RAINBOW 3 (1) (2014)

Rainbow: Journal of Literature,

Linguistics and Cultural Studies

http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/rainbow

FACTOR INFLUENCING THE USE OF CODE-SWITCHING

Raymond Allan Adipratama

English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Semarang, Indonesia

Article Info

________________
Article History:

Received in April 2014

Approved in May 2014

Published in June 2014

________________
Keywords:

Code-switching, factors,

functions, television program

____________________

Abstract
___________________________________________________________________

The aims of this research are, first to describe any code switching occurences found in Walk the Talk

2 and second to explain the factors that influenced the use of code-switching in the Walk the Talk 2

program. In conducting the research, I use qualitative approach. This research was analyzed a

television program called Walk the Talk 2 by doing some steps. First, the video downloaded from

the internet, later the videos were being transcribed. Next, I select the utterances that considered as

code-switching. Finally, I analyzed the factor that influenced the use of code-switching and the

function of code-switching on Walk the Talk 2 program. The study shows that that there are 110

functions in the 88 instances of code switching in this research. The proportion of those functions is

as follows: there are 3 instances of quotation, 3 of addressee specification, 18 of interjection, 58 of

reiteration, 7 of message qualification, 6 of personalization and objectivization, and 15 of facility of

expression. From the analysis, the most frequent function found in Walk the Talk 2 program is

reiteration. Reiteration function occur to clarify or emphasize what the speaker has said before.

Besides, it can be concluded that one instance of code-switching is intended for more than one factors

and functions. Considering the result, I would like to suggest to the reader to open their horizon that

sociolinguistics can be studied not only by reading text book, but there are also many media that can

be used as a tool to learned sociolinguistics. Various media such as radio, internet or television could

be an alternative option to learn sociolinguistics. In additon, it is better for teacher or lecturer to use

media like radio, internet or television when they are giving lecture about sociolinguistics especially

in this case code-switching.

 Correspondent Address:

B3 Building FBS Unnes

Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang, 50229

E-mail: raymondallan07@gmail.com

ISSN 2252-6463

Raymond Allan Adipratama / Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 3 (1) (2014)

INTRODUCTION

Communication is an important part for

every creature in this world. Every creature has

their own way to communicate with others. As

human being, we have developed a new way of

communicate. It is called language. We use

language to expressed our feelings and thoughts

with each other. According to Ibhawaegbele, et.

al (2012: 1) the culture of a people is best

expressed and preserved in their literature

through language. Language play an important

role to preserve and maintain culture in one

community.

As the times goes by, there are so many

things influenced the development of language,

and of them is society. Language and society are

two inseparable things and they are always

influencing one and another. One result of

development of language in society is

bilingualism. Lewis (2009) stated that the world

counts close to 7000 known living languages

spread over more than 200 countries. In addition,

Gardner-Chloros (2009) stated that it is therefore

not surprising that the number of multilinguals in

the world is far greater than the number of

monolinguals. Most people as speakers usually

occupy more than one language and require a

selected language whenever they want to speak

with other people.

According to Wardaugh (1986: 101)

bilingualism is an phenomenon of people having

more than one code (language). While

bilingualism is the phenomenon of having more

than one language, the people who interrelated

in, they called bilingual. Bilingual person often

switch one language to another, especially if they

know and understand both languages well. They

may switch from one language to another during

their conversation. In other words, since the

members of a bilingual community vary in the

capacity of mastering the languages used in the

community, it will leads them to do code-

switching.

In this study, code will be taken as a

system that is used by people to communicate

with each other. When people want to interact to

each other, they have to choose a particular code

to express their feeling. According to Stockwell

(2002: 8-9) a code is a symbol of nationalism that

is used by people to speak or communicate in a

particular language, or dialect, or register, or

accent, or style on different occasions and for

different purposes. Similarly, Wardaugh (2010:

98) defined code as particular dialect or language

one chooses to use on any given occasion and the

communication system used between two or

more parties. Based on the statement above, it

can be concluded that code is an instrument that

people use to make an interaction with another

people. Code is defined as language or variety of

language.

In one conversation, the speaker usually

wants to stick to the same type of code without

changing it to another because if both speaker

and hearer understand the codes that being used,

the communication will run smoothly.

Unfortunately, this expectation seems to fail for

some atmospheres. Especially in multilingual

society, in which the speaker may know more

than one code, the speaker often presents various

codes within his/her speeches. When individual

members of the society are able to speak more

than one language, switching from one language

to another in the same conversation is a common

communicative behavior. Code-switching is an

usual things which is occured as a result of

language contact of bilingual or multilingual

community.

Ayeomoni (2006) defines Code-switching

as well-known traits in the speech pattern of the

average bilingual in any human society the world

over. As a sociolingusitic phenomenon, code-

switching involves rapid switch or change from

one language to another, depending on the

situations, audience, subject matter etc. It is a

consequence of language contact. As a common

feature in bilingual and multilingual societies, it

is a situation where a speaker changes from one

language to another in a speech event.

Kracht (2014) stated that the term “code

switching” is typically reserved for the

phenomenon of changing an entire language

(dialect, register, etc.) in the middle of an

utterance. In line with that, Marasigan (1983:7)

stated that code switching refers to the use of two

Raymond Allan Adipratama / Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 3 (1) (2014)

languages in the same sentences or discourse.

The terms of code-switching in sociolingustics

referring to use more than one language or

variety in a conversation.

From the descriptions above, the writer

makes a conclusion about the definition of code-

switching. Based on the writer’s understanding,

the definition of code-switching is a term in

linguistics referring to the ability of a bilingual

speaker to using more than one language variety,

or style by within an utterance or discourse, or

between different interlocutors or situations in

conversation to express a thought or an idea.

In this globalization era, code-switching

seems appeared in almost conversation in human

life. It is not only appeared in a conversation

between two peoples but it can be found in short

stories, novels, radio and television programs,

Hollywood films, music, etc. For this study, the

writer chooses Walk the Talk 2 program as the

research object. Walk the Talk 2 is a program

which is powered by US Embassy for Indonesia

to help Indonesian viewers improving their

English ability. Walk the Talk 2 hosted by

American native speaker named Jason Daniels.

To help revealing what factors that influenced the

use of code switching, the writer decided to

conduct a research on Walk the Talk 2 program.

Besides, the writer also wants to reveal the

function of code-switching occurences in this

television program.

To know what factor that influenced the

use of code switching and the function of code-

switching ing Walk the Talk 2 program, the

writer use Holmes (2001) and Marasigan’s (1983)

theory. According to Holmes (2001: 41) there are

four factor that may influenced someone to use

code-switching in a conversation., they are:

(1) Participant

Code-switching may be related to a

particular participant or addressee. People are

easy to switch code when there is some obvious

change in a situation, such as meeting with a new

person. The participants will use code-switching

to his or her new partners because they have

certain will and goal. If a group of people are

talking in one language and a non-speaker enters,

they will switch code or topic or both. Holmes

(2001: 42) stated that viewing from the

personality of the participant, there are will and

goal of code-switching such as the speaker who

wants to change the situation without any

information in time and space.

(2) Solidarity

A speaker may similarly do code-

switching to another language as a signal of

group membership and shared ethnicity with an

addressee. Even speaker who is not very

proficent in a second language may use brief

phrases and words for his purpose.

(3) Status

Code-switching may also reflect a change

in the other dimensions, such as the status

relationship between people or the formality of

their interaction. It means different kinds of

relationship are often expressed through different

code, such as the use of low variety in the

minimum social distance relationship and high

variety in the formal relationship. More formal

relationship which sometimes involve status

differences too such as doctor-patient,

administrator-client, or lecturer-student. While,

friendly relationship involving minimal social

distance, such as neighbour or friend are often

expressed in the low variety of formality.

(4) Topic

Holmes (2001: 37) stated that people may

switch code within a speech event to discuss a

particular topic. It relates to the function the topic

which is under discussion. Bilingual often find it

easier to discuss particular topic in one code

rather than another code. For many bilinguals,

certain kinds of referential content are more

appropriately expressed in one language than the

other.

According to Marasigan (1983 : 73) there

are seven functions of code-switching, they are:

(1) Quotation

According to Marasigan (1983:73),

subjects quoted themselves and others directly or

Raymond Allan Adipratama / Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 3 (1) (2014)

indirectly to sound more credible to the

addressees. Seemingly, a quotation serve as a

proof that what they were saying were facts and

the addressees had to believe them. As the

example of the function, there was a speaker who

wanted to prove to the addressees that she/he

turned up on their appointment date. The

example is shown below:

Sabi ko kay Joyce (I told Joyce), “Joyce,

you tell Silvia that if she brings the letter

to the house, I’ll pay her there.”

The speaker uses the tagalong language

to express his idea in idea form and then continue

it in English. When he uses the tagalong to sound

more credible to the addressees seemingly, a

quotation as a proof that what they were saying

is a fact and that the addressees had to believe

them.

(2) Addressee Spesification

This type of switching recognizes not

only the interacting members of the speech event

but it also recognizes that their language behavior

may be more than merely a matter of individual

preference or facility, but also a matter of role

relations. The example is shown below:

C : Mis, o, fighting again the two

D : sinong nag-aaway (who are

quarrelling)

C : The two, Miss.

E : away ng away (always quarrelling)

C : Oo, seatmates pa naman! (Yes, and

they are seatmates, too!)

The boy in conversation above used

English when he reported to his teacher that two

of his classmates were quarrelling. He used the

same code to answer the question of the teacher.

(3) Reiteration

Sometimes a message is repeated in the

other code, either literally or in somewhat

modified form. Reiteration may serve to clarify

what is said, amplify, or emphasize a message, or

mark a joke. The example is shown below:

A : Ate Christy, you stretch your legs.

B : Ano (what)?

A : I said, “you stretch your leg.”

B : Ano (what)?

C : Darling, magtagalog ka (Darling, speak

tagalog). Ate Christy does not

understand English.

A : Ah! Ate Christy, i-stretch mo ang legs

C : (Laughing) Sabo ko (I said), “you speak

in Tagalong” tagalong bay an (is that

Tagalog)?

A : Oo, sabi ko naman i-stretch nya ang legs,

ah (Yes, I told her to stretch her legs)

The conversation above was considered

as a form of reiteration rather than quotation

although the speakers practically quoted

themselves. This was so because the span of time

between the original and the repeated message

was very short.

(4) Interjection

According to Marasigan (1983) this

function usually to express strong emotions or

feelings. The example is shown below:

A : Very bad, Akin Yan (that’s mine)

B : Hep, hep sa aming dalawa (That’s ours)

A : Ay, nag-bell (hey, the bell is ringing

for our next class)

This conversation indicates that the

choice of the English interjections by the setting.

(5) Message of Qualification

This function often to express the time

concept. Besides, this function also intended to

emphasize something at a particular time. The

example is shown below:

A : Nandito ako (I was here).

C : Wala ka ditto (You were not here).

A : Nandito ako (I was here). Friday?

Nandito ako (I was here).

C : Not this Friday. Before All Saint’s

Day.

Yun ang usapan (That’s the appoinment).

Raymond Allan Adipratama / Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 3 (1) (2014)

It has been an accepted fact that

Filipinos do not conceive time as something

specific or exact. Then, the Filipinos of today

have developed a sense of western time. They use

their language (English) whom they refer precise

the timing.

(6) Personalization and Objectivization

This function to express someone’s

personal opinion whether it refers to specific

instances or a fact. The example is shown below:

It’s a Crispa – Toyota deal. I’m one of

the Crispa die – hard fans.

Sana manalo sila. (I hope they win).

The example above, the subject used

English to express what for him objective facts.

He switched to Pilipino to express a personal

wish.

(7) Facility of Expression

The code-switching found under this

category can be interpreted as a difficulty in

finding the right words ar the time of speakung or

merely as a sign of the subject’s lack of familiarity

with the style he/she is using. The example is

shown below:

“my barkada’s are Andrea, maricris and

Lora (My friends are …). They are minsan sikon

and minsan good (They are sometimes unable to

take jokes and sometimes good) ……………..

The second language learner, they usually

use the first language since they are childhood.

Then, they rarely switch from the first language

to the second language because they haven’t

mastered yet the second language to express their

opinion. People switch from the second language

to the first language because they do not have the

appropriate term of the second language to

express their opinion, and then, the expression

being the first language.

METHOD OF INVESTIGATION

This research was analyzed a television

program called Walk the Talk 2 by doing some

steps. First is retrieving the video from internet.

Second is watching and listening to the video

record. Third is transcribing all recorded

utterances that considered as code-switching

occurences as accurate as possible. Fourth is

Classifying the data which contain that would be

used as data of investigation. Next is categorizing

all the data according to the function and the

factor. And the last one is analyzing what factor

that influenced the use of code-switching and the

function of code-switching occurences during the

program. Because the data are in form of the

words, I used qualitative analysis. Qualitative

analysis is generally process of selecting,

categorizing, comparing, synthesizing, and

interpreting the provided explanation of the

single phenomenon of interest.

In this study, qualitative analysis is used to

identify, classify and analyze what factor that

influence the use of code-switching and the

function of code switching occurences during

Walk the Talk 2 program.

DISCUSSION

In this study, the fact that one instance of

code-switching may have more than one

function. There are 110 functions in the 83

instances of code-switching which had been

classified. The percentage of code-switching

function are: (1) quotation is found 3 times and

represents 2,72%, (2) addressee spesification is

found 3 times and represents 2,73%, (3)

interjection is found 18 times and represents

16,36%, (4) reiteration is found 58 times and

represents 52,72%, (5) message qualification is

found 7 times and represents 6,36%, (6)

personalization and objectivization is found 6

times and represents 5,45%, (7) facility of

expression is found 15 times and represents

13,63%. Besides, I faced the fact that the four

factors in Holmes’ theory are connected one to

another and could not be separated. It is hard to

count the proportion of the dominant factor that

influence the use of code switching, since the four

Raymond Allan Adipratama / Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 3 (1) (2014)

factor proposed by Holmes almost appeared

together.

A. Functions of Code-switching

1. Quotation

According to Marasigan, the subject

quoted themselves or others directly or indirectly

to sound more credible to the addressees.

Seemingly, a quotation served a proof that what

they were saying were facts and for that reason

the addressee had to believe them.

Data 2:

P: tergantung, tapi biasanya 2-3 menit.

( It depends, but usually it takes 2-3

minutes)

J: 2-3 minutes, he says. So tergantung

apinya juga, right?

(2-3 minutes, he says. So, it depends

on the fire, right?)

From data number 2 in utterance “2-3

minutes, he says. So tergantung apinya juga,

right?” The speaker switched the code to Bahasa

Indonesia in order to preserve the originality of

the message. In this sentence we can see that the

speaker quoted indirectly from jagung bakar seller

statement. Jason quoted jagung bakar seller

because he want to avoid misunderstanding.

2. Addressee Spesification

Based on Marasigan, This type of

switching served to direct the message to a

specific person. It recognizes not only the

interacting the members of speech events but also

it recognizes that their language behavior may be

more than merely a matter of individual

preference or facility, or also a matter of role

relations.

Data 7:

“Kalau mau ngebut jangan disini Mister.

Di sirkuit”

(Don’t drive at high speed here, Sir.

You’d better go to the circuit)

In data number 7, showed that the code-

switching in “Kalau mau ngebut jangan disini

Mister, di sirkuit,” Word “mister” is often used by

Indonesian people to call every foreigner in

Indonesia. Indonesian people used that word to

show close relation to them. Besides, the use of

word “mister” to show lack of English vocabulary

knowledge. In this case, the speaker wants to

show close relation between him and Jason who

is the foreigner.

3. Reiteration

Often, in conversation, either formal or

informal, a speaker repeated a message using

other code. The reiteration can be literally or

modified form. It may serve to clarify what is

said, amplify or emphasize the message.

There is a lot of code-switching in the

conversation on this program served for this

function. Mostly, they repeated a word, a phrase

or a clause literally in other codes. Such

repetition may clarify the message, which is

going to be emphasized.

Data 12:

“Oh excuse me, I’m lost, saya nyasar. Im

looking for paralayang, you know? Do u

work here? Ooh u work here? Gunung Mas?”

(Oh excuse me, I’m lost. Im looking for

paralayang, you know? Do u work here?

Ooh u work here? Gunung Mas?)

In data number 12 the speaker wants to

emphasize the message he has said before. Jason

said in data 12 “Oh excuse me, I’m lost, saya

nyasar. I’m looking for paralayang, you know?”

Jason as the foreigner, who does not know the

place and the direction of the paragliding place,

stated to the officer of Gunung Mas that he was

lost. He switched code to Indonesian to

emphasized that he is really does not know the

direction to paragliding place and he wanted to

know the Place.

4. Interjection

According to Marasigan, often the subjects

used or switched into other codes when they

uttered interjections. Normally, interjections

used to express strong feelings or emotions.

Data 13:

“ooh oke right, so 5 more.. wow jauh ya

!!”

Raymond Allan Adipratama / Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 3 (1) (2014)

(ooh oke right, so 5 more.. wow it is far,

isn’t it?)

The example of code-switching in data

number 13 “ooh oke right, so 5 more. Wow jauh

ya !!”, wants to show the speaker’s strong feeling

about his opinion that he has to walked 5 more

kilometres which is quite far.

5. Message Qualification

According to Marasigan, code-switching

function as message qualification is intended to

express the time concept. In addition, this

function is also intended to raise the specific

nuance to the messages which are going to going

to be put forward.

Data 18

Usually, biasanya orang bagusin motor

punya mereka, disini tapi kenapa dirusakin?

Gimana? Why why you guys do that? Kenapa?”

(Usually people make their bike as good

as possible, but why people here do vise versa?

Why?)

In data number 18 “Usually, biasanya

orang bagusin motor punya mereka, disini tapi

kenapa dirusakin? Gimana? Why why you guys

do that? Kenapa?” Served to express habitual

activity. This time, Jason asked to the member of

the community the reason why all the motorcycle

in the community are looks ugly. Jason thought

that usually people make their belonging, in this

case, their motorcycle as good as possible, but he

wondered why all motorcycle in the community

are looks ugly. To express his curiosity, Jason

switched to Indonesian.

6. Personalization and objectivization

Based on Marasigan, code-switching

found under this function usually served to

express someone’s personal opinion wheter it

refers to specific instances or a fact.

Data 21:

“Right now I’m in the middle of

Bundaran Hotel Indonesia. Hotel Indonesia

traffic circle and there

is fresh air. Tumben banget ada fresh air disini di

Central Jakarta !”

(Right now I’m in the middle of

Bundaran Hotel Indonesia. Hotel Indonesia

traffic circle and there is fresh air. It is

unusual to have fresh air here in Central

Jakarta.)

In data number 21, Jason want to

express his feeling of amazement. It is unusual

thing to have fresh air in Jakarta since Jakarta is

known as one of the most hectic town in

Indonesia. To express his personal opinion Jason

switched to Indonesia by saying “Tumben banget

ada fresh air disini di Central Jakarta!”

7. Facility of Expression

Not all instances of code-switching convey

a meaning. Marasigan (1983) stated that code-

switching found under this category can be

interpreted as a difficulty in finding the right

words at the time of speaking or merely as sign of

the subject’s lack of familiarity with the style

he/she is using.

Data 27

“My hobby, my personal hobby is

ngedangdut. Dangdut dance with my band,

The Bugils”

In data number 27, the speaker stated

“My hobby, my personal hobby is ngedangdut.

Dangdut dance with my band, The Bugils” The

word “ngedangdut” is actually an original word

of Bahasa. It is difficult for a foreigner like Jason

to replace word “ngedangdut” to English since

they do not have dangdut culture. So to preserve

the originality of the message, Jason switched to

Indonesian. Besides, it is easier for the audience

to understand the message since “ngedangdut” is

a part of Indonesian culture.

B. Factors that influence the use of code-

switching

1. Participant

According to Holmes, code-switching may

be related to a particular participant or addressee.

If a group of people are talking in one language

Raymond Allan Adipratama / Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 3 (1) (2014)

and a non-speaker enters, they will switch code

or topic or both.

Data 2:

J: Alright, habis ini saya mau ke

paralayang. You know paragliding? Ini saya jalan

kemana habis itu ?

(Alright, after this I want to try

paragliding. You know paragliding?

Where I should go after this?)

In data number 2, participant and topic are

become the factors which influence the use of

code-switching. In this case, the participant of

this conversation is the same with the previous

example. At this time, Jason want to know the

direction to go to the paragliding place. In order

to get clear direction of the paragliding place,

Jason asked to the jagung bakar seller whom the

native people of that area. Jason switched to

Indonesian so that he can get clear direction to

the paragliding place by asking to the native

people.

2. Solidarity

To show solidarity to a particular member

of one ethnicity, a speaker may switch code to

particular language

Data 5:

J: Ok, saha namina pak? What’s your

name?

(Ok, What is your name Sir?)

A: Ata.

In data number 5 Jason as the host want to

asked some question to bajigur seller who also

native people from that area. To gain respect

from the native people, Jason switch code to

Sundanesse.

3. Status

Code-switching may also reflect a change

in the other dimensions, such as the status

relationship between people or the formality of

their interaction. It means different kinds of

relationship are often expressed through different

code.

Data 6:

J: Oh wow, excuse me, all of this

are for praying? ini semua ini untuk

sembahyang ya?

(Oh wow, excuse me, all of this

are for praying? All of this is for praying

right?)

Data number 6 shows a conversation

between Jason as the host and hio seller as the

interlocutor. Moreover, this conversation shows

that this is only a host and interviewee

relationship which is the host used ordinary

language and no specific terms involved in this

conversation.

4. Topic

People may switch code within a speech

event to discuss a particular topic. It relates to the

function the topic which is under discussion.

Bilingual often find it easier to discuss particular

topic in one code rather than another code.

Data 9:

J: Right, how many cows are

there? Ada berapa banyak disini?

(Right, how many cows are

there?)

P: Ada 40 sapi

(There are 40 cows here)

The conversation in data number 9 is

occured between Jason as the host and Pak Pardi

as one of dairy farmer. Since Jason and pak Pardi

share the same topic about number of cows,

code-switching might occured.

CONCLUSION

Based on the analysis and discussion in

Chapter Four, some conclusions can be drawn as

follows:

The analysis towards Walk the Talk 2

program showed that there are 110 functions in

the 88 instances of code switching in this

research. The proportion of those functions is as

follows: there are 3 instances of quotation, 3 of

addressee specification, 18 of interjection, 58 of

reiteration, 7 of message qualification, 6 of

personalization and objectivization, and 15 of

Raymond Allan Adipratama / Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 3 (1) (2014)

facility of expression. In most cases, one instance

of code-switching is intended for more than one

function. Besides, The most dominant function

found in Walk the Talk 2 program is reiteration.

Reiteration function occur to clarify or

emphasize what the speaker has said before.

Since Walk the Talk 2 is an edutainment program,

so reiteration function is almost occur in every

conversation to clarifying or emphasizing

something. Moreover, I found out that four

factors in Holmes’ theory are connected one to

another and could not be separated.

The conclusions presented above lead me

to provide the following suggestions:

1. For the reader

There are so many media that can be used

as a tool to study sociolinguistics in this case

code-switching. In this modern era, media such

as radio, internet, or television could be an

alternative option to learn code-switching

2. For teacher/lecturer

It is better for teacher or lecturer especially

sociolinguistics lecturer to use media like radio,

internet or television when they giving lecture

about sociolinguistics. Besides to avoid student

boredom, giving lecture with media as

mentioned before could give a chance for student

to apply what they have learned during the

lecture.

3. For further researcher

This is one of our ways that we can do for

the progress of the development of the

sociolinguistics subject especially in English

Department and in Indonesia generally. A

further study is also needed to follow the

development of sociolinguistics study especially

code-switching.

REFERENCES

Ayeomoni, M.O. 2006. Code-Switching and Code-

Mixing: Style of Language Use in Childhood

in Yoruba Speech Community. Nordic Journal

of African Studies 15(1): 90–99.

Gardner-Chloros, P. 2009. Code-switching. New

York: Cambridge University Press.

Holmes, Janet. 2001. An Introduction of Linguistics.

2nd ed. England: Pearson Education Limited,

2001

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