R E I N W A R D T I A
Published by Herbarium Bogoriense, Kebun Raya Indonesia

Volume 2, Part 1, pp. 133-183 (1952)

A CRITICAL STUDY IN THE COMPLEX-POLYMORPHOUS GENUS
SCHIMA (THEACEAE)

S. BLOEMBERGEN*

SUMMARY

1. The author considers the genus Schima monotypic. Its only species, Schima
wallichii (DC.) Korth., is subdivided into nine geographically separated subspecies and
three varieties. These may be recognised sometimes by one dominating chax*acter,
mostly, however, by a complex of characters. Several new combinations are made.

2. Yet the variability of most of the subspecies is still often enormous and at
first sight appears complex. Thus we may often encounter the polymorphy of the whole
species in its subspecies again. It was the striking different percentage-numbers of
(phenotypically) about the same characters which turned the scale in favour of
the recognition of the subspecies, besides their geographic separation.

The attempts made by the author to divide certain resulting complex-polymorphous
subspecies into units of still lower rank and to trace correlations with peculiarities
of environment such as different heights above sealevel, or with different stages in
the age of the trees, failed.

3. On account of these negative results and the above mentioned different per-
centage-numbers for phenotypically about the same characters, the author came to
the conclusion that the most probable explanation is that the variability within the
subspecies is just due to Mendel-segregation and nothing else. It looks very much
as if one is dealing here with the inheriting of striking characters, each caused by
one or only a few polymeric factors, characters which hold their own, just as in
panmictlcally propagated populations (by cross-pollination). This explanation, too,
makes the striking fact that in some subspecies we find back phenotypically the
whole, or part, of the polymorphy of the entire species more understandable, as well
as the fact that individuals of different subspecies may agree phenotypically, whereas
genotypically they belong to different races (subspecies), Moreover, all these phenomena
strongly support the monotypic conception of the genus.

4. The author saw few examples from the area outside Indonesia. However,
this does neither influence his monotypic conception of the genus, nor his method
of dividing it into units of lower ranks. The study of the scanty amount of specimens,
literature, and the drawings seen appeared more than sufficiently convincing. Yet
he is not quite certain whether the correct rank was ascribed to some of the lower taxa
involved. It would perhaps have been advisable to consider the variety superba and
the continental parts of the subspecies oblata and monticola as distinct subspecies.
Future consideration of this matter shall have to decide.

* Formerly Botanist, Forest Research Institute, Bogor, at present Professor of
Systematic Botany and Plantgeography, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor, of the Uni-
versity of Indonesia.



134 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL, 2

INTRODUCTION.—From its discovery in 1823 until the present day many
species have been described in the genus Schima. In the Indonesian part
of its area, too, an increasing number of species was recognized, which
have later on been reduced to three, namely Schima noronhae Reinw. ex
Blume (Java), S. bancana Miq. (South Sumatra, Bangka, Billiton), and
S. crenata Korth. (North and Central Sumatra, Borneo).

As to these species, however, some questions about their delimitation
still remained to be answered, questions pertaining to the extremely large
and complex polymorphy of some of them. In literature as well as in
herbarium specimens the author met with the same problems for the
larger part of the area outside Indonesia, especially for Burma, Siam,
Indo-China, and South China. From the study of the Indonesian material,
he received the impression of having before him one complex-polymor-
phous species for the whole area of the genus.

Within such a species the polymorphy showed a peculiar distribution
both in altitudinal and in horizontal direction, by which it was possible
to recognize nine geographically separated, and in turn often rather com-
plex-polymorphous, subspecies, three of these with a few geographically
separated varieties each.

Formerly some authors already advocated the monotypic conception
of the genus and this has been partly followed up by van Steenis (in Bull.
Jard. bot. Buitenzorg III 13: 50. 1936).

The specimens examined were obtained from the following herbaria:
BO = Herbarium Bogoriense, Kebun Raya Indonesia, Bogor, which

herbarium also contains some specimens of Schima from outside Indonesia.
FIB = the Herbarium of the "Boschbouwproefstation" (Forest Re-

search Institute), Bogor.
Specimens cited from literature have been marked "Lit."

S C H I M A Reinw. ex Blume

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx and corolla mostly 5-, sometimes 6-
merous, alternating, both quincuncial. Sepals small, almost equal, united
over a short distance at the base, persistent. Petals large, unequal, the
exterior one the smallest, united at the base into an annulus which may
rarely be partly tubular or funnel-shaped, enveloping the flower-bud
successively, cap-shaped, early deciduous as a whole together with the
stamens. Stamens many, in 3—5 rows, the outer and the inner stamens
mostly shorter than the middle ones, and from the inside to the outside
arcuate-upright to arcuate-spreading, united at the base writh the corolla
and shorter than the latter; anthers ellipsoidal, basifix, with the loculi



1952] BLOEMBERGEN: Study in Schema 135

opening laterally.' Style 1; stigma short, 5—6-lobed; ovary superior, 5-
sometimes 6—7-celled at the base; ovules, large, half-campylotropous,
epitropous, hanging, 3 in each cell, fixed parallel just beneath the middle
of a central axis. Fruit a woody capsule, globose, often more or less
flattened or elongated, 5- sometimes 6—7-celled, opening loculicid; septa
loosening over their lower half from the wall of the fruit as blunt tooth-
shaped parts which by pressure against the central columella causes the
fruit-wall to split, up to somewhat more than halfway downward; colu-
mella thickened at the top, club-shaped to stellate, with 5—6 grooves
and ribs corresponding to the scalloped upper halves of the septa; seeds
3 in each cell, side by side in vertical direction, winged all around but
especially on the back side, reniform, testa rather thick, endosperm very
thin or absent. Embryo curved; cotyledons rather thick, often somewhat
longitudinally folded; radicula curved, lying against the base of the
cotyledons and length somewhat exceeding width.2

Evergreen trees; very rarely shrubby or subscandent. The terete
twigs are monopodia growing from an obliquely beaked terminal bud; the
ramifications originate simultaneously from one or a few of the uppermost
buds in the axils of the leaves of the preceding vegetation period and are
as strong as the direct continuation of the central twig; twigs from a
vegetation period mostly short, with the leaves and flowers crowded.
Leaves alternate, simple, penninerved, entire or the margin wholly or
partly undulate, dentate, or serrate, without stipules; petiole flattened or
somewhat gutter-shaped above, rounded beneath. Flowers stalked, mostly
white, solitary in the axils of the leaves, or by reduction of the leaves
grouped into rather small racemes; racemes, which later on may grow on
vegetatively, axillary or terminal on the branches. Prophylls 2, more or
less remotely inserted from the calyx, caducous.

One polymorphous species.
The first species of the present genus were described in 1824 as

members of Gordoniu (Ellis in Philos. Trans, roy. Soc, Lond. 60: 518 t. 11.
1770), nomen conservandum. Already Blume (1825) segregated them as
forming a distinct genus Sehima; in this he was followed by most sub-
sequent authors.

Schhna Reinwardt ex Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenz, 80. 1823, nomen nudum; Bijdr.
Fl. Ned. Indie, 3de Stuk: 129. 1825; Korthals Bijdr. Ternstr. in Temminck, Verh.
nat. Gesch., Bot. 142. 1839-42; Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1 (2): 491. 1859; Bentham, Fl.
hongk. 28. 1801; Bentham & Hooker, Gen. PL 1; 185. 1802; Baillon, Hist. des. PI.
4; 254. 1872; Thiselton Dyer in Hook. 1, Fl. Br. Ind. 1: 288. 1874; Kurz, For. Fl.
Burma 1: 106. 1877; King in J. As. Soc. BenEal 59 (2) : 201. 1890; Boerlage, Handl.

1 The stamens originate probably by dedoablement of five primordia; the author
once saw one flower with three very broad stamens alternating with the petals,
before these stamens some normal ones were present and on the 'vacant' places only
normal ones, too.

2 The columella of the fruit perforates, and is sharply distinct from, the fruit-
wall at the base and is to be interpreted as the direct continuation of the petiole
(receptacle); the carpels finally break off sharply from the columella.



136 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 2

1: 96. 1890: Szyszylowicz in Engl. & Pr., PflFam. 3 (6): 186. 1895; Koorders & Valeton,
Bijdr. Booms. J a v a 3: 282. 1896; Brandis, Ind. Trcos 59, 700 f.16. 1906; Pitard in
Lee , Fl. gen. Indo-Chine 1: 350. 1910; Backer, SchooUl. J a v a 103. 1911: Koorders,
ExkFl. J a v a 2: 609. 1912; Ridley, Fl. Mai. Penins. 1: 201. 1922; Koorders, Fl. Tjib.
2: 185. 1923; Melchior in Engl. & P., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 : 138. 1926; Airy-Shaw
in Kew Bull. 1936: 496; Adelbert in Backer, Eeknopte Fl. J a v a (Noodflora), fam.
93: 5. 1914; Keng in Taiwania 1: 226. 1950. .

SCHIMA WALLICHTI ( D C . ) K o r t h .

Leafy twigs 2.5—30 cm long; internodes between the adult leaves
2—57 mm long, 1.5—6 mm thick, glabrous, silky, tomentose or villose,
mostly soon becoming glabrous, not rarely greyish wax coated. Petiole
0.2—3.8 cm long; indument as on the twigs. Lamina 2.5—29 cm long,
1.4—9.4 cm wide, roundish to linear, mostly oblong to lanceolate, some-
times more or less ovate or obovate, sometimes somewrhat inequilateral
or falcate; chartaceous to thin-, more rarely thick- or very thick-, coria-
ceous; base cuneate, rarely acuminate, rarely decurrent on the petiole,
or rounded, often somewhat oblique; apex mostly more or less (rarely
caudate!}' or even filiformously) acuminate, acute, rarely obtuse, rarely
rounded or somewhat emarginate; margin completely entire, or entire
over some distance at the apex and at the base and in between faintly
or more strongly, somewhat deeply, distantly and obliquely to incliningly
undulate, crenate, dentate, or serrate, the 'teeth' often provided with a
prickly point or a short needle, sometimes on one and the same twig all
the leaves wholly entire or wholly crenate, or partly so and the other
leaves with one or few teeth in any combination; lateral nerves 4—20 on
either side of the midrib, mostly regularly distributed, sometimes (espe-
cially in large laminae) irregularly and widely apart, arcuate and mostly
running out directly or with less distinct secundary nerves into the teeth
of the margin, sometimes forming a distinct fork before reaching the
margin; midrib faintly sunken above, prominent beneath, the lateral
nerves and the veins often more or less, sometimes coarsely, prominent,
not rarely sunken, very thin to coarse; indument as on the twigs, especial-
ly on the nerves and veins and the midrib at the base, rarely the
whole lamina more or less adpressedly hairy (to nearly arachnoid-hairy
beneath), mostly entirely glabrous or glabrescent, often wax coated on
both sides. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves or united into once-
or twice-branched racemes which bear an indument similar to that of the
twigs. Pedicels 7—65 mm long, 0.5—3.5 (rarely 4—9) mm thick, rigid or
flaccid and incurved, sometimes strongly bent upwards, often quadran-
gular on section, rarely flattened and 2-keeled, mostly thickened at the
apex. Prophylls 2, caducous, oblong to lanceolate and obovate, rarely
roundish, 5—8 mm long, 1.5—2.5(—1C) mm wide, with the apex rounded
to acute. Sepals 1.5—3(—5) mm long, 1.7—5(—8) mm wide, semicircular
to roundish, rarely cordate at the base, hairy outside like the twigs, with
ciliate edge, densely silky to tomentose inside; corolla in the adult flower-
bud globose to obovate, 6—18 mm long, 5—16 mm in diameter, glabrous
to finely short-hairy, shortly tomentose at the base, in open flowers 15 —70



1952] BLOEMBERGEN : Study in Schima 137

mm in diameter. Petals 8—33 mm long, 7—25 mm wide, obovate with
rounded apex, more or less (especially the outermost and smallest one)
cap-shaped, the smallest one split and with ciliate edge, at the base over
2.5—5 mm mutually united into an annulus which may sometimes be
partly tubular and is also united with the bases of the united stamens,
caducous, falling off together with the latter. Stamens glabrous, inserted
at the base, rarely on the top, of a short tubular part of the corolla;
filaments 2—15 mm long, finely apiculate; anthers ellipsoidal, 1—2 mm
long. Ovary 2.5—4 mm long, 2.5—5 mm in diameter, ovate, densely silky
to tomentose, grading into the 3.75—18 mm long, 0.5—2 mm thick,
glabrous, and somewhat longitudinally fissured style; stigma flattened-
capitate, 0.5—1 mm long, 1—3 mm in diameter, the small lobes somewhat
reflexed. Adult but still closed fruit 6—10 mm long, 10—22 mm in
diameter, mostly somewhat flattened, rarely elongate-globose, sometimes
more or less blunt 5-angular, appressedly silky to tomentose; open fruit
5—23 mm long, 7—26 mm in diameter; valves ovate and cap-shaped, more
or less acuminate to the acute apex, glabrous or short-silky outside. Seed
suboblong reniform, 6—12 mm long, 3—7 mm broad (without wing re-
spectively 3—6 and 2.25—4 mm), up to 1 mm thick. (Description after the
herbarium material mentioned below; some living material from Tjibodas,
Mounts Gede-Pangerango, and the Arboretum, Forest Research Institute,
Bogor; and literature.)

Schima wallichii is (according to notes on the herbarium labels and
literature) a tree, very rarely shrub-like or subscandent, reaching a
height up to 47 m, with a bole up to 127 cm in diameter, rarely with but-
tresses up to 1.8 m high, 0.5 m wide, and 0.2 m thick. The leaves are
mostly glossy green to dark-green above, dull and more pale-green below,
not rarely, however, glaucescent, with the nerves often yellowish; young
leaves are mostly red, pink, or purple. The flowers are fragrant; the
calyx is light-green; the corolla in bud is scarlet outside, over purplish-
red, purplish-cream to white in flower (the outermost petal sometimes
persistently scarlet outside), rarely yellowish, light-red, red-brown or
purple (Clemens 27110); the filaments are yellow, sometimes orange or
brown; the anthers more yellow or brown; the style is often yellowish
cream or green; the stigma is green. The fruit in the young state is
green, turning whitish to red, violet, at last black and dry.

The species occurs from 5—3300 m above sealevel, probably over the
whole area in primary as well as in secondary forests, but also on dev-
astated places; it is often very common, often gregarious; sometimes it
is cultivated in gardens, along way-sides, or for reafforestation purposes.
Flowering and fruiting occurs during the whole year, flowering especially
at the end of the wet and the beginning of the dry season (April—June)
and at the end of the dry and the beginning of the wet season (October



138 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 2

January), fruiting especially in the wet season (January—March) and at
the beginning of the earlier half of the dry season (May—July).

Gordonia walliehii De Candolle, Prodi-. 1: E28. 1824; Sprengel, Syst. 3: 125.
1826; Hasskarl, Cat. PI. Horto bot. bogor. alter 210. 1844; Van Eeden, Houtsoorten
N.O.I. 33. 1872. — Schima walliehii (DC.) Korthals, Bijdr. Ternstr. in Temminck,
Verh. nat. Gesch., Bot. 143. 1839-42; Choisy in Zoll., Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. Hft.
2: 144. 1854 (var. obtnsata); Micmel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1 (2): 492. 1859; ibid., Suppl.
Sum. 190, 484. 1862; in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 4: 113. 1868; Thiselton Dyer in Hook,
f., Fl. Br. Ind. 1: 289. 1874; Kurz in J, As. Soc. Bengal A3 (2): 93. 1874; For. Fl.
Burma 1: 106. 1877; Szyszylowicz in Engl. & Pr., PflFam. 3 (6): 180, 1895; Gamble,
Man. Ind. Timb., 2nd Ed., 66. 1902; Bvandis, Ind. Trees 59. 1906; Foxworthy if)
Philip. J. Sci. 4 (Bot.): 503. 1909; Pitard in Lee , Fl. gen. Indo-Chine 1: 350. 1910
(with var. lobbii) ; Howard, Timb. of the World 254. 1920; ibid., 2nd Ed., 478. 1934;
Troup, Silvic. Ind. Trees 1: 29. 1921; Melehior ill Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg.,
21: 139. 1925; Craib, Fl. siam. Enum. 1: 130. 1925; Pearson & Brown, Commerc.
Ind. Timb. 1: 64 3 fs(f. 25 ). 1932; Airy-Shaw ill Kew Bull. 1936: 498.

Gordonia integnfolia Roxburg, Hort. bengal. 52. 1814, nomen nudum; Fl. ind.,
ed. Carey, 2: 572. 1832.

Gordonia oblatu Roxburg, Hort. bengal, 93. 1814, nomen nudum; Fl. ind., ed.
Carey, 2: 572. 1832. — Schima oblata (Eoxb.) Kurz in J. As. Soc. Bengal 39 (2):
65. 1870; ibid. 43 (2) : 94. 1874.

Gordonia chilaunea Buehanan-Hamilton in D. Don, Prodr. Fl. nepal. 225. 1825.
Schima noronhae Reinwardt apud Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenz. 80. 1823, nomen

nudum; ex Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3e. Stuk: 130. 1825; Korthals Bijdr. Ternstr.
in Temminck, Verh. nat. Gesch., Bot. 144 pi. 29 f. 21-27. 1839-42; Walpers, Repert.
5: 135. 1845; Teysmann & Binnondijk, Cat. PI. Horto bot. bogor. 175. 1854 (not
legitimately published); Cat. PL Horto bot. bogor. 204 & 390 (var. grandiflom).
1866; Choisy in Zoll., Syst. Verz. Hft. 2: 144. 1854; Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1 (2): 492.
1859; Bentham, Fl. hongk. 29. 1861; Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat., Suppl. Sum. 190, 484. 1862;
Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 4: 112. 1868; Kurz in J. As. Soc. Bengal 13 (2):
93. 1874; For. Fl. Burma 1: 107. 1877; Maximowicz, Mel. biol. 12: 426. 1886; Forbes
& Hemsley in 3. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 23: 80. 1886; King in J. As. Soc. Bengal 59: 201.
1890; Szyszylowicz in Engl. & Pr., PflFam. 3 (6): 186. 1895; Koordeis & Valeton,
Bijdr. Booms. J a v a 3: 283. 1896 (with vars. serrata & angusiifolia); Matsumura in
Bot. Mag., Tokyo 12: 63. 1898; Ito & Matsumura, Tent. Fl. lutch. 828. 1899; Gamble,
Man. Ind. Timb., 2nd Ed., 67. 1902; Ridley in Agric. Bull. Str. & Fed. Mai. St.,
N.S. 1: 47. 1901; Mai. Timmerhout. 12. 1903; Van Eeden, Houts. N.O.I., 3e Druk,
23. 1905; Moll & Janss, Mikrogr. Holzes 1: 327. 1906; Merrill & Rolfe in Philip. J.
Sci. 3 (Hot.): 113. 1908; Poxwortliy in Philip. J. Sci. 4 (Bot.): 503. 1909; Becker,
Schoolfl. Java 103. 1911; Hayata, Ic. PI. form. 1: 89. 1911; Koorders, ExkFl. J a v a
2: 610. 1912; Koorders-Schumacher, Syst. Verz. I, Abt. Java, Fam. 186. 1912; iMd.
I I , Abt. Sumatra 37 & 58 (var. crenata). 1914; Koorders, Atlas Baumarten J a v a 3:
f.581 A-C. 1915 (with var. crenata); Kanehira, Form. Trees 60-61. 1917; Matsumura
in Bot. Mag., Tokyo 12: 63. 1917; Hayata in Sched. Herb. Imp. Univ. Tokyo (var.
bomnevnia) ; Nakai in Bot. Mag., Tokyo 32: 222. 1918 (var. boninensis), in syn.; Mer-
rili, Bibl. Enum. Born. PI. 390. 1921; K a n e h h a , Anat. Char. Identif. Form. Woods 38
pl. e fs. 34-35. 1921: Ridley, Fl. Mai. Penins. 1: 201. 1922 (with var. rigida) ; Koorders,



1952] BLOEMBERGEN: Shtdy in Sckima 139

Fl. Tjib. 2: 185 pi. 6. 1923; Melchior hi Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925;
Craib, Fl. siam. Enum. 1 : 130. 1925; Heyne, Nutt. PL Ned. Ind., 2de Druk, 1076. 1927;
Crook, Flow. PI. Hongkong, Ran.- Mel. 70. 1930; Burkill, Diet. Econ. Prod. Mai. Penins.
2: 1973. 1935; Van Steenis in Bull. J a r d . bot. Buitenz. I l l 13: 50. 1936 (with subsp.
brevifolia) ; Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. 1936 : 497; Corner, Wayside Trees Malaya 630
/ s . 238-239 pi. 187. 1940; Adelbert in Backer, Beknopte Fl. J a v a (Nooduitgave), Fam.
93 : 5. 1944.

Cleyera mertensiana Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. japon. I: 154. 1835. — Schima
mcrtensiana (Sieb. & Zucc.) Koidzumi iv Bot. Mag., Tokyo 44: 107. 1930; Airy-LShaw
ill Kew Bull. 1936: 497.

Schima creimta Korthals, Bijdr. Ternstr. in Temminck, Verh. nat. Gesch., Bot.
143 pi. 29 fs.1-2. 1839-42; Walpers, Repert. 5: 135. 1845; Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1
(2) : 491. 1859; ibid., Suppl. Sum. 190, 483. 1862 (with var. pediedlosa) ; in Ann.
Mus. Lugd. Bat. 4: 113. 1868; Kurz in J. As. Soc. Bengal 39 (2): 64. 1870; For. Fl.
Burma 1: 107. 1877; Pierre, Fl. for. Coehineh. 2: pi. 131. 1887; Pitard m L e e , Fl,
gen. Indo-Chine 1: 35. 1910; Merrill, Bibl. Enum. Born. PI. 390. 1921; Craih, Fl.
siam. Enum. 1: 129. 1925; Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. sinicae 7: 396. 1931 (n.v.) ; Airy-
Shaw in Kew Bull. 1936: 497.

Schima antherisosa Korthals, Bjjdr. Ternstr. hi Temminck, Verh. nat. Gesch., Bot.
145. 1839-42; Walpers, Repert. 5: 135. 1845; Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1 (2): 492. 1859;
ibid., Suppl. Sum. 190. 1862; Szyszylowicz in Engl. & Pr., PflFam. 3 (6): 186. 1895;
Melchior in Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925.

Schima superba Gardner & Champion in Hook. J. of Bot. & Kew Gard. Misc.
1: 246. 1849; Seeman, Bot. Voy. Herald. 367 pi. 75. 1855; Szyszylowicz in Engl. &
Pr., PflFam. 3 (61: 186. 1895; Melchior iu Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 : 139.
1925; Render in J. A m . Arb. 8: 176. 1927; Kanehira, Form. Trees, 2d Ed., 471
f.430 pi. 44. 1936; Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. 1936: 497; Keng in Taiwania 1: 227.
1950 (with var. haukaoensis). — Gordonia supcrba (Gard. & Champ.) Hooker f. &
Thomson en Thiselton Dyer in Hook. 1, Fl. Br Ind. 1; 289. 1874, in syn.

Gordonia javanica Hooker in Curtis Bot. Mag. I l l 6: pl.4539. 1850. — Schima
javanica, (Hook.) Szyszylowicz in Engl. & Pr., PflFam. I l l 6: 186. 1895, in syn.

Gordonia floribnuda Wallich, Cat. no. 1456. 1828, nomen nudum; ex Griffith,
Not. PI. asiat. 4: 563. 1854; Ic. PL asiat. 4: pi. 600 f.2. 1854.

Gordonia brtvifolia Hooker f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 23 (1): 162. 1860; Walpers,
Ann. 7: 367. 1868; Burkill in J. Str. Br. As. Soc. Bengal 76: 158. 1917. — Sckima
brevifolia (Hook, f.) Stapf in Hook. Icon. PI. 23 (4): pi. 2264. 1893 ("Baillon");
Stapf in T r a n s . Linn. Soc, Bot. II 4: 135. 1894; Gibbs in J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 42: 00.
1914; Merrill, Bibl. Enum. Born. PL 390. 1921; Melchior in Engl. & Pr., PflFam.,
2. Ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925; Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. 1936: 498.

Gordonia lobbii Hooker f. in Trans, linn. Soc. 23 (1): 162 1860; Walpers, Ann.
7: 367. 1868; Burkill in J. Str. Br. As. Soc. Bengal 76: 156. 1917 — Schima lobbii
(Hook, f.) Pierre, Fl. for. Coehineh. 2: text to pi. 121. 1887 (also "lawii'); Airy-Shaw
in Kew Bull. 1936: 498.

Schima hypogerrima Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat., Suppl. Sum. 190, 484. 1862; in Ann.
Mus. Lugd. Bat. 4: 113. 1868; Szyszylowicz in Engl. & Pr., PflFam. 3 (6): 186. 1895.

Gordonia integci-rima Teysmann & Binnendiik, Cat. PL Horto bot. bogor. 174,
247. 1854 (not legitimately published), nomen nudum, prob.; Cat. 's Lands Plantent.
204, 1866, nomen nudum, prob.



140 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 2

Schima bancana Miquel in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 4: 113. 1868; Kurz in
J. As. Soc. Bengal 43 (2) : 94. 1874, For. Fl. Burma 1: 108. 1877; Szyszylowicz in
Engl. & Pr., PflFam. 3 (6): 186. 1895; Melchior tii Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg.,
2 1 : 139. 1925; Heyne, Nutt. PL1 Ned. Ind., 2e Druk, 1076. 1927.

Schima rigida Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 4: 113. 1868; Melchior in Engl.
&"Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg-., 2 1 : 139. 1925.

Schima sulcinervia Miquel in Ann. Mus. Eot. Lugd. Bat. 4: 113. 1868; Melchior
in Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925.

Schima khasimm Thiselton Dyer in Hook. 1'., Fl. Br. Ind. 1: 289. 1874; Szyszy-
lowicz iu Engl. & Pr., PflFam. 3 (6); 186. 1895; Brandis, Ind. Trees. 60. 1906;
Melchior in Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 ; 139. 1925.

Gordonia moliis Wallich, Cat. no. 1458, 1828, nomen nudum.— Schima mollis
Thiselton Dyer in Hook, f., Fl. Br. Ind. 1 : 288. 1874; Kurz in J. As. Soc. Bengal 43
(2): 93. 1874; For. Fl. Burma 1: 106. 1877; Szyszylowicz in Engl. & Pr., PflFam.
3 (6): 186. 1895; Melchior in Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925.

Schima monticola Kurz in J. As. Soc. Beng. 43 (2); 93, 181. 1874, 186. 1895;
For. Fl. Burma 1: 107. 1877; Szyszylowicz in Engl. & Pr., PflFam. 3 (6): 186. 1895.

Schima hypochra Pierre, Fl. for. Cochinch. 2: text to pi. 121. 1887, nomen nudum.
Schima argentea Pritz. in Bot. J b . 29: 473. 1900; Melchior in Engl. & Pr.,

PflFam., 2. Ausg,, 2 1 : 139. 1925; Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. sinicae 7: 397. 1931 (n.v.) ;
Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. 1936: 497.

Gordonia sinensis Hemsley & Wilson in Kew Bull. 1906: 153; Burkill in J. Str.
Br. As. Soc. Bengal 76: 146. 1917; Melchior hi Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 :
138. 1925. — Schima sinensis (Hemsl. & Wils.) Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. 1936: 49fi.

Schima pulgarensis Elmer in Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 5: 1843. 1913; Merrill, En.
Philip, fl. PI. 3: 71. 1923; Melehior in Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925.

Schima brevipes Craib in Kew Bull. 1915: 423; Fl. siam. Enum. 1: 129. 1925;
Melchior in Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925.

Schima mairci Hoehreutiner in Ann. Cons. J a r d . bot, Geneve 20: 190. 1917;
Melchior in Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925.

Schima confertiflora Merrill in Philip. J. Sci, 13 (Bot.): 150. 1918; Melchior
in Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925; Hu & Chun, Ic. PI. sinicarum pi. 92.
1929 (n.v.).

Schima noi'onhae var. boninensis H ayat a in Sched. Herb. Imp. Univ. Tokyo;
Nakai in Bot. Mag., Tokyo 32: 222. 1918, in syn. — Schima boninensis Nakai in Bot.
Mug., Tokyo 32: 222. 1918, nan Melchior.

Schima liukiuevsis Nakai in Bot. Mag., Tokyo 32: 223. 1918.
Schima kankaoensis Hayata, Ic. PL form. 8: 9. 1919; Melchior in Engl. & Pr.,

PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925; Kanehira, Form. Trees, 472 f.4Sl. 1936.
Schima beccarii Warburg in Fedde Rep. 18: 329. 1922.

•Schima  boninensis Melchior in Engl. &. Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 2 1 : 139. 1925,
non Nakai.

Schima bambusifotia Hu in J. Arn. Arb. 11: 224. 1930; in Bull. Fan. Mem.
Inst. Biol. 5 (Bot.): 310. 1934; Hu & Chun, Ic. PI. sinicarum pi. 172. 1935 (n.v.).

Schima sericea Airy-Shaw in Hook. Ic. PI. V 4: pl.8809. 1936; in Kew Bull.
1936: 498.

Schima forrestii Airy-Shaw in Kew Bull. 1936: 496.
Schima villom Hu in Bull. Fan. Mem. Inst. Biol. 8 (Bot.) : 141. 1938.



1952] BLOEMBERGEN: Study hi Schima 141

Gm-donia sp. Griffith, Not. PI. asiat. 4: 562. 1854?; Ie. P l _ a s i a t . pi. 585a f.O.
1854?

Gordonia sp. Griffith, Not. PI. asiat. i: 562. 1854; Ie. PI. asiat. pl.600 (excl. / . « ) .
1854.

Concerning the nature and causes of the polymorphy of this species
and the delimitation of its subspecies and forms of lower rank, some
remarks may follow.

Much may be accounted for by the peculiar distribution (fig. A), as
the horizontal as well as the altitudinal distribution extend over a large
area. The species avoids regions with an extremely dry season; it has
not yet been found in Central Burma, it occurs in North Burma in three
separated places, is lacking in Central and West Siam, and Central and
East Java, as well as in Central and South-West Borneo, in the latter
region, however, through causes unknown to the author. It is distributed
from 5—3300 m above sealevel. So there would appear to be enough
opportunities to favour the origination of subspecies in more or less
isolated parts of the area. And such subspecies are indeed to be found,
often connected by transitional series, the subspecies mertensiana, liu-
kiuensis, noronhae, wallichii, oblata, bancana, and crenata in horizontal
direction and the subspecies monticola and brevifolia in vertical direction.

What are the facts supporting the monotypic conception of the genus ?
The variation of the vegetative parts, which was used previously in the
delimitation of species, varies between clear-cut and rather narrow limits.
For instance, the laminae vary greatly in length and width, but laminae
of quite different forms, such as have a cordate base or are basinerved,
have never been found. Their margin varies from completely entire to
strongly serrate with all possible transitions, but incisions of another
type do not occur. The generative parts (flowers and fruits) could never
be used in the delimitation of species. They vary merely in dimensions,
not in number or form of the composing parts, and their plan is always
quite the same.

To my mind it was not merely the fact of the existing differences
in vegetative characters, but also the peculiar distribution of these varia-
tions all over the area, which struck the authors. They dit not and often
could not realize the nature of this distribution. There is a matter of
forms which differ in rather slight characters of the vegetative parts,
such as the dimensions of the laminae, the incisions of their margin,
their indument, their texture, and their nervation. Evidently such forms
have the possibility of maintaining their characters more or less, although



1 4 2 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 2

there are transitions. The blending is evidently not absolute. However,
the differences are not large and sharp enough to be used as specific
characters. In short, scattered and intermingled over the area there exist
forms which differ merely in vegetative characters and which are more
or less connected by transitions.

At first, the author assumed that the cause of this peculiar distri-
bution of the polymorphy might perhaps be explained by some irregular-
ities in propagation or in nuclear reduction, such as more or less strong
autogamy, apomixis, or apogamy, as well as by factors of isolation; later
on he became more and more convinced that a different explanation was
called for, as is mentioned on page. 144-145 and in the summary.

The author succeeded in grouping these forms in geographically
more or less separated subspecies, each marked by one typical dominating
character, or by a complex of characters which may be the same in
different subspecies, but which in the latter case are displayed in different
proportions. Thus, there occurs in some of the subspecies, distinguished
by a complex of characters, as for instance in subspecies oblata and noron-
hae, nearly the whole scale of polymorphy of the species. This polymorphy
may reappear largely in some subspecies characterized by one dominating
character, such as subspecies bancana and crenata. The same forms may
be present all over the area of the species and this makes it understandable
now, why previous authors mention some of the species recognized by
them as having a very scattered distribution. Examples are Schima noron-
hae and other so-called species mentioned from all over the distribution
area of S. wallichii. These facts in themselves, too, strongly support the
monotypic conception of the genus. The following examples may give
an idea not only of the complexity of the polymorphy of the species but
also of that of some of the subspecies.

The author investigated the nature of the complex polymorphy of
subspecies noronhae and oblata, respectively from Java and Sumatra only,
of which abundant specimens were available.

Thus in subspecies oblata 85% of the herbarium numbers have more
or less crenate-dentate, 5% very strongly crenate-serrate, 10 % completely
or nearly completely entire laminae.

In subspecies noronhae, however, 9%of the herbarium numbers have
more or less crenate-dentate, 4%. more strongly crenate-serrate, 72%
completely entire, and 15% nearly entire laminae (in the latter case some
leaves with only one or a few teeth).



1952] BLOEMBERGEN: Study in Schimn 143

In both subspecies these different forms occur scattered over their
area; true correlation with the elevation above sealevel, the climate, or
the soil could not be established exactly. However, there exists a slight
possibility that in Java forms with strong incisions are more frequently
encountered from 100—1500 m above sealevel.

The question whether the differences shown in different habitats
are due to (abnormal ?) genetical variation and not merely to modification
has also been investigated.

It has been established that some twigs of one and the same individual
may have small, others medium-sized leaves. Twigs with large leaves are
nearly always sterile and possibly always suckers. Fertile twigs from
the same individual have nearly always medium-sized leaves. Twigs from
very young plants (2—6 m height) generally have large leaves. Four
living trees in the Botanic Garden at Bogor were rather uniform in form
and dimensions of the leaves and demonstrated each a very small part of
the polymorphy.

The author arranged herbarium specimens of 152 collection numbers
with sufficient data of the whole species from the whole Indonesian area
in classes after the total height of the trees and the diameter of the boles,
to arrive at an at least somewhat reliable estimation of relative age. In
this way it could be demonstrated that very young individuals have large
leaves. No matter what age classes were adopted for the older individuals,
the results show invariably that 15% has small and often narrow leaves,
32 % oblong medium-sized leaves, 27.5%more or less lanceolate medium-
sized leaves, 14.5% conspicuously large leaves. There is also no question
of correlation, except in a very young state, between the shape of the leaf
and the age of the plant.

From the specimens Koorders repeatedly collected over a period of
23 years (1890—1913) over the whole area of West Java from the same
numbered trees, the author received the following impression about this
subject. He obtained a very slight indication, but by no means the con-
viction, that younger trees (exclusive of the discarded very young state)
have smaller, older trees more oblong medium-sized, still older trees
conspicuously long, leaves. The very weak arguments in favour of this
correlation are contestable and not to be checked, because in many cases
suckers might have been collected or any other uncheckable choice might
have been made. The specimens demonstrated, however, without doubt
that a particular type of incisions of the margin of the blade never
changed but persisted.



144 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 2

The question whether modifications caused by different environ-
mental conditions in different individuals, play a part, can be answered
only after many years of experimental and genetical investigation. That
they might be of importance is not probable, as the differences are too
significant and too constant. It seems after all quite probable that the
peculiar polymorphy is due to genetical variation.

Motives for subdividing the most complex-polymorphous subspecies,
as subspecies oblata, noronhae, baneana, and crenata, in taxa of the
rank of formae might appear to exist. But such forms would occur in
scattered areas and would, in turn, be complex-polymorphous. Their dif-
ferentiation, however, is impossible, because specimens which might be
differentiated owing to one noticeable characteristic generally possess
other remarkable characteristics which could also be used as a foundation
for other formae. For instance, the material of subspecies oblata which
might be recognized as a forma owing to its remarkably narrow leaves,
could also be assigned to various formae distinguished by noticeably
large or noticeably small leaves, by entire leaves, by prominent or sunken
nervation, and by papery texture of the laminae.

Species and varieties were described in former times precisely on
such characteristics, for instance in subspecies oblata: Schinia crenata
var. pedicellosa (long pedicels), S. hypoglavca (wax coated leaves), S.
sulcinervia (sunken nervation), S. brevipes (short pedicels) ; in subspecies
noronhae: S. noronhae var. serrata (serrate margins), S. noronhae var.
crenata (crenate margins), and S. noronhae var. migustifolia (narrow
leaves), S. rigida (thickly coriaceous laminae), S. sericea and S. argentea
(indument), S. bambusifotia (small leaves); etc.

What may be the probable explanation of the polymorphy in Sehima ?
All things considered, the facts point in one direction!

(i) Within the species S. wallichii differentiation of races has taken
place, i.e. the subspecies described in the present paper.

(ii) The polymorphy of these subspecies, most amply demonstrated
and expressed in numbers by the author in the subspecies oblata and
noronhae, is exactly comparable with that of populations in general that
originated due to (preponderant) cross-pollination (of all individuals),
eventually after many generations from a pair of heterozygotic parents
(panmixy).

This polymorphy then would be nothing else but normal genetical
variation owing to Mendel-segregation. The 'complex' nature of the
polymorphy in the subspecies of 5. wallichii would have to be interpreted



1952] BLOEMHERGEN: study in schima 145

as the inheriting of striking" morphological differences caused merely by
one or only few polymeric factors.

That in most other species and races the genetical variation has a
much less striking character is due to the fact that the differences between
the individuals form a more or less fluent transitional series. This latter
fact is due to the inheriting of small morphological differences caused by
mostly many polymeric factors. See also the "Summary."

The following parts of the plants and their variations are of impor-
tance in connection with the distinction of subspecies and varieties.

THE PETIOLE.—Mostly more than 1 cm long; subspecies brevifolia
always has petioles 0.2—0.5 cm long.

THE LENGTH OF THE LAMINA.—Varies from 2.5—29 cm. Rather uniform
in this character are subspecies brevifolia with the lamina up to 5, the
variety pulgarensis of subspecies erenata with the lamina up to 6.2, sub-
species mertensiana with the lamina up to 10.3, and the continental part
of subspecies oblata, with the lamina up to 13 cm long. The complex-
polymorphous subspecies noronhae, oblata (Sumatra), bancana, and crenata
have forms distributed over their area with laminae up to 10 cm long (for
instance, subspecies norm/hue from Java, 22% of the collection numbers);
other numbers have medium-sized laminae from 10—17 cm long (sub-
species noronhae, Java 68 %), and more rarely specimens, mostly sterile,
have been collected with laminae 17—29 cm long (subspecies noronhae,,
Java, 10'/r). The latter evidently represent mostly suckers or were
derived from very young plants.

THE SHAPE OF THE LAMINA.—Varies from roundish to linear. In sub -
species brevifolia the lamina is always roundish, in subspecies monticola
(Mt. Kinabalu) oblong, in subspecies mertensiana lanceolate, in subspecies
liukiuensis linear-lanceolate. In subspecies noronhae the shape varies from
elliptic to linear, although some more or less constant forms occur within
its range; in China and Indochina the shape varies from elliptic to
lanceolate (in China oblong to lanceolate, in Indochina dominantly lanceo-
late) ; in Java it varies from elliptic to linear, with linear-lanceolate and
oblong laminae dominant, linear and elliptic laminae being rather rare;
in Borneo it varies from elliptic to lanceolate, but elliptic dominant. The
shape of the laminae in subspecies wallichii and oblata from continental
Asia varies from elliptic to lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate laminae being
dominant; in subspecies oblata (Sumatra), however, oblong laminae are
dominant. The laminae of subspecies bancana vary from oblong to linear-
lanceolate, oblong laminae being dominant, and linear-lanceolate laminae



140 R E I N W A R D T M A [VOL. 2

not rare; of subspecies crenata the laminae vary from elliptic to lanceolate,
in south-eastern Borneo from oblong to lanceolate, in East Borneo oblong
laminae being dominant.

THE INCISIONS OF THE MARGIN OF THE LAMINA.—In subspecies merten-
siana the margins vary from completely entire to more or less obliquely
to incliningly serrate, completely entire margins being dominant; in
subspecies liukiuensis they are never completely entire (from more or
less crenate to dentate or serrate, very rarely to subentire) ; in the variety
superba they range from completely entire to strongly serrate (comple-
tely entire and dentate-serrate laminae sometimes together with subentire
leaves on one and the same twig; very strongly serrate laminae being not
too frequent). In the variety noronhae from continental south-eastern Asia
and Borneo the margins vary from completely entire to distantly dentate.
(Collections with completely entire laminae or on one and the same twig-
most of the laminae entire and some leaves with one or a few teeth oc-
curring rather frequently are found in about equal numbers as those with
the laminae distantly dentate.) On Java the situation is: 72% with
completely entire, 16% with entire and on the same twig with laminae
possessing one or few teeth, 9% with on one and the same twig slightly
and rather distantly crenate-dentate, 4% with strongly dentate-serrate,
laminae. In subspecies wallichii the margins are generally completely
entire, a few individuals possessing crenate-serrate laminae, or rarely
strongly serrate laminae. In subspecies oblata the margins vary from
completely entire to serrate, crenate-dentate laminae being strongly
dominant; rarely the margins are entire or coarsely serrate. For instance,
in the Sumatra material 85% of the laminae are more or less crenate-
dentate, 5% strongly crenate-serrate, 10% completely entire or subentire.
In subspecies bancana the margins are always completely entire; in sub-
species crenuta always crenate-dentate or serrate, often slightly, rarely
rather coarsely, so; in subspecies monticola always crenate-serrate,
sometimes subcrenate, often rather coarsely crenate-serrate; in subspecies
brevifoliu completely entire, very rarely finely crenate-dentate.

THE NERVATION OF THE LAMINA.—The lateral nerves and veins vary
from sunken and often thin and hardly visible to mostly more or less
prominent, more rarely to coarsely and markedly prominent; the latter
condition occurs scattered especially in the variety superba, and in sub-
species oblata (Sumatra). Subspecies wallichii nearly always has forked
lateral nerves, but also in other subspecies this forking is sometimes
present; in subspecies oblata, for instance (Sumatra), it is not rare.



1952] BLOEMBERGEN: Study in Sclnmu 147

THE TEXTURE OF THE LAMINA.—Varies from chartaceous to very thick-
coriaceous. In subspecies mertensiana, oblata (continental Asia), and
noronhae (Borneo) the coriaceous to rarely thick coriaceous texture is
predominant. Very thick-coriaceous texture is found in subspecies mov-
ticola. In the other subspecies the whole polymorphy occurs, but thin-
coriaceous texture is dominant.

THE INDUMENT.—Scattered over the China and Borneo parts of the
area of subspecies noronhae, and the Sumatra part of the area of sub-
species oblata occur some more conspicuously and persistently- hairy
forms. Subspecies irallichii always seems to be soft-hairy on the nerves
beneath.

THE THICKNESS OF THE PEDICELS.—This varies from 0.5—10 mm! The
pedicel is mostly 6.5—2(—3) mm thick and thickens generally gradually
from its base upwards. More rarely some forms occur with pedicels more
or less thickened and swollen, up to 3 mm over their whole length. In
subspecies monticola, in plants from Mt. Kinabalu (1200—1500 m eleva-
tion) , the pedicel is always thickened and swollen from 4—10 mm; in
plants from the Asiatic continent (] 500—2100 m elevation) from 3—4
mm. In subspecies brevifolia (1650—3300 m elevation) the pedicel is
always from 2—3.5 mm thick. In some specimens of subspecies crenata
(especially from Mount Kinabalu, 1200—1500 m elevation) and one
specimen from East Borneo (1200 m) the pedicel varies from 1.5—3.5 mm
in thickness.

THE DIAMETER OF THE FLOWERS.—This varies from 15—70 mm, gener-
ally from 20—40 mm. Scattered, and generally at higher elevations,
large flowers have been found, i.a. in subspecies noronhae and oblata.
Moreover, subspecies monticola and brevifolia are characterized by large
flowers (35—70 mm diameter), as in subspecies mertensiana (50 mm in
diameter).

THE DIMENSIONS OF THE SEPALS.—These vary in length from 0.5—5 mm,
in width from 1.7—10 mm, generally from 1.5—3 and 1.75—5 mm
respectively. Forms with large flowers have often (although not always)
large sepals; for instance in subspecies monticola and brevifolia, they
arc 2.5—5 mm long and 4—8 mm wide, in subspecies tnertevsiana 5—G
mm long.

THE DIMENSIONS OF THE FRUIT.—These vary from 5—23 mm in length
and 6—26 mm in diameter; generally the diameter is up to 20 mm. Forms
with large fruit occur especially in subspecies oblata (up to 22 mm in
diameter) and in subspecies noronhae (up to 26mm in diameter).



1 4 8 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 2

KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES AND VARIETIES OF SCHIMA WALLICHII

1. Petioles of a larger ov smaller amount of the leaves more than l c m long. . 2
Petioles of all the leaves never more than 0.2—0.5 cm long. Borneo; Mt. Kinabalu

(elevation 1650—3-300 m) 9. Subsp. brevifolin
2. Laminae chartaceous to coriaceous, seldom thick-coriaceous; pedicels 0.5—-2(—3)

mm thick, rarely over their whole length 1.5—3.5 mm thick 3
Laminae pronouncedly thick-coriaceous; pedicels thickened and swollen over their

whole length, rigid, 3—10 mm thick. Borneo: Mt. Kinabalu (elevation 1200—1500
in) ; Malay Peninsula: G. Tahan (elevation 1500—1600m); Burma: Martaban,
Nattoung Hills (elevation 1800—2160 m); China: Yunnan, east of Teng Yueh
(elevation 1800 m) 8. Subsp. monticola

Laminae either always more or less crenate, dentate, or serrate (SE, E, and N
Borneo, Palawan, Riu Kiu Islands), or always completely entire (Sumatra:

• Palembang, Lampung; Bangka; Billiton) 4
Laminae of most individuals completely entire (Bonin Islands, Himalaya, Upper

Burma, W Borneo, and Java) or about ns many with completely entire laminae
as with more or less crenate, dentate, or serrate ones (China, Formosa, Indo-
China, E Siam), or else laminae of most individuals crenate, dentate, or serrate,
more rarely entire or subentire (Lower Burma, W Siam, Malay Peninsula, N
and Central Sumatra) 7

4. Laminae always more or less crenate-dentate, or serrate, rarely subentire. . . 5
Laminae always completely entire. Sumatra: Palembang, Lampung; Bangka;

Billiton (elevation 5—800 m) fi. Subsp. bancana .
5. Laminae elliptic to lanceolate (Borneo, Palawan) 6

Laminae always linear-lanceolate, 8—20 em long; flowers 4 cm in diameter. Riu
Kiu Islands 2. Subsp. lutkiuoisis

(5. Laminae 3.5—19cm long, mostly thin, rarely thick-coriaceous; pedicels 10—50 mm
long; flowers 17—35 mm in diameter. SE, E; and N Borneo (elevation 8—1500
m) 7a. Subsp. crenatn var. crevata

Laminae up to 6.2 cm long, chartaceous; pedicels 1—1.5 cm long (always?) ;
flowers 10—15 mm in diameter (always ?). Philippines: Palawan (elevation
1100—1275 m) 7b. Subsp. croiata vav. ptilgarensis

7. Laminae of most individuals completely entire or about as many with completely
entire laminae as with more or less crenate, dentate or serrate margins. . 8

Laminae mostly slightly, sometimes strongly crenate, dentate, or serrate, rarely
entire or subentire. NW Siam, Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula, N and Central
Sumatra (elevation 50—2000 m) 5. Subsp. obtota

8. Laminae always small, 7—10.5 cm long, lanceolate, rarely more oblong, coriaceous,
flowers 5—6 cm in diameter, sepals 5—6 mm long. Bonin Islands.

1. Subsp. Hicrteusicaia
Laminae 3—29 cm long, mostly longer than 10.5 cm 9

0. Lateral nerves not, or rarely, forked; young parts and leaves often glabrous,
rarely silvery-white or silky-hairy; nerves and veins rarely strongly prominent
(China, Formosa, Indo-China, NW Siam, W Borneo, W Java) 10

Lateral nerves mostly forked; young parts and leaves especially on the nerves
below more or less silky-hairy; nerves and veins generally distinctly prominent
(Himalaya to Upper Burma) . 1 1



1952] BLOEMBERGEK: Study in Schimn 149

10. Laminae 3—29 cm long, 1.5—10 cm wide, elliptic to linear, mostly quite entire,
or on one and the same twig some laminae with one or a few teeth, sometimes
(especially in Indo-China, and E Siam more frequently) with the whole margin
of the laminae slightly, rarely strongly, cienate-dentatc. Indument of the young
parts sometimes short, ferrugineous, rarely more conspicuously densely silky or
tomentose, mostly glabrescent and adult laminae glabrous, sometimes persistent,
especially along- the midrib below. Laminae cbartaceous to thick-coriaceous,
mostly thin-coriaceous. E Siam, Indo-China, W Borneo, J a v a (elevation 100—
2450 m) 3a. Subsp. uovouhae var. noronkae

Laminae 4.5—18 cm long, 2—6.5 em wide, elliptic to lanceolate, often entire, hut
in certain specimens frequently with dentate and subentire laminae on the
same twig, and in other ones with all laminae strongly dentate, rarely very
strongly dentate-serrate. Mostly glabrous, occasionally young parts and laminae
below silky. Laminae chartaceous-coriaceous, mostly thin-coriaceous. S China,
Formosa (elevation 150—1500 mt 3b. Subsp. noronhae var. supcrba

11. Laminae mostly entire, more rarely faintly crenate-serrate; lateral nerves mostly
forked. Pedicels rather thin, 0.9—5 cm long; flowers up to 5 cm in diameter.
E Himalaya, Upper Burma (elevation 300—2100 m).

4a. Subsp. wallichii var. wallichii
Laminae very strongly crenate; lateral neives not forked; pedicels stout, 1.8cm

long; flowers up to 6.25 cm in diameter. Khasia Hills, Upper Burma (Bhamo)
(elevation 1200—2250 m) 4b. Subsp. wallichii var. khasiana

1. Subsp. mertensiana (Sieb. & Zucc.) Bloembergen, comb. nov.—
Fig. A 1.

Indument of young parts and outside of calyx velvety. Petiole 0.5—2
cm long. Lamina 7.8—10.5 cm long, 2.6—4.2 cm wide, mostly lanceolate,
rarely more oblong, not acuminate to the acute apex, coriaceous; margin
mostly entire, more rarely obliquely-incliningly serrate. Pedicels 2—3.5
(in fruit —5) cm long. Flowers 5cm in diameter; calyx 5—6mm long.
(Description according to literature.)

According to literature this subspecies is a tree. It belongs to the
'noronhae' group of subspecies, but is more uniform, especially in the
shape of its lamina; it is more hairy, and has a rather large calyx.

Cleyera mertensiana Sieb. &. Zucc, 1835. — Sckima mertensiana (Sieb. & Zucc.)
Koidzumi, 1930; Airy-Shaw, 1936.

Schima noronhae (non Reinw. ex BL) sensu Maxim., 1886, p.p.; Hayata in Sched.
(var. boninensis) ; Nakai, 1918 (var. boninensis), in syn.

Schima honiiunsis Nakai, 1918 (non Melchior) ; Wilson in J. Arn. Arb. 1: 109,
115. 1920, nomen nudum; Terasaki, Nippon Shokubutsu Zufu (Jap. bot. illustr. Album)
1729. 1933, n.v.

Schima boninensis Melchior, 1925, HOW. Nakai.

BONIN I S . T s i t s i S h i m a : H. Hattori (Lit.), T.Uchiyma (Lit., type of
Schima boninensis Nakai). Local name: himetsubaki.



REINWARDTIA [VOL. 2

FIG. A. Sckima wallichii, distribution areas of the subspecies and varieties: 1, subsp.
mertensiana; 2, subsp. liukiuensis; 3a, subsp. noronhae var. noronhae; 8b, subsp.
noronkae var. superba; 4a, subsp. wallichii var. wallichii; 4b, subsp. wallichii var.
khamana; 5, subsp. oblata; 6, subsp. bancana; 7a, subsp. crenata var. crenata; 7b,

subsp. crenata var. pitlgarensis; 8, subsp. monticola; 9, subsp. brevifolia.

2. Subsp. liukiuensis (Nakai) Bloembergen, comb.nov.—Fig. A 2.

Petiole 1—2 cm long. Lamina 8—20 cm long, 2—6.5 cm wide, linear-
lanceolate, sometimes oblanceolate, caudately acuminate towards the apex,
glabrous, mostly incliningly crenate-serrate, rarely subentire. Flowers
about 4 cm in diameter; calyx 3 mm long. (Description according to liter-
ature.)

According to literature this subspecies is a tree. It belongs to the
'crenata' group of subspecies, but is more uniform in its narrow linear-
lanceolate leaves.

Sckima liukiuensis Nakai, 1918.
Sckima noronhae {now. Reinw. ex Bl.) sensu Maxim., 1866, p.p.; Matsum., 1898,

p.p.; Ito & Matsum., 1899.
Schima superba (non Gard. & Champ.) sensu Melch., 1925, p.p.

RIU KIU IS. A m a m i - o S h i m a : Tashiro (Lit.). Y a e y a m a : Tushiro
(Lit,). U c h i n a : Nakagun, Tashiro (Lit.). O k i n a w a S h i m a : Mt. Nagodakc,
Nakahara (Lit.) ; Yontanzon, Matsumura (Lit.) ; Nagoma, Tunalta (Lit.) ; without



1952] BLOEMBERGEN: Slmly hi Schimn 151

exact locality, Yajima ( L i t ) ; Nago, open foothills, W. R. Price 1412 (Lit.). Y o n a -
k u n i S h i m a : (Lit.). Local name: iju.

3. Subsp. noronhae (Reinw. ex Blume) Bloembergen, comb. nov.

Young parts often ferrugineoiis-hairy, sometimes tomentose, or soft-
hairy, more rarely conspicuously argenteous or silky, mostly glabrescent.
Petiole 5—30 mm long, 1—3 mm thick. Lamina 3—29 cm long, 1.5—10 cm
wide, elliptic to linear, mostly oblong to lanceolate, rarely more or less
ovate or obovate, glabrous, rarely persistently hairy like the young parts,,
especially along the midrib below, chartaceous to coriaceous, very rarely
thick-coriaceous, mostly thin-coriaceous; nervation sunken to prominent,
mostly somewhat prominent and the nerves rather thin, rarely coarse
and strongly prominent, rarely forked, occasionally irregular and widely
separated; margins mostly completely entire, sometimes on one and the
same twig most of the laminae completely entire or dentate and one or
a few other ones with one or a few teeth or subentire, more rarely the
whole margin more or less shallowly and rather distantly crenate-dentate,
very rarely strongly dentate-serrate. Pedicels 3—65 mm long, 0.75—2 mm
thick. Flowers 20—65 mm in diameter; sepals 2—3.5 mm long, 2.5—5 mm
wide. Fruit 8—22 mm long, 10—25 mm in diameter. (Description after
the herbarium specimens mentioned below and according to literature.)

3a. Var. NORONHAE—Figs. A 3a, B, C 13-14, D, E 1-15, G 6.

Young parts generally ferrugineous, silky-hairy or tomentose, mostly
glabrescent. Petiole 5—30 mm long, 1—3 mm thick. Lamina 6.3—29 cm
long, 2—10 cm wide, elliptic to linear, sometimes more or less ovate or
obovate, generally oblong or linear-lanceolate, mostly glabrous, very rarely
with indument like that of the young parts, especially along the midrib
below, persistent; chartaceous to coriaceous, rarely thickly, generally
thinly, coriaceous; margin generally completely entire, sometimes on one
and the same twig some laminae with one or a few teeth, sometimes the
whole margin of all the laminae slightly and distantly, rarely strongly,
cienate-dentate or serrate; nervation more or less, never strongly, prom-
inent. Pedicels 18—65 mm long, 0.75—2.5 mm thick. Flowers 20—55 mm
in diameter. Fruit 8—22 mm long, 10—25 mm in diameter. (Description
after the herbarium specimens mentioned below.)

This variety is extremely complex-polymorphous. There is in this
respect a difference in the three separated parts of the area. In the Siam
and Indo-China regions, specimens with crenate-dentate leaves are evi-
dently more frequent than in Java and Borneo. Over the whole area forms
with small leaves occur. In Java, forms with oblong and linear-lanceolate
laminae are dominant, forms with linear and elliptic laminae being rather
rare. In East Siam and Indo-China, forms with lanceolate laminae are
more, and forms with elliptic to oblong laminae less, frequent. In Borneo,
forms with elliptic (up to 10 cm wide) are more, and forms with oblong



R E 1 N W A R D T I A [VOL. 2

FIG. B. Schiwa waUichii: 1, twig with leaves and inflorescence, 1 x ;2, stamen,
5 X ; 3, calyx with pistil, 2 X ; 4, seed, 2 X ; 5, valve of fruit, showing septum loosen-
ing from lower half of fruit-wall, 2 x ; 0, calyx and central columella of fruit, 2 x ; 7,
open fruit from above, 1.5 x ; all, suhsp. noronhae, var. noronhae,. — After living

material cultivated in Hortus Bogoriensis, VI.C. 91.



1952] BLOEMBERCEN : Study in Scliima 153

to lanceolate laminae less, frequent. The adult leaves in Java are entirely
or nearly glabrous; in East Siam and Indo-China rather soft-hairy forms
occur, in West Borneo forms with the leaves conspicuously silky-hairy. In
Java, East Siam, and Indo-China the laminae are mostly thin- very rarely
thick-coriaceous; in Borneo they are often thick- to very thick-coriaceous.

This variety is, according to notes on the herbarium-labels and liter-
ature, a tree reaching a height up to 40 m, with a bole up to 127 cm in
diameter. It occurs from 100—2400 m above sealevel (in Java from
150—2400 m, in Borneo from 840—1230 m, in Siam and Indo-China from '
100—900 m), in forests, secondary forests, and grass-wildernisses, and
is often very common. In West Java it is one of the most common trees,
often gregarious; it is cultivated here and there as a way-side tree, in
kampong yards, or for reafforestation purposes (especially in Central
Java). Pierre mentions that on the Isle of Phuquoc in the Gulf of Siam
this variety occurs in large masses in regions inundated by brackish water
just above sealevel. The wood is used for building prahus and houses, in
Java also for building bridges, sleepers, and furniture. The bark is said
to contain a caustic juice, and is used here and there in Java, grinded
and mixed with ashes, as a fish-poison.

Sehima noronhae Reinw. apud El., 1823, nomen nudum; ex El., 1825; Korth.,
1839-42; Walpers, 1845; Teysm. & Binnend., 1854; Choisy, 1854, p.p.; Miquel, 1869,
p. p.; Teysm. & Binnend., 18(56 (var. grandifhra); Szysz., 1895, p. p.?; Koord. &
Val., 1896 (with vars. serrafa & angugtifolia); Van Eeden, 1905, p.p.; Moll & Janss.,
1906; Back., 1911; Koord., 1912 (with vars. angnstifolia & serrata); Koord., 1915
(with var. crenata); Men-., 1921, p.p.; Koord., 1923; Melch., 1925, saltern p.p.; Heyne,
1927, p.p.; Adelb., 1944."

Gordonia javaniea Hook., 1850. — Sehima javanica (Hook.) Szysz., 1895, in syn.
Gordonia integerrima Teysm. & Binnend., 1854, 1866, nomen nudum, prob.
Gordonia lobbii Hook, f., 1860; Walp., 1868; Burk., 1917. — Sehima lobbii (Hook.

f.) Pierre, 1887 O'/oiim"); Airy-Shaw, 1936.
Sehima rigida Miq., 1868; Melch., 1925.
Sehima hypochra Pierre, 1887, nomen nudum.
Sehima beeearii Warb., 1922.
Sehima sericea Airy-Shaw, 1936, 1936 bis.
Gordonia sp. Van Eeden, 1872.
Gordonia walliehii (MOM DC.) sensu Hassk., 1844. — Sehima wrilltehii [»»» (DC.)

Korth.] sensu Pitard, 1910 (with var. lobbii).
Sehima crenata (7?o» Korth.) sensu Pierre, 1887; Pitavd, 1910; Craih, 1925, p.p.

SIAM (eastern p a r t ) . U d a w n: Nakawn Panom, Ta Uten, ± 200 m, open
evergreen forest, Kerr 8844b (Lit.); Loi, Kao Krading, ± 900 m, edge of evergreen
forest, Ken- 8950 ( L i t ) . U b o n : ± 100m, scrub jungle, Kerr 8344, 8344" (Lit.).
C h a n t a b u r i : Kaw Chang, Klawng Mayom, ± 200 m, common in evergreen forest,
Kerr 11845 (Lit.); Klawng Nonsi, jungle, Schmidt 870 (Lit.). — INDO-CHINA. T o n -



R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 2

FIG. C .





156 R E I N W A K D T I A [VOL. 2



1952] BI.OEMBERC.EN : Slmhj in Schimn 157

Backer 25978 ( BO ) ; alon g ro ad to T jia n t e n t ea est at e, 800 ra, in forest, L am 2258
( BO ) ; above P u r a se d a , road to T jip at jet , 600 m , in p a r t ly  cut- out  fo rest  on  rid ge
( p a sir ) ,  iran Slcenis 11753  ( BO ) ;  P a sir  T o n ggeret  n e a r  H a m a r o ,  in  forest  an d  grass-
wildern iss,  locally  very  a bu n d a n t ,  l.n.  p u sp a, Bakhuizen van den Brink 7571  (BO)  ;
P aban gbo n ,  n e a r  T jiam p ea,  500  m ,  grass- wildern iss,  r a t h e r  a bu n d a n t , Bakhnizcn van
den Brink 5033  ( BO ) ;  G .  Sa la k:  l.n.  pu spa, Koorders 24356β  (BO),  n ear  p a sa n gr a h a n
I m a h  Leutik,  750  m ,  in  secon dary  forest,  common,  gr ega r io u s,  l.n.  pu spa, 3a.5(!ll,
( F I B ) ,  forest  Kum pel,  cu lt ivat ed,  700m ,  l.n.  p u sp a, Ja.5651, Ja.5652  ( F I B ) ,  1050m ,
in  secon dary  forest,  very  common,  gregario u s,  l.n.  p u sp a, Ju.5627  ( F I B)  ;  G .  Salak
(sum m it  I V) ,  1688m ,  in  forest,  l.n.  p u sp a, Ja.5628  ( F I B ) ,  1000m ,  l.n .  pu spa, Koorders
33270β  (BO)  ;  G .  Salak  (sum m it  I ) ,  2215m ,  l.n.  pu spa, Koorders 36712β  (BO)  ;  G .  Salak
( N ) ,  P a sir  Leu t ik,  7700  m , Byhonwer 257  ( BO ) ;  G .  P er ba kt i,  W  of  railway  st at io n
T jit ju r u g,  in  forest,  a bu n d a n t , Bakhuizen van den Brink 1728  ( BO ) ;  G ed e- P an gran go
M t s. :  T jibodas,  l.n.  h u ru  m an uk, without collector s.v.  (BO), Scheffcr s.n.  (BO),
1450  m ,  yo n Slooten 90  (BO ),  1700  m ,  in  forest, L arzivg 1975  (BO),  in  forest,  l.n .  pu spa,
n um bered  t r ee  3351a, Koorders 41981β  (BO),  1300—1450  m,  in  forest ,  very  common,
l.n .  puspa,  n um bered  t r ee  3005a, Koorders 8258β , S259β , 13278β , 15574/ β ,41812β  (BO),
ibid.,  l.n.  p u sp a  an d  h u r u  m an uk,  n um bered  t r ee  3051a, Koorders 8260β , 12619β ,
15581β ,11788β  (BO ),  2000—2070 m ,  in  forest,  common,  l.n.  pu spa,  n um bered  t r ee  3081a,
Koorders 8261 β, 8262β , 126O3β 32182/ 1  (BO I ,  l.n.  p u sp a  m er a n g,  n um bered  t r e e  3143a,
Koorders 8268β , 8364β , 12362β  (BO),  2020—2450  m,  in  forest,  l.n.  pu spa,  n um bered
t r ee  3254a, Koorders 8265β , 8266β , 12642β , 15564β , 41931β ,  (BO),  ibid.,  l.n .  p u sp a
m e r a n g,  n u m bered  t r e e  3257a, Koorders 8267β , 8268β , 41934β  ( BO ) ,  ibid.,  l.n .  p u sp a ,
n um bered  t r ee  3262a, Koorders 8269β , 8270β , 1,1757β , 41939β  (BO ),  ibid.,  l.n .  ki  get as,
n um bered  t ree  3268a, Koorders 1318β , l1319β ,, 12361 β, 11944β  (BO ),  ( M an d elawan gi) ,
1800  m,  in  forest,  common,  l.n.  pu spa, Knkah 131  (BO),  ibid.,  l.n .  h u r u  pu spa, Soeivarta
144  (BO ),  ibid.,  l.n.  pu spa, Enoh 205  (BO ),  between  T jibeu reu m  an d  T jip a n a s,
1600—2000  m ,  in  forest,  very  common,  l.n .- pu spa, Hallier 408  (BO ),  K a n d a n gba d a k,
2400m , van Slcenis 2010  (BO ),  2390  m, Bmgoeman 3718  (BO),  G .  P u t r i,  1400—1500  m,
in  forest ,  l.n .  p u sp a,  n um bered  t r ee  3237a, Koorders 14316β  (BO ),  n um bered  t r ee  3238a.
Koorders 14318β ,  (BO I ,  G .  G egerbin t an g,  P a sir  Bu n d era,  1400—1500m ,  in  forest,  l.n.
p u sp a ,  n um bered  t r ee  3234a, Koorders 11,325β  (BO ),  G .  Ba t u ,  1400—2000  m,  in  forest,
l.n .  pu spa,  n um bered  t r ee  3305a, Koorders 1551,2β  ( BO ) ;  G .  C ede  ( S) ,  1410—1500  m.
in  secon dary  an d  p r im a r y  forest,  a bu n d a n t , Backer 14901  ( BO ) ;  Kebon  P odjok,  1200  m ,
scat t ered ,  l.n.  p u sp a,  n um bered  t r ee  102, Hamar de la Brethoniere 5806  (BO),  n um bered
t r e e  13, Kramer 5806a  (BO ),  Los 580Ga  with  two  sh eets  of  seedlin gs  29 &  54  days  old
from  sam e  t r e e ,  also  n um bered BoschbPrSta. Registerno, 1844  (BO),  n um bered  t r ee
36, L cs 5806b  ( BO ) ;  T jip a r a j,  desa  L a t a m ia n g,  l.n.  pu spa, Ja.1092  ( F I B ) ;  P a sir
T jin eru s,  l.n.  p u sp a, Ja.1193, Ja.1194(F IB);  P a sir  K eru d,  1000m ,  l.n .  pu spa, Ja. 1910,
Ja.1911  (BO,  F I B ) ;  P a sir  M alan g,  T jikareo ,  700m ,  cultivated,  l.n .  h u r u  h on en g  (?),
Ja.S500  ( F I B ) ;  Selabin t an a,  above  Sukabum i,  cu lt ivat ed,  alon g  h igh way,  900 m , de
Visser Stnits s.n.  (BO)  ;  F o r e st  R eserve  P a la b u a n r a t u ,  south coast,  0—300  m ,  in  forest ,
l.n .  pu spa,  n um bered  t r ee  1197a, Koorders 8253β , 12219/ β , 31,276β  (BO),  n um bered  t r ee
1314a, Koorders 12312β , 33029β  (BO),  n um bered  t r ee  1316a, Koorders 12S00β , 33031β
( BO ) ,  n um bered  t r ee  1321a, Koorders 12253β (BO);  Sa n ggr a wa  ( D jam pan gku lon
D ist r ic t ) ,  400m ,  very  common,  gregario u s,  l.n.  pu spa,  n um bered  t r ee  *I.W., Koorders
8273/ 1, 8274β (BO);  between  Len gkon g  and  P esa wa h a n ,  700 m ,  ravin es,  sporadic, Backer
1707l\ BO)  ;  P esawah an ,  400  m ,  in  secon dary  forest, Backer 2216  ( BO ) ;  T jiat eu l,  250 m ,



1 5 8  R E I K W A R D T I A  [VOL.  2

in  secon dary  forest,  very  r a r e ,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  puspa, Ja.5431  ( F I B ) ;  Wat es,  500m ,
in  secon dary  forest,  common,  scat t ered , Ja.5432, Ja.5488  ( F I B ) ,  ibid.,  r a t b e r  common,
scat t ered , Ja.5489  ( F I B ) ,  ibid.,  r a r e ,  scat t ered , Ja.549O  ( F I B ) ,  all,  l.n.  p u sp a ;  T jika-
r a n g,  250 m ,  alon g river, in  secon dary forest,  r a t h e r common,  gregario u s, Ja.5491  ( F I B ) ,
ibid.,  r a t h e r  r a r e , Ja.5492  ( F I B ) ,  ibid.,  very  r a r e , Ja.5493  ( F I B ) ,  all,  l.n.  p u sp a ;  n e a r
T jireu n gas,  cultivated  alon g  wayside, Backer s.v.  ( BO ) ;  T jia n d ju r  D ivisio n :  T akokak,
1400 m, W ind W .VIII  (BO),  1000—1250 m,  in  forest,  common,  n um bered  t r ee  2001a,
Koorders 8254β , 8255β , 25622β , 82750β , 39577β  (BO),  n um bered  t r e e  2251a, Koorders
12136$  (BO ),  n um bered  t r ee  2326a, Koorders 12137β , 25700β , 37289β  (BO),  n um bered
t r ee  2352a, Koorders 12138β , 15303β , 25676β , 32717β , 39643β  (BO),  n um bered  t r e e
2359a, Koorders 15802β , 25677β , 32719β  ( BO ) ,  n um bered  t r e e  2360a, Koorders 15299$,
25731β , 32720β , 39628β  (BO),  1100m ,  r a r e ,  n um bered  t r ee  m arked  with 1*, Koorders
8190β , 8282β  (BO),  all,  l.n.  pu spa,  G .  T jikawu n g,  l.n.  pu spa, Koorders 25776β  ( BO ) ;
T ja d a sm a la n g  n e a r  T jid a d a p :  S  of  Tjibeber,  1000 m ,  in  forest,  a bu n d a n t ,  l.n.  pu spa,
W inckel 394$, 1396$  (BO),  1000  m ,  wayside  an d  forest,  abu n d an t ,  l.n,  pu spa, Bakhirizen
van den Brink 3526, 3529, 3784  (BO),  G .  Beser,  1000—1350  m,  in  forest ,  an d  cultivated
alon g  wayside,  a bu n d a n t ,  l.n.  p u sp a, Backer 22679  ( BO ) ;  T jia n d ju r  R egen cy:  G .  Bat u ,
1000m ,  in  old  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  l.n.  pu spa, Ja.3899  ( F I B ) ,  n e a r  T jip a d a ba t i,
1100m ,  in  old  forest,  common,  gregario u s,  l.n.  pu spa, Ja.5434  ( F I B ) ,  ibid.,  common,
Ja.5433  ( F I B ) .  D j a k a r t a  ( B a t a via ) :  K r a wa n g, de  Mo- nchy  81  ( BO ) ;  Wan ajasa,
S  of  P u r wa ka r t a ,  550  m,  in  forest,  a bu n d a n t ,  l.n.  pu spa,  Bakhuhev  van  den  Brink
4713  ( BO ) ;  G .  Bu r a n gr a n g,  n o r t h  slope,  1200—1500m ,  in  forest,  a bu n d a n t ,  Backer
14234  ( BO ) ;  G .  T a n gku ba n p r a h u ,  Backer  S.H .  (BO ).  P r i a n g a n :  wit h ou t  exact
locality,  Koorders  32450$  ( BO ) ;  N   P r ia n ga n ,  l.n.  pu spa,  Ja.875  ( BO ) ;  T jisa r u a ,  1200
—  1600 m ,  cultivated  in  forest  reserve  an d  kam pon g  ya r d s,  common,  l.n .  pu spa,  Poj>ta
64  ( BO ) ;  T jigu lu d u g,  F o r est  R eserve  T a m ba kr u ju n g  ( N ) ,  1050  m ,  in  forest,  very
common,  scat t ered,  l.n.  puspa,  Ja.1497  (BO,  F I B ) ;  D a t a r p u sp a ,  1700 m ,  in  forest,
common,  gregario u s,  l.n.  pu spa  m erah ,  Ja.1989  (BO,  F I B ) ,  ibid.,  l.n.  pu spa  p u t ib,
Ja.1940  (BO,  F I B ) ;  Ban d u n g  ( ?) ,  Forbes  1073  ( BO ) ;  7  km  N E  of  Ban d u n g,  850m ,
wayside,  one  t ree  seen ,  W isse  902  ( BO ) ;  T jip a d a r u u m  .(Tjiwidej),  1763m ,  in  forest,
common,  l.n.  p u sp a  bodas,  Ja.5423,  Ja.5423,  Ja,5424  ( F I B ) ,  in  secon dary  forest ,
common,  Ja.5487  ( F I B ) ,  1S17 m ,  l.n.  p u sp a  beureum ,  Ja.5486  ( F I B ) ,  1784 m ,  in  second-
a r y  forest,  common,  Ja.5485  ( F I B ) ,  1694m ,  Ja.5484  ( F I B ) ,  l.n.,  both,  p u sp a  bodas,
1750m ,  Ja.5428  ( F I B ) ,  1755m ,  Ja.5427  ( F I B ) ,  l.n.  both ,  p u sp a  beureum ,  1750m ,  l.n .
p u sp a  bodas,  Ja.5426  ( F I B ) ,  1720m ,  l.n.  p u sp a  beureum ,  Ja.5425  ( F I B ) ,  1768m ,  l.n.
p u sp a  bodas,  Ja.5403  ( F I B ) ,  1765m ,  l.n.  p u sp a  beureum  (gadog),  Ja.5412  ( F I B ) ,  1856
m , l.n.  p u sp a  bodas,  Ja.5419  ( F I B ) ,  1356 m ,  gregario u s,  l.n.  p u sp a  bodas,  Ja.5U20  ( F I B ) ,
1750 m ,  l.n,  p u sp a  beureum ,  Ja.5425,  1856 m ,  gregario u s,  l.n .  p u sp a  bodas,  Ja.5421
( F I B ) ;  F o r e st  G arden  n ea r  T jip a d a r u u m ,  2000m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  scat t ered ,
l.n.  pu spa,  Ja.4008  (BO,  F I B ) ;  T jiwidej,  1700m ,  in  forest,  common,  gregario u s,  l.n.
pu spa,  Ja.3664  ( F I B ) ;  F o rest  R eserve  T jigen t en g,  1350—1600m ,  in  forest ,  common,
l.n.  p u sp a  m e r a n g,  n um bered  t r ee  2153a,  Koorders  8256$,  8257β  (BO),  ibid.,  l.n.  pu spa,
n um bered  t r ee  II  W,  Koorders  8272β ,  8279β  (BO)  ;  above  T jigen t en g,  1450  m t  in
forest,  common,  l.n.  pu spa,  Koorders  8280β  ( BO ) ;  G .  P a t u b a  ( N ) ,  n ea r  T jibodas,
1416 m , in forest, l.n . h u m ka t ja n g ( ?) , Ja.1317  (BO,  F I B ) ;  G .  P a t n h a ,  R a n t ja  T jibodas,
1900m ,  on  sm all,  wet  peat- h ill,  l.n.  pu spa,  de  Haav  II,  ( BO ) ;  T jiwidej,  kawah ,
Binnentlijk?  s.n.  ( BO ) ;  G .  M a la ba r :  P u n t ja k  Cede,  l.n.  pu spa,  Monterie  1G  (BO ),
c r a t e r  of  G .  Wajan g,  2181m ,  in  forest,  l.n.  p u sp a,  Denker  24  ( BO ) ;  F o r e st  R eserve



1952]  BLOEMBERGEN:  Study  iv  Schima  159

P en galen gan ,  1700  m ,  l.n.  p u sp a,  Koorders  8281β  ( BO ) ;  T jibeu reu m  n ea r  P en ga len ga n ,
1550  m,  ,/ .  J.  Smith  &  Rant  86  ( BO ) ;  P en galen gan ,  T alu n  est at e,  1650  m,  in  forest,
a bu n d a n t ,  Backer  26128  (BO)  ;  G .  P a p a n d a ja n ,  l.n.  p u sp a,  Scheffer  s.n  ( BO ) ;  G a r u t
su bdivision :  G .  M an d alawan gi,  1000—1300  m ,  in  forest ,  r a t h e r  common,  scat t ered ,
l.n .  p u sp a  h edjau,  Ja.H3S9  (BO,  F I D ) ,  G .  K r a t ja k  ( T jiro rek) ,  1100m ,  cultivated,  l.n.
pu spa,  Ja.2882  ( F I B ) ,  ibid.,  l.n,  pu spa  bodas,  Ja.2883  ( F I B ) ,  T jip a r a j,  1200  m ,  l.n.  pus-
p a , u h l  6543  (BO ),  G a r u t ,  Burck  21  (BO),  n ea r  T elagabodas,  Black  123  (BO)  ;  F o r e st
R eserve  P an gen t jo n gan - T elagabo d as  (G .  G alu n ggu n g)  :  n ea r  P an gen t jo n gan ,  1300  m ,
l.n.  p u sp a,  Hoarders  13940β  (BO ),  Reorders  13881β  (BO ),  P a sir  I pis,  1400m ,  forest ,  l.n.
pu spa,  n um bered  t r ee  2441a,  Koorders  13856β,  14113β  (BO),  above  G a r u t ,  1400m ,
Koorders  8271β  (BO ),  1400m ,  in  forest,  l.n.  puspa,  Rom- den  13985β  (BO ),  1400m ,
l.n .  p u sp a,  Koorders  14147β,  14172β  (BO),  n e a r  p a sa n ggr a h a n  P an gc n t jo n gan ,  1400m ,
l.n .  pu spa,  Roorders  26759β  (BO ),  n ea r  coffee  est at e,  in  K awah  T jibeu reu m ,  G alun g-
gu n g  ( N W) ,  1450m ,  in  forest,  l.n.  pu spa,  Roorders  10999β  (BO),  G alu n ggu n g  ( N W) ,
forest  Segaro,  n ea r  P an gen t jo n gan ,  1500  m ,  common,  l.n .  pu spa,  Koorders  8278/ β,
(BO),  between  P an gen t jo n gan  an d  T elagabodas,  1600m ,  common,  l.n.  p u sp a,  Reorders
8276β  (BO),  1690  m,  Roorders  8277'β  ( BO ) ;  T jip at u d ja,  D enu  bivouac,  500—600  m,
in  secon dary  forest  and  h ere  an d  t h er e  alon g  waysides,  Backer  9000  ( BO ) ;  N u saged e
(islan d)  in  Lake  P en djalu ,  700—720  m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  l.n .  pu spa,  Koorders
47825β ,  47826  β ,  (BO ).  CENTRAL  JAVA.  G .  Slam et,  Ba t u r a d e n ,  700m ,  cultivated,  Ju.5i7S
( F I B ) ,  700—800m ,  Ja.3411,  Ja.3416  ( F I B ) ,  all,  l.n.  p u sp a ;  G .  Sen d o ro :  Wonosobo,  l.n.
puspo,  BuschPrSta.  Reoisterno.  2067  ( F I B ) ,  G a r u n ga n  ( K a r a n gsa r i) ,  700m ,  cultivated,
Ja.5441  ( F I B ) ,  Kliwon an  ( P et jeh a la n ) ,  750m ,  cu lt ivat ed,  l.n.  puspo,  Ja.5442,  with-
o u t  exact  locality,  l.n .  pu spa,  Koorders  8291β ,  T hnvier  6333  (BO ),  1750m ,  l.n.  puspo,
Koorders  11362β  (BO ),  ibid.,  in  10  years  old  reaffo rest at io n ,  seedlin gs,  Koorders  1136.3β ,
11364β ,  11365β  (BO ),  P a r a ka n ,  l.n.  pu spa,  Koorders  11366β  ( BO ) ;  G .  Telem ojo,  F o r est
R eserve,  n ea r  Telomojo,  Koorders  27981β  ( BO ) ;  G .  L a wu :  T a wa n gm a n gu ,  1000  m,
l.n .  pu spa,  Ja.5612  ( F I B ) ,  M odjosemi  ( S a r a n ga n ) ,  1550m ,  cu lt ivat ed,  l.n .  pu spa,
Ja.5598  ( F I B ) ,  n e a r  Sa r a n ga n ,  1600m ,  l.n.  pu spa,  Ja.555S  ( F I B ) . —  BO R N E O .  W i t h -
o u t  e x a c t  l o c a l i t y :  ( W  Born eo),  Beccari  1650  ( BO ;  type  o f  Schima  beccarii
Wa r b. ) .  S a r a w a k :  wit h o u t  exact  locality,  Foxworthy  247,  365  ( L it .) ,  N ative  col-
lector  869,  1642,  2290  ( L it .) ,  Bureau  of  Science  1257  (Ridley)  ( L it . ) ,  L obb  ( L it .;  type
of  Gordonia  lobhii  H ook,  f. ) ;  G .  M a t a n g,  840 m,  in  su m m it  t h ic ket s,  Clemens  20971
(BO)  ;  D ulit,  h igh  cam p,  1230  m,  Synge  1611,  ( Lit .;  type  of  Schima  sericea  Airy- Sh aw).
W e s t e r n  D i v i s i o n :  G .  Klam m  ( W  o f  S in t a n g) ,  Hallier  B.2340,  B.2447,  B.2479
( BO ) ;  G .  K en epai  (W  of  Sem it a n ) ,  Hallier  B.186O  (BO),

3b.  Var. superba  (G ardn.  &  Champ.)  Bloembergen,  comb. nov.—F igs.
A 3b, E 16, F  1-4 & 9- 10.

Petiole  8—24  mm  long.  L amina  4.5—18  cm  long,  2—6.5  cm  wide,
elliptic  to  lanceolate,  mostly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  rarely  more  ovate  or
obovate,  glabrous,  rarely  young  parts  and  lamina  beneath  conspicuously
silvery  white  or  silky- hairy,  chartaeeous  to  mostly  thin- coriaceous;  ner-
vation  sunken  and  the  nerves  thin,  occasionally  somewhat,  very  rarely
strongly  and  coarsely,  prominent,  nerves  sometimes  forked;  margin  from
completely  entire  to  more  often  dentate  and  some  laminae  on  the  same
twig  subentire,  or  not  rarely  strongly,  seldom  very  strongly,  dentate.



R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL.  2



1952]  BLOEMBERGEN:  Study  hi  Schhim  161

Pedicels  6—45  mm  long.  Flowers  25—65  mm  in  diameter;  sepals mostly
3  mm  long,  5  mm  wide.  Fruit  10—15  mm  long,  15—20  mm  in  diameter.
(Description  according  to  literature  and  some  herbarium  specimens.)

This  variety  is  also  extremely complex-polymorphous; specimens
from the China and Formosa parts of its area seem to correspond with
each other in this respect. Forms with dentate leaves are evidently of
more frequent occurrence than in variety noronhae,. Here and there forms
are encountered with small leaves, others with more conspicuous indument,
still others with very strongly and coarsely prominent lateral nerves
(sometimes forked) and veins, and finally some with large flowers.

This variety is, according to notes on the herbarium labels and liter-
ature, a tree reaching a height up to 21 m, with a bole up to 1 m in
diameter; on exposed ridges, however, it may sometimes be shrub-like.
It occurs from 125—15C0 m above sealevel. It is often common in forests,
and is found also in more or less barren areas and thickets; sometimes
it is cultivated near farmhouses, temples, and roadsides.

Schima  supcrba Gard. & Champ., 1849!; Seem. 1855; Szysz., 1895; Mekh., 1925,
p.p.!; Render, 1927; Kaneh., 1936; Airy-Shaw, 1936; Kenft, 1950 (incl. var.  kankaoensis).

Schima  argenteu Pritz., 1900; Melch., 1925; Hand.-M., 1931; Airy-Shaw, 1936.
Gordonia  sinensis Hemsl.  & WUs., 1906; Burk., 1917; Melch., 1925. —  Schima

sineHsis (Hemsl.  & WUs.) Aivy-Shaw, 1936.
Schima  mairei Hochr., 1917; Meleh., 1925,
Schima  cimfertiflora Men-., 1918; Melch., 1925; Hu & Chun, 1929.
Schima  kankaoensis Hayata, 1919; Melch., 1925; Kaneh., 1936.
Schima  bambusifolia Hu, 1930, 1934; Hu & Chun, 1935.
Schima  noronhne  (ntrn Reinw.  ex Bl.)  sentm Benth., 1861; Forbes & Hemsl., 1880;

Matsum., 1898, p.p.; Hayata, 1911; Kaneh., 1917, 1921; Crook, 1930.
Schima  crenata  (non Korth.)  ftensu Hand.-M., 1931.

CHINA. A n h w e i ; without exact locality,  Abel (Lit.),  Millet (Lit-); South
Wo Yuan, 125 m,  Ching  3S81 (Lit.); Tongmun,  Heude (Lit.). S z e c h w a n : Hsiao
nan shu,  Bock  von  Rosthoni  134 (Lit.) ; Shan huang kang shu,  Hock i-oii.  Rosthoni
2M>) (Lit.); Kin shan, Leichap'ing, in forest,  Bock  van  Roathorn  134') (Lit.);
Nan chu'an, Tao kuo kou, in forest,  Bock  von  Rosthorn  212') (Lit.); Hsiaoy, in
forest,  Bock  von  Rosthoni  258 (Lit.); Ma fu lin po,  Bock  von  Roathorn  630 (Lit.) (all
Szechwan numbers mentioned as  syntypes of  Schima  avgevtea Pritz.); Mt. Omi, in

1) In Bot. J a h r b . 29: 473. 1900 the numbers Bock von Rosthorn 134 and 212
indeed occur twice for different specimens.



R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL.  2

F I G .  P .



1952]  BLOEMBEBG EN   :  Study  in  Schima  163

forest s,  W ilson  4805 (Lit.;  type  of  Gordonia  sinensis  H em sl.  &  - Wils.t.  H u n a n :
C h a n gn in g  H sien ,  I- C hia- Ao,  240 m,  slope,  Fan  &  L i  69  (BO),  Yan g  Sh an ,  500 m,
n e a r  farm h o u se,  Fan  &  L i  360  (BO).  K w a n g s i :  Yun g  H sien ,  T a  T seh  T su en ,
in  forest,  Steward  &  Cheo  842  ( BO ) ;  Shih  wan  d a r  Sh an ,  S  of  N a n n in g,  1300  m ,
common  in  woods,  Ching  8020  (Lit.,  type  of  Schima  bambusifolia  H u ) ,  Ching  8523
( L it ) . ;  Lin g  Yun  H sien ,  N a  I ,  valley  roadside,  Steward  &  Cheo  539  (BO).  F u k i e n :
Buon g  K a n g  an d  Yen pin g,  800  m,  in  t h icket s  above  bam boo- forest,  Chang  3425  (BO)  ;
I raccy  H ill  side,  K u lian g  S i  vicin ity,  Moon  Tem ple,  750m ,  Chen  Hsi  Cheng  1944  ( BO ) .
K w a n t u n g :  L o  P a u  Sh an ,  Ford  ( L i t ) ;  950m ,  o n  open  exposed  ridges,  Merrill
10690  (Lit.;  type  of  Schima  confertiflora  M e r r . ) ,  900  m,  in  d am p  forested  ravin es,
Merrill  11052  ( L it .) ,  900m ,  on  open  slopes,  Merrill  10156  ( L it .) ,  L eviue  601,  1513
( L it . ) ;  San- on  D ist r.,  N g- T u ng  Sh an ,  924 m ,  T sui  206  (BO)  ;  C an ton ,  T in gwu sh an ,
in  den se  woods,  Suit  F o r  Sen  Univ.  Field  N o.  64S6  (Chun)  (BO ).  —  H O N G K O N G .
Won g- n ychong  Valley,  and  a bu n d a n t  n ea r  th e  top  of  t h e  slopes  of  Little  H on gkon g,
Champion  (Lit.;  type  of  Schima  auperba  G a r d n .  &  C h am p .) ,  L amont  ( L it .) ,  Ford  ( L it . ) .
—  F O R M O SA.  N o r t h e r n  p a r t :  300—1500 m ,  in  forest,  u su ally  in  m ixed,  r a r e ly  p u r e ,
st a n d s,  Suzuki  11764,  20723  ( Lit .) ,  l.n .  h im et u baki,  Simida  24120  ( L it . ) .  C en t ral
so u t h ern  p a r t :  Kudo  &  Sasaki  15142,  15286,  15342  ( L it .) ,  Yamamoto  1931  ( L it .) ,  Mori
692,  1932,  ( L it .) ,  Matuda  1328  ( L it . ) ;  M t.  M orrison ,  without  collector  ( L it . ) ;  N u n a ish a ,
Owatari  ( L it . ) .  H u n eh u en  P e n in su la :  K an ko ,  H u n ch en ,  l.n.  sim a- h im etubaki,  Kawa-
kami  1188  {type  of  Schima  kankaoensis  H a ya t a  ( Lit .) ,  N akahara  17003  ( Lit .) ,  Konishi
17001  ( Lit .) ,  Sasaki  17016  ( L it .) ,  Matuda  1324  ( Lit .) ,  Kanehira  1325  ( L it . ) ;  South  C ape,
Schiirer  &  Henry  366,  659  ( L it . ) .

4.  S u b s p .  WALLICH II.

Petiole  8—25  mm  long,  soft- hairy.  L amina  10—17.5  cm  long,  2.5—
10  cm wide,  elliptic  to  lanceolate,  mostly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  sometimes
more  or  less  ovate,  especially  on  the  nerves  below  soft- hairy,  thin- coria-
ceous; nervation mostly conspicuously prominent; nerves generally forked;
margin  mostly completely  entire,  or faintly,  very  rarely  strongly,  dentate-
serrate.  Pedicels  0.9—5  cm  long.  Flowers  1.8—5  cm,  rarely  6.25  cm  in
diameter;  sepals  2—4(—7)  mm  long.  Fruit  9—18  mm  in  diameter.
(D escription according to literature.)

This  subspecies  is  very  close  to  subspecies  noronhae,  but  is  evidently
much  less  polymorphous,  a  typical  character  being  the  prominent  ner-
vation and the generally  forked  lateral  nerves.

4a.  var.  WALLICHII.—Figs.  A  la,  F  11.

L amina  entire,  sometimes  slightly  crenate- serrate;  lateral  nerves
generally  forked,  with  the  veins  mostly  strongly  prominent.  Flowers
1.8—5  cm  in  diameter.

EXPLAN ATION   OF   F IG U RE  F

F I G .  F .  Schima  ivallichii,  leaf- sh apes,  lam in ae  1  an d  2  an d  4—8  from  below,  3  an d
a—11  from  above,  0.5  X;  1—4  an d  9—10,  subsp.  noronhae  var.  superba;  5—8  subsp
oblata:  11,  subsp.  wallichii  var.  uxillichii.  — After  St eward  &  Cheo  842  11)  •   St eward
&  C heo  539  ( f) ;  C h en g  1944  1,3);  Tsui  20G   ( 4) ;  bb.18753  ( 5) ;  K o o rders  10638β  (6)  •
T.B.239  (7)  ; T.B.277  ( «) ;  K a n e h ir a ,  F o rm .  T rees  fig.  431.  1936  (9)  ;  K a n eh ir a  210,

op.  dt.  fig.  430  (10);  G riffith ,  I con .  P la n t ,  asiat .  pi.  600.  1854  (11).



164 R E I N W A R D T I A  [VOL,  2

According  to  literature  this  variety  is  a  large  tree,  reaching  a  height
up to 30  m,  with  a  bole  up to  1  m  or more  in  diameter.  It  is an  important
timber  supplier.  It  occurs  from  300—2100  m  above  sealevel,  in  forests,
where  it  is  often  common  and  sometimes  gregarious,  in  the  Himalaya
especially  together  with  sal  (Shorect t-obusta  Gaertn.  f.),  in  Upper  Burma
in  three  different  places  (with  alight  differences  in  indument  and  ner-
vation) especially associated with Quercus spp. It does not seem improb-
able that in the most eastern part of the area the specimens represent
a transitional series connected with the variety supcrhtt of subspecies
noronhae.

Gordonia wallichii D C , 1824; Spreng., 1826. — Sehima Kallichii (DC.) Korth.,
1839-42; Dyer, 1874; Kurz, 1874, 1877; Szysz., 1895, p. p . ! ; Gamble, 1902, Brandis,
1906; Howard, 1920, 1934; Troup, 1921; Melch., 1925, p.p.!; Pearson & Blown, 1932.

Gordonia integrifolia. Roxh., 1814, nomen nudum, 1832.
Gordonia ckUaunea Bueh-Ham. in D. Don, 1825.
Gordonia tnollis Wall., 1828, nomen nudum. — Schima mollis Thiselton Dyer

1874; Kurz, 1874, 1877; Szysz., 1895, prob.; Melch., 1925.
'Schima villosa Hu, 1938.
Gordonia sp. Griff., 1854.
Schima noronhae (nou Reinw. <\r Bl.) scnsir Brandis, 1906 p.p.

N E P A L . 000— 1500m, Wallich (Lit.; type of Gordonia wallichii D C ) , l.n.
chilauni, Hamilton (Lit.). — BHOTAN. Up to 1300 m, most common tree in West,
less common in East, Bhotan (Lit.). — INDIA. S i k k i m: 600—1500 m, l.n. makriah
chilauni, Hookerf. (Lit.); Daijeeling and Jalpaigun, 300—1800m, very common, abun-
dant in the foothills, quite scarce a few miles out from the foot of the hills (Lit-).
A s s a m : 600—1200m, common, sometimes gregarious, Wallich and other collectors
(Lit.); Khasia Mis., 600—1200 m, Wallich (Lit.), Griffith and other collectors (Lit.).
C h i t t a g o n g : 600—1200 m, Wallich and other collectors (Lit.). M a n i p u i ; Ching
Sow, 2100m, Watt 11718 (Lit.). — BURMA. Upper Burma, Ruby Mines, Thityabin,
900—1800m, (Lit.); Ava, Taong-donff, Wallich 1458 (Lit.; type of Gordonia mollis
Wall.); Khakyen Hills, Ponsee, Anderson (Lit.); Bhamo, in forest, Griffith (Lit.). —
CHINA. Y i i n n a n : Tsing-Pien Hsien, 1300m, on rocky hill, H. T. Tsai 60763 (Lit.;
type of Schima vitlona Hu).

4b. var. khasiana (Dyer) Bloembergen, comb. nov.—Fig. A 4b.
Lamina strongly serrate; nerves not forked. Pedicels stout, 18 mm

long. Flowers up to 6.25 cm in diameter.
According to literature this variety is a tree with white bark. It

occurs from 1200—2250 m above sealevel.
It is evidently a mountain form, but does not have all the typical

characters of subspecies monticola; at any rate this is not obvious from
literature. It is also possible, that it is merely a much more serrate form
of the variety wallichii.



1852]  BLOEMBERGEN:  Study  HI  Schima 185

Schima  khasiana  Dyer,  1874;  Szysz.,  1895;  Brandis,  Ind.  Trees  59.  1906;  Melch.,
1925.

Gordonia  superba  (nou  Card.  &  Champ.)  scnsu  Hook.  f.  &  Thomps.  ex  Thiselton
Dyer  in  Hook.  1.,  F l .  Br. Ind.  1:  289.  1874,  in  syn.

INDIA.  Khasia  Mts.,  1200—1800m,  Wallich,  Griffith,  and  other  collectors  (Lit.).
—  BURMA.  Upper  Burma,  Hills  E  of  Bhamo,  1800—2250 m,  common  (after  Brandis,
Ind.  Trees  700.  1906).

5.  Subsp.  oblata  (Roxb.)  Bloembergen,  comb. nOV.—Figs. AS,  F 5-8,
G 1-5  & 7-8, H 1, 3-7, & 10-11.

Petiole 5—36 mm long. Lamina 4.5—24 cm long, 2—9 cm wide, elliptic
to lanceolate, mostly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, mostly glabrous, some-
times, especially along the midrib or entirely, soft-hairy, thinly tomen-
tose, villose or appressedly silky-hairy, often wax coated, chartaceous
to mostly thin-coriaceous; margin more or less, often rather strongly,
crenate to serrate, rarely completely entire or subentire; nervation sunken
to strongly and coarsely prominent, but mostly rather prominent;
nerves not rarely forked.  Pedicels 12—50 mm long, 1—3 mm thick, not
rarely quadrangular and curved or nodding.  Flowers 20—40 mm in diam-
eter (rarely 5.5 cm in diameter, for instance Van Steenis 5961).  Fruit
12—19 mm long, 6—25 mm in diameter. (Description according to litera-
ture and abundant herbarium specimens from Sumatra.)

This subspecies is extremely complex-polymorphous and there is
some difference between its polymorphy in the continental and in the
Sumatra part of its area. In the former region the lamina is mostly oblong
to lanceolate, up to 13 cm long, coriaceous to thick-coriaceous; the fruit
11—13mm in diameter; and occasionally forms occur with completely
entire and strongly serrate leaf-margins. In the Sumatra part of its area
its lamina is up to 24 cm long, mostly oblong, chartaceous to mostly thin-
coriaceous; its fruit up to 22 mm in diameter; and occasionally conspicuous
forms occur with small, narrow, wide, and with large leaves as well as
with strongly crenate, serrate, entire or nearly entire leaf-margins, with
sunken (6% ) or strongly and coarsely prominent (11%) nervation, with
thick-coriaceous (5%), and with conspicuously hairy (7.5%) lamina.

According to notes on the herbarium-labels and literature this sub-
species is a tree up to 39 m high (on the continent up to 24 m) and a bole
up to 85 cm in diameter. It occurs from 150—1800 m above sealevel in
Sumatra, from 50—2000 m in continental southeastern Asia, in forests,
and is often common and scattered, sometimes gregarious. It has also
been found in secondary forests, alang-alang, scrub-jungle, and is some-
times cultivated. It is often used as timber for building houses, and some-
times also for bridges and prahus.



R E 1 N W A R D T I A [VOL.  2

F I G .  G.  Schima  wailichii, leaf-shapes, laminae  1—5 and  7—8 from below,  6 from above,
0.5 X  1—5 and  7—8 subsn.  oblata;  6, subsp.  noronhut: var.  norovhae. — After bb.15548
(1) ; S.W.K./I-18 (2) ; bb.622(5  I.S) ; Teysmann 655HB (4) ; bb.B196 (5) ; Lorzing B747,

cultivated (C) ; bb.6435 (~); bb.5479 («).



1952]  BLOEMBERGEK:  Study  in Schima-  167

Transitional  forms  to  subspecies bancana-  are  the  numbers  T.B.239
and  T.B.227  from  Palembang- Highlands, 800 m above sealevel; on one
and the same twig they have completely entire, undulate, and dentate
leaves.

Gordouia oblata Roxb., 1814, nomen nudum, 1832. — Schima oblata (Eoxb.)
Kurz, 1870, 1874.

Schima antherisosa Korth., 1839-42; Walp., 1845; Miq., 1859, 1862; Szysz., 1895;
Melch. 1925.

Gordonia floribunda Wall., 1828, nomen nudum; cr Griff., 1854.
Sckima hypoglauca Miq., 1862, 1868; Szysz., 1895.
Schima sulcinervia Miq., 1868; Melch., 1925.
Schima brevipes Craib, 1915, 1925; Melch., 1925,
Gordonia sp. Griff., 1854, prob.
Sckima crenata(non Korth.) sensu Miq., 1859, p.p., 1862 (with var. pedicellosa),

1868; Kurz, 1870; Thiselton Dyer in Hook, f., PI. Br. Ind. 1: 289. 1874, p.p.; Kurz,
1877; Van Eeden, Houts. N.O.I., 3e Druk, 23. 1905, p.p.; Merr., 1921, p.p.; Craib, 1925,
p.p.

Schima norovhae (non Reinw. ex Bl.) sensu Kurz, 1874, 1877; Szysz., 1895,
p.p.; Gamble, 1902; Ridl., 1901, 1903; Van Eeden, 1905, p.p.; Brandis, Ind. Trees 60,
1906, p.p.; Koord.-Schum., 1914 (var. crenata); Ridl., 1922 (exclusive of var. rigida);
Melch., 1925, p.p.?; Craib, 1925, p.p.; Heyne, 1927, p.p.; Burk., 1935, saltern p.p.;
Corner, 1940, saltern p.p.

Schima bancana (non Miq.) sensu Kurz, 1874, 1877; Szysz., 1895.
Schima wallickii [non (DC.) Korth.] aensu Szysz., 1895, p.p.; Craib, 1925.

BURMA. P e g u : Rangoon District, Heifer 762 (Lit.; Schima cvenata sensu
K u r z ) ; Moulmein, in forests, abundant, Griffith (Lit.; type of Gordonia floribunda
Griff.); Mergui, in mountain forests, Griffith (Lit.). T e n a s s e r i m : Martaban to
Penang : 450—1200 m, common in the eng (Dipt erocar pus tuberculatus) and pine
forests of the lower hills, l.n. panma, Heifer 763 (Lit.; Schima noronhae sensu
Kurz), up to 900m, Brandis (Lit.; Schhna bancana sensu Kurz). — SIAM. P a y a p :
Chiengmai, 360m, deciduous jungle, Kerr 2501 (Lit.; type of Schima brevipes Craib);
Doi Sutep, 660m, Kerr 4688 (Lit.), Kerr 1083 (Lit.); Lampun, Me Li, 630m, semi-
evergreen jungle, Win it 102 (Lit.); Doi Pahom Pok, Muong Pang, ± 2000 m, open
evergreen forest, Kerr 51.93 (Lit.). S u r a t : Ban Dawn, Hui Sai, Pumjabukkana 860
(Lit.); Kaw Pangan, Robinson 5758 (Lit.). P u k e t : T r a n g and Krabi, Vanpruk 625
(Lit.) ; Setul, Bukit Raja Wang, Ridley 15155 (Lit.) ; shores of Takuapa, mainland,
Kloss 6017 (Lit.). P a t t a n i : Yala, under 50m, scrub jungle, Kerr 7252 (Lit.);
Betong, G. Ina, ± 1200m, evergreen forest, Kerr 7591 (Lit.). — MALAY P E N I N -
SULA. In mountain forests from 600 m and upwards, common on all ranges, but
rarely in the low country (Lit.)- K e d a h: Langkawi I s . : S. Batu Asap, Honiff 15505
(Lit.); Kuah, without collector (Lit.). P. P e n a n g : Hunter (Lit.; type of Gordonia
oblata Roxb.); Nurpakna highlands, 300m., Nur 2418 (BO). P e r a k : G. Tnas, Wray
(Lit.) ; Thaiping Hills (Lit.) . S e l a n g o r : Bukit Hitam, Kelsall(Lit.). — SUMATRA.
A t j e h : Takin#eun Subdivision: near Takingeun (Takengon), 1275m, in forest, com-
mon, Van Steenis 5961 (BO); near Redelong, 1300 m, in forest, common, scattered, l.n.
gerupal, bb.12265 ( F I B ) ; Bur ni Lintang, 1800 m, in mountain forest, Van Steenis



1 6 8  R E I N W A R D T I A  [VOL.  2

0307  (BO).  Gajo  Lueus:  near  G.  Agosan,  1800m,  in  forest,  rare,  scattered,  l.n.  kaju
kontut  (7),  bb.22418  (BO,  F I B ) ,  l.n.  regen  (?),  bb.22419  (BO,  F I B ) ,  l,n.  kaju  gelima
(?),  bb.2M20  (BO,  F I B ) .  E a s t  C o a s t :  Upper  Deli  Division:  without  exact  locality,
Hontvester Medan 21a, 21b (BO). Karo Lands: 1400m, Houtvesterij Sum. Oostkust 8
(BO) ;  N  of  Berastagi,  1350 m,  in  forest,  common, Lot-zing 6812  (BO) ;  E  of  Siosar,
1350—1575m,  in grass-wilderness, scattered, Lorzing 8610 (BO); Sigaranggarang,
near Lao Kawar (G. Sinabun), 1500 m, in forest, rather common, scattered, l.n,
kapal kuling, bb.5448 (BO, FIB); near Lao Kawar, 1600m, in forest, rather common,
scattered, l.n. perawas, bb8644 (BO, FIB); near Tongkoh, 1600m, in forest, rather
common, gregarious, l.n. simertelu, bb.8352 (FIB); Toradja, 1300m, in forest, very
common, gregarious, l.n. kapal kuling, bb.8358 (FIB) ; near Pantjorbatu, east-foot
of G. Sibuaten (NW of Lake Toba), 1400 m, in forest, not rare, Lor zing 7144 (BO);
Forest Reserve G. Sibuatan, l.n. martelu, bb.l542 (FIB) ; near Pantjorbatu, Forest
Reserve G. Sibuatan, 1500 m, in forest, rather common, scattered, l.n. daling daling,
bb.4933 (BO, FIB) ; Delengkutu, near Raja, 1400—1450 m, not rare, Lorzing 7086 (BO);
near Raja Huwala, 1200 m, in forest, very common, scattered, l.n. perapak perakpak,
bb.29167 (BO, FIB) ; Marihatkula, Sibabuloteng Reserve, 800 m, in forest, rather com-
mon, gregarious, l.n. simartelu, bb,2912 (FIB); Partajupan, l.n. oerakpak, bb.2l83
(FIB), l.n. simartelu, bb.2184 (FIB); Bongbongan, l.n. api api, bb.2186 (FIB); Girsang,
1200 rn, in forest, rather common, scattered, l.n. simartelu, hb.8525 (BO, FIB). Asahan
Division: saddle and break-through of Asahan R., 1100m, in forest, abundant, l.n.
simartolu, Lorzing 10048 (BO); T a p a n u l i : Tutupan, Yates 2291 (BO). Batak
Lands: Toba Highlands Subdivision: between Nassau and Naugat on the Batu Me-
numpak (near border East-Coast), 800—1200m, in secondary and primary forest,
rather abundant, l.n. semartolu, Lorzing 7961 (BO); near Bahhapal, 1000m, in forest,
very rave, scattered, l.n. simartolu, bb.853-9 (BO, FIB); near Pandumaan, 900m,
in forest, very common, l.n. simartolu, bb,5691 (BO, FIB) ; near Pansurbatu, 900 m, in
forest, very common, gregarious, l.n. simartolu tali, bb.6207 (BO, FIB). Dairi Lands
Subdivision: near Dellong, 1066m, in forest, rare, few together, l.n. dalung dalung,
bb.lSS53 (BO, FIB), l.n. simartolu, bb.l5344 (BO, FIB). Silindung Subdivision; near
Batunadud, Nature Reserve Doloksaut, 1350 m, in secondary forest, rather common, l.n.
simartolu, bb.3842 (BO, FIB); near Pansurnatolu, 1300m, in forest, rather common,
scattered, l.n. simartolu, bb.5254 (BO, FIB); near Silantom, 1040m, in forest, rather
common, scattered, l.n. perakpak, bb.6226 (FIB); near Gontingbiat, 1400m, in forest,
rather common, scattered, l.n. parakpak, bb.6435 (BO, FIB). Padangsidempuan
Division: Padanglawas Subdivision: near Purbasinomba, 230m, in forest, very com-
mon, gregarious, l.n. simartolu, bb,5683 (BO, FIB); near Parbatua, 800m, in forest,
very common, gregarious, l.n. simartolu, bb.5686 (BO, FIB). Angkola and Sipirok
Subdivision: without exact locality, 1100 m, in forest, common, l.n. simartolu, bb.6151
(FIB); Mandsurana, 1529m, in forest, common, l.n. simartolu, bb.4174 (BO, FIB).
W e s t c o a s t : G. Merapi, Korthals (Lit.; type of Schima antherisosa Korth). Lubuk-
sikaping Division: Pambangan, 600m, in forest, rare, scattered, l.n. sunting abu,
bb.5510 (FIB). Agam Division: Malalak, 1000m, in forest, common, l.n. bangka bukit,
bb.6657 (BO, FIB); Tg. Bungo (Bt. Tapus), in forest, rare, scattered, l.n. madang
miang, bb.3975 (BO, FIB). Limapuluh Kota Division: Mudikliki, 825m, in forest,
very common, scattered, l.n. madang kaladi, bb.3984t 5475 (BO, FIB); l.n. topih,
bb.5479 (BO, FIB); Pajakumbuh, l.n. madang bungka, Teysmann 53 (— 655HB;



1952]  BLOEM BERG EN :  Study  in  Schimo  169

type  of  Schima  suleinervia  M iq.)  (BO)  ;  U lu a ir ,  1100  m ,  in  fo rest ,  very  r a r e ,  scat t ered ,
l.n .  m a d a n g  m ian g,  bb.6707  ( F I B ) ,  970m ,  in  forest,  very  r a r e ,  scat t ered,  l.n.  m a d a n g
m ian g,  bb.6595  (BO,  F I B ) ,  1000m ,  in  forest,  com m on,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  m ian g,
S.W .K./ III- 19  ( F I B ) ,  1000  m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  m ian g,
bb.2902  ( F I B ) ;  G .  M a lin t a n g,  N W  slope,  1100m ,  in  forest,  Biiwnemeijer  3624

t
  (BO ).

T a n a h d a t a r  D ivision :  K a n d a n g  m alabu n g,  500m ,  in  youn g  forest,  r a r e ,  scat t ered
l.n.  m a d a n g  sirah  p u t ju k,  bb.6085  (BO,  F I B ) ;  Kubu,  An dalas,  900m  ( ?) ,  in  forest,
very  common,  gregario u s,  l.n.  m a d a n g  m u n gka r ,  bb.5196  (BO,  F I B ) ;  M u a r a ,  in  forest,
r a r e ,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  bu n gkar,  hb.90i3  (BO,  F I B ) ,  596m ,  in  forest,  common,
scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  bu n gka r ,  bb.6051  (BO,  F I B ) ;  P ilawas,  300m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r
common,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  bu n gkar,  bb,6066  ( F I B)  ;  between  Ba t u sa n gka r  an d  Si-
d ju n d ju n g,  250  m ,  in  secon dary  forest,  l.n .  m a d a n g  bu n gka r ,  Koorders  10444β,  15771  β
( BO ) ;  Sawah lu n t o ,  R an t eh ,  l.n .  m a d a n g  bu n gka r ,  Ham.  s.n.  ( BO ) ;  P ad an gsibu su k,
400m  (?),  l.n .  m a d a n g  bu n gka r ,  Boschwczen  x.n.  ( BO ) ;  Su n ga id a r eh  ( Bat as  T ju li) ,
1200  m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  kladi  h it am  d au n ,  S.W .K./ II-
12  (BO,  F I B ) ,  1204  m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  keladi,  bb.5512
(BO,  F I B ) .  Solok  D ivision :  Solok,  l.n .  t a m a su ,  t a m a n su ,  t a m ba su ,  without  collector
s.y\ .  (BO)  ;  Lu bu ksu lasih ,  985  m ,  in  forest,  very  common,  l.n .  t a m a su  u d an g,  bb,5771
(BO,  F I B ) ,  1150m ,  in  forest,  common,  scat t ered,  l.n.  t am asu ,  bb.6542  (BO,  F I B ) ;  G .
Ba t u ku n it ,  435m ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  bu n gka r ,  Koorders  106680  (BO ).  P a in a n  D ivision :
Ba r u n gba r u n gbe r la n t a i,  430  m ,  in  forest,  very  r a r e ,  scat t ered,  l.n,  t a m a n gsu ,  bb.4003
(BO,  F I B ) ,  in  forest,  very  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n .  t a m a n gsu ,  S,W .K./ 1- 18  (BO,  F I B ) ;
D u ku ,  150m ,  in  forest ,  very  r a r e ,  scat t ered ,  l.n .  t a m ba n gsu ,  bb.3109  (BO,  F I B ) ,  in
forest,  very  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  kalek  gun djo,  bb.3117  (BO,  F I B ) ,  in  forest,  very
r a r e ,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  kalek  saga,  bb.Slld  (BO,  F I B ) .  K erin t ji  D ivision :  G .  I n d r a p u r a ,
Air  Lebo,  1200  m ,  in  forest ,  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n.  m a d a n g  api  ap i,  bb.18753  (BO,
F I B ) ,  1300m ,  in  forest,  r a t h e r  common,  scat t ered ,  l.n .  kert o  ( ?) ,  bb.18754  (BO,  F I B ) .
B e n g k u l u :  Lebon g  Subdivision :  n ea r  T a n d jo n gr a t o e,  900m ,  in  m o u n t ain  forest,
scat t ered ,  l.n .  sa r u ,  bb.1971  ( F I B ) ;  Sam alako,  900m ,  in  forest,  l.n.  balam  ka t a iju ,
bb.2885  ( F I B ) ;  n e a r  Lebon g,  1000m ,  common  in  secon dary  gro wt h  on  st o n e- lah ar
Berit i,  bb,15548  (BO,  F I B ) ,  de  Voogd  1156  (BO).  K roe  Subdivision :  n ea r  Wajt en o n g,
1000m ,  cu lt ivat ed,  l.n.  m ed an g  t jeru h ,  bb.15726  (BO,  F I B ) .  P a l e m b a n g :  P ase-
m a h a n  L an d s  Subdivision :  P em a t a n gd ja wi,  800m ,  in  old  forest  an d  devastated  a r e a s,
com m on,  scat t ered ,  l.n .  t jir u  h it am ,  T .B.239  ( F I B)  ;  P em a t a n gbesa r  ( P asem ah an
R eserve),  800m ,  in  forest  an d  d evast at ed  a r ea s,  common,  l.n.  t jiru  p u t ih ,  T .B.227
( F I B ) .

6.  Su bsp . bancana  (M iquel)  Bloem bergen ,  comb,  nov.—Figs. A  6, H  2,
8- 9,  & 12- 13, 11- 2.

Petiole  7—25 mm  long.  L amina  2.7—25 cm  long,  1.5—7.7 cm  wide,
elliptic  to  lanceolate,  mostly  oblong,  glabrous,  sometimes  wax  coated,
chartaceous  to  thick- coriaceous,  mostly  thin- coriaceous;  nervation  with
thin nerves  and faintly prominent, sometimes  sunken  or  somewhat  strong-
ly  prominent;  margin  always  completely  entire.  Pedicels  12—45 mm  long,
1—3 mm  thick.  Flowers  18—- 38 mm  in  diameter.  Fruit  6—14 mm  long,
9—19 mm  in  diameter.  (D escription  after  the  herbarium  specimens  men-
tioned  below.)



170 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL.  2

P I G .  H.  Schima  wallichii, leaf-shapes, laminae from below, 0.5 x ; ',  3—7, and  10—11,
subsp.  oblata; 2,  8—9, and  12—IS, subsp.  bavcana. — After bb.5448  (1)  ; Endert 5S
(2); bb.2902 (3); bb.6207 «) ; 29167 ( J ) ; Nur 2418 (6) ; l)b.4174  (7) ; Gusdorf 42 (S) ;

Gusdorf 15S (9) ; Lorzing 10048  (10); hh.15344  (11)  ; Ja.2936  (I2);  5 Bit. 45  (13).



1952]  BLOEMBERGEN:  Study  in  Sehimit  171

This  subspecies  is  not  very  polymorphous  and  in  some  characters
about midway between subspecies uoronha-e and oblata. Dispersed forms
occur with  conspicuously narrow-lanceolate, small (especially in Lam-
pung), or with large and wide, laminae, as well as with thick-coriaceous
laminae.

According to notes on the herbarium-labels this subspecies is a tree
reaching a height up to 40 m, with a bole up to 70 cm in diameter. It
occurs from 5—800 m above sealevel, but is most frequent below 200 m
and one of the most common trees, often gregarious in secondary forests;
in primary forests it is extremely rare or perhaps lacking. Everywhere
in its region it is extremely common in alang alang and other barren
areas, which is a peculiar ecological behaviour not found in the other
subspecies to such degree. Endert (in Tectona 13: 144. 1920) was the
first to draw attention to this typical behaviour. The wood is used as a
timber for building houses, not rarely bridges, and sometimes prahus.

Sehima bancana Miq., 1868; Melch., 1925; Heyne, 1927.
Sehima wallickii [wow (DC.) Korth.] mevsv Choisy, 1854 (var. obtusafa); Miq.,

1859, p.p.; 1862, p.p., 1868; Dyer, 1874, p.p.; Van Eeden, Houts. N.O.I., 3e Druk,
1905, prob.; Melch., 1925, prob. p.p.

Sehima noronhae (von Reinw. ex Bl.) sensu Choisy, 1854, p.p.; Miq., 1859, p.p.,
1862.

SUMATRA. C u l t i v a t e d : Forest Reserve Djanglapa (Java), in Maribaja
forest, from Lampung, 50—100 m, l.n. seru, de Vcogd, 11 (BO), 100 m, I.n, seru,
Ja.2936, 5263, 5267, 5273 (FIB). P a l e m b a n g : without exact locality, bb.3676
(FIB), I.n. seru, "Heyne" s.n. (BO). Palembang Lowlands Division: Musi-hilir Sub-
division: Muara-pundjung, 20 m, in forest, rare, scattered, l.n. seru, bb.8264- (FIBt.
Banjuasin Regions Subdivision: S. Rengit, young forest, common, l.n. seru, bb.23988
(FIB) ; Pedamaran, 10 m, in old secondary forest, common, l.n. seru, Endert 314
(BO, F I B ) ; Kajuagung, in rubber estate, I.n. seru, de Voogd .96 (BO). Palembang
Highlands Division: Lematang-hilir Subdivision: Tandjungagung, 187m, in old forest,
very common, gregarious, I.n. seru, bb.8248 (FIB); Darma, 122m, young forest, very
common, gregarious, l.n. tjiu, bb.8239 (FIB). Lematang-hulu Subdivision: 150 m,
common, l.n. seru (tjeru), Lambach 1803 (BO, FIB) ; Dei Selinsing (Tandjung reserve),
in old forest and devastated areas, common, l.n. seru, T.B.241 (FIB). Tebingtinggi
Subdivision: Dempo, between Lematang and Ensikang R., 700m, in grass-wilderniss,
Huitema 96 (BO). Oga & Komering-hulu Division: Og-an-hulu Subdivision: Pagar-
agung, in secondary forest, common, l.n. tje'ru, bb.S711 (FIB); Udjanmas, 200 m, in
secondary forest, very common, gregarious, l.n. seru, Endert 53 (BO, FIB). Muaradua
Subdivision: Tjikurai, 300m, in forest, de Voogd S3 (BO); Kisau, 798m, in old forest,
very common, gregarious, l.n. tjekru, bb.9215, l.n. tjeheru, bb.9626 (BO, FIB).
Komering-hulu Subdivision: Martapura, in 3_ years old grass-wilderniss, I.n. tjekru,
Bal 34 (BO), in 30 years old grass-wilderniss, l.n. sekru, tial 17 (BO), in 1 year old
grass-wilderniss, l.n. kaju seru, Bal 4-6 (BO), cultivated (seedling), BoschPrSta,
Register-no, 2114 (BO). L a m p u n g : Kotabumi, 25m, in forest, l.n, kaju kemiteru



172 R E I N W A R D T I A  [VOL.  2

halum,  Guadorf  197  (BO,  F I B ) ,  l.n.  kaju  kemiteru  hendak,  Gusdorf  198  (BO,  F I B ) .
Menggala  Subdivision:  without  exact  locality,  10m,  in  forest,  common,  scattered,
Gusdorf  42  (BO,  F I B ) ,  ibid.,  20  m,  l.n.  kaju  kemiteru  hendak,  Guadorf  .93  {BO,  FIB)  ;
Menggala,  25 m,  in  forest,  common,  gregarious,  l.n.  kemateru,  bb.8005  (FIB)  ;  along
Terbangi  R.,  Teysmann  (152HB)  (BO)  ;  between  Gunungsugih  and  Menggala,  S  of
Terbangi-besar, l.n. kemetru,  without  collector  s.n. (BO) ; Gunungsugih, 30 m, in
forest, common, scattered, l.n. kaju kemiteru hendak,  Gusdorf  123 (BO), l.n. kaju
kemiteru halum,  Gusdorf  153 (BO, F I B ) . Sukadana Subdivision: Tjabang, 5 m, in
forest, common, gregarious, l.n. seru,  bb.8363 (BO, F I B ) . Telokbetung Subdivision:
Kotadalam, 50 m, in forest, common, l.n. kemateru,  bb,9607 (FIB) ; Mandah, 60 m,
in secondary forest, common, gregarious, l.n. kemeteru,  bh.8874 (FIB) ; Tandjungka-
rang, in secondary forest, common, l.n. manteru or kemetru,  Endert  1321 (BO, F I B ) .

— BANGKA. Without exact locality:  Grashoff  16 ( F I B ) ; cultivated in Hort. Bog.  VI.C.  4
(BO). Muntok Subdivision: Majang, in forest, common, l.n. seru,  bb.7299 (BO) ;
Lobok Besar, o m, primary forest, very common, scattered, l.n. seru,  bb.33961 (FIB).
— BILITON. Without exact locality, l.n. seru,  bb.20OO4 ( F I B ) ; near Banten, 30m,
in secondary forest, common, Blt./1-41 (FIB), Blt./1-44 to 48 (FIB), in old forest,
r a t h e r common, Blt./1-49 (FIB), in secondary forest, r a t h e r common, l.n. seru, Blt./1-50
( F I B ) ; G. Tadjau, near Begantong, l.n. seru, van Alpen de Veer 4 ( F I B ) ; G. Tandan,
cultivated, l.n. seru merak, bb.33714 (FIB).

7. Subsp. crenata (Korthals) Bloembergen, comb. nov.
Petiole 5—33 mm long. Lamina 3.5—22 cm long, 1.7—8 cm wide,

elliptic to lanceolate, sometimes obovate, glabrous, not rarely chartaceous
to thin-, rarely thick-, coriaceous; nervation more or less prominent, some-
times sunken; lateral nerves sometimes irregularly far apart; margin
always crenate to dentate. Pedicels 10—50 mm long, 1—2, rarely over
the whole length, 3.5 mm, thick. Flowers 17—35 mm in diameter. Fruit
10—16 mm long, 12—20 mm in diameter. (Description after the herbarium
specimens mentioned below.)

This subspecies is less polymorphous than subspecies noronhae and
cblata; it is closest to subspecies liukiuensis, which is, however, much
more uniform in its narrow linear-lanceolate lamina.

7a. Var. CRENATA.—Figs. A 7a, C 12 & 15, 13-9, J 1-3.

Tree. Petiole 5—33 mm long. Lamina 3.5—22 cm long, on each branch
generally longer than 6 cm; mostly thin- rarely thick-coriaceous, often
chartaceous; nervation generally more or less prominent, sometimes sun-
ken or nerves widely separated; margin mostly slightly, rarely more
strongly, crenate-dentate. Flowers 17—35 mm in diameter.

This variety is rather complex-polymorphous and somewhat demon-
strates the tendency to geographical variation and to split off mountain
forms. In south-eastern Borneo, forms with rather conspicuously narrow-
lanceolate laminae are dominant, in East Borneo, however, oblong to lan-
ceolate, in British North Borneo, elliptic and oblong laminae are dominant.



1952] BLOEMBEROEN:  Study  in  Schima



174  R E I N W A R D T I A  [VOL.  2

In  all  parts  of  its  area  scattered  forms  with  small,  in south-eastern and
eastern Borneo forms with large, and often wide, in British North Borneo
forms with conspicuously narrow, laminae occur. In south-eastern and
eastern Borneo the flowers are rather small, 17—27 mm in diameter, the
pedicels 10—43mm long, 1—2mm thick; in British North Borneo (Mt.
Kinabalu) the flowers are 25—35 mm in diameter, the pedicels 18—50 mm
long. The specimens Endert 3635 (East Borneo, 1200 m elevation) and
Clemens 30216, 29318, 29931, 38312, and 32124 (Mt. Kinabalu, 1200—1500
m elevation) often have quadrangular petioles, thickened up to 1.5—3.5
mm over their whole length, and coriaceous to thick-coriaceous laminae:
they form a transitional series to subspecies -monticola.

According to notes on the herbarium-labels and to literature this
variety is a tree reaching a height up to 47 m, with a bole up to 82 cm in
diameter. It occurs in British North Borneo from 420—1500 m above
sealevel, in south-eastern and eastern Borneo from 10—1200 m, but espe-
cially from 8—200 m. It has been found in the whole area in primary
and secondary forest as well as in alang-alang and shrub thickets; in
south-eastern and eastern Borneo it is often common and gregarious, and
is also not rarely to be found along rivers and swamps. In south-eastern
and eastern Borneo it is locally an important timber, at Pleihari most
frequently used for building houses and not rarely for building prahus
and furniture.

Schima crenata Korth., 1839-42; Walp., 1845; Miq., 1859, p.p.; Thiselton Dyer
in Hook, f., Fl. Br. Ind. I: 288. 1874, p.p.; Van Eeden, Houts. N.O.I., 3e Druk, 23.
1905, p.p.; Merr., 1921, p.p.

'.ma, noronkae (non Reinw. ex. Bl.) sensu Szysz., 1895, p.p.; Melch., 1925, p.p.

1 W R O . R r i t i R li N n v t h R o r n e n : K i n a h a l n • D a l l a s . 9 0 0 m Clf.-m.p-ns

1905, p.p.
Schimi

BORNEO. B r i t i s h N o r t h B o r n e o : Kinabalu: Dallas, 900m, Clemens
27100 (BO); "via Dusan," 900—1200m, in forest, Clemens 26888, 26995 (BO); vicinity
of Dallas, jungle slopes, 900—1500 m, Clemens 26995bis (BO) ; Tenompok, in Minitindok,
900—1200m, on top of wall, Clemens 29651 (BO); Tenompok, 1500m, Clemens 80198,
S021G, 29318, 29981, 28312 (BO), jungle, Clemens 28218 (BO); in Penibukan,
canon W of Penibukan, 1200m, jungle, Clemens 3212J, (BO). Sunsuron: Tambunan,
420 m, top of hill, l.n. sangud sangud (Busun), B.N.B.Foy Dept. 38£8 Puasa (BO).
S o u t h e r n & E a s t e r n D i v i s i o n : Sampit Subdivision: Antjiabas, 1 0 m , i n
forest, very common, gregarious, l.n. lawari, bb.11615 ( F I B ) ; Tehang, 12 m, in forest,
very r a r e , scattered, l.n. tjinawari, bb.10216 ( F I B ) ; Sebulu, 15m, in forest, common,
scattered, l.n. lawari, bb.7911 (BO, FIB), Martapura Subdivision: P. Lampei, Koythals
(Lit.; type of Schima crenata Korth.) ; Riam-kanan, Guntunggawur, l.n. madang, bb.1010
(FIB), Ramli 2006 (BO, F I B ) ; Rantaubalai, in forest, l.n. madang batu, bb.H78 (BO,
F I B ) ; G. Talian, near Martapura, in forest, l.n. madang, Lot Obi 2171 (BO), bb.1180.
( F I B ) . , Pleihari Subdivision: without exact locality, l.n. madang, Boschwezev tree-
number 211 (BO) = bb.985 (FIB), treenumber 212 (BO); Badjuin (Padangguntung,



1952]  BLOEMBERGEN:  Study  iv  Schima  175

Duiing),  i.n.  madang,  madang  pirawas,  Boschivezen  treenumbcr  214  (BO)  =  bb.54.2,
bb.538,  bb.987  (FIB)  ;  Bentok,  devastated  area,  I.n.  madang  betul,  Labohvi  18H  (BO);
Ketapang,  in  forest,  I.n.  madang,  Labohm  1153  (BO);  near  Ketapang,  Guntungbatu-
bagong, I.n. madang pirawas,  Soeriadikerto  24S9 (BO) =  bb.l622 (FIB), I.n. madang,
Soeriadilterto  2S37 (BO) ; Batibati, I.n. madang gatal (— madang pirawas),  Labohm
Sib (BO); Sebamhan, 8 m , in forest, very common, gregarious, I.n. madang banju,
bb.5539 (BO, FIB) ; Pulausari, 50 m, in forest, common, gregarious, I.n. madang batu,
bb.12457 (BO, F I B ) ; Lumbungr, Keratungan, near Satui, in forest, I.n. madang gatal,
Bachlan  1889  (BO). Upper Mahakam Subdivision: near Tepoh,  Jahevi  1698 (Exp.
Nieuwenhuis) (BO). West Kutai Subdivision: G. Kemul, 1200m, in forest on ridge,
rather common,  Endert  3621 ( F I B ) ,  3635 (BO, F I B ) ; Batubong rapid, 20m, along
river, in secondary forest, I.n. nikung,  Endert  2346 (FTB); Long Hut, 130—200 m,
in forest, hilly country, rare, I.n. njihung,  Endert  2711; Binanga, 40 m, in
forest, common, scattered, I.n. medang batu,  bb.12360 (BO, F I B ) ; Sebulu, 9 m,
in secondary forest, along river, common, I.n. penagit,  bh.  15710 (BO, F I B ) , 10m,
in forest, very common, gregarious, I.n. penagit,  bb.15744 (BO, FIB) ; Sabin-
tulong, 10—20 m, along brook, in forest, rather common, I.n. penanga,  bb.  15812 (BO,
F I B ) ,  15818 ( F I B ) ; Kemlisi, 95m, along brook, in forest, very rare, I.n. madang
pelaga,  bb.1667.9 (BO, F I B ) ; Kereh (Besi), 30m, in forest, rare, I.n. medang pelaga,
bb.16697 ( F I B ) ; Laminresah, 15 m, along swamp in secondary forest, very r a r e ,
scattered, I.n. naga,  bb.29422 (BO, F I B ) ; near Melak, on terrace, 80m, few trees in
grass-wilderniss and in secondary forest, rather common, I.n. pelaga,  Posthumus  2081
(BO). East Kutai Subdivision: Sangkulirang. Palawan, 50m, in forest, common, scat-
tered, I.n. bunga arum,  bb,11952 (BO, F I B ) ; Pengandan (S. Bai), 30m, in forest,
very rare, scattered, I.n. penagit,  bb.13011, (BO, F I B ) ; Karangan (S), S. Bai, 12m,
along brook, in forest, common, I.n. njatoh, bb.14854. (BO, F I B ) . Balikpapan Subdivi-
sion: Sepahu, 15 m, in old forest, rather common, scattered, I.n. medang sulau,
bb.24645 (BO, F I B ) . Pasir Subdivision: P. Bungur, 16m, in forest, very rare, scattered,
I.n. madang gunung,  hb.9525 (BO, F I B ) ; Long Ikis, 75 m, common, gregarious,
bb.9544 (BO, F I B ) ; Teluk Warn, 60m, along brook, in forest, common, scattered,
I.n. kapur naga,  bb.19978 (BO, F I B ) ; Laburan-besar, 25m, along brook, in forest,
common, I.n. kapur naga,  bb.20050 (BO, F I B ) . Pulu Laiit  & Tanahbumbu Subdivision:
Sebomban, Tanahbumbu, 25 m, scattered, I.n. madang gunung,  bb.2625 (BO, FIB) ;
Tandjung Serdang (P. Laut), 25 m, along brook, in forest, very rare, I.n. madang
biikau,  bb.14085 (BO, F I B ) ; S. Paring (P. Lalit), 100 m, in old secondary forest, I.n.
madang gatal,  bb.9520 (BO, F I B ) .

7b. Var. pulgarensis (Elmer) Bloembergen,  comb.nov.—Figs. A 7b,
110.

Interlaced shrub.  Petiole 0.5—2 cm long.  Lamina up to G.2 cm long,
chartaceous; nerves and veins faintly prominent; margin faintly crenu-
late. Flowers probably small, 10—15 mm in diameter. (Description accord-
ing to Elmer 13191 and literature).

According to notes on the herbarium-labels this variety is a shrub
and until now has only been found on Mount Pulgar from 1100—1257 m
above sealevel among mossy shrubs. It differs from the veriety  crenata
in its peculiar small, chartaceous leaves and probably in its small flowers.



1 7 6  R E I N W A R D T I A  [VOL.  2

Schima pulgarevsis  Elm.,  1913;  Merr.,  1923;  Meleh.,  1925.
Schima noronhae (mm Reinw. ex Bl.)  sensn Men-. & Rolfe, 1908.

PHILIPPINES. P a l a w a n : Puerto Princesa (Mt. Pulgar), 1100—1275m (sum-
mit), in the mossy shrub on ridges,  Elmer  13101 (BO;  type of  Schima  pulgarensis
Elmer),  B.S.568  (Foxworthy) (Lit.),  For.Bur.S881 (flm-ran) (Lit.).

8. Subsp. monticola (Kurz) Bloembergen, comb. nov.—Figs. A 8, C 9
& 11, J4a-c.

Petiole 10—20(—37.5) mm long, 3—4 mm thick.1 Lamina 6—19 cm
long, 4—7 cm wide, elliptic to lanceolate, sometimes ovate, glabrous, con-
spicuously thick-coriaceous; nervation sunken or slightly prominent;
margin always crenate to coarsely crenate-serrate. Pedicels 15—50 mm
long, 3—10 mm thick (!) and swollen over their whole length, when dried
sometimes sharply 2-keeled, with roundish prophylls 6—7 mm long and
10mm wide. Flowers 4.5—7cm in diameter; sepals often small, some-
times large, up to 3.5—5 mm long, 4.5—8 mm wide and sometimes, just
as in the outermost petal, entirely silky-hairy outside. Fruit 15—16 mm
long, 19—24 mm in diameter. (Description after the herbarium specimens
mentioned below from Mt. Kinabalu and according to literature.)

The material from three separate places from continental south-east-
ern Asia and that from Mount Kinabalu show rather important differen-
ces, the Kinabalu form having 4—10 mm thick, two-keeled pedicels, up
to 10 mm wide prophylls, and 4.5—8 mm wide sepals, the continental
form having 3—4 mm thick pedicels, much narrower prophylls and sepals
(except Forrest 8341 with 6—8 mm wide sepals). The Kinabalu numbers
Clemens 32704 and 34149, with 2—4 mm thick pedicels and coriaceous
laminae, represent a transitional series with some mountain forms of
the variety crenata of subspecies erenata; Clemens 30934 (Mt. Kinabalu)
is a form with small leaves.

According to notes on the herbarium-labels and literature this sub-
species is a tree reaching a height up to 18 m, with a bole up to 30 cm
in diameter. It occurs from 1200—2160 m above sealevel mostly in more
or less stunted forests, sometimes also in jungle.

Schima monticola Kurz, 1S74, 1877; Szysz., 1895.
Schima vorauhae var. rigida Ridl., 1922.
Schima forrcztii Airy-Shaw, 1936.

CHINA. Y u n n a n : open situations on the hills to east of Teng-yueh, lat.
25° N, 1800m, Forrest 8341 (Lit.; type of Schima forrestii Airy-Shaw). — BURMA.
M a r t a b a n : Nattoung Hills of Martaban, 1800—2160m, on the highest crests, in
the stunted hill forest, (Lit.; type of Schivia monticola Kurz). — MALAY P E N I N -
SULA. P a h a n g : G. Tahan, 1500—1650m, Ridley (Lit.; type of Schima noronhae
var. r i g i d a Ridl.). — BORNEO. B r i t i s h N o r t h B o r n e o : Kinabalu: ridge above
camp Penibukan, by trail, 1200—1500 m, Clemens 31105, 31987 (BO); near camp



1952] BLOEMBERCEN:  Study  in  Schima

Penibukan,  1200  m,  Clemens  3093b  (BO);  Marai  P a r a i ,  near  camp,  1500  m,  in  low
jungle,  Clemens  33197  (BO)  ;  ibid.,  hiUridge  N  of  Kinatak  R.,  1500  m,  Clemens  32435
(BO);  Mt.  Nunkok,  1200—1500 m,  forest,  ridge,  Clement,  32701,  (BO)  ;  Penataran  basin,
hill  N  of  river,  1500m,  Clemens  34149  (BO).

9.  Subsp. brevifolia  (Hook, f.)  Bloembergen,  comb. nov.—Piss.  A 9),
C  8  &  10,  J 5-9.

Leaves strongly crowded on the twigs. Petiole very short, 2—3 (some-
times 4—5) mm long.  Lamina always very short, 2.5—5(—8) cm long,
2—3.9 cm wide, roundish ovate to obovate, shortly acuminate to the obtuse
apex or with rounded apex, glabrous, thin-coriaceous; lateral nerves often
widely separated and sunken to slightly prominent; margin mostly com-
pletely entire, sometimes finely crenate (one specimen).  Pedicels 12—18
(—25) mm long, 2—3.5 mm thick over the whole length.  Flowers 36—50
mm in diameter, white to purplish sometimes; sepals 2.5—5 mm long,



178  R E 1 N W A R D T I A  [VOL.  2

4—8 mm  wide.  Fruit  12—15 mm  long,  16—21 mm  in  diameter.  (Descrip-
tion mainly after the herbarium specimens mentioned below and also
according to literature.)

This subspecies is characterized by its short petiole and short lamina.
It has the thickened petiole of subspecies monticola. Clemens s.n. has finely
crenate laminae. Clemens 32637 and 32444, from 1650 m elevation, with
4—5 mm long petioles, and Clemens 32444, moreover, with laminae up
to 8 cm and pedicels up to 25 mm long, form transitions to subspecies
montieola.

Van Steenis  (in Tijclschr. kon. aardrijksk. Genootsch. 55: 764, 781.
1938) mentioned  Schima  brevifolia from Sumatra [Atjeh, Mt. Losir,
Van Steenis 8636 (BO), Mt. Kemiri, Van Steenis 9653 (BO)]. However,
his specimens differ from  Schima. by having nearly sessile flowers, five
prophylls which gradually transgrade into the five sepals and these, in
turn, into the five petals; extrors (?) anthers; a stigma parted into five
portions (or five separate styles?) ; and oblong, ellipsoidal fruits. The
specimens are too scanty for correct determination but they belong either
to  Laplacea H.B.K. or  Gordonia Ellis.

According to notes on the herbarium-labels and literature subspecies
brevifolia is a tree reaching a height up to 18 m, with a bole up to 45 cm
in diameter; it is rarely shrub-like. It occurs from 1650—3300 m above
sealevel, and probably much higher; up to the present it has been found
only on crests and along ridges in forests or grass-wildernesses.

Gordonkt  brevifolia Hook, f., 1860; Walp., 1808; Eurk., 1917. ~-  Schima  brevifolia
(Hoof, f.) Stapf, 1893, 1894; Gibbs, 1914; Merr., 1921; Melch., 1925. —  Schima noron-
hae subsp. brevifolia (Hook, f.) Steen., 1936.

BORNEO. B r i t i s h N o r t h B o r n e o : Kinabalu: Mt. Nunkok, summit-crest,
1650 m, Clemens 32637 (BO); rim of P e n a t a r a n basin crest, Matutura ridge divide,
1650 m, Clemens 32444 (BO); abundantly on the banks of the Kadamaian at the
Paka-paka Cave, and in low forest at 2850 m, after Gibbs, Low (Lit.; type of Gordonia
bremfolia Hook.f.), 2400—3000 m, Hariland 1126, 1127 (Lit.), 2700—3000 m, in
sheltered forest, Gibbs 4271 (Lit.), Haslam (Lit.); Paka, in low jungle, 3150m,
Clemens 2S9S1 (BO), 3300m, bush, Clemens (BO); Paka Cave, Clemens 111557 (BO);
Upper Kinabalu, 1800—4050m, Clemens 27110 (BO).

S p e c i e s e x c l u d e n d a e

Schima excelsa Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenz. 80. 1823, nomen nudum.
This species is Gordonia exceha Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3e S t u k :

150. 1825.



1952]  BLOEMBEBGEN':  Study  hi  Schimn 179

Sehima  stellata  Pierre  ex  Laness.,  PI.  util.  Colon,  franc.  205.  1886;
Pierre,  Fl.  for.  Cochinch.  2:  pi. 122.  1887;  Pitard  in  Lee,  Fl.  gen.  Indo-
Chine 1: 352. 1910; Melch. in Engl. & Pr., PflFam., 2. Ausg., 21: 139.1925.

This is Craibiodendron stellatum (Pierre) W. W. Smith  in Kew Bull.
1914: 129 (Ericaceae); Airy-Shaw  in Kew Bull. 1936: 498.

Sehima  galpimi Galpin  (in Mem. bot. Surv. S. Air. 12: 41. 1926)
is a printing error for  Sehima  galpinii Galpin.

LIST OF COLLECTOR NUMBERS

The subspecies and varieties are referred to by means of their number in bolt] type.

Non-peraonal and anonymous

B o s ( c h ) b o u w p r o e f s t a t i o n (Forest Research Institute, Bogor, Java) : bb.-
numbers: 538, 542, 985, 987, 1010, 1180 = 7a; 1542 = 5; 1622 = 7a; 1971, 2183, 2184,
2186 = 5; 2478, 2625 = 7a; 2835, 2902, 2912, 3109, 3117, 3119, 3676, 3842, 3975, 3984,
4003, 4174, 4933, 5196, 5254, 5448, 5475, 5479, 5510, 5512 ;_ 5; 5539 = 7a; 5683, 5686,
6691, 5771, 6051, C066, 6085, 6151, 6207, 6226, 6435, 6542, 6595, 6657, 6707 = 5; 7299
= 6; 7911 = 7a; 8005, 8239, 8264, 8348 = 6; 8352, 8358 = 5; 8363, 8374 = 6; 8525,
8539, 8644 = 5; 8711 = 6; 9043 = 5; 9215 = 6; 9520, 9525, 9544 = 7a; 9607, 9626 = 6;
10216,11615, 11952,12360 = 7a; 12265 = 5; 12457, 13014, 14085, 14854 = 7a; 15344,
15353, 15548, 15726 = 5; 15740, 15744, 15812, 15818, 16679, 16697 = 7a; 18753, 18754
= 5; 19978 = 7a; 20004 = 6; 20056 = 7a; 22418, 22419, 22420 = 5; 23983 = 6; 24645
= 7a; 29167 = 3; 29422 = 7a; 33714 = 6; 33961 = 6; Blt/1-numbem: 41, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, 50 = 6; E(ndert)-numbers: 53, 314, 1321 = 6; 2346, 2711, 3621, 3635 = 7a;
Ja.-numbers: 875, 1092, 1193, 1194, 1317, 1497, 1910, 1911, 1939, 1940, 2339, 2882, 2883 =
3a; 2936 = 6; 3411, 3416, 3500, 3664, 3808, 3899, 4008, 4071, 4492, 4495, 5206 = 3a;
5263, 5267, 6273 = 6; 5279, 5341, 5383, 5384, 5385, 5386, 5387, 5388, 5389, 5390, 5391,
5392, 5393, 6394, 5403, 5412, 5419, 5420, 5421, 5422, 5423, 5424, 5425, 5426, 5427, 5428,
5431, 5432, 5433, 5434, 5441, 5442, 5473, 5474, 5475, 5476, 5484, 5485, 5486, 5487, 5488,
5489, 5490, 5491, 5492, 5493, 5553, 5598, 5612, 5624, 5627, 5628, 5651, 5652 = 3a;
Register-numbers: 1844, 2067 = 3a; 2114 = 6; S.W.K.Il-numbers: 1-18, 11-12, 111-19 =
5; T.B.-numbers: 227, 239, = 5; 241 = 6; B o s c h w e z e n (Indonesia): s.n. = 5;
Boschwezen treenumber 211, 212, 214 = 7a; B r i t i s h N o r t h B o r n e o F o r e s t -
r y D e p a r t m e n t 3848 (Puasa) — 7a; B u r e a u o f S c i e n c e (Manila) 568
(Foxworthy) = 7b; 1257 (Ridley) = 3a.

F o r e s t r y B u r e a u (Manila) : 3881 (Curran) = 7b.
H o r t u s B o g o r i e n s i s (cultivated in —) : VI. C. 4 = 6; VI. C. 91-91a, VI. C.

240 = 3a; H o u t v e s t e r M e d a n : 21a,21b = 5; H o u t V e s t e r ij S u m a t r a ' s
O o s t k u s t 8 = 5.

N a t i v e C o l l e c t o r 869, 1642, 2290 = 3a.
S u n Y a t S e n U n i v e r s i t y F i e l d N o . : 6496 (Chun) = 3b.
W i t h o u t C o l l e c t o r = 3b; 5; without collector s.n. = 3a; 5; 6.



180  R E I N W A R D T I A  [VOL.  2

Personal

Abel  =  3b;  Van  Alphen  de  Veer  4  —  6;  Anderson  ~  in.
Backer sn., .1639,  1912,  2216,  9000,  10270,  11152,  14234,  14901,  17071,  22670,  25978,

26023,  26128  =  3a;  Bakhuizen  van  den  Brink  1728,  3529,  3784,  4713,  5033,  532(j,  7571
=  3a;  Bal  17,  34,  46  —  6;  Beccari  1650  =  3a;  Bijhouwer  257  —  3a;  Binnendijk.?  s.n.
=  3a;  Blume  s.«.  =  3a;  Bock  von  Rosthmn  134,  212,  258,  630  =  3b;  Brandis  =  5;
Bruggeman  3718  —  3a;  Biinnemeiier  3624  =  5;  Burck  21,  129  =  3a.

Champion  =  3b;  Chen  Hsi  Cheng  1944  =  3b;  Ching  3281,  8020,  8523  =  3b;
Chun  (Sun  Yat  Sen  Univ.  F.  no.)  6496  =  3b;  Chung  3425  =  3b;  Clemens  s.n.  =  9;
10557  =  9;  20971  =  3a;  26338,  26995,  26995bis,  27100  =  7a;  27110  =  9;  28218,  28313
=  7a;  28991  =  9;  29318,  29651,  29931,  30198,  30216  =  7a;  30934,  31105,  31987  =  8;
32124  =  7a;  32435  =  8;  32444,  32637  =  9;  32704,  33197,  34149  =  8;  Curran  (For.
Bur.)  3881  =  7b.

Dachlan  1889  =  7a;  Denkei- 24 = 3a.
Elmer 13191 = 7b; Enoh 205 = 3a; Endert, ace Boschbouwproefstation.
F an & Li 59, 360 = 3b; Forbes 330, 463a, 601 (709), 1073 = 3a; Ford = 3b;

Forrest 8341 = 8; Foxworthy 247, 365 = 3a; (B. Sci.) 568 = 7b.
Gibbs 4271 = 9; Grasboff 16 = 6; Griffith = 4a; 4b; 5; Gusdorf 42, 93, 123, 153,

197, 198 = 6.

Haan (De—) 14 = 3a; Hahn = 3a; Hallicr 408, B.1860, B.2340, B.2447, B.2479 =
3a; Ham  s.n. — 5; Hamar de la Brethoniere 5806 — 3a; Hamilton — 4a; Haniff 15505
= 5; Harmand = 3a; Hasiam = 9; H. Hattori = 1; Haviland 1120, 1127 = 9; Heifer
762, 763 = 5; Heude = 3b; "Heyne"  s.n.  = 6; Hooker f. = 4a; Huitema 96 = 6;
Hunter = 5.

Jaheri 1698 (Exp. Nieuwenhuis) = 7a.
Kakak 131 = 3a; Kanehira 1325 = 3b; Kawakami 1188 = 3b; Kelsall = 5; Kerr

1083, 2501, 4688, 5193 = 5; 6845 =: 3a; 7252, 7591 = 5; 8344, 8344a, 8344b, 8950 = 3a;
Kloss 6617 = 5; Konishi 17001 = 3b; Koorders: a-uiimbers (numbered t r e e s ) : 1197,
1314, 1316, 1321, 2001, 2153, 2251, 2326, 2352. 2359, 2360, 2441, 3005, 3051, 3081, 3143,
3234, 3237, 3238, 3254, 3257, 3262, 3268, 3305, 3351 = 3a; aa-numbera (numbered trees) :
2441 = 3a; other numbered trees marked with: "I.W., ' I I . W . = 3a; jl-immbers: 1318,
1319, 8190, 8253, 8254, 8255, 8256, 8257, 8258, 8259, 8260, 8261, 8262, 8263, 8264, 8265,
8266, 8267, 8268, 8269, 8270, 8271, 8272, 8273, 8274, 8276, 8277, 8278, 8279, 8280, 8281,
8282, 8283, 8284, 8285, 8287, 8288, 8289, 8290, 8291, 9918, 10125 = 3a; 10444, 10668 =
5; 10999, 11362, 11363, 11364, 11365, 11366, 12136, 12137, 12138, 12219, 12253, 12300,
12312,12361, 12362, 12603, 12619, 12642, 13278, 13856, 13881, 13940, 13985, 14113, 14157,
14172, 14316, 14318, 14325, 15299, 15302, 15303, 15542, 15564, 15574, 15581 = 3a;
15771 = 5; 24356, 25622, 25676, 25677, 25700, 25731, 25776, 26759, 27981, 32182, 32450,
32717, 32719, 32720, 32750, 33029, 33031, 33270, 34276, 36712, 37289, 39577, 39628,
39643, 41757, 41788, 41812, 41931, 41934, 41939, 41944, 41981, 47825, 47826 = 3a;
Korthals = 5; 7a; Kramer 5806a = 3a; Kudo & Sasaki 15142, 15286, 15342 = 3b.

Labohm 31b, 1153, 1834, = 7a; Lam 2258 = 3a; Lambach 1203 = 6; Lamont =
3b; Levine 601, 1513 = 3b; Lobb = 3a; LorzinE 1975, 6447 = 3a; 6812, 7086, 7144,
7961, 8610, 10048 = 5;. Los 5806a, 5806b = 3a; Lot Obi 2171 = 7a; Low = 9.

Matsumura = 2; Matuda 1323, 1324 = 3b; Merrill 10156, 10690, 11052 = 3b;
Millet — 3b; De Monchy 81 = 3a; Monterie 16 = 3a; Mori 692, 1932 = 3b.



1952]  BLOEMBERGEN:  Study  in  Schima  181

Nakahara  =  2;  17003  =  3b;  Nur  2418  = 5 .
Owatari  =  3b.  .
Petelot  2338,  8847  =  3a;  Pierre,  579,  1413  =  3a;  Ploem S.JI.  =  3a;  Posthumus

2081  =  7a;  Popta  64  —  3a;  Price  1412  =  2;  Van  Pruk  625  =  5;  Puasa  (B.N.B.  For.
Dept.)  3848  =  7a;  Pumjabukkana  860  =  5.

Ramli  2006  =  7a;  Ridley  =  8;  (B.  Sci.)  1257  =  3a;  15155  =  5;  Robinson  6758
=  5.

Sasaki  17016  =  3b;  Scheffer  s.n.  =  3a;  Schmidt  870  =  3a;  Schflrer  &  Henry  366,
659  =  3b;  Simida  24120  =  3b;  Van  Slooten  90  =  3a;  J.  J.  Smith  &  Rant  86  =  3a;
Soeriadikerto  2337,  2429  =  7a;  Soewarta  144  =  3a;  Van  Steenis  2010  =  3a;  5691,-
6307 = 5; 11753, 12686 = 3a; Steward & Cheo 539, 842 = 3b; Suzuki 11764, 20723 =
3b; Synge 1614 = 3a.

Tanaka = 2; Tashiro = 2; Teysmann 152HB = 6; 53 (655HB) = 5; Thorel
= 3a; Timmer 6333 = 3a; Tsai 60763 = 4a; Tsui 206 = 3b.

Uchiyama = 1; Uhl 6543 = 3a.
Visser Smits (De —) s.n. = 3a; De Voogd 11 = 6; 12 = 3a; 33, 96 = 6; 1156 = 5.
Wallich = 4a; 4b; 1458 = 4a; Watt 6718 = 4a; Wilson 4805 = 3b; Winckel 394/?,

1396/? = 3a; Wind W. VIII = 3a; Winit 102 = 5; Wisse 902 = 3a; Wray = 5.
Yajima = 2; Yamamoto 1931 = 3b; Yajima = 2; Yates 2291 = 5.

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

The subspecies and varieties a r e referred to by means of their number in bold type.
The numbers between brackets indicate how many times the names occur in the
lists of specimens. The 'oe' has been changed into 'u.' Abbreviation: k. = kaju (tree,
woodl. Although placed at the end, this abbreviation really belongs before the words
it accompanies: "gelima, k." stands for "kaju gelima."

api api (1) = 5.
balam kataiju (1) = 5 ; bangka bukit (1) = 5 ; bunga arum (1) = 7a.
chilauni (1) = 4a.
daling daling  (1) = 5; dalung dalung (1) = 5.
gadog (1) = 3a; gelima, k. (1) — 5; gerupal (1) = 5.
himetsubaki (1) = 1 ; himetubaki (1) = 3b; huru honeng (1) = 3a; h. katjang (1)

— 3a; h. manuk (2) = 3a; h. puspa (2) — 3a.
iju (1) = 2.
kalek gundjo (1) = 5 ; k . saga (1) = 5 ; kapal kuling (2) = 5 ; kapur naga (2)

= 7; kemateru (2) = 6; kemeteru (1)  — 6; kemetru (1) = 6; kemetru (1) = 6; kemi-
teru, k. (1) = 6; k. halum, k. (2) = 6; k. hendak, k. (2) = 6; kemiteru hendak, k. (1)
= 6; kerto (1) = 5; kigetas (1) = 3a; kontut, k. (1) = 5.

lawari (2)  — 7a.
madang (6) = 7a; m. api api (1) = 5; m. bakau (1) = 7; m. banju (1) = 7a; m. batu

(2) = 7a; m. betul (1) = 7a; m. bungka (1) = 5 ; m. bungkar (6) = 5 ; m. bongkar (1)
= 5; m. gatal (3) = 7a; m. gunung (2) = 7a; m. kaladi (2) = 5 ; m. keladi (1)
= 5; m. kladi hitam daun (1) = 5 ; m. miang (5) = 5 ; m. mungkar (1) = 5 ; m. pelaga
(1) = 7a; m. pirawas (3) = 7; m. sirih putjuk (1) = 5 ; makriah chilauni (1) = 4a;
raanteru (1)  — 6; martelu .(1) = 5; medang api api (1) = 5; m. batu (1) = 7a;
m. pelaga (1) = 7a; m. tjeruh (1) = 5 ; m. sulau (1) = 7a.



182 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL.  2

nag-a (1) = 7a; nihung (1) = 7a; njatoh (1) = 7a; nj . baian (1) = 7; njihung
(1) = 7a.

pan-ma (1) = 5 ; parakpak (1) = 5 ; pelaga (1) = 7a; penaga (1) = 7 ; penagit
(3) = 7a; penanga (1) = 7a; perakpak (1) = 5 ; perapak (1) = 5 ; perapak-perakpak
(1) = 5 ; perawas (1) = 5 ; puspa (92) = 3a; p. beureum (7) = 3a; p. bodas (12)
.= 3a; p. gede (1) = 3a; p. hedjau (1) = 3a; p. honeng (1) = 3a; p. merah (1)
= 3a; p. merang (31  = 3a; p. putih (2)  — 3a; puspa (ll  —- 3a; puspo (3) = 3a.

regen (1) = 5.
sang-soe (1) = 3a; sangud-sangud (1) = 7a; saru (1) — 5; sekru (1) = 6;

semartolu (1) = 5; seru (19) = 6; seru, k. (1) = 6; s. merak (1) = 6; sima himetubaki
(1)— 3b; simartelu (3) = 5; simartolu (10) = 5; s. tali (1) = 5; simertelu (1) = 5;
simertolu (1) =: 5; sunting abu (1) = 5 .

tamangsu (2) = 5 ; tamansu (1) = 5 ; tamasu (2) = 5 ; t . udang (1) = 5 ; tam-
bangsu (1) = 5; tambasu (1) — 5; tjerehu (1) = 6; tjekru (1) — 6; tjeru (1) = 6;
tje'ru (1) = 6; tjiu (1) = 6; tjinawari (1) = 7a; tjii-u hitam (1) = 5; t. putih (ll
= 5; topih — 5.

wuru kaworo (1) — 3a.

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Final members of new combinations are in bold face type, synonyms in italics;
an asterisk denotes a figure or a map.

Cleyera 139; mertensiana 139, 149
Craibiodendron 179; stellatum 179
Dipterocarpus 167; tuberculatus 167
Gordonia 135, 178; brevifolia 139, 178;

ehilaunea 138, 164; excelsa 178; flori-
bimda 139, 167; mtegerrima 139, 153;
mtegrifoiia 138, 164; javanica 139,
153; hbbii 139, 153, 159; moiiis 140,
164; oblata 138, 167; sinensis 140, 161,
163; spec. 141, 153, 164, 167; superba
139, 165; viallichn 138, 153, 164

Laplacea 178
Quercus 164; spp. 164
Schima 133, 134, 135, 144, 178; anthe-

risosa 139, 167, 168; argentea 140,
144, 161; bambimifolia 140, 144, 161,
163; bancana 134, 140, 167, 171; becca-
rii 140, 153, 159; boninensis 140, 149;
brevifolia 139, 178; brevipes 140, 144,
167; confertiflora 140, 161, 163; crena-
ta 134, 139, 144, 153, 155,161, 167, 174;
var. pedicellosa 139, 144, 167; excelsa
178; forrestii 140, 176; hypockra 140,
153; galpinii 179; hypoglauca 139, 144,
167; javanica 139, 153; kankaoensis

140, 161, 163; khasiana 140, 165; Im-
kinensis 140, 150; lobbii 139, 153;
"lowii" 139, 153; ntairei 140, 161; mer-
tevxiana 149; mollis 140, 164; monti-
eola 140, 176; noron.'iae 134, 138, 140,
142, 144, 149, 150, 153, 155, 161, 164,
167, 171, 174, 176; subsp. brevifolia
139, 178; norojlhae var. angustifolia
138, 144, 153; var. boninensis 138, 140,
149; var. crenats. 138, 144, 153, 167;
var. grandiflora 138, 153; var. rigida
138, 167, 176; var. serrata 138, 144,
153; oblata 138, 167; pulgarensis 140,
176; rigida 140, 144, 153; sericea 140,
144, 153, 159; sinensis 140, 161; stel-
lata 179; sulcinervia 140, 144, 167, 169;
superba 139, 150, 161, 163; var. kan-
kaoensis 139, 161; villosa 140, 164;
wallichii, 133, 136, 137, 138, 142, 144,
150*, 153, 164, 167, 171; subsp. banca-
na 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148, ISO",
167, 169, 170", 173*; sulisp. brevifolia

141, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150<:, 155",
177* and text, 178; subsp. crenata 141,
142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 172;.Dor. crena-



1952] BLOEMBERGEK:  Study  w  Schima 183

t a  148,  150*,  155",  172,  173*,  175,  176,
177*;  var.  pulgarenais  145,  148,  150",
173",  175;  subsp.  liukiuensis  141,  145,
146,  148,  150<:  and  text,  172;  subsp.
mertensiana  141, 145,  146,  147,  148, 149,
150*;  subsp.  monticola  133,  141,  145,
146,  147,  148,  150',  155*,  164,  174,  170,
177",  178;  subsp. noronhae  141,142,144,
145,  147,  161,  163,  171,  172;  var.  noron-
hae 146, 149, 160", 151, 152*, 155*, 156*,
161" and text, 166"';  var. superba 133,

146, 149, 150*, 159, 161", 163*, 164;
suhsp. oblata 133, 141, 142, 144, 145,
146, 147, 148, 150", 163", 165, 166*,
170", 171, 172;  subsp. wallichii 141;
145, 146, 147, 163;  var. wallichii 149,
150::;, 163" and text, 164;  var. khasiana
149, 150*, 164; wallichii  var.  lobbii
138, 153; var.  obtugata 138, 171

Sehima 179; galpinii 179
Shores 164; robusta 164