REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Vol. 14(1): 1 - 2 4 8 , December 23, 2014 Chief Editor Kartini Kramadibrata (Mycologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Editors Dedy Darnaedi (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Tukirin Partomihardjo (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Marlina Ardiyani (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Topik Hidayat (Taxonomist, Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia) Eizi Suzuki (Ecologist, Kagoshima University, Japan) Jun Wen (Taxonomist, Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA) Managing Editor Himmah Rustiami (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Lulut Dwi Sulistyaningsih (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Secretary Endang Tri Utami Layout Editor Deden Sumirat Hidayat Medi Sutiyatno Illustrators Subari Wahyudi Santoso Anne Kusumawaty Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to: HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION, RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY- INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES CIBINONG SCIENCE CENTER, JLN. RAYA JAKARTA - BOGOR KM 46, CIBINONG 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong INDONESIA PHONE (+62) 21 8765066; Fax (+62) 21 8765062 E-MAIL: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 4 Cover images: 1. Begonia holosericeoides (female flower and habit) (Begoniaceae; Ardi et al.); 2. Abaxial cuticles of Alseodaphne rhododendropsis (Lauraceae; Nishida & van der Werff); 3. Dipo- dium puspitae, Dipodium purpureum (Orchidaceae; O'Byrne); 4. Agalmyla exannulata, Cyrtandra coccinea var. celebica, Codonoboea kjellbergii (Gesneriaceae; Kartonegoro & Potter). The Editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1): Abdulrokhman Kartonegoro - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Altafhusain B. Nadaf - University of Pune, Pune, India Amy Y. Rossman - Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory USDA-ARS, Beltsville, USA Andre Schuiteman - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK Ary P. Keim - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Barry Conn - Royal Botanic Gardens National Herbarium of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Dato' Abdul Latiff Mohamad - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Daniel Potter - Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA Deby Arifiani - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Ferry J. W. Slik - University of Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Henti H. Rachmat - Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, Bogor, Indonesia Ian M. Turner - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK Iskandar Z. Siregar - Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia Jay H. Bernstein - Kingsborough Community College, Brooklyn, New York, USA Jens G. Rohwer - University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Joan Pereira - SAN Herbarium, Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah, Malaysia Kuswata Kartawinata - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Lars H. Schmidt - University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Mark Hughes - Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, UK Masahiro Kato - Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Nuril Hidayati - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Ong Poh Teck - Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia Peter C. van Welzen - National Herbarium Netherlands, Leiden University Branch, Leiden, Netherlands Reuben Nilus - Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah, Malaysia Rugayah - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Ruth Kiew - Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia Uwe Braun - Institut fur Biologie Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Halle (Saale), Germany Yasuaki Sato - Osaka-Sangyo University, Osaka, Japan REINWARDTIA Vol 14, No 1, pp: 157 − 162 157 FLORISTIC STUDY OF MEKONGGA PROTECTED FOREST: TOWARDS ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MEKONGGA NATIONAL PARK Received January 17, 2014; accepted August 4, 2014 ELIZABETH ANITA WIDJAJA Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong Science Center, Jln. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia. Email:ewidjaja@indo.net.id. DANIEL POTTER Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA. Email: dpotter@ucdavis.edu ABSTRACT WIDJAJA, E. A. & POTTER, D. 2014. Floristic study of Mekongga protected forest: towards establishment of Mekongga National Park. Reinwardtia 14(1): 157 – 162. ―Mekongga is one of the highest mountains in Southeast Sulawesi. The Mekongga region was declared as protected forest in 1994, after logging had been done in this area. A floristic study of this forest was conducted from 2009 through 2011 by visiting the area twice a year, once each during the dry and wet seasons, and collecting specimens from the flowering and fruiting plants. Other species were also recorded, but most of them cannot be identified because the plants were too young or were not in flower or fruit at the time of collection. Specimens of 855 species in 155 families were collected, of which 5% (44 species) are endemic to Sulawesi and 11% (91 species) are introduced species from China, South America, India, or even Madagascar. In addition, new records for Sulawesi were collected from Mekongga for species originally recorded from Java (50 species), Malaysia (35 species), the Philippines (28 species), New Guinea (14 species), Sumatra (13 species), Borneo (11 species), Moluccas (4 species) and the Lesser Sunda Islands (3 species). Based on these data, it seems that species have mostly migrated to Mekongga from Java, then from Malaysia and the Philippines. More than 10 new species are proposed from this area, including a bamboo (Poaceae) and members of the families Orchidaceae, Gesneriaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae and Araliaceae. Further study of the floristic account will be done, which can be used as baseline data in support of an important proposal to designate the Mekongga area as a national park. Key words: Diversity, endemic, flora, Mekongga, mountain, Sulawesi. ABSTRAK WIDJAJA, E. A. & POTTER, D. 2014. Studi floristik hutan lindung Mekongga: dalam rangka pembentukan Taman Nasional Mekongga. Reinwardtia 14(1): 157 – 162. ― Mekongga merupakan salah satu gunung tertinggi di Sulawesi Tenggara. Kawasan Mekongga dinyatakan sebagai hutan lindung pada tahun 1994, setelah kegiatan pembalakan hutan pada kawasan ini. Studi floristik pada kawasan ini dilakukan dari tahun 2009 sampai 2011 dengan mengunjungi kawasan tersebut dua kali setahun, ketika musim kemarau dan penghujan dan melakukan koleksi spesimen dari tumbuhan yang sedang berbunga dan berbuah. Jenis-jenis lainnya juga dicatat, tetapi kebanyakan tidak bisa diidentifi- kasi karena terlalu muda atau tidak sedang berbunga atau berbuah saat koleksi dilakukan. Selama penelitian, 855 jenis dari 155 suku telah dikoleksi, 5% (44 jenis) merupakan jenis endemik Sulawesi dan 11% (91 jenis) merupakan jenis introduksi dari China, Amerika Selatan, India, atau bahkan Madagaskar. Selain itu, terdapat rekaman baru untuk Sulawesi yang dikoleksi dari Mekongga untuk jenis-jenis yang berasal dari Jawa (50 jenis), Malaysia (35 jenis), Filipina (28 jenis), Niugini (14 jenis), Sumatera (13 jenis), Borneo (11 jenis), Maluku (4 jenis) dan Kepulauan Sunda Kecil (3 jenis). Berdasarkan pada data tersebut diatas, terlihat bahwa jenis-jenis tersebut pada umumnya bermigrasi ke Mekongga dari Jawa, Malaysia dan Filipina. Lebih dari 10 jenis baru diusulkan dari kawasan ini, termasuk didalam- nya bambu (Poaceae) dan jenis-jenis dari suku Orchidaceae, Gesneriaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae dan Arali- aceae. Penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai jumlah flora akan dilakukan, yang dapat digunakan sebagai data dasar dalam menunjang proposal penting untuk menjadikan Mekongga sebagai kawasan taman nasional. Kata kunci: Endemik, flora, gunung, keanekaragaman, Mekongga, Sulawesi. mailto:dpotter@ucdavis.edu REINWARDTIA 158 [VOL.14 INTRODUCTION Sulawesi is one of the five large islands in Indonesia. Botanically the island is fascinating, with a high degree of endemism (Widjaja et al., 2010), though estimates of the total number of species and percentage of endemics vary considerably. Based on the recent compilation of Sulawesi Flora in order to make a check list of the Indonesian Flora, Sulawesi possess 6741 species, of which 2225 species (33%) are endemic to Sulawesi (Pusat Penelitian Biologi, in press). In contrast, van Welzen & Slik (2009) mentioned that, based on the Flora Malesiana publication, Sulawesi possesses 1169 species, of which 160 (14%) among them are endemic (14%), while Roos et al. (2004) mentioned that Sulawesi pos- sesses 1765 species, of which 217 (12.3%) are en- demic. Thus, it is clear that more exploration on this island is needed to understand the mystery of flora in Sulawesi. One of the areas that possesses prominent plant diversity is the Mekongga moun- tain area in the southeastern part of the island. Mekongga is the highest mountain in the South- east Sulawesi Province (2620 m alt.) and covers three districts: Kolaka, North Kolaka and Konawe. The mountain possesses four types of forests: lowland tropical rainforest, lower montane forest, higher montane forest (with conspicuous thick and dense bryophyte covering) and subalpine forest. The mountain has long been considered to retain a high level of endemism due to its unique habitat, which is relatively isolated with soil obviously composed of high level of heavy metals, particu- larly nickel (as the mountain is within the legen- dary nickel rich Verbeck Range), limestone and karst. Mekongga is also the source of water for at least three major rivers in Southeast Sulawesi (the Konaweha-Lahumbuti, Toari and Woimendoa- Susua). Unfortunately, despite the possibility of pos- sessing high level of endemism, there have been very few explorations ever made to the mountain, such as by Kjelberg in 1929 from 2 October – 4 November at the northern part of Mekongga mountains. The mountain diversity has long experienced threats including the uncontrolled logging and forest clearings from lowland up to 1800 m alt. Following the termination of the logging activities in 1993 some of the already opened areas then were transformed into cacao plantations. The rest of the unused open areas became secondary forests with numerous intro- duced and alien species. Nevertheless, some parts of the mountain still survive with fairly dense tropical rainforests including several organisms that make the mountain biologically famous such as Anoa (Bubalus quarlesi), Babirusa (Babyrousa babirussa), Digo Macaque (Macaca ochreata), Sulawesi Hornbill (Aceros cassidix) and of course Tarsius (Tarsius spectrum). Due to this biological uniqueness it is regarded here that the status of Protected Forest is no longer suitable for protecting the amazing diversity. The improve- ment of the status to National Park is essential and urgently required. The current study has been conducted in the foothills of Mekongga Protected Forest (258519.5 hectares) in the vicinity of Tinukari Village, Pasir Angin Sub District and North Kolaka District, which also includes the Masembo River. The study areas covers various types of habitats including the lowland tropical rainforests from 0 up to 500 m altitude, and lower and upper montane forests around 500 to 2000 m alt. At lower montane forests the scenery is dominated by Bryophytes that densely cover the trees. Upper montane forests are dominated by subalpine forests consisting of fairly dwarfed trees. Several cacao plantations have been established by the local people after the logging, occurring from the base of the foothills (50 m alt.) up to 700 m alt. From the lowland area, the hills rise very steeply up to 1000 m, where the vegetation changes from lowland to highland forest, which extends to 2000 m, where it gives way to Bryophyte forest. After that, there are rocky, steep hills that extend to the peak of the mountain, and the vegetation changes to subalpine forest with dwarf trees. The Mekongga mountainous area consists of protected forest (258519.5 ha), limited production forest (46248.5 ha), production forest (24867.5 ha), conversion production forest (8684.35 ha) and conservation forest (Tourism Park Alam Padamarang 3654.1 ha and Tourist Park Mangolo 3869 ha) (Fig. 1). The type of soil in Mekongga Mountainous area under the North Kolaka district includes podzolik red yellow (17%), podzolik brown grey (9%), lito- sol (10%), Regosol (17%), Aluvial (33%) and Mediteran red yellow (14%), whereas in Kolaka District is podzolik red yellow (24%), Podzolik brown grey (15 %), Litosol (19%), Regosol (6%), Alluvial (8%), Renzina (10%) and Meditteranean red yellow (18%) (Fig. 2, 3). The Mekongga mountainous area lies near the equatorial line which has a tropical climate with air temperature minimum 10 0 C and maximum 31 0 C or average 24 0 – 280C. The highest rainfall occurs in November and the lowest in February. 2014] 159 WIDJAJA & POTTER: Floristic study of Mekongga Fig. 1. Map of Mekongga mountainous area (Source: BIPHUT Prov. Sultra in Associate Program – 4, 2012). Fig. 2. Geological map of Mekongga mountainous area (Source: BIPHUT Prov. Sultra in Associate Program – 4, 2012). REINWARDTIA 160 [VOL.14 Fig. 3. Soil Map of Mekongga mountainous area (Source: BIPHUT Prov. Sultra in Associate Program – 4, 2012). Fig. 4. Map of type of climate in Mekongga mountainous (Source: BIPHUT Prov. Sultra in Associate Program – 4, 2012). 2014] 161 WIDJAJA & POTTER: Floristic study of Mekongga The highest rainfall day occurs in March and the lowest in July. There are two climates in this area, east monsoon which makes the area dry, called the dry season and west monsoon which makes the area wet, called the rainy season. Therefore, there are two types of climate due to rainfall, climate type A and climate type B (Fig. 4). However, this climate has changed recently, probably due to global climate change. METHOD The floristic inventory has been done through exploration, in which all kind of plants found in flower or fruit or in spore are collected. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During the first year inventory (2009), it was reported that 523 species (105 families) have been found (Widjaja et al., 2010). Based on the data collected during 2009 – 2011 inventories, it is recorded that 855 species from 155 families of plants have been recorded excluding around 10 taxa that are regarded as new species. Around 11% (91 species) turned out to be introduced or inva- sive species from various places such as China, India, Madagascar, and South America. They might have been brought to Mekongga through wind, water, animals (birds and bats) or human activities. The previous study also recorded 44 species found in Mekongga (about 5% from Flora of Mekongga) as endemic to Sulawesi. They are dominated by members of the families Gesneriaceae (4 species), Fabaceae (4 species), Rubiaceae (3 species), and Ericaceae (3 species). Three species and one subspecies are endemic to Mekongga Mountain: Alocasia balgooyi, A. suhirmaniana (Araceae), Begonia mekonggensis and B. aptera subsp. hirtissima (Begoniaceae). Some new records for Sulawesi of species previously reported from Java (47 Species), Malay Peninsula (35 species), Philippines (25 species), New Guinea (14 species), Sumatra (5 species), Borneo (9 species), Moluccas (5 species) and Lesser Sunda islands (3 species) were collected. More than 10 new species are proposed from this area, including a taxon of bamboo (Poaceae) and taxa from families such as Araliaceae, Ericaceae, Gesneriaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae and Orchidaceae. The results of this current study indicate that the number of species found in the lowland tropical rainforests (0 to 1000 m alt.) is 474 species from 126 families, which are mainly dominated by Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Sapindaceae and Rubiaceae. In the lower montane to upper montane forests in much higher altitudes (1000 to 2000 m) the number of species decreases drastically to only 90 species from 50 (lower montane forests) and 39 (upper montane forests) families. The families are mainly dominated by Ericaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae, Primulaceae and Rubiaceae. In the subalpine forests with altitudes higher than 2000 m the commonly found families are Ericaceae, Orchida- ceae, Polypodiaceae, Podocarpaceae, Hymeno- phyllaceae and Rubiaceae. This current study shows that approximately 96 species from 93 families have been recorded in both lower and higher altitudes (from 0 to 2000 m). Fifty-eight species from 28 families have been recorded in much higher altitudes ranging from 1000 to 2620 m (peak of Mount Mekongga). Six- teen species from 13 families are found in both lowland and much higher altitudes (2000 to 2650 m). Nineteen species from 16 families are found in three altitude ranges (Fig. 5). Based on the figures described above, the result of this current study also indicates that the highest level of species diversity is in the lowland tropical rainforests. The diversity in the family category apparently depends on the number of species that inhabit the area; thus the number of families in lowland tropical rainforests is conspicuously higher than at higher altitudes and within the higher altitudes the numbers at lower and upper montane forests are still higher than at the peak of the mountain despite the fact that the number of species is the same. In other words, in general the plant diversity of the Mekongga decreases with increasing altitude. The noticeable diversity and endemism found in Mekongga Mountain as shown by the results of the studies described above suggests that the current status of the mountain as Protected Forest is no longer appropriate to protect their existence in the future; thus the improvement of the status is essential and the current study suggests the status of National Park as the best solution. CONCLUSION From the above data, it can be concluded that the flora of the Mekkongga mountains includes a total of 855 species of vascular plants. Among them, 44 species are endemic to Sulawesi and four species are endemic to Mekongga. We also report that 145 species found in Mekongga are new records for Sulawesi, each of which was REINWARDTIA 162 [VOL.14 previously recorded only from Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippine, New Guinea, Sumatra, Bor- neo, Moluccas or Lesser Sunda Islands. Beside that the diversity in the lowland is higher than in the upper mountain, especially near the top of the mountain. Ten species are new species from Mekongga including one bamboo, two orchids, one Myrtaceae, one Gesneriaceae, one Melas- tomatacae, one Ericaceae and one Araliaceae, which still require further research. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank to the team of ICBG for shar- ing the information during in the field, and also to our colleagues (Arief Hidayat, Yessi Santika, Agus Suyadi, Wahyudi Santoso, Udjang Hapid) who helped to collect plants during the exploration. Beside that we would like also to thank the local people (Gusman, Basir, Jumaring, head of village and several people in the vil- lage of Tinukari) who always helped the team during the expedition. The project described was supported by Grant Number U01TW008160 from the Fogarty Inter- national Center, the Office of Dietary Supplements, the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy. This project was supported by the USDA Agri- cultural Food Research Initiative of the National Insti- tute of Food and Agriculture, USDA, Grant #35621- 04750. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Fogarty International Center or the National Institutes of Health, the Office of Dietary Supplements, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, or the Department of Agricul- ture.” Finally we would like to thank to the whole team who helped the expedition become successful. REFERENCES ASSOCIATE PROGRAM – 4, I. C. B. G. 2012.Usulan Perubahan Fungsi Kawasan, s.l.: s.n. PUSAT PENELITIAN BIOLOGI, LIPI. Status keane- karagaman hayati Indonesia. Cibinong: s.n. (in press). ROOS, M. C., KESSLER, P. J., GRADSTEIN, S. R. & BAAS, P. 2004. Species Diversity and endemism of five major Malesian islands: diversity-area relation- ships. Journal of Biogeography, V (31). Pp. 1893– 1908. VAN WELZEN, P. C. & SLIK., J. W. F. 2009. Patterns in species richness and composition of plant families in the Malay Archipelago. Blumea 54: 166–171. WIDJAJA, E. A., HIDAYAT, A., SANTIKA, Y., ATI- KAH, T. D., SUMADIJAYA, A. & POTTER, D. 2010. Floristic diversity of Mekongga Mountains in South East Sulawesi, Indonesia. Paper presented at Flora Malesiana VIII, 23-27 August 2010, Singa- pore Botanical Gardens. Fig. 5. Histogram of number of species based on the altitude. Notes 0 _1000 : altitude from 0 – 1000 m asl 1001_2000: altitude from 1001 – 2000 m asl 2001_2620: altitude from 2001 – 2620 m asl 1_3 : altitude from 0– 1000 and 2000– 2620 m asl 1_2 : altitude from 0– 1000 and 1001– 2000 m asl 2_3 : altitude from 1001– 2000 and 2000– 2620 m asl 1_2_3 : altitude from 0– 1000, 1001– 2000 and 2000– 2620 m asl INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS Scope. Reinwardtia is a scientific irregular journal on plant taxonomy, plant ecology and ethnobotany published in December. Manuscript intended for a publication should be written in English. Titles. Titles should be brief, informative and followed by author's name and mailing address in one- paragraphed. Abstract. English abstract followed by Indonesian abstract of not more than 250 words. Keywords should be given below each abstract. Manuscript. Manuscript is original paper and represent an article which has not been published in any other journal or proceedings. The manuscript of no more than 200 pages by using Times New Roman 11, MS Word for Windows of A4 with double spacing, submitted to the editor through . New paragraph should be indented in by 5 characters. For the style of presentation, authors should follow the latest issue of Reinwardtia very closely. Author(s) should send the preferred running title of the article submitted. Every manuscript will be sent to two blind reviewers. Identification key. Taxonomic identification key should be prepared using the aligned couplet type. Nomenclature. Strict adherence to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is observed, so that taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties should be clearly shown. English description for new taxon proposed should be provided and the herbaria where the type specimens area deposited should be presented. Name of taxon in taxonomic treatment should be presented in the long form that is name of taxon, author's name, year of publication, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, number and page. Map/line drawing illustration/photograph. Map, line drawing illustration, or photograph preferably should be prepared in landscape presentation to occupy two columns. Illustration must be submitted as original art accompanying, but separated from the manuscript. The illustration should be saved in JPG or GIF format at least 350 pixels. Legends or illustration must be submitted separately at the end of the manuscript. References. Bibliography, list of literature cited or references follow the Harvard system as the following examples. Journal : KRAENZLIN, F. 1913. Cyrtandraceae novae Philippinenses I. Philipp. J. Sci. 8: 163-179. 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A Grammar of Keo: An Austronesian language of East Nusantara. Australian National University, Canberra. [PhD. Thesis]. Website : http://www.nationaalherbarium.n1/fmcollectors/k/Kostermans AJGH.htm). Accessed 15 February 2012. Reinwardtia Published by Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Address: Jin. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong Telp. (+ 62) 21 8765066; Fax (+62) 21 8765062 E-mail: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id REINWARDTIA Author Agreement Form Title of article Name of Author(s) : I/We hereby declare that: • My/Our manuscript was based on my/our original work. • It was not published or submitted to other journal for publication. • I/we agree to publish my/our manuscript and the copyright of this article is owned by Reinwardtia. • We have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in our article. Author signature (s) Date Name MUHAMMAD EFFENDI, TATIK CHIKMAWATI & DEDY DARNAEDI. New cytotypes of Pteris ensiformis var. victoria from Indonesia 133 SUZANA SABRAN, REUBEN NILUS, JOAN T. PEREIRA & JOHN BAPTIST SUGAU. Contribution of the heart of Borneo (HoB) initiative towards botanical exploration in Sabah, Malaysia 137 WENNI SETYO LESTARI, BAYU ADJIE, TASSANAI JARUWATANAPHAN, YASUYUKI WATANO & MADE PHAR- MAWATI. Molecular phylogeny of maidenhair fern genus Adiantum (Pteridaceae) from Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia based on Rbcl and Trnl-f 143 ELIZABETH A. WIDJAJA & DANIEL POTTER. Floristic study of Mekongga Protected Forest: towards establishment of the Mekongga National Park 157 YESSI SANTIKA, EKA FATMAWATI TIHURUA & TEGUH TRIONO. Comparative leaves anatomy of Pandanus, Freycinetia and Sararanga (Pandanaceae) and their diagnostic value 163 SUHARDJONO PRAWIROATMODJO & KUSWATA KARTAWINATA. Floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of Raj a Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia 171 IAN M. TURNER. A new combination in Orophea (Annonaceae) for Uvaria nitida Roxb. ex G. Don 181 IVAN S AVINOV. Taxonomic revision of Asian genus Glyptopetalum Thwaites (Celastraceae R. Br.) 183 YUSI ROSALINA, NISYAWATL ERWIN NURDIN, JATNA SUPRIATNA & KUSWATA KARTAWINATA. Floristic compo- sition and structure of a peat swamp forest in the conservation area of the PT National Sago Prima, Selat Panjang, Riau, Indone- sia 193 IMAN HID AY AT & JAMJAN MEEBOON. Cercospora brunfelsiicola (Fungi, Mycosphaerellaceae), a new tropical Cercosporoid fungus on Brunfelsia uniflora 211 MAX VAN BALGOOY & ELIZABETH A. WIDJAJA. Flora of Bali: a provisional checklist 219 EKA FATMAWATI TIHURUA & INA ERLINAWATI. Leaf anatomy of Pandanus spp. (Pandanceae) from Sebangau and Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya National Park, Kalimantan, Indonesia 223 JULIA SANG & RUTH KIEW. Diversity of Begonia (Begoniaceae) in Borneo - How many species are there? 23 3 DIAN LATIFAH, ROBERT A. CONGDON & JOSEPH A. HOLTUM. A Physiological approach to conservation of four palm species: Arenga australasica, Calamus australis, Hydriastele wendlandiana saALicuala ramsayi 237 REINWARDTIA Vol. 14. No. 1.2014 CONTENTS Page ABDULROKHMAN KARTONEGORO & DANIEL POTTER. The Gesneriaceae of Sulawesi VI: the species from Mekongga Mts. with a new species of Cyrtandra described 1 LIM CHUNG LU & RUTH KIEW. Codonoboea (Gesneriaceae) sections in Peninsular Malaysia 13 WISNU H. ARDI, YAYAN W. C. KUSUMA, CARL E. LEWIS, ROSNIATI A. RISNA, HARRY WIRIADINATA, MELISSA E. ABDO & DANIEL C. THOMAS. Studies on Begonia (Begoniaceae) of the Molucca Islands I: Two new species from Halmahera, Indonesia, and an updated description of Begonia holosericea 19 YUZAMMI, JOKO R. WITONO & WILBERT L. A. HETTERSCHEID. Conservation status of Amorphophallus discophorus Backer & Alderw. (Araceae) in Java, Indonesia 27 MOHAMMAD F. ROYYANI & JOENI S. RAHAJOE. Behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainabil- ity 35 FIFI GUS DWIYANTI, KOICHI KAMIYA & KO HARADA. Phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. F. (Dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43 SACHIKO NISHIDA & HENK VAN DER WERFF. Do cuticle characters support the recognition of Alseodaphne, Nothaphoebe and Dehaasia as distinct genera? 53 NURUL AMAL LATIFF, RAHAYU SUKMARIA SUKRI & FAIZAH METALI. Nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habi- tats in Brunei Damssalam 67 NURUL HAZLINA ZATNI & RAHAYU SUKMARIA SUKRI. The diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed Dipterocarp forest and heath forest in Brunei Darussalam 73 MUHAMMAD AMIRUL AIMAN AHMAD JUHARI, NORATNI TALIP, CHE NURUL ATNI CHE AMRI & MOHAMAD RUZI ABDUL RAHMAN. Trichomes morphology of petals in some species of Acanthaceae 79 DIAN ROSLEINE, EIZI SUZUKI, ATIH SUNDAWIATI, WARDI SEPTIANA & DESY EKAWATI. The effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia 85 JULIUS KULIP. The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Tambunan district, Sabah, Malaysia 101 PETER O'BYRNE. On the evolution of Dipodium R. Br 123 Reinwardtia is a LIPI accredited Journal (517/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/04/2013) Herbarium Bogoriense Botany Division Research Center for Biology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences Cibinong Science Center Jln. Raya Jakarta - Bogor, Km 46 Cibinong 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong Indonesia barudepan 411-589-2-PB belakangbaru img577_Page_1 img577_Page_2 img577_Page_3 img577_Page_4