REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Vol. 14(2): 249-324, December 23, 2015 Chief Editor Kartini Kramadibrata (Mycologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Editors Dedy Darnaedi (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) TukirinPartomihardjo (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Marlina Ardiyani (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Topik Hidayat (Taxonomist, Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia) Eizi Suzuki (Ecologist, Kagoshima University, Japan) Jun Wen (Taxonomist, Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA) Managing Editor Himmah Rustiami (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Lulut Dwi Sulistyaningsih (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Secretary Endang Tri Utami Layout Medi Sutiyatno Illustrators Subari Wahyudi Santoso Anne Kusumawaty Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to: HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION, RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY-INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES CIBINONG SCIENCE CENTER, JLN. RAYA JAKARTA - BOGOR KM 46, CIBINONG 16911, P.O. Box 25 CIBINONG INDONESIA PHONE (+62) 21 8765066; Fax (+62) 21 8765062 E-MAIL: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia A C B D E G F H Cover images: Zingiber engganoensis Ardiyani. A. Habit B. Leafy shoot and the inflorescence showing rhizomes, roots and root-tuber C. Leaves D. Ligule and swollen petiole E. Dissection of inflorescence showing fruit F. Spike and flowers G. Dissection of flowers and fruits showing bract, bracteole, two lateral staminodes, two petal lobes, labellum, and the four appendages of the anther H. Flower. Source of materials: E190 (BO). Photo credits: B, C, D by Arief Supnatna. A, E, F, G, H by Marlina Ardiyani. The Editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 14(2): Abdul Latiff Mohamad, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia Abdulrokhman Kartonegoro - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Agus Susatya - University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia Axel D. Poulsen - Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Campbell O. Webb - Arnold Arboretum, University of Harvard, USA Edwino Fernando - Dept. of Forest Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Philippines Fabian Brambach - Dept. of Ecology & Ecosystem Research, Georg August University, Gottingen, Germany John Mood - Lyon Arboretum, University of Hawaii, USA Kuswata Kartawinata - Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA Mark Newman - Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Martin Dancak - Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Czech Republic Mien A. Rifai - Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (AIPI) Ridha Mahyuni - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia REINWARDTIA Vol 14, No 2, pp: 259 ‒ 263 259 NOTES ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EURY COMA SPP. AND ITS STATUS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Received April 03, 2015; accepted May 02, 2015 TAN AI LEE Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: tanal@frim.gov.my NURNIDA MOHD KAMAL Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: nurnidakamal@gmail.com TAN HOOI POAY Senior Business Development Fisher Scientific Malaysia, 3 Jalan Sepadu, 25/123 Taman Perindustrian Axix, Seksyen 25, 40400 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: tanhooipoay@yahoo.com.my IZLAMIRA ROSLAN MARDI Jerangau, KM50, Jalan Ajil-Jerangau, 21800 Ajil, Terengganu, Malaysia. E-mail: izlamira@mardi.gov.my ABSTRACT TAN, A. L., KAMAL, N. M., TAN, H. P. & ROSLAN, I. 2015. Notes on morphological characteristics of Eurycoma spp. and its status in Peninsular Malaysia. Reinwardtia 14 (2): 259 ‒ 263. — A study had been carried out on the genus Eurycoma Jack that aimed to ascertain the diagnostic characteristics of the two species that occur in Peninsular Malaysia. Samples were collected from 15 localities comprising of forest reserves and plantations throughout Peninsu- lar Malaysia covering the 5 regions i.e. northern, western, eastern, southern and central. The sampling was done to capture the morphological variations from different habitat. In general, morphologically both species were very similar. They could be clearly distinguished using their fertile parts. Eurycoma longifolia Jack had long, drooped inflorescences while in E. apiculata A.W. Benn was usually short, pointed upwards. Small differences were also noted on the leaflet of E. apiculata where the apex of the leaflet was often abruptly pointed while its base was rounded with conspicuous petiolule. On contrary, E. longifolia leaflet apex was usually subacute with its base asymmetrical and decurrent to its petiolule. In addition, anatomical transverse section of E. longifolia leaflet midrib outline and margin were dissimilar with E. apiculata by having convex abaxial surface and blunt tip margin compared to the slightly arc-shape abaxial and tapered margin in E. apiculata. The abundancy of Eurycoma spp. had decreased. Key words: Eurycoma, morphological characters, Peninsular Malaysia. ABSTRAK TAN, A. L., KAMAL, N. M., TAN, H. P. & ROSLAN, I. 2015. Catatan karakteristik morfologi Eurycoma spp. dan statusnya di Semenanjung Malaysia. Reinwardtia 14 (2): 259 ‒ 263. — Penelitian marga Eurycoma Jack telah dilakukan untuk memastikan karakter diagnostik dua jenis Eurycoma yang ditemukan di Semenanjung Malaysia. Sampel telah dikoleksi dari 15 lokasi yang meliputi hutan alam dan perkebunan di seluruh Semenanjung Malaysia. Lokasi tersebut mencakup 5 kawasan yaitu bagian utara, timur, barat, selatan dan tengah. Pengambilan sampel ini dilakukan untuk merekam variasi morfologi yang tampak pada habitat berbeda. Secara umum, kedua jenis tersebut mempunyai karakter morfologi yang hampir sama. Keduanya hanya bisa dibedakan dengan menggunakan bagian fertil- nya. Eurycoma longifolia Jack mempunyai perbungaan yang panjang dan menjulur ke bawah sedangkan perbungaan E. apiculata A.W. Benn pendek dan tegak ke atas. Perbedaan kecil lainnya dapat dilihat pada anak daunnya. Anak daun E. apiculata melancip secara mencolok dengan pangkal yang membulat dan tangkai anak daun yang jelas. Sebaliknya, ujung anak daun E. longifolia pada umumnya agak lancip dengan pangkal yang asimetris dan melanjut hingga ke tangkai anak daun. Selain itu, anatomi dari sayatan melintang permukaan tulang daun dan tepi anak daun E. longifolia berbeda dengan E. apiculata. Hasil pengamatan anatomi dari sayatan melintang permukaan tulang daun dan tepi anak daun E. longifolia menunjukkan permukaan bawah yang cembung dan tepi yang tumpul, sedangkan pada E. apiculata permukaan bawah tulang daunnya hampir berbentuk seperti busur dengan tepi yang runcing. Penelitian ini juga mencatat bahwa keberadaan Eurycoma spp. telah berkurang. Kata kunci: Eurycoma, karakter morfologi, Semenanjung Malaysia. REINWARDTIA 260 [VOL.14 INTRODUCTION The root of Eurycoma longifolia Jack, international trade name Longjack or Malaysian ginseng is a very popular medicinal herb that is claimed to be able to increase the libido and virility of men. In Malaysia, it is locally known as tongkat ali, setunjang bumi or pasak bumi. Traditionally, its root decoction had also been used as a febrifuge while the pounded root poultice can be pasted on wounds, ulcers and sores (Uji, 1999). In Brunei, the leaves are eaten raw to relieve stomach ache while its decoction is used for washing itchiness (Kochummen, 1983). The genus of Eurycoma is confined to tropical South-East Asia which consists of 3 species. Only 2 species can be found in the Malesian region; namely the quite variable, widespread E. longifolia occurring from Myanmar through Indo-China and Thailand to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and the Phillipines; and E. apiculata A.W. Benn which is confined to Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra (Uji, 1999). Eurycoma is a common understorey plant occurring from beach forest to lower montane forest (Kochummen, 1983). Since both species were very similar in habit and could occur simultaneously in primary and secondary forests, microscopic characteristics had been incorporated for additional assurance to distinguish them especially when the plants were sampled sterile. Besides that, the diagnostic anatomy characteristics of Eurycoma species might be able to help in confirming the presence of Eurycoma root in products with ground Eurycoma root. Thus, it was timely to establish the diagnostic morphological (macro and micro) characteristics of E. longifolia and E. apiculata. MATERIALS AND METHODS Morphological characterization Collections of Eurycoma spp. were sampled from forest reserves and plantations covering the five regions (northern, southern, western, eastern and central) in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 16 localities had been sampled. An average of 5 individuals sampled in each localities were used for morphologically characterization and anatomical analysis. The leaves and fertile materials found were sampled for morphological characterization and preparation of herbarium specimens for species identification. Notes on the habitat and morphological characters of each sampling sites were made. The fertile specimens representative from the localities collected were then deposited at KEP while the sterile specimens were kept at Natural Products Division, FRIM specimen room. Furthermore, diagnostic characteristics of both E. longifolia and E. apiculata were determined. Specimens of Eurycoma species from FRIM herbarium (KEP) had been also examined to have a better understanding on the species that occur in Peninsula Malaysia. Specimens collected from field during this study. E. apiculata: TAA-BK-001 (Batu Kurau, Perak); TAA-ERS-001 (Endau Rompin NP (Selai, Segamat, Johor), TAA-BLG-002 (Bukit Lagong F.R., Selangor), TAA-TEB-001 (Taman Etnobotani, FRIM). E. longifolia: TA-SGJ-001 (Labis F. R., Segamat, Johor), TA-SGJ-011 (Moakil F. R., Comp 293, Segamat, Johor), TA-LG-001 (Gunung Raya F. R., Lubuk Semilang, Langkawi, Kedah), TA-LG-011 (Pulau Singa Besar F. R., Langkawi, Kedah), TA-BLR-003 (Bukit Larut F. R., Taiping, Perak), TA-BK-002 (Pondok Tanjung F. R., Batu Kurau, Perak), TA-ERS-001 (Endau Rompin NP (Selai), Segamat, Johor), TA-BH-001 (Bukit Hari, FRIM), TA-MRN-004 (Stesen Penyelidikan FRIM Maran, Pahang), TA-STU-003 (Stesen Penyelidikan FRIM Setiu, Terengganu), TA-STU-013 (Hutan bris Setiu, Terengganu), TA-PAP-0012 (Pantai Acheh F. R., Pulau Pinang), TA-PJP-005 (Pulau Jerejak F. R., Pulau Pinang), TA-SM-007 (Semangkok F. R., Selangor), TA-PSH-003 (Pasoh F. R., Negeri Sembilan). KEP specimens examined: E. apiculata: 5887 (Sungai Kahang, Johor), 11602 (Ulu Kenderong, Gerik, Ulu Perak), 12707 (Maxwell Hill, Perak), 20210 (Rotan Tunggal F. R., Raub, Pahang), 21054 (Weld Hill F. R., K. L.), 22743 (Sungai Lalang F. R., Kajang, Selangor), 24175 (Bukit Enggang F. R., Kajang, Selangor), 33862 (near boundary Lagong F. R., Selangor), 36212 (Cameron Highland, Valley of Bertam), FRI 1951 (Ulu Gombak V. J. R., Selangor), FRI 2903 (Maxwell Hill, Tea Garden, Perak), FRI 3860 (Peta border, Ulu Endau, Pahang/Johore), FRI 6109 (Sungai Wang, Bubu F.R., Perak), FRI 8686 (banks of Sg. Kahang, Kluang Forest V. J. R., Johore), FRI 11892 (Ulu Sg. Pukin, Lesong F. R., SW Pahang), FRI 56627 (Jeram Toi, Berembun F. R., Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan), KEP 94643 (Bukit Lagong F. R., Selangor), SK 511 (Kuala Depang F. R., Perak), KL 425/KL 1443/KL 147 (K. Pansom, Bukit Tangkol, Ulu Langat, Selangor), KL 1255 (Kg. Lui, Ulu Langat, Selangor). E. longifolia: FRI 23666 (Sg. Pinang F. R., Pulau Pangkor, Perak), 75m68 (Bukit Bauk), FRI 4723 (Taman Negara Pahang), FRI 7641 (Tg. Penawar, Johor Coast), 104600 (Trolak F. R.), 2641 (Weld Hills, K. L.), FRI 13963 (Bubu F. R., Perak). Plant anatomy Leaflet anatomy Fixation, embedding and sectioning were made following Johansen (1940) and Sass (1958) with suitable modifications. Fresh leaf materials were LEE et al. : Notes on the morphological characteristics of Eurycoma spp. in Peninsular Malaysia 2015] 261 fixed in AA (1:3), of 25 % acetic acid and 70 % ethanol. Leaf transverse section of the specimens were sectioned with a sliding microtome at 20–30 µm thickness and stained in 1 % Safranin in 50 % alcohol and 1 % Alcian Green in 100 ml purified water with three drops of acetic acid. Sections were made from the middle and marginal parts of the leaflets lamina using a Reichert sliding microtome. All slides were mounted in Euparal after dehydra- tion using alcohol series 50 %, 70 %, 95 % and 100 %. Finally, digital photos of the slides were taken for image analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Collections of Eurycoma species were sampled from 16 localities comprising of forest reserves and plantations throughout Peninsular Malaysia covering the 5 regions i.e. northern, western, eastern, southern and central. Eurycoma longifolia had been sampled from 14 localities while E. apiculata had been sampled from 3 localities i.e. Bukit Lagong F.R. (BLG), Pej. Renjer Sg. Sega, Batu Kurau (BK) & Endau Rompin NP (Selai), Segamat (ERS) (Table 1). Both Eurycoma species were noted to be small to big treelet, dioecious, with spiral, imparipinnate/ paripinnate leaves, condensed on the top. The stems were usually covered with large rounded leaf scar, not branching when young to many branching on large treelet. The leaflets were opposite to subopposite, elliptic to lanceolate with very short petiolule (nearly sessile), with lobed secondary veins (Kochummen, 1983). The inflorescences are of axillary panicles, pubescent with many small pedicellate valvate flowers with 5-6 pubescent flower lobes. The male flower consists of 5-6 stamens with yellow anther while the female flowers with 5-6 adnate green carpels with reddish peltate, 5 lobed stigmas. Meanwhile, the fruits consist of 2-5 drupe nutlets on a stalk, green when young and turning red when riped. Eurycoma longifolia could be differentiated from E. apiculata using its fertile material (Table 2). The inflorescences of E. longifolia were usually of long green (young) or red (mature) panicles, drooping (Fig. 1A & 1B) as opposed to E. apiculata with short or slightly compact green (young) or maroon (mature) panicles that were always pointed upright (Fig. 2A & 2B). The petals of E. longifolia were red, small, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, the opening rather constricted, puberulous on both lobe surfaces (Fig. 1A inset). On the other hand, the petals of E. apiculata were pinkish-cream, slightly bigger and longer, linear or oblong, the opening reflexed, puberulous on the outer lobes but glabrous inside (Fig. 2A). Meanwhile, the young fruit nutlets of E. longifolia were usually light green in comparison to E. apiculata which were usually yellowish green (Fig. 2B). These characteristics also coincide with the findings by Nooteboom (1972). Table 1. Sampling localities of Eurycoma spp. in Peninsular Malaysia No Locality (Code) Region Remarks 1 Bukit Hari Research Plot, FRIM (BH) Central Planted 2 Pantai Acheh F.R., Pulau Pinang (PAP) Northern Wild 3 Pulau Jerejak F.R., Pulau Pinang (PJP) Northern Wild 4 Stesen Penyelidikan FRIM Setiu, Terengganu (STU) Eastern Planted & Wild 5 Pasoh F.R., Negeri Sem- bilan (PSH) Central Wild 6 Endau Rompin NP (Selai), Segamat, Johor (ERS) Southern Wild 7 Labis F.R., Segamat, Johor (SGJ) Southern Wild 8 Moakil F.R., Comp 293, Segamat, Johor (SGJ) Southern Wild 9 Gunung Raya F.R., Lubuk Semilang, Langkawi, Kedah (LG) Northern Wild 10 Pulau Singa Besar F.R., Langkawi, Kedah (LG) Northern Wild 11 Bukit Larut F.R., Taiping, Perak (BLR) Western Wild 12 Pondok Tanjung F. R., Batu Kurau, Perak (BK) Western Wild 13 Stesen Penyelidikan FRIM Maran, Pahang (MRN) Eastern/ Central Planted 14 Bukit Lagong F.R., Selan- gor (BLG) Central Wild 15 Pej. Renjer Sg. Sega, Batu Kurau, Perak (BK) Western Planted 16 Semangkok F.R., Kuala Kubu Baru, Selangor (SM) Western Wild Characteris- tics E. longifolia E. apiculata Inflorescence type Long, rather complex, drooped panicle Short, usually compact, pointed upright panicle Flower: Petal Colour Opening rather constricted, ovate- lancolate, puberulous on both lobes surfaces Red Opening reflexed, linear or oblong, puberulos on outer lobes, glabrous on the inside lobes surface Pinkish cream or reddish cream Fruit colour Light green turning red to maroon when ripen Yellowish green turning red to maroon when ripen Leaflet: Apex Base Subacute or acute to acuminate Asymmetrical, cuneate, often decurrent to petiolule; petiolule not conspicuous Abruptly pointed or acuminate Rounded/ obtuse, occasionally asymmetrical, not decurrent with conspicuous petiolule Table 2. Diagnostic morphological characteristics fertile parts and supporting characters that could differentiate both Eurycoma spp. that occur in Peninsular Malaysia REINWARDTIA 262 [VOL.14 Vegetatively, both species were very similar. However, certain characteristics on the leaflet could be used to distinguish these two species during the absence of fertile materials. The leaflet apex of E. longifolia was often subacute or acute to acuminate where the leaflet base was usually asymmetrical, cuneate, decurrent with very short petiolule (1−2 mm) (Fig. 1B inset). In comparison, the leaflet apex of E. apiculata was always abruptly pointed/acuminate while the leaf base was rounded, seldom asymmetrical, not decurrent with conspicuous short petiolule, 1‒2 mm (Fig. 2B – red rings). The leaflet of E. apiculata also tend to be larger and wider, while the leaf was shorter compared to E. longifolia (Kochummen, 1983). However, these characteristics have to be used with caution as the leaves of E. longifolia could be short when they were young/cultivated and may varies in different habitats and the juvenile leaves of E. longifolia might be very large and wide with rather rounded basal. Microscopically, the presences of simple, unicell trichomes were noted at the leaflet midrib and petiolule of both Eurycoma spp. (Table 3). Abundance of foliar sclereids were also found at the leaflet lamina tranverse section. In addition, the leaflet midrib transverse section also showed the presence of sclerenchyma sheath at the vascular bundles. These findings coincide with those reported by Khatijah (2006). Both species could be distinguished using the outline of the leaflet midrib and margin transverse section. E. longifolia midrib had convex abaxial (Fig. 3A) compared to slightly arc-shape abaxial (Fig. 3C) in E. apiculata. Moreover, E. longifoila had blunt tip, slightly pointed downwards (Fig. 3B) margin as opposed to E. apiculata with tapered, pointed downwards (Fig. 3D) margin. Meanwhile, the presence of unicell trichomes (Fig. 3E) in abundance at leaflet lamina, midrib and petiolule were noted in E. apiculata. This characteristic was absent in E. longifolia samples. Preliminary findings showed that the abundancy of Eurycoma spp. had greatly decreased due to overharvesting. Much of the populations of Eurycoma at the forest edges from the localities visited were noted to be gone or with few individuals left. Therefore, some of the Eurycoma spp. could only be found at limited isolated area in the forest (e.g. Pondok Tanjung F. R., Bukit Larut F. R., Endau Rompin (Selai) National Park). Several localities (i.e. Bukit Larut F. R., Pulau Jerejak F. R.) where E. apiculata were sighted and collected in the past based on the herbarium records (KEP specimens) were no longer found in the area during our sampling visits. On the other hand, some robust populations of E. longifolia were also noted at Pulau Singa Besar F. R., A B Fig. 1. E. longifolia Jack A. Drooping inflorescences, flower petals rather constricted opening, pubescent on both surfaces (flower inset-scale 5 mm) and B. Drooping infructescences; leaflet with acute to acuminate apex and asymmetrical base that tapered towards petiolule (B inset). Fig. 2. E. apiculata A.W. Benn. A. Pointed upright inflorescences, flower petals reflexed, pubescent on outer surface, glabrous inside and B. Pointed upright infructescences, leaflets with abruptly acuminate apex and rounded base with conspicuous petiolule (marked with red rings). Table 3 Anatomical characteristics noted that could be used to distinguish both Eurycoma spp. in Peninsular Malaysia in the absence of fertile materials Characteristics E. longifolia E. apiculata Midrib outline Convex abaxial surface Slightly arc-shape abaxial surface Margin shape Blunt tip, slightly pointed downwards Tapered tip, pointed downwards Lamina trichomes (unicell) Absent / Few present Present in abundance Petiolule trichomes (unicell) Absent / Few present Present in abundance A B LEE et al. : Notes on the morphological characteristics of Eurycoma spp. in Peninsular Malaysia 2015] 263 A B C D E Fig. 3. Transverse Section (TS) of E. longifolia Jack A. Midrib with convex abaxial (scale 50 µm) and B. Margin with blunt tip, slightly pointed downwards (scale 50 µm). TS of E. apiculata A.W. Benn. C. Midrib with slightly arc-shape abaxial (scale 50 µm) and D. Margin with tapered tip, pointed downwards (scale 50 µm). E. The presence of simple, unicell trichomes (scale 20 µm) in abundance was noted at lamina, petiolule and midrib of E. apiculata leaflet. Gunung Raya F. R., Pantai Acheh F. R. (Teluk Bahang National Park) and Moakil F. R. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, both macroscopic and microscop- ic characteristics could be used in combination to distinguish both Eurycoma species especially when fertile materials were unavailable. Both species could be morphologically distinguished using the fertile materials (inflorescences) and microscopically distinguished using the character- istics of the leaflet midrib and margin outline. Preliminary findings showed that the population of Eurycoma spp., especially E. apiculata had greatly decreased. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank FRIM-MFRDB for the funding of this project. Apart from that, we would also love to share a token of appreciation to FRIM Re- search Stations (Maran, Setiu, Segamat, Pasoh) & Pasoh R&D Committee Board, JPSM & State Forestry Departments, Johor National Park Corporation (JNPC) and PERHILITAN where we were granted the per- mission and permits to do our sampling in the forest reserves and plantations. Last but not least, we also thanked KEP herbarium and all FRIM’s staff who had contributed directly (i.e. TFBC, NPD) and indirectly to this project’s findings. REFERENCES JOHANSEN, D. A. 1940. Plant microtechnique. Mc Graw-Hill Book. Co. Inc., USA. 523 p. KHATIJAH, H. 2006. Anatomical Atlas of Malaysian Medicinal Plants. Vol. 1. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Bangi, Malaysia. Pp. 71 – 81. KOCHUMMEN, K. M. 1983. Simaroubaceae. In: WHITMORE, T. C. (Ed). Tree Flora of Malaya. Vol. 2. Longman Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Pp. 349. NOOTEBOOM, H. P. 1972. Simaroubaceae. In: VAN STEENIS, C. G. G. J. (Ed). Flora Malesiana Series 1, Vol. 6. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen, the Netherlands. Pp. 193 – 226. SASS, J. E. 1958. Botanical microtechnique. 3rd Edi- tion. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. USA. 228 p. UJI, T. 1999. Eurycoma Jack. In: DE PADUA, L. S., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N. & LEMMENS, R. H. M. J. (Eds). Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 12 (1): Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. Backhuys Publisher, Leiden, The Netherlands. Pp. 272 – 275. INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS Scope. R einwardtia is a scientific ir r egular jour nal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in December. Manuscript intended for a publication should be written in English. Titles. Titles should be br ief, infor mative and followed by author ’s name and mailing address in one- paragraphed. Abstract. English abstr act followed by Indonesian abstr act of not mor e than 250 wor ds. Keywor ds should be given below each abstract. Manuscript. 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Name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author’s name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. Map/line drawing illustration/photograph. Map, line dr awing illustr ation, or photogr aph pr efer ably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. Illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. The illustration should be saved in JPG or GIF format at least 350 pixels. Legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. References. Bibliogr aphy, list of liter atur e cited or r efer ences follow the Har var d system as the following examples. Journal : KRAENZLIN, F. 1913. Cyrtandraceae novae Philippinenses I. Philipp. J. Sci. 8: 163–179. MAYER, V., MOLLER, M., PERRET, M. & WEBER, A. 2003. 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