REINWARDTIA Published by Herbarium Bogoriense, Kebun Raya Indonesia Volume 1, Part 1, pp. 33-39 (1950) MALAYSIAN LICHENS — I I * P. GROENHART ** TWO NEW SPECIES PROM JAVA Umbilicaria zollingeri Groenh., spec, nov. — Fig. 1. The Umbilicariaceae are a family of Lichens occurring almost exclus- ively in temperate regions and moreover frequently growing on rocks. Nevertheless this family is represented in the tropics; it has been reported from tropical America and Africa. As far as data are available they occur on rocks in the upper regions of high mountain-ranges, viz. of the Andes of Bolivia and Peru and of Pico d'Orizaba in Mexico from 10,000 feet upwards. For Africa the data are in accordance: Mount Deschen in Abyssinia (14,200 feet) and Mount Kilimanjaro in Kenya (12,000 feet). For the tropics of Asia an early record exists of the appearance of a species of Umbilicaria; until today, however, this indication has not yet been confirmed and as far as I could gather, it has remained the only one. In Zollinger's "Systematisches Verzeichniss der im indischen Archi- pel gesammelten Pflanzen," page 8, 1854, one reads: "Ad rupes summi M. Ardjuno (11,000') occurrit Umbilicariae spec, sed nunc in herbario caret." In Moritzi's "Systematisches Verzeichniss der von H. Zollinger in den Jahren 1842—1844 auf Java gesammelten Pflanzen," 1845-1846, Umbilicaria is not mentioned, although Zollinger climbed Mount Ardjuno in 1844 and the material was collected probably in that year. Later workers on Zollinger's lichens did not describe an Umbilicaria from his collections either, so that we may assume it has been lost. On July 20, 1932 and some years later, on March 27, 1937, I ascended the summit of Mount Ardjuno myself and am rather confident that I collected my specimens of Umbilicaria from the same rock as Zollinger did almost a century ago. Up there, just beneath the top at about 3,300 m, there are only a few big rocks on which this species grows. The top itself is 3,339 m. In the somewhat lower surroundings of the top I could not locate any other specimen. On the summits of Mount Welirang (3,156 m), Northern Kembar (3,020 m), Southern Kembar (3,100 m), and Mount Bakal (2,980 m), which all belong to the Mount-Ardjuno complex, I failed to discover Umbilicaria, too. The same holds true for Mount Kawi (Butak; * For the first paper of this series, see Bull. bot. Gdns Buitenzorg III 17: 198-203. 1941. ** Herbarium bogoriense, Kebun Eaya Indonesia, Bogor (Buitenzorg). — 33 — 84 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 1 2 868 m>, and Mount Andjasmoro (2,282 m) ; while also from the other high mountains in the Archipelago Umbilicaria has never been recorded. I regret I have not visited the summit of Mount Semeru (3,676 m), but it is not likely that lichens occur there, for the volcano is still active and this circumstance is not favourable for the development of these plants. Generally the lichen flora is very poor in the neighbourhood of active craters and solfataras. From all these data it might now be concluded that Umbilicaria does not occur beneath 3,300 or 3,200 m in the tropics. Fig. 1. FIG. 1. Umbilicaria zollingeri Groenh. spec, nov., after type specimen (Groenhart 422). Thallus with apothecia, about 4.5 X; below, apothecia, about 10 X. 1950] GROENHART: Malaysian lichens—II By my find, Zollinger's statement is confirmed. Therefore, I have named this lichen in his honour, as I cannot identify this species as one already previously described. With the already known species from Amer- ica and Africa it completes the circle of tropical species of Umbilicaria that links the members of this genus of the northern and southern tem- perate zones. Thallus monophyllus, 1—3 cm latus, gompho centrali ad substratum affixus, rigidus, durus, irregulariter incisus, margine sinuato-lobata, supra griseus, inaequalis, interdum reticulato-rugosus et in centro plus minusve plicatus; subtus laevis vel bullato-inaequalis, carneus, nigro-variegatus et sub margine interdum griseus, rhizinis crassis, simplicibus vel ramosis plus minusve abundanter praeditus, rare nudus; soralia et isidia desunt; medulla alba. Apothecia dispersa, 1 mm diam., nigra, sessilia vel substipitata; margo niger, tenuis, laevigatus; discus nudus, non-gyrosus vel circulo praeditus; hymenium 120µ. altum, hyalinum, decolor vel citrinum, J coe- ruleum; epithecium et hypothecium nigrum; medulla decolor. Cortex exci- puli in parte inferiore chondroideus, in parte exteriore pseudo-parenchy- maticus cellulis minutissimis, strato amorpho, nigro vel brunneo obductus. Asci 8-spori, clavati; sporae biseriales, ovoideo-ellipsoideae, muriformae, 6—7,5 X 13,5—17 µ. Paraphyses simplices. The small thalli of the species are fixed to the substratum with a short, rather thick stalk. They are monophyllous, almost entire or more or less deeply incised; the margin is somewhat bent upward and wavy; the upper side is greyish white, uneven, somewhat warty, in some spec- imens reticulately costate and in the centre slightly plicate; soredia and isidia are absent; the lower side is rather smooth or slightly bullate- uneven, flesh-coloured, mixed with black, and towards the margins more greyish. In some samples the underside is naked, but generally it is pro- vided with long, rather thick, awl-shaped, unbranched or somewhat branched rhizines. The rhizines are restricted to the underside and never occur at the edges of the thallus. The scattered apothecia have different forms, they may be round and simple, but there are also round apothecia with a central circular insula, while in other apothecia the margin is bent inwards in various ways at one side, but they are never really gyrose. The spores appear simple at first sight, but the older ones show a muriform structure, with very thin and almost inconspicuous septa, especially when they are dark- brown. The structure of the cortical layers agrees with that in other species of the genus. They are rather thick compared with the medullar layer; the inner parts are subcartilagineous, while the outer parts are pseudo- parenchymatic with very small cells. The gonidia lie in scattered groups under the upper cortex. The thallus gives no reactions with K, Ca, and KCa. The species belongs to the subgenus Gyrophoropsis. 36 R E I N W A K D T I A [VOL. 1 1950] GROENHART: Malaysian lichens—// TYPE SPECIMEN. — Java, Mount Ardjuno, Groenhart 422. DISTRIBUTION. — Only known from Mount Ardjuno, Java. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — JAVA: Mt. Ardjuno, alt. 3,325 m, 20-VI-1932, Groenhart 161, 422 (type), 27-111-1937, Groenhart 2092, 7659-7663 (all specimens in Herbarium P. Groenhart). Mycoblastus endoxanthus Groenh., spec. nov. Thallus epiphloeodes, curstaceus, uniformis, continuus, griseus,. plus minus granuloso-verruculosus, sorediis et isidiis destitutus, pro maxima parte cephalodiis verruciformibus, sordidis praeditus; granulae thalli minutissime flavo-coronatae; marginem non vidi; medulla alba, ex hyphis pachydermaticis, intricatis formata; gonidia protococcoidea. Gonidia cephalodiorum scytonemea. Apothecia biatorina, ad basin bene constricta, sessilia, dispersa, rotunda, simplicia sed inter cephalodia prolifera et botryoso-aggregata; discus pallide brunneus, planus, opacus, nudus vel leviter pruinosus; vtargo persistens, semper prominulus, laevigatus, osseo-albus vel leviter flavus; hypotkecium nigrum' vel brunneo-nigrum ex hyphis dense intri- catis; medulla excipuli ex hyphis crassis, pachydermaticis, radiantibus, materia flava amorpha obductis; cortex excipuli chondroideus, decolor, hyalinus; hymenium 105—110µ.. altum, decolor, hyalinum, purum; asci 4—8-spori, clavati, superne rotundati et hinc membrana incrassata cincti; sporae biseriales, ellipsoideae, membrano duplice et incrassato cinctae, utrinque bene rotundatae, 15—20 X 27—30 µ; endosporium circ. 1 µ,, exosporium circ. 2,5 p. crassum; paraphyses simplices, filif ormes, non capitatae, conglutinatae. Reactiones: Thallus K —, Ca —, KC1 —; margo et medulla apothe- ciorum K + citrina; hymenium J + flavum, asci coerulei. The thin thallus of this lichen is greyish and shows very small warts, which are yellowish-powdery at the top. The medulla within these warts is of the same structure as that of the apothecia, viz. consisting of thick, loosely interwoven hyphae, covered with a yellowish matter. For the greater part the thallus is covered with a crustaceous, warty, dirty brown layer of cephalodia, which contain clusters of Scytonema-gonidia. Normal apothecia occur especially on the uncovered parts of the thallus. On the parts of the thallus covered with cephalodia the apothecia are old, bearing 3—20 young apothecia sprouting out of the disc. The dark hypothecium is sharply outlined against the medulla, for- ming a thin parathecium bordering on the hymenium and gradually becoming thicker in the centre of the apothecium. The medulla consists of thick, colourless hyphae which radiate from the hypothecium towards the cortical layer. They are covered with a yellowish, amorphous matter that becomes citrine in KOH. The spores have a thick, double wall, viz. a thin endospore and a thicker exospore. On account of these thick-walled, rather large spores the species belongs to the genus Mycoblastus. TYPE SPECIMEN. — JAVA: Mt. Gedeh, forest near Rawah Gajonggong near Tji- beureum above Tjibodas, on bark of Elaeocarpus sp., l-IV-1950, S. J. van Ooststroovi 1SU88. NOTE ON THE GENUS LEPROCAULON (NYL.) NYL. The genus Leprocaulon was suggested by Nylander in a letter to Lamy, who published the name without a diagnosis of the genus (in Bull. Soc. bot. France 25: 352. 1878). It was based on Stereocaulon nanum Ach., of which Nylander (in Flora 59: 578. 1876) remarks that this lichen has no affinity with Stereocaulon. Contrary to Lamy's statement (I.e.), Nylander did not use the combination Leprocaulon nanum in his remark in "Flora." A brief English description of the genus, or pseudo-genus, was given by Crombie (British Lichens 1: 123. 1894). This description is sufficient to embrace all those somewhat leprarioid, fruticulose lichens with Proto- coccus-gonidia, without cephalodia, and of which the apothecia are un- known. Though several authors have expressed the opinion that Stereocaulon nanum has but little resemblance with a real Stereocaulon, the name proposed by Nylander has not become popular and is but seldom used by other authors. This circumstance made me lose quite a lot of time when I had to find out the name of a lichen that agrees with Crombie's description and it was only by accident that I detected it was Stereocaulon arbuscula Nyl. For this lichen, too, has no resemblance at all to a Stereocaulon, having no cephalodia, no typical phyllocladia and very tender and soft stalks. The yellow reaction with KOH, too, is absent. I therefore propose to separate these lichens from Stereocaulon and to follow Nylander's suggestion. Like in Leprocaulon nanum all specimens of L. arbuscula are sterile, so that it is impossible to assign a place to this doubtful genus in Zahl- bruckner's system with any certainty. It certainly cannot be connected with the Cladoniaceae, which have well-developed and commonly stiff and hard thalli. The leprarioid character of the thalli of L. nanum and L. arbuscula rather suggest affinity with the Chrysothricaceae, of which Leprocaulon probably represents a primitive fruticulose state. In this respect Zahlbruckner's key (in Engler & Prantl, Nat. PflFam., 2. Aufl., 8: 134. 1926) may be changed as follows:— 1. Thallus more or less crustaceous. 2, Thallus forming small cushions. Spores 1—3-septated Chrysothrix 2. Thallus arachnoid-crustaceous. Spores simple Crocynia. 1. Thallus fructiculose. Spores unknown Leprocaulon Leprocaulon arbuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. — Fig. 2. Stereocaulon arbuscula Nyl., Synops. Lich. 1: 253. 1860 (as Stereocaulon nanum *S. arbuscula); Wainio in Philip. J. Sci. 4: 662. 1909; Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 4: 634. 1927. — Leprocaulon arbuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. "Lich. ins. Guin. p. 8" (cited after Hue) ; Hue in Nouv. Arch. Mus. I l l 4: 134. 1892. 38 EEINWARDTIA [VOL. 1 The thallus of this lichen consists of small, tender, branched, erect, 1—3.5 cm high and 0.1—0.5 mm thick stalks forming a soft caespitium on the bark of trees. The primary stems are round to somewhat flattened, entire to slightly fissurated, smooth, more or less brownish; they are fixed to the substratum with thin rhizinae. The secundary branchlets are arachnoid and covered with small, greenish granules containing the goni- dia in clusters between the loosely interwoven hyphae; these granules are often of a soredious nature. The central axis of the primary stems is chondroid, solid and composed of thick-walled, conglutinated hyphae running parallel to the surface; it is covered with a medullar layer of irregularly interwoven, rather thin-walled hyphae; gonidia and cortex are absent in these stems. There are no cephalodia. Fig. 2. PIG. 2. Leprocaulon arbuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. At left, thallus, branch, about 4 X- about 2 X ; at right, The species is not rare in the higher mountain forests above about 1,200 m, but it may be easily overlooked on account of its smallness. SPECIMENS E X A M I N E D . — J A V A : W e s t J a v a : Puntjak Pass, Telaga Warna, alt. about 1300 m, 7-IV-1939, Groenhart 3268 (in Herb. Groenhart) ; Mt. Gegerbentang, alt. 1600 m, 13-VI-1949, comm. Neervoort 1079 (Bg S55S) ; Ravine of Tjibatulawang River, alt. 1600 m, 10-IX-1949, comm. Neervoort 2600 pr. p. (Bg 3908) ; Rawah Denok, alt. 1680 m, 8JX-1949, comm. Neervoort 2329 (Bg 3886) ; Mt. Gedeh, Tjibodas-Tjibogo, alt. 1415 m, 24-VII-1949, comm. Neervoort 1832 (Bg 3771) ; Mt. Gedeh, N a t u r e Reser- vation, alt. 1495 m, 29-111-1949, comm. Neervoort 92 (Bg 3219) ; ibid., alt. 1840 m, 6-VII-1949, comm. Neervoort 1779 (Bg 3748) ; ibid., alt. 2425 m, 14-V-1949, comm. Neervoort 61*3 (Bg 3374) ; Mt. Gedeh, Lawang Saketeng, alt. 2140 m, 12-V-1949, comm. Neervoort 385 (Bg 3285) ; Mt. Gedeh, Lebak Saat, alt. 2390 m, 12-V-1949, 1950] GROENHART: Malaysian lichens—// comm. Neervoort 450 (Bg 3308) ; Mt. Gedeh, t r a i l to Mt. Pangerango, alt 2740 m, 13-V-1949, comm. Neervoort 551 (Bg 3344) ; Mt. Pangerango, summit, alt. 3019 m, 13-V-1949, comm. Neervoort 617 (Bg 3365) ; Mt. Tangkubanprahu, Hooglandweg, alt. about 1600 m, l l - V I I - 1 9 4 1 , Groenhart 2284 (in Herb. G r o e n h a r t ) ; E a s t J a v a : Mt. Kawi, Tjemoro Kandang, alt. 2700 m, 16-IV-1929, Docters van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan 12286 (Bg 1427); Mt. Kawi, trail to Mt. Butak, alt. 2000—2500 m, 21/22-VII-1937, Groenhart 657 (in Herb. Groenhart) ; Mt. Ardjuno, t r a i l from Sumber B r a n t a s to Mt. Kembar, alt. 2200 m, 26-111-1937, Groenhart 373 (in Herb. Groenhart). — SAMOA: Tutuila, Matafao, XII-1894, Reinecke 58a (Bg 4.90). This lichen is mentioned as occurring in the Philippines by Wainio. Stereocaulon nanum Ach. sensu Mont. & V. d. Bosch., Lich. Jav. p. 29 Junghuhn, Plant. Junghuhnianae. Fasc. 4: 455. 1855, belongs probably to this species. Rein.Vol 1,Part 1, pp 1-66_Page_01 Rein.Vol 1,Part 1, pp 1-66_Page_18 Rein.Vol 1,Part 1, pp 1-66_Page_19 Rein.Vol 1,Part 1, pp 1-66_Page_20 Rein.Vol 1,Part 1, pp 1-66_Page_21