32 RAINBOW Vol. 8 (2) (2019) Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/rainbow The Use of Speech Act by Native and Non-native Guests in Ellen Show; A Comparative Study Alisha Rahma Putri , Hendi Pratama Universitas Negeri Semarang Article Info ________________ Article History: Received 27 September 2019 Approved 25 November 2019 Published 27 November 2019 ________________ Keywords: Illocutionary Speech Acts, Native Speakers, Non-native Speakers, Searle ____________________ Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ The study aims to find out types of illocutionary speech acts used by native speakers and non-native speakers in Ellen Show. It also analyzes the identifier and the cross-cultural pragmatic background of the speeches. The subjects of the study are BTS as non-native speakers, One Direction and Ellen as native speakers. The study uses qualitative descriptive methods. The result indicated only four types of illocutionary speech acts found in the videos, representatives, directives, commissive, and expressive. The proposition is dominated by the representative's speech acts with 59.7%, and the second is expressive speech acts with 30.1%. While commissive 5.3% and the last, directives speech acts are 4.9%. Each type of illocutionary speech act had a different identifier. First, the expressive speech act had based on the real situation, giving information, and giving an opinion. Second, directive speech acts had direct, request or demand, and suggest or advice. Third, the commissive speech act had expecting future action and promising future action. And the last, expressive speech act had emotion and attitude. Directive speech acts were not found because Ellen as a host of the show did not change the social status of the guests. © 2019 Universitas Negeri Semarang  E-mail: alisha.lisa06@gmail.com ISSN: 2252-6323 http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/rainbow mailto:alisha.lisa06@gmail.com Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Vol. 8 (2) (2019) ISSN: 2252-6323 33 INTRODUCTION The non-native speaker of English such as people from Asia is rarely interviewed in an American show. In an interview, there are some questions by the questioner and its answer by the answerer. However, people's state of mind and what speakers say or convey are likely dissimilar. Thus, people who hear the utterance might be misunderstood. Therefore, the performance of conveying the speech could be observed by their speech act. In everyday conversation, people speak something containing a speech act. A speech act is one of pragmatic that characterizes the performance of utterance in a certain condition. Searle (1969: 115) stated that in a typical speech situation involving speaker, a hearer, and an utterance by the speaker, there are many kinds of acts associated with the speaker's utterance. Thus, the speech act is kind of stage, from a speaker speak his utterance, then the hearer catches the utterance and interpret, finally, the hearer shows some acts. Therefore, there is a need to analyze the speech act both of the non-native speaker guests and native speaker guests in Ellen Show to know whether they had a different pattern of answering interviews based on Searle theory. The purpose of the study is to find out the types of illocutionary speech acts that used by BTS, One Direction, and Ellen in Ellen Show and analyzed the identifier of each speech and the cross- cultural background between native and non-native speakers. METHODS Qualitative research points out the findings conducted in real-world and uncontrolled conditions. Qualitative research often involves the simultaneous collection of a wealth of narrative and visual data over an extended time, and as much as is possible, data collection occurs in a naturalistic setting (Gay et al., 2013: 8). According to Strauss and Corbin (1998: 11), the qualitative data might consist of interviews and observations also might include videotapes, document or films, and even data that have been quantified for other purposes such as census data. The object of this study is the conversation of Ellen between BTS and One Direction on Ellen Show and other videos which are downloaded on YouTube The writer watched the video Ellen Show interviewing BTS and One direction. The writer classified every sentence or clause of transcription into every type of illocutionary act based on Searle's theory. After classifying, the writer found the dominant types of an illocutionary act that were distributed in the data. After that, the writer writes down all the types and counted how many times the types of illocutionary types that were appeared. Furthermore, the writer also calculated the data in a percentage form. After gaining the data of the entire illocutionary speech act that used, the writer analyzed the identifier of all the types that used. The writer gave a code for every speech in the data. A is for One Direction in 2014, B is for One Direction in 2015, C is for BTS in 2017, and D is for BTS in 2018. Finally, the writer got the conclusion of some types of illocutionary speech acts that were mostly used in Ellen Show between BTS and One Direction and other videos and the reason based on the cross-cultural pragmatics approach. The data are classified into five main types of an illocutionary act; representative, directive, commission, declarative, and expressive according to speech act theory outlined by Searle. Next, the data are analyzed according to the illocutionary in each main type. Finally, the writer took some examples from each type to further discussion. The purpose of this research is to find the most frequent types of an illocutionary act; i.e., representative, directive, commissive, declarative, and expressive. The writer tried to count the number of each type used in the data. In every single sentence or clause, the writer analyzed the type and the identifier based on the cross-cultural pragmatics approach. Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Vol. 8 (2) (2019) ISSN: 2252-6323 33 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Based on the research that had been done by the writer, the proposition is dominated by representatives speech acts with 59.7%, and the second is expressive speech acts with 30.1%. While commission 5.3% and the last, directive speech acts are 4.9%. And the last is declarative speech acts with 0%. The further findings are described in the following subchapters. There are four videos; two of BTS and two of One Direction. Thus the table of analysis classified into three subjects and five categories; representatives, directives, commisive, declarative, and expressive. The videos of the interview between One Direction and Ellen are taken in 2014 and 2015. One Direction is the subject that is a differentiator of how collective native speakers use speech acts in the interview. The videos revealed all of the illocutionary speech acts type, except declaration speech acts. Representatives are dominant with 71% for both of the videos. The second is expressive with 20% than directives is 6%. And the last commisive is only 3%, while declarative is not found. The videos of the interview between BTS and Ellen are taken in 2017 and 2018. BTS is the main subject of this study to know how nonnative speakers use speech acts in the interview. As explained before, declarative speech acts could not be found in this data. However, directive speech acts are also not found in this data. The deviation of representatives and expressive is only 10%. However, representative speech acts are still dominant in this data. Commisive is only 1%, while declarative and directives are 0%. The study is also analyzing the type of illocutionary speech acts that Ellen used in the interview as a native speaker. Thus, the following data is the total type of illocutionary speech act from 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2018. Ellen used representative's illocutionary speech acts frequently than the other types and the type is dominant when Ellen spoke to One Direction or BTS. Ellen used directives, and expressive more intense toward One direction than BTS. Whereas, commisive is frequently used in One direction. Declarative speech acts are not found in this study because Ellen could not change any social status in reality in this show. The simple type of illocutionary speech acts is representatives speech acts. The speakers say how things are and could be assessing with true or not. Generally, this type of speech acts uses a linking verb to tell the hearer information, description, statement or conclusion. This study found that the most used type of illocutionary speech acts is representatives in total 135; 46 used by One Direction, 44 used by BTS, and 45 used by Ellen. The following data is the examples of representative speech acts found in the videos. In the data, representatives have the biggest frequency. This happened because the interview is when the host asks questions to interviewees. Thus, the interviewees just answer how things are so that representative. In this study, the writer identified representatives for several reasons. The first is based on the real situation on the set which is always true. For example, (B6) and you have paddles, that is true that when they conduct the interview they hold paddles to play the game and (D1) We're back with the biggest boy band in the world, BTS, that is true because there were BTS. At first, the writer identified this speech as declarative speech acts because it sounds declare to enter the introduction section. However, this speech did not change the certain situation of BTS, so it is representative based on the real situation. Others example for this reason of representatives are (B1), (C1), (C22), (C62), (C63), (D1), (D7), (D24), and (D46) that turns out, all of this type had done by Ellen. The second is giving information, giving information about a past action, and giving general information. For example: Situation 1: Questions: Is there any place that you can go and have a normal day and walk around? Answer: (A1) I mean, we do everywhere. (A2) We try to. (A3) Like stay in and then just come out. Situation 2: Question: How did you teach yourself English? Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Vol. 8 (2) (2019) ISSN: 2252-6323 34 Answer: (C30) She bought all the seasons for the DVDs. (C31) She bought me. (C32) And so firstly, I watched with the Korean subtitle. (C33) And then, next time, I watched with the English subtitle. (C34) And then, I just removed it. The interviewees just answer basic questions to give information. This type tells how things are. However, situations 1 and 2 are different. Situation 1, One Direction gave information about regular action that identified using the present tense, while BTS gave information about past action identified using the past tense. These two reasons for the type are dominated by the representative's speech acts. The other is giving general information. This type is found when the members of BTS introduce themselves. For example, (C5) My name is RM and (D9) I’m RM. All of the BTS members introduce themselves in the video in 2014 and 2015. Although there are not tell how things are, they told the truth. The third type of reason is giving an opinion. For example, (B34) I think mine's broken. (C45) I think that's why our songs appeal to people who speak Korean and people who don't speak Korean. Both BTS and One Direction using verb think when gave an opinion. However, another type of reason why the speech classified to representatives is found in this study, for instance, (A42) Here's the latest rumor. Yeah, I've been growing it for about 20 years now. A16 Here's the latest rumor. A42 All right, we're back with One Direction. B1 and you have paddles B6 I think mine's broken. B34 We're back with BTS. C1 My name is RM. C5 All right. So we have an interpreter, just in case I need one. C22 I think that's why our songs appeal to people who speak Korean and people who don't speak Korean. C45 I got you all a gift because I know that Friends taught you English and your fans are Friends and they shot here on the lot. C62 So I got you all a whole bunch of stuff from Friends. C63 We're back with the biggest boy band in the world, BTS. D1 Because you used to have different hair. D7 I'm RM. D9 All right. So you learned English, last time you were here D24 You don't even know what the question is yet. D46 Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Vol. 8 (2) (2019) ISSN: 2252-6323 35 Ellen gave questions toward One Direction and BTS is mostly containing self-assertion. The questions were about the individual information of the member such as the way RM studies English and Zayn's engagement. Directive speech acts are when the speakers want the hearer to do something. This type of speech acts might come up with auxiliary or modal verb such as could/can, should/shall, or might/may. Besides, this type is also wrapped in an imperative sentence, for instance, request, suggestion, recommendation, demand, and instruction. Directive's speech act also related to direct indirect in terms of the direct-indirect value of cross-cultural pragmatics. As explained above, directives speech acts are the main character of imperatives in terms of the sentence and use the subjunctive. There is direction, suggest command, order, request, or advice. (B9) We're not gonna play if you're gonna lie, (C2) And first of all, let's have introductions, (C3), and (D6) I have to get you to introduce yourselves again are the examples of direction. Ellen uttered (B9) toward One Direction to give a direction about the rule of the game or quiz. However, this utterance could be a request because Ellen asked One Direction not to lie when playing the game or quiz. Then (C2), (C3), and, (D6) are uttered by Ellen toward BTS. Ellen had to direct BTS to introduce themselves because they are a not native artist that always has been seen in America shows. (A26) Let me know, (B11) Oh. Stop, (B29) Imagine that, (B30) Imagine it just came out now, (B36) Look at his face, and (C60) Explain what hooked up means are identified as to request or demand. The speakers uttered the speeches to the hearer to ask them to do something immediately. And the last (D67) You can go to ellentube is a suggestion or advice from Ellen toward viewers Let me know, A26 We're not gonna play if you're gonna lie. B9 Oh. Stop. B11 Imagine that. B29 Imagine it just came out now. B30 Look at his face. B36 And first of all, let's have introductions. C2 Introduce yourselves, please. C3 Explain what hooked up means. C60 I have to get you to introduce yourself again. D6 You can go to ellentube. D57 Let me know, A26 We're not gonna play if you're gonna lie. B9 Oh. Stop. B11 Imagine that. B29 Imagine it just came out now. B30 Look at his face. B36 And first of all, let's have introductions. C2 Introduce yourselves, please. C3 Explain what hooked up means. C60 I have to get you to introduce yourselves again. D6 You can go to ellentube. D57 I would say next time you tell the story, be something like a panda bear or something. A8 I'll have--okay. If you need any help… A27 And I don't know if you're gonna answer me or not, A39 I'll answer. A41 We're gonna find out soon. B3 Okay, I'm gonna ask a question B5 and you will either say you have or you never have B7 They will be back later to sing. B47 You're gonna take that home and learn how to play. B49 And Friends would be very happy that you learned-- C36 I'm going to ask this question for all of the young ladies, sitting here. D45 I want to-- I want to tell you-- D47 Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Vol. 8 (2) (2019) ISSN: 2252-6323 36 of the videos of they want them to watch other videos of Ellen Show. All of the directive speech acts above had done by native speakers (Ellen and One Direction). Directive speech acts are also related to direct or indirect in terms of culture. However, this type of illocutionary speech act was not performed by BTS, only One Direction and Ellen did. When Ellen directed BTS to introduce themselves, Ellen in the middle of formal and informal such as (C3) Introduce yourselves, please and (D6) I have to get you to introduce yourselves again. Probably, Ellen's show is a non-formal talk show. Commisives speech act is when the speakers commit future actions. Also, performing promise, expect, and the threat is also a commisives speech act. This type of speech acts is generally identified with the verb 'will/would". Here are all the commisives speech acts that the writer found in the videos. The commisives speech acts above performed by Ellen and One Direction except for (D47) by RM (BTS). The speeches are almost performed an immediate action of future action because of the set of the show, for example, (B47) They will be back later to sing, the speech means they would perform a song after interview. And (D47) I want to-- I want to tell you—after that RM expressed thanking Ellen immediately. Besides, the speakers are also expecting and promising future action. (A8) I would say next time you tell the story, be something like a panda bear or something is the example of expecting future action. And (A27) I'll have--okay. If you need any help… is the example of promising future action. The speech means if the hearers need help, she will be there for the hearer. This is because the western culture has a high priority for intimacy. Ellen broke the boundaries and tried to be there if One Direction need help. The speakers want to tell to the hearer about what he/she felt about something. This is called expressive speech acts. The intention of this speech acts is, for instance, happiness, sadness, like-dislike, and other emotion. However, expressive speech acts are not only conveying about their emotion but also could apologize, thanking, or congratulating. The writer found the expressive speech acts are the second most typically found in the study and performed by all subjects. Thus, the writer identified two categories of the reason for expressive speech acts; emotion and attitude. Emotion is a feeling or a mental state which caused by people or situation around such as, happiness, love, fear, sad anger, amaze, etc. Attitude is a mental entity's self-awareness and a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards people or situations such as gratitude, welcoming, apologizing, thanking, congratulating, etc. And, yeah, I'm just happy to be back with the lads. A21 It's good to have you back. A22 Yeah, it's interesting the ones that turn over. B35 But right now, I'm the lucky one. C28 Thank you. C37 So it was so fun. D30 My thanks to you now D49 Most of the expressive speech acts expressed attitude such as grateful and thanking. For example, (A22) It's good to have you back and (C28) But right now, I'm the lucky one, those speeches are identified as being grateful. (C37) Thank you and (D49) My thanks to you now are an expression of thanking. However, BTS performed all of the expressions of welcoming or introducing such as "Hi" and "Nice to meet you". One of the emotions is happiness found in this study, for example, (A21) And, yeah, I’m just happy to be back with the lads and (D30) So it was so fun. Besides, another expression such as anger, fear, and other negative emotion was not found because it would not be performed to maintain the politeness of the set. The cross-cultural value of oriental showed that they are always harmonizing in conveying an opinion. The non-native speaker is always harmony in with giving speeches. The harmony in conveying an expressive speech acts is found in the data spoken by BTS. Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Vol. 8 (2) (2019) ISSN: 2252-6323 37 All of the members were harmony in expressing excitement in a row. Also, the voice of the group is found when the members of BTS introduced themselves using the word "nice to meet you". Besides, BTS tries to adapt the western culture by saying "nice to meet you" before introducing themselves to Ellen's show. However, One Direction did not apply self- assertion in conveying all expressive speech acts, one of the examples is (B19) We're all having fun. This probably because One Direction is a group. Ellen gave questions to BTS and One Direction about "Have you ever hooked up with your fans?" in the videos. The different reactions were showed between BTS and One Direction. One of the One Direction members admitted that he was ever hooked up with his fan, while BTS pretended to clam up and said no. Different attitude toward emotion is proven. This was happened because of the strict entertainment rules in Korean. Declarative speech acts are performed when someone has the power to change the reality of social status. The acts are, for instance, marrying, resigning, naming, etc. Unfortunately, declarative speech acts could not be found in this study, because Ellen did not change any social status neither BTS nor One Direction in reality. The study concluded that the most used illocutionary speech acts in the interview are representatives speech acts. Representative's speech acts basically tell the things are in the form of information. The answers to the interview questions are giving information. Thus the first previous study from Zakiah (2018) merely analyzed the representative's speech acts of the interview. The relationship between these studies lies in the topic that has the same focus. The type of speech acts is the aim of these studies. In addition, the data of these studies are from videos. In analyzing data, both studies used John Searle's theory. However, the purpose of the study is different. Zakiah's study is more focused on the type of representatives speech acts that classified the subtype of the representative's speech acts, there are stating, reporting, concluding, suggesting, and complaining. Moreover, Zakiah's study was also analyzed whether each speech uttered directly or indirectly. In the writer's study, the study merely focuses on the classification of the illocutionary speech acts by Searle's theory such as representatives, directives, commisives, declarative, and expressive illocutionary speech acts. In addition, Zakiah's study analyzed native speakers, whilst the writer compares the usage of speech acts between nonnative speakers and native speakers. The deficiency of the Zakiah's study is the representative subtype was not found in the Searle's theory. The result of Zakiah's study is mostly the speeches uttered in the type of stating and directly. However, there is a study proved that representative speech acts are mostly used in the interview. The study correlated with the second previous study from Tambunan et al (2018). The similarities of these studies are also using Searle's theory in classifying illocutionary speech acts theory. Both of these studies used Ellen show to analyzed the guests' usage of speech acts types. However, Tambunan et al’s study focus on the type of expressive speech act such as happiness, surprise, sadness or sorrow, anger, blame, apologize, congratulate, and thanks. In this study, those classifications of emotion and attitude become a reason for the type of illocutionary speech acts. Besides, this second previous study merely analyzed the native speaker, whereas the writer of this study also analyzed the non-native speaker guests. The result of the second previous study is the subject mostly used surprise expressive illocutionary speech acts in the interview. The third previous study that has a relationship with the writer's study is from Devi (2016). The focus of these studies is the type of speech acts. The theory of Devi's study was from Searle as well. One of the differences in the study is the object. Devi's study analyzed the speech act of students' interviews. Moreover, Devi's study is also identified as the marker of each type of illocutionary speech acts. The writer's study merely focuses on the classification of the type based on the reason. Thus, Devi's study also analyzed the marker, but the writer just named it as the reason why the speech could be identified Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Vol. 8 (2) (2019) ISSN: 2252-6323 38 as the type of illocutionary speech acts. Devi's study showed that mostly the students used assertive or representative speech act in answering the questions of the interview as well as the writer's study. The next studies are formulated from Gungormezler (2016) and Justová (2006). Unfortunately, these studies are not too-related for the writer's study. Both studies have a relationship with the writer's study that is about the pattern of native and non-native speaker's speech. However, the type of illocutionary speech acts is not the aim of both studies. Gungormezler’s study analyzed the refusal strategy of students, while Justová’s study analyzed the direct or indirect of the speech. The result of Gungormezler’s study is the students’ refusal strategy is native-like, while Justová’s study is mostly used the direct-direct pattern to communicate. CONCLUSION Based on the results analysis of utterance based on speeches uttered by BTS, One Direction, and Ellen in Ellen Show, it could be concluded as follow: the types of illocutionary speech acts used by BTS, One Direction, and Ellen. The types were found from 226 speeches, it is found that the subjects only used four types of illocutionary speech acts based on Searle's theory; representatives, commisives, directives, and expressive, while the declarative was not used by the subjects. Representatives (59.7%) are the most dominant speech acts among others, followed by expressive (30.1%) then commisives (5.3%) and the last directives (4.9%). Declarative speech acts were not used because in the interview the host did not have the power to give social status changed. Second, each type has a different reason or identified background. Representatives occurred by assessing the speeches true or not. In the study, the writer identified mostly representatives because of giving information by all means. The other reasons why representatives were identified are giving opinions and based on the true situation on the set of the interview. Too much the expression that human has. Thus, the writer identified the expressive speech act into two categories, there are emotion and attitude. The attitude in expressive speech is dominant in the interview, for example, welcome, grateful, and thank instead of emotion such as happiness, sadness, and anger. The commisives identified when the speakers expecting future action and promising future action. And the last, the identifier of speech act is direct, suggest or advice, and request or demand. The last conclusion is about the value of cross-cultural pragmatic. The self-assertion is identified when Ellen gave questions to the members of BTS either One Direction that is about one member. However, Ellen is in the middle of direct and indirect towards BTS. And finally, BTS was harmony when uttered expressive speech acts. The native speakers are more variety in using illocutionary speech acts in the interview than the non-native speakers. REFERENCES Corbin, J., Strauss, A.(1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Technique, 2nd Edition. London: SAGE Publications, Inc. Devi, I. C. (2016). Speech Acts Realization Analysis in a Mock Work Interview in Grade Twelve of SMK N 2 Adiwerna. Study. 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