Instructions for ISPACS 2003 Camera-Ready Manuscript Journal of Research and Innovation in Language ISSN (Online): 2685-3906, ISSN (Print): 2685-0818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31849/reila.v4i2.9751 Vol. 4, No. 2, August 2022, pp.170-182 Comparison of Indonesian and Japanese New-Vocabularies in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Morphosemantic Study Murniati Br. Barus & Mhd. Pujiono* Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia mhd.pujiono@usu.ac.id ARTICLE HISTORY Received : 2022-03-26 Revised : 2022-05-20 Accepted : 2022-05-22 KEYWORDS Covid-19 New vocabulary Morphosemantics Bahasa Indonesia Japanese ABSTRACT Situational and social contexts influence language to change. Various online discourses during the current pandemic have given rise to new COVID-19 vocabulary in Indonesian and Japanese. Therefore, this study will examine and compare Indonesian and Japanese new vocabulary during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used a morphosemantic theory in descriptive qualitative research. The data is a collection of new COVID-19 vocabulary from March 2020 to December 2021 from Indonesian and Japanese online newspapers. Listening and recording are used to collect data, and interactive model analysis is used to analyse it. Data collection found 24 new Indonesian words and 30 Japanese words. The two languages' vocabularies have 21 similar meanings. One Japanese word has no Indonesian equivalent. New Indonesian vocabularies form from adopted acronyms and loanwords. In Japanese, vocabulary comes from loanwords, native words, kango, and combinations. The new words regarding the COVID-19 outbreak are owned by both Indonesian and Japanese, but their comparison is not necessarily the same even though the context is the same. Both countries define or handle COVID-19 differently. Forming words from both languages affects the form of new vocabulary. According to the findings of this study, a global situation such as a pandemic affects various developments in vocabulary formation in Indonesian and Japanese. This study helps foreign language learners and researchers, especially Japanese, understand new newspaper vocabulary. It fills gaps left by previous research, which focused on single-language data and context. An analysis of COVID-19 vocabulary words in Indonesian and Japanese. 1. Introduction Language as an arbitrary communication tool (Chaer, 2012; Felicia, 2016; Kridalaksana, 2009; Pujiono, 2017), making it dynamic, developing and inseparable from the various social and situational contexts of the speaking community. Language development can include the form of units, such as words, groups of words, clauses, and sentences that are expressed both in writing and orally. At the beginning of 2020, the world community was hit by a coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) (Pujiono et al., 2021). COVID-19 has become a pandemic and has spread worldwide, including in Indonesia and Japan. The two languages have structural typological differences, such as the construction of phrases; for example, Japanese has an SOV (subject-Object-verb) structure, whereas Indonesian has an SVO structure (subject-verb- Object) (Gapur & Pujiono, 2018; Soidi, 2010). However, morphologically, the two languages share the same agglutinative vocabulary construction characteristics, in that word size is formed by combining morphemes (Darlina & Budiasa, 2015; Darlina & Dyah, 2017). Therefore, it is interesting to compare the morphology of the two languages, particularly in the context of the addition of new (foreign) terms, i.e., the pandemic context in both languages. The COVID-19 pandemic, which has become an international issue, has resulted in various discourses in public spaces, giving rise to a large amount of vocabulary related to the COVID-19 pandemic. At first, the vocabulary emerged from the term English as an international language. It was translated into various languages in the world to create a new vocabulary in each country, including Japan and Indonesia. It is in line with Poedjosoedarmo's opinion (Haryono, 2011; Poedjosoedarmo, 2006; Sutarini et al., 2021), which states that internal changes in the grammatical system and external changes caused by the influence of other languages can be used to identify the process of language change. Externally, https://doi.org/10.31849/reila.v4i2.9751 171 the relationship between the existence of a language in another language environment, particularly in the context of global problems, cannot be divorced from the relationship between English as a world language and social and cultural aspects (Agussyafrida et al., 2021; Prayoga & Khatimah, 2019). For instance, in the social and physical distancing vocabularies. This vocabulary became one of the World Health Organization's primary tools for preventing and controlling COVID-19 virus infection (WHO). In Indonesia, the acronym PSBB has supplanted these vocabularies (Large-Scale Social Restrictions). The word social distancing is defined as social restrictions in sociology, while during the COVID-19 pandemic, the vocabulary of social distancing also meant "maintaining a physical distance." PSBB is used as a government program implemented on March 31, 2020, through PP No. 21 of 2021 and was published in mass media discourse in Indonesia (KEMENKOPMK, 2019). While the vocabulary for social distancing in Japanese has not changed, only the Japanese syllable sound (onsetsu) has been adjusted, namely sousharu disutansu (ソー シャ ル・ディスタンス ), but sometimes new vocabulary in the original Japanese language is shakaiteki kyori no kakuho (社会的距離の 確保) is also used. At a glance, the new vocabulary associated with the terms social and physical distancing in Japan and Indonesia exhibits significant differences in terms of vocabulary development and meaning. Vocabulary related to the emergence of COVID- 19 is understood and used by the broader community until now, not only among scientists or epidemiologists. The vocabulary in Indonesian and Japanese cannot be separated from the process of word formation, both in lexical form and in morphological word-formation. In addition, the vocabulary of Indonesian and Japanese cannot be separated from the semantic aspect, which discusses the meaning or meaning. Semantic aspects always exist at every level of other linguistic branches, so semantics plays an essential role. The linguistic phenomenon of the new vocabulary in COVID-19 can be studied in word formation (morphology) and meaning (semantics). The combination of these two studies is called a morphosemantic study. Thus, morphosemantics takes its semantic meaning and morphological processes in inflexion and derivatives from morphology. Additionally, morphosemantic analysis is a study of language that employs both morphological and semantic theory (Maulana & Sanusi, 2020, p. 138). A study on the formation of new vocabulary has previously been carried out by Syarifuddin (2018) and Dewi (2016), who researched new vocabulary on social media Instagram. The classification and description of the types of word-formation that are used to form hashtags on Instagram, as well as the determination of the meaning contained within the term, are among the study findings obtained by both parties. Hadi's study (2017) examines the formation of new words and terms in modern Arabic. Hermawan's study (2018) examines new vocabulary in the wasei eigo type on Twitter social media. There is also a past study on new vocabulary in the context of Covid conducted by Gromenko (2021), which examines the normative aspects of compound word formation in Russian related to the words Corona and Covid. The results show many inconsistencies in the variations in the vocabulary that are formed. This study builds on these previous studies by examining vocabulary formation in Indonesian and Japanese in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Various studies have revealed that the vocabulary of a language is highly dynamic, as demonstrated by the results of these studies. In the context of social change in society, new vocabulary emerges and develops over time. As a result, this study fills in the gaps left by the previous study, which was limited to data and the context of specific situations in a single language only. As a continuation of previous studies in the area of vocabulary development, this study examines how vocabulary words related to COVID- 19 are formed and how they differ between Indonesian and Japanese. It also compares and contrasts how vocabulary is formed in the two languages. The findings of this study contribute to the novelty of language science by advancing the development of morphology and semantics in Japanese and Indonesian, two languages that are currently understudied. As stated previously, the COVID-19 pandemic spawned a plethora of new vocabulary that the public understands and uses to identify, anticipate, and comprehend the dangers of the COVID-19 spread. These words have been closely embedded in people's minds because society discusses these words all the time. This study aims to compare the forms and meanings of Indonesian and Japanese in the COVID- 19 pandemic situation using a morphosemantic approach. The formulation of the problem in the form of question points is as follows: (1) What are the new Indonesian and Japanese vocabularies in the COVID- 19 pandemic situation? (2) How are the new Indonesian and Japanese vocabulary forms in the COVID-19 pandemic situation? and (3) How do the new Indonesian and Japanese vocabulary forms compare? The study findings are expected to have theoretical implications for developing morphology and semantics, demonstrating that global events such as a pandemic affect various vocabulary developments across multiple languages. Furthermore, this study has practical implications for foreign language students and researchers, particularly Japanese, in terms of comprehending new vocabulary terms contained in various newspaper media. In 172 addition, the new COVID-19 vocabulary terms discovered in this study will be helpful for Japanese language learners in Indonesia in comprehending the discourse of articles in Japanese newspapers, and the reverse is true for Japanese individuals who study Indonesian. 2. Literature Review Morphosemantics is a study of language using morphological theory and semantic theory. Morphosemantics is obtained from combining the words "morpho" + "semantics" based on the word formation. Morpho is taken from the word "morphology," a branch of linguistics that identifies the basic units of language as grammatical units, while semantics examines meaning or meaning (Ghozali, 2021; Verhaar, 2004, p. 97). Morphosemantics is a branch of linguistics that identifies grammatical units and their meanings based on this understanding of morphology and semantics. This study's primary focus since it looks on word creation in Japanese and Indonesian. Form and meaning are intertwined in a single cohesive unit. As stated by Ramlan (Dinihari, 2017; Nazira, 2018; Yusuf et al., 2022), Regarding the concept of morphology, which is defined as a branch of linguistics that studies the intricacies of words and the function of changes in word form, both grammatical and semantic functions are investigated. Likewise, Uhlenbeck stated that morphology is the science of linguistics that studies the systematic relationship of forms and meanings between words in a language (Barung, 2020; Uhlenbeck, 1982, p. 4). The two explanations of morphology also mention the meaning or meaning of the word; therefore, the form in the study of morphology and the meaning in the study of semantics are interrelated. In terms of the relationship between meaning and semantics, how are vocabulary and its meaning formed in Indonesian? The formation of the Indonesian lexicon begins from two perspectives. First, the internal perspective is the perspective on word formation rules in the Indonesian language system. The second is an external perspective, which emphasises the formation of words due to the influence of other languages, both foreign and indigenous (Simpen, 2017). The second perspective, which considers the influence of other languages on the phenomenon of borrowing words in Indonesian, serves as the foundation for this study. The same thing happens to the Japanese language, which productively absorbs and borrows terms from other languages in order to be converted into the Japanese language. Experts believe that internal vocabulary formation is consistent with the observations of experts who have identified several common word-formation processes that occur in languages throughout the world. For example, Huddleston (Cantrall, 1987) suggested that morphological changes include: compounding, affixation, conversion, reverse derivation, sound change, supplementation, blending, and acronym. Morphological changes (read word formation) include affixation, reduplication, compounding, conversion, pruning, acronym, fusion, reverse derivation, and onomatopoeia (O’Grady & Archibald, 2016). Kridalaksana (1988, p. 56) argues that word formation consists of reverse derivation, zero derivation, affixation, reduplication, shortening, and fusion. Mamkjaer, quoting Marchand, stated that the morphological process includes: compounding, affixation, zero derivation, reverse derivation, fusion, pruning, and acronym (Simpen, 2021). In contrast, three words are used to indicate an object in Japanese. For example, to indicate the object 'water' ( 水 ), There are two ways to read kanji characters: the Japanese way (kunyomi), which is mizu, and the Chinese way (onyomi), which is sui. Besides that, we can also call it uootaa (ウォーター), which comes from English, water. The word mizu is taken from the Japanese way of reading called wago. The word sui taken from the Chinese way of reading, is called kango. While uootaa was taken from English is called yougo, or also called gairaigo. Basically, kango is also included in gairaigo, because it comes from a foreign language (Chinese). While wago, some experts say that wago refers to the original Japanese language, namely the language made in Japan, also known as yamato kotoba (Kato in Rosliana, 2009). In Japanese, there are at least four different processes for word formation (Sutedi, 2011), namely Haseigo, fukugougo, karikomi, and toujigo. Haseigo (invented words) is formed by combining basic words with affixes. For example, adding the suffix –na to gairaigo with an adjective word class, such as yuniikuna ( ユニークな ) “unique.” Fukugogo is formed due to combining several content morphemes or also called compound words. Example of sya- pupensiru ( シャープペシル ). Karikomi is an acronym in the form of syllables from the original vocabulary, for example, terebishon (テレビション) becomes terebi "television." Toujigo is an abbreviation for the first letter written in the alphabet; for example, Water Closet becomes a WC. Tsujimura also expressed another point of view, this time on the subject of the process of word formation in the Japanese language. According to Tsujimura (2000, p. 54), word formation can be done in five ways, namely affixation, compounding, reduplication, clipping, and borrowing. Affixation is the process of forming or the result of adding affixes to the root, base, or base (Afria, R., & Magfiroh, 2021; Kridalaksana, 2009, p. 3; Rumilah & Cahyani, 2020). One of the affixation processes in gairaigo is shown by Vance (Yani, 2018, p. 242); for 173 instance, the prefix zen- + membaa becomes zen- membaa "all members," where zen is the original Japanese word, and menba is a loan word (English). Compounding is the process of combining two or more words. Reduplication is the repetition of words. Clipping (abbreviation) is the process of cutting off one or more parts of a lexeme or a combination of lexemes so that a new form is formed with the status of a word. Shortening is another term for abbreviation, while the resultant process is called shortening. Borrowing is words that undergo adjustments, such as sound and grammatical adjustments. In borrowing words, this tendency is carried out in Indonesian for ease of transfer between languages and the requirement for a thorough understanding of the meaning. However, if one or more of the following requirements are satisfied, the incorporation of international foreign words through the absorption process may be considered. It is more acceptable because of the meaning linked with the borrowing phrase. In comparison to the Indonesian version, the borrowing phrase used is shorter. If there are too many synonyms for Indonesian phrases, choosing a few loan terms might help ones reaches a mutually acceptable arrangement. The absorption process can be carried out with or without adjustments to the original text in the form of spelling and pronunciation corrections. (Waridah, 2013). 3. Method This study is predicated on a linguistic phenomenon in society, with the rise of new vocabulary related to the pandemic serving as the primary focus. Consequently, this study employs a qualitative approach and a descriptive method. In qualitative research, the primary instrument for data collection is the researcher, either the researcher himself or an assistant. In qualitative research, the researcher collects data in a specific manner. The descriptive research method involves analysing the results of data searches conducted via the library method and then analysing the data obtained (Mahsun, 2012; Sutedi, 2011, p. 48). This study collected and analysed new vocabulary data related to COVID-19 in Indonesian and Japanese with sentence descriptions. 3.1 Types of Data and Data Sources The data for this study were gathered from Indonesian and Japanese online newspapers in the form of new vocabulary related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Indonesian online newspapers kompas.com and detik.com and Japanese online newspapers nhk.or.jp and jakartashibun.com. The determination of the source of this newspaper data is based on the view of the popularity and newspaper quality in the two countries in reporting the discourse on the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected from March 2020 to December 2021 (22 months). 3.2 Data Collection The linguistic method used to collect data in this study is the reading and note-taking method (Sudaryanto, 2015, p. 15). The reading method is carried out by collecting data in new vocabulary related to COVID-19 in Japanese and Indonesian. In the note-taking method, the basic technique used is in the form of tapping and recording techniques, namely by tapping and recording new vocabulary related to COVID-19 found in online newspapers in a note or table. Additionally, data are selected using the purposive sampling technique, which emphasises the importance of being a sample due to considering specific characteristics or characteristics. This study's primary criterion for data selection is the novelty of form and meaning in vocabulary terms relevant to the COVID- 19 context. Additionally, the frequency with which the vocabulary appears in each article in each newspaper is a selection criterion. The widespread use of the new vocabulary term demonstrates the vocabulary's acceptance within the language-speaking community. 3.3 Data Analysis The data analysis method was carried out by referring to the three stages described by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014), namely, data condensation, data presentation, and concluding. In the data condensation stage, the vocabulary data that has been collected is selected, classified, and analysed based on vocabulary formation. Furthermore, the stage of presenting the data is presented in tabular form and described in a non-formal manner through sentence explanations that help understand the study results presented. Finally, conclusions are drawn by comparing new vocabulary from Indonesian and Japanese to look contrastive from the two vocabularies of each language. All of the conclusions reached are in accordance with the formulation of the study problem that has been identified. 174 Figure 3.1 The flow of analysis in research 4. Results Through the methodology, data collection, and analysis employed to answer the research question of comparing the forms and meanings of Indonesian and Japanese in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is possible to gain knowledge of the vocabulary, forms, and comparisons of existing Indonesian and English vocabulary forms. The analysis was conducted on new vocabulary data associated with COVID-19 in Japanese and Indonesian obtained from online newspaper data sources between March 2020 and December 2021 (22 months). Several new vocabularies that emerged during the pandemic in Indonesian and Japanese were discovered by searching for the various new vocabularies that emerged during the pandemic, which are listed in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Indonesian and Japanese Vocabulary related to COVID-19 No Vocabulary Related to COVID-19 Meaning Bahasa Indonesia Japanese 1 Virus Corona 1. コロナウイルス (Korona Uirusu) 2. コロナ禍 (Koronaka) 1. The name of the COVID-19 virus 2 COVID-19 3. 新型コロナウイルス (Shinkeikoronauirusu) 4. 新型コロナウイルス感染症 (Shingata koronauirusukansenshō) 3 Lockdown 5. 都市封鎖 (Toshi Huusa) 2. Restrictions on community social movement space 4 Pembatasan Sosial 6. 社会的距離 (Shakaiteki Kyori) 7. ソーシャ ル・ディスタンス (sousharu Disutansu) 5 PSBB (Pembatasan sosial berskala besar) 8. 大規模社会制限 (daikibo shakai seigen) 6 PPKM (Pemberlakuan pembatasan kegiatan masyarakat) 9. 緊急事態宣言 (kinkyuu jitai sengen). 10. 活動制限 (katsudougentei) Data collection • Researchers read articles in the news • Researcher doing note-taking • Purpose Sampling, which is to determine data based on the intensity of occurrence in each article and its form and meaning Conclusion Drawing • the new Indonesian and Japanese vocabularies in the COVID-19 pandemic situation • the new Indonesian and Japanese vocabulary forms in the COVID-19 pandemic situation • the new Indonesian and Japanese vocabulary forms compare Data Display • Presenting in the form of a table • Description of the comparison of form and meaning Condensation • Choose data that fits the criteria • classify based on language and meaning • Analyze form and meaning, and compare vocabulary in Japanese and Indonesian 175 7 Pembatasan Fisik 11. 身体的 距離の確保 (shintaiteki kyouri no kakuho) 3. Limiting physical contact between people 8 Isoman (Isolasi Mandiri) 12. 自宅待機 (Jitaku Taiki) 4. Self-isolation at home 9 Hand Sanitiser 13. 消毒液 (Shoudoku Eki) 5. Cleaning fluid was provided and used in various places during the COVID-19 period 10 WFH 14. 在宅勤務 (Zaitaku Kinmu) 15. ステイホーム (Suteihoomu) 6. Activities during the COVID-19 pandemic that are carried out at home 11 Sistem Imun 16. 免疫力 (Meneki Ryoku) 7. Immune System in the Body 12 Kenormalan Baru 17. 新 しい生活様式 (atarashii seikatsu youshiki) 8. The term for adapting people's patterns and way of life during the Pandemic 13 Protokol Kesehatan 18. 健康プロトコル (kenkou purotokoru) 9. A rule series issued by the government through the ministry of health in regulating security and health during the COVID-19 period 14 Positif 19. 陽性 10. Infected with COVID-19 15 Klaster 20. クラスター (kurasuta-) 11. Potentially infected groups 16 Swab Tes PCR 21. PCR 検査 (PCR kensa) 12. Polymerase Chain Reaction 17 Vaksin 22. ワクチン (wakuchin) 13. Weakened germs are inserted into the human body to create immunity 18 ODP (Orang Dalam Pemantauan) 23. 自主隔離 (jishukakuri) 14. People who have a fever or a history of fever; or there are respiratory system complaints such as runny nose/sore throat/cough and no other cause based on a convincing clinical picture and in the last 14 days before symptoms appear, have a history of travelling or living in an area with local transmission. 19 OTG (Orang Tanpa Gejala) 24. 無症状者（無症状病原体保有者 (mushoujousha/mushoujou byougentai hoyuusha) 15. A person who does not have any symptoms but is suspected of having a risk of contracting COVID-19 from a person who has tested positive for COVID-19. 20 PDP (Pasien Dalam Pengawasan) 25. 疑似症患者/健康監視 対象者 (gijishou kanja /kenkou kanshi taishousha) 16. A group of people who experience health problems and are recorded as patients infected with COVID-19. 21 Komorbit 26. 併存症 (heizon-shō) 17. Also called comorbidity is a medical term to indicate comorbidities other than the main disease being suffered. 176 22 Herd immunity (Kekebalan Komunal) 27. 集団免疫 (Shūdan men'eki) 18. Herd immunity is achieved when some people in a community are resistant to the attack of COVID-19. 23 ODR (Orang Dalam Resiko) 28. 濃厚接触者 (noukou sesshokusha) 19. The term for people who are at risk of contracting the virus 29. ブレイクスルー感染 (Bureikusurū kansen) 20. Disease cases in which the vaccinated individual becomes infected with the disease because the vaccine fails to provide complete immunity against the pathogen. 24 Lonjakan Pasien COVID-19 30. オーバーシュート (oobaashuuto) 21. A large increase in the number of COVID-19 patients The data in Table 4.1 above show the results that answer the research problem formulation, including what new vocabulary is found in Indonesian and Japanese and comparisons of new vocabulary forms in the two languages. In Indonesian newspapers, 24 new words were productively used, and in Japanese newspapers, there were 30 new words that were productively used. There were 21 vocabulary terms with similar and equivalent meanings in the two languages that were discovered from the entire vocabulary when comparing the two languages. One Japanese vocabulary word does not have an equivalent in Indonesian. A further step has been taken to examine the vocabulary in the table above in terms of both its form and meaning, with this examination results being displayed in the chart below: Figure 4.1 Chart of vocabulary forms related to COVID-19 in Indonesian Figure 4.1 depicts the emergence of new COVID- 19-related vocabulary. In Indonesian, new vocabulary is created in three ways: via loan words, acronyms, and unique words with specific meanings. The vocabulary formed by loanwords can be divided into two formation processes: adoption and adaptation. Adoption is the process of absorbing foreign vocabulary that has the same meaning in Indonesian but retains its original spelling, pronunciation, and writing, such as Covid-10, Tes PCR, and WFH. Without altering their spelling or pronunciation, these words are directly adopted. Adaptation is the process of absorbing foreign words that are used because they have the same meaning in Indonesian but have undergone changes in spelling, pronunciation, and writing in accordance with Indonesian rules, such as the word "karantina," which is a modification of the original English word "quarantine." 177 The vocabulary formed through acronyms is divided into acronym forms that come from a combination of letters and acronyms from a combination of syllables. The combination of letters is seen in the example of the word PPKM, which is an acronym for " Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat." Furthermore, the combination of syllables is found in the example of the word “Isoman”, an acronym for "Isolasi Mandiri." Furthermore, the original vocabulary that has undergone a meaning specification is a vocabulary that already exists in Indonesian but has a meaning specification that is closely related to the pandemic situation; for example, the word "kenormalan baru," this word actually already exists in Indonesian but is not commonly used, due to the word pandemic. it becomes productively used with the same meaning as 'new normal.' The following is also the case with "positive" characters with specific meanings that refer to people infected with COVID-19. Figure 4.2 Japanese COVID-19 vocabulary form chart Figure 4.2 depicts the emergence of new vocabulary in Japanese that appears to be associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Borrowed words (gairaigo), a combination of loanwords (gairaigo) and original Japanese words (Nihongo), kango vocabulary, and original vocabulary with specific meanings are the four ways in which new vocabulary is formed in Japanese. The vocabulary comprised of loanwords is separated into katakana and romaji forms. Katakanago is vocabulary written in katakana letters. Katakana letters are commonly used to write foreign terms spoken in Japanese, such as the katakana- written word soushiaru Disutansu. Despite the fact that romaji is a Latin alphabet used in many languages, COVID-19 is still written in the alphabet in Japanese articles. In the vocabulary formed by the combination of gairaigo and nihongo, there is an example of the word shingata corona uirusu, this word is formed from the original Japanese vocabulary "shingata (新型)" and the coronauirusu (コロナウイルス). The kango vocabulary is a Chinese word used as a loan word in Japanese, or words created in Japan by combining kanji characters, such as Kinkyū jitai sengen (緊急事態宣言), which means to describe an emergency during a pandemic. Moreover, the original vocabulary that has undergone a meaning specification is a vocabulary that already exists in Japanese but has a meaning specification that is closely related to the pandemic situation; for instance, the word "atarashii seikatsu youshiki" exists in Japanese but is rarely used due to the pandemic. This term is increasingly utilised with the same meaning as "new normal." The new vocabulary forms in Indonesian and Japanese are compared in the COVID-19 pandemic situation, as seen in the form of vocabulary related to COVID-19 above. The loan word is very productively used in Indonesian and Japanese to mention new vocabulary related to COVID-19. However, Indonesian tends to adopt the complete form, and the Japanese make adaptations such as adjusting the sound of the syllables with the katakana mechanism 178 and combining them with the original Japanese vocabulary. More to the point, both Japanese and Indonesian languages make use of existing vocabulary constructions while focusing on specific meanings relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic context. 5. Discussion According to the results chart in Table 4.1 and Figures 4.1 & 4.2, new vocabulary related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesian comes from borrowed words, acronyms, and original Indonesian vocabulary with meaning specialisation. Likewise, in Japanese, new vocabulary is also formed from the absorption of English and the original vocabulary, which has a specialisation in meaning. However, in Japanese, a new vocabulary that appears is also formed from kango (Chinese absorption vocabulary) and a combination of Japanese vocabulary with loan words. The following describes the new vocabulary forms in both languages. 5.1 Loan Words COVID-19 stands for coronavirus disease, which has spread since the beginning of 2020 and has changed people's lives and thoughts. The word COVID-19 itself is basically a new thing; therefore, every language in the world certainly absorbs the word COVID-19 in its language, including Indonesian and Japanese. In Indonesian, the absorption word COVID-19 is absorbed through word adoption without changing its form. However, in Japanese, the forms are quite diverse; some of the COVID-19 were adopted in their entirety with the original writing (romaji), and some were adapted so that they experienced a change in the sound expressed in katakana (katakanago), such as the corona Uirusu (コ ロナウイルス ), some were combined with the Japanese (Nihongo) vocabulary Shinkeikoronauirusu (新型コロナウイルス). In Japanese, shinkei words are words that are a part of the kango vocabulary. The term "loan word" refers to the adoption of a linguistic expression from one language to another. Additionally, it may include single words or entire collections of vocabulary items. It is the process of transferring linguistic information from one of a language's linguistic systems to the linguistic system of another language. This process occurs whenever two cultures come into contact over time. Indeed, it is a common occurrence that cannot be avoided. All languages make use of borrowed words. No language is immune to linguistic borrowings. English is the source language in the context of COVID-19 because it is a widely used international language (Takao, 2020). The following is a description of the comparison of vocabulary formation between the two languages: Figure 5.1 A comparative example of new vocabulary formation is "COVID-19" COVID-19 Bahasa Indonesia Japanese 1. COVID-19 2. コロナウイルス 3. 新型コロナウイルス COVID-19 Virus Corona 1. Adoption 2. katakanago 3. nihongo + katakanago Adoption 179 The new vocabulary forms in Indonesian and Japanese are compared in the COVID-19 pandemic situation, as seen in the form of vocabulary related to COVID-19 above. The loan word is very productively used in Indonesian and Japanese to mention new vocabulary related to COVID-19. However, Indonesian tends to adopt the complete form, and the Japanese make adaptations such as adjusting the sound of the syllables with the katakana mechanism and combining them with the original Japanese vocabulary. Furthermore, both Japanese and Indonesian languages use existing vocabulary constructions but specialise in meaning according to the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The formation, as mentioned above, is commonly found in the newly created vocabulary in both languages. Indonesia tends to adopt foreign (English) vocabulary or adapt it. However, in general Japanese, there are several absorption schemes combining the original language with absorption vocabulary, for example, another example in the word kenkou purotokoru (健康プロトコル), kenkou is the original Japanese vocabulary, combined with purotokoru which is adoption vocabulary. 5.2 Tendency to Use Foreign Vocabulary Instead of Native Vocabulary The everyday life that is usually lived daily can no longer function normally. As a result, people must adapt to new lifestyles and practices. One of the steps to prevent and control infection with the COVID-19 virus is to implement social distancing. The word in Indonesia has been replaced with the word physical distancing. For starters, the World Health Organization (WHO) has coined the term "social distancing" to describe the response to the coronavirus pandemic that is currently underway. Social distancing is defined in the field of sociology as "social restrictions," whereas during the current COVID-19 pandemic, the term "social distancing" is defined as "keeping a physical distance between two people." To avoid ambiguity, the word "distancing" has been replaced by the physical act of separating in the Indonesian media. The word in Japanese has not changed. From the beginning until now, the words ソーシャ ル・ディ スタンス (sousharu disutansu)/social distance or ソ ー シャル・ディスタンシング (sousharu disutanshingu)/social distancing are still being used. The words written in katakana are taken from English. Actually, the new word chosen does not have the correct meaning. However, due to the pandemic emergency situation, this new form of the word is becoming more common, particularly among the mass media. The new word in Japanese is known as 社会的 距離の 確保 (shakaiteki kyori no kakuho). This new word directly translates the word social distancing into Japanese. According to the website of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan (2020), the new word used for the current situation is 身体的 距離の確保 (shintaiteki kyori no kakuho). However, this new word has not spread widely in Japanese society. The tendency of Indonesian to use foreign language terms directly without any formation through specific morphological constructions can also be observed in this context, as can be seen in the example above. Comparatively to Japanese, which incorporates foreign terms into its vocabulary through the use of syllable adjustments and morphological constructions, such as the combination of Japanese vocabulary with absorption languages. 5.3 Acronym/Abbreviation Many new habits have emerged as a result of the pandemic. Thus, it is referred to as a new way of life in today's society, also known as the "new normal." This new word is a new word that is widely used all over the world, including in Indonesia, and it is a new word. However, the word ニュー・ノーマル (nyuu noumaru)/new normal is not used in Japan because Japanese people do not understand the meaning of the word. In Japan, a new word is used, namely, 新 しい 生活様式 (atarashii seikatsu youshiki), which means the same as the word new normal. In the coronavirus pandemic around the world, in several countries, even in several cities, lockdown measures have been taken, such as China, Melbourne in Australia, Catalonia in Spain, Danang in Vietnam, Indonesia, and several cities in other countries in the world. The implementation of the lockdown in Indonesia was carried out in several regions. The new word used for this is PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restrictions). Lockdown means a situation that prohibits residents from entering a place due to an emergency. In practice, governments in various cities in the world have entirely close access to the economy, trade, and other accesses so that residents cannot leave their homes or get rigorous supervision or permits that are not easy to get in and out of the house. However, in Indonesia, the Indonesian government does not wholly cover activities related to primary accesses such as the economy and trade, so the Indonesian government tends to use a new term instead of the word lockdown with PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restrictions). Until now, the word PSBB as a new word in Indonesian has been understood and used by the people of Indonesia. In Japanese, a word that has almost the same meaning as lockdown is called 大規模社会制限 (daikibo shakai seigen). In Japan, this new word is not used. However, for almost a month the Japanese government issued declarations of a state of emergency in several cities, namely, the new word 緊 急事態宣言 (kinkyuu jitai sengen). The declaration is in line with the PSBB in Indonesia. In summary, 180 comparing the meanings of new words between Indonesian and Japanese in COVID-19 above is adapted from English. In the situation of COVID-19 dissemination in Indonesia and the abbreviation for the word PSBB, there are still many abbreviations used, including the following: 5.3.1 ODP ODP is an abbreviation for the phrase Orang Dalam Pantauan “People in Monitoring." The abbreviation ODP comes from OTG. OTG stands for Orang Tanpa Gejala (People Without Symptoms). People without symptoms usually only have mild symptoms, such as fever and cough. It is enough for people with ODP status to self-isolate at home until they recover. In Japanese, ODP has almost the same meaning as 自主隔離 (jishukakuri). The vocabulary for this term in Japanese is quite different; the Japanese language uses the Japanese construction of kango, whereas Indonesian uses Indonesian constructions in the form of abbreviations. Additionally, the two terms have a distinct connotation, with ODP referring more to the monitored individual/person and jishukakuri referring to the individual's actions or behaviour. 5.3.2 PDP PDP stands for the word Pasien dalam Pengawasan (Patient Under Supervision). PDP is a person who has gone through the process of medical observation on his respiratory tract. In Japanese, PDP is called 疑似症患者/健康監視 対象者 (gijishou kanja /kenkou kanshi taishousha). People who are PDP usually have to be hospitalised. The vocabulary for this term in Japanese is quite different; the Japanese language uses the Japanese construction of kango, whereas Indonesian uses Indonesian constructions in the form of abbreviations. 5.3.3 OTG OTG stands for People Without Symptoms. Asymptomatic people are people who are asymptomatic but have had close contact with a positive patient for COVID-19. In Japanese, OTG is called 無 症 状 者 / 無 症 状 病 原 体 保 有 者 (mushoujousha/mushoujou byougentai hoyuusha) Many more acronyms are used in the new Indonesian vocabulary related to COVID-19. While in Japanese, they do not use acronyms and instead prefer to use the original Japanese forms while also using their absorption forms simultaneously. Similarly, Dewi's (2016) research, which examines new vocabulary in social media, demonstrates this conclusion. Instagram demonstrates that acronymisation is also one of the processes involved in the formation of new vocabulary. They have a tendency to use acronymised vocabulary to convey information in the digital age, which demonstrates that they are comfortable communicating information online. According to Hadi (2017), who investigated the formation of new words and terms in modern Arabic, the phenomenon of borrowing words to mention new terms related to the context of the situation observed in this research can also be found. This study is also consistent with the findings of Dewi (2016) and Hermawan (2018), who both believe that digitalisation and contemporary contexts play a role in the rapid development of new vocabulary in a language. In the case of writing new and diverse vocabulary but with the same meaning, for example, in Japanese, the word COVID-19 is written with コロナウイルス (Korona Uirusu) or コロナ禍 (Koronaka) or 新型コロ ナウイルス(Shinkeikoronauirusu) or 新型コロナウイ ルス感染症 (Shingata koronauirusukansenshō), and in Indonesian written corona, Covid, or coronavirus occurs because of the dynamic aspect of language. This is consistent with the findings of Gromenko's (2021) study, which also demonstrates the consequences of inconsistent writing of vocabulary terms related to Covid in Russian. And even in the English language. Russia has transgressed against its own normative rules. A new vocabulary term in Japanese that has no equivalent in Indonesian vocabulary, namely the word Bureikusuro kansen, demonstrates that the variations of new vocabulary terms that appear in different languages are not always the same. This is closely related to the specification of the social context of the community in the context of dealing with a pandemic, which is discussed further below. In Japanese, the term Bureikusuro kansen refers to the reality of the situation that the Japanese people are in as a result of the high number of diseases that arise after vaccination. The term Bureikusuro kansen means "high number of diseases that arise after vaccination." Meanwhile, because this is not a widely discussed topic in Indonesia, there is no new vocabulary associated with it. Even if it is in the Indonesian mass media, this is still expressed by the term "breakthrough infection," which has been adopted in English for the first time. In contrast, this demonstrates the dynamic nature of a language in terms of developing a new vocabulary that is relevant to the social situation that the speaking community is currently confronted with. 6. Conclusions Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a source of concern and human suffering. The issue is with the unabated spread and the variant changes that continue to occur. When considering the new terms for COVID-19 described above, their understanding and application to people affected by COVID-19 are incomplete, as the grouping is still uncertain and subject to change. Therefore, experts are constantly investigating new words about COVID-19 that are still developing, so new words often appear and disappear. However, this type of study model is 181 critical and beneficial, particularly in the fields of morphology, semantics, and sociolinguistics, because it will highlight language variations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the context of the COVID-19 outbreak, numerous new words appear and spread among people worldwide, and their pronunciation varies according to their respective countries' languages. These new terms are used by certain groups of people, such as experts, and by everyday people. That is, the general population will become accustomed to effectively using these new words. If it is explained in the outline points, this study can be concluded as follows. a) In Indonesia, new words tend to be used in the form of acronyms, adoption, and adaptation. b) When compared between Bahasa Indonesia and Japanese, the new words that appear are not necessarily the same, even though the infectious disease is the same. It means that the definition or way of dealing with COVID-19 is different between the two countries. Furthermore, the fundamental difference in word-formation between the two languages has an impact. c) COVID-19 is not treated identically in the two countries. 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