REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Vol. 14(1): 1 - 2 4 8 , December 23, 2014 Chief Editor Kartini Kramadibrata (Mycologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Editors Dedy Darnaedi (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Tukirin Partomihardjo (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Marlina Ardiyani (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Topik Hidayat (Taxonomist, Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia) Eizi Suzuki (Ecologist, Kagoshima University, Japan) Jun Wen (Taxonomist, Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA) Managing Editor Himmah Rustiami (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Lulut Dwi Sulistyaningsih (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Secretary Endang Tri Utami Layout Editor Deden Sumirat Hidayat Medi Sutiyatno Illustrators Subari Wahyudi Santoso Anne Kusumawaty Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to: HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION, RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY- INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES CIBINONG SCIENCE CENTER, JLN. RAYA JAKARTA - BOGOR KM 46, CIBINONG 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong INDONESIA PHONE (+62) 21 8765066; Fax (+62) 21 8765062 E-MAIL: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 Cover images: 1. Begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (Begoniaceae; Ardi et al.); 2. Abaxial cuticles of Alseodaphne rhododendropsis (Lauraceae; Nishida & van der Werff); 3. Dipo- dium puspitae, Dipodium purpureum (Orchidaceae; O'Byrne); 4. Agalmyla exannulata, Cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, Codonoboea kjellbergii (Gesneriaceae; Kartonegoro & Potter). The Editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): Abdulrokhman Kartonegoro - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Altafhusain B. Nadaf - University of Pune, Pune, India Amy Y. Rossman - Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory USDA-ARS, Beltsville, USA Andre Schuiteman - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK Ary P. Keim - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Barry Conn - Royal Botanic Gardens National Herbarium of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Dato' Abdul Latiff Mohamad - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Daniel Potter - Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA Deby Arifiani - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Ferry J. W. Slik - University of Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Henti H. Rachmat - Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, Bogor, Indonesia Ian M. Turner - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK Iskandar Z. Siregar - Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia Jay H. Bernstein - Kingsborough Community College, Brooklyn, New York, USA Jens G. Rohwer - University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Joan Pereira - SAN Herbarium, Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah, Malaysia Kuswata Kartawinata - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Lars H. Schmidt - University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Mark Hughes - Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, UK Masahiro Kato - Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Nuril Hidayati - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Ong Poh Teck - Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia Peter C. van Welzen - National Herbarium Netherlands, Leiden University Branch, Leiden, Netherlands Reuben Nilus - Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah, Malaysia Rugayah - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Ruth Kiew - Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia Uwe Braun - Institut fur Biologie Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Halle (Saale), Germany Yasuaki Sato - Osaka-Sangyo University, Osaka, Japan REINWARDTIA Vol 14, No 1, pp: 85 − 99 85 THE EFFECT OF LAND USE HISTORY ON NATURAL FOREST REHABILITATION AT CORRIDOR AREA OF GUNUNG HALIMUN SALAK NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA INDONESIA Received December 31, 2013; accepted June 6, 2014 DIAN ROSLEINE School of Life Sciences and Technology ITB, Jln. Ganesha No. 10 Bandung 40132, West Java, Indonesia. E-mail: dianr@sith.itb.ac.id EIZI SUZUKI Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan. ATIH SUNDAWIATI & WARDI SEPTIANA Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, Jln. Raya Cipanas Kec. Kabandungan Sukabumi 43368, West Java, Indonesia. DESY EKAWATI Center for Forest Productivity Improvement R&D, Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA), Ministry of Forestry. Jln. Raya Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor 16610, West Java, Indonesia. ABSTRACT ROSLEINE, D., SUZUKI, E., SUNDAWIATI, A., SEPTIANA, W. & EKAWATI, D. 2014. The effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java Indonesia. Reinwardtia 14(1): 85 – 99. ― Corridor area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park was degraded and fragmented by human activities. However, little is known about recovery process in tropical degraded forest under different land use history. To clarify vegetation structure and forest recovery related to land use history we placed 22 plots (11 of 10 × 10 m 2 in abandoned plantation and 11 of 20 × 20 m 2 in secondary forest, respectively). DCA (Detrended correspon- dence analysis) discriminated the plots into three community groups. Swietenia macrophylla – Agathis dammara community in abandoned plantation where had a land use history of clear felling. Maesopsis eminii – Cyathea spp. community had a history of severe human disturbance. Fagaceae – Schima wallichii was in less disturbed forest. Below the plantation canopy, light tolerant species, weeds, grasses and fern of Dicranopteris linearis were dominant. Some exotic plants spread to the disturbed forest. The less disturbed forest in distant area from village remained in good condition as indicated by dominancy of old forest species. For the forest rehabilitation in severely degraded area, human intervention by planting native species can be suggested to avoid invasive species occupancy as well as accelerate forest recovery. Key words: Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, land use, tropical forest rehabilitation. ABSTRAK ROSLEINE, D., SUZUKI, E., SUNDAWIATI, A., SEPTIANA, W. & EKAWATI, D. 2014. Pengaruh pemanfaatan lahan pada masa lalu terhadap rehabilitasi hutan alam di koridor Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak, Jawa Barat Indonesia. Reinwardtia 14(1): 85 – 99. ― Koridor Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak mengalami degradasi dan fragmentasi habitat yang cukup serius akibat aktivitas manusia. Sebanyak 22 plot (11 plot berukuran 10 × 10 m 2 di bekas hutan tanaman dan 11 plot berukuran 20 × 20 m 2 di hutan sekunder) disebar untuk menganalisa struktur vegetasi dan melihat proses pemulihan lahan hutan yang dihubungkan dengan sejarah penggunaan lahan yang berbeda-beda di kawasan ini. DCA (Detrended correspondence analysis) mengelompokkan tiga tipe komunitas yang ditemui di kawasan koridor, yaitu komunitas Swietenia macrophylla – Agathis dammara di lahan bekas hutan tanaman, Maesopsis eminii – Cyathea spp. di hutan yang sangat terganggu, dan Fagaceae – Schima wallichii di hutan sekunder yang mengalami sedikit gangguan. Jenis-jenis tumbuhan yang toleran terhadap cahaya, gulma, rumput dan paku Dicranop- teris linearis mendominasi lantai hutan tanaman yang telah ditinggalkan, namun beberapa tumbuhan eksotis yang dapat mengancam keanekaragaman hayati ditemukan di hutan sekunder yang terganggu. Sisa hutan alami berada di lokasi yang jauh dengan pemukiman penduduk dan masih didominasi oleh tumbuhan asli hutan pegunungan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, rehabilitasi hutan di kawasan yang sangat rusak sebaiknya dibantu oleh manusia dengan menanam jenis-jenis tumbuhan asli untuk menghindari masuknya tumbuhan invasif, sehingga mampu mempercepat proses pemulihan hutan. Kata kunci: Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak, pemanfaatan lahan, rehabilitasi hutan tropis. REINWARDTIA 86 [VOL.14 INTRODUCTION Deforestation in Indonesia is high due to illegal logging, forest fire, forest conversion and agri- culture as the consequences of economic development (Nawir et al., 2007; FAO, 2010; FAO, 2011). Considering the negative impacts of forest loss to human life and environment, government and local people implemented rehabilitation program by reforestation to restore the forest function (Nawir et al., 2007; Setiawan & Sulis- tyawati, 2008; FAO, 2010). High population num- ber in Java Island forced forest clearance especially in lowland area. The remaining natural forests are distributed mostly in remote mountain areas with less human activity (Thiollay & Meyburg, 1988; Smiet, 1992; Galudra, 2003). The protected forests and national parks are essential to reduce deforesta- tion. However, the fact showed that increasing demand of food and timber aligning with high population threats the conservation area including Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) as the largest natural montane forest in Java. GHSNP is susceptible to human disturbance because of the history of community settlement since colonial era (Galudra et al., 2005). Besides protecting water catchment area for several big cities near the national park, it is also important to conserve endangered animals such as Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch), Javan leopard (Panthera par- dus melas) and Javan eagle (Spizaetus bartelsii) (Galudra, 2003; Galudra et al., 2005; Takahashi, 2006; Ario, 2007; Dewi et al., 2007; Rinaldi et al., 2008; Yumarni et al., 2011). Therefore, the Indonesian government, by the Ministry of forestry decree No.l75/Kpts-11/2003 increased the protected area Mount Halimun National Park (40.000 ha) to be merged with Mount Salak Reservation area as Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (HSNP) with total area 113.357 ha to reduce forest loss (Galudra, 2003; Takahashi, 2006; Ario, 2007; Dewi et al., 2007; Rinaldi et al., 2008; Yumarni et al., 2011). This large areas cover not only forest but also villages, tea plantation, agriculture and scrubland, which reflects the land use history in the past (Rinaldi et al., 2008; GHSNPMP-JICA, 2009). Unfortunately, these degraded areas are mainly lo- cated in corridor between Gunung Halimun and Salak area. Halimun and Salak corridor about 7.17 km long and 1.99 km width is essential area for animal conservation because genetic exchange is allowed and the endangered animals use this place for their habitat, breeding, movement and foraging area (Sugardjito et al., 1997; Cahyadi, 2003; Rinaldi et al., 2008). Moreover, corridor has rivers that are important for water supply to Sukabumi and Bogor district (Rinaldi et al., 2008; GHSNPMP-JICA, 2009; Yumarni et al., 2011). Nevertheless, natural forest in corridor decreased from 667 ha to 319 ha within 11 years from 1990 to 2001(Cahyadi, 2003). Based on ikonos satellite image in 2004, corridor areas was covered by natural forest, secondary forest, bush, cultivation area, Calliandra calothyr- sus, Schima wallichii and tea plantation. The area of secondary forest, primary forest and plantation in corridor were 759.06 ha, 268.56 ha, and 42.05 ha respectively (Cahyadi, 2003; Rinaldi et al., 2008; GHSNPMP-JICA, 2009). Some studies on javan gibbon population in corridor reported that decreasing tree canopy significantly affected the population number because this arboreal animal needs canopy for their movement and foraging (Rinaldi et al., 2008; Yumarni et al., 2011). Therefore, rehabilitation of degraded area in corridor is necessary to restore its function. Integrated information including ecology, social and economics study is needed to design forest rehabili- tation management system. Study on spatial analysis for forest structure and function at corridor area of GHSNP has been conducted by Cahyadi (2003). Species check list of flora and fauna (Rinaldi et al., 2008; GHSNPMP-JICA, 2009), analysis of the effect forest degradation on javan leopard (Ario, 2007), javan gibbon (Dewi et al., 2007; Yumarni et al., 2011) have been conducted to support conservation of endangered animals at corridor area of GHSNP. However, there are only few studies on community structure and succes- sional pattern in abandoned lands after human activities. Thus the purpose of this study is to clarify the present vegetation composition in corridor area from plot survey and discuss the effect of previous land use history on the vegetation. This analysis will give scientific information to restore the natural vegetation in corridor area in the future. Information of natural forest including vegeta- tion (Simbolon & Mirmanto, 1997; Suzuki et al., 1997; 1998; Alhamd & Polosakan, 2011) and flora (Suzuki, 2002; Polosakan, 2011; Priyadi et al., 2010) were available. This scientific information is essential as reference condition to confirm the successful of rehabilitation process. STUDY SITE AND METHODS Study site Corridor area of Mount Halimun Salak National Park geographically located at 06°44'S to 06°45'S and 106°35'E to106°38'E. The remaining forest in 2014] 87 ROSLEINE et al. : The effect of land use history corridor area approximately 318.985 ha (Cahyadi, 2003; Rinaldi et al., 2008; GHSNPMP-JICA, 2009; Yumarni et al., 2011). Administratively it located within two boundaries of Sukabumi and Bogor District, West Java, Indonesia (Fig. 1). The altitude of our study area ranges from 850 m to 1100 m above sea level, which classified as submontane forest zone (Simbolon & Mirmanto, 1997). Topo- graphy of corridor area varies from flat to the very steep, where corridor at Salak area is more flat than Halimun area. As described by Rinaldi et al. (2008), soil at corridor area dominated by association of reddish-brown latosol and brown latosol. History of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park Galudra et al. (2005) identified that the de- forestation in Halimun-Salak area occurred since 1700s under the colonial era to establish coffee plantation. However, this plantation failed due to plant disease and it initiated the degradation of natural forest. The natural forests in GHSNP about 22.000 ha (25%) were reduced seriously because of land use conversion and timber harvesting during 1998-2001 (Prasetyo et al., 2006). By the decree of Ministry of Agriculture No. 40/Kpts/Um/1/1979 about 40.000 ha Halimun area Fig. 1. Location of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park within three boundaries of Bogor, Sukabumi and Lebak District, West Java, Indonesia. The broken line was the old border and stright black line is new border of na- tional park. Vegetation survey was conducted at the plots of abandoned plantation (A1-11), disturbed forest (DF1-7) and less disturbed forest (LDF1-4) in corridor area within area inside the box. REINWARDTIA 88 [VOL.14 was declared as nature reserve for conservation and then altered to national park in 1992. The remaining forest areas (73.357 ha) were declared as production and protected forest. As an effort to reduce forest loss, Indonesian government increased conservation area by merging Halimun National Park and Salak Reservation area (113.357 ha) in 2003 including production forest that previously managed by PER- HUTANI. The social conflicts related to land ownership, intensive land use and ongoing timber exploitation by rural community are major problems for the management of this national park (Smiet, 1990; Galudra et al., 2005; Rinaldi et al., 2008; GHSNPMP-JICA, 2009). The corridor of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park The corridor area was relatively covered by natu- ral forest during 1983-1989. However, corridor fragmentation was started in 1990 due to forest clearance about 35 ha for timber production. The deforestation spots increased especially in south part of corridor. It was recorded that more than 100 ha of forest disappeared up to end of 1900s. The fragmentation and degradation disrupt the function of corridor as connector for endangered animals within two ecosystems. Recently, the remaining old forest in corridor located in high altitude and steep area (Prasetyo et al., 2006). The corridor area was managed by stated owned company PERHUTANI as production forest before it declared as part of national park since 2003 (Galudra et al., 2005; Rinaldi et al., 2008; GHSNPMP-JICA, 2009). The Mahogany (Switenia macrophylla) as the most favored plantation tree in tropical forest (Richardson, 1998; Otsamo, 2001), Agathis damara and Altingia excelsa were planted in corridor for timber production (Cahyadi, 2003). The pressure from community on land extension for those purposes decreased forest covers seriously at corridor. The corridor area is defined as wet climate type B based on Schmidt and Ferguson climatic classifi- cation. The average of annual rainfall varied from moderate (4000 – 4500 mm) to high (4500 – 5000 mm). Rain season occurred in October to April and dry season started from July to September. Humidity at corridor reached 80% (Cahyadi, 2003). Mean daily temperature at Cianten (924 m alt.) varied from 24.7 to 26.5 °C, maximum and minimum temperature ranged from 31-34.8 °C and 18.3-23.4 °C, respectively (Djuwansah, 1997). Corridor area can be classified into four groups of plant communities from west to east: Halimun area dominated by Castanopsis acuminatissima – Schima wallichii, western patch dominantly covered by S. wallichii – Maesopsis eminii, eastern patch covered by Quercus gemmeliflora – S. wallichii, and Salak area dominated by Euodia latifolia (syn. Melicope latifolia) – S. wallichii (Rinaldi et al., 2008). The vegetation composition in each part of corridor reflected disturbance intensity in this area. The old forest was dominated by Engelhardia serrata, Castanopsis spp., Quercus sp., Lithocarpus spp., Litsea spp., and member of Myrtaceae. The degraded parts in corridor area are mostly covered by pioneer and secondary vegetation such as Macaranga spp., Homalanthus populneus, Mallotus sp., Ficus sinuata, F. hirta and F. padana. The most degraded area occupied by grass Imperata cylin- drica and shrubs (Cahyadi, 2003; Harada, 2003; Rinaldi et al., 2008). Sampling methods Vegetation survey was conducted in June and October 2011 at 22 sites, covering abandoned plantation (A1-A11), secondary forest (D1-D7 and LD1-LD4) to represent community types in corridor area (Fig. 1). We defined three layers of vegetation as tree, seedling and herb layer. At abandoned plan- tation, diameter at breast height (DBH, cm) and height (H, m) of tree as woody species taller than 130 cm were recorded within 11 plots of 10 × 10 m for every species. However, in the secondary forest areas, 11 plots were enlarged into 20 × 20 m to record tree bigger than 4.8 cm in DBH. As a reference area for vegetation development at corridor due to natural succession, we recorded tree of two 1- ha permanent plots (P2 and P3) in old forest Halimun area (Suzuki et al., 1998). In each plot of 10 × 10 m, 9 sub-quadrates (each 2 × 2 m) were set to measure height and basal di- ameter (D20) at 20 cm aboveground for every stem of seedling, which is defined as woody species lower than 130 cm. For herb species, we recorded coverage (% of plot area) within the same area of seedling. Data analysis Relative dominance (Rdo, %) of tree, shrub, sapling and herb species were calculated. The aboveground biomass was estimated using allo- metric correlation method (Yamakura et al., 1986). For tree and shrub, Rdo was defined as cross- sectional area of the tree at a point 130 cm divided by total basal area (BA, m 2 ha -1 ). However, we used cross-sectional at a point 20 cm (D20) as basal area for seedling. The Rdo of herb determined as the percentage of vegetation coverage divided by total coverage. The detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) method of Hill & Gauch (1980) was used to analyze community types and successional pattern 2014] 89 ROSLEINE et al. : The effect of land use history among corridor plots based on relative dominance of all species. We also calculated two tree biodiversity indices: the Shannon-Wiener index (H’, Krebs, 1989) and Fisher’s alpha (α, Fisher, 1943). The componens combined in Shannon-Wiener index are number of species (s) and proportion of total sample belonging to ith species (pi) as followed (Krebs, 1989). H’ = The number of species (S) and the number of individual (N) are required to calculate Fisher’s alpha index as defined by the following formula (Fisher, 1943): RESULTS The detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) Our study recorded 364 species (scientifically unidentified species were distinguished with local name) within 22 plots from various life forms such as tree (161 sp.), shrub (88 sp.), and herb (115 sp.). The relative dominance data of all species among plots were combined to analyze the community similarity and disturbance intensity through succes- sional process in corridor and Halimun area. The first and second scores of DCA are displayed on Fig. 2. The eigenvalues from DCA1 to DCA 4 are 0.78, 0.54, 0.41, and 0.3, respectively. The abandoned plantations were distinguished from disturbed and less disturbed forests by the value of DCA1. Within abandoned plantations, DCA 1 value reflects the disturbance intensity. Severe degrada- tion areas were grouped in high DCA1 value and less-degraded areas were placed in low DCA1 value. Within abandoned plantation there were two plots (A7 and A10) separated from the others. Plot A7 was located in area with active cultivation and dominated by plantation tree, crops and weeds, while A10 was the longest abandoned plantation, which adjacent to disturbed natural forest. DCA1 values for two plots in natural forest around Cikaniki (P2 and P3), 11 secondary forests, and A10 were less than 0. The DCA2 values of disturbed forests were less than 0 while the less disturbed forest were more than 0. Then we separated the secondary forest plots into two types. They are seven plots (DF1 to DF7) as disturbed forest plots and four plots as less disturbed forest S = α ln (1+N/α) (LD1 to LD4). The sampling area for degraded forest located at central part of corridor area, while the less disturbed forests were sampled randomly at the slope and less accessible forests. Fig. 3 shows the species score of DCA 1 and 2. The plantation trees, A. dammara and S. macro- phylla had high value of DCA1. The pioneer trees (Homalanthus populneus, Macaranga tanarius and M. triloba), some invasive (Cinchona pubescens, M. eminii and C. calothyrsus) and high-climbing bamboo (Dinochloa scandens) had negative value both in DCA1 and DCA2, while climax species such as Quecrus, Castanopsis and Platea had negative value of DCA1 and positive value of DCA2. Base on these values, the study areas were composed by three communities as S. macrophylla – A. dammara community in abandoned plantation (plots of A1 to A11), M. eminii – Cyathea sp. at disturbed forest (plots of D1 to D7) and C. acuminatissima – S. wallichii in less disturbed forest (plots of LD1 to LD4) as shown in Table 1. The areas adjacent with local people settlements and accessible forest were severely degraded due to agriculture, fuel wood collecting and illegal logging. However, good condition of forest remaining at the steep places and/or far from local community. Abandoned plantation (ABP) This area had been the production forest and abandoned after declared as part of national park. The abandonment periods were varied among 11 plots from 1 to 30 years and it depends on the inten- sity of agriculture activity. Local people had been allowed to cultivate at some parts of production forest (Galudra et al., 2005). Therefore, the cultiva- tion areas still existed and difficult to be reduced because local community rely on agriculture to sup- port their live. As reported by Cahyadi (2003), culti- vation area within 11 years increased about 8.8% from 1.356 ha in 1990 to 1.476 ha in 2001. The uniqueness of intensive cultivation (plot A7) can be shown in DCA graph (Fig. 2), that A7 was separated from fallowed plantation by the dominancy of crops (Capsicum frutescens, Coffea arabica, Solanum nigrum and S. torvum) and weeds (Ageratum conyzoides, Clidemia hirta, Crasso- cephalum crepidioides, Synedrella nodiflora and Wedelia trilobata). In the area without agriculture and less disturbance, abandoned plantation recovered naturally to support wild life conserva- tion. The abandoned plantation has low tree species richness as implied by low tree diversity indices (Fisher’s α and Shannon-Wiener index), but recruitment of woody species relatively high in this ∑ pi ln pi i=1 s REINWARDTIA 90 [VOL.14 Fig. 2. The ordination of plots in corridor area based on DCA1 and DCA2 value. The abandoned plantations are marked as A (1-11); the disturbed forests are DF (1-7), less degraded forests are LD (1-4), and permanent plots (P2 and P3). The intensive cultivation led to severe degradation at plot A7. The longest abandonment period (A10) has similarity to less disturbed forest due to natural succession. Fig. 3. The ordination of common species in each forest type based on DCA1 and DCA2 value. The vegetation compo- sition reflects disturbance intensity in corridor area. The open area species has high DCA1 value while forest species grouped by lower DCA1 value. The abbreviation of sites and common species were displayed on graph; Abandoned plantation (ABP), Disturbed forest (DF), Less disturbed forest (LDF), Agathis dammara (Aga), Ageratum conyzoides (Age), Altingia excelsa (Alt) , Bellucia pentamera (Bell), Calliandra calothyrsus (Cal), Capsicum frutescens (Cap), Castanopsis acuminatissima (Cas ac), Chinchona pubescens (Chi), Clibadium suri- namense (Cli), Coffea arabica (Cof), Cyathea contaminans (Cya c), Cyathea sp. (Cya l), Dinochloa scandens (Din), Eupatorium inulifolium (Eup), Eurya acuminate (Eur), Imperata cylindrica (Imp), Macaranga tanarius (Mac ta), Macaranga triloba (Mac tr), Maesopsis eminii (Mae), Melastoma malabathricum (Mel), Musa accu- minata (Mus), Platea excelsa (Pla), Pternandra azurea (Paz), Podocarpus neriifolius (Pod), Quercus lineata (Que li), Quercus oidocarpa (Que oi), Saccharum spontaneum (Sac), Schima wallichii (Sch), Solanum nigrum (Sol n), Swietenia macrophylla (Swi), Synedrella nodiflora (Syn), Weinmannia blumei (Wei), Wedelia trilobata (Wed). 2014] 91 ROSLEINE et al. : The effect of land use history area (Table 1). Tree layer was dominated by mahogany (S. macrophylla, Rdo = 33.4%) and damar (A. dammara, Rdo = 21.1%) as main plan- tation tree (Table 1). The exotic fast growing species such as Bellucia pentamera (Rdo = 10.6%) and M. eminii (Rdo = 6.9%) seem successfully to establish in this area (Table 2). Table 2 shows that sufficient amount of light on forest floor led to the dominancy of light-tolerant species Clibadium surinamense (Rdo = 17.3%), Eupatorium inulifolium (Rdo = 13.7%) and Melas- toma malabthricum (Rdo = 6.3%). The availability of seedling Eurya acuminata (Rdo = 15.3%) indi- cated that forest species has possibility to establish inside this area. E. inulifolium is native to South America, introduced to Java in the 19 th and now widely spread from abandoned coffee plantation to degraded forest (Smiet, 1992). Coffee (C. arabica, Rdo = 7.7%) and red pepper (C. frutescens, Rdo = 4.8%) as high economic value crops were abundant in this area. Grasses (Paspalum conjugatum, Rdo = 8.7%, I. cylindrica, Rdo = 7.1%, and Panicum notatum, Rdo = 6.8%), ferns (Selaginella plana, Rdo = 17.2% and Dicranopteris linearis, Rdo = 6.4%) and weedy herbs (A. conyzoides Rdo = 4.8%, W. trilobata Rdo = 4.5% and C. hirta Rdo = 5.5%) formed dense thicket below the plantation tree (Table 2). Among the study areas, abandoned plantation contained higher number of herb species than disturbed and less disturbed forest; 71, 52 and 43 species respec- tively (Table 1). It was clear that high light intensity below plantation canopy could promote the establishment of herbaceous vegetation. The disturbed forest (DF) The human threats including timber and fuel wood exploitation, infrastructure establishment and invasion of exotic species degraded Halimun Salak corridor area seriously, thus forest species number decreased as indicated by low dominancy in this area (Table 2). As reported by Rinaldi et al. (2008), forest species dominated corridor approximately 27% due to occupancy of shrub, pioneer and inva- sive species. This type of forest was derived from degraded old forest as indicated that forest species component such as Quercus oidocarpa remained as the biggest tree in this area, reached 49.6 cm in DBH and 28 m in height. The emergent tree at this site disappeared (Table 2) and now dominated by M. eminii (Rdo = 26.26%) to replace forest species such as Schima wallichii (Rdo = 5.58%), and Melicope accedens, (Rdo = 5.50%). Furthermore, invasion of other exotic species Calliandra calothyrsus (Rdo = 6.49%) and quinine tree (Chinchona pubescens, Rdo = 5.41%) may harm forest composition in the future (Table 2). New recruitment of forest and pioneer species was low in degraded area (Table 2). Seedling of exotic species such as C. pubescens (Rdo = 8.30%) and C. hirta (Rdo = 6.08%), now dominated this area after tree fern Cyathea sp. (Rdo = 62.27%). The herbaceous vegetation at degraded forest was characterized by fern (Cyathea sp., Rdo = 8.70%, D. linearis, Rdo = 9.46%, and S. plana, Rdo = 7.55%), Freycinetia sp. (Rdo = 8.78%), Etlingera coccinea (Rdo = 8.68%), and bamboo (Dinochloa scandens, Rdo = 4.30%) which are relatively tolerant to low light intensity (Table 2). Site characteristics Abandoned Plantation (ABP1-11) Disturbed Forest (DF1 -7) Less Disturbed Forest (LDF 1-4) Halimun (P2) Halimun (P3) Basal area (m 2 ha -1 ) 15.51 17.47 41.27 40.31 39.66 Biomass (ton ha -1 ) 58.96 71.85 314.94 369.26 291.06 Species richness (/0.11ha) (/0.28ha) (/0.16ha) (/ha) (/ha) Tree* 23 54 47 112 98 Seedling 41 39 47 NA NA Herb 71 52 43 NA NA Species diversity Fisher’s α 7.19 20.98 18.46 31.32 23.38 Shannon-Wiener index (H') 3.44 4.45 4.04 5.77 4.61 Table 1. The characteristics of abandoned plantation (ABP), disturbed forest (DF), less disturbed forest (LDF) at Halimun Salak corridor area, and reference sites at Halimun (P2 and P3) based on basal area (m 2 ha -1 ), bio- mass (ton ha -1 ), species number of tree (T), Seedling (S), and herb (H), Fisher’s α, and Shannon-Wiener index (H’). REINWARDTIA 92 [VOL.14 Seedling Mora Artocarpus altilis 2.05 NA NA Aral Arthrophyllum diversifolium 1.27 NA NA Mela Bellucia pentamera 4.23 NA NA Faba Calliandra calothyrsus 7.30 5.40 NA NA Sola Capsicum frutescens 4.78 NA NA Species Relative dominance (%) ABP DF LDF P2 P3 Tree Laur (Huru beunyer) 1.00 (Huru sereh) 3.51 (K10738) 1.58 (Pasang jambe) 4.32 Arau Agathis dammara 21.05 3.61 Laur Alseodaphne (K10807) 2.70 Hama Altingia excelsa 2.79 5.73 31.22 5.80 Mela Bellucia pentamera 10.55 Faba Calliandra calothyrsus 2.47 6.49 4.35 Faga Castanopsis acuminatissima 40.57 34.00 Faga Castanopsis cf. tungurrut 5.14 Faga Castanopsis javanica 1.09 5.68 Rubi Chinchona pubescens 5.41 Rubi Coffea arabica 3.25 Cyat Cyathea contaminans 2.81 Cyat Cyathea sp. 7.91 Thea Eurya acuminata 1.41 Clus Garcinia rostrata 1.65 Rhiz Gynotroches axillaris 2.11 Myri Horsfieldia glabra 2.71 Euph Macaranga triloba 2.53 Rham Maesopsis eminii 6.87 26.26 Ruta Melicope accedens 5.50 Icac Platea latifolia 2.66 Meli Pternandra azurea 1.61 1.83 Faga Quercus (K10944) 2.65 Faga Quercus lineata 7.69 2.76 Faga Quercus oidocarpa 4.36 6.56 Thea Schima wallichii 8.50 5.88 27.82 10.59 23.31 Meli Swietenia macrophylla 33.38 Myrt Syzygium (K10958)[kisirum/jeret] 1.60 Myrt Syzygium lineatum 2.93 Cuno Weinmannia blumei 2.94 Table 2. Ten dominance species from each sampling site are displayed to describe the vegetation structure of aban- doned plantation (ABP), disturbed forest (DF), less disturbed forest (LDF) and permanent plot (P2 and P3) in corridor and Halimun area. Family name is written as four characters before species name. 2014] 93 ROSLEINE et al. : The effect of land use history Seedling Faga Castanopsis acuminatissima 0.92 NA NA Faga Chinchona pubescens 8.30 NA NA Aste Clibadium surinamense 17.26 NA NA Mela Clidemia hirta 5.06 6.08 NA NA Rubi Coffea arabica 7.70 NA NA Cyat Cyathea sp. 62.27 58.10 NA NA Cyat Cyathea sp.2 18.06 NA NA Gesn Cyrtandra sandei 5.99 NA NA Aste Eupatorium inulifolium 13.70 NA NA Thea Eurya acuminata 15.27 NA NA Euph Macaranga triloba 2.19 NA NA Mela Melastoma malabathricum 6.28 NA NA Arec Pinanga coronata 3.42 NA NA Rubi Psychotria varidiflora 1.25 0.84 NA NA Faga Quercus oidocarpa 0.82 NA NA Thea Schima wallichii 1.06 NA NA Symp Symplocos fasciculata 1.85 2.72 NA NA Myrt Syzygium lineatum 0.79 NA NA Rubi Urophyllum glabrum 2.38 NA NA Rubi Urophyllum macrophyllum 1.37 NA NA Table 2. Ten dominance species from each sampling site are displayed to describe the vegetation structure of aban- doned plantation (ABP), disturbed forest (DF), less disturbed forest (LDF) and permanent plot (P2 and P3) in corridor and Halimun area. Family name is written as four characters before species name (continued). Herb Aste Ageratum conyzoides 4.71 NA NA Zing Alpinia sp. 11.48 NA NA Aspl Asplenium nidus 3.54 NA NA Arec Calamus sp. 4.52 4.55 NA NA Mela Clidemia hirta 5.53 NA NA Cyat Cyathea sp. 8.70 NA NA Glei Dicranopteris linearis 6.37 9.46 NA NA Arec Dinochloa scandens 4.30 NA NA Polyp Diplazium sorzogonense 4.05 NA NA Polyp Diplazium sp. 1 5.72 NA NA Zing Etlingera coccinea 8.68 NA NA Pand Freycinetia 8.78 NA NA Rubi Hedyothis sp. 5.24 NA NA Poac Imperata cylindrica 7.05 NA NA Neph Nephrolepis davallioides 4.79 9.16 NA NA Olean Oleandra pistilaris 10.57 NA NA Poac Panicum notatum 6.75 NA NA Poac Paspalum conjugatum 8.67 NA NA Arec Pinanga coronata 3.34 NA NA REINWARDTIA 94 [VOL.14 Less disturbed forest (LDF) The community structure as well as permanent plots in Halimun area, C. acuminatissima (Rdo = 40.6%) and S. wallichii (27.8%) took a role as important species in less disturbed forest (Table 2). The disturbance in this area indicated by invasion of fast growing tree C. calothyrsus (Rdo = 4.4%) (Table 2). Even though this forest has low number of tree species, basal area of less disturbed forest was higher than degraded forest and abandoned plantation, i.e. 41.27 m 2 ha -1 , 17.47 m 2 ha -1 and 15.51 m 2 ha -1 , respectively (Table 1). Tree fern of Cyathea sp. (Rdo = 58.1%) and Cyathea sp. 2 (Rdo = 18.1%) were abundant in seedling layer. Smiet (1992) reported that these species can survive in more shaded place. However, the exotic species of C. calothyrsus (Rdo = 3.4%) can survive in any forest condition as indicated by its high recruitment at disturbed and less disturbed area (Table 2). Shade tolerant species dominated herb layer such as fern (Nephrolepis davallioides, S. plana and Diplazium sorzogonense), Oleandra pis- tillaris and Alpinia sp. (Table 2). Permanent plot (P2 and P3) The communities of both permanent plots were dominated by Fagaceae, Theaceae and Hamameli- daceae (Table 1). P2 had the highest tree species number (113 species) and basal area (40.31 m 2 ha -1 ) (Table 1). The emergent tree (height > 30 m) at P2 was Quercus lineata reached 109 cm in DBH, while in P3 was S. wallichii of 82 cm in DBH. The dominant species in P2 permanent plot were Altingia excelsa (Rdo = 31.2%) and S. wallichii (Rdo = 10.6%), while P3 dominated by C. acuminatissima (Rdo = 34%) and S. wallichii (Rdo = 23.3%). The species compositions in the perma- nent plots and less disturbed forest plots were rela- tively similar, thus they classified as less disturbed forest on DCA analysis (Fig. 2). DISCUSSION Forest succession in corridor area The successional stage in this area can be deter- mined by species composition in each study area. The early successional stages observed in seriously degraded site, particularly in agriculture area. In the area without weeding activity, weed species such as A. conyzoides, Synedrella nodiflora, Crassocepha- lum crepidioides established below tree plantation. This pattern was similar to the early succession on abandoned cropland in Sabah, where weedy species become dominant soon after abandonment Table 2. Ten dominance species from each sampling site are displayed to describe the vegetation structure of aban- doned plantation (ABP), disturbed forest (DF), less disturbed forest (LDF) and permanent plot (P2 and P3) in corridor and Halimun area. Family name is written as four characters before species name (continued). Table 3. The diameter class of tree (DBH>4.8 cm) at corridor and permanent plots. Small number of big tree (DBH>30 cm) at abandoned plantation (ABP) indicates high intensity of disturbance. The remaining big trees (DBH>30 cm) contribute to high biomass at less disturbed forest (LDF). Site Diameter class (cm) <10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 >50 ABP 82 70 13 1 3 0 DF 138 87 21 4 3 1 LDF 126 44 14 13 18 2 P2 652 232 74 45 24 61 P3 764 474 145 65 39 35 *The species name for unidentified specimens follows the system in Herbarium of Kagoshima University Arec Plectocomia 4.10 NA NA Sela Saccharum spontaneum 4.94 NA NA Thely Selaginella plana 17.15 7.55 15.28 NA NA Acan Sphaerostephanos cf. heterocarpus 6.62 NA NA Acan Strobilanthes sp. 4.55 NA NA Aste Wedelia biflora 4.46 NA NA Species Relative dominance (%) ABP DF LDF P2 P3 2014] 95 ROSLEINE et al. : The effect of land use history (Ohtsuka, 1999). In some areas, understory layer is covered by perennial grass Imperata cylindrica and Saccharum spontaneum. It is suggested that agri- culture activity can slow down the forest recovery process because weeding activity prevents coloniza- tion of pioneer wood species (Lugo, 1992). The occupancy of weed was replaced by shrub pioneer species such as C. surinamense, E. inuli- folium and M. malabathricum after one or more year abandonment. However, during the process of succession D. linearis often invades open area and covers the ground by its dense thicket. At the old abandoned plantation, species richness of pioneer and forest specie is low because of strong competi- tion by the exotic species (B. pentamera, M. eminii and C. calothyrsus). The succession in disturbed areas refers to forest respond after gaps due to illegal logging. At the degraded forest, pioneer tree and some exotic species well established because they can compete in harsh condition. However, natural tree vegetation has possibility to grow naturally because forest species (Melicope accedens, Weinmannia blumei, Schima wallichii, Rhodamnia cinerea and Prunus arborea) still remain as seed resource for forest rehabilitation. The less disturbed forests represent mature community in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park. C. acuminatissima, Platea excelsa, Neolitse triplinervia, Sterculia oblongata and Cas- tanopsis javanica were well conserved in the area with less anthropogenic activity. The availability of forest species at corridor area takes an important role in natural successional process because they are the source of natural vegetation. The aboveground biomass indicated the respond of vegetation to the anthropogenic disturbance. Bio- mass in abandoned plantation was produced mainly from tree plantation, but native and invasive species contribute most to biomass in degraded forest (Fig. 4). Though invasive species produced high biomass in degraded area, it does not mean that they are suitable to be planted for forest rehabilitation in corridor because their existence can modify community structure and may threaten the native species. In less disturbed forest where native species were well conserved, they produced high biomass approximately 373.34 ton ha -1 (Fig. 4). Forest rehabilitation and its threats Human disturbance such as cultivation, develop- ment of infrastructure, settlement, illegal logging and fuel wood exploration are thought to be major factors of forest degradation at corridor of GHSNP. The road inside corridor to connect villages facili- tated local community to pass through this area and increased alternative access to reach forest. This degraded and fragmented area cannot provide proper habitat especially for endangered species, therefore rehabilitation is required to restore the function of corridor. Plantation at corridor area may not facilitate forest species establishment as indicated by low dominancy of natural forest vegetation. This was a different result with the other studies (Lugo, 1992; Parrotta et al., 1997; Boley et al., 2009) that planta- tion tree might help the establishment of pioneer woody species to accelerate natural succession. The modification of both physical and biological site condition might increase the possibility for seed to be transported from the adjacent remnant forest to germinate at plantation area. In addition, proper plantation must be considered to attract seed dis- persers such as bird and bat, thus they can disperse seed from remnant forest to the degraded area. Cusack & Montagnini (2004) reported that planta- tion could promote forest succession of woody species in understory layer by shading out the grasses, increasing soil nutrient and facilitating shade tolerant species. Sometimes, the exotic plants are needed to convert harsh condition to be suitable one for the establishment of indigenous species (Lovejoy, 1985). Due to poor understanding of silviculture system in the tropics, some planted exotic species caused major problem to natural ecosystem (Lugo, 1992; Richardson, 2008; Binggeli, 2001). These species could shift the life-form dominance, reduce structural diversity, increase biomass and change nutrient cycle as reviewed from study case in southern hemisphere (Richardson, 2008). In Java Island, C. calothyrsus was planted for fuel, fodder and conservation of critical land because it can survive in poor soil condition (Galudra, 2003; Rinaldi et al., 2008). But now this species spread tremendously in corridor area. Study by Fukuda (2010) clarified that C. calothyrsus inhibited the establishment of native species and delay the forest rehabilitation process. Human interference and ecological barrier following combination of competition with invasive species, low seed or root stock availability, risk of seed and seedling predation, lack of sustainable microhabitat for seed germiantion and seedling establishment, seasonal drought, soil nutrient limitation, root competition with grases and fern, and periodic fire can suppress successional process (Lugo, 1992; Parrotta et al. 1997). Invasion of exotic species (M. eminii and C. calothyrsus) which can grow in low light intensity, fern (D. linearis) and grass (I. cylindrica) in corridor area must be considered seriously because they can delay the rehabilitation process. Shono et al. (2006) reported REINWARDTIA 96 [VOL.14 Fig. 4. Biomass (ton ha –1 ) distribution among native, invasive, planted, and pioneer species at abandoned plantation (ABP), disturbed forest (DF), and less disturbed forest (LDF) in Halimun Salak corridor area. 2014] 97 ROSLEINE et al. : The effect of land use history that regeneration of native vegetation on degraded land in Singapore was blocked by invasion of fern D. linearis. This species in peninsular Malaysia can survive under shading area, forms dense thickets aggressively, expands the rhizomes and excretes the allelopathic compound thereby could prevent the establishment of tree regeneration (Shono et al., 2006; Nishimura, 2011). This fern combined with I. cylindrica which has a high efficiency nutrient uptake slow the decomposition rate of litters. This drought tolerant and fire resistant species can survive in unfavorable condition, thus inhibit succession and tree establishment in disturbed areas (Nishimura, 2011). M. emenii as a fast growing tree now invades natural forest widely, especially in tropical areas. Binggeli & Hamilton (1993); Binggeli (2003) and Rinaldi et al. (2008) reported that this species has strategies as follow: first, its seeds are easily distributed by bird, as hornbill in Tanzania; second, seeds and seedlings can survive in longer period and they grow rapidly when light increase due to the establishment of gap; third, germination of seed is triggered by water thus the seed can easily germi- nate. The invasion of quinine tree C. pubescens which categorized as 100 of the world worst invasive species (Richardson, 2008; Lowe et al., 2000) and small shrub C. hirta at this corridor area seems not serious, however monitoring to these species is needed to control the invasion rate. Though it invaded in limited area of corridor area, the exis- tence of C. pubescens increased the risk of forest degradation because local people harvested the bark by cutting its stand for commercial use (Cahyadi, 2003). Tree species in Halimun Salak National Park have potential as building material, fuel wood, board manufacture, edible fruit/vegetable, furniture and medical plants (Cahyadi, 2003; Gunawan et al., 2007; Polosakan, 2011). Though access to the remnant forest is difficult, local people enter the less degraded forest to explore timber trees such as S. wallichii, A. excelsa, Myrtaceae and Fagaceae due to economics needs (Polosakan 2011). There- fore, collaboration between local people and the manager of national park is required to conserve the corridor area. Ecological value of corridor area Rehabilitation of degraded forest becomes major concern in the corridor area, considering its functions to provide movement and foraging sites for endangered species, maintain water balance, support biodiversity and prevent soil and land slide (Gunawan et al., 2007; Rinaldi et al., 2008; GHSNPMP-JICA, 2009). Degradation and frag- mentation at corridor affected population number of endangered animals (Van Ballen et al., 1999; Cahyadi, 2003; Dewi et al., 2007; Rinaldi et al., 2008; Yumarni et al., 2011). The javan gibbon needs forest canopy for their movement, but lack of emergent tree decreased their population within degraded area (Dewi et al., 2007; Yumarni et al., 2011). Ario (2007) reported that javan leopard can live close to human habitation, but they need broader habitat for foraging activity. Thus, the frag- mentation will impact the leopard population. However, during the study, we only found leopard’s footprints at less degraded area between Mt. Halimun and Mt. Salak. The importance of corridor is not only for conservation but also substantial for human because the rivers from this area can support some areas surrounding national park and prevent land slide during rainy season (Rinaldi et al., 2008; GHSNPMP-JICA, 2009). Therefore rehabilitation on degraded land is crucial to recover the function of corridor GHSNP. Management strategy for forest rehabilitation Local people living adjacent to national park seem not clearly understand about the function of corridor, thus exploitation was ongoing severely in this area. Moreover, low economic level of rural community lead to high utilization of forest area for agriculture, timber, fuel wood and medical treat- ment (Galudra, 2003; Rinaldi et al., 2008; Polosa- kan, 2011). Even though resource exploitation by human intervention is prohibited in national park area, it is hard to eliminate because they settled before the establishment of national park. The proper strategy on forest rehabilitation must be well designated for better management in the future. The community based-conservation management system which considering local knowledge and sharing benefit related to conserva- tion and utilization initiatives are thought to be the best way to maintain conservation area (Harada, 2003; Gunawan et al., 2007; Perbatakusuma et al., 2010). In addition, environmental education must be disseminated to local people thereby local people can contribute on this conservation program in same vision. Due to local people settlement, reha- bilitation program must consider the alternative livelihood for them, which can reduce their dependence on forest. The utilization zone can be established for economic purpose of local community (Galudra, 2003). 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REINWARDTIA 100 [VOL.14 INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS Scope. Reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in December. Manuscript intended for a publication should be written in English. Titles. Titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in one- paragraphed. Abstract. English abstract followed by Indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. Keywords should be given below each abstract. Manuscript. Manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. The manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using Times New Roman 11, MS Word for Windows of A4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through . New paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. For the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of Reinwardtia very closely. Author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. 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Legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. References. Bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the Harvard system as the following examples. Journal : KRAENZLIN, F. 1913. Cyrtandraceae novae Philippinenses I. Philipp. J. Sci. 8: 163-179. MAYER, V., MOLLER, ML, PERRET, M. & WEBER, A. 2003. Phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of Epithemateae (Gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid DNA sequence data. American J. Bot. 90: 321-329. Proceedings :TEMU, S. T. 1995. Peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "Djoka Dju" pada suku Lio, Ende, Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur. In: NASUTION, E. (Ed.). Presiding Seminar dan Lokakarya Nasional Etnobotani II. LIP1 & Perpustakaan Nasional: 263-268. (In Indonesian). SIMBOLON, H. & MIRMANTO, E. 2000. Checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: IWAKUMA et al. (Eds.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on: Tropical Peatlands. Pp. 179-190. Book : RIDLEY, H. N. 1923. Flora of the Malay Peninsula 2. L. Reeve & Co. Ltd, London. Part of Book : BENTHAM, G. 1876. Gesneriaceae. In: BENTHAM, G. & HOOKER, J. D. Genera plantarum 2. Lovell Reeve & Co., London. Pp. 990-1025. Thesis : BAIRD, L. 2002. A Grammar of Keo: An Austronesian language of East Nusantara. Australian National University, Canberra. [PhD. Thesis]. Website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/Kostermans AJGH.htm). Accessed 15 February 2012. Reinwardtia Published by Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Address: Jin. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong Telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; Fax (+62) 21 8765062 E-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id REINWARDTIA Author Agreement Form Title of article Name of Author(s) : I/We hereby declare that: • My/Our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • It was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • I/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by Reinwardtia. • We have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. Author signature (s) Date Name MUHAMMAD EFFENDI, TATIK CHIKMAWATI & DEDY DARNAEDI. New cytotypes of Pteris ensiformis var. victoria from Indonesia 133 SUZANA SABRAN, REUBEN NILUS, JOAN T. PEREIRA & JOHN BAPTIST SUGAU. Contribution of the heart of Borneo (HoB) initiative towards botanical exploration in Sabah, Malaysia 137 WENNI SETYO LESTARI, BAYU ADJIE, TASSANAI JARUWATANAPHAN, YASUYUKI WATANO & MADE PHAR- MAWATI. Molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus Adiantum (Pteridaceae) from Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia based on Rbcl and Trnl-f 143 ELIZABETH A. WIDJAJA & DANIEL POTTER. Floristic study of Mekongga Protected Forest: towards establishment of the Mekongga National Park 157 YESSI SANTIKA, EKA FATMAWATI TIHURUA & TEGUH TRIONO. Comparative leaves anatomy of Pandanus, Freycinetia and Sararanga (Pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 SUHARDJONO PRAWIROATMODJO & KUSWATA KARTAWINATA. Floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of Raj a Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia 171 IAN M. TURNER. A new combination in Orophea (Annonaceae) for Uvaria nitida Roxb. ex G. Don 181 IVAN S AVINOV. Taxonomic revision of Asian genus Glyptopetalum Thwaites (Celastraceae R. Br.) 183 YUSI ROSALINA, NISYAWATL ERWIN NURDIN, JATNA SUPRIATNA & KUSWATA KARTAWINATA. Floristic compo- sition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the PT National Sago Prima, Selat Panjang, Riau, Indone- sia 193 IMAN HID AY AT & JAMJAN MEEBOON. Cercospora brunfelsiicola (Fungi, Mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical Cercosporoid fungus on Brunfelsia uniflora 211 MAX VAN BALGOOY & ELIZABETH A. WIDJAJA. Flora of Bali: a provisional checklist 219 EKA FATMAWATI TIHURUA & INA ERLINAWATI. Leaf anatomy of Pandanus spp. (Pandanceae) from Sebangau and Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya National Park, Kalimantan, Indonesia 223 JULIA SANG & RUTH KIEW. Diversity of Begonia (Begoniaceae) in Borneo - How many species are there? 23 3 DIAN LATIFAH, ROBERT A. CONGDON & JOSEPH A. HOLTUM. A Physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: Arenga australasica, Calamus australis, Hydriastele wendlandiana saALicuala ramsayi 237 REINWARDTIA Vol. 14. No. 1.2014 CONTENTS Page ABDULROKHMAN KARTONEGORO & DANIEL POTTER. The Gesneriaceae of Sulawesi VI: the species from Mekongga Mts. with a new species of Cyrtandra described 1 LIM CHUNG LU & RUTH KIEW. Codonoboea (Gesneriaceae) sections in Peninsular Malaysia 13 WISNU H. ARDI, YAYAN W. C. KUSUMA, CARL E. LEWIS, ROSNIATI A. RISNA, HARRY WIRIADINATA, MELISSA E. ABDO & DANIEL C. THOMAS. Studies on Begonia (Begoniaceae) of the Molucca Islands I: Two new species from Halmahera, Indonesia, and an updated description of Begonia holosericea 19 YUZAMMI, JOKO R. WITONO & WILBERT L. A. HETTERSCHEID. Conservation status of Amorphophallus discophorus Backer & Alderw. (Araceae) in Java, Indonesia 27 MOHAMMAD F. ROYYANI & JOENI S. RAHAJOE. Behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainabil- ity 35 FIFI GUS DWIYANTI, KOICHI KAMIYA & KO HARADA. Phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. F. (Dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 SACHIKO NISHIDA & HENK VAN DER WERFF. Do cuticle characters support the recognition of Alseodaphne, Nothaphoebe and Dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 NURUL AMAL LATIFF, RAHAYU SUKMARIA SUKRI & FAIZAH METALI. Nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habi- tats in Brunei Damssalam 67 NURUL HAZLINA ZATNI & RAHAYU SUKMARIA SUKRI. The diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed Dipterocarp forest and heath forest in Brunei Darussalam 73 MUHAMMAD AMIRUL AIMAN AHMAD JUHARI, NORATNI TALIP, CHE NURUL ATNI CHE AMRI & MOHAMAD RUZI ABDUL RAHMAN. Trichomes morphology of petals in some species of Acanthaceae 79 DIAN ROSLEINE, EIZI SUZUKI, ATIH SUNDAWIATI, WARDI SEPTIANA & DESY EKAWATI. The effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia 85 JULIUS KULIP. The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Tambunan district, Sabah, Malaysia 101 PETER O'BYRNE. On the evolution of Dipodium R. Br 123 Reinwardtia is a LIPI accredited Journal (517/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/04/2013) Herbarium Bogoriense Botany Division Research Center for Biology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences Cibinong Science Center Jln. Raya Jakarta - Bogor, Km 46 Cibinong 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong Indonesia barudepan 399-577-1-SM belakangbaru img577_Page_1 img577_Page_2 img577_Page_3 img577_Page_4