into pronoun followed by verb in target text. However, the changing of the word class in the text above does not changing the meaning of message in the both text. That is why, it belongs to the transposition procedure because the translator changed the sequence with another without changing the meaning of the message. 3. Datum number 18 ST : Fetch me my gloves this moment! (p. 45) TT : Ambilkan sarung tanganku sekarang juga! (p. 37) BT : Take me my gloves now! The translator used transposition procedure to translate the text above. Transposition procedure is used because there is a changed in the plural word “gloves” in source text transported into singular word became only “sarung tangan” (glove) in target text. It can occur since the grammatical structure between the source text and the target text is different from another. According to Cambridge dictionary, in source text the word “gloves” which is plural refered to one glove, while in target text the word “sarung tangan” (glove) which is singular can refered as one or more glove in target text. Literal Transposition Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a source language into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target language in which the translator’s task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the target language. The literal translation procedure occurred 19 times with the percentage of 8.92%. 1. Datum number 35 ST : What do you mean by that?" said the Caterpillar, sternly. Explain yourself! (p. 55) TT : Apa maksud perkataanmu? kata si Ulat dengan tegas. Jelaskan dirimu! (p. 45) BT : What do you mean by your word?" said the Caterpillar, sternly. “Explain yourself!” The translator translated directly the sentence “explain yourself” word to word into target text “jelaskan dirimu” (explain yourself) without addition or omission. The translator did not make any change in target text because it was translated directly. Since the translator translated the sentence directly, the result of the translation sounds a bit awkward in target text. The word “explain yourself” in source text should transalted into “jelaskan tentang dirimu” (explain about yourself) instead only translated directly into “jelaskan dirimu” (explain yourself) in target text. Although, according to KBBI daring (www.kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id), the sentence “Jelaskan dirimu” (explain uourself) is considered a good sentence since it is kalimat perintah transitif aktif (Imperative sentence: transitive active) which came from the original sentence “Engkau menjelaskan dirimu” (you explain yourself), the subject engkau (you) and the prefix men- was omitted. However, the original sentence “Engkau http://www.kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/ 55 menjelaskan dirimu” (you explain yourself) sounds awkward in Bahasa, and it is more suitable if it is added the word tentang (about) became “engkau menjelaskan tentang dirimu” (you explain about yourself) to make the sentence does not sound awkward. So, the translator need more consideration in translating a sentence which is simple however need more detail on it. 2. Datum number 48 ST : Don’t grunt, said Alice; (p. 74) TT : Jangan mengorok, kata Alice (p. 64) BT : Don’t grunt, said Alice. The translator used literal translation procedure to translate the data above. Since, it can be seen that the sentence “Don’t grunt” in source text translated directly into “Jangan mengorok” (don’t grunt) in target text without any changing. The translator did not need make any change on the target text. However, the translation is grammatically appropriate in target text. 3. Datum number 111 ST : You must remember, remarked the King (p. 135) TT : Kau harus ingat, seru sang Raja. (p. 123) BT : You must remember, remarked the King. The translator used literal translation procedure because the sentence was translated directly from surce text “You must remember” into “Kau harus ingat” (you must remember) in target text without any changing. The translator’s diction in choosing the word “harus” (must) to translate the word “must” in source text is a good decition. According to Cambridge dictionary, the word “must” is used to show that it is necessary or very important that something happens in the present or future. It is in line with the definition of the word “harus” (must) according to KBBI daring (www.kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id) which has meaning wajib (must) and can not be neglected. So, the translation result from the data above considered as a good translation since the translator used the word which grammatically accepted and appropriate in target text. Modulation Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the target language. The modulation procedure occurred 16 times with the percentage of 7.51%. 1. Datum number 14 ST : Come away, my dears! It’s high time you were all in bed! (p. 40) TT : Ayo, anak-anak! Sudah waktunya kalian semua tidur! (p. 30) BT : Come, my dears! It’s time for you to sleep! The translator modulated the sentence “It’s high time you were all in bed” simply into “Sudah waktunya kalian semua tidur” (it’s the time for you to sleep) in target text. Despite the meaning from source text had changed but the context of the source text itself is still equal to understand for the target text. Moreover, the translation did not sound awkward in target text. 2. Datum number 44 ST : Oh, don’t bother me! said the Duchess. (p. 73) TT : Jangan hiraukan aku, ujar sang Putri. (p. 62) BT : Oh, don’t pay attention to me! said the Duchess. It can be seen that the word “bother” in source text which means take the trouble to do something translated into “hiraukan” (pay attention to) in target text. The translator cannot directly translate the text because the results will considered unsuitable or awkward in target text even though the translation is grammatically correct utterance. 3. Datum number 152 http://www.kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/ 56 ST : I’m not a serpent! said Alice indignantly. Let me alone! (p. 63) TT : Aku bukan ular. jawab Alice dengan marah. Lepaskan aku! (p. 52) BT: I’m not a serpent! said Alice indignantly. Let me go! The translator modulated the sentence “let me alone” in source text into “lepaskan aku” (let me go) in target text. It occurr bacuase the translator wanted to emphasize the wish of the speaker. So, the translator changed the point of view of the text to make the text more acceptable in target text. Adaptation Adaptation is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the source language message is unknown in the target language culture. In such cases translators have to create a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent. The adaptation procedure occurred six times with the percentage of 2.81%. 1. Datum number 106 ST : Don’t talk nonsense, said Alice more boldly. (p. 133) TT : Jangan bicara omong kosong, kata Alice dengan lebih sombong. (p. 121) BT : Don’t talk nonsense, said Alice more boldly. In the data above, the translator adapted the word “nonsense” in source langguage into “omong kosong” (talking rubbish) in target language. The word “nonsense” means “tidak masuk akal” (doesn’t make sense) in Indonesian, but it was translated to “omong kosong” (talking rubbish) by the translator. Since the word “omong kosong” (talking rubbish) is more suitable and often used by the readers in target text to express the word “nonsense” from source text. The word “omong kosong” (talking rubbish) in Indonesian is used when someone talking something pointless. In this case, the translator did a translation by adapting the cultural element in target text. 2. Datum number 126 ST : All persons more than a mile high to leave the court. (p. 141) TT : Semua orang yang tingginya lebih dari seribu lima ratus meter harus meniggalkan persidangan. (p. 129) BT : All persons more than a thousand five hundred meter to leave the court. The translator adapted the word “mile” into “meter” (meter). It happened bacause the different culture in using standard of unit in calculating height among source text and target text. A mile high equals with 1,609 meters in target text, and the translator completed it into 1,500 meters to make it easier for the readers to visualize the height of the caharacter in the novel. So, the translator used adaptation procedure to translate the data above. 3. Datum number 139 ST : oh, I beg your pardon! (p. 29) TT : oh, ya ampun maafkan saya! (p. 20) BT : oh, I forgive me! In the data above, it can be seen that tha translator adding the word “ya ampun” (my god) in target text. The translator tried to make the text can be accepted by the readers in target text by adding the word “ya ampun” (my god) in front of the text. Because the word “ya ampun” (my god) in target text used to respond on something surprising. In the text source text above the context is about asking for sorry which the actor did something surprising that may offend another caharacter. So, the translator used adapatation procedure to explain the situation in detatil by adding the word “ya ampun” (my god) in the begining of the text to match the cultural element in target text. Equivalence Translator uses this term to refer to the cases where languages describe the same situation by the different stylistic or structural means. The equivalence procedure occurred four times with the percentage of 1.87%. 1. Datum number 55 57 ST : the Hatter and the March Hare went Sh! Sh! (p. 89) TT : Si Tukang Topi dan si Truwelu Maret berkata, Sst! Sst! (p. 77) BT : the Hatter and the March Hare went Sh! Sh! The data above shows that the word “Sh! Sh!” in English changed into “Sst! Sst!” in Indonesian. English people use the word “Sh!” to ask somebody to be quiet. However, when it happens to Indonesian, they uses the word “Sst” instead of “Sh!”. Those words describe the same situation but it has different stylistic or structural means, which is why the translator used equivalence procedure. So, it can be conclude that the translator used equivalence procedure to translate the source text into target text. 2. Datum number 63 ST : Hush! Hush! said the Rabbit (p. 99) TT : Hus! Hus! kata si Kelinci (p. 85) BT : Hush! Hush! said the Rabbit. The translator used equivalence procedure to translate the data above because it can be seen that there is a change in the word “Hush!” in English into only “Hus!” in Indonesian. Both the word “Hush” in English and “Hus” in Indonesia has the same intention. It is used when someone ask somebody to do not talk. It expresses the same intention but have different stylistic means. 3. Datum number 64 ST : Oh, hush! the Rabbit whispered (p. 99) TT : Aduh, Hus! bisik si Kelinci (p. 86) BT : Oh, hush! the Rabbit whispered. In the beginning of the data above, the word “oh, hush!” in source text changed become “aduh, hus!” (please, hush!) in target text. The translator used equivalence procedure to translate the text. Because the translator created equivalence in the word “oh” in English become “aduh” in Indonesian. Even though it has different stylistic meaning, it has the same situation to express complaint about something that unsatisfied somebody. Calque Calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. Calque, where the source text expression is literally transferred to the target language, such as pen name, is translated into Indonesian as nama pena. Pen means pena and name means nama. The calque procedure three times with the percentage of 1.40%. 1. Datum number 52 ST : Tell us a story! said the March Hare. (p. 88) TT : Ceritakan satu kisah kepada kami! kata si Truwelu Maret. (p. 76) BT : Tell us a story! said the March Hare. The translator translated the phrase “March Hare” in English into “Truwelu Maret” in Indonesian. The phrase “March Hare” was translated by using calque procedure. In the source text, the first word “march” became the second word in the target text and the second became the first word. The consonant “c” and “h” in the last word was substituted with vocal “e” and consonant “t” in the target language and became the word “Maret” (March). The word “hare” in source text was translated into “truwelu” (hare) in the target text. Calque procedure was used to translate the data from source text into target text. 2. Datum number 96 ST : Chorus again! cried the Gryphon (p. 128) TT : Koor lagi! teriak si Gryphoon (p. 116) BT : Chorus again! shout the Gryphon. In the data above, the word “Chorus” was translated into “Koor” in the target text. The translator used calque procedure to translate the data. The word “chorus” in source text means “paduan suara” (choir) in target text. However, the translator chose to use the word “koor” which also has the same meaning. The consonant “c” and “h” in the beginning of the word was substituted with consonant “k”, and the vocal “u” 58 and consonant “s” was omitted and it became the word “koor” (choir) in target text. So, the translator used calque procedure to translate the data above. 3. Datum number 196 ST : you shouldn’t have put it in with the bread-knife. (p. 84) TT : Kau seharusnya tidak meletakan pisau roti didalamnya. (p. 72) BT : You shouldn’t have put it in with the bread-knife. The translator used calque procedure to translate the phrase “bread-knife” into “pisau roti” (bread knife) in the data above. In the source text, the first word “bread” became the second word in the target text and the second word became the first. The translator translated literally each of its elements from “bread-knife” into “pisau roti” (bread knife). Borrowing Borrowing is the simplest of all translation method. The origin word or expression in the source language is borrowed and used in the target language. This phenomenon happens when there is no equivalent word or expression which has similar meaning among the source language and the target language. The borrowing procedure occurred once (1) with the percentage of 0.46%. 1. Datum number 177 ST : Shall we try another figure of the Lobster-Quadrille? (p. 127) TT : Boleh kita coba lagi gerakan lain dari Quadrille Udang laut? (p. 114) BT : Can we try another move of Lobster- Quadrille? Based on the data above, the translator kept the word “Quadrille” in source text into target text. It happened because the translator could not find a perfect meaning for the word “Quadrille” in target text. The translator borrowed the word “Quadrille” from English into Indonesian. So, borrowing procedure was used in translating the data above. . CONCLUSION The results show that from 213 data, there were seven translation procedures used by the translator. The seven translation procedures were transposition, literal translation, modulation, equivalence, adaptation, calque, and borrowing. The translation procedure mostly used was transposition procedure with the frequency of 164 times (76.99%), followed by literal translation with the frequency of 19 times (8.92%), modulation with the frequency of 17 times (7.98%), adaptation with the frequency of six times (2.81%), equivalence with the frequency of four times and (1.87%), calque with the frequency of three times (1.40%), and borrowing with the frequency of once (0.46%). The frequency was gain by calculating the average score from seven raters. Those percentages will be 100% in total. REFERENCES Catford, J.C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford, University Press. Hartono, R. (2009). Teori Penerjemahan (A Handbook for Translators). Semarang: Cipta Prima Nusantara. Hartono, R. (2009). Translating a Novel: Problems and Solutions (A Holistically Critique on Novel Translation). Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature, Vol. III, No. 2, Page 33 -41. 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