REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Vol. 14(1): 1 - 2 4 8 , December 23, 2014 Chief Editor Kartini Kramadibrata (Mycologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Editors Dedy Darnaedi (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Tukirin Partomihardjo (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Marlina Ardiyani (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Topik Hidayat (Taxonomist, Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia) Eizi Suzuki (Ecologist, Kagoshima University, Japan) Jun Wen (Taxonomist, Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA) Managing Editor Himmah Rustiami (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Lulut Dwi Sulistyaningsih (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Secretary Endang Tri Utami Layout Editor Deden Sumirat Hidayat Medi Sutiyatno Illustrators Subari Wahyudi Santoso Anne Kusumawaty Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to: HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION, RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY- INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES CIBINONG SCIENCE CENTER, JLN. RAYA JAKARTA - BOGOR KM 46, CIBINONG 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong INDONESIA PHONE (+62) 21 8765066; Fax (+62) 21 8765062 E-MAIL: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 Cover images: 1. Begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (Begoniaceae; Ardi et al.); 2. Abaxial cuticles of Alseodaphne rhododendropsis (Lauraceae; Nishida & van der Werff); 3. Dipo- dium puspitae, Dipodium purpureum (Orchidaceae; O'Byrne); 4. Agalmyla exannulata, Cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, Codonoboea kjellbergii (Gesneriaceae; Kartonegoro & Potter). The Editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): Abdulrokhman Kartonegoro - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Altafhusain B. Nadaf - University of Pune, Pune, India Amy Y. Rossman - Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory USDA-ARS, Beltsville, USA Andre Schuiteman - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK Ary P. Keim - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Barry Conn - Royal Botanic Gardens National Herbarium of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Dato' Abdul Latiff Mohamad - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Daniel Potter - Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA Deby Arifiani - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Ferry J. W. Slik - University of Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Henti H. Rachmat - Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, Bogor, Indonesia Ian M. Turner - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK Iskandar Z. Siregar - Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia Jay H. Bernstein - Kingsborough Community College, Brooklyn, New York, USA Jens G. Rohwer - University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Joan Pereira - SAN Herbarium, Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah, Malaysia Kuswata Kartawinata - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Lars H. Schmidt - University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Mark Hughes - Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, UK Masahiro Kato - Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Nuril Hidayati - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Ong Poh Teck - Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia Peter C. van Welzen - National Herbarium Netherlands, Leiden University Branch, Leiden, Netherlands Reuben Nilus - Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah, Malaysia Rugayah - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Ruth Kiew - Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia Uwe Braun - Institut fur Biologie Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Halle (Saale), Germany Yasuaki Sato - Osaka-Sangyo University, Osaka, Japan REINWARDTIA Vol 14, No 1, pp: 101 − 121 101 medicine as World Health Organism, WHO, reported that 80% of the world population is using medicinal herbs for treating diseases as well as healthcare. There are several cases whereby useful plants to communities in Sabah were preserved and also cultivated for their survival. For example, ‘Parai’ (in Dusun Tambunan language) or Oryza sativa (Poaceae) is a staple food for the Dusun peo- ple in Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia. They believed that the plant has special spirit called ‘Bambarayon’ (Dusun Tambunan). They cultivate this plant every year and at the end of harvesting period, they will celebrate to give thanks to God the creator (‘Kinorohingan’ in Dusun Tambunan lan- guage) for the abundant harvest and they call it ‘Tadau Kaamatan’ festival or Harvest Festival. A powerful medicinal plant called ‘Komburongoh’ (in INTRODUCTION Ethnobotany means the study of the people who are native to an area and how they used plants as resources (Martin, 1995). Plants have been very important to human survival from ancient time. Plants provide food to human and animals as well but most importantly produce oxygen. Nowadays, ethnobotany is getting more popular when more and more scientific investigations are done in order to satisfy the curiosity and the desire to understand the plants in their surroundings. In countries where modern medicines are very expensive and difficult to get, plants are their source as primary healthcare. There are several reasons on why people still depend on plants for survival, one of them is be- cause they are easy to get and cheaper (Ahmad & Raji, 1991). Besides, plants are main source of THE ETHNOBOTANY OF DUSUN PEOPLE IN TIKOLOD VILLAGE, TAMBUNAN DISTRICT, SABAH, MALAYSIA Received December 16, 2013; accepted June 9, 2014 JULIUS KULIP Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Locked Bag No. 2073, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88999 Kota Kina- balu, Sabah, Malaysia. E-mail: julkulip@ums.edu.my ABSTRACT KULIP, J. 2014. The ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Tambunan district, Sabah, Malaysia. Reinwardtia 14 (1): 101 – 121. ― The ethnobotanical studies of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Tambunan district, Sabah, Malaysia were conducted from July 25 th to 30 th , 2011 and from March 9 th to 10 th , 2012. The result shows that there were 160 species in 62 families of plants used. Among them, there were 83 species (in 36 families) of edible plants, 75 species (in 44 families) were medicines, 12 species (in nine families) were used for constructions and handi- craft and eight species (in six families) were used for musical instruments and animal traps. There were 24 species of plants that have two or more uses. Of the total, 87 species or 54% were native or collected from the natural forest nearby and 73 species or 45% of these plants were exotic (introduced plants). The most commonly used of plant families were Poaceae (Gramineae) with 14 species, followed by Moraceae and Zingiberaceae, with eight species each and Arecaceae (Palmae), Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae, with seven species each. Keywords: Dusun people, ethnobotany, Sabah, Malaysia, Tambunan, Tikolod. ABSTRAK KULIP, J. 2014. Studi etnobotani masyarakat Dusun di desa Tikolod, distrik Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia. Reinwardtia 14 (1): 101 – 121. ― Studi etnobotani masyarakat Dusun di desa Tikolod, Distrik Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia dilaku- kan dari tanggal 25 - 30 Juli 2011 dan pada tanggal 9 - 10 Maret 2012. Hasil studi menunjukkan terdapat 160 jenis tumbuhan dari 62 suku yang digunakan oleh masyarakat Dusun. Terdapat 83 jenis tumbuhan (dari 36 suku) yang dapat dimakan, 75 jenis (dari 44 suku) digunakan sebagai tumbuhan obat, 12 jenis (dari sembilan suku) untuk bahan bangunan dan kerajinan tangan serta delapan jenis (dari enam suku) yang digunakan sebagai alat musik dan perangkap binatang. Terdapat 24 jenis tumbuhan yang mempunyai dua atau lebih kegunaan. Dari total tumbuhan yang didata, se- banyak 87 jenis atau 54% adalah tumbuhan asli atau yang dikumpulkan dari hutan alam yang terdapat di sekitar tempat tinggal masyrakat Dusun serta terdapat 73 jenis atau 45% dari tumbuhan yang dikumpulkan adalah tumbuhan eksotik atau introduksi. Tumbuhan yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan adalah dari suku Poaceae (Gramineae) dengan 14 jenis, diikuti Moraceae dan Zingiberaceae, dengan masing-masing delapan jenis dan Arecaceae (Palmae), Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae dan Solanaceae, masing-masing sebanyak tujuh jenis. Kata kunci: Etnobotani, masyarakat Dusun, Malaysia, Sabah, Tambunan, Tikolod. mailto:julkulip@ums.edu.my REINWARDTIA 102 [VOL.14 Dusun Tambunan language) or Acorus calamus (Araceae) is highly regarded as ‘Rusap Tagayo’ among the Dusuns people in Tambunan. When modern medicines had not reached Tambunan in early days, they cultivated this plant and used it to cure sick persons in the village. They even make it as necklace and wear them every day to protect from falling sick and bad spirits. Malaysia is one of the 12 mega-diversity countries of the world that together make up about 60% of the world’s known species (Latiff, 2005). Out of 500.000 identified plants found in the world, more than 20.000 plant species are found in the wild in the roughly 19.12 million hectares of rainforest covering 58.1% of Malaysia’s total land area (Md. Bakri, 2005). The biodiversity of Malaysia’s rain- forest is very rich because the forest is a unique natural which has been evolving for over 130 million years. Sabah, 28.417 sq mi (73.600 sq km), is a state in the easternmost part of Malaysia and the northern- most part of Borneo Island, ca. 287.000 sq mi (743.330 sq km), largest of the Malay Archipelago and third largest island in the world, South West of the Philippines and North of Java. Being the second largest state in the Federation of Malaysia after Sarawak, Sabah has a total land area of about 7.4 million hectares whereby more than half of the land or 4.7 million hectares are forested area that is rich in biodiversity (Kulip, 2004). A total of 3.21 million of people was found in Sabah as the result of Cen- sus 2010 by Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Sabah has 36 groups of native people. Out of these 36 groups, Dusun and Kadazan are the largest groups comprising 555.647 people or 24.7%, and are followed by Bajau and Murut with 436.672 people or 19.4% and 100.631 people or 5.3%, respectively (Dept. Statistics, 2010). With the presence of various indigenous people and the large area of forest in Sabah, the interaction of human beings and plants definitely occurs as humans always rely on the environment for survival. It also means that there will be lots of traditional knowledge which is possessed by them. The trees and herbaceous plants have been contri- buting immensely to the livelihood of the native people in Sabah and always have a connection with the different cultures of the people. Plants are used as food, clothing, shelter materials, flavor and fra- grance, health care preparations, musical instru- ments, handicraft, spiritual ceremony and so on. In Sabah only, about 1.300 medicinal plants have been recorded (Kulip, 2004). Tambunan District Tambunan is located in the interior district of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. It is about 90 km from Kota Kinabalu city by road towards east of Sabah. Geographically, it is a valley. It is surrounded by mountain ranges i.e. Crocker Ranges on the western side and Trus Madi Ranges on the eastern side. The distance from Kota Kinabalu city to Tambunan township is about 90 km by road to the east of Sabah (Fig. 1). The elevation of Tambunan is between 500-700 meter above sea level. Most of the vegetations can be described as either Upper Mix Dipterocarps forest or Lower Montane forest. There are several published reports on ethno- botanical studies which were conducted in Fig. 1. Map of Sabah showing Tambunan district. (Source: Map Land and Survey Kota Kina- balu). Fig. 2. Map of Tambunan District showing locality of study in Tikolod Village (in red circle). 2014] 103 KULIP: The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Sabah, Malaysia Tambunan district previously namely, Kulip & Matunjau (1992) on bamboos utilizations, Kulip et. al. (2005) on the medicinal plants in Kaingaran village and Kulip (1996) on medicinal plants and other useful plants in Tambunan. The objectives of this study were to document all traditional useful plants that are or have been used by the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Tambunan and to name them scientifically. MATERIAL AND METHODS Locality of study The studies were conducted in Tikolod village which is in the district of Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia. It is about 10 km towards southern part of Tambunan town ship. The name, Tambunan, is a combination of two different group of people who arrived Tambunan plain early, namely Gombunan and Tamadon after Gombunan group won over Tosundung group which killed Gombunan’s leader with the help of Tamadon group people. The ‘tam’ is taken from Tamadon and ‘bunan’ from Gombunan to form ‘Tambunan’ (Laman Web Rasmi Pejabat Daerah Tambunan). According to a census carried out in 2010 by Malaysia Department Statistics, Tambunan popula- tion was about 30,529 people, of which the Tambunan Dusun tribe is the majority. There were seven sub-tribes, namely Tuwawon, Tagahas, Tibabar, Bunduh, Gunnah, Palupuh and Kohub, in the early 20th century but only three sub-tribes, Tuwawon, Tagahas and Tibabar, are left now (Low, 2006). They cultivate mostly wet padi rice on the plain and some hill padi rice on hilly and mountain- ous areas. The people of Tambunan have used a lot of bamboo resources especially ‘Poring’ bamboo or Gigantochloa levis, in their daily lives since the 1800s. This can be seen by the fact that most of the old houses that are still exist are constructed by bamboo materials and the western part of Tambu- nan valley is mostly covered by ‘Poring’ bamboo vegetation, which is the largest area of ‘Poring’ bamboos plantation in Sabah. Tikolod village (study site) Tikolod village is located in the southern part of Tambunan district, at 05°46’30”N; 116°21’02”E and is about 500 meters above sea level (Fig. 2). Tikolod village is almost entirely inhabited by Dusun people. The majority of them are Christians (Catholic) but some of the elders are pagan. According to the Chairman of the Village Security and Development (JKKK), Mr. Waidi Siwil, the number of inhabitants was about 600 in 2012. There were about 83 households in the village and the average size of the households was 5-8 persons. People first arrived in the village of Tikolod in the 1500s (Waidi, pers. comm., 2012). They were mainly from Kionob, a village in the Penampang district. Their reason for moving to Tikolod then was to seek a better livelihood by settling in an area closer to a market, which is about 10 km from the village and with access to more land and better infrastructure (the main asphalt road linking Tambunan town ship to Keningau town ship), which was just three kilometers from the village. There are two explainations for the origin of the name of this village. Firstly from a tree named ‘Tikalod’ in Dusun or a tree species of Lithocarpus sp. (Fagaceae). This tree produced nuts which were eaten by wild boars at that time. The villagers hunt the wild boars for their meat. Secondly from a situation whereby one day the village was affected by a long dry season and the river was dried out. There was only one source of water left and the villagers were grabbing or ‘mogisosolod’ with each other to get the water. Both stories lead to the name of this village as Tikolod. Tikolod village (Fig. 3) stretches about 4km along a narrow valley and is surrounded by rather large areas of secondary and primary forests and Fig. 3. View of Tikolod village. Cultivated land with padi, banana and other vegetables. Far behind is secondary forest and newly opened land for planting hill padi (Photo by Julius Kulip 2013). Fig. 4. Semi-structured interview with the plant infor- mant (Mr. Paulus Dandan) in the field (Photo by Julius Kulip 2013). REINWARDTIA 104 [VOL.14 scattered cultivated fields. Some households have official native titles to their lands but most have applied for them and yet to receive them. The villagers rely mainly on subsistence farming for their livelihood and most grow wet paddy rice combined with some cash crop production like vegetables and ginger. The villagers also practice shifting cultivation on slopes to plant hill padi rice around the village where forested areas have been cut, burned and cultivated for a few years. There is an official State’s jungle trekking trail named as ‘Salt Trail’ started from this village to Inobong, Penampang. The trail is about 35 km and will take about 3-day and 2-night journey. This trail was es- tablished around 1930s where by the villagers in Tambunan walked to Inobong to get salt in ex- change of their forests’ products from Tambunan. Fallow periods are usually between February and June. The forest around the village is characterized by many different stages of succession. Near the village, most forests are secondary, but farther away the forests are less disturbed and some have reached a climax stage akin to that of a primary forest. The northern most part of the village is located within the Crocker Range National Park (CRNP). Most of the households are situated within 60-minute walk- ing distance from the CRNP. Data and specimen collections A Prior Inform Consent (PIC) letter was firstly sent to the Village Head of Tikolod via People Development Officer of Tambunan before entering the village, asking for permission and agreement of this study to be conducted in Tikolod. Surveys were conducted to investigate the diversity of resources being used. There were 13 plant informants inter- viewed during this survey or about 15% from the total head of household but only two persons who are still actively using the plants, there are namely Mr. Paulus bin Dandan (76 years), who is a ‘Bobolian’ or a Dusun Medicine Man and Mr. Thadius bin Yongut (66 years), who is producer of ‘Sompoton’ or a bamboo mouth organ. For each informant, a semi-structured interview (See Appendix I) at their house compound was conducted in Bahasa Malaysia (Malaysian language) and sometimes was translated into Dusun language, followed by a forest walk and interview. The forest walks provided information on forest products used by the villagers as well as their gathering sites. During the forest walks, locally used plants pointed out by the informant but not known or unidentified were collected, pictured and made into voucher specimen. Common and easily identified plants on the field were recorded but not collected. For each specimen, its local name, locality (GPS reading), use and application were recorded. The plant specimens were identified by the author and some by referring to herbarium specimens at the Sandakan Herbarium (SAN), Forest Research Centre, Sepilok, Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan. The specimens are now kept at the Institute for Tropical Biology and Conserva- tion, Borneensis Herbarium (BORH), Universiti Malaysia Sabah. RESULTS The result shows that there were 160 species in 62 families of plants used by the Dusun in Tikolod in their everyday life activities. Among them, there were 83 species of edible plants in 36 families (Table 1), 75 species were medicines in 44 families (Table 2) with 37 types of illness documented (Table 3), 12 species in 9 families were used for constructions and handicraft (Table 4), and eight species in six families were used for musical instru- ments and animal traps (Table 5). There were 24 species of plants which have two or more uses. About 87 species or 54% of them were natives or found from the natural forests nearby and 73 species or 45% of these plants were exotics (introduced plants). The most commonly used plant families were from the Poaceae (Gramineae) family with a total of fourteen species followed by Moraceae and Zingiberaceae with eight species each and Arecaceae (Palmae), Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae with seven species each. Photographs of some of the plants are shown in Appendix II. DISCUSSION The Dusun in Tikolod recognized 83 species in 36 families of edible plants (Table 1). The term ‘edible plants’ used here refers to any plant that is consumed whether as vegetables or fruits. But sometimes there is no clear botanical distinction between vegetables and fruits when a fruit is also consumed as vegetables eg. Unripe fruit of ‘Timadang’ or Artocarpus odoratissimus (Moraceae) traditionally cooked with chicken and served during dinner or it is consumed as vegetable, but eaten as fruit when it is ripe. The most commonly consumed families were from the Cucur- bitaceae family followed by Zingiberaceae, Ruta- ceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae, Moraceae, Araceae, Leguminosae and Anacardiaceae. The main catego- ries consumed were fruits, leaves, tendrils and piths. There were 25 species found in the forest whereby 16 species of them were domesticated. There were 75 species of medicinal plants in 44 2014] 105 KULIP: The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Sabah, Malaysia families (Table 2), among the common plants that were commonly used to treat illnesses were Justicia gendarrussa, Blumea balsamifera, Cymbopogon citratus, Etlingera elatior, Eupathorium odoratum, Ageratum conyzoides, Psidium guajava and Piper betle. Most of them were exotics. There were 37 types of illnesses cured by plants in Tikolod (Table 3). Common illnesses were flatulence, cuts and stomachache. There were two species planted in large scale, namely Curcuma domestica or ‘Kunyit’ and Zingiber officinale or ‘Layo’, which were high in economic value. This village is famous for producing top quality of these plants for domestic use as well as for export. Roots and stems were the most plant parts used. Shrubs and herbs were the two common habit of plants which were used for medicines. A question was asked to the Shaman (Mr. Paulus bin Dandan) on how the Dusun people know that a plant is medicinal. According to him, it was ‘trial and error’ method. According to Mr. Paulus bin Dandan, usually a plant that is containing medicinal properties will shows some of these features, for example, the plant is rare (or found in deep far forest), possess an aromatic or bad smell, with a unique morphological feature and showing a bright color. Usually domestic animals such as dog, cat or chicken will be used to try the plant first. If the animal is not dead, this means that the plant is safe and with medicinal value. Twelve species in nine families were used for handicraft & construction (Table 5). The most used species was ‘Tuai’ or Calamus levis (Arecaceae) and ‘Poring’ or Gigantochloa levis’ (Poaceae). Frequent plant’s parts used were stem, bark and leaves. Table 2 shows a list of plants used for making musical instruments and animal traps. There were eight species of plants used frequently when making a musical instruments in this village. Whereby the most frequently used plant is ‘Poring’ or Gigantochloa levis (Bambusoideae). Tikolod village is famous of being the producer of ‘Sompoton’ musical instrument in Sabah. It is solely made and tuned by Mr. Thaedius bin Yungot. To make a ‘Sompoton’, it took five species of plants. Four of which were forest plants. This means that if the forest is cleared or gone, the ‘Sompoton’ will also be gone as well! According to Mr. Thaedius Yungot, it was hard to make a ‘Sompoton’ nowadays because the plant resources were getting rare and the forests were getting further away. CONCLUSION The ethnobotanical studies of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Tambunan District, Sabah, shows that there were 160 species in 62 families of plants used. Among them, there were 83 species (in 36 families) of edible plants, 75 species (in 44 fami- lies) were medicines, 12 species (in eight families) were used for constructions and handicraft and eight species (in six families) were used for musical instruments and animal traps. There were 24 species of plants that have two or more uses. Of the total, 87 species or 54% were native or collected from the natural forest nearby and 73 species or 45% of these plants were exotic (introduced plants). The most commonly used of plant families were Poaceae (Gramineae) with 14 species, followed by Moraceae and Zingiberaceae, with eight species each, and Ar- ecaceae (Palmae), Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae, with seven species each. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to acknowledge the Institute for Tropical Borneo and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, for granted permission and budget to conduct this study. To Lab Assistants Mr. Johnny Gisil and Boni Jaumin, and to students Hafizah bt. Sunning, Nor Ezani Ahmad, Nur Afifah bt. Mohd. Nasir and Farah Nadiah bt. Omar who helped in field works. This documentation would not be successful without the help of villagers in Tikolod especially to Mr. Waidi Siwil. I appreciate your contribu- tions. Thank you very much. REFERENCES AHMAD, F. & RAJI, H. 1992. Penggunaan ubatan tra- disional oleh suku kaum di Sabah. In: KHOZIRAH, S., AZIZOL, A. K. & RAZAK, M. A. (Eds.). Proceeding of the Conference on Medicinal Products from Tropical Rain Forest. Forest Research Institute Malaysia: 82–88. DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA. 2010. Population distribution and basic demographic characteristics. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/ d o w n l o a d _ P o p u l a t i o n / f i l e s / c e n s u s 2 0 1 0 / T a b u r a n _ P e n d u d u k _ d a n _ C i r i - ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf. (Accessed on 5th October 2012). HOARE, A. L. 2002. Cooking the Wild: The Role of the Lundayeh of the Ulu Padas (Sabah, Malaysia) in Managing Forest Foods and Shaping the Landscape. University of Kent at Canterbury Canterbury. (Dissertation). HOARE, A. L. 2000. Food resources and changing pat- terns of resource use among the the Lundayeh of the Ulu Padas, Sabah. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/. (Accessed on 5th October 2012). KULIP, J. 2004. Medicinal plants in Sabah: How much do we know? A paper presented in Seminar on me- dicinal plants and the herbal industry: Opportunities and challenges. Jointly organized by FRIM, UMS and BHCS. August 23rd. Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota REINWARDTIA 106 [VOL.14 Kinabalu. KULIP, J. 1996. A survey on medicinal plants and other useful plants used by the Dusun/Kadazan people in Tambunan district, Sabah, Malaysia. A paper pre- sented at the 4 th Biennial International Conference of Borneo Research Council, University of Brunei Da- russalam, Brunei. KULIP, J., INDU PETER, J. & MISON R. 2005. Ethno- botanical survey of medicinal plants in the Village of Kaingaran in Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology Conservation 1:71–77. KULIP, J. & MATUNJAU, C. A. 1992. The utilization of bamboos in Tambunan, Sabah, East Malaysia. Na- tional bamboo Seminar 1, Proceedings of the seminar, 2-4 Nov. FRIM, Kepong. Pp. 26–45. LAMAN WEB RASMI PEJABAT DAERAH TAMBU- NAN. http://www.sabah.gov.my/pd.tbn/v2 LATIFF, A. 2005. Valuing the biodiversity of medicinal plant species in Malaysia. In: AZHAR MUDA, MOHD. HAMAMI SAHRI, AHMAD SAID SAJAP, FARIDAH QAMARUZ-ZAMAN, NOR AINI AB. SHUKOR, JALIL MD. SOM & I. FARIDAH- HANUM. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Conference on Medicinal Plants. Universiti Putra Malaysia dan Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Ma- laysia, Kuala Lumpur. Pp. 3–16. LOW, K. O. 2006. Reading symbols and mythical land- scape in the “Tambunan Dusun origin myth” of North Borneo. IJAPS 2 (2): 29–50. MARTIN, G. J. 1995. Ethnobotany: A methods manual. Chapman and Hall, London and New York. MD BAKRI, H. 2005. Felda’s experience in the commer- cialization of herbal products. In: AZHAR MUDA, MOHD. HAMAMI SAHRI, AHMAD SAID SAJAP, FARIDAH QAMARUZ-ZAMAN, NOR AINI AB. SHUKOR, JALIL MD. SOM & I. FARIDAH- HANUM. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Conference on Medicinal Plants. Universiti Putra No. Species Family Dusun name Uses 1. Artocarpus dadah Moraceae Buruni Handicraft 2. Artocarpus odoratissimus Moraceae Timadang Handicraft & construction 3. Calamus javensis Arecaceae Tuai Handicraft 4. Calamus levis Arecaceae Tuai Handicraft 5. Gigantochloa levis Poaceae Poring Handicraft & Construction 6. Gleichenia linearis Euphorbiaceae NA Handicraft 7. Glochidion sp. Euphorbiaceae NA Construction 8. Metroxylon sagu Arecaceae Sagu Handicraft & Construction 9. Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae NA Handicraft 10. Spatholobus sp. Leguminosae Bingol Handicraft 11. Symplocos sp. Sympocaceae NA Construction 12. Trema orientalis Verbenaceae Ludai Handicraft No. Dusun Name Botanical Name Musical Product Animal Trap 1. Polod Arenga undulatifolia Sompoton Bungkau - 2. Tuai (Wakau) Calamus laevis Sompoton Tongkungon Bubu Tambong Kasip Sopuk Tuil 3. Tambirog Alstonia angustiloba Sundatang Kulintangan Tuil 4. Tou Lagenaria siceraria Sompoton - 5. Loputung Gleichenia lineris Sompoton - 6. Lias Donax canniformis - Lias 7. Poring Gigantochloa levis Tokubong Togungak Tongkungon Kulintangan Bubu Tambong Kasip Sopuk 8. Lampaki Schizostachyum pilosum Sompoton Turali Bungkau Tuil Table 5. List of plants for making musical instrument and animal’s trap. Table 4. List of plants species used to make handicraft & constructions. 2014] 107 KULIP: The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Sabah, Malaysia No. Type of Illness (Malay/Dusun) Type of illness (English) 1. Ampus Asthma 2. Batuk Cough 3. Bernanah Boils 4. Biri-biri Beri-beri 5. Buang angin dalam badan Flatulence 6. Buang Kurias Anti-dandruff 7. Cirit-birit Diarrhea 8. Deman Fever 9. Dugal Gastritis 10. Gatal di badan Itchy on body 11. Ibu selepas bersalin New mother after gave birth 12. Kanak-kanak tidak dapat tidur Difficult to sleep (Child) 13. Kegagalan buah pinggang Kidney failure 14. Kekejangan otot Muscle cramp 15. Kurangkan padas badan Reducing heat inside body 16. Kurap Ring worm 17. Luka Wound 18. Melancarkan peredaran darah Smooth blood flows 19. Memulihkan tenaga bagi ibu yang baru bersalin To recover energy after gave birth. 20. Mengurangkan lemak Reducing fat 21. Merangsang penggeluaran peluh Induce sweating 22. Penawar racun Antidote 23. Penstabil rahim ibu selepas melahirkan anak Womb stabilizer for new mother after gave birth. 24. Penyakit kuning Jaundice 25. Radang Inflammation 26. Sakit gigi Toothache 27. Sakit kepala Headache 28. Sakit mata Eyesore 29. Sakit perut Stomachache 30. Sakit tulang Bone illness 31. Sakit tulang belakang Back bone illness 32. Selesma Influenza 33. Sariawan mulut Sprue/Thrush 34. Tekanan darah tinggi High blood pressure Table 3. List of symptoms of illness cured by medicinal plants from Tikolod village. R E IN W A R D T IA 1 0 8 [V O L .1 4 NO SCIENTIFIC NAME DUSUN NAME EDIBLE PART(S) PREPARATION HABIT VOUCHER SPECIMEN NO. (BORH) FAMILY SPECIES 1. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus gangeticus L. Sansam Leaves and young stem Boil to make soup or stir fry Herb 1958 2. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus sessils (L.) R.Br. ex DC Lalambi Young shoot Boil to make soup or stir fry Herb 1959 3. Amaryllidaceae Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. Losun Tuber, leaves and stem Boil to make soup or stir fry Herb 1960 4. Anacardiaceae Mangifera foetida Lour. Pahu Fruits Unripe fruit cook as vegetables while ripen fruit eaten raw. Large Tree 1961 5. Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. Mangga Fruits Eaten ripe Large Tree 1962 6. Anacardiaceae Mangifera odorata Griff. Wani Fruits Eaten ripe Large Tree 1963 7. Anacardiaceae Mangifera pajang Kosterm. Bambangan Fruits Unripe fruit use to make pickles while ripe fruit eaten raw. Tree 1964 8. Annonaceae Annona muricata L. Lampun belanda Fruits Unripe fruit cooked as vegetables while ripe fruit eaten raw. Medium- Tree 1965 9. Annonaceae Rollinia deliciosa Saff. - Fruits Eaten ripe Medium Tree 1966 10. Apiaceae Apium graveolens L. - Leaves and stem Added in soup as flavour Herb 1967 11. Apiaceae Eryngium foetidum L. Rumput tabug Leaves near root Boil and eat with chili or stir fry Herb 1968 12. Araceae Alocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Guol Petiole, pith and tuber Boil or stir fry Herb 1969 13. Araceae Alocacia odara K. Koch. Dar Tendril Boil or stir fry Herb 1971 14. Araceae Homalomena sp. Buntui Stem and petiole Boil or stir fry Herb 1972 Table 1. List of edible plants in Tikolod village, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia. 2 0 1 4 ] 1 0 9 K U L IP : T h e E th n o b o ta n y o f th e D u su n p e o p le in T ik o lo d v illa g e , S a b a h , M a la y sia 15. Araceae Schismatoglottis ahmadii A. Hay Dukaruk Stem and petiole Boil or stir fry Herb 1973 16. Arecaceae Areca catechu L. Lugus Fruits Slice into smaller pieces and wrap with Piper (Daing) leaves. Palm tree 1974 17. Arecaceae Cocos nucifera L. Piasau Fruits, pith and flower buds. Pith is boil, water inside the fruit can be drink as well as the water in flower bud can be use to make Coconut wine or ‘tuak’ Palm tree 1975 18. Asteraceae Cosmos caudatus Kunth. - Leaves Eaten raw with chili mixture (Sambal). Herb 1976 19. Asteraceae Crassosephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore. Koyundou Young shoot Eaten raw with chili mixture (Sambal) or stir fry. Herb 1977 20. Basellaceae Basella rubra L. Gemputa Leaves Eaten raw with chili mixture (Sambal) or stir fry. Herb 1978 21. Blechnaceae Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. f.) Bedd. Lembiding Young shoot Boil to make soup or stir fry Herb 1979 22. Bombacaceae Durio zibenthinus Murray Ratu Fruits Eaten ripe. Large Tree 1980 23. Brasicaceae Brasica juncea L. Czern. Sayur pahit Leaves, stem & flower Boil to make soup or stir fry Herb 1981 24. Brasicaceae Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Sayur Hongkong Stem and leaves Boil to make soup or stir fry Herb 1982 25. Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus L. Merr. Puntibangai Fruits Unripe fruit is cooked as vegetables while ripe fruit is eaten raw. Herb 1983 26. Butomaceae Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau Tayaan Sanda- kan Petiole, stem, young leaves and inflores- cence Boil and eat with chili mixture or stir fry Herb 1984 Table 1. List of edible plants in Tikolod village, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia (continued). R E IN W A R D T IA 1 1 0 [V O L .1 4 27. Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Tapayas Fruits and leaves Leaves cook as vege- tables while ripe is fruit eaten raw. Shrub 1985 28. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Kangkung Leaves and stem Boil to make soup or stir fry Herb 1986 29. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas L. Lam. Kasou Tuber and leaves Tuber is boiled while leaves can be cook as vegetables. Herb 1987 30. Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispida Thunb. Tonsomon Leaves and fruits Boil as soup or stir fry Herb 1988 31. Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima Duch. Tawadak Leaves, fruits and young stem Unripe fruits cook as vegetables and also use to make cake while leaves and young stem cook as vegetables Climber 1989 32. Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Tou Fruits Boil or fry Climber 1990 33. Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus L. Sangop Fruits and leaves Boil or stir fry Climber 1991 34. Cucurbitaceae Luffa cylindrical M. Roem Kosula Fruits Boil or stir fry Climber 1992 35. Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia L. Kuinsung Fruits and leaves Boil or stir fry Climber 1993 36. Cucurbitaceae Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Sangop Jepun Fruits, young leaves and shoot Boil or stir fry Climber 1994 37. Dracaenaceae Dracaena sp. Lempayau var. green leaves Stem Boil or stir fry Shrub 1995 38. Drypteridaceae Diplazium esculantum (Retz. Sw.) Pakis Leaves and stem Boil or stir fry Fern 1996 39. Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculanta Crantz. Mundok Leaves and tubers Leaves are boil and eat as salad while tubers are boil and eaten directly. Shrub 1997 40. Euphorbiaceae Sauropus androgynus Merr. Sayur manis Leaves and stem Boil or stir fry Herb 1998 Table 1. List of edible plants in Tikolod village, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia (continued). 2 0 1 4 ] 1 1 1 K U L IP : T h e E th n o b o ta n y o f th e D u su n p e o p le in T ik o lo d v illa g e , S a b a h , M a la y sia 41. Fabaceae Arachis hypogaea L. Kasang Legume Fry with sand to get rid of soil on its outer part and eaten directly 42. Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris L. Kasang pindik Fruits Fry or cook with other dishes 43. Fabaceae Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC. Nambaril Fruits Eaten raw with chili mix- ture 44. Fabaceae Vigna sesquipedalis (L.) Fruw. Balatung Fruits and leaves Boil or fry 45. Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum L. Siwot Leaves Cook together with meat 46. Lauraceae Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex. Blume Keningau Bark Food flavour 47. Lauraceae Persea Americana Mill. Buah lemak Fruits Eaten ripe 48. Liliaceae Allium ampeloprassum L. Ding Bawang Shoots, bulb and stem Boil or stir fry 49. Meliaceae Lansium domesticum Correa Lansat Fruits Eaten raw when come to its season 50. Moraceae Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume Togop Fruits Unripe fruits cooked as vegetables while ripe one eaten raw 51. Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangko Fruits Unripe fruits cooked as vegetables while ripen one eaten raw 52. Moraceae Artocarpus integer Spreng. Pulutan Fruits Unripe fruits cooked as vegetables while ripe one eaten raw 53. Moraceae Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco. Timadang Fruits Unripe fruits cooked as vegetables while ripe one eaten raw 54. Musaceae Musa sp. Puntiruk Fruits, pith, unopened in- florescence Unripe fruits cooked as vegetables while ripen one eaten raw. Unopened inflo- rescence also cooked with chili mixture. Pith is boiled as soup. Table 1. List of edible plants in Tikolod village, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia (continued). R E IN W A R D T IA 1 1 2 [V O L .1 4 55. Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. Kaliabas Fruits Eaten ripe Tree 2015 56. Oxalidaceae Averrhoa bilimbi L. Burilan Fruits Eaten ripe or used to make chili mixture. Tree 2016 57. Piperaceae Piper betle L. Daing Leaves Wrap the betle nut. Climber 2017 58. Piperaceae Piper umbellatum L. Kuyoh Leaves Cook with fish or wrap the fish then roast Climber 2018 59. Poaceae Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex. J.C. Wendl. Sokoh Pith Slice and boil or add with salted fish or others Shrub 2019 60. Poaceae Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Segumau Stem Slice or mash the basal stem and then added in dishes as flavor. Herb 2020 61. Poaceae Oryza sativa L. Parai Fruits Fruits are dried until the outer part open by itself Herb 2021 62. Poaceae Saccharum officinarum L. Tobu Stem Get rid of its outer skin and the juice of the inner stem is drink raw. Shrub 2022 63. Poaceae Zea mays L. Loang / tawaran Fruits Boiled and eaten, make cake and the young one cook as vegetables. Shrub 2023 64. Polygonaceae Polygonum odoratum Lour. Daun Kesum Leaves Added in dishes as flavor. Herb 2024 65. Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Tayaan Stem and flower Boil or fry. Herb 2025 66. Rutaceae Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Kolopis fruits Flavour Tree 2026 67. Rutaceae Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Lemon fruits Squeeze in dishes or chili mixture. Tree 2027 68. Rutaceae Citrus limon var. ponderosa Limau bubudan fruits Squeeze in dishes or chili mixture. Tree 2028 69. Rutaceae Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Worung fruits Eaten ripe Tree 2029 Table 1. List of edible plants in Tikolod village, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia (continued). 2 0 1 4 ] 1 1 3 K U L IP : T h e E th n o b o ta n y o f th e D u su n p e o p le in T ik o lo d v illa g e , S a b a h , M a la y sia 70. Rutaceae Citrus reticulata Blanco. Limau manis fruits Squeeze in dishes or chili mixture. Tree 2031 71. Rutaceae Citrus microcarpa Bunge. Limau manis fruits Eaten ripe Tree 2032 72. Sapindaceae Nephelium lappaceum L. Rangalau fruits Eaten ripe when come to its season Tree 2033 73. Solanaceae Capsicum sp. Lalangangon Fruits Mixed with other dishes Shrub 2034 74. Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L. Penderoi Fruits Mixed with other dishes Shrub 2035 75. Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Tambatus Fruits Boil, stir fry or added with other dishes Shrub 2036 76. Solanaceae Solanum melongena L. Binterung Fruits Boil or stir fry Shrub 2037 77. Solanaceae Solanum nigrum L. Tutan Leaves and stem Boil or stir fry Shrub 2038 78. Zingiberaceae Alpinia galanga Willd. Lengkuas Rhizome Added in dishes Shrub 2039 79. Zingiberaceae Etlingera coccinea (Blume.) S.Sakai & Ngam. Tuhau Pith Slice / crunch, mix with chili & eaten raw as salad. Shrub 2040 80. Zingiberaceae Etlingera elatior (Jack.) R.M. Smith. Topu Flower and fruits Flower is boiled to make soup while fruit used to make chili mixture. Shrub 2041 81. Zingiberaceae Hornstedtia scyphifera Steud. Tolidus Fruits Eaten raw Shrub 2042 82. Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale Roscoe Layo Rhizome Mix with other dishes Herb 2043 83. Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade Layo aragang Rhizome Mix with other dishes Herb 2044 Table 1. List of edible plants in Tikolod village, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia (continued). http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2698415 R E IN W A R D T IA 1 1 4 [V O L .1 4 No. Scientific Name Dusun Name Symptoms Of Ill- ness Part used Preparation Voucher specimens No. (BORH) Family Species 1. Acanthaceae Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. Tembiau Tara- gang Flatulence Leaves Boil 2 branches of leaves and mix with ‘Tawawoh’, ‘Kaliabas’, ‘Limau’, ‘Kebong’, ‘Segumau’ and use for bath twice a day 1828 2. Acanthaceae/ Labi- ate Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. Misai kucing Reduce fats and kidney failure Leaves Boil to make tea. 20g or 7 leaves (under 1 year old) or 20- 25 leaves (1 year and above old) 1829 3. Actinidiaceae Saurauia sp. Longugan tara- gang New swell ulcer Stem Scrap and crush to get the sap and apply 1830 4. Actinidiaceae Saurauia sp. Kebong Biri- biri Entire plant 2 plants per boil and use for bath 2x a day 1831 5. Anacardiaceae Pegia sarmentosa (Lecomte) Hand.-Mazz. Ampan Cuts Shoot Crush 4 shoots and mix with ‘Daing’ and apply 1861 6. Annonaceae Uvaria sp. Kalawit Cough Stem Sap from stem is mixed with ‘Lipoi’, ‘Babas’ and ‘Lias’ then drink 1832 7. Apocynaceae Alstonia spathulata Blume Tembirog Cuts (human or ani- mal) Stem Cut the stem and apply the latex until cover the cut 1833 8. Araliaceae Schefflera nervosa (King) R.Vig. Miang palat Paralyze (baby) Young leaves Boil 7 branches of young leaves and mix with ‘Sileu’ and ‘Pako dita’ then use for bath 2- 3x a day 1834 9. Arecaceae/ Palmae Calamus sp. Lamba Cooling body (children) Root Crush and apply on body once a day 1835 10. Arecaceae/ Palmae Caryota mitis Lour. Botu Post partum Pith Boil 200g to make porridge and eat twice a day or boil with ‘Segumau’ and ‘Tembiau tara- gang’ then use for bath twice a day 1836 Table 2. List of Medicinal plants in Tikolod village, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia. 2 0 1 4 ] 1 1 5 K U L IP : T h e E th n o b o ta n y o f th e D u su n p e o p le in T ik o lo d v illa g e , S a b a h , M a la y sia 11. Asteraceae/ Compo- sitae Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. Tawawoh Cooling body (mother after child- birth) and Flatulence (awingkat) Root Boil 200g and mix with ‘Wallng’, Salinatat, Talinting, Pako dita and Dalai then use for bath twice a day. 1837 12. Asteraceae/ Compo- sitae Elephantopus mollis Kunth Saraman Diarrhea (1 year above) Toothache Root Inner stem Boil to make tea, 1 spoon twice a day Heat and apply 1838 13. Asteraceae / Com- posite Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Rumput Malay- sia Cuts and old wounds Young stem Crush and apply as decoction 1839 14. Blechnaceae Blechnum orientale L. Dudugau Ulcer Shoot Crush and apply as decoction 1840 15. Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Tapayas Flatulence (awingkat) Root Mix 2 roots with ‘Gapas’ and ‘Tawadak’ then crush and boil to make tea 1841 16. Connaraceae Cnetis sp. Lingem Cough & Stomach- ache Stem Drink 1-2 spoons the sap from stem that mix with Tambar twice a day 1956 17. Convovulaceae Merremia peltata (L.) Merr. Babas Stomachache and Flatulence (awingkat) Stem Sap from stem mix with ‘Lipoi’ then drink 1842 18. Costaceae Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht Tongkur- ongkur Stabilizing uterus after childbirth Flower Crush and low heat then apply on abdomen 3x a day 1843 19. Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo L. Tawadak (labu) Flatulence (awingkat) Root Mix with ‘Tapayas’ and ‘Gapas’ then crush and boil to make tea 1844 20. Cyperaceae Cyperus sp. Wallang Jaundice (3 month child) Root Boil and mix with Tong gilu- pang and use for bath twice a day 1845 21. Dilleniaceae Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Tambar Cough Stem Drink the sap from stem 1846 22. Euphorbiaceae Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax Dayang mato Muscle cramp (karas) Root Boil 200g to make tea 1847 23. Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas L. Jarak Cuts Young leaves and latex from bark Crush and apply and rub the latex on the cuts 1848 24. Euphorbiaceae Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Müll.Arg. Dauk Cuts and scabies Young leaves Crush and apply 1849 25. Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus urinaria L. Piasau-piasau High blood pressure and no energy Entire plant Boil 5 plants to make tea. Drink 2- 4 spoons (adult) or 1 spoon (child), 3x a day 1850 Table 2. List of Medicinal plants in Tikolod village, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-24352 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-24352 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-8501747 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-343835 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-343835 R E IN W A R D T IA 1 1 6 [V O L .1 4 26. Flacourtiaceae Bischofia javanica Blume Tungo Blood circulation Stomachache and Diarrhea Bark Shoot Boil to make tea or use for bath Adult: crush and eat Child: crush, filter and drink 1852 27. Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia truncate (Willd.) Spreng. Laputong Eyesore Stem Break to get the sap and apply on morning and evening, 4 stem per use 1853 28. Hypoxidaceae Molineria latifolia (Dryand. ex W.T.Aiton) Herb. ex Kurz. Tambaka Cough Root Boil 100g to make tea and drink twice a day 1854 29. Lamiaceae Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Kambing- kambing Cuts Leaves Crushed 100g and apply 1855 30. Lauraceae Litsea sp.1 Lamou-lamou Cuts and scabies Stem Scrap the stem and apply 1856 31. Lauraceae Litsea sp.2 Sileu Flatulence (awingkat) Shoot Boil 4 shoots and mix with ‘Segumau’, ‘Tawawoh’ and ‘Limau’ and use for bath twice a day 1857 32. Lauraceae Litsea sp.3 Sesulang kupes New boils Shoot Crush & apply 1957 33. Leguminosae Senna alexandrina Mill. Gombirong Ringworm Young leaves Crush 100g and apply only on evening 1858 34. Leguminosae Dismodium sp. Rupe-rupet Flu Young leaves Crush 4-7 leaves (child) or 7-10 leaves (adult), filter and drink 3x a day 1859 35. Leguminosae Spatholobus sp. Belohu Cough and Diarrhea Stem Mix the sap with ‘Kalawit’ then drink 1860 36. Leguminosae Urena lobata L. Tong gilupang Jaundice (3 month child) Root Boil and mix with Wallang and use for bath twice a day 1862 37. Leguminosae Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Balatong (kacang panjang) Fever (child) and Headache (adult) Shoot Crush 2g and apply twice a day 1863 38. Liliaceae Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. Lepi-lepi Headache Younf leaves Crush 6-12 leaves and apply 2-3 a day 1875 39. Loganiaceae Fagraea cuspidate Blume Todopon puwok Fever Root Crush 500g and boil then use for bath twice a day 1864 40. Marantaceae Donax canniformis (G.Forst.) K.Schum. Lias Cough Stem Drink the sap from stem that mix with Tambar and drink 10 ml or 1 spoon 2-3x a day 1865 41. Malvaceae Gossypium sp. Gapas Flatulence (awingkat) Root Mix with ‘Tapayas’ and ‘Tawadak’ then crush and boil to make tea 1866 Table 2. List of Medicinal plants in Tikolod village, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-281372 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-281372 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-281372 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-1115 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-3589 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-3589 2 0 1 4 ] 1 1 7 K U L IP : T h e E th n o b o ta n y o f th e D u su n p e o p le in T ik o lo d v illa g e , S a b a h , M a la y sia 42. Menispermaceae Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. Tapa buawang Fever and Headache Stem Crush 5g and boil with ‘Wallang’, ‘Kalipapa’ and ‘Dauk’ and use for bath 1867 43. Moraceae Ficus sp. Togungkorup Cuts Stem Crush and apply with the stem sap 1868 44. Moraceae Ficus septica Burm.f. Lintotobou tara- gang Stomachache (gastric), Flatulence (awingkat) and no energy Root Boil to make tea. Drink 4 spoon (minimum) or 1 bottle/ 100g (maximum) 1869 45. Myrsinaceae Embelia sp. Sowolikan Stomachache Young leaves Adult: crush and eat Child: crush, filter and drink 1870 46. Myrsinaceae Maesa sp. Sumping- sumping Headache Young leaves Crush 6-12 leaves and apply 2-3 a day 1894 47. Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. Kaliabas Diarrhea Diarrhea and stom- achache Root Young leaves Boil 100g to make tea Crush 2-3 leaves, filter and drink 1871 48. Phyllanthaceae Sauropus androgynous (L.) Merr. Totopus teropuk Cuts (bleeding) Young leaves Crush and apply on the cut. 1851 49. Piperaceae Piper umbellatum L. Kuyoh Boils inside ear Fruit Break the fruit to produce the latex and apply twice a day for 4 days 1872 50. Piperaceae Piper betle L. Daing (sirih) Stomachache and bones pain (knee) Leaves Crush and mix with ‘Layo tapo- rak’ and apply once a day 1873 51. Pittosporaceae Pittosporum ferrugenium W.T.Aiton Mensaipang Bones pain and Back pain Root Boil 200g and use for bath twice a day 1874 52. Poaceae Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Segumau Flatulence (awingkat) and fever Root and stem Boil the plant about 20g. Inhale the vapour (“Bertangas”) until sweating once a day 1876 53. Poaceae Dinochloa sublaevigata S. Dransf. Wadan Stomachache and Flatulence (awingkat) Stem Drink 1 spoon sap from the stem twice a day 1877 54. Poaceae Imperata cylindrical (L.) Raeusch. Paka (lalang) Mouth thrush (kabangan) for 10 year above Rhizomes Crush and drink 2 small spoons. 1878 55. Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum P. J. Bergius Talinting Bones pain Root Boil 50g and mix with ‘Kalipapa’ and ‘Tangilagot’ then used for bath 2-3 a day 1879 Table 2. List of Medicinal plants in Tikolod village, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2571246 R E IN W A R D T IA 1 1 8 [V O L .1 4 56. Poaceae Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda Togiung Flu (tobat logoun) Stem Eat 4 stems 3x a day before or after eat 1880 57. Polygalaceae Polygala paniculata L. Bunga tali-tali Flatulence (awingkat) Entire plant Boil and use for bath twice a day 1881 58. Poaceae M i s c a n t h u s f l o r i d u l u s (Labill.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb. Bidau Cooling body and Flatulence (awingkat) Root Boil 100g and use for bath twice a day 1882 59. Rubiaceae Neonauclea gigantean (Valeton) Merr. Mahitap Diarrhea and Stom- achache Mouth thrush Bark Young leaves Crush 400g and add water and drink Eat the gum 1883 60. Rutaceae Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Limau Cannot give out sweat Leaves Boil 2 branches and mix with ‘Segumau’, ‘Tawawoh’, ‘Kebong’ and ‘Kalipapa’ and use for bath 2-3 a day 1884 61. Rutaceae Micromelum sp. Paw Flatulence Root Boil 2-4 plant roots and mix with ‘Tawawoh’, ‘Gasing’ and ‘Wallang’ 1885 62. Scorphulariaceae Scrophularia sp. Mata-mata Asthma Entire plant Boil the plant 2-4 plants. Inhale the vapour (“Bertangas”) until sweating twice a day 1886 63. Simaroubaceae Eurycoma longifolia Jack Timuh Gastric Root Boil to make tree. Drink 1 spoon 3x a day 1887 64. Smilaceae Smilax sp. Tunda Waist or back pains Young shoot Boil and eat as vegetable 3x a day 1888 65. Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L. Lado Burns and hot water Shoot Crush and mix with water then apply 1889 66. Solanaceae Solanum nigrum L. Tutan Anorexia for child Root Boil 1 inch or 50g to make tea and drink twice a day 1890 67. Solanaceae Solanum torvum Sw. Bintorung talun Fever Root Boil 100g and mix with ‘Tawawoh’ and use for bath2-3 a day 1891 68. Urticaceae Urtica sp. Mandahasi Cough Stem Drink 1 spoon (10 ml) of the sap 2-3 a day 1892 69. Verbenaceae Alphitonia sp. Pako dita Itchy Young leaves Stem Boil 4 leaves and mix with ‘Sileu’ and use for bath Scrap the bark and apply 1893 Table 2. List of Medicinal plants in Tikolod village, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2698415 2 0 1 4 ] 1 1 9 K U L IP : T h e E th n o b o ta n y o f th e D u su n p e o p le in T ik o lo d v illa g e , S a b a h , M a la y sia 70. Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Sugandap Antidote Entire plant Crush to make tea and drink 2 spoons once a day 1895 71. Verbenaceae Vitex pinnata L. Kalipapa Bloody Diarrhea Root Boil 300g to make tea and drink 3x a day after eat 1896 72. Vitaceae Tetrastigma sp. Torumun-dakon Toothache Anti dandruff and boils on head Young stem Crush and apply on teeth Crush and apply on head 1897 73. Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa L. Kunyit Jaundice Stem Rhizomes Boil 200g and use for bath Apply on head 1898 74. Zingiberaceae Etlingera brevilabrum (Valeton) R. M. Sm. Sibu Cuts (bleeding) Root Crush and apply 1899 75. Zingiberaceae Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm. Topu (bunga kantan) Flatulence Young leaves Boil 2-4 leaves and mix with ‘Tawawoh’, ‘Kaliabas’, ‘Limau’, ‘Kebong’, ‘Segumau’ and ‘Tembiau taragang’ use for bath twice a day 1954 76. Zingiberaceae Zingiber officianale Roscoe Layo taporak (halia putih) Cooling body and post partum Rhizomes Boil 100g and mix with chicken and drink twice a day 1955 Table 2. List of Medicinal plants in Tikolod village, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-213709 REINWARDTIA 120 [VOL.14 Appendix 1. Some photographs of the ethnobotanical plants in Tikolod village. 1. Medicinal plants 2. Edible plants (a). Raw materials eg. leaves of (A) Topu or Etlingera elatior, (B) Kaliabas or Psidium guava, (C) Segumau or Cymbopogon citratus, (D) Kebong or Saurauia sp., (E) Limau or Citrus aurintifolia, (F) Tawaweh or Blumea balsamifera and (G) Tembiau Taragang or Justicia gen- darussa. (b) Extracted eg. tea prepared (A) “Tubat Onginan” for flatulence and fever (for bathing), (B) “Tubat Dayang Mato” for muscle cramp (for drinking), (C) “Tubat Tawak” for back pain (for drinking), (D) “Tubat Totud” for knee (for plastering), (E) “Tubat Kupes” for boils (for plastering) and (F) “Tubat Owingkat” for newly mothers (for drinking). (a). Forest vegetables/greens (A) Mangga or Mangifera indica, (B) Toonsomon or Cucurbitaceae, (C) Tayaan or Limnocharis flava, (D) Polod or Arenga undulatifo- lia, (E) Kangkung or Ipomea aquatica, (F) Lemiding or Stenochalena palustris, (G) Sokoh Tombotuon or Schizostachyum lima and (H) Wongian or Macaranga sp. (This is not a vegetable but is used to warp cooked rice). (b) Forest fruit eg. Takob or Garcinia sp. (Guttiferae) 2014] 121 KULIP: The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Sabah, Malaysia 3. Musical instruments and traps Various type of traps and local musical instruments. (A) “Bubu” or Fish trap; (B) “Sodik” or small mammals trap; (C) “Tongkungon” or Bamboo guitar; (D) “Tongkubong” or Bamboo Xylophone; (E) “Turali” or Nose flute; (F & (H) “Suling” or mouth flute; (G) “Bungkau” ; (I) “Babanggu”, (J) “Sompoton or mouth organ; (K) “Togunggak”. (b) A ‘Sompoton’ musical instrument play by Mr. Thaedius Yungot. 4. Constructions A bamboo house. 4. Handycraft “Sirung” or Hat and “Wakid” or backpack made by rattan and bamboos. REINWARDTIA 122 [VOL.14 Malaysia dan Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Ma- laysia, Kuala Lumpur. Pp. 40–48. INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS Scope. Reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in December. Manuscript intended for a publication should be written in English. Titles. Titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in one- paragraphed. Abstract. English abstract followed by Indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. Keywords should be given below each abstract. Manuscript. Manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. The manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using Times New Roman 11, MS Word for Windows of A4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through . New paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. For the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of Reinwardtia very closely. Author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. Every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. Identification key. Taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. Nomenclature. Strict adherence to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. English description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. Name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. Map/line drawing illustration/photograph. Map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. Illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. The illustration should be saved in JPG or GIF format at least 350 pixels. Legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. References. Bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the Harvard system as the following examples. Journal : KRAENZLIN, F. 1913. Cyrtandraceae novae Philippinenses I. Philipp. J. Sci. 8: 163-179. MAYER, V., MOLLER, ML, PERRET, M. & WEBER, A. 2003. Phylogenetic position and generic differentiation of Epithemateae (Gesneriaceae) inferred from plastid DNA sequence data. American J. Bot. 90: 321-329. Proceedings :TEMU, S. T. 1995. Peranan tumbuhan dan ternak dalam upacara adat "Djoka Dju" pada suku Lio, Ende, Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur. In: NASUTION, E. (Ed.). Presiding Seminar dan Lokakarya Nasional Etnobotani II. LIP1 & Perpustakaan Nasional: 263-268. (In Indonesian). SIMBOLON, H. & MIRMANTO, E. 2000. Checklist of plant species in the peat swamp forests of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: IWAKUMA et al. (Eds.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on: Tropical Peatlands. Pp. 179-190. Book : RIDLEY, H. N. 1923. Flora of the Malay Peninsula 2. L. Reeve & Co. Ltd, London. Part of Book : BENTHAM, G. 1876. Gesneriaceae. In: BENTHAM, G. & HOOKER, J. D. Genera plantarum 2. Lovell Reeve & Co., London. Pp. 990-1025. Thesis : BAIRD, L. 2002. A Grammar of Keo: An Austronesian language of East Nusantara. Australian National University, Canberra. [PhD. Thesis]. Website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/Kostermans AJGH.htm). Accessed 15 February 2012. Reinwardtia Published by Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Address: Jin. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong Telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; Fax (+62) 21 8765062 E-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id REINWARDTIA Author Agreement Form Title of article Name of Author(s) : I/We hereby declare that: • My/Our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • It was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • I/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by Reinwardtia. • We have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. Author signature (s) Date Name MUHAMMAD EFFENDI, TATIK CHIKMAWATI & DEDY DARNAEDI. New cytotypes of Pteris ensiformis var. victoria from Indonesia 133 SUZANA SABRAN, REUBEN NILUS, JOAN T. PEREIRA & JOHN BAPTIST SUGAU. Contribution of the heart of Borneo (HoB) initiative towards botanical exploration in Sabah, Malaysia 137 WENNI SETYO LESTARI, BAYU ADJIE, TASSANAI JARUWATANAPHAN, YASUYUKI WATANO & MADE PHAR- MAWATI. Molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus Adiantum (Pteridaceae) from Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia based on Rbcl and Trnl-f 143 ELIZABETH A. WIDJAJA & DANIEL POTTER. Floristic study of Mekongga Protected Forest: towards establishment of the Mekongga National Park 157 YESSI SANTIKA, EKA FATMAWATI TIHURUA & TEGUH TRIONO. Comparative leaves anatomy of Pandanus, Freycinetia and Sararanga (Pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 SUHARDJONO PRAWIROATMODJO & KUSWATA KARTAWINATA. Floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of Raj a Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia 171 IAN M. TURNER. A new combination in Orophea (Annonaceae) for Uvaria nitida Roxb. ex G. Don 181 IVAN S AVINOV. Taxonomic revision of Asian genus Glyptopetalum Thwaites (Celastraceae R. Br.) 183 YUSI ROSALINA, NISYAWATL ERWIN NURDIN, JATNA SUPRIATNA & KUSWATA KARTAWINATA. Floristic compo- sition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the PT National Sago Prima, Selat Panjang, Riau, Indone- sia 193 IMAN HID AY AT & JAMJAN MEEBOON. Cercospora brunfelsiicola (Fungi, Mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical Cercosporoid fungus on Brunfelsia uniflora 211 MAX VAN BALGOOY & ELIZABETH A. WIDJAJA. Flora of Bali: a provisional checklist 219 EKA FATMAWATI TIHURUA & INA ERLINAWATI. Leaf anatomy of Pandanus spp. (Pandanceae) from Sebangau and Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya National Park, Kalimantan, Indonesia 223 JULIA SANG & RUTH KIEW. Diversity of Begonia (Begoniaceae) in Borneo - How many species are there? 23 3 DIAN LATIFAH, ROBERT A. CONGDON & JOSEPH A. HOLTUM. A Physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: Arenga australasica, Calamus australis, Hydriastele wendlandiana saALicuala ramsayi 237 REINWARDTIA Vol. 14. No. 1.2014 CONTENTS Page ABDULROKHMAN KARTONEGORO & DANIEL POTTER. The Gesneriaceae of Sulawesi VI: the species from Mekongga Mts. with a new species of Cyrtandra described 1 LIM CHUNG LU & RUTH KIEW. Codonoboea (Gesneriaceae) sections in Peninsular Malaysia 13 WISNU H. ARDI, YAYAN W. C. KUSUMA, CARL E. LEWIS, ROSNIATI A. RISNA, HARRY WIRIADINATA, MELISSA E. ABDO & DANIEL C. THOMAS. Studies on Begonia (Begoniaceae) of the Molucca Islands I: Two new species from Halmahera, Indonesia, and an updated description of Begonia holosericea 19 YUZAMMI, JOKO R. WITONO & WILBERT L. A. HETTERSCHEID. Conservation status of Amorphophallus discophorus Backer & Alderw. (Araceae) in Java, Indonesia 27 MOHAMMAD F. ROYYANI & JOENI S. RAHAJOE. Behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainabil- ity 35 FIFI GUS DWIYANTI, KOICHI KAMIYA & KO HARADA. Phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. F. (Dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 SACHIKO NISHIDA & HENK VAN DER WERFF. Do cuticle characters support the recognition of Alseodaphne, Nothaphoebe and Dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 NURUL AMAL LATIFF, RAHAYU SUKMARIA SUKRI & FAIZAH METALI. Nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habi- tats in Brunei Damssalam 67 NURUL HAZLINA ZATNI & RAHAYU SUKMARIA SUKRI. The diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed Dipterocarp forest and heath forest in Brunei Darussalam 73 MUHAMMAD AMIRUL AIMAN AHMAD JUHARI, NORATNI TALIP, CHE NURUL ATNI CHE AMRI & MOHAMAD RUZI ABDUL RAHMAN. Trichomes morphology of petals in some species of Acanthaceae 79 DIAN ROSLEINE, EIZI SUZUKI, ATIH SUNDAWIATI, WARDI SEPTIANA & DESY EKAWATI. The effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia 85 JULIUS KULIP. The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Tambunan district, Sabah, Malaysia 101 PETER O'BYRNE. On the evolution of Dipodium R. Br 123 Reinwardtia is a LIPI accredited Journal (517/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/04/2013) Herbarium Bogoriense Botany Division Research Center for Biology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences Cibinong Science Center Jln. Raya Jakarta - Bogor, Km 46 Cibinong 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong Indonesia barudepan 400-579-2-PB belakangbaru img577_Page_1 img577_Page_2 img577_Page_3 img577_Page_4