🖂 Corresponding author:

Jalan Akasia RT 02/18 Pamulang Timur, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia 15417

E-mail: dosen00322@unpam.ac.id

p-ISSN: 2252-6323

e-ISSN: 2721-4540

RAINBOW Vol. 11 (2) 2022

Journal of Literature, Linguistics and

Culture Studies
https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/rainbow

Code-mixing by a content creator Gita Savitri Devi: How and why?

Mia Perlina1 🖂, Mita Agustinah2
1,2

English Department, Universitas Pamulang, Indonesia

Article Info Abstract

Article History:

Received

16 February 2022

Approved

27 August 2022

Published

31 October 2022

Code-mixing, which is the use of two or more languages that are mixed in one utterance,

is commonly practiced by bilingual or multilingual people. Then, this study aims to find

out the types and the reasons for code-mixing performed by Gita Savitri Devi, a content

creator, in one of her videos on YouTube channel entitled "Plis Stop Nyebarin Hoaks!!

Beropini Eps. .55". Qualitative descriptive method is used to conduct this study, and the

data are analyzed using Hoffman’s theory (1991). The results of this study indicate that

there are three types of code-mixing that are found in the video, namely intra sentential

code-mixing, intra lexical code-mixing and involving a change of pronunciation.

Furthermore, the writers also find three reasons why code-mixing is utilized, among others

are: (1) talking about a particular topic; (2) being empathetic or emotional about something;

and (3) repetition used for clarification. The existence of code-mixing in our daily life is

able to facilitate us to language learning. However, there are still some mistakes in using

the language such as dictions and ungrammatical structure. Therefore, we have to be careful

in using the language and adjust it with the society to avoid miscommunication.

Keywords:

Bilinguals, code-

mixing, multilinguals,

YouTube video

How to cite (in APA Style):

Perlina, M., & Agustinah, M. (2022). Code-mixing by a content creator Gita Savitri Devi: How and why? Rainbow : Journal of

Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies, 11(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.15294/rainbow.v11i2.54913

INTRODUCTION

Language is something that is not able to be

separated from society. According to Wardaugh

(2006), language is what the individuals of a

specific society talk. Furthermore, he added that

society is any group of people who are united for a

certain reason or purpose. By using language,

individuals can be connected and communicate

with each other to attain their wants such as getting

information or something they need to know.

Language helps them to get some information,

shows their feelings and reveals some ideas.

To interact each other, people should obey

norms of conversation that prevail in the culture of

society around them. Society and language have a

relationship that makes them not separated. In

linguistics, relation between language and society

is learned in sociolinguistics. Holmes (2000) states

that sociolinguistics is the ponder of the

relationship between language and society.

Furthermore, Wardaugh (2006) asserted that

sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the

relationship between dialect and society to be a

stronger understanding of the structure of language

and how languages work in communication. From

a few past definitions about sociolinguistics which

were argued by experts, it can be summarized that

sociolinguistics could be a department of

linguistics that studies about language which is

related to community, assortment, function, and

the users of the language.

Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies, Vol. 11 (2) 2022

p-ISSN: 2252-6323

e-ISSN: 2721-4540

Having some abilities to use two or more

languages makes people mix their languages when

they communicate to each other, either

intentionally or unintentionally. These people are

then known as bilingual or multilingual speakers.

In fact, A few bilingual or multilingual speakers

mix two codes when they cannot discover proper

words or expressions or when there is no suitable

interpretation for the language being used. The

solution is mixing their codes so that they can

understand and make a conversation as usual. This

way that they used is called code-mixing in

linguistics study.

According to Mujiono and Suharto (2017),

code-mixing is a methodology of communication

in bilingual bunches where colonies can talk using

two languages.This term is used by some

Indonesian who live abroad, especially content

creators that were and are abroad. They used code-

mixing automatically in their daily conversation.

One of them is in Gita Savitri Devi’s.

Gita Savitri Devi is an Indonesian who lives

in Hamburg, Germany. She completed his

chemistry study at Free University in Berlin. She is

one of the video content creators on YouTube.

Besides being a content creator, Gita is the author

of a book entitled "Rentang Kisah" and has been a

cosmetic brand ambassador. To support his career

and life abroad, Gita does not only learn German

but also English. Gita mixes these languages into

one as in the video entitled "Plis Stop Nyebarin

Hoaks!! Beropini Eps. 55". She explains the cases

use English and Indonesian especially for specific

compound or medicine. She mixesher language in

this video. There are a lot of code-mixing cases that

are found here, so the writers is attracted to

conduct this research.

According to the case above, the writerss are

interested in studying code-mixing because she is

curious and discovers about the phenomena of

using code-mixing in Gita's YouTube Channel.

She mixes her utterances in almost all of her videos

with different types of code-mixing. The writers

choose her video as the object of this research. The

writers are interested in analyzing the type and the

reason she code-mixes her language.

Research on code-mixing is a lot, but the

writers believe that this issue is still getting paid

attention due to the fact that language is dynamic.

The phenomenon of code-mixing nowadays is

even getting more often used because of the

development of using technology, so people can

communicate with others around the world. One

of the previous research studies on code-mixing is

from Sukrisna (2019) with his thesis entitled “an

analysis of using code mixing on Atta Halilintars’

video Youtube channel”. His research was a

descriptive qualitative method. The result of his

study was that he found thirty-four information

within the types and levels of code-mixing. Within

the sorts of code-mixing, the most elevated type

was intra sentential of code-mixing and the most

reduced type was including a change of

articulation. Meanwhile, within the levels of code-

mixing, the prevailing level was word level and the

least level was repetition word and idiom level.

The second research is from Saleh (2017)

with his thesis entitled “an analysis of code-mixing

used by teachers of Zarindah house of learning in

the teaching learning process”. He used Hoffman’s

theory about code-mixing. he used a qualitative

strategy to analyze his research and found 44 data

of code-mixing from the primary instructor and 43

data from the second instructor. There were two

sorts of code-mixing utilized by the instructors,

namely intra sentential code-mixing and change of

articulation. The prevailing sort that the instructors

utilized was intra sentential code-mixing, and the

reason of utilizing code-mixing were quoting

someone else, interjection, repetition used for

clarification and real lexical need.

The third research is from Mulyani (2011)

entitled “code mixing analysis of the judge

comments and the host utterances on five episodes

of workshop round in Indonesian idol singing

competition season 6”. She examined the code-

mixing in word-class and state that was utilized by

the judge's comments and the host. She also

analyzed the components which impact them in

mixing the language. From the result of her

research, she found that 13 data included in code-

mixing. In word class, she found 6 data, whereas

in a phrase she found 9 data. For the calculation of

Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies, Vol. 11 (2) 2022

p-ISSN: 2252-6323

e-ISSN: 2721-4540

the code-mixing, she found six components that

impact the subject mixed with their language.

Furthermore, Luke (2015) investigated the

types of code-mixing and reasons for code-mixing

used among pamonanese in closed group

Facebook, Parata Ndaya. Her data were taken

from comments of three active members of Parata

Ndaya. The comments selected were talking about

political issues that occurred during Regional

House Representative Election in 2014. The result

indicated that code-mixing was mostly found in

jokes and some comments about political leaders.

The type of code-mixing which was dominantly

used was intra-lexical mixing. Meanwhile, the

seven reasons for code-mixing proposed by

Hoffman (1991) were all found in the comments

used by the respondents. Then, the most frequent

reason for code-mixing was expressing group

identity.

According to Wardaugh (2006), code-

mixing occurs in speakers using two different

languages together in one expression. Bilingual

society or people who are confronted with several

cultures in their daily lives will find it very easy to

find code-mixing. In the code-mixing processes,

there will be one language that dominates among

other languages or one dominating others. It is

usually in the form of a word, phrase, clause,

sentence, or idiom. Hudson (1996) argues that

language mixing is a condition where a bilingual is

proficient in speaking two different languages

without changing any details in certain situations.

Code-mixing just happens and in an

unspecified situation. This usually arises because

the speaker often uses the language and usually,

some people are not only bilingual, they use code-

mixing to express things to make them easier to

understand. Code-mixing is the mixing of one

language in another language by the speaker in a

communication. Besides the code-mixing, there is

also a phenomenon that happens in bilingual or

multilingual communities called code-switching,

the contrast between code-switching and code-

mixing is that code-switching is the change of

language from one dialect to another at all in one

sentence. But in case the speakers mix dialect a to

b at the clause or phrase level it is called code-

mixing. In other words, code-mixing occurs intra-

sententially, while code-switching inter-

sententially (Alenazi, 2016, as cited in Perlina &

Taman, 2021).

Based on definitions over, the writers

conclude that code-mixing is a phenomenon that

exists in a bilingual or multilingual community

where the speakers do a communication process by

using language that they mix (word to word or

phrase to phrase) from one language to another

language at the same discussion or conversation.

Types of code-mixing

In his book Hoffman (1991)divides types of

code-mixing and code switching into three types.

The first is intra-sentential code-mixing. This type

of code-mixing happens inside a phrase, a clause or

a sentence boundary, for example in English -

Indonesia on Arnold Poernomo's video YouTube

channel on 19th october 2020 entitled "Harta tahta

chef Renata-Arnold Poe”:

Chef Arnold: First impression lu apa? (What is

your first impression?)

Chef Renata: ngeliat lu? (about you?)

In the conversation above, there are two

speakers: Chef Arnold and Chef Renata. This

conversation occurs in eleven minutes one second.

Chef Arnold uses "first impression" which is

English word and then he mixes it with "lu apa". It

is Indonesian. Thus, it is called intra-sentential

code-mixing between Indonesian and English.

The second type of code-mixing is Intra-

lexical code-mixing. This kind of code-mixing

occurs within a word boundary. Here is the

example from master chef Indonesia season 7 on

13th November 2020 entitled "siapa yang

tersingkir dari black team | galeri 10:

Chef Renata: ... Tapi kalo buat acar sebesar itu,

baru akan menjadi acar yang baik,

mungkin besok, dia belum ter-

pickled dengan baik... ". (for making

those big pickles, it will be good

pickles maybe tomorrow, it has not

picked well).

This statement uses English “pickled” and

Indonesian prefix “ter-”. It mixes together into a

Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies, Vol. 11 (2) 2022

p-ISSN: 2252-6323

e-ISSN: 2721-4540

sentence. Chef Renata said three minutes and three

second between English and Indonesian at the

level of the word, so it is called Intra-lexical code-

mixing.

The last type is involving a change of

pronunciation. This kind of code-mixing happens

at the phonological level, as when Indonesian

people say an English word, but adjust it to the

Indonesian phonological structure. For instance,

the word "subscriber" on Deddy Corbuzier's video

Youtube channel that is used by Denny Sumargo

is pronounced like what is really written with /u/

sound, not pronounce as /ə/. Phonetically, the

word subscriber should be /səbˈskraɪ.bər/.

Therefore, this example is classified as involving a

change of pronunciation.

Reasons for code-mixing

According to Hoffman (1991), there are a

few reasons for bilingual or multilingual people to

switch or mix their languages. The first reason is

talking about a particular topic. It implies that a

few bilingual individuals prefer to use code-mixing

to conversation about a specific theme that's

distinctive from her everyday language. Secondly,

quoting somebody else code-mixing occurs when

some people want to give suggestions or something

that important to others. For instance, “ajining diri

ana ing lathi, jadi harus ati ati kalo ngomong” the

meaning is pure personality is in speech so as a

human you should be careful in talking. The third

reason is being emphatic about something

(expressing solidarity). For example, when our

friend is sick and we message her “get well soon ya,

biar cepet kuliah lagi”, it becomes our habit so we

automatically use that to show our feelings.

Fourth, interjection is a short exclamation such as

duh!, hey!, oh!, shit!, etc. There are no grammatical

rules in an interjection, but the speaker usually uses

them in the conversation. Fifth, repetition used for

clarification, and repetition is not as it were to

clarify the speech but moreover the message. Sixth,

the intention of clarifying the speech substance for

interlocutors. When bilingual talks to another

bilingual, there will be parcels of code-switching

and code-mixing happens. The last reason is

expressing group character. Code switching and

code-mixing are also utilized to precise group

character. The rule is like in interjection, but the

speaker usually uses them within the conversation.

METHODS

This study used a qualitative descriptive

method which is described by Djajasudarma

(1993) as a complex social reality by describing,

classifying, and analyzing naturally. There is an

attempt to describe, take notes, analyze and

interpret the conditions currently occur. In other

words, descriptive study aims to obtain

information about the current state and the

relationship between each variable. Moreover,

Punch (2016) states that qualitative data are most

likely to be words that we get by asking (meeting),

observing (perception), or reading (records) or a

few combinations of these three activities. In this

case, the data that writers used are in the forms of

a recording script that are transcribed from the

selected YouTube video.

In terms of data source, the writers used one

of the Youtube videos from Gita Savitiri Devi’s

channel. The video entitled “Plis stop nyebarin

hoaks!! Beropini eps. 55”. The duration of the

video is about thirty minutes and one second. As

discussed earlier, Gita Savitri Devi is an

Indonesian who lived in Germany. In fact, in her

video she mixes her languages because everyday

she interacts with people who speak English and

Germany. From her video, the writers then

transcribed her utterances as the data for this study.

The process of collecting the data in this

study was divided into several steps. First, the

writers watched the video many times. Secondly,

the writers transcribed the utterances become a

script. Furthermore, the writers sorted out the

utterances that contain the practice of code-mixing.

Finally, the writers put the data into a table form in

order to be systematic and easier to analyze.

After collecting the data, the writers

analyzed the data using Hoffman's (1991) theory to

find out the type and reason for code-mixing. The

process of data analysis involved several steps.

First of all, the writers identified and classified the

type of code-mixing for each utterance found.

Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies, Vol. 11 (2) 2022

p-ISSN: 2252-6323

e-ISSN: 2721-4540

Secondly, the writers analyzed the reasons for

using code-mixing. In this case the writers

described them in the forms of essays. Finally, the

writers drew a conclusion.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

There were two main objectives of this

study. The first objective was to find out the type

of code-mixing, and the second one was to analyze

the reasons for using code-mixing. These two

objectives will be presented in the following

subsequently.

Types of code-mixing

The writers used Hoffman’s (1991) theory to

analyze the data. From the analysis, it was found

that all three types of code-mixing proposed by

Hoffman were found in the video. First, Out of 129

data found, 94 data were categorized as intra-

sentential code-mixing. In this type, the language

used was English-Indonesian and Indonesian-

Germany. Second, 32 data were classified into

intra-lexical code-mixing. Interestingly, all data

were mixing between English and Indonesian.

Finally, 3 data were grouped as involving change

of pronunciation. Thus, the result of the study

regarding the type of code-mixing can be

summarized in Table 1.

Table 1. Types of code-mixing

No. Types of code-mixing Occurrences

(Utterances)

1. Intra-sentential code-mixing 94

2. Intra-lexical code-mixing 32

3. Involving change of

pronunciation.
3

Total 129

Furthermore, the disccusions for each type

of code-mixing found were presented in the

following.

Intra sentential code-mixing

Intra sentential code-mixing means a type of

code-mixing that occurs on a phrase, a clause or

sentence boundary. Then, the result showed that

the type of intra sentential code mixing uttered by

Gita was in the form of words, phrases, and

clauses.

The first category of intra sentential code-

mixing used by Gita was in the form of words.

Words, in linguistics, is defined as “one or more

morphemes that can stand alone in a language”

(Lieber, 2009, p. 3). Speakers, listening, and

utterances are then examples of words consisting of

more than one morpheme. These examples might

be produced in speech or writing. Thus, it can be

said that a word can be defined as a meaningful

unit in a language, either in spoken or written.

From the analysis, there were 51 utterances that

were used in the form of words. The following

were then some examples of intra sentential code-

mixing in the form of words.

1) Jadi hanya untuk ibaratnya ngebersihin

surface tangan yang abis nyentuh macem

macem, gitu ya?

(So it is just like cleaning up the hand surface that

touches all kinds of things, is that right)

This utterance occurs at 03:09 minutes. In

this video Gita uses Indonesian as the dominant

language. Then, she inserts an English word in her

utterances, namely surface which means permukaan.

Based on the theory that Hoffman put forward this

situation is called intra-sentential code-mixing.

This is because Gita inserts the word within the

sentence boundaries so it is called intra sentential

code-mixing.

2) Wishhh claiming-nya bold banget ya, yang

takut corona, yang kena corona, itu obatnya,

dia pikir dengan dia ngomong insha Allah

sebanyak itu orang akan yaaaa okee ini dari

Allah.

(Wishhh the claiming is really bold, the one who is

afraid of corona, the one who gets corona, it is the

medicine, she thinks with him saying insha Allah

that many people will yaaaa okee this is from Allah).

There are two types of code-mixing in the

utterance above: intra sentential and intra lexical.

For intra sentential was shown on word bold

because it is code-mixing in a sentence boundary.

For intra lexical code-mixing was shown on word

Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies, Vol. 11 (2) 2022

p-ISSN: 2252-6323

e-ISSN: 2721-4540

claiming-nya which is claiming is an English word,

and she adds -nya which is an indonesian suffix.

This word still includes intra sentential code-

mixing because gita inserts it in the sentence. This

utterance came up on 07:09. She uses Indonesian

and English code-mixing.

Moreover, another category of intra

sentential code-mixing used by Gita was in the

form of phrases. A phrase is a combination of

several words that form a single meaning, but not

in the form of a word and subject because the

phrase is composed of head and modifier. The

writers found 33 utterances in the phrase form.

Consider the following example:

3) Oke, logikanya mereka nyuruh hindarin ice

cream itu apa? Karena katanya virus tuh heat

sensitive gitu?

(Okay, logically, what do they tell you to avoid ice

cream? Because he said, the virus is heat sensitive?)

This utterance is at 09:08 minutes. Gita puts

ice cream and heat sensitive in her utterance where

both are English phrases. ice cream in Indonesian is

es krim, and then heat sensitive means peka terhadap

panas. Based on the theory of Hoffman, these

samples are classified into intra sentential code-

mixing.

The last category of intra sentential code-

mixing was found in the form of clauses. A clause

is a group of words that consist of at least subject

and verb. The subject of a clause can be mentioned

or hidden, but the verb must be apparent and

distinguishable.

4) Dan point selanjutnya, correct me if I'm

wrong, kalo masalah korona virus ini kan

memang belum Ada anti virus nya kan

meaning badan kita sendiri gitu immune

system-nya.

(And the next point, correct me if I'm wrong, the

problem of the coronavirus is there is no anti-virus,

it means our own body is the immune system).

On a clause shown on 26:49, Gita puts

Correct me if I'm wrong which is a clause in her

utterance. She mixes it with Indonesian so it is

called intra sentential code-mixing. Clause can

consist of phrases and can be a sentence. She mixes

Indonesian which is her official language with

English. Thus, based on Hoffman’s theory, it is

called intra sentential code-mixing.

Intra lexical code-mixing

The second type of code-mixing is called

Intra lexical code-mixing, which means a type of

code-mixing that occurs within a word boundary.

There are 32 data that contain intra lexical code-

mixing in the video. This type occurs in the level of

affixes. The sample of the data is as follows.

5) atau gak dia emang men-degrade kata-kata

insha Allah

(Or she just degraded the words insha Allah).

Gita uses an English word degrade, and

mixes an Indonesian prefix men-, so the word

degrade and the prefix men- become one word. She

mixes Indonesian and English in this utterance in

the word boundary. Therefore, this utterance is

categorized as intra-lexical code-mixing.

Involving a change of pronunciation

The last type of code-mixing is involving a

change of pronunciation. It can be said that this

type occured in the phonological level. This type

usually occurs in a word that is basically from

English and then modified into Indonesian with

different spelling and pronunciation. The writer

found three data from Gita's video, namely the

words preacher, social, and recruiting. Gita

pronounces the three words using Indonesian

accents. In other words, she breaks the

phonological rule for pronouncing the three

English words mentioned above. In this case, the

word preacher, recruiting, and social should be

pronounced /ˈpri:.ʧər/, /rɪˈkru:tɪŋ/, /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl/.

Therefore, these samples are classified as involving

a change of pronunciation.

Reasons for code-mixing

Moreover, in terms of the reasons for code-

mixing, Hoffman (1991) states there are some

reasons for bilingual or multilingual people to

switch or mix their languages. Those are talking

about a particular topic, quoting somebody else,

Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies, Vol. 11 (2) 2022

p-ISSN: 2252-6323

e-ISSN: 2721-4540

being empathic about something (expressing

solidarity), interjection, repetition used for

clarification, intention of clarifying the speech

content for the interlocutor, and expressing group

identity. However, the results of the study

indicated that there were only three reasons for

using code-mixing in Gita’s video: (1) talking

about a particular topic; (2) being empathetic or

emotional about something; and (3) repetition used

for clarification. In brief, from these three reasons,

talking about a particular topic is the most

frequently used in Gita’s utterances. This

occurrence can be understandable since Gita, in

her video, is talking about a certain issue which is

happening, namely coronavirus.

Table 2. Reasons for code-mixing

No. Reasons for code-mixing
Occurrences

(Utterances)

1. talking about a particular

topic
109

2. quoting somebody else 0

3. being emphatic about

something (expressing

solidarity)

4. interjection 0

5. repetition used for

clarification
4

6. the intention of clarifying the

speech substance for

interlocutors

7. expressing group character 0

Total 129

As can be seen from Table 2, the first reason

why Gita used code-mixing was due to talking

about a particular topic. As mentioned by Hoffman

(1991), the reason of talking about a particular

topic is preferred to use since few bilingual or

multilingual speakers talk about a specific theme

that is distinctive from their everyday language.

Thus, from the analysis, this reason is even the

most frequently used by Gita. People, admittedly,

tend to use a specific language to talk about a

particular topic. That is why in the video, for

instance, Gita prefers to use "Coronavirus" than

"virus korona" and "immune system" than "sistem

imun" along the conversation, and it occurred in

minutes 23:54. She automatically uses English

when she explains a particular topic, so she uses

code-mixing in almost all of her sentences.

Next, another reason is being empathic or

emotional about something. It is claimed that

bilingual or multilingual speakers are more

convenient to be emphatic using their second

language to express their feelings. For example,

nowadays an Indonesian that learns and knows

English, prefer to use English to show their

happiness, sadness and so forth, e.g., thank you ya,

get well soon. Thus, one example of being emphatic

or emotional about something is when Gita, In the

video, says sayangnya banyak influencer yang not

critical enough. This is to show Gita’s arguments

and her disappointment with some people who

have less care about something being discussed,

that is, the products to be promoted or sold.

The other reason that was found was

repetition used for clarification. Similarly, people

repeat what they say but in a different language is

intended to clarify what they say in order that the

message is well-understood by their interlocutors

or listeners (Hoffman, 1991). In fact, as a bilingual

or multilingual, we usually or automatically use

two different languages with the same meaning to

explain the issue or problem. It means that we

repeat our ideas in different languages. For

instance, Gita repeats pare in Indonesian on minute

17:39 with bitter melon which is an English word to

make it clearer.

CONCLUSION

The current research has examined the type

and the reasons for using code-mixing in one of

Gita Savitri’s Devi’s videos uploaded on her

Youtube Channel. From the results, it can be

concluded that all three types of code-mixing

proposed by Hoffman (1991), which include intra

sentential code-mixing, intra lexical code-mixing

and involving a change of pronunciation were

employed by Gita. Gita almost practiced code-

mixing in every utterance that she talks, and she

mostly mixes English and Indonesian. Besides, she

also used German and Indonesian code-mixing in

her video because she lives in German Moreover,

this study found three reasons of code-mixing,

Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies, Vol. 11 (2) 2022

p-ISSN: 2252-6323

e-ISSN: 2721-4540

namely talking about a particular topic, being

emphatic or emotional about something, and

repetition used for clarification.

Finally, the existence of code-mixing in our

daily life is able to facilitate us to language

learning. As Spice (2018) asserted, code-mixing

can assist learners acquire their target language,

particularly those who are at the beginning stages

of language learning. However, there are still some

mistakes in using the language such as dictions and

ungrammatical structure. Therefore, we have to be

careful in using the language and adjust it with the

society to avoid miscommunication.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writers express gratitude and sincere

appreciation to the Foundation of Sasmita Jaya

Group, LPPM, and English Department

Universitas Pamulang, and journal editor and

reviewers.

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metode penelitian dan kajian. Bandung: PT.

Eresco.

Hoffman, C. (1991). An introduction to bilingualism. New

York: Longman.

Holmes, J. (2000). An introduction to bilingualism. New

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